The fifteenth issue of JEAN by jeandigitala1

東亞泉志

No. 15

2019. 07 / Issue 33

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

25 th

周年

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

JEAN 1994-2019

珍妮特號航線圖

Map of the USS Jeannette Sailing Route

A R C T I C

O C E A N

沉没 (Sinking Point)

NEW SIBERIAN ISLANDS

ING

STRA

EAST SIBERIAN SEA

BER

Lena River

U.S. A ALASKA

C A N A D A

BERING SEA

STATE OF ALASKA

U.S.A 起點（Start）

SAN FRANCISCO 珍妮特號

USS Jeannette

查尔斯 · 唐先珍妮特號美國國會獎章

The USS Jeannette Charles Tong Sing US Congressional Medal

『本期專題 | FEATURES 』西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土的各類錢幣

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 25TH ANNIVERSARY SHOW PANDA

Ingots and Coins Unearthed from the Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He 珍妮特號極地遠征記——華人唐先榮獲美國國會獎章

Charles Tong Sing and the Arctic Expedition of the USS Jeannette 袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元

The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins

《东亚泉志》 25 周年纪念章

JEAN

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專

《東亞泉志》

業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地了解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地了解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

2019 免費訂閱

《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18 期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞

中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

No. 14

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

泉誌》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事跡為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

2019. 07 / Issue 32

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周年

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Drago n “ 中國最 Horse Ba i Jin Patte

『白金三品』龍幣早

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Sa n rn Ca Pi n - Dr ke ag na’s Coin an on Patte rn d Ear liest Turtle-sh Ca ke Co ap in Si lv er C ed Ca ke , Coin oi

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往期電子雜誌

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 ! Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨甯 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

US Correspondent

Gu Jun

J. Matthew Brotherton

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Yotin Ring

Senior Editor

Design Director

Bruce W. Smith

Joy Chen

技術顧問

美國通訊員

顧軍

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

出版人、總編輯

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

林逾婷

高級編輯

美術設計

史博祿

「中英雙語 · 電子季刊

陳琳

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly 」

臺北公司 Taipei Office

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（

FOREWORD

Welcome to the 15th edition of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics . Our mission is to promote numismatic exchanges between East and West. In this issue we have an extremely interesting article by Chinan Fan and William Ho about Charles Tong Sing’s Arctic expedition that set off in 1879 and his winning of a US Congressional medal. Both of the two persons of Chinese descent who received the US Congressional medal in the 19th century were on the expedition ship the USS Jeannette. Also, we continue our series on chopmark coins from the book Chopmarked Coins - A History , by Colin Gullberg. In this issue, we welcome The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins written by our Senior Editor Bruce Smith. Our Editorial Department has submitted an interesting article Ingots and Coins Unearthed from the Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He . According to the report, more than 10,000 pieces (sets) of cultural relics were unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun, including gold cakes, hoof shaped ingots, and kirin toe-shaped ingots. Mr. Yuan Shuiqing, our Chinese editor, wrote an article about the introduction of advanced foreign equipment and technology in China’s modern coinage

industry. Our friend Oliver Strahl depicts our first strike ceremony at the B.H. Mayer Mint on June 28, 2019. Three types of coins were first struck on that day. The polymer panda coin “Light of Happiness” is our second issue of the Polymer Panda series and the space panda coin was issued to commemorate the first lunar landing of Chang’e-4 on the dark side of the moon. In addition, Oliver Strahl has brought us the World Money Fair of 2019 in Berlin – a Review. We are pleased that the acquisition of the four F+W Groups by North America’s leading participant media company Active Interest Media went smoothly. Our friend and colleague Tom Michael will continue to serve as the Coin of the Year (COTY) coordinator and to work on the database of world coins. We hope you will enjoy these interesting and well researched articles.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

FEATURES 22 34 52

The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins Charles Tong Sing and the Arctic Expedition of the USS Jeannette

China Numismatics, a Whole Volume Set Edition Xin Xiang Yi Ban, in Memory of Luo Bozhao and His Wife Yin Shangying Active Interest Media Acquires Four F+W Groups A Grand Gathering of Numismatists in Sichuan-The Sixteenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium & the 120th Anniversary Celebration Activities of the Birth of Numismatist Luo Bozhao in Chengdu A Microcosm of the Introduction of Advanced Foreign Equipment and Technology in China's Modern Coinage Industry – The Donation Ceremony of Coins and Documentary Collection Donated by Michael Chou was Held in Sichuan Province World Money Fair of 2019 in Berlin – a Review First Strike Ceremony at the B.H. Mayer Mint on June 28, 2019

Chopmarked Coins – History Chapter 3 – Understanding Chopmarks The 20th MPC Fest

COLUMN

96 112

74 78

Ingots and Coins Unearthed from the Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He

DEPARTMENTS

06 07 10 14

前言（

qian

歡迎閱讀第15期《東亞泉志》。本刊旨在促進東西方之

間的錢幣交流。

yan

展覽會回顧》一文。我們很高興北美領先消費類媒體公司 Active Interest

本期范治南、何瑋渝為我們講述了1879 年伊始查理

Media 順利收購了克勞斯 F+W Media 旗下四大知名

章。19世紀榮獲美國國會獎章的兩名華人都曾乘坐在

界硬幣大獎賽協調員一職，並繼續負責世界錢幣資料

斯 · 唐先北極探險的故事及唐先本人榮獲的美國國會獎

這一艘珍妮特號探險船上。我們還連載了高林先生所著

《戳記幣簡史》。

本期我們迎來《東亞泉志》高級編輯史博祿先生撰寫

的《袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元》。《東亞泉志》編輯部

品牌雜誌。我們的朋友、同事湯姆 · 邁克將繼續擔任世的工作。

希望諸位讀者能夠喜歡這些集趣味性與研究性為一體的文章。

還為各位帶來一篇精彩的文章《西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土的各類錢幣》。據報道，海昏侯墓迄今出土文物1萬餘件

（套），包括金餅、馬蹄金、麟趾金。我刊中文主編袁水清先生亦撰寫了一篇有關中國近代造幣業引進國外先進設備技術的文章。

我們的朋友奧利弗 · 施塔勒特為我們的2019 年 6月28日

首打儀式撰文。當天首打的有三款幣，其中聚合物球“福光映寶”是我們推出的第二款聚合物熊貓幣， “太空貓

幣”是為紀念嫦娥四號實現首次月背登陸而鑄。此外，奧利弗 · 施塔勒還為我們帶來了《2019 年柏林世界錢幣

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人：周邁可

目錄 mu

專題

70 76 88

西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土的各類錢幣袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元

珍妮特號極地遠征記——華人唐先榮獲美國國會獎章

08 09 12 18

《中國錢幣》杂志合订本

中國近代造幣業引進國外先進設備技術的一個縮影——周漢倫錢幣及文獻資料藏品捐贈儀式在蓉城舉行

43 59

104 132

《心香一瓣緬懷羅伯昭先生、尹尚瑛夫人》

Active Interest Medi 收購 F+W 旗下四大品牌雜誌

盛會聚泉家錦城滿名花——第十六屆中國銅元研討會暨錢幣學家羅伯昭誕辰 120 周年紀念活動在成都舉行

部門

2019 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會回顧

德國梅耶造幣廠 2019 年 6 月 28 日首打儀式

《戳記幣簡史》第三章瞭解戳記

第 20 屆美國軍用支付券集會實錄

專欄

China Numismatics, a Whole Volume Set Edition

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The journal China Numismatics was fo u n d e d i n 19 8 3 . Pu b l i s h e d b o t h domestically and internationally, it is the only national academic journal in China that focuses on numismatics and monetary history. The publication of the journal was supervised by the People's Bank of China and organized by the China Numismatic Society at first. But since the establishment of the China Numismatic Museum in 1992, the journal has been jointly organized by the China Numismatic Society and the China Numismatic Museum.

China Numismatics contains many columns, such as research on monetary history, numismatics forum, superior coins, the excavation and discovery of coins, banks and banknotes, legal tender of mainland China (the renminbi), currencies in revolutionar y areas, foreign currencies, numismatic news and information, numismatic seminar and book information. Articles in this journal emphasize the academic, material and knowledge value, timely report new numismatic research achievements and discoveries in China. It has become an impor tant platform to communicate academic achievements and spread coinage knowledge for numismatic researchers and amateurs, which makes contribution to the development and flourishing of the Chinese coinage culture.

published from 1983 to 1984. After that, all eight issues published within a two year period were bound together into one book. Starting with the 1983-1984 edition and ending with the 2007-2008 edition, the bound book was issued 13 times. However, the bound book published annually from 2009, i.e. one bound book per year, has had 10 issues till now. Thus, the bound book of China Numismatics has a total of 23 issues, including the biennial editions and the annual editions. The issues of China Numismatics published in the early years has many articles that are highly academic, informative, commemorative and have collection value. Now it’s not easy for us to collect China Numismatics journals published in the old days, especially if it’s the biennial bound volume published in small quantities. For coin collectors, the bound book of China Numismatics with delicate package may recall for them those wonderful times of collecting and researching coins.

China Numismatics was first founded as a quarterly journal but it was changed into a biennial journal in 2013. In 1985, the first bound book of China Numismatics was issued, which collected seven issues of this journal

1 5

部门

DEPARTMENTS

Xin Xiang Yi Ban, in Memory of Luo Bozhao and His Wife Yin Shangying Michael Chou〔Shanghai〕

Xin Xiang Yi Ban, in memory of Luo Bozhao and his wife Yin Shangying , by the family of Luo, released in October 2002, with support from the Shanghai Museum Associate Researcher Mr. Zhou Xiang, Qian Bi magazine Zhang Shanxi and Zhan Xing, Collections magazine Ding Zongqi and Ding Nie. This family booklet is written about one of the three great Chinese collectors Luo Bozhao from Szechuan Province, the other two are Fang Yaoyu from northern China and Zhang Shuxun from southern China. The history of these great collectors in the 1830's 1840's forms the foundation of the most important collection of Chinese numismatics.

Luo Bozhao (1899-1976), born in Ba County, Chongqing Province. His other two names were Wen Jiong and Mu Yuan. He graduated from Shanghai Saint John's University in 1921 and was in business for a long time after graduation. He devoted almost all of his extra time to collecting coins. Mr. Luo was the founder of the China Numismatic Study Group and acted as the vice president. He sponsored the publication of Numismatic

Coins magazine, and wrote a book Mu Yuan Si Shi Quan Tuo . He spent huge amount of funds in collecting rare and valuable ancient coins. The ancient coins he collected were rich and exquisite, which are really amazing, such as new coins weighing eleven zhu, six zhu, Tiansheng Iron Cash Mother Coin and other gold gilt copper coins. Mr Luo's

Photo of Luo Bozhao and his wife

donation to the Beijing History Museum and to the Shanghai Museum is a great deed which received national praise and leaves many Chinese numismatists an opportunity to study these wonderful coins for their research projects. It was a great pleasure to work with the Zhang family and it was a deep honor and privilege to meet Mr. Luo's family for the celebration of the 120th anniversary of the birth of Luo Bozhao in Chengdu. What he did was similar to what Mr. Howard Bowker did, who devoted his lifetime to research on Asian numismatics and finally donated his collection to the Smithsonian Institution's national numismatic collection for research purposes. Now after donations of the Bowker collection to the China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation (CBPM) museum in Beijing, to the Shenyang Mint, and to the

Luo Bozhao with his son, his grandsons and granddaughters The last row, from left: Luo Mingrun, Luo Siming, Luo Jiong, Luo Minglan;The front row, from left: Jiao Zhidong (the son of Luo Mingrun), Luo Bozhao, Lu Yuanmin (the daughter of Luo Mingrun), Li Xiaozhi (the daughter of Luo Jiong)

Shanghai Mint Museum, Moritzburg Museum in Halle Germany, a donation was finally made to the NNC at Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Bowker's correspondences with Eduard Kann and Chinese numismatic titan Arthur Coole are now archived at the NNC. These correspondences show the information exchange between these researchers and events of Chinese numismatics in China and aboard. According to the article written by Shanghai Museum Associate Researcher Zhou Xiang included in this family booklet, Mr. Luo's many articles in Chinese numismatic publications show his desire not only to build a great collection but also for research and to pass down foundational information to future Chinese numismatists. On the occasion of the 120th anniversary of Mr. Luo's birth, this ceremony event was held in Chengdu. Mr. Luo's vast expanse of knowledge, his humble personal characteristics and his spirit of donating money for helping others should be remembered by the world.

1 5

書

R E V I E W S

K BO O

《中國錢幣》杂志合订本

評

周邊〔上海〕

《中國錢幣》雜誌，創刊於1983年 , 國內外公開發行。是目前中國國內唯一的一本全國性錢幣學、貨

幣史專業學術期刊。《中國錢幣》由中國人民銀行總行主管；先由中國錢幣學會主辦，1992年中國錢幣博物館成立後，改由兩家共同主辦。

期合訂1本。雙年合訂本從1983-1984 年始至 2007-2008年

《中國錢幣》設有貨幣史研究、錢幣學論壇、錢幣精華、

止，共計發行13本。2009 年改為單年合訂本，每年合訂1本。

出土與發現、銀行與紙幣、人民幣、革命根據地貨幣、外國錢幣、泉界動態、錢幣專題講座、書訊等欄目。刊登的

迄今發行有10本。兩種合訂形式共計23本。

研究的新成果、新發現，成為海內外錢幣研究者、愛好者

早期發行的《中國錢幣》雜誌，其中不少的文章具有很強

中華錢幣文化作出了貢獻。

收藏價值，目前收集已經很不容易。而《中國錢幣》雜誌

文章注重學術性、資料性、知識性，及時反映了中國錢幣

的學術性、資料性、專題性和紀念性，同時也具有很高的

交流學術成果和資訊，傳播錢幣知識的重要園地。為繁榮

合訂本，特別是雙年合訂本發行數量更少，收集齊全更難。

《中國錢幣》創刊時為季刊，2013年雜誌改為雙月刊。《中

對錢幣收藏者來說，裝幀精美的《中國錢幣》雜誌合訂本

國錢幣》雜誌合訂本，發行於1985年，首期合訂本將1983

能帶來當年收藏、研究錢幣的時光經歷與美好的回憶。

年至1984 年兩年發行的共七期雜誌合訂；其後，每兩年八

1 5

部门

DEPARTMENTS

心香一瓣緬懷羅伯昭先生、尹尚瑛夫人周邁可〔上海〕

《心香一瓣緬懷羅伯昭先生、尹尚瑛夫人》，羅伯昭家人著，2002年10月發行，上海博物館研究馆員周祥，《錢幣》雜誌張善喜、詹星，《收藏》雜誌丁宗琪、丁蘖支持協助。本家族手冊是紀念中國收藏界大家羅伯昭先生的文集，他是錢幣界三大巨擘之一；另外兩位是北方的方藥雨和南方的張叔訓；世人譽為“南張（張叔馴）、北方（方藥雨）、 “巴蜀羅” （羅伯昭）。19世紀三四十年代這幾位大收藏家收藏的錢幣奠定了中國錢幣界最重要的實物基礎。

羅伯昭（1899-1976年）名文炯，號沐園，重慶巴縣人。1921年畢業於上海聖約翰大學，長期經商。公暇之餘，藏泉是癖。羅伯昭先生着手籌建了

中國泉幣學社，擔任副社長，助資發行《泉幣》雜誌，著有《沐園四十泉

拓》；不惜重金收藏罕見古錢珍品，如“新幣十一銖”、六銖、天聖鐵母、紹聖背施、靖康折二、 “天策府寶”鎏金銅錢等品，均為稀世珍品，蔚為

大觀。生前將他珍藏多年的錢幣悉數捐贈給北京歷史博物館和上海博物館，受到了國家的褒獎。許多中國錢幣學家因此受益，並有機會在各自的研究项目觀賞這些精美絕倫的錢幣實物。

我很幸運曾與南潯張氏家族後人在一起工作，現在又榮幸地在成都羅伯昭誕辰120周年紀念活動上結識先生的家人。羅先生無償捐獻的高尚精神與

羅伯昭夫妻合照

霍華德 • 包克先生如出一轍，包克先生傾盡一生研究亞洲錢幣，為研究目

的將其東亞錢幣藏品捐贈給史密森尼博物院作為國家錢幣集藏。藏品分

別捐贈給北京中國印鈔造幣博物館、瀋陽造幣博物館和上海造幣博物館、德國哈雷莫裏茨堡博物館、美國國家歷史博物館史密森學會檔案館。包

克與耿愛德、中國錢幣學大亨邱文明的往來書信現存於史密森學會檔案

館，這些往來書信真實記錄了中國與海外錢幣研究者的交流資訊及重要錢幣活動。

在本家族手冊收錄的上海博物館研究馆員周祥紀念文章中所述，羅伯昭

先生曾撰寫許多錢幣文稿，抒發自己的收藏與研究心得，還為中國錢幣學留下一筆豐厚的遺產。

羅伯昭與兒孫們在一起後排左起：羅明潤、羅思明、羅炯、羅明嫻；前排左起：焦志東（羅明潤子）、羅伯昭、陸元敏（羅明嫻女）、李小志（羅炯女）

在羅伯昭先生誕辰120周年之際，在成都舉辦紀念活動，羅伯昭先生的廣博的知識、謙遜的品格與無償捐獻錢幣的精神，當為世人銘記。

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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

CONTACT:

July 17, 2019

Peter Miller President, Home Group, Active Interest Media pmiller@aimmedia.com (202) 256-0694

Active Interest Media Acquires Four F+W Groups Boulder, CO: North America’s leading participant media company today announced the acquisition of four storied groups of enthusiast brands from F+W Media. “The addition of Writer’s Digest , Popular Woodworking, Horticulture, and the Collectibles Group significantly extends our footprint in passionate markets that fit Active Interest Media’s vision for future growth,” said President & CEO Andrew Clurman. “ These groups bring a combined publishing histor y of more than 300 years and audiences that demonstrate incredible loyalty through their attendance at events, participation in online conversations, and high rates of membership and subscription renewal.” The brands will become part of AIM’s existing Home Group, a thriving operation based in Des Moines, Iowa, that includes leading woodworking and gardening brands such as The Woodsmith and Garden Gate . “ We were attracted to this acquisition by the obvious synergies between our audiences, content capabilities, and consumer-focused products,” said Home Group President Peter Miller. “ These brands have diversified from their print roots to include robust digital, event, online education, and other business extensions, and there’s a lot both sides can learn from each other.”

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largely female audience, Horticulture serves consumers who are influencers within their community and have spent on average more than 30 years pursuing their hobby.

Writer’s Digest As Wr iter ’s Digest approaches its 100th year, it remains the comprehensive, multiplatform resource for professional writers of all media, genres, and skill levels. Its mission is to ignite writers’ creative vision and connect them with the resources and community they need to bring it to life.

The Collectibles Group The Collectibles Community covers several categories i nclud i n g a nt ique s, automot ive, mu sic, spor t s, coins, and military. Across eleven brands, passionate consumers f ind news, industry trends, reviews, and Collectibles’ most important area of distinction – its world-renowned valuations, which are the gold standard among insurers, auction houses, dealers, and collectors. “ We’re thrilled to welcome all 67 staff dedicated to these brands to the AIM family,” said Clurman. “We will maintain the existing operations and teams in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Steven’s Point, Wisconsin, while providing support that will help drive growth from our video, digital marketing, and creative services units in AIM’s Boulder headquarters.”

Popular Woodworking For more than 30 years, Popular Woodworking has been the destination for hardcore woodwork ing enthusiasts. They have bigger shops, own more tools, and build more projects, spending more than $600 million on woodworking projects this year alone.

Horticulture With more than 155 years in continuous publication, Horticulture is an authority in the space with a focus on the art and science of smart gardening. Attracting a

About Active Interest Media, Inc. One of the world ’s largest participant media companies, Active Interest Media (aimmedia.com) produces leading consumer and trade events, websites, magazines, podcasts, films, and TV shows that reach 40+ million readers, fans, and attendees in 85 countries.

AIM produces the World Series of Team Roping, the second-richest equestrian competition in the world. Our brands include Yoga Journal, Backpacker, SKI, Vegetarian Times, IDEA Fitness, Anglers Journal, Yachts International, Sail, Power & Motoryacht, EQUUS Journal, Horse & Rider Journal, Team Roping Journal, Oxygen, Clean Eating, Log Home Living, Old House Journal, Woodsmith, Garden Gate, and more. The company’s five divisions ―the Equine Network , Home Group , Healthy Living Group , Marine

Group , and Outdoor Group ― also operate thriving B2B platforms, online universities, and retail events.

Core competencies include lead generation (through our Qualified Buyer Program), marketing services (through our in-house agency, Catapult Creative Labs), and video production; Warren Miller Entertainment is the most successful adventure-film company in history, and AIM Studios is a bustling division dedicated to digital video.

Active Interest Media’s customers are smart, engaged, and loyal, and they look to our brands for trustworthy information and services that will inspire and enable them to enjoy their passions.

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即时发布 2019年7月17日

聯繫人彼得 • 米勒（Peter Miller） Active Interest Media 公司 Home Group 總裁 pmiller@aimmedia.com 郵箱： (202) 256-0694 電話：

Active Interest Media F+W 旗下四大品牌雜誌博爾德總部―北美領先消費類媒體公司今日宣佈收購

F+W Media旗下四大知名品牌雜誌: “《作者文摘》（ Writer ’s Digest ）、《流行木工》

（Popular Woodworking）、《園藝》（Horticulture）及《收藏品群體》（the Collectibles Group）。它們的加入將極大拓寬我們在市場的影響力，符合Active Interest

Media的未來發展願景，”Active Interest Media總裁兼首席執行官安德魯·克勒曼（Andrew Clurman）說道， “這四大品牌擁有超過 300 年的出版歷史，它們的讀者頻

BOOKS

繁出席活動、參與線上對話、高會員率、到期續訂，表現出難以置信的忠誠度。” 这些品牌将成为AIM现有Home Group旗下的一部分。

Home Group 集团總部位于美國爱荷华州得梅因市，业务蒸蒸日上，其中包括领先木工和园艺雜誌品牌，如《木工制作》（Woodsmith）、《花園門》（Garden Gate）。

Home Group 集團總裁彼得•米勒（Peter Miller）表示： “我们之所以想進行此次收购，是因为我们在受众、内容、推出以消费者为中心的产品方面大致相同。这些品牌已经从印刷业务向多元化方向发展，包括向强大的数字化、活动、在线教育及其他业务扩展，與我公司已有品牌有許多可互相学习之處。”

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者，主要服務於那些在各自社區中有影響力的消費者，這些

《作者文摘》

消費者平均每人花費30 餘年的時間來追求自身這一愛好。

《作者文摘》有近100 年的歷史，現仍為各媒體、流派和技

能水準的職業作家提供全方位、多平臺的資源，旨在激發作

《收藏品群體》

栩栩如生。

收藏品涵盖古董、汽车、音乐、体育、錢幣、军事等眾多門

《流行木工》

势、查看评论併發現《收藏品群體》最重要的獨特之處⸺

30 多年来，《流行木工》吸引了眾多木工愛好者。他们有更

收藏家遵循的黄金标准。 “我們非常高興曾為這些品牌辛勤

家的創造力，使作家得以將需要描繪的資源和社區描繪得

類。热情的用戶在 11個品牌中都能查找新闻、瞭解行业趋

其舉世聞名的定价，現已成為保险公司、拍卖行、经销商和

寬敞的商店，拥有更齊全的工具，建造了許多项目，仅今年

“我们将耕耘的 67名员工能加入 AIM 家族，”克勒曼坦言，

前 7個月木工项目的花费就已達6亿多美元。

維持俄亥俄州辛辛那提市和威斯康辛州斯蒂文斯波恩特市

的现有运营和团队，同时提供支持，帮助推动 AIM 博尔德

总部的视频、数字营销和创意服务部门的成长。”

《園藝》連續發刊超過155 年的《園藝》雜誌是園藝領域的權威，專注於智能園藝的藝術和科學。《園藝》吸引了大批的女性讀

关于

Active Interest Media 股份有限公司作为全球最大的消費類媒体公司之一，Active

Interest media（aimmedia.com）为全球 85个国家4 000多万读者、粉丝和

活動参與者提供领先的消费和贸易活动、网站、杂志、博客、电影、电视节目。 ①

AIM推出的世界团体套牛大赛是世界上第二高薪的马术比赛。該公司旗下品牌雜誌包括《瑜伽》《背包客》《滑雪》

《素食时代》《理想健身》《垂钓者》《国际帆船》《航海》《能源和摩托艇》《騎馬》《賽马和骑手》《团體套牛》《氧气》《清洁饮食》《原木家居生活》《老房子》《木工製作》《花园门》等。 ②

公司五大集團马網（Equine

Network ）、家庭集团（Home Group）、健康生活集团（Healthy Living Group）、海洋集团（Marine Group）、户外集团（Outdoor Group）亦经营或開展蓬勃发展的B2B平台、在线大学、零售活动。 ③

公司核心竞争專案包括“領先一代”專案（即合格买家專案）、（通过内部代理、弹射创意实验室提供的）营销服务、视

频制作；旗下的沃伦·米勒娱乐公司是历史上最成功的冒险电影製作公司，公司AIM 工作室致力于發展数字视频业务。

Active Interest Media的客户聪明、敬业、忠诚，从 AIM 品牌中寻找值得信赖的信息和服务，从而激发熱情並享受愛好。

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A Grand Gathering of Numismatists in Sichuan

The Sixteenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium & the 120th Anniversary Celebration Activities of the Birth of Numismatist Luo Bozhao in Chengdu Yuan Shuiqing 〔Xi’an〕 From July 11th to 13th, 2019, the Sixteenth Chinese Co p p e r Co in Sy m p o s i um ( F i g ur e 1) & t h e 120 t h Anniver sar y Celebration Ac tivities of the Bir th of Numismatist Luo Bozhao (Figure 2) were held together in the Chengdu Jinyuan Hotel. The Sichuan Copper Coin Exhibition and the National Numismatic Exchanges were also held during this period. At the Symposium, over 150 attendants shared the latest results of study on Chinese copper coins, appreciated Sichuan selected copper coins, and cherished the memory of Luo Bozhao, a numismatist Figure 1 Group Photo of Attendants in the Sixteenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium & the 120th Anniversary of the Birth of Numismatist Luo Bozhao in Chengdu on July 13th, 2019.

in modern China. A total of 16 gold and silver medals in PCGS holders (Figure 3) and 300 sets of silver and copper medals appraised by Beijing Gongbo (GBCA) (Figure 4) for this Symposium by Shanghai Mint were all sold out. In addition, attendants voted to agree that the Seventeenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium would be hosted in Lanzhou, Gansu Province in September 2020. It has been 15 years since the first Chinese Copper Coin Symposium in Yangzhou, which was held in the summer of 2004. Twenty-seven amateurs attended, and, since

Figure 2 Group Photo of Guests at the 120th Anniversary Celebration

then, it has made leap-and-bounds development.

Activities of the Birth of Numismatist Luo Bozhao (Miss Luo Jiong is the fourth in the second row) in Chengdu on July 13th, 2019.

This year, the Symposium had deep discussions, with four attendants making speeches on their papers and

two copper coin books published. As Michael Chou,

as an example, Michael Chou introduced two cases to

President of Champion Auction and Editor in-Chief of

explain the significance of foreign materials: first, Bruce

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics , said according

Smith held that the Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 cash coins

to his own experience, “there are too many versions of

were minted by the Wuchang Mint in the end of 1913

Chinese copper coins, so whether collectors can come

and second, the father of Li Zhengmin obtained Malan

across selected ones is totally dependent on their luck.

copper tokens in the storeroom of the arsenal when

We should increase our study of foreign materials, since

he was appointed to reorganize arsenals and mints in

many related domestic materials have been abroad due

Sichuan. Sheng Xiaobao from Shanghai regarded that the

to historical reasons.” With an article in the Chengdu

1908 Guang Xu 1 cash wide-edge red copper coins (with

Special Issue of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics

Chinese character “Chuan”) might have been minted by

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Figure 3 Gold and silver medals for the Sixteenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium (the hammer price of No. 1 gold medal was 140,000 CNY).

Figure 4 Silver and Copper Medals Set for the Sixteenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium (the

Figure 5 Identification of

Figure 6 Study on 200

hammer price of No. 002 gold medal was 1,000 CNY).

Orchid: Sichuan Malan

Cashes Small Size Sichuan

Token Appraisal by Li

Copper Coins of Republic of

Liang.

China by Xiong Shenfu.

Figure 7 Selected exhibits offered an eye-opening experience to visitors.

Figure 8 30 Cashes Sichuan Guan Xu Yuan Bao Brass Coin with flying Chinese

Figure 9 30 Cashes Sichuan Guangxu Yuanbao Red

dragon pattern from Xi an collector Mr. He.

Copper Coin with Chinese water dragon pattern from Chengdu collector Miss Qu.

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the Ministry of Revenue in the Qing Dynasty for the style of its proof coin mold was not in line with that of a brass coin. Li Liang from Chengdu delivered a speech on the classification, version and stock of Malan copper tokens. Cheng Xingqiang from Nanchong believed Figure 10 Sun YatSen Malan white copper token from Chengdu Collector Mr. Wang.

that gunny grain used in the flat panel craft of the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Mint could be employed for possible coin usage. Moreover, there was other good news announced at the Symposium that two books on coins were newly published, namely, Identification

of Orchid: Sichuan Malan Tokens Appraisal by Li Liang (Figure 5) and Study on 200 Cashes Small Size Sichuan Copper Coins of Republic Figure 11 5 cents Malan silver token with horse pattern on both sides from Chengdu Collector Mr. Wang.

of China by Xiong Shenfu (Figure 6).

The Sichuan Copper Coin Exhibition was held on the

in the Qing Dynasty, 1 cash 1908 copper coin with the

second floor of the Chengdu Da an Collection Market,

inscription of Chinese character “Chuan” in the center, 5

where 350 pieces of selec ted coins provided by 8

cashes and 20 cashes Sichuan Guang Xu Yuan Bao trial

domestic collectors, Chengdu Gongpin Numismatic

minted coins (with Chinese character“Shan” in top of the

Museum and Chengdu Chuangjiang Numismatic Museum

Chinese character “Long”), the only-found 20 cashes white

were displayed, which offered an eye-opening experience

copper coin, Sichuan Guang Xu Yuan Bao sample copper

to visitors (Figure 7). Most exhibits were the selected

coin set of 1 Yuan, 50 Cents, 20 Cents and 10 Cents

copper coins from Sichuan in the late Qing Dynasty and

and their silver mould stored in the Ferracute Machine

the Republic of China, characterized by full categories

Company, America. In addition, the following were also

and abundant versions, with some rare and unissued ones

there: 10 cashes Guang Xu Bao Yuan brass sample coin

included, such as the 30 cashes Sichuan Guang Xu Yuan

with a square hole minted by a machine which is an

Bao copper coin which is known as the top treasure in

abolished coin stored with the central hole filled because

Chinese copper coin history with only around 30 pieces

its inscription of Manchu characters “Bao Chuan” was

known. Also included were a 1 piece of brass coin with

engraved as “Bao Yuan”, a sample copper coin for Sichuan

the flying Chinese dragon pattern (Figure 8), 1 piece of

Guang Xu Yuan Bao silver coin, 2 cents Sichuan-Party

a red copper coin with Chinese water dragon pattern

Plum Blossom copper fractional coin with a round hold in

(Figure 9), 2 cashes brass sample coin with the inscription

the center, a Shu Du Pai coin which was the token used in

of the Chinese character “Chuan” in the center minted

Sichuan from 1925 to 1935, over 50 kinds of Malan tokens

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Figure 12 5 cents Semi-horse S-Knot Malan Copper Coin of PCGS Grade MS 64 from Chongqing Collector Mr. Xiong.

with Sichuan characteristics in which Sun Yat Sen Malan

delivered speeches at the event. Luo's glorious life of

white copper coin (Figure 10), the only known 5 cents

coin was recalled, and his lifelong dedication to his coin

Malan silver token with horse pattern on both sides(Figure

collection and his selfless quality and spirit of dedication

11), and 5 cents Semi-horse S-Knot Malan copper token of

to the motherland was cherished. Luo should be taken as

with a PCGS Grade of MS 64 (Figure 12). These treasures

an example to encourage other collectors to do a good

are stored in the Sichuan Mint. The exhibition gathered

job in coin collecting and research. Dai Zhiqiang, the

selected copper coins from Sichuan, and reflected the

original director of the China Coin Museum, remarked,

latest progress of domestic copper coin collecting.

"Luo was a great numismatist of his generation, and his work contributes to the future generations.” Sheng

Luo Bozhao (1899-1979), a famous numismatist in China,

Guanxi, the former chief editor of Asian Coins, said that, "

is known for his abundant collection, as well as being

Luo explored the way from the book, and passed what he

the most well-known numismatist in Sichuan. In 1957, he

had gained to the next generation”. Luo Jiong edited and

donated his 15,427 coins to the China History Museum

printed the family booklet Xin Xiang Yi Ban, in memory of

(currently known as the China National Museum),

Luo Bozhao and his wife Yin Shangying . The magazine The

including 4 pieces of rare 30 cashes Sichuan Guang Xu

Gold Bull Coin published a commemorative booklet of

Yuan Bao Coins in red copper and brass materials of

issue 3 in 2019 for Luo Bozhao. Muyuan 120 Coin Rubbing

flying dragon and standing dragon patterns, thus being

and Muyuan Dairy of 1944 and 1947 have been listed into

honored by the government. He once wrote the following

the Ancient Coin Series and they were issued on the site

books, The Record of Coin Collectors and Muyuan Forty

of the event.

Coin Rubbing , and set up the magazine Numismatic Coins . The 120th Anniversary Celebration Activities of the Birth of Luo Bozhao was an unprecedented event with

(Images are provided by Chengdu Coin Collectors Huang Chunming and Luo Yiyang.

many guests joining together. The Shanghai Museum

Hereby express our thanks.)

Coin Department researcher Zhou Xiang, the second son of Ma Dingxiang, Ma Chuande, the Deputy Researcher of the National Museum Coin Department, Jian Ning, the youngest daughter of Luo Bozhao, Luo Jiong, the former director of the Wuxi CPPCC Research Office Tang Keke, and the grandson of Luo Bozhao, and Jiao Zhiming

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◆◆◆盛會聚泉家錦城滿名花◆◆◆

第十六屆中國銅元研討會暨錢幣學家羅伯昭誕辰120周年紀念活動在成都舉行袁水清〔西安〕第十六屆中國銅元研討會（圖1）和錢幣學家羅伯昭誕辰

120周年紀念活動（圖2），於2019年7月11-13日在成都錦

苑賓館合併召開， “四川銅元精品展”和全國錢幣交流活動也同期舉行。150 餘名與會者分享了中國銅元研究最新成果；欣賞了四川銅元精品；緬懷中國近代錢幣大家羅伯

昭的生平和事蹟。由上海造幣有限公司鑄造的本屆銅元研討會16套 PCGS 打盒的金、銀紀念章（圖3）、300 套經公

博錢幣鑒定打盒的銀、銅紀念套章（圖4）全部售罄。經大

會表決同意，第十七屆中國銅元研討會由甘肅泉友主辦，

2020年9月在蘭州舉行。

圖1 第十六屆中國銅元研討會暨錢幣學家羅伯昭誕辰120周年紀念活動與會者合影

2019年7月13日於成都

始自2004 年夏的揚州、有27名銅元愛好者參加的第一屆中

國銅元研討會，歷經十五個春秋，成果豐碩。本屆研討更加深入，有四人宣講研究文章，兩本銅元著作問世。冠軍

拍賣總裁兼《東亞泉志》總編周邁可發言時深有體會地說，中國銅元版別太多，收藏精品靠運氣；研究要重視國外相關資料，近現代的中國由於歷史原因，使很多錢幣資料流

落海外。他還以《東亞泉志》成都特別版的文章，介紹了史博祿研究認為袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元是武昌造幣廠

1913年底鑄造的觀點；以及李正民之父“抗戰”期間受命

重新整頓四川省內兵工廠和造幣廠，有幸從兵工廠庫房挑

圖2 紀念錢幣學家羅伯昭誕辰120周年嘉賓合影（二排左4 為羅炯女士）2019年7月13日

揀到一批馬蘭銅幣的軼事，來說明史料的重要性。上海沈

於成都

小寶認為光緒戊申川一文寬緣紅銅樣幣幣模風格異於黃銅

幣，有可能是戶部製造。成都李亮發言主題是馬蘭銅幣的

藏品市場二樓開展，令參觀者大開眼界（圖7）。展品多為

幣廠平版工藝中的麻布紋可作為錢幣鑒定的參考。可喜的

乏珍稀樣幣和未發行珍罕幣。如，中國銅元史上第一珍品、

四川地區晚清、民國銅元精品，種類齊全，版別豐富，不

分類、版別和存世量研究。南充程興強認為川陝蘇維埃造是，李亮的《幽蘭識

存世30 枚左右的四川省造光緒元寶當三十銅幣，展出黃銅

四川馬蘭錢鑒賞》（圖5）、熊申甫的

飛龍（圖8）、紅銅水龍（圖9）各1枚；大清銅幣中心川二文

《四川民國小200文銅元研究》（圖6）新著出版。

黃銅樣幣、戊申中心川一文；四川省造光緒元寶當五、當二十山字龍試製幣、僅見品當二十白銅幣；四川光緒元寶

由國內8位藏家和成都市共品錢幣博物館、成都川江錢幣博

七錢二分、三錢六分、一錢四分四厘、七分二厘銀模銅樣

物館提供350 件藏品的“四川銅元精品展”，在成都大安收

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圖3 第十六屆中國銅元研討會金、銀紀念章（編號 01小金章內拍成交價1.4萬元人民幣）

圖4 第十六屆中國銅元研討會銀、銅紀念套章（編號 002銀、銅套章內拍成交價1 000元人民幣）

圖5《幽蘭識四川馬蘭錢鑒

圖6《四川民國小200文銅元研究》

賞》及作者李亮

及作者熊申甫

圖7 諸多精品令參觀者目不暇接

圖8 四川省造光緒元寶當三十黃銅飛龍幣西安藏家何先生參展品

圖9 四川省造光緒元寶當三十紅銅水龍幣成都藏家瞿女士參展品

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套幣，系美國漢立克納浦機械廠存檔樣

幣；機制製光緒“寶源”方孔十文黃銅樣幣，滿文應為“寶川”幣模誤刻為“寶

源”故廢存檔的“滿穿”錢；四川省造光緒元寶銀幣銅質樣幣；四川黨徽梅花

折枝貳分中圓孔銅輔幣；民國十四年至二十四年蜀地代用幣 — 蜀都牌幣；四

川特色的馬蘭幣系列有50多個品種，珍

品有孫中山像馬蘭白銅幣（圖10），僅見

品銀質五文雙面馬蘭幣（圖11）、四川造

幣廠存檔樣幣半身馬背 S 花結五文馬蘭

銅幣 PCGS MS 64（圖12）等。此展

將四川地區銅元精品集中亮相，反映了中國銅元收藏的新水準。

圖10 孫中山像馬蘭白銅幣成都藏家王先生參展品

羅伯昭先生（1899-1979 年）是中

國著名錢幣學家，以收藏宏富而享盛名，有“ 南張北方巴蜀羅” 之譽

稱。1957年，他將15 427枚錢幣，其中有稀世珍品四川省造光緒元寶

當三十紅銅、黃銅兩種質地，飛龍、立龍兩種版式全套四枚捐贈中國歷

史博物館（現中國國家博物館），獲

得政府表彰。著有《泉友錄》《沐園四十泉拓》，創辦《泉幣》期刊。此

圖11 銀質五文雙面馬蘭幣僅見品成都藏家王先生參展品

次紀念羅伯昭誕辰120周年活動嘉賓

雲集，盛會空前。上海博物館錢幣

部研究館員周祥、馬定祥次子馬傳

德、國家博物館錢幣部副研究員翦寧、羅伯昭小女兒羅炯、原無錫市政協研究室主任湯可哥可、羅伯昭外孫焦志明先後發言。大家追憶了羅先生光輝的錢幣人生，緬懷他畢

生致力於錢幣收藏的恒心和無私奉獻祖國的品格與精神。表示要以羅

圖12 半身馬背 S 花結五文馬蘭銅幣 PCGS MS 64 重慶藏家熊先生參展品

先生為榜樣，做好錢幣收藏和研究。

原中國錢幣博物館館長戴志強題詞： “一代泉家，功在千秋。”原《亞洲錢幣》主編盛觀熙題詞： “書山尋道，學圃傳薪。” 《金牛錢幣》雜誌出版紀念專輯 —2019 年三期。《沐園百廿羅炯編印紀念冊《心香一瓣緬懷羅伯昭先生、尹尚瑛夫人》。泉拓》《沐園甲申丁亥日記》入列“古泉文庫叢書”現場發行。

（本文圖片為成都泉友黃春明、羅一洋提供，謹此致謝！）

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PCGS、NGC、PMG、華夏評級、中乾評級認證代理商

高價收購買賣、專業送評鑑定龍銀、袁大頭、船洋、銀錠、古錢、金銀幣各國套幣、各國紙鈔、郵票、字畫、古董老酒、人參、金銀飾、金銀條 A：100臺灣台北市中正區牯嶺街41-1號 T：+886-2-23515430；+886-956-191-919 F：+886-2-23512177 E：silverhouse88@gmail.com Line&WeChat：yinchiacoin

A Microcosm of the Introduction of Advanced Foreign Equipment and Technology in China's Modern Coinage Industry

The Donation Ceremony of Coins and Documentary Collection Donated by Michael Chou was Held in Sichuan Province Yuan Fang [Xi’an]

view the donations. Then the guests were invited to visit the Monetary and Cultural Corridor in the main building to learn about the development of the Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. They also visited the Great Wall Precious Metals Co.,Ltd. This company exhibited the following products: 12.5 kg gold brick, 10 kg golden bowl, panda pattern silver plaque and Dujiangyan scenery pattern silver plague.

On the morning of April 19, 2019, a delegation consisting of 10 members from the Macau Numismatic Society visited the Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as ‘the company’), and attended the Michael Chou coin collection donation ceremony held in front of the company office building (Fig. 1). Attendees of the donation ceremony include Coin of the Year Judge Gu Jun, Executive Director of the Szechuan Numismatic Society Ba Jiayun, Chairman of the Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. Zhao Pingchang, Secretary of Party Committee of the company Yang Wenlong, and General Manager of Chengdu Banknote Co., Ltd. Fu Xing, with a total number of 70 in attendance. The donation ceremony was hosted by Yang Wenlong (Fig. 2). At the beginning of the donation ceremony, Gu Jun briefly introduced the donor Michael Chou and the President of the Macau Numismatic Society David Chio. Michael Chou delivered a speech, introduced the donations (Fig. 3) and exhibited the donations together with the company's leaders and guests (Fig. 4). Zhao Pingchang gave a speech and issued a donation certificate while offering flowers to Michael Chou (Fig. 5). After that, everyone came to

Fig.1-1 Active donation scene taken from high altitude

Fig.1-2 Group photo of the Macau Numismatic Society Chengdu delegation at the donation c e r e m o n y. Fr o m l e f t to r i g h t: Yu a n S h u i q i n g (Academic Advisor), Wang Zongsheng (Director), Huang Xiaotan (Executive Director), Zhen Shusheng (Deputy Director), Michael Chou (Academic Advisor), David Chio (President), Wu Wenjie (Director), Yue Leiting (Director), Li Qiyi (Senior Member), Zhao Yao (Director)

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Fig.2 Yang Wenlong hosting the donation ceremony. From left to right: Fu Xing, Yang Wenlong, Michael Chou, Zhao Pingchang, David Chio, Gu Jun, Ba Jiayun

Fig.3 Michael Chou delivering a speech and introducing the donations

Fig.4-1 Unveiling ceremony

Fig.4-2 Photos of donations

Fig.4-3 Guests viewing donations

Fig.5-1 Zhao Pingchang delivering a speech

Fig.5-2 Zhao Pingchang offering a donation certificate and flowers to Michael Chou

Fig.5-3 Donation Certificate

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Michael Chou, whose Chinese name is Chou Hans Lun, currently acts as the President of iAsure Group and Champion Auction. Furthermore, he is the publisher and Editor-in-chief of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) ; he is a Coin of the Year Panel Judge and he serves as the Academic Advisor of the Macao Numismatic Society. Mr. Chou expressed his patriotic feeling for China when delivering his speech. He said frankly, although he was born in Taiwan and grew up in the United States, he never forgot that he is rooted in China. For more than two decades, he has paid great attention to Chinese coins, especially the machine struck coins, hence he was called Overseas Chinese Coins Harvester by numismatic collectors. He insists on publicizing China’s exquisite coins to the world and sparing no efforts in promoting cultural exchanges between China and Western countries and between China and other East Asian countries. When Mr. Chou discovered these coins, blanks, literary materials and photos related to Szechuan coinage in Hong Kong, he immediately bought them and decided to donate them to the Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. There are many funny stories about the donations. According to historical records, the Chinese Sea Ban Policy was released after the Opium War. It was 120 years ago that old China was under the Guangxu emperor’s reign in the late Qing dynasty. At that time Lu Chuanlin was appointed as the Governor of the Szechuan Province. Under the instructions of the government, the Szechuan Mint, located at No. 1 Tangba Street, Dongmen Lane, Chengdu City, purchased machines from the New Jersey machine manufacturer Ferracute Machine Company and the Philadelphia Mint, these machines were used in the two branch mints of the Szechuan Mint the copper coin mint and the silver coin mint. Machines “including presses, waffles making machines, punching machines, molding machines, furnaces, annealing furnaces, casting furnaces, tablet press machines, boilers, transmission equipments and maintenance workshops.” It was “In April 1898, the twenty-fourth year of emperor Guangxu’s reign, the first set of machines including four press, one waffles making machine, one boiler, one steam engine and one transmission shaft machine were shipped to the Szechuan Mint. Some other manufacturing machines were shipped and installed subsequently. These machines began to operate in July.” ① Here are some more interesting stories about the Ferracute Machine Company and the Szechuan Mint.

Fig.6 Founder of the Ferracute Machine Company Oberlin Smith

In January 1877, Oberlin Smith (Fig. 6) incorporated the Ferracute Machine Company. Henry Janvier was employed by Ferracute as an engineer (Fig. 7), he was

Fig.7 Cover of Letters From China and Around the World authored by Henry A. Janvier and the photo of Henry A. Janvier

① Catalogue of Different Versions of One Yuan Silver Coin published by Szechuan Military Government, edited by Cai Ning, Szechuan Publishing Group Bashu Book House, first edition in August 2011, page 3 of the Foreword.

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larger diameter, and a slightly different design. The production in this mint was over 250,000 coins per day. The silver mint produced Guangxu silver ingots of different denominations, respectively, of 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents and 1 yuan, in the aggregate, it was about 150,000 per day. It had a strong production capacity, many specimens characterized with Fou Bao (“ 寶 ” in Chinese) were produced. The first silver coin of the silver mint was designed by the chief engraver of the United States Mint Charles Barber, the die was made by the Philadelphia Mint. (In the 1950s, some specimens minted by the Ferracute were presented to Howard Franklin Bowker, then donated to the Smithsonian Institution, now they are exhibited at the National Museum of American History in Washington.) In 1899, the Qing dynasty government ordered all the silver coins to be minted in Guangdong and Hubei Provinces. The reason was there were too many mints in every province, and the weight and quality of the coins minted were different, it was not convenient for people to use, therefore the Szechuan Mint stopped operating. In 1902, the Governor of Szechuan Province Cen Chunxuan asked for the government’s permission to set up the Szechuan Copper Bureau on the open space within the Szechuan Machinery Bureau.

also an amateur photographer. On December 27, 1897, Henry Janvier left Bridgeton and came to China. He was assigned to help the Chinese government to design and install machines for producing coins. One of the mints in question was located in the city of Wuchang, capital of the Hubei Province. The machines for this particular mint were to produce small brass coins at a rate of over 300,000 pieces per day. Another mint was located in the city of Chengdu, Szechuan Province. Af ter arriving in Shanghai, Janvier picked up his interpreter, companion and assistant Henry Everall, an English employee of the American Trading company. On their way to Szechuan, they suffered from bad weather. When they finally arrived in Chengdu, they discovered the equipment shipped from Bridgeton had been unloaded at a low river stage and nearly ruined when the water rose. However, thanks to this innovative engineer’s intelligence, Janvier found two 5-gallon cans of kerosene to remove the rust damage. He also crafted a wagon with wheels made from mill stones used for crushing rice to move the heavy machine. After many twists and turns, the press was ready for operation. Although the corroded dies caused the coins to have blemishes, Chinese people who had seen the machines were delighted to observe those blemishes could prevent counterfeiting! Henry Janvier completed his mission in October 1898. With his help, the two branch mints of the Szechuan Mint went into production. During his tenmonth tenure in China, Janvier communicated with his family several times and took hundreds of photos to record his trip to China.

The coins and materials during Henry Janvier’s tenmonths trip in China, which were donated by Michael Chou, can be divided into four types, with a total of 35 pieces.

The brass cashes made in the copper mint had the same weight as those made in Wuchang, but of a somewhat

The first type included: 1 cash, 10 cashes brass planchet and 5 cents copper-nickel planchet, with a total of 6 pieces (Fig. 8, Fig.9); in the year 1898 Szechuan Province minted brass specimen of 1 mace and 4.4 candareens silver coin, with a total of 1 piece (Fig. 10); in the year of

Fig.8 1 cash brass planchet, weight:3.18 g, diameter: 18.9 mm

Fig.9-1 5 cents nickel planchet, weight:4.91 g, diameter: 21.1 mm

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Fig.9-2 10 cashes brass planchet, weight:10.11 g, diameter: 27.6 mm

Fig.10 The year of 1898 Szechuan Province minted brass specimen of 1 mace and 4.4 candareens silver coin

1902 Bolivia silver specimens 50 cents and 20 cents, with a total of 3 pieces.

binders contains the materials and photos of Ferracute Goes to China Exhibition (Fig.11-Fig.13).

The second type included: photos, 11 pieces, including cardboard photo of Oberlin Smith, the first F.M.C. Mint machinery catalog (1898-1899), the second F.M.C. Mint machinery catalog (1910), presses dies and other sheet metal tools photos, press drawings and equipment photos, press application file patented on February 9, 1909 and May 23, 1905.

This donation from Michael Chou has significant meaning. These precious coins and literary materials are testimony of the opening up of China's modern coinage industr y and the introduction of foreign advanced equipment. The donations are impor tant research materials for numismatists due to their historical information and research value. As the Chairman of the Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd. Zhao Pingchang noted, “The Numismatic Culture Wall records the culture of Chinese coins over the past five thousand years in China. Mr. Chou’s precious collection of coins and documents will greatly enrich the numismatic cultural history in Chengdu, where Jiaozi, a form of promissory banknote first appeared. At the same time, it also adds a new connotation to our corporate culture - ‘Sincerely belief in my hear t, printing what you needs in my deeds’, and it will broaden horizons for all of us.” “Our company will seriously study and explore the history of Henry Janvier’s coin casting in Chengdu, then properly preserve and display these collections so as to provide strong support for the development of monetary cultural tourism. Let’s work together to let these coins and literary documents testify to the coin casting history of Chengdu 120 years ago. Thus, this will once again become the testimony of the transformation of our company in the new historical period!”

The third type included: works and journals, 9 pieces, including Press-Working of Metals published in 1896 and authored by Oberlin Smith. Letters From China and Around the World authored by Henry A. Janvier and introduction by Arthur J. Cox in which collects the author's correspondence and photos with his family during his trip in China. The fifth chapter of this book“Ferracute Goes to China”tells the complete process of Ferracute’s equipments being shipped to China and installed in China’s mints. And the journal Numismatist published by the American Numismatic Association in June 2010, an article was written about the Ferracute Machine Company and its founder Oberlin Smith. The ar ticle contains the stor y about Henr y Janvier’s trip to China. The fourth type included: five ring binders, including the original machine photos taken in China from 1897 to 1898, and many precious photos taken by Janvier when he travelled around the world after completing his mission in China. During this period he stayed in London and Paris before returning to America. One of the ring

(Photos of the donation ceremony are provided by Bai Bing for the Chengdu Banknote Printing Co., Ltd.)

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Fig.11 Press drawings and equipment photos of Ferracute

Fig.12 Henry Janvier sitting in a chair and writing something (photo number 0811).

Fig.13 A row of Chinese men with long braids were operating the machine (photo number 0841).

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中國近代造幣業引進國外先進設備技術的一個縮影

周漢倫錢幣及文獻資料藏品捐贈儀式在蓉城舉行圓方〔西安〕

圖1-1 澳門錢幣學會成都訪問團在捐贈儀式上合影（左起）：袁水清（學術顧問）、王宗勝（理事）、黃孝覃（常務理事）、甄述聖（副理事長）、周邁可（學術顧問）、趙康池（理事長）、吳文傑（理事）、樂雷霆（理事）、李其奕（資深會員）、趙耀（理事）

四月的蓉城，草長鶯飛，春花爛漫。2019年 4月19日上午，

澳門錢幣學會成都訪問團一行10人，有幸來到成都印鈔有

限公司，在公司辦公樓前錢幣廣場參加了藏品充滿故事性

。出席捐贈儀式的有世的周漢倫錢幣珍藏捐贈儀式（圖1）

界硬幣克勞斯獎評委顧、四川省錢幣學會常務理事巴家雲、成都印鈔有限公司董事長趙平昌、中共成都印鈔有限公司

圖1-2 從高空拍攝的捐贈現場

委員會書記楊文龍、總經理付興等有關人員70人。捐贈儀

，顧軍介紹了捐贈者周漢倫和澳門式由楊文龍主持（圖2）

錢幣學會理事長趙康池的簡況；周漢倫先生致辭、介紹捐

，並和公司領導及嘉賓揭幕展示捐贈品（圖4）；贈品（圖3）

趙平昌講話，並向周漢倫先生頒發捐贈證書和獻花（圖5）；隨後，大家觀看了捐贈品，嘉賓移步主樓參觀了“貨幣文化長廊”瞭解成都印鈔有限公司發展歷程，還參觀了中鈔長城貴金屬有限公司展示的產品，其中12.5公斤金磚、10 公

斤金碗，熊貓、都江堰銀版畫極具特色。

圖2 楊文龍主持捐贈儀式左起：付興、楊文龍、周漢倫、趙平昌、趙康池、顧軍、巴家雲

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圖3 周漢倫致辭並簡介捐贈品

圖4-2 捐贈品照

圖4-1 共同揭幕

圖4-3 嘉賓參觀捐贈品

圖5-1 趙平昌講話

圖5-2 趙平昌向周漢倫頒發捐贈證書、獻花

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圖5-3 捐贈證書

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周漢倫是周邁可的中文名。周先生現為愛秀集團、冠軍拍賣公司總裁，《東亞泉志》出版人兼總編，世界硬幣大獎賽

提名委員，澳門錢幣學會學術顧問。周先生在致辭和簡介捐贈品時表達了愛國之情，他說自己出生在臺灣，雖成長在美國，但始終不忘根在中國。二十多年來，尤為關注中

國錢幣特別是機製幣，被泉友戲稱為“海外中國錢幣收割機”，同時堅持向世界宣傳中國的精美錢幣，在推進東亞地

區以及中西方錢幣文化交流方面不遺餘力。當他在香港發

現這批與四川造幣有關的錢幣、坯餅、文獻資料及封塵已久的照片時，立即買下並決定無償捐獻給印鈔造幣企業。

此次捐贈品充滿故事性。鴉片戰爭後，中國海禁大開。據史料，120年前，即清朝光緒年間後期鹿傳霖任川督時，位

於成都東門內擋扒街1號的四川機器局，從美國新澤西州機

器製造商⸺漢立克納浦機械公司和費城造幣廠訂購了兩座

造幣廠⸺銅幣造幣廠、銀幣造幣廠的機器， “包括印花機、沖餅機、衝床、製模機、熔爐、退火爐、澆鑄爐、軋片

機、鍋爐、傳動配備機器以及維修車間。 ” “清光緒二十四年

、沖餅機、鍋爐、蒸汽（1898年）4月，首批印花機（4架）發動機、傳動軸機器運到並安裝，後續部分製造機器陸續

圖6 漢立克納浦機械公司創始人奧柏林 · 史密斯

”① 周先生捐贈的藏品印證了運到，並安裝完畢，7月開鑄。

這段歷史。漢立克納浦機械公司（Ferracute）創始人是奧

。美國人亨利 · 強必爾（Henry Janvier）柏林 · 史密斯（圖6），業餘愛好攝是漢立克納浦機械公司的一名工程師（圖 7）

影。1897年12月27日，強必爾受委派離開布里奇顿，不遠

萬里來到中國，幫助中國政府設計安裝生產硬幣的機器設備，其中一個機器設備所在的造幣廠位於湖北武昌，每天

的銅幣生產量達 30萬枚。而另一個機器設備所在的造幣廠

則位於四川省的成都。強必爾到達上海後，帶上他的翻譯、同伴兼助理亨利 · 艾文瀾（Henry Everall，美國貿易公司

的一名英國籍員工）。二人長途跋涉前往四川，途中曾遭遇惡劣天氣。當他們抵達成都後，卻發現從布里奇顿運來的

設備由於在低水位的地方卸下，致保護層被沖洗掉而生銹。幸好這名頗具創新思維的工程師發現了兩罐5加侖的煤油罐，並用它們來除鏽。他還製造了一輛帶輪貨車用於移動重

型設備，輪子是用碾碎大米的磨石做成的。幾經周折，壓花設備終於準備就緒，儘管生銹的壓花模具有瑕疵，見到

設備的中國人仍欣喜地發現“瑕疵”可以成為獨一無二的防偽標誌。強必爾1898年10月完成使命，幫助四川機器局的

兩個造幣廠投產。在中國長達10個月工作期間，強必爾與家

人多次通信，還拍攝了數百張照片記錄了他的這趟中國之旅。

圖7 亨利 · 強必爾著《來自中國及世界其他地區的信件》封面及作者照

① 蔡甯主編：《四川軍政府壹圓銀幣版別圖錄》，四川出版集團巴蜀書社 2011年8月第一版“前言”第3頁。

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建成的銅幣造幣廠每天鑄造銅幣25 萬枚，所鑄銅幣與武昌造幣廠所鑄銅

幣重量相同，但直徑略大些，設計也略有不同。成都的銀元造幣廠每天生

產庫平七錢二分、三錢六分、一錢四分四厘、七分二厘、三分六厘五等面

值光緒元寶銀幣共計15萬枚。與設

計的生產能力相同。其試鑄樣幣特徵

為“缶”寶。第一枚銀幣是由美國鑄幣局首席雕刻師查理斯 · 巴伯爾設計

的，模具由費城造幣廠製造。（20世

紀 50 年代，漢立克納浦機械公司鑄造的一些樣幣贈予霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 ·

包克，後來捐贈給史密森收藏學會，現在位於華盛頓的國立美國歷史博物

圖8 1文銅質坯餅，重量：3.18克，直徑：18.9毫米

館展出。）1899 年，清政府以各省設

局太多，重量、成色參差，不便民用為由，令各省銀元歸併廣東和湖北兩

省製造。四川銅元局停辦。1902年，

四川總督岑春煊奏准在四川機器銀元總局內的空地上設立四川銅元局。

周漢倫先生捐贈的強必爾在中國10 個

月工作期間的錢幣遺物和相關文獻資

料，真實地記錄了這一段歷史。捐贈品分為 4 類 35件（冊）。其一，NGC

打盒幣10 件。包括1897-1898年漢立

克納浦機械公司為成都造幣廠做的1 文、10文黃銅坯餅和5分鎳幣坯餅共

6件（圖8、圖9），1898年四川省造庫

圖9-1 5文鎳質坯餅，重量：4.91克，直徑：21.1毫米

平一錢四分四厘銀幣黃銅樣幣1件（圖

10），以及1902年50 分、20 分玻利

維亞銀幣樣幣3件。其二，照片11件，

包括史密斯的紙板照片，1898-1899

年、1910 年第一版和第二版漢立克納

浦機械公司生產機器目錄，壓花機模具與其他金屬板工具，印花機圖紙及

設備照片，1909 年2月9日、1905年

5月23日兩次獲得專利的印花機圖稿

等。其三，著作及期刊9件。包括奧

柏林 · 史密斯著，1896年出版的《金

屬衝壓加工》；亨利 · 強必爾著《來自

中國及世界其他地區的信件》，是作者在中國期間與家人的來往書信及照

圖9-2 10分黃銅坯餅，重量：10.11克，直徑：27.6毫米

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片，亞瑟 · J · 考克斯作序，書中第五

章“漢立克納浦來到中國”講述了漢

立克納浦機械公司設備被運到中國並在中國的造幣廠安裝的完整過程。期

刊為美國錢幣協會出版的《錢幣學家》

2010年6月，刊載了有關漢立克納浦

機械公司及其創始人史密斯的文章，文中有描寫強必爾中國之旅的故事。其四，相冊5冊。強必爾1897-1898

年在中國拍攝的原始機器照片，以及在中國完成任務後周遊世界，回國前

在倫敦和巴黎逗留過，期間拍攝的不少珍貴照片，其中一冊是 2011年“漢立克納浦來到中國”展覽的相關資料及照片（圖11- 圖13）。

圖10 庫平一錢四分四釐銀幣黃銅樣幣，1898年造

圖11 漢立克納浦機械公司印花機圖紙及設備照片

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圖12 亨利 · 強必爾坐在椅子上寫東西（編號 0811）

周漢倫先生此次捐獻意義重大。這些珍貴的錢幣和文獻資

料，是中國近代造幣業對外開放，引進國外先進設備技術

的見證，保存了歷史資訊，為錢幣學提供了研究素材，極具史料和研究價值。正如趙平昌董事長講話指出， “錢幣文化牆記載了上下五千年中華錢幣文化史，而今天，周漢倫

先生的錢幣及文獻資料珍藏，又將極大豐富這部錢幣文化史的細節，為交子故里成都的錢幣文化，增添濃墨重彩的一筆，同時，也為成都印鈔有限公司‘誠在心、印於行’的

企業文化，昇華了新的內涵，打開了新的視野。”“成鈔公

司將認真研究和發掘亨利 · 強必爾先生成都鑄幣的歷史，並妥善收藏和展示這些藏品，為接下來的貨幣文化旅遊工

作提供強有力的支撐，讓這批見證了120 年前成都鑄幣歷

史的錢幣及文獻珍藏，再一次見證成鈔在新的歷史時期的轉型騰飛！”

（本文捐贈儀式圖片為成都印鈔有限公司白冰拍攝提供）

圖13 一排留着長辮子的中國男人在操作機器（編號 0841）

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World Money Fair of 2019 in Berlin – a Review Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

From February 1 to 3, 2019, Berlin

hosted the 48th World Money Fair. Wit h a tot al number of exceeding

10,000 visitors, the Fair achieved a great success again, as it had been in the past few years. Among them,

nearly 300 exhibitors and dealers attended this event.(Fig.1)

The WMF is the world’s largest event

of it s k i nd . However, t he Beiji ng

International Coin Exposition held

in Beijing has t he largest number of visitors, with a unofficial figure ranging from 25,000 to 30,000.

Figure 1 The busy scene of the 48th World Money Fair

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The Hotel Estrel

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most of which in the near future in the HSE24 online store.

The Hotel Estrel on Sonnenallee Street in Berlin serves as

The annual Kuenker Berlin Auction was successfully held

the host with its expansive exhibition halls. The rooms

again this year, as well as the technology forum for the

are fully booked during the fair was held. If you still want

presentation of new developments in the coin industry.

to spend the night in the Estrel, as it is impossible to

book via the hotel’s homepage you will need to send an

The Berlin Tour

e-mail for your request and book the date in advance. The

prices will also increase during that period, including the

Most often, we arrive the day before the Fair to see the

parking fees, it will be 165 Euro (185 US Dollars) per day

beautiful Berlin scenery. For this purpose, there is a

on average. Starting from this year, the advertising means

ticket for the city electric train at a price of €19.80 for five

has been expanded, so dealers can have advertising on

persons, which is valid for 24 hours. Our list for this year

beer coasters, slippers and in lifts. For the hotel guests,

included a visit to the museum Little BIG City Berlin, which

the Hotel has its own underground car park, so parking

is located under the TV tower.

is available. The hotel has many restaurants, the Pizzeria Portofino is recommended. Unfortunately the restaurant

The newly opened exhibition will show you the full story of

The Leaf was closed due to lack of staff availability at that

Berlin, which was recreated in miniature in detail. At the

time. In the evening, you can enjoy beer at the bar with

end we saw two panda bears as a miniature model with

acquaintances. Hotel guests can show their room card to

suitcases on their back, which just came out from Berlin

pay the bill. The hotel has been renovated since last year

airport. We asked the organizer about the background

and equipped with modern state-of-the-art technologies.

story. These t wo pandas were the state gif t of China

The beds have also improved a little since last year. After

to Germany in 1980. At that time, the German Federal

a long day conference, you may enjoy the bathtub in the

Republic was the only country in the whole Europe which

room for relaxation.

had two cute black and white panda bears. We found a reasonable value for this beautifully packaged story.

The World Money Fair Management And Specially Organized Events

The World Money Fair: Opening And Tickets

The Fair was solemnly opened on Friday at 10:00 a.m.

Every year, a huge queue lined up in front of the main entrance and visitors sometimes waited here for more than an hour. A little advice: there is a side entrance that saves

a lot of time. Those who cannot wait and who would like to

have a leisurely stroll through the empty halls as soon as at 08.00 a.m., could buy a ticket for 80 euros, starting from Wednesday. This ticket was valid for all three days. Many

dealers were not yet fully prepared for at this early time while some countries started selling their popular coin

sets only from 10.00 a.m. Fortunately at this early time, you could still find a couple of small good items to buy and

Figure 2 First on the right: President of World Money Fair Gitta Kuenker

thus it is well worth the ticket price. Another advantage

was that, thanks to such early entry, we could escape the

This year, the World Money Fair had a new president: Mrs.

hustle and bustle and be the first to stand calmly in front

Gitta Kuenker (Fig. 2). Some people probably noticed the

of the seller’s booth showcase at 10.00 a.m.

changes that were ref lected in the Fair program. Many events were for invited guests only. In the evenings,

Grading Coi

festivities with beer and champagne were held at some

booths so the company could present new ideas or receive awards. Some hotel rooms were used for presentations.

Grading Coins

New commercial samples were exhibited, and we will find J

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Grading Coins inexpensive coins were in a very bad condition.

This year, there was a significantly higher inf low of

graded coins. It is very likely that this trend will continue

In the showcase of the Chinese booths, some issues of last

in the following years. Grading is gaining momentum in

year were presented; among other things, a 1 kg silver coin

Germany. Thus, the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation

70th anniversary of the first issuance of Renminbi. A little

(NGC) is constantly hiring new employees and increasing

advice: China usually has a very good flyer on their booth.

office space four times this year.

In previous years, it was about issues with panda; this year,

there was a booklet with color flyers dedicated to the 2019

Sebastian Wieschowski made a significant contribution

issuance program. The booth of a Chinese seller offered for

to the recognition of grading coins by his new book “Easy

sale processed coins with panda. Watches with real Panda

Coin Grading” written in German. For this edition I had the

coins were offered. On the one hand 30 grams of silver

honour of writing two exclusive articles.

(face value: 10 yuan) and on the other hand a 30 gram gold version (face value: 500 yuan).(Fig. 3) In addition,

China

you could purchase a 500 yuan bimetallic silver/gold issue with a panda 2017 dedicated to the 35th anniversary of

Chinese coins could hardly be found at dealers, and even if

the series. This bimetallic coin is still stable at around

there was some small rarity, I was scared off by their high

€4,000, whereas the issue price was only €2,000. This coin

prices.

weighing 42 grams rarely goes up for auction. Another

Chinese booth offered ingenious copper lunar medals.

Depending on the exhibition day, the price varied within

I was looking for old medals, circulation coins, and coin

the range of €10 to €20 per piece.

varieties, but unfortunately I did not find them here. Many

Watches with gold panda coins Watches with gold panda coins

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Watches with

gold panda coins

Figure 3 Watches with gold panda coins

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Various Halls

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polymer 5-euro coin with a green ring. Unfortunately, the

set mintage were so high that the fee area was subject to a

sharp fall. The Austrian Mint, on the other hand, remains

For us, the most interesting part of the Fair was the main

true to its circulation figures, e.g. with the 3 Euro animal

hall. Here, issuing countries and distributors presented

coins. The 12-part edition with the official series title

their product range. You could buy right away some new

“Animal Taler” was issued by the Austrian Mint. They have

issues, e.g., the new color coin from Switzerland Circus

a nominal value of 3 Euro each. The first edition in 2017

Knie just for €90. Various issuing countries distributed

depicted a bat, the latest edition a turtle. All coins have a

f ree promot ional gif t s, such as pens or medals, and

common feature, they glow in the dark. NGC calls the series

organized lotteries and contests.

“Colourful Creatures”.

For €10, you could buy a coin passport to collect coins from their issuing countries for free.

Münze Österreich (Austrian Mint)

T he dwar f st ate of t he Vat ic an par t icipated in t his

This year’s guest of honor was again Münze Österreich

which make machinery for coin manufacturing.In small

for children – the future collectors. On Friday, there wasn’t

(Austrian Mint). Unlike the guest of honor in the last year,

campaign with a 50-cent coin in circulation.The air-

the coin offers was less this time. Workshop was organized

conditioned technical room hosted a range of companies

still a big rush, but everything changed by Sunday, as more

adjacent halls, professional dealers offered you to buy their

families visited the Fair. You could see a lot more baby

coins.

carriages, but without an elevator was the workshop in the gallery difficult to attend.

МDM Company 和 Reppa Company This year, MDM took part in the Fair with their virtual

Coin of the Year 2019

could get their first experience of the new world of virtual

was presented in collaboration with the Journal of East

reality technology. At a large booth with a very noticeable sound of ringing coins, many visitors to the exhibition

On Saturday, Krause Publication’s Coin of the Year award

reality.

Asian Numismatics. Starting from 2017, this is the third year the Journal of East Asian Numismatics providing

suppor t for the COT Y ceremony. This year the COT Y

Reppa GmbH, a coin mail trading company, had a simple

Award marked the issuance of the Berlin panda with the

stand with TV which performed a moderated coin show. TV

experts such as Walter Bloom delivered a speech on Friday

appropriate design. The COTY Award includes ten different

and handed out their autograph cards. Mr. Reppa himself

categories:

was not present.

Somewhat curious: Mr. Bloom ran all over the Fair in his

* the most artistic coin;

Lighthouse

* the best gold coin;

famous white coin gloves, without taking them off.

* the best contemporary event coin; * the best crown coin; * the most historically signiﬁcant coin;

The patented Intercept cardboard storage boxes from the

* the most inspirational coin;

company Lighthouse for 50 graded coin holder had already

* the most innovative coin;

been sold out on Saturday, since there was generally a

* the best circulation coin;

large inf lux of visitors. Intercept is a patented process

* the best silver coin;

that protects coins from tarnishing. It is also used in the

* the best bimetallic coin;

storage of sensitive electronic equipment in the military.

At the distribution stand of German collectible coins, we

and, as the main winner, the Award for the

could see the new 10-euro polymer coin with the theme “in

Coin of the Year.

the air”. On request, you could also see a sample of the new J

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included well-known representatives of numismatics

Two of the award-winning coins were even minted in Germany at the B.H. Mayer Mint, which means their were of

community. At the end of the ceremony, representatives of

The main w inner t his year was a 50-euro coin f rom

pieces.

very high quality.

mints received samples of a 2019 Tanzania 1,000-shilling

polymer panda coin, which issuance is limited to 1000

France. The winners were chosen by a grand jury which

Berlin Panda 2019 This year, at the Künker panda coin booth, you could purchase the fourth issue of the series Berlin Panda 2019. The motive was the COTY Award ceremony on the head of

coin and the Bode Museum on its reverse. This year, the Bode Museum celebrates the 150th anniversary of the associated coin with a special exhibition. He has recently

become world famous after the theft of a Canadian gold coin weighing 100 kg. In the showcases, you could see various dies. Polymer Panda was minted at the B.H. Mayer Mint; the Panda medal weighing 1 kg and 1 ounce silver, at the Shenzhen Guobao Mint, and a smaller 8 g silver version, at the Chinese Shanghai Mint. All pandas were

designed by Yu Min. The polymer Panda in holder of NGC PFUC70 sold for 345 US Dollars on eBay on February 22, 2019.(Fig. 4)

Figure 4 2019 World Money Fair gold-plated bronze polymer panda coin

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Panda Coin The following pandas were offered for sale:

1 000 g silver Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 48 pieces) for €1 995; 1 ounce silver Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 1 000 pieces) for €89.-; 8-gram silver Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 500 pieces) for €39.-; 1-ounce silver Polymer Panda Tanzania 2019 (issuance: 1 000 €109.-.

pieces) for

These coins are still available at the Künker online store. In addition, there are other coins:

50 -gram silver Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 300 pieces), American market only;

50-gram gold Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 20 pieces), American market only;

1-ounce gold Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 20 pieces); 16 -gram Piefort silver Panda Berlin 2019 (issuance: 100 pieces); polymer copper silver panda, a sample with the reverse logo of the B.H. Mayer Mint Tanzania 2019 (issuance: 100 pieces); polymer copper gold gilt panda, a sample with the reverse logo of the B.H. Mayer Mint Tanzania 2019 (issuance: 20 pieces).

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Discussion on grading On Saturday, there was a public discussion on grading

guarantee not provided by a professional association can

and German dealers as opponent s of the same. They

for its slab holders. I grade coins for more than 5 years,

attended by representatives of the supporters of grading

be neglected, because NGC bears unlimited responsibility

discussed the known advantages and disadvantages.Many

and my experience is that all fakes have been revealed, the

German traders have resisted the rating of old coins for

guarantee does work, and in international sales, significant

the past 30 years. The advantages include a standardized

value added can be obtained. In addition, ungraded coins

evaluation, value added in the sale and a guarantee of

are often considered a scarce commodity abroad. At the

lifelong authenticity. Disadvantages are the high cost,

beginning of my first post, I tried to explain that distinction

the lack of guarantee from a professional association, the

must be made for coins of different times. Collectors of

absence of test for authenticity, and the inability to touch

historical coins would like to test their coins for silver

the coin. That is why I ask: who wants a valuable coin in

content and authenticity, which I can easily understand. On

proof quality to be tested with a sound test (damaging

the other hand, modern Chinese coins must be graduated or

the edge) and by touch (leaving fingerprints)? The cost

left in Original Mint Packaging (OMP). When the coins are

of protection against such mishandling of modern world

tested for authenticity, they are often damaged by grinding

coins is about 25 euros in Europe for the NGC grading fee.

to test the silver content. Inexperienced sellers assume that

For valuable coins worth more than €200, the rating will

the coin is as valuable as a well-graded NGC one despite

be higher and the grading fee will increase. Besides, the

damage.

Grading Workshop NGC offered three different dates for Grading Workshop.

impression, the expert takes the coin by the edges and

occupied. The training was led by Dave Camire, NCS

will have a greater influence on the evaluation. At the end,

We were there on Sunday, and almost all seat s were

briefly examine it. If any disturbing details are visible, they

President and NGC finalizer. Dr. Ursula Kampmann took

the coin is turned back and forth to detect other defects and

over the German interpreting.

to more accurately check them with a magnifying glass. At

this stage, forgery or a details grading should be noticeable.

Dave Camire spent hours fascinatingly telling beginners

A details grading occurs with a mechanical impact on the

and experts about grading. First, he explained various

coin or an impact caused by the environment. This may be

levels of preser vation such as MS, PFUC, VF, AU, and

the result of mounted in jewelry polishing with a cotton

frightening grading details. The Sheldon Scale applied

cloth, or severe corrosion. The coin, about which such a

by NGC is divided into 70 stages. This allows for a very

conclusion was made, serves primarily as an archive copy

accurate and more consistent evaluation, unlike the

for one’s own collection. If the result is not doubtful, the

German system. The Sheldon Scale level 1 estimates a

information about preservation is provided, for example,

numismatic piece of metal, where it is clear only that this is

by Mint State (MS) or PF (Proof). Possible additives for the

a coin. Level 70, however, is awarded to a specimen that has

grading result on the label are “RD” (for red colored copper

just left the minting machine. Here, the coin after minting

coins) or “Ultra Cameo” (for visually contrast of the mirror

should not come into contact with another coin. A room

surface to the matte area). Then, to finally determine the

with stable lighting is required for a proper evaluation, so

level of preservation, the second grader should come to

that the conditions are always the same. Only a magnifying

the same conclusion. In case of disagreement, the decision

glass is required for evaluation, which, however, should

is made by the third grader. After that, David Camire

only be used to assess damage in more detail. For the first 40

handed us 20 different grades, which we should evaluate N

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independently, in accordance with the above instructions. Full of excitement, participants tested coin by coin. The decision came only at the end. The identification of the fake golden kangaroo seemed to have created big problems for many of us. Dave Camire offered all participants of the Grading Workshop a NGC sample with a 200-mark German coin minted in 1923.

Grading booths

NGC The NGC Grading booth gave an impressive performance this year, David

Camire gave visitors a free opinion for up to five coins each. The booth was subdivided into PMG (banknotes) and NGC (coins). The booth was well attended at all times.

PCGS The PCGS stand was hidden somewhere in the middle of the hall and was much smaller. Grading experts were also present here. Nevertheless, a void was often seen

throughout the day and the employees were content to be bored with the mobile phone.

In order to compete with NGC, prices have been reduced. PCGS

offered a promotion where Value Coin Grading cost $ 30 instead of $ 45 per coin.

Grading Workshop In addition, there was a completely hidden

coin is completely visible in the new slab

called GENI and has ex isted since 2017.

costs €14 with a coin value of up to €1,000;

new g rading among t raders, which is

T h i s g r ad i ng , or ig i nat i ng f r om Fr a nce, mu s t compe t e w it h PCGS . S lab holder s

are rectangular and transparent. The slab holders are labelled on the top edge. Due to such labelling, a coin after sorting in a box

can be found much easier and there is no need for search by pulling slabs out. Another

innovation is the indication of weight and

diameter on the label. The entire edge of the

holder. In terms of fees, the coin evaluation

€28, with a coin value of €1,001 to €10,000, and €48 with a coin value of over €10,000.

In my opinion, this evaluation method is unlikely to be widely accepted. The coin slab

holders look very fragile and cheap. Another

problem is the language barrier, as the rating

company from France does not use any other language for communication than French.

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Final word

I hope you enjoyed this article, I hope these

photos will bring more fun for your reading. We

were happy to attend the World Money Fair this year, and we hope to meet some of you again

next year in Berlin. The 49th World Money Fair

will take place from January 31 to February 2,

2020. The exhibition center in Berlin is so big that we actually managed to make 30,000 steps

in three days. The weather was also good, but the trip home to Bavaria unfortunately ended in a chaos with all the snow.

After the World Money Fair, the Facebook group

NG C Gr ad i ng ＆ C h i n a Mu n zen w it h m a ny

hundreds of fans of grading and China coins collectors organized a big lottery for the 1 year anniversary of this group.

T he Facebook g roup NGC Grading ＆ China

Munze would like to thank Michael Chou, who provided excellent and high quality prizes for the lottery. (Fig. 5)

Fig 5 Michael Chou delivering a speech

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2019 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會回顧奧利弗 • 施塔勒〔德國〕

2019年2月1日至3日，第48屆世界錢幣展覽會在柏林召開。此次展覽會共接

納訪客逾1萬名，與過去幾年一樣，展

會再次取得圓滿成功。參展者中有近

300家參展人和交易商。（圖1）

世界錢幣展覽會是全球規模最大的錢

幣展覽盛事。然而，現在參展人數最多的是在北京舉辦的北京國際錢幣博

覽會，據非官方統計，出席該博覽會的人數達 2.5萬至3萬名。

圖1 第48屆世界錢幣展覽會忙碌的現場

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柏林埃斯特酒店

柏林之旅

柏林埃斯特酒店坐落於柏林市太陽大道，其寬敞的展廳被

通常情況下，為了欣賞柏林的美麗景色，我們會在展會前

正常情況下，僅僅通過酒店的官方服務主頁是無法成功預

可供5人使用，24小時內有效。此次我們按計畫參觀了位於

一天到達。為此推出了一種城市電車票，售價19.8歐元，

選為此次展覽會主場地。展會舉辦期間所有房間全被訂完。訂柏林埃斯特酒店的，住客可發送電子郵件告知自己的需

（柏林）電視塔下方的 Little BIG City Berlin 仿真微型城

天165歐元（185美元），含停車費。從 2019 年起，展會的

的歷史始末。最後，我們還看到了兩只可移動的微模型熊

市博物館。重新開放的展館以微型仿真模型詳細再現柏林

求並提前預訂入住日期。展會期間酒店價格上漲，平均每宣傳方式增多，交易商們還能在啤酒杯墊、拖鞋和電梯內

貓拉着行李箱走出柏林機場。我們詢問組織者與之相關的

背景故事，原來它們代表的是1980 年中國送給德國的國禮。

做廣告。酒店為住客提供地下停車場，因此住客可在酒店

在當時，德意志聯邦共和國是整個歐洲唯一一個擁有兩只

的停車場停車。酒店內有許多餐廳，推薦帕拉瓦萊弗洛特（Pizzeria Portofino）餐廳。遺憾的是，由於人手不夠

可愛的黑白熊貓的國家。於是我們發現了這個帶着美好祝

The Leaf 餐廳停止營業了。晚上你可以找上三倆好友舉杯

願的故事的價值所在。

暢飲。酒店客人可直接出示房卡結賬。2018年酒店已整修

過並配有現代先進技術，還對床鋪配備稍作改善。結束一天的會議後，客人們可在酒店房間的浴缸裏泡個舒服的熱

世界錢幣展覽會的開放時間和訂票資訊

水澡放鬆休憩，享受美好的時光。

展覽會正式開放時間為週五10:00 。每年在正門入口參觀

者都會排成長龍，訪客有時要排隊等候1個小時以上。建

議：選擇從側門入，這樣會節省很多時間。如果不想排隊

世界錢幣展覽會管理人及特別組織的活動

等待，或想要在空蕩的展廳悠閒地逛逛，請在上午8:00入

場。週三起售票，門票費80歐元，三日內有效。由於

時間過早，許多交易商還未完全準備好，有些國家的展位要從10:00才開始售賣錢幣。在這麼早的時間入場，你仍然

可以找到一些值得購買的展品，算是“票有所值”了。提早進入展廳的另一個好處是避開了熙熙攘攘的人群，成為在上午10:00第一批從容站在展位前的買家。

錢幣評級

2019年的評級錢幣明顯增多。這一趨勢在接下來的幾年很

可能會持續下去。評級機制在德國得到了進一步的發展。

圖2 右一：世界錢幣展覽會總裁吉塔 • 坤克

硬幣認證公司（NGC）2019 年也在持續雇傭新員工，並

2019年，世界錢幣展覽會迎來一位新任總裁⸺ 吉塔 • 坤

（Sebastian 將辦公空間擴大了四倍。塞巴斯蒂安 • 維巧斯基

（圖2）。有些人可能注意到展會活動有克（Gitta Kuenker）

Wieschowski）撰寫的德文新書《簡易錢幣評級》（Easy

了些許變化，很多活動僅面向特邀嘉賓開放。當夜幕降臨，

Coin Grading）為錢幣評級做出了重大的貢獻。我很榮幸

一些展位擺上了香檳或啤酒以示慶賀，公司借此展示更多

受邀為此書撰文兩篇。

新的想法或接受嘉獎，酒店一些房間被用作展覽室。展出的還有新的商業性樣品，在不久的將來，我們可在 HSE24

Grading Coi

線上商店找到大部分樣品。

本年度柏林坤克拍賣會再次成功舉辦，同期舉辦的還有展示錢幣鑄造行業新發展的科技論壇。

Grading Coins N

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Watches with gold panda coins Watches with gold panda coins

Watches with

gold panda coins

圖3 金幣手錶

中

國

中國的展位展示了2018年發行的一些錢幣，其中有第一套

人民幣發行70周年紀念銀幣。建議：請注意中國展位上

在交易商手中很難發現中國錢幣的身影。即使出現一些罕

引人注目的宣傳冊。過去幾年裏，這些宣傳冊都是與熊貓幣有關的，而此次的彩色宣傳冊僅與2019 年的發行產品有

見珍品，我也會被它們高昂的價格嚇退。

關。有位中國賣家的展位出售熊貓幣，在售商品還包括面

我在展會上尋找老紀念章、流通幣以及不同的錢幣版別，

值10元 30克銀和麵值500元 30克金熊貓幣手錶（圖3）。此

可惜我沒有找到它們。價格不高的幣大多品相不好。

外，你可以購買到2017年中國熊貓金幣發行35周年面值

500元金銀雙金屬紀念幣 , 其價格保持在4 000歐元左右，

發行價僅為2 000 歐元。這款總重42克（30克金12克銀）

ins

的錢幣極少因拍賣而價格上漲。另一個中國展位展出別出

心裁的銅質生肖紀念章。每枚紀念章的價格10 歐元至 20 歐元不等，具體取決於展會日期及時間。

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各個大廳

澳大利亞造幣廠發行的該套幣共12 枚，每一枚的面值都是

3歐元，均帶螢光效果，第一枚圖案是蝙蝠，最後一枚圖

花費歐元你就可以買 10

到一本錢幣護照︐ 用來

免費收集各發行國發行

的錢幣︒

對於我們而言，展會最有趣的部分是

案是烏龜，NGC 將這版幣命名為“多彩生物系列”。

主展廳。各類錢幣發行國家和分銷商

在此展示他們所有的產品，買家可隨

即買到一些新發行的錢幣。例如，售價僅90 歐元的瑞士發行的科尼馬戲團

澳大利亞造幣廠

精製彩色紀念銀幣。許多發行國免費

2019年的榮譽嘉賓還是澳大利亞造幣廠。與2018年不同，

分發促銷禮品，如鋼筆或紀念章，組

這次贊助嘉賓的產品較少。展覽會為孩子們組織了研討

織彩票和競賽活動。

會⸺ 孩子是未來的收藏家。週五的展覽會人流不多，但是一切都在周日改變了，週末更多家庭參展。你可以在周日那天看到許多嬰兒車，但是沒有自動扶梯，要擠進研討會

此次參展的還有梵蒂岡50 歐分流通幣 ; 裝有空調的技術室

現場稍有難度。

內有許多製造錢幣生產機器的公司 ; 在附近的小廳，會有

一些專業的交易商向你推薦購買他們的錢幣。

2019年克勞斯世界硬幣大獎賽

МDM 公司和 Reppa 公司

周六，克劳斯出版社世界硬币大奖赛与《东亚泉志》

2019年德國 MDM 公司帶着虛擬現實技術（VR）參加了

合作展出。自2017年起，2019 年是《东亚泉志》为

這次展覽會。占位較大的展位發出十分引人注意的響聲，

克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛提供支持的第三年。2019

許多參加展覽會的訪客能夠獲得關於虛擬現實世界的初次

年的克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛发行了颇具设计特色的

體驗。

柏林熊猫币。世界硬币大奖赛十大类别奖如下：

Reppa GmbH 是一家錢幣郵件貿易公司，配有播放現代

錢幣展的電視看臺，電視上正滾動播放錢幣。電視專家如

* 最佳藝術幣

* 最富激情幣

名卡，但 Reppa 先生本人沒有出現在現場。

* 最佳時事幣

* 最佳創意幣

* 最佳克朗幣

* 最佳流通幣

* 最佳金幣

* 最佳銀幣

* 最具歷史意義幣

* 最佳雙金屬幣

懷特 • 布魯姆（Walter Bloom）在週五發表演講並分發簽

有一個細節引發了我的好奇心，布魯姆先生戴着他著名的

白色錢幣專用手套跑遍了整個展覽會，全程沒有取下手套。

最終再從這10 枚幣中評選出“年度最佳硬幣”。獲獎的硬幣中有兩枚是由德國梅耶造幣廠鑄造的，

德國燈塔公司

這意味着它們擁有較高的品質。

由於大量訪客的光顧，來自德國燈塔公司的 Intercept 專

利技術可放置50 枚評分幣的儲存紙板箱已在週六售罄。

2019年贏得“年度最佳硬幣”獎的是法國50歐元雞

Intercept 專利技術是一種專利工藝，可以防止錢幣失去光

蛋紀念銀幣。獲獎硬幣由陣容強大的評委會評選出

澤。這款紙板箱還可用於存儲軍用敏感電子設備。

來，評委會成員包括一些著名的錢幣學會的代表。在大獎賽接近尾聲時，造幣廠的代表們收到了來自

在德國收藏幣的展臺上，我們可以看到“太空”主題10 歐

坦桑尼亞的一枚面值1 000 先令的聚合物環熊貓幣

元聚合物新幣，還可以看到5歐元綠色聚合物環樣幣。但是

樣幣，發行量1 000 枚。

由於發行量太大，價格大幅回調。此外，澳大利亞造幣廠

繼續保持其流通量，推出“多彩生物系列”3歐元紀念幣。

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2019年柏林熊貓幣此次坤克熊貓展位上，你能購買到第四套2019 年柏林熊貓幣系列，

正面圖案是世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮，背面圖案是博德博物館。在

博德博物館舉辦的150周年錢幣特別展上，你還可以看到不同造幣

廠幣模，包括由梅耶造幣廠鑄造的聚合物環熊貓幣、由深圳國寶

造幣有限公司鑄造的重1 000克或1盎司的熊貓紀念銀章、由上海

造幣有限公司鑄造的 8克熊貓銀幣。所有的熊貓幣都是餘敏設計的。

聚合物環熊貓幣經 NGC 評級為 NGC PFUC70，2019 年2月22 日在易貝（eBay）上售賣，售價345美元。（圖4）

圖4-1 2019年世界錢幣展覽會聚合物環熊貓銅鍍金幣

圖4-2 2019年世界錢幣展覽會聚合物環熊貓銅鍍金幣

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熊貓幣下列是可供出售的熊貓幣：

1 000 克2019年柏林熊貓銀幣（發行量：48 枚），售價1 995 歐元； 1盎司2019年柏林熊貓銀幣（發行量：1 000 枚），售价89 歐元； 8 克2019年柏林銀幣（發行量：500 枚）售價39 歐元； 1盎司2019年坦桑尼亞聚合物環熊貓銀幣（發行量 :1 000 枚），售價 109 歐元；這些錢幣還可在坤克線上商店找到。除此之外，還包括下列錢幣

50 克2019年柏林熊貓銀幣（發行量：300 枚），只在美國市場出售； 50 克2019年柏林熊貓金幣（發行量：20 枚），只在美國市場出售； 1盎司2019年柏林熊貓金幣（發行量：20 枚）； 16 克2019柏林熊貓加厚銀幣（發行量：100 枚）；聚合物環熊貓銅銀樣幣，正面為2019年坦桑尼亞國徽及梅耶造幣廠標識（發行量： 100 枚）; 銅鍍金熊貓樣幣，正面為2019坦桑尼亞國徽及梅耶造幣廠標識（發行量：

20 枚）。

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關於評級的討論週六召開了一個關於（錢幣）評級的公開討論，評級支持者代表

評級是有效的，錢幣因此在國際銷售中的附加

知的優點和缺點。許多德國交易商在過去30多年抵制對老幣進

比較少的。在我發表第一篇文章時，我就試着

和具有同等競爭水準的德國交易商出席，討論了（錢幣評級）已行評級。評級的優點在於標準評估、售賣時可以增值、增加了終

身可靠的擔保。缺點包括高昂的成本、缺少來自專業協會的擔保、缺乏真實的檢測、不能觸摸錢幣。於是我不禁想問：有誰希望自己的精製錢幣因用儀器、工具測驗而損傷錢幣的邊緣或因檢測

值顯著增加。此外，未經評級的錢幣在國外是

說明要區分不同時期的錢幣。老幣的收藏家們想要檢測他們所收藏的幣的含銀量和辨認真

假，我能夠理解。另一方面，現代中國的硬幣必須分級，或以原始的鑄幣包裝（OMP）保

被觸摸而留下指紋？在歐洲，給現代幣評級的成本大約是 25歐

存。若要檢測錢幣真假，在測試含銀量時錢幣

較高，評級費就會增加。評級機構不專業，這一點是可以忽略的，

錢幣仍然具有與經 NGC 評級打盒過的錢幣

元。價值超過 200 歐元的比較貴重的錢幣，評估後的等級也會比

因為 NGC 對其錢幣鑒定盒負責的。我從事錢幣評級工作已經

5年多了，以我的經驗，送往評級機構所有的假幣都被驗出來了，

容易受損。沒有經驗的賣家會認為儘管受損一樣的價值。

評級研討會

NGC 評級研討會在三個不同的日期召開。我們參加了週六的研討會，幾乎滿座。這次培訓由 NCS 總裁及終審評

級師戴夫 • 卡米爾（Dave Camire）主持，厄秀拉 • 坎普曼博士（Dr. Ursula Kampmann）擔任德語翻譯。

戴夫 • 卡米爾花了幾個小時向初學者和專家們講述有關評級的事項。首先，他解釋了不同的評級級別，如 MS 、

PFUC、VF、AU 及其他評級細節。NGC 採用的謝爾頓評級分為70 個評分。不同於德國硬幣評級體系 , 謝爾頓

評級使評級更精確更一致。例如，我們只知道這是一枚幣，謝爾頓1級評分能夠辨認出這是一枚金屬幣，而只有那

些剛從鑄造機器取出的幣才有資格獲得70 分評級。注意，鑄造後的幣不應該和其他錢幣接觸。房間裏有穩定的光照是合理評級的必要條件，以確保品相不變。評級時只需要配備一個放大鏡，用來看清磨損的細節。在首次見到

錢幣時，評級專家們會拿着錢幣的邊緣簡略地檢測錢幣。一旦發現任何不對的細節，將會對評級產生影響。最後，為了檢測到其他不足，錢幣會被反復翻看。為了更準確地檢查，會使用放大鏡。在這一階段，應當注意錢幣的真假

及細節評級。機器檢測或環境引起受損時就需要細節評級，可能是用棉布摩擦、拋光或嚴重腐蝕帶來的後果。已

經有評定結論的錢幣主要視為某人的收藏。如果結果確定無疑，就會提供給收藏者相關的評級資訊，如 MS（未

流通）或 PF（精製），可能添加有原紅光（用於紅銅）、強烈凝霜效果（UC 用於減少鏡面與無光澤區域的視覺對比

度）。為了確定評級分值，第二個評級師應該得出相同的結論。如果遇到意見不一致的情況，將由第三名評級師進一步評定。

之後，戴夫 • 卡米爾交給我們20 個不同的評級幣，讓我們根據上述的說明單獨嘗試評級。參與者激動不已，逐

個檢測錢幣，最終得出了結論。為袋鼠金幣贗品評級使我們幾個人都感到頭疼。戴夫 • 卡米爾還贈送給所有參與者鑄造於1923年的面值 200馬克的德國 NGC 打盒樣幣。

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評級公司的展位

硬幣認證公司

2019年 NGC 評級展位令人印象深刻，戴夫 • 卡米爾讓每位訪客自由選擇最

多5枚錢幣嘗試評級。該展位設 PMG（紙幣）紙幣和 NGC（錢幣）兩部分，

一直很受歡迎。

專業錢幣分級服務公司專業錢幣分級服務公司（PCGS）展臺設於在大廳中間的某個角落，而且小得多，現場有評

級專家。然而，這個展臺一天都很閑，工作人員感到無聊玩起了手機。

為了與 NGC 競爭，PCGS 降價，發起促銷

活動，每枚貴重錢幣的評級不是45美元，而

是30美元。

GENI 除了上述評級公司，交易者熟悉的還有一個全新的評級機構 GENI，自2017年成立。這個評級機構源自法國，與 PCGS 有競爭關係。鑒定盒是矩形且透明的。這些板材的頂部

邊緣被貼上了標籤。貼了標籤後，錢幣分類並放在盒子裏，這樣比較方便查找，查找時不需要將錢幣取出。

另一個創新之處是，標籤上注明了錢幣的重量和直徑。在新的鑒定盒裏，錢幣的整個邊

緣完全可見。至於評級費用，價值1 000 歐元及以下的錢幣評級費為14歐元，價值1 001

至10 000 歐元的錢幣評級費為28歐元，價值超過10 000 歐元的錢幣評級費為 48歐元。

在我看來，他們的評級方法不可能被廣泛接受。這些鑒定盒看上去非常易碎且 T 廉價。

另一個問題是語言障礙，因為來自法國的評級公司使用得比較多的是法語。

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DEPARTMENTS

後記

我希望大家喜歡這篇文章，希望照片能增添您閱讀的趣味性。我們很高興參加2019 年的世界錢幣展覽會，期待明年可以在柏

林再次見到你們。第49屆世界錢幣展覽會

將於2020 年1月31日至 2月2日召開。柏林

的展覽中心非常大，我們實際上在三天內走了三萬步。天氣也很好，但是我們返回巴伐利亞的旅程在大雪紛飛中結束。

世界錢幣展覽會結束後，Facebook NGC 評級＆中國錢幣小群組中的許多評級方面

的愛好者與中國錢幣收藏者為該群組一周年紀念舉行了一場盛大的抽獎活動。

Facebook NGC 評級＆中國錢幣小群組

感謝周邁可先生為抽獎活動提供的豐富高品質獎品。（圖5）

圖5 周邁可先生發表演講

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First Strike Ceremony at the B.H. Mayer Mint on June 28, 2019 Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

★ Polymer Panda – Light of

（the first bi-material coin with an polymeric interior）

Happiness

（commemorate for the first lunar

★ Space Panda on Moon

》》

landing on the dark side of thmoon）

In May the good news reached us that we were to receive a personal invitation to the first strike ceremony at the B.H. Mayer Mint in Karlsfeld, near Munich. The ceremony took place on June 28th, 2019 at 11:00 am. With great anticipation we gladly accepted the invitation. Until the day of the first striking, the design were still top secret and we could only speculate on what to expect. In the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) I read about the concept of a Tri-material coin with an inner polymer core and which is what I thought the design might be, so I was very close with my guess. On a very sunny and cloudless Friday we arrived at the mint. The month of June had record temperatures, even up to 40 degrees. According to the weather records it was the hottest June in Germany of all time.

B.H. Mayer Mint When we arrived at the B.H. Mayer Mint, we were heartily welcomed. The extremely modern and spacious factory site is in a rather quiet location and always leaves us with an imposing impression. The Bernhard Heinrich Mayer Mint GmbH has a long and successful history. It was founded in 1871, in Pforzheim. In 1999, the mint moved to Karlsfeld and has continued to grow ever since. Only recently, a very modern warehouse was erected on an external site. The minting machines are state of the art. More than a dozen new engraving machines with laser technology for the production of coin dies are in use. Many mints worldwide can only dream of this number of advanced m a ch in e s f o r co in p r o ce s sin g a n d production. In addition there is another important aspect, which only confirms the full order books. The minted coins are of very high quality and achieve in an evaluation by the grading service provider NGC predominantly the highest rating of level 70. So it is not surprising that issuing countries such as Ireland or New Zealand prefer the quality "Made in Germany" for their products. To date, in addition to medals, the B.H. Mayer Mint has minted over 500 dif ferent coins with a nominal value, which serve Figure 1 B.H. Mayer Mint at Karlsfeld

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as legal tender. Of course this also includes Euro commemorative coins, which can be exchanged or used for a payment in the European Union.

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are minted at a government mint. The design is done by a master designer who works for a state owned mint. A master designer’s salary is much higher than a normal designer. The production of the coin dies with the many tiny details and the minting costs also amount to a five-digit figure for official show pandas. The precious metal and distribution costs are added in each case.

At first we waited in the foyer after our arrival at the B.H. Mayer Mint. There are several mint dies and coins on display which tell a story about the mint. Next to the large staircase to the conference rooms there was even a very old spindle press, which probably dates back to the beginnings of industrial coin production.

Before the First Strike Ceremony A moment later we met Mr. Alex Wegner (President of B.H. Mayer Mint), Mr. Michael Chou (President of Champion Auction, Publisher & Editor in-Chief of JEAN ), Mr. Mark Sutton (President of Middle Earth Mint New Zealand) and Mr. Richard Stein (Director of NGC International Europe). During a short conversation some interesting news was exchanged. Mr. Chou, the Publisher & Editor-inChief of JEAN had some printed magazines of the 14th issue in his bag. The number of subscribers to the free journal in English and Chinese has recently increased to 10,000. A special edition will be published to mark the 25th anniversary of JEAN . A new standard book for show pandas is also planned for the end of the year. In the new full-color publication many photos, current circulation figures and market prices will be shown. There are also some background stories about the different show pandas. In this book edition official and rare show pandas are listed for the first time.

Figure 2 Mark Sutton, Richard Stein and Michael Chou at the first strike ceremony

The Opening of the First Strike Ceremony

For the 2019 Tanzania World Money Fair Polymer commemorative silver panda coin, a pattern coin without nominal value appeared, with specially made coin dies, including the logo of B.H. Mayer Mint. There are only 100 pieces of the never before offered pattern coin and can be graded by NGC. The edition of the book, especially in China, could give the show pandas' market a significant boost. Recently there have been several new issues of panda medals, which were inexpensive to buy. Almost all the medals are private issues with a rather basic design. Since these expenditures serve only for profit taking and hold limited collection value, they will not be included in the new book. Such low-budget medals cost less than 10 euros per piece to produce. Official show pandas, which have the label "Official Mint Medal" at NGC,

After the informative discussion, we went straight on to the minting press area where the first strike will take place. All the coin blanks, coin dies, order sheets, plaster molds and display packaging were on the tables. We were a little astonished to see materials for three different coins, they were prepared only for one first strike. More details about these other coins will feature in future articles. Mr. Wegner opened the First Strike Ceremony and welcomed all present guests. Afterwards Mr. Chou gave a speech and gave us a long-awaited insight into the program of

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Figure 3 Quality control - polymer core

Figure 4 Quality control by the B.H. Mayer Mint President Alex Wegner

the coins minted today. The presentation of these coins and their first minting was led by Mr. Sutton. He explained to us many technical details of the panda coins and the specially made accessories. The quality control of the freshly minted coins was carried out by Mr. Schreiber (Mint Master at B.H.Mayer Mint) and Mr. Sutton together. Mr. Stein supervised the first strike and took the first coin intended for NGC's labeling "First Strike Ceremony" directly to the his office in Munich.

》》 Space Panda on Moon - to commemorate the first lunar landing of Chang’e-4 on the dark side of the moon

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It all started with the coin called Space Panda. On the coin you will find a cute panda in a space suit who has just landed on the dark side of the moon with its lunar landing craft. Its gesture symbolizes the first arrival on the dark side of the moon meaning “I will be back”.

comparison with and without the antique finish, many more details can be seen on the darkened coin after the processing procedure. I think the antique finish is a very authentic reproduction of the fine and grey moon dust, the so-called regolith. In contrast, the obverse of the coin has the nominal value, the earth visible from space was depicted in strong colors, just as many satellite images show our blue planet. The obverse also shows the recently started launcher of Chang'e-4, which is on its way to the moon.

Fif t y years ago the f irst manned moon landing happened. On January 3,2019 at 3.26 a.m. CET the next chapter in moon exploration was started, the Chinese probe "Chang'e-4" was the first lunar probe to land near the South Pole at Aitken Crater on the dark side of the moon. Chang'e-4 will be used to explore unknown terrain and will carry out scientific experiments. Some tasks are the exploration of minerals and to research the possibility of the cultivation of potatoes and other plants. The probe was launched from the Xichang Space Center in China’s Sichuan Province on December 8, 2018.

The coin has a face value of 5 dollars, on the same side there is also the year of issue 2019, the fineness, the issuing country of the Cook Islands and the image of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The coin is being distributed by the Middle Earth Mint, which is located in New Zealand. The Cook Islands have a ver y close political relationship with New Zealand. This is reflected in the fact that the population is New Zealand nationals and the Cook Islands dollar is coupled to the New Zealand dollar.

A lan din g on th e r eve r s e side of th e m o on is considered very complicated because this unexplored area is much hillier than the side of the moon facing us. In order to enable a stable communication with the back, the satellite Queqiao was sent into the moon's orbit in May. This mission is another important milestone for a future moon base. It remains to be said that the dark side of the moon does not really exist, this is an old misbelief, yet it has a great fascination with mankind.

Coin specification

To honor the event, the Space Panda was minted. This coin will be delivered in a display case, which was based on the lunar landing of the Chang'e-4 probe. This space ship is carrying a panda for the People's Republic of China. The panda stands for happiness in China, has a calming effect and attracts complete attention. Another special feature is the alloy, 90% silver was used in combination with 10% titanium. The shiny white metal titanium is used in space travel because of its excellent properties such as low density (4.506 g/cm³), ductility and very high strength, as well as its corrosion and temperature resistance factors. For the correct alloy and coloration of the coin many tests were carried out. The Space Panda was minted with an ultra-high relief, so the coin is thicker than usual. Due to this coining method, the motif has a clearly raised relief, which spectacularly accentuates the design. After minting, the coin is given an antique finish surface. In a direct

DEPARTMENTS

Theme

Space Panda on Moon

Quality

Proof, Antique f inish, High Relief, Colored

Issuing country

Cook Islands

Face value

5 Dollars

Material

900 Silver / 100 Titanium

Diameter

40 mm

Weight

50 gram

Edge

Reeded

Mintage

2 000 pieces

Year of Issue

2019

Date of First Strike

28th June 2019

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Polymer Panda Light of Happiness Shortly afterwards, the first minting of the next coin was prepared and carried out at the same time.

a German company. The polymer is inserted into the coin blank before being minted. Even very fine detailed images can be minted on the polymer. There are many other coins and medallions minted by other mints that use an inferior method, by only gluing a simple plastic ring on the surface of the coin or medal. Using this method no light can shine through. Which loses the most important dramatic effect the polymer insert brings to the coin.

This was the second issue of the Polymer Panda series. The first edition of the series was released in January in celebration of the World Money Fair 2019 in Berlin the Polymer Panda with the red "Ring of Light". For the first time, polymer technology was further developed and instead of the ring as a tri-material coin, the second issue appears as a bi-material coin with a "circular ball" in the middle of the coin. A potentially exciting further development in the future will be individual and possibly multi-colored polymer figures in the coin. Perhaps one day it will be possible to insert an inlay into the polymer like a small coin or a braid of gold. The polymer minting in a high quality way is known to us from the German 5-euro and 10euro coins, which were developed in cooperation with

The renowned and award-winning designer Yu Min, who created the first silver panda design, the 10 yuan issue of 1983, conjured up another magnificent design on this new polymer coin. The obverse of this coin features the national shield of Tanzania and a face value 1000 shillings, with “Tanzania 2019” in English. Depicted on the reverse are two playful adorable panda bears which are playing in

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front of an elaborately carved Chinese wooden gate. The curious pandas have discovered the red polymer part for themselves and use it playfully as a ball - they look really happy! The B.H.Mayer Mint mark which is a portrait of Alexander the Great was lasered on the die, as technology allows the mint to use a very small mint mark which can be seen in more detail under an magnifying glass. This same image of Alexander the Great which is used in the official logo of B.H.Mayer Mint can be found in large format on the extremely rare reverse sides of the Polymer Panda pattern coins.

DEPARTMENTS

coin very special attention was needed by the minting operator, to insure it would reflect the characteristics of the emperor's calligraphy. When the panda coin is held up to the light or placed in the customer made magnificent LED light box, the character “Fu” is illuminated. This light box really allows you to enjoy the full effect of this very special and beautiful coin. In a calendar year, a maximum of two polymer editions of the new panda series are released. The good news for collectors and enthusiasts is the constant stable circulation of only 1,000 pieces.

The People's Republic of China has been the most important trading partner for Tanzania for many decades. China has suppor ted Tanzania in many areas such as infrastructure development, agriculture, education and medicine. For many Chinese, Tanzania is a popular holiday destination with its great variety of wildlife, green palm trees, endless white sandy beaches and turquoise blue sea.

The red color of the polymer used is considered the color of life in China. It is said to have many positive proper ties such as joy, fame, warmness, and an expression of strength. In addition, the red color stands for happiness, which is further enhanced by the minted and translucent symbol of happiness shown on the polymer ball.

The Chinese symbol for ‘happiness’ is depicted on the polymer inner part, the Chinese character “Fu” [ 福 ] was written by the Qing dynasty emperor Qianlong. In creation of the dies and during the minting of this

A special box was produced for the series which, after opening, floods the polymer with a bright LED light for two minutes. In addition, there is a colorfully styled outer packaging.

Coin specification

Theme

Polymer Panda - Light of Happiness

Quality

Proof, Red Polymer

Issuing country

Tanzania

Face value

1 000 Shillings

Material

999 Silver

Diameter

40 mm

Weight

31.1 grams (1 ounce)

Edge

Reeded

Mintage

1 000 pieces

Year of Issue

2019

Date of First Strike

28th June 2019

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é&#x192;¨é&#x2014;¨

Figure 5 Polymer Panda - Light of Happiness

Figure 6 LED box for polymer

Both Panda polymer coins have been designe d by the renowne d coin designer Yu Min and are based on culture, history, science and perhaps even legend. I've learned a lot of new things for myself and that's probably the most impor t ant fac tor for a numismatist why coins are collected in the first place.

Figure 7 Polymer Panda coin dies

The exciting day was over and we said goodbye comfortably with a cool beer in the garden.

Figure 8 After dinner party in the Munich garden

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德國梅耶造幣廠 2019 年 6 月 28 日首打儀式奥利弗 • 施塔勒〔德國〕

★ 聚合物球熊貓幣“福光映寶”

（首枚聚合物球雙坯品幣）

★ “太空貓幣” （紀念首次月背登陸）

》》 5月，我們應邀到毗鄰慕尼克卡爾斯菲爾德的梅耶造幣廠觀看新款熊貓幣首打儀式。首打儀式時間是 2019年6月28日

11:00，我們滿懷期待欣然赴約。首打之前，所有有關設計的事項均嚴格保密，我們只能加以猜測。我在《東亞泉志》上

看到過一款聚合物環三坯品幣，當時我便想新幣是否會採用這種設計。此次受邀觀看首打儀式則印證了我的猜測。

週五早上我們抵達造幣廠，天朗氣清，碧空如洗。受溫度高達 40 攝氏度的撒哈拉熱空氣影響，每年 6月是德國氣溫最高的時節。據德國氣象部門報道，今年德國迎來有史以來最熱的6月。

梅耶造幤厰梅耶造幤厰的工作人員熱情接待了我們。廠房設計十分現代化，空間廣闊，地處相當寧靜的地帶，給人留下深刻的印象。梅耶造幤厰，全稱伯恩哈德 • 海因裏希 • 梅耶造幤有限公司（Bernhard Heinrich Mayer Mint GmbH），1871年成立於

普福爾茨海姆（Pforzheim），歷史悠久傳承綿長。1999年，造幣廠遷至卡爾斯菲爾德，自

此發展壯大。近期廠房外還加

蓋了一間現代庫房。廠內十多臺全新雕刻機配備鐳射技術已

用於生產幣模。以如此先進的

機器和如此龐大的規模加工生產錢幣，是全球許多造幣廠夢

寐以求的。梅耶造幣廠生產的錢幣品質極高，獲 NGC 最高評分70 分的錢幣不計其數，因

而聲名遠播，訂單紛至遝來，難怪愛爾蘭、新西蘭等國造幣

時更青睞“ 德國鑄造 ”。至今，

圖1 位於卡爾斯菲爾德的梅耶造幤厰

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除紀念章外，梅耶造幣廠已鑄造逾500 款帶面值流通幣，包括既可收藏又可在相關國家用作支付的歐元面值紀念幣。抵達梅耶造幣廠後我們在前廳稍候片刻，廳內陳列著一些

幤模和錢幤，無聲地述說著造幤厰的歷史。通往會議室的大臺階旁矗立著一臺年代久遠的螺旋壓印機，可能要追溯到工業造幣年代的開端。

首打儀式之前的準備須臾，我們見到了梅耶造幣廠總裁亞曆克斯 • 瓦格納（Alex 《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版 Wegner），冠軍拍賣總裁、

人周邁可，新西蘭 Middle Earth Mint 總裁馬克 • 修頓

（Mark Sutton），以及 NGC 歐洲運營總監理查德 • 施泰因（Richard Stein）。

圖2（左起）馬克 • 修頓、理查德 • 施泰因、周邁可在首打儀式上

我們邊喝水邊交流，短暫的對話期間交談了不少業界資訊。

首打儀式開幕

《東亞周邁可帶給我們幾本《東亞泉志》第14 期紙質版。

泉志》為中英雙語電子刊物，可免費訂閱，訂閱量迄今已

經過一番翔实的討論，我們直接前往鑄幣機處參與首打儀

破萬人。今年適逢《東亞泉志》創刊25周年，不久將特別

式。

推出25周年專輯。另外，周先生還計劃在年末出版展會熊

貓紀念章專著，本書收錄截至目前所有的展會熊貓紀念章，講述不同展會熊貓紀念章製造的背景故事，包括其目前流

桌上擺有坯餅、幤模、訂購单、石膏模及展示盒。我們頗

今仍鮮有人知的罕見正式發行熊貓章。

同的樣幣模型及其所需的材料。我們將在以後撰寫更多文

為驚訝地看到，為了這一次首打，造幣廠竟準備了三種不

通數量及市價，全彩印刷，圖片豐富。書中將首次披露至

章細說我們鑄造的更多款錢幣的特性。

2019年世界錢幣展覽會坦桑尼亞聚合物環熊貓紀念銀幣有

梅耶造幣廠總裁亞曆克斯 • 瓦格纳宣佈首打儀式開幕，并

無面值樣幣、特製幣模，幣上鐫有梅耶造幣廠標識。這款様幤首次發行時僅鋳有100 枚，帶 NGC 評級。

向嘉宾致歡迎辞。

展會熊貓章書籍的發行将再次引發熊貓章市場熱潮，尤其

接着，周邁可致辞，向我们詳解了這三款樣幤模型從筹劃

部分為私鑄，款式簡單。由於這些紀念章的發行僅爲謀利，

此後，馬克 • 修頓向我們展示了這三款樣幣，並向我們講

設計到如今首打的濄程，這正是我们期待已久的内部資訊。

是中國市場。近期又有幾款新熊貓章推出，價格低廉，大

解了許多熊貓幣的工藝細節及它們的特製包裝，然後帶領

本身不具太高收藏價值，因而不會收録在熊貓書中。這些

我們開始首打。施萊伯（梅耶造幣廠廠長）與馬克 • 修頓一

紀念章成本較低，每枚製作成本不足10 歐元。相較之下，

道檢查新鑄好的錢幣。理查德 • 施泰因則全程監督，並收

官方展會熊貓章則由政府造幣廠鑄造，送交 NGC 評級時

取了試打的第一枚錢幣，他將把這枚錢幣直接帶回 NGC

加貼“官方造幣廠鑄造”標籤。它們大多由在官方造幣廠

慕尼克辦公室，對其評級後貼上“首打儀式”的標籤。

工作的設計大師設計，高級設計師的薪酬要遠高於普通設計師。另外，官方展會熊貓章鑄模過程中考慮到多處精密

的細節，加之鑄造過程、貴金屬原料及發行管道等因素，鑄造成本可達五位數。

》》》》

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圖3 貭量检查―聚合物球

DEPARTMENTS

圖4 梅耶造幣廠總裁亞曆克斯 • 瓦格納進行貭量检查

》》 “太空貓幣”：紀念嫦娥四號實現首次月背登陸在此向各位介紹的第一枚幣是“太空貓幤”。背面圖案是一只憨態可掬的大熊貓，它穿着宇航服，剛剛降落在月背。它舉起的右手手勢象徵着這是全人類首次實現月背登陸，也仿佛在告訴大家： “我還會再回來的！”

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五十多年前，人類首次登月成功。2019 年1月3日淩晨3:26

g/cm³）、延展性好、強度極高、抗腐蝕和高溫，因而廣泛

（歐洲中部時間），月球航太史翻開了新的篇章：中國嫦娥

被運用於航空航太領域。為尋求滿意的合金材料，呈現最

四號探測器成功着陸於月球背面，位於南極附近的艾特肯

優色澤， “太空貓幣”的研發團隊進行了多次嘗試。

盆地，標誌人類歷史上首次實現探測器月背登陸。該探測器於2018年12月8日在四川西昌衛星發射中心發射。嫦娥四

“太空猫幤”使用超高浮雕工兿铸造，因此比普通幤要厚，

勘測以及嘗試培育土豆和其他作物。

出後，錢幣正面又經仿古處理，最直接的區別就是暗化後

號將探索月背未知領域並展開科學實驗，任務包括礦物質

也正得益於這種壓鑄工藝，其主體圖案高度飽滿出眾。鑄的圖案細節更明晰。個人認為，仿古處理技法完美再現了

實現月背著陸難度極高是國際共識，因為與月球正對地球

月球表岩屑，即月表土壤的灰色調和質感。錢幣正面標有面

的一面相比，這一未開發區域的地表丘陵密度要高很多。

值，設計風格與背面迥異：鮮豔的藍彩勾勒出地球，與衛

為確保與月背的穩定通訊，2019 年5月，中國又向月球軌道

星雲圖中常見的地球圖案相似；成功發射嫦娥四號的長征

發射了鹊桥號中继星，這是未來建設月球空間站之路上的

三號乙運載火箭發射升空，畫面定格在向月球進發的途中。

又一里程碑。 “月背”真的存在抑或只是古老的謠傳，至今

“太空猫幤”面值为5元，正面镌有鋳造年份 2019、成色、

尚未有定論，但這一概念本身就足夠令人着迷。

發行國家庫克群島，以及伊莉莎白女王二世頭像。

“太空猫幤”是为紀念中國此次月背着陸而鑄。展示盒（幣

盒）以嫦娥四號探測器為原型，嫦娥四號“搭載”著代表

這款幣的分銷商是位於新西蘭的 Middle Earth Mint，而

名詞，所到之處必能吸引所有人的目光，還能令人心情愉

上居住著大量的新西蘭人，庫克群島元和新西蘭元均為庫

發行國庫克群岛与新西兰有密切的政治关联。從庫克群島

中國的熊貓，極富象徵意義。熊貓在中國是幸福快樂的代

悅。太空貓幣的另一特點是其原材料合金，含 90% 銀和

克群島通用貨幣便可反映出其关联性。

10% 鈦。亮白閃耀的金屬鈦有諸多優點：密度低（4.506

錢幣规格

主题

紀念“嫦娥四號實現首次月背登陸”太空貓幣

發行國家

科克群島

品質

精製、仿古處理、高浮雕、彩色

面值

5元

材質

900 銀 / 100 鈦

重量

50克

直徑

40毫米

邊齒樣式

齒邊

發行量

2 000枚

首打日期

2019年6月28日

發行年份

2019年

1 5

部门

DEPARTMENTS

聚合物球熊猫幤―“福光映宝” 不久，下一款錢幣的首打准备也已就緖，並很快完成。

球”主題紀念幣和10 歐元主題紀念幣上體現得淋漓盡致，

這一工藝是與一家德國公司協同開發的。聚合物嵌入幣中，

这款幤即是第二款聚合物熊猫幤，我們將之取名為“福光映

與錢幣緊密銜接，聚合物上甚至可以雕刻非常精細的細節

寶”。第一款聚合物熊貓幣上嵌有紅色聚合物環，於2019 年

圖。有些造幣廠使用劣質方法來鑄造類似的幣或章，他們

1月為紀念柏林世界錢幣展覽會發行。

只是在幣或章的表面粘上一個簡單的塑膠環。使用這種方

法完工的幣或章，光線是無法穿透的，這也就失去了嵌入

“福光映寶“的發行標誌着聚合物技術的進一步發展。第

聚合物會帶來的吸人眼球的效果。

一款聚合物熊貓幣是三個坯品，嵌入聚合物紅環。而本次

試打的第二款聚合物熊貓幣是雙坯品幣，幣芯為聚合物球。

新款聚合物熊猫幤图案由久負盛名、備受讚譽的設計師餘

多彩聚合物，甚至在聚合物中嵌入小硬幣或是金屬物。

設計師。

敏設計。他是中國第一枚熊貓銀幣1983年10元熊貓銀幣的

未來還可能出現更加激動人心的設計，譬如在錢幣中加入

聚合物與錢幣的精妙結合，在德國生產的5 歐元“藍色地

，坦桑 “福光映寶”正面圖案鐫英文字“坦桑尼亞 2019 年”

1 5

DEPARTMENTS

部门

尼亞國徽圖案之下為面值1 000 先令。反面描繪了兩只憨態

現乾隆皇帝書法特色，鑄造時必須精益求精。當我們將帶

了正中引人注目的紅球，正與紅球玩耍嬉戲，儼然一副恬

打開盒蓋的一刹那， “福”字在熠熠光輝中閃現，美不勝收，

有“福”字的錢幣置於光線之下，放在特製 LED 燈盒中，

可掬的大熊貓站在雕工精美的鏤花木門前，它們似乎發現

似有滿滿的福氣撲面而來。

然自得幸福快樂的模樣，與點綴兩旁挺拔俊秀的翠竹相得

益彰。模具上用鐳射雕刻有梅耶造幣廠的標記亞曆山大大帝肖像，技術之精湛已然達到能將相當小的造幣廠標記雕

本年度，聚合物熊貓幤最多发行两種新款。與此前相同，

物熊貓幣背面圖案就是作為梅耶造幣廠官方標誌的亞曆山

好消息。

每款發行量僅限1 000 枚，對藏家及錢幣愛好者來說是個

刻其上，使用放大鏡可以看到更細微的細節。第一款聚合大大帝肖像放大版。

本款聚合物熊貓幤所選用的红色在中國代表旺盛的生命力，还象征快樂、荣耀、温暖及力量。此外，紅色還是幸福的

數十年來，中國一直是坦桑尼亞最重要的貿易夥伴之一，

顏色，與聚合物球上光澤閃耀的半透明“福”字相呼應。

中國也在多方面支持坦桑尼亞國家建設，如基礎設施開發、農業、教育、醫藥等。對很多中國人來說，坦桑尼亞野生

此幤配有特製原盒，一経打开幣盒，明亮的 LED 灯光穿

動物種類豐富，高聳的棕櫚樹、無邊無際的白沙灘和清澈

透聚合物球，亮光時間長達两分钟。該款幣盒外包裝色彩

碧藍的海水令人心曠神怡，是旅遊度假的好去處。

明快亮麗。

該幣紅色聚合物球鐫刻的“福”字是乾隆皇帝御筆。為了體

錢幣规格

主题

聚合物球熊貓幣“福光映寶”

發行國家

坦尚尼亞

品質

精製、紅色聚合物球

面值

1 000先令

直徑

40毫米

材質

999銀

重量

31.1克（1盎司）

發行量

1 000枚

首打日期

2019年6月28日

邊齒樣式

齒邊

發行年份

2019年

1 5

部门

圖5 聚合物球熊猫幤“福光映寶”

DEPARTMENTS

圖6 聚合物球熊猫幤特配 LED 灯盒

文中介紹的兩款币圖案均由知名錢幣设计师餘敏成稿，融合文化、历史、先进科技，或从傳說故事中汲取灵感。我在本次参覌中學到了許多新知識，而这对于钱幤學家來说，或许是收藏钱幤最有價值的地方了。

在涼爽的花園裏，我們舉杯暢飲為這激動人心的一天畫上了圓滿的句號。

圖7 聚合物球熊貓幣幣模

圖8 慕尼黑花園裏的告别晚餐

1 5

Ingots and Coins Unearthed from the Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He Editorial Department of JEAN

In 2011, a royal tomb was unearthed in the Guanxi Village, Datangping Town, Xinjian District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China. Since its excavation, news about this important discovery has been reported. However, archaeological research repor ts on this tomb have not been published until recent years. According to the report, more than 10,000 pieces (sets) of cultural relics were unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun. There are countless treasures inside the tomb, bronzes, goldwares, silver wares, ironwares, jades, lacquer wares, ceramics, bamboo slips, bamboo and wooden slip books, coins. Among these precious historical relics, treasures such as the imperial jade seal, gold cake and bamboo slips were engraved with a word 'He' which is a part Figure 1 Imperial jade seal engraved with Chinese words 'Liu He'

of the name 'Liu He'. Thus, experts confirmed from these details that the tomb owner is Liu He, the first Marquis Haihun who lived in the Western Han dynasty dates back to more than 2,000 years ago.

Liu He, grandson of Emperor Wu Liu Che and a son of the King of Changyi Liu Bo. In 92 B.C., Liu He was born in Changyi County (today’s Juye County, Heze City, Shandong Province). In the first year of the Western Han dynasty (the year 74 B.C.), Emperor Zhao died suddenly. Unfortunately, Emperor Zhao had no son to succeed his throne. In such an urgent case, Liu He came back to the imperial court and became the crown prince. In June of the year 74 B.C., Liu He accepted the emperor's seal and inherited the throne. However, Liu He was removed just ten days after his accession. The chief conspirator of this coup was Huo Guang, the actual controller of the political power at that time. Soon Huo Guang and his followers conspired to abolish Liu He’s emperor identity. After being accused of doing over 1000 ridiculous things within 27 days, Liu He was reduced to the status of a commoner. Hence he was given the name Deposed Emperor of the Han dynasty. Some researchers think Liu He was innocent, he was forced to accept those inexplicable crimes. It is obvious that Huo Guang felt the threat from Liu He, thus he decided to strike first to gain the advantage. As a result, Liu He became a political victim. After being deposed, Liu He returned to his hometown Changyi, but the Empress Dowager gave him two thousand Bathing Town (lands awarded by the imperial family, the rewarded person had no jurisdiction over the land but could levy taxes on the land) as the compensation. The Kingdom of Changyi was soon changed to Shanyang County. In the third year of Xuan Emperor's reign of the Western Han dynasty (the year 63 B.C.), the Xuan Emperor rewarded Liu He as the Marquis Haihun. Haihun was a small county under the jurisdiction of Yuzhang County, which covered today’s northern part of Xin Jian District in Nanchang City, the northern part of Nanchang County, Yongxiu County, Wuning County, Jing'an County, Anyi County, Fengxin County and the southwest of Boyang Lake. The original site where the Marquis Haihun lived was situated in the northern part of the Xin Jian District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province. In April of the year 63 B.C., Liu He began to live there. Liu He died in the year 59 B.C.. His descendants up to four generations succeeded his title until the Eastern Han dynasty. Liu He’s life was full of ups and downs. From a King of Changyi to Deposed Emperor of the Han dynasty, at last granted the title of Marquis Haihun, even as the emperor having the shortest time in that position in the Western Han dynasty. His tortuous experiences made his life legendary.

Having the largest area and the richest and most

tomb in China. In 2015, it was listed as one of China's

splendid of funeral objects, the tomb of Marquis

top ten archaeological discoveries.

Haihun is the best preserved Han dynasty Marquis

1 5

專題

Based on the news and archaeological reports over the past few years, coins unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun can be concluded to exist as follows: gold cakes, hoof shaped ingots, and kirin toe shaped ingots.

FEATURES

second year of Emperor Wu's reign, it was originally named as Niao Ti Jin or Jin Niao Ti. Reading in Chinese, Niao means horse ribbon, but its writing, pronounciation and meaning are all different from 'Ma'. Disputes over the name have existed for a long time, some experts believe that the name of Ma Ti

Here is more detailed information: On November 15th, 2015, more than 10 tons of Wuzhu Cashes were found in the winding corridor of the northern part of the tomb near the clothes depot and the grain depot; on the morning of November 17th, 2015, a box of hoof shaped ingots, kirin toe shaped ingots and two boxes of gold cakes were found to the west of the main coffin chamber of the tomb. On December 25th of the same year, precious metal coins such as hoof shaped ingots, kirin toe shaped ingots and gold plates were unearthed again from this tomb.

Jin (Hoof shaped ingots) originated from the ancient annotations written by Yan Shi in the Tang dynasty. Some people thought the Chinese word ' 上 ' (see Figure 4) inscribed in the hoof shaped ingots means

The discovery has set an archaeological record on the Han dynasty tombs in China. O n D ec e m b e r 2 7t h, 2 015, a tota l of 478 g o l d pieces, such as gold plates and hoof shaped ingots were cleaned and conser ved in the temporar y conservation room at the excavation site. These gold pieces weighted over 115 kg. Among them there

Figure 2 Hoof shaped ingots and kirin toe shaped ingots in the storage box when unearthed from the tomb

are 285 gold cakes. According to the CCTV report, 100 gold cakes were found under the coffin cover

(I don't know if this was discovered previously or if it is a new discovery) , including 48 hoof shaped ingots, 25 pieces of kirin toe shaped ingots, and 20 pieces of gold plates. The hoof shaped ingots came in two sizes: the big size and the small size. Each big size hoof shaped ingots weighed about 250 grams, engraved with ' 上 ' ' 中 ' ' 下 ' in Chinese (to understand the meaning of these three Chinese words, please refer to the next paragraph). The gold plate measures 23 cm long, 10 cm wide and 0.3 cm thick, without any inscription or decoration, in

Figure 3 Hoof shaped ingots unearthed from the main coffin chamber of Liu He

a plate shape, with raw edges. However, we can't conclude what the total number of gold cakes, hoof shaped ingots and kirin toe shaped ingots that were unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun. Different media reported different numbers and there has not any official archaeological report up until now. The only truth we can make sure is, it is certainly a tomb that unearthed the largest number of funeral objects in history. Hoof shaped ingots are named Ma Ti Jin in Chinese, 'Ma' means horse, 'Ti' means hoof, and 'Jin' means

Figure 4 The big size hoof shaped ingots engraved with ‘ 上 ’ ‘ 中 ’ ‘ 下 ’ in Chinese

gold. But, according to historical record, in the

1 5

FEATURES

專題

The discovery of such a large quantity of hoof shaped ingots, kirin toe shaped

Patterns made using Qia Si Technology on the hoof shaped ingot.

ingots and gold cakes in the tomb not only reflects the economic affluence of the Western Han dynasty, but also depicts how rich men flaunted their considerable wea lth at th e t i m e. I n a d d it i o n, th e related traditions and customs behind the lavish funeral are of great significance

Figure5-1 Patterns made using Qia Si Technology on the hoof shaped ingot.

Figure5-2 Gold cakes the Marquis offered in the ancestral temple while paying respect to ancestors

for studying the politics, economy and culture of the Han dynasty. Except gold ingots, an amazing number of Wuzhu cash coins were unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun. It is estimated that there were than 2 million that weighed 19 tons. These Wuzhu cash coi ns we re donated by the i mpe r ial

Figure6 More than 10 tons of Wuzhu cashes were found within the tomb

Figure7 Wuzhu cash coins unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun, a hemp rope passed though and connected 1000 cashes

family of the Han dynasty, and it was related to the Fu Zeng System2 in the Western Han dynasty. When these Wuzhu

superior coin with the best condition (In ancient China, metals

cash coins were first unearthed, they were

can be divided into gold, silver and copper, gold had the best

piled up into a slope shape. The upper

superior condition, hence the Chinese world ' 上 ' means gold

layer of the cash coin piles appeared

had the best condition and the gold coin was the superior

to be a disordered arrangement due to

coin). Some believed ' 上 ' was the abbreviation of Shanglin

collapses in the previous years, but the

Garden which was an ancient palace of the Han dynasty.

highest summit remained at 1.35 meters.

But later hoof shaped ingots inscribed with ' 中 ' and ' 下 ' were

Compa red with the upper layer, the

also discovered, so it becomes hard to define the meaning of

lower layer of the cash coin piles are

' 上 ',' 中 ', ' 下 ' inscribed in the ingots, these three words were

relatively well preserved.

commonly considered as the different locations of different coin minting institutions, meaning the upper side (' 上 ')the

As important physical objects for studying

centre (' 中 ') and the underneath (' 下 ').

Wuzhu cash coins in the Western Han dynasty, these Wuzhu cash coins had

Unlike ingots unearthed in the past, the hoof shaped ingots

hemp ropes passing through their centres,

unearthed from the tomb of Marquis Haihun were made with

arranged in an orderly manner, the knots

the unique Qia Si Technology2, standard production process

at the beginning and in the end of the

and inlaid glaze flakes. The kirin toe shaped ingots unearthed

hemp ropes were still visible. From the

from the tomb of Marquis Haihun had similar inlaid glaze flakes.

arrangement of these unearthed cash

But according to the current historical records, the Western

coins, we found another important piece

Han dynasty did not produce glaze, so where did these glaze

of information: a hemp rope connected

flakes come from, this is a question to be solved by laboratory

10 0 0 pieces of Wuzhu cash coins, this

analysis. In addition, gold cakes unearthed were engraved

was the basic coin calculating unit in the

with the following sentence: …Marquis Haihun Liu He…offered

Han dynasty. Thus, an archaeological

gold to ancestors…, which showed that the gold cakes have

conc l usion was conf i rmed: the 10 0 0

a certain relationship with the Gold Contributing System in

cashes calculating system had been

the Western Han dynasty. In ancient times, under the Gold

used since the Tang dynasty and the

Contributing System, the Marquis offered gold in the ancestral

Song dynasty, at least it originated from

temple while paying respect to ancestors.

the Western Han dynasty.

1 5

專題

FEATURES

What is more, a stone die suspected of casting Wuzhu cash coins was found in the main chamber of the tomb. About its usage and function, further research is needed.

From March 2nd to June 2nd , 2016, the Archaeological Achievements Exhibition of the Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Kingdom located near Nanchang, Jiangxi Province was held in the Beijing Capital Museum. On October 11th of the same year, another exhibition Stunning Discovery - Archaeological Achievements Exhibition of the Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Kingdom was officially opened as a permanent exhibition at the Jiangxi Provincial Museum. On April 25th, 2016, the project of constructing a Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Kingdom Historic Site Administration Bureau and a historic site Museum were officially approved by the state government. The construction site of the Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Kingdom Historic Site Museum is located in Datangping Town, Xinjian District, Nanchang City, adjacent to the site of the tomb of Marquis Haihun and the Zijin City Site. The construction project will initiate from 2019, covering a land area of approximately 118,800 square meters and a total construction area of approximately 39,330 square meters. （Writer: Zhou Bian）

Reference cited, sources of news and photos:

【8】Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Renmin

【1】Xinhua News Agency 、China News 、www.sina.com.cn 、http://www.

Universit y of China Historic Institution Depar tment of Archeolog y and

en-sky.com/bbs/ 、Tencent News、NetEase News;

Museums: Bronzeware Unearthed from the Tomb of Western Han Dynasty

【2】School of Chinese Classics of Renmin University of China, Collaborative

Marquis Haihun Liu He in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, Cultural Relics, the

Innovation Center of Unearthed Documents and Ancient Chinese Civilization

11th issue of 2018;

Studies;

【9】Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Beijing

【3】Wang Zijin: The Significance of the Excavation of Marquis Haihun Tomb,

Normal University: Lacquerware and Woodware Unearthed from the Tomb

Guangming Daily, December 16th, 2015;

of Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He in Nanchang City, Jiangxi

【4】Xin You: Exploration of the Marquis Haihun Tomb, Collection World, the

Province, Cultural Relics, the 11th issue of 2018;

2nd issue of 2016;

【10】Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Historic

【5】Dai Zhiqiang, Li Jun: Talking about Histor y: From Liu He’s Tomb in

Depar tment of Xiamen Universit y: Jadeware Unear thed from the Tomb

the Western Han dynasty to Chinese Ancient Gold and Silver Coins, China

of Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He in Nanchang City, Jiangxi

Numismatics, the 5th issue of 2016;

Province, Cultural Relics, the 11th issue of 2018;

【6】Yang Jun, Xu Changqing: The Tomb of Marquis Haihun in the Western Han

【11】Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Institute

Dynasty in Nanchang City, Archaeology, the 7th issue of 2016;

for Excavated Text Research of Peking University, Cultural Relic Protection

【7】Zhao Ming: Naming of the Hoof Shaped Ingots Unearthed from the Tomb

Center of Jingzhou: Bamboo Slips Unear thed from the Tomb of Western

of Western Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He in Nanchang City, Journal of

Han Dynasty Marquis Haihun Liu He in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province,

National Museum of China, the 11th issue of 2018;

Archaeology, the 11th issue of 2018.

Notes:

1Qia Si Technology: patterns made on the upper edge of the hoof shaped ingots. These were made by pulling the gold into slender lines and making the silk shaped lines into various patterns, then welding the patterns on the ingot. 2Fu Zeng System: donating money to the family to hold a funeral.

1 5

西漢

海昏侯劉賀墓出土的各類錢幣本刊編輯部

位於江西省南昌市新建區大塘坪鄉觀西村海昏侯墓，自2011年發掘以

來，新聞媒體多有報道，考古研究報告近年來才陸續發表。海昏侯墓

迄今出土文物1萬餘件（套），包括青銅器、金銀器、鐵器、玉器、漆

木器、陶瓷器、竹簡、木牘、錢幣等各類珍貴文物。從發現“劉賀” 的姓名玉印 ( 圖1)、墨書“海昏侯臣賀”的一枚金餅、寫有“海昏侯臣賀”

的奏牘上， “賀”字明指是劉賀。因此，可確認墓主人為距今2000多

年前的西漢第一代海昏侯劉賀。它是中國發現的面積最大、保存最好、

圖1 墓葬出土玉印，上有“劉賀”二字

內涵最豐富的漢代列侯等級墓葬。2015年入選中國十大考古新發現。

劉賀，漢武帝劉徹之孫，昌邑王劉髆之子，公元前92年生於昌邑（今山東省菏澤市巨野縣）。西漢元平元年（前 74 年），漢

昭帝駕崩，因膝下無子，劉賀被徵召入朝，立為皇太子。同年六月丙寅日，劉賀接受皇帝璽綬，承襲皇帝的尊號。劉賀即

位才十餘天，霍光等人即謀劃廢之。其後，霍光等人又以劉賀在即位 27天內，幹了荒淫無度、不保社稷等一千餘件荒唐事，

而被廢為庶人，史稱漢廢帝。學界研究有觀點認為，詔書中有關劉賀的罪名，有欲加之罪何患無辭的嫌疑。劉賀被廢顯然是霍光感受到了威脅，所以先下手為強，失敗的劉賀最終成了政治犧牲品。

被廢後劉賀回到故地昌邑，上官太后詔令賜其湯沐邑兩千戶。昌邑王國不久又被廢除，降為山陽郡。西漢元康三年（前63

年），漢宣帝封劉賀為海昏侯。海昏為豫章郡縣名，範圍大致包括今天南昌市新建區北部、南昌縣北部、永修縣、武寧縣、靖安縣、安義縣、奉新縣，以及今天已被湖水侵襲的鄱陽湖西南部。侯國遺址在今江西省南昌市新建區北部。同年四月，劉賀前往就國。西漢神爵三年（前59 年），劉賀去世。其後代承襲海昏侯爵位，共傳 4代。一直延續到東漢。劉賀的一生可

以說是大起大落，昌邑王、漢廢帝、海昏侯多個身份，作為西漢歷史上在位時間最短的一位皇帝，這樣曲折的人生讓他的經歷充滿着傳奇味道。

1 5

專題

FEATURES

現綜合歷年來的新聞報道與考古報告，將墓中出土的貨幣如餅型金、蹄型金與錢幣資料作一

綜述。發掘中的2015年11月15日，在墓北回廊緊鄰衣笥庫和糧庫發現10 餘噸五銖銅錢。2015

年11月17日上午，在海昏侯墓主槨室西側發現一盒馬蹄金、麒趾金與兩盒金餅 ( 圖2)。同年12月

25日，再次出土了馬蹄金、麟趾金以及金版等貴

金屬貨幣。創下了我國漢墓考古史出土金幣之最。

2015年12月27日，在發掘現場的臨時文保用房

裏，清理發現的金板、馬蹄金等金器共 478件，

重量已超過115公斤。其中錢幣包括金餅285枚；近又見中央電視臺報道，在棺板下發現整齊排

（不知是先前的發現，還是新放的金餅100 枚。

圖2 整齊排放在盒中的馬蹄金與麟趾金出土時的實況

的披露。）馬蹄金48 枚，分大小兩型，大馬蹄金

每枚重約250克，分別鑄有“上”“中”“下”三種文字 ( 圖3、圖4）；麟趾金 25枚；另外還有20

塊金版，金版每塊長約23釐米、寬約10釐米、

厚約 0.3釐米。無文、無修飾，呈薄片狀，毛邊。總之，海昏侯劉賀墓中出土的金餅，馬蹄金與麟

趾金共有多少？各種媒體消息披露的數目不同，還有待考古報告正式報告發表。但可以肯定是歷來墓葬出土最多的一次。

對出土的馬蹄金與麟趾金，有專家認為應該是

漢武帝太始二年命名的“褭蹄”，可稱之為“褭蹄

圖3 劉賀墓室中出土的馬蹄金

金”或“金褭蹄” 。 “褭”並不是“馬”的異體字，它們的字形、讀音和含義都不相同。稱之為“馬

蹄金”，是受到唐代顏師古注的影響，在文物定名上是值得商榷的。對馬蹄金鑄“上”字，最初

有人認為是“上幣”( 金分三等，黃金為上幣），或為鑄錢的上林苑的簡稱，但鑄有“中”“下” 兩種文字馬蹄金的發現，使得文字含義目前尚無定論。另有專家認為是指不同作坊之代稱，即作坊所在的方位。

與以往發現的馬蹄金不同，製作規範，金蹄上部加製有掐絲1工藝花邊 , 鑲嵌琉璃薄片。麟趾

圖4 分別鑄有“上”“中”“下”三種文字的大馬蹄金

1 5

FEATURES

專題

海昏侯墓出土五銖錢數量甚多，多達19 噸，據

估計有200多萬枚（圖6）。數量眾多的五銖錢

马蹄金上使用掐丝工艺制成的花纹。

是由漢朝王室賻贈的，與西漢時期的“賻2贈”

制度有關。剛出土時五銖錢呈坡形堆積，因早

年墓室坍塌錢堆上層被擾動，最高處仍保留有

1.35米之高。錢堆下層保存相對完好；五銖錢

通過麻繩串聯成串，縱橫擺放有序，錢串首尾

處繩結清晰可辨。對研究西漢五銖錢的形制具圖5-1 馬蹄金上使用掐絲工藝製成的花紋

圖5-2 祭祀太廟時諸侯助祭時所供奉的酎金

有極為重要的意義。從發現了昌邑的封泥匣，上有墨書“五千”；以及出土的五銖錢的穿系與

排放中，獲得了漢代銅錢以1 000文作為一個

基礎單位的重要資訊（圖7），首次以考古方式

證明唐宋以來以1 000文銅錢為一貫的校量方

式最遲起源於西漢，這就是大家所說的“千文一貫”。另外，在劉賀墓主槨室一個漆笥裏發

現了一個疑似鑄造五銖錢的石範。對於其性質圖6 墓內堆放的五銖錢有10餘噸

圖7 墓內出土的穿系成“千文一貫”五銖錢

金也類似，在馬蹄金、麟趾金內鑲嵌琉璃薄片。按目前史料記載，西漢並不生產琉璃，這些琉璃到底產自哪兒，還需要實驗室進行化驗分

和功能尚有待進一步研究。

2016年3月2日至6月2日， “ 五色炫曜 ⸺ 南昌

漢代海昏侯國考古成果展”在北京首都博物館 “驚世大發開展，盛況空前。同年10月11日，

析得出結論。出土的金餅上，發現有“……海昏侯臣賀……酎黃金……”

現⸺ 南昌漢代海昏侯國考古成果展”作為常

廟時諸侯助祭時所供奉的金子。（圖5）

年 4月25日，國家已正式批復設立南昌漢代海

的墨書，顯示這批金餅與當時西漢的酎金制度有關。酎金是指祭祀太

墓中隨葬大量麟趾金、馬蹄金、金餅的發現，既體現了海昏侯生活的

時代社會經濟比較富足，也反映了當時社會追逐與炫耀富貴的意識。而海昏侯墓的厚葬形式與風俗，對研究中國漢代政治、經濟、文化具有重要意義。

設展覽在江西省博物館正式對外開放。2016

昏侯國遺址管理局及遺址博物館。博物館位於南昌市新建區大塘坪鄉，緊鄰南昌西漢海昏侯

墓遺址、紫金城城址。項目規劃建設用地面積約118 800 平方米，總建築面積約39 330 平方

米。預計在 2019 年投入使用。

（執筆：周邊）

消息和照片來源與部分研究文獻：【8】江西省文物考古研究院，中國人民大學歷史學院考古文博系：《江西南昌西漢海昏侯

【1】新華社、中國新聞網、新浪網、英空網、騰訊新聞、網易新聞；

劉賀墓出土銅器》，載《文物》2018年第11期；

【2】中國人民大學國學院、出土文獻與中國古代文明研究協同創新中心；

【9】江西省文物考古研究院，北京師範大學：《江西南昌西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土漆木器》，

【3】王子今：《海昏侯墓發掘的意義》，載《光明日報》2015年12月16日；

載《文物》2018年第11期；

【4】辛友：《海昏侯墓探秘》，載《收藏界》2016年第2期；

【10】江西省文物考古研究院，廈門大學歷史系：《江西南昌西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土玉器》，

【5】戴志強、李君：《從西漢劉賀墓說到中國古代的金銀錢幣》，載《中國錢幣》

載《文物》2018年第11期；

2016年第5期；

【11】江西省文物考古研究院，北京大學出土文獻研究所，荊州文物保護研究中心：《江

【6】楊軍、徐長青：《南昌市西漢海昏侯墓》，載《考古》2016年第7期；

西南昌西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土簡牘》，載《考古》2018年第11。

【7】趙明：《南昌西漢海昏侯劉賀墓出土蹄型金的定名》，載《中國國家博物館館刊》 2018年第11期；

注釋① ：掐絲指在馬蹄金邊緣將黃金拉成細絲，做成各種紋樣，然後焊接上去。注釋② ：賻（ fu）指贈送財物給辦喪事的人家。 72

1 5

The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins

Bruce W. Smith [USA]

The Yuan Shih-kai silver dollar struck in 1914 at the Tientsin Mint with a portrait of President Yuan wearing a military uniform and tall feathered hat is a handsome and popular coin. Less well known and much rarer are the 10 cash copper coins with the same design. Most Chinese catalogs say the copper coins were made at Tientsin in either 1912 or 1914. The facts, however, are that these 10 cash were not made in 1912 or 1914 and they were not made at the Tientsin Mint.

Obverse and reverse of Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins

Writing in his 1917 work,“Coins of the Republic of China”, Guiseppe Ros clearly states that these 10 cash coins were struck at the Wuchang Mint. He lists two varieties. In one, the medal on Yuan s uniform is much larger and the portrait slightly different. On the reverse, the wreaths are also slightly different. Catalogs call the varieties“small face”and“ large face”but it is much easier to identify them by the reverse designs. Ros number 24 (small face; Woodward 971 dies A/1; CCC 688) has on the reverse thin leaves which cross each other outside the wreath. The other variety Ros 23 (large face; W. 972 dies B/2; CCC 690) lacks the crossed leaves but can be identified by several hookshaped leaves inside the wreath.

CCC 688) was struck in small numbers and distributed

to officials. This piece was engraved by Chu Tzu-fang, who also engraved the dies for both of the Li Yuanhung dollars (with and without cap). Weighing 7.0 to 7.3 grams, Woodward rated this piece RARE in 1933. In his earlier article,“ The Influence of Yuan Shih-kai on Chinese Coins”, published in 1922, he notes that an official at Nanking informed him that the mintage of the piece distributed to officials was 50,000 pieces. Woodward says the coin was fairly easy to obtain in 1922 but was highly regarded by the Chinese and was rapidly disappearing from the market. Based on the number of these coins seen at auction in the past 70 years (16 pieces, some of them probably the same coin) this number is clearly inflated.

According to Ros, the crossed leaves variety (W.971;

1 5

專題

The hooked leaves variety (W. 972; CCC 690) was engraved by Wang Shao-hsien, but was not str uck in qua nt it y because the med a l on Yuan s chest was considered too large. Weighing 6.1 to 7.0 grams, Woodward rated this coin EXT R EM ELY R A R E. I have recorded seven sales (but only five different coins) of this variety in the past 70 years.

FEATURES

Cheng Jen-chieh s 1997 catalog,“Chinese Copper Coins”(Chung Kuo T ung Yuan Chien Shang) , records two addition varieties of the Yuan Shihkai 10 cash not cataloged elsewhere. ◆ The first (CCC 689) is the crossed leaves variety struck in white

copper. ◆ The second is a piece with reverse similar to the crossed leaves variety, but with a different portrait of Yuan. This coin (CCC 691) has a more poorly engraved portrait than the other two varieties but can be instantly recognized by the cross inside Yuan s medal.

with the revolutionary movement. After Wuchang had been captured by revolutionaries, they wanted to make Li head of the government, but he went into hiding. When he was found, he reluctantly accepted the office. After Sun stepped down in favor of Yuan Shih-kai, Li was made vice president, but he refused to leave Wuchang. He was eventually persuaded to go to Peking and left Wuchang in December 1913. From this we can see that the Yuan Shih-kai 10 cash coins were made late in 1913.

As to when these coins were made, Ros provides a clue. He states that work on the coins stopped“after the departure of the then vice president Li for Peking.” Early in 1912 there were actually three revolutionary governments in China. One, centered around Sun Yatsen, was at Nanking. This is why the first Sun Yat-sen coins were struck at the Nanking Mint in 1912. The second was led by Li Yuan-hung, whose power base was at Wuchang. This is why the Li Yuan-hung dollars were made at the Wuchang Mint in 1912. The third was Yuan Shih-kai s government at Peking. Unfortunately for Yuan the Tientsin Mint was looted and destroyed early in 1912 and this is why there is no 1912 dollar for Yuan. The Tientsin Mint did not get into production till 1914, at which time Tientsin made the Yuan dollar with high hat, and late in the year, the standard dollar with Yuan s profile portrait and Year 3 date.

From 1914, the standard Yuan Shih-kai portrait coins were struck in silver at various mints in denominations of 10, 20, 50 cents and one dollar. Pattern gold coins with Yuan’s portrait were struck in 1919 and pattern nickel 5 cent coins were struck in 1914, but for reasons unknown, no Yuan portrait coins were struck in copper for circulation.

Initially Li Yuan-hung did not want to be connected K N OW N S A L E S O F Y UA N SHIH-KAI 10 CASH COINS 【CCC 690 – Woodward 972 Large Medal – Hooked Leaves Variety】 ★

Money Company September 1983: 525 UNC - same coin in:Stacks Ponterio December 2010: 75 Wa She

Wong Collection #1 NGC UNC details, sold USD 83,650 . ★

Money Company September 1983: 526 VF - same coin in:Stacks Ponterio August 2011: 70430 Wa She Wong

Collection #2 NGC XF details, sold USD 65,725 . ★ Baldwin Ma August 2008: 596 Norman Jacobs Collection NGC MS63, sold USD 5,428 to David Ho. ★ Champion Macau Auction, NC Collection, NGC MS63，March 2015, sold USD 126,500 . ★ SBP Hong Kong- QDB Auction，R.B White Collection，PCGS SP65，April 2018，sold USD 288,000 .

1 5

和紀念十文銅元則更加珍稀（如圖），也更少為人所知。中是天津造幣廠所製，時間是1912年或1914年。然而，事實是，袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元既不是天津造幣廠所鑄，時間也不是1912年和1914年。下文詳細解析。

史博祿【美國】

國國內的大多數銅元目錄都稱袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元

袁世凱像共和

設計美觀大方，廣受歡迎。而幣面圖案相同的袁世凱像共

紀念十文銅元

1914年，天津造幣廠鑄造的袁世凱像着軍裝、戴羽帽銀幣

袁世凱大面像共和紀念十文銅元

羅斯 ( GuiseppeRos) 在其1917年著的《中華民國硬

據羅斯所述，編號 24的細葉交叉版小批量鑄造，贈送給官員。

幣》(Coins of the Republic of China) 一書中明確

該版別由朱子芳雕刻，另外此人還雕刻了黎元洪像開國紀念銀幣

表述：袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元鑄造于武昌造幣

（戴帽和無帽）鋼模。1933年，伍德華將此版別十文銅元評定為

略大，肖像略有不同，背嘉禾也略有不同。目錄上俗

世凱對中國錢幣的影響》(The Influence of Yuan Shih-kai on

廠，并列出了兩個版別：版別一，正面軍裝上的胸章

“稀罕”，重量7.0克到7.3克不等。伍德華1922年发表的文章《袁

稱“大面像”和“小面像”，但背面的設計更易區分。

Chinese Coins) 一文中指出，南京的一位官員告訴他，分送給

仁傑編號 688）背面嘉禾底部外緣的細葉呈交叉狀。

些銅元十分容易，深受中國人喜愛，很快就從市場上銷聲匿跡了。

羅斯編號 24（小面像，伍德華編號 971 幣模 A/1 ；鄭

官員的十文銅元發行量是50 000 枚。伍德華稱1922年時獲得這

另一版別羅斯編號 23（大面像，伍德華編號 972 幣模

根據過去70 年來這些十文銅元的拍賣紀錄（共計16 枚，其中同一

B/2 ；鄭仁傑編號 690）背面嘉禾外緣底部的葉子無

枚錢可以被多次上拍），50 000 枚的發行量顯然是被過於誇大了。

交叉，但嘉禾內部幾個鉤狀葉清晰可見。

1 5

專題

羅斯編號 23的鉤狀葉版由王少賢雕刻，但由於胸章比例過

FEATURES

大而未批量生產。伍德華將此版別十文銅元評定為 “珍罕”，

◆ 編號689，細葉交叉版，白銅貭；

元只出現過5枚，七次交易記錄。

◆ 編號691，背面設計與細葉交叉版類似，只是

重量為 6.1克到7.0克不等。過去70 年來，此版別的十文銅

袁世凱的肖像雕刻比其他兩個版別更差，不過胸章

鄭仁傑1997年《中國銅元鑒賞》一書中還列出了其他目錄

內的十字交叉可一眼辨識出來。

中未列出的另外兩個版別：

關於這些銅元的鑄造時間，羅斯給出了一條線索。他稱是

最初，黎元洪不願與革命運動有所牽連。起義軍佔領武昌

當時存在三個革命政府：一是以孫中山為核心的南京臨時

後，才被迫做了湖北軍政府都督。孫中山讓位給袁世凱后，

在黎元洪赴北京就任副總統時製成的。1912年初，中國

后，想讓黎元洪擔任軍政府都督，但他躲了起來。被找到

國民政府，這也是1912年第一批孫中山像開國紀念幣在南

黎元洪當選為副總統，但他拒絕離開武昌。1913年12月，

京鑄造的原因；二是黎元洪為首的武昌湖北軍政府，這也

黎元洪最終答應離開武昌、前往北京任職。由此可以看出，

是1912年黎元洪像開國紀念幣為何在武昌造幣廠鑄造的原

袁世凱像共和十文銅元是1913年底鑄造的。

因；三是北京以袁世凱為首的中華民國政府。然而不幸的

是，1912年初，天津造幣廠被劫掠一空，毀於一旦，所以

1914 年以后，各地造幣廠紛紛鑄造了袁世凱像銀幣，面值

1912年就沒有鑄造袁世凱像紀念幣。直到1914 年天津造幣

有一角、二角、伍角和壹圓。1914 年鑄造了袁世凱像五分

鎳質樣幣，1919 年鑄造了袁世凱像金質樣幣，但不知為何，

廠才開始生產錢幣，先是袁世凱像高帽版紀念幣，后是民

沒有鑄造袁世凱像銅元用於流通。

國三年袁世凱像銀元幣。

袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅元交易記錄【鄭仁傑編號690 – 伍德華編號 972 ，大型胸章―鉤狀葉版】 ★

Money Company 拍賣會，1983年9月，拍品號525，未使用。與2010年12月 Stacks Ponterio 拍賣會黃華樞藏品 #1，

拍品號75，NGC UNC details 為同一枚，成交價為83 650美元。 ★

Money Company 拍賣會，1983年9月，拍品號526，美品。與2011年8月 Stacks Ponterio 拍賣會黃華樞藏品 #2，拍品

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Charles Tong Sing and the Arctic Expedition of the USS Jeannette Chinan Fan / William Ho〔USA〕

These days few would have heard of Charles Tong Sing or be familiar with his accomplishments aboard the Arctic expedition of the USS Jeannette. But over a hundred and forty years ago he was recognized as a hero and brought honor to the Chinese-American community. Newspaper stories about him would start with the headline,“Hero Chinaman etc.”We believe it is well worth re-telling the story of his courage and self-sacrifice to preserve what was an important historical event for 19th century Chinese-Americans. As far as we know, he was one of only two persons of Chinese descent to have received a US Congressional medal1 in the 19th century. The other recipient, also a member of the USS Jeannette’s crew, perished on the return journey. According to the records of the US Navy, Charles Tong Sing was born in 1858 of Chinese parents and was a naturalized American Citizen. He joined the Navy and made several voyages. During the 19th century, many European nations sent expeditions to the Arctic in the hopes of claiming the North Pole; none were successful and almost all the expeditions ended in tragedy. In response to the challenge, the US Navy commissioned the USS Jeannette in the hopes of being the first to reach the North Pole. Charles Tong Sing was one of the expedition�s participants, and the story of his polar expedition began with the commissioning of the USS Jeannette. In 1878, James Gordon Bennett Jr. 4, son of the founder of the New York Herald 2 James Gordon Bennett Sr. 3 decided to sponsor a North Pole expedition himself. In this endeavor, he received help from both the US government and US Navy. He purchased the English navy gunboat Pandora and renamed it the Jeannette, after his sister. Originally built in 1861 in Pembroke Dockyards, Wales for the English Roya l Nav y, the Pandora was a three-masted wooden ship. It was a Philomel-Class gunboat, 43 meters long with a strong steam eng ine suitable for an Arctic expedition. Later an expedition team was formed by the US Navy. Bennett selected the experienced George Washington De Long (Figure 1) to lead the expedition team, who in turn selected a crew of 32. Among them were Charles Tong Sing and his friend Arsham. In May 1879, the Jeannette sailed to Le Havre, France to prepare for the Arctic expedition (Figure 2). After these preparations, which consisted of exercises and drills in the Atlantic, the ship sailed to San Francisco. Figure 1 George Washington De Long, at the age of 34, There, the sh ip wa s rei n forced, a nd wa s equ ipped w ith stoves a nd the captain of the USS Jeannette, and a graduate of the United States Naval Academy. This photo was taken in sensitive instruments and provisioned with supplies sufficient for an Arctic 1879, when he sailed from San Francisco. expedition of more than f ive years. The expedition off icially began on July 8th with the ship setting sail from the location where the Golden Gate Bridge would eventually be built.

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FEATURES

Figure 2 USS Jeannette at Le Havre, France (This photo was taken in 1878).

The USS Jeannette�s route to the North Pole was to follow the warm“Kuro Siwo”(or Black Current) to and

through the Bering Strait. It was thought that the warm water flowing up into the Arctic Ocean would melt some of the ice cover surrounding the North Pole making for an easier voyage. In reality, the“Kuro Siwo”

dissipated well before the Bering Strait and it was cold, icy Liman Current that flowed up into the Strait. Thus, unbeknownst to the crew, the expedition was likely doomed even before it began. Nevertheless, on July 8th, 1879, the Jeannette set sail from San Francisco, travelled along the West coast of North America through the Bering Strait and headed towards the North Pole. This was the first ship to attempt to reach the North Pole from the Pacific Ocean. When the USS Jeannette was approximately 700 miles from its destination, (and ironically the closest it would ever be to the North Pole), it became trapped in an ice f ield making it impossible to proceed or retreat. Fortunately, the sh ip car r ied enough prov isions wh ich, supplemented by local game such as polar bears and sea gulls, allowed its crew to survive for several years. There was nothing to be done but to wait for favorable weather conditions.

Figure 3 The drift of the USS Jeannette during the “quiet” period, from September 1879 to May 1881

Surrounded by risk and uncertainty, the crew kept an optimistic attitude. During this time Charles Tong Sing helped the cook to prepare meals for the crew, making such dishes as Polar Bear Steak (best venison meat by consensus) and Cantonese-style Walrus small

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intestine sausages (most popular with the crew).

generated by the colliding ice sheets crushed the ship. The ship sank in the Arctic Ocean at 77 degrees north

In January 1880, the ship was damaged for the first

and 155 degrees west near the International Date Line.

time. After repairs, the ship continued to drift in a

(Figure 5)

northwest direction in ice-covered water at a rate of about one m i le per day. The crew spent t wo

The crew stood by their three boats, two cutters and

Christmases together. According to Captain De Long s

a whaler mounted on sleighs, on adjacent ice f loes

diary, this was called the“quiet period ” (Figure 3).

and watched as the USS Jeannette sank. They then proceeded to travel west over the ice, each boat loaded

The crew discovered some islands while drifting

with two months of provisions and critical supplies.

during this“quiet period ”, which they named Herald,

Jeannette, Henrietta (the name of Bennett s other

sister) and Bennett. These islands were referred to as the“Outer Islands”of the New Siberian Islands that

had been discovered by them contemporaneously.

The New Siberian Islands include Belvoksy, Kotelny, Faddeyevsky, Novaya Sibir (or New Siberia) and Semyonovsky (submerged in 1960). (Figure 4) On June 13, 1881, the ice sheets started to shift. However, instead of freeing the Jeannette, the pressure

Figure 5 Sinking scene of the USS Jeannette. On June 11, 1881, the ice sheets where the USS Jeannette was trapped in started to shift. On June 12, 1881, De Long ordered Melville to take the photo of the sinking ship. The same day De Long ordered "Abandon Ship". On June 13, 1881, the ship was totally crushed.

Figure 4 The route De Long took over ice after the crew abandoned the USS Jeannette. The

Figure 6 Maps showing the course of the Jeannette party

map shows the New Siberian Islands and the “Outer Islands” named by De Long.

after leaving the ship

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FEATURES

Under very difficult conditions and with food running

happened to meet up with hunters who were about

low, the crew were reduced to eating the boiled leather

to leave. The hunters took them to a small village

from their worn-out shoes and clothing. Miraculously,

along the Lena River bank. They entered Bulun

not a single man perished during this phase of the

and went up to the Yakutsk along the river. Below

journey.

is a photo taken at Yakutsk, Charles Tong Sing is standing in the middle of the last row (Figure 9).

The largest boat, commanded by the captain George De Long consisted of fourteen crew members. Charles

What is worth mentioning is that during this period,

Tong Sing was assigned to the whaler commanded

the boat occupied by Charles Tong Sing was in

by George Wallace Melville , along with ten other

danger of sinking as it took on water. Charles Tong

crewmen. The third boat commanded by Charles

Sing as it turned out was the strongest crew member

Wi na ns Ch ipp held eight crew men. Thei r pla n

and with the help of another crew member saved the

was to head west, to f ind open waters and from

boat from capsizing by continuously bailing the sea

there to reach the mainland of Siberia. (Figure 6)

water that accumulated in the boat. His efforts and positive attitude undoubtedly saved everyone as well

When the boats reached open water, a storm caught

as himself. When the boat f inally reached land, he

them unawares. The smallest boat could not keep

again helped those too weak to proceed by supporting

up and was lost with all hands, and the two larger

and carrying them. All in all, the group travelled

boats drifted apart. The boat occupied by Captain

about 1,000 miles by land and sea to reach safety.

De Long, guided by a detailed map provided by the Russian government, drifted into the Lena River

Fighting against hunger and wounds in a terrible

Delta, suggesting that the cutter headed northward.

icy environment, crew members led by De Long

The whaler occupied by Charles Tong Sing relied

were about to die. Two of the strongest members

on testing the salinity of the ice f loes to determine

were sent out by De Long to seek help and were

its direction , and it drifted in a southerly direction.

able to re-unite with the members of the whaler at Yakutsk. A search party was organized to return to

The Lena River (Figure 7 ＆Figure 8), which appeared

rescue the remaining crew of the largest boat, but it

in the eyes of De Long and other USS Jeannette

discovered that they had all died of starvation and

crews members, is more than 3,000 miles long and

exposure in the interim. The survivors found Captain

De Long’s diary, and it has become an important

is the world's eleventh largest river by water f low.

record of the Arctic voyage of the USS Jeannette.

It is the ninth largest river, originating from the A ltai Mountains on the border of Mongolia and China, and f lows directly into the Arctic Ocean.

The survivors then proceeded by sleigh to the nearest

Its delta has nearly a hundred miles wide. The large

Trans-Siber ian railroad station. From there they

amount of alluvium and long-term freezing makes

travelled by train to St. Petersburg where they were

the entire Lena River Delta looks like a huge tumor.

welcomed by Tzar Nicolas Alexander II and given a royal reception. The group then traveled across Europe

The two boats were about a hundred miles apart after

and returned to New York City on September 13,

reaching the Lena River Delta. In his diary, Captain

1882, a little over three years after their departure, to an

De Long mentioned that they had found traces of

enthusiastic reception and celebration. All were hailed

hunters in the northern region, and speculated that

as heroes. Tragically, the horror of their experience

they might have recently left the area because it

proved to be too much for some of them, and two of

was mid-September and winter was coming. The

the surviving crewmen committed suicide while a third

crew in the whaler occupied by Charles Tong Sing

went insane.

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Figure 9 A photo of the members of the whaler at Yakutsk, Siberia in 1882, Charles Tong Sing is standing in the middle of the last row, together with the two strongest members sent out by De Long to seek help.

Charles Tong Sing volunteered for a second Arctic expedition in 1884 under Admiral Captain Winfield Scott Schley again as steward, this time on the Greely Relief Expedition9, a rescue mission. He retired soon after that expedition concluded and opened a Chinese restaurant in Los Angeles, California. Around that time he was interviewed by a reporter from the Los Angeles Herald Examiner. The full text of this interview

Figure 7 The origin and winding direction of the Lena River.

appeared in the newspaper under the title:“ Brave

Chinaman Wears a Medal Voted by Congress for

Bravery”, (L.A. Herald, 26 January, 1902). For those interested in the full text of the article, it can be found at:

“ https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgibin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH1902

0126.2.344.42&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN”

Figure 8 The Lena River Delta, a satellite image

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FEATURES

(The newspaper article did not specially mention

to award the Congressional medal, which represents

Walrus small intestine sausages.)

voyage. On September 30, 1890, President Benjamin

the restaurant �s menu but certainly it did not include

the country’s highest honor, to all participants of the Harrison

signed the resolution passed by Congress.

In the same way Americans of the 1960s were excited

In April 1892, the United States Mint in Philadelphia

about the moon la nd ing a nd space ex plorat ion,

was chosen to produce the dies for the medals and

Americans of the 1870s were curious and enthusiastic

received the design draft. Edward Owen Leech11was

about the expeditions to the North Pole and Africa.

the mint director and Charles Barber12 was the chief

The USS Jeannette reached the East Cape, the extreme

designer. The names of the members who participated

eastern point of Siberia, in August 1879, and this was

in the voyage were eng raved on the dies by the

considered a historically important event. Soon after

engraver George Thomas Morgan13. In 1892, the US

the surviving members returned, the US Congress

Congress awarded the

in it iated a hear ing. In late September

Six gold medals

medals.

1890, Congress passed an Act

Figure 10 Congressional medal

The obverse and reverse of the US Congressional medal are shown in Figure 10. The obverse depicts the Jeannette at the moment it sank with its crew and sled dogs standing by their boats. The inscription on the reverse reads: To Charles Tong Sing: In

commemoration of perils encountered and as an expression of the high esteem by which Congress holds his services. Act approved September 30, 1890. Encircling the central inscription are the words: Jeannette Arctic Expedition, 1879–1882.

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were awarded to the officers and 25 silver medals were

Jeannette, and the words,“Fidelity, Zeal, Obedience”

awarded to the crew members. Two Alaskans were

around the inscription. The whereabouts of this medal

not awarded medals. In fact, there were fewer than ten

are not known. The second medal he received was the

members who personally received medals, with the rest

US Congressional medal, approved on September 30,

awarded posthumously to close relatives of crew who

1890.

recently appeared at auction with a $12,000 selling price.

According to custom, a US Congressional medal can

died during the voyage. Charles Tong Sing’s medal has

be worn only by the person to whom it was awarded. In addition to naval commendations, Charles Tong

Apparently, Charles Tong Sing wore his medal very

Sing received two medals from the US government.

often as reported in the Los Angeles Herald Examiner

The first is the Navy�s Good Conduct Medal which

article (please note that medals can be duplicated but cannot be engraved with a name or be worn).

partially reads: Charles Tong Sing Arctic Steamer

More Added According the Captain s diary, there was another Chinese on this expedition, a cook named Arsham. Very little is known about him except from the Captain s personal diary. Apparently, he was a very good friend of Charles Tong Sing, baked very good breads and had the culinary skill to turn nearly inedible game (such as sea gulls) into something palatable. His culinary skills contributed enormously to the well-being and happiness of the crew. Unfortunately, he perished along with his captain and the crew of the large boat. It would be quite a ﬁnd if his US Congressional medal could be located and this un-sung hero s background discovered and preserved for historical purposes. We could not find either the Chinese names or place of birth for Charles Tong Sing and Arsham. According to De Long s diary, they were hired in San Francisco s Chinatown. We believe they were Cantonese. In the late 19th century, foreigners often used Sing-Soug (Portuguese pronunciation), which means“sir”, for Cantonese names. Sometimes Sing-Soug was shortened to Sing. Therefore, we translate Tong Sing as“Sir Tong”.

Notes: 1

US Congressional Medal The US Congressional Medal is an award bestowed by the United States Congress. There are US Congressional Gold Medal and US Congressional Silver Medal. The design of a US Congressional medal is not fixed, but the overall shape is basically round, and the obverse of the medal is generally engraved with the words Congressional and Gold Medal, and the image of a person who has had significant influence on American history. The earliest recipients were participants of the American

The obverse and reverse of the Congressional Gold Medal received by George Washington.

Revolutionary and the Mexican Wars. The first Congressional Gold Medal was authorized on March 25, 1776, for George Washington.

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James Gordon Bennett Sr., the founder of the New York Herald.

James Gordon Bennett Jr., son of James Gordon Bennett Sr., sponsor of the USS Jeannette expedition.

New York Herald

The first issue of the New York Herald was published by James Gordon Bennett Sr. on May 6, 1835. By 1845, it was the most popular daily newspaper with the largest circulation in the United States. The newspaper supported Sir Henry Morton Stanley's trans-Africa expedition, one of the greatest events

of 19th century exploration, during which Stanley found David Livingston, the Scottish missionary who had set out to ﬁnd the source of the Nile in Africa.

Rear Admiral George Wallace Melville, an American eng i neer, capt a i n of t he wha ler a f ter t he US S Jeannette sank. In 1884, he joined in the Greely Relief

In 1879, it also supported the ill-fated expedition of George W. De Long to the

Expedition together with Charles Tong Sing in search of the survivors of Arctic expedition commanded by

arctic region.

Army Lieutenant Adolphus Greely. In 1887, Melville became chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering, where he participated in the construction of a new a nd modern nav y. Melv i l le was a lso one of t he founders of the National Geographic Society. Nine months after its foundation, the Society published its first monthly journal the National Geographic, originally named National Geographic Magazine. The U.S. Navy named two ships in his honor: USS Melville, which was in service 1915–1948, and the oceanographic research ship Melville (AGOR-14), 1969–present. An elementary school, Melville School, was also named after him.

Stanley and Livingston meet.

If the salinity of the ice becomes lighter, that means it is getting closer to the About Stanley and Livingston

river.

David Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and doctor who had explored most of inland Africa. He was the ﬁrst European to travel across the African continent. Livingstone's most famous expedition took place between 1866 and 1873, when he traveled to Central Africa to ﬁnd the source of the Nile. For years there was no news from him, and he was thought to have disappeared. The Royal Geographical Society organized an expedition team to find Livingstone led by Stanley, a British journalist who later became a famous explorer. The news that Livingstone had been found drew great attention from around the world.

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Aug ust us Heinrich Petermann, a German cartographer, the most famous cartographer at t hat t i me. In 1854, Peterma nn beca me d irector of t he Geog raph ica l Inst it ute of Justus Perthes in Gotha, Germany, shortly afterwards becoming editor of the well-known Geog raphische M itt heilungen. Petermann was a staunch supporter of“The Arct ic Is Not Melting”theory. He firmly believed that Wrangel Island to the west of the northern section of the Bering Strait was a continent extending to the north.The Japanese warm current flowed northward along the western side of the Pacific Ocean and would continue to f low northward after passing the Bering

President Benjamin Harrison Benjam in Harrison, an A merican politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893.

S t r a i t .T h i s o p e n e d u p a w a t e r w a y f o r northward navigation. This view was in line with the popular Black Current theory at that t ime, and Capta in De Long a lso ascribed

Edward Owen Leech Director of the United States Mint from 1889 to 1893.

to t hese t wo t heories.Wit h t he support of Petermann, Bennett invested in the purchase of the USS Jeannette.

The Jeannette Monument, the largest monument in the United States Naval Academy. It was built the same form as the original monument of Lena R iver Delta where De Long’party perished.

Charles Barber T he sixt h ch ief desig ner of t he United States Mint.

George Thomas Morgan An American engraver, who is famous for eng rav i ng ma ny popu l a r coi ns, such as the Morgan dollar and World's Columbian Exposition half dollar.

Adolphus Wash i ng ton Greely, who was a Un ited St ates A r my off icer a nd pola r explorer. Greely organized an expedit ion team to investigate the North Pole in 1881 and was trapped in the Arctic for three years. In 1884, Winf ield Scott Schley led ot her explorers headed to t he Nort h Pole a nd rescued the expedition team led by Adolfos Greeley. But only six of the 24 crew members survived.

(Notes information source: Baidu /Wiki)

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FEATURES

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珍妮特號極地遠征記華人唐先榮獲美國國會獎章范治南 / 何緯渝〔美國〕

一百四十年前，他是舉世公認的英雄，曾為美國華人社區帶來榮譽。但凡報道他的故事，報紙上都會赫然印著“中國英

雄……”諸如此類的標題。他是查爾斯•唐先(Charles Tong Sing ）。而今，查爾斯•唐先的名字及其珍妮特號極地遠征之旅

已鮮有人知，但他的故事再現了19世紀美國華人的重要歷史事件，唐先本人的這趟勇氣十足的遠洋航行值得人們為之傳頌。

“英雄”查爾斯•唐先是獲得19世紀美國國會獎章1的兩名華人之一。另一名獲得獎章的華人也參與了珍妮特號極地遠征，但

不幸在回程中喪生。

據美國海軍留存的檔案記載，查爾斯•唐先出生於1858年，為中國父母所生，美國政府曾授予他公民身份。他曾加入海軍，數

次隨航遠征。19 世紀，許多歐洲國家派遣探險隊前往北極，希冀自己國家的旗幟得以高高矗立於北極。但幾乎所有的北極

探險隊都以悲劇告終。為成為首個登陸北極的國家，美國海軍組建了一支珍妮特號極地探險隊。唐先作為此次北極探險的參與者，他的這趟極地遠征故事得從珍妮特號開始講起。

1878年，《紐約前鋒報》2戈登 •班尼特一世（James Gordon Bennett Sr）3之子小詹

姆士•戈登 •班尼特（James Gordon Bennett Jr）4 打算個人出資資助一次北極探險

之旅。躍躍欲試的班尼特接受了美國政府和海軍的幫助，買下英國海軍船艦潘多拉炮艇，並以其姐姐之名將這艘軍艦取名為“珍妮特號”。

始建於1861年的潘多拉炮艇是一艘木制英國皇家海軍蒸汽船，在英國威爾士番布

拉造船廠製造，船長43米，有三個桅杆，配備足以支撐極地遠征的強大蒸汽引擎。之後，美國海軍招募人員組建探險隊，由班尼特選中具有豐富航海經驗的喬治 • 華盛

頓•德隆（George Washington De Long，圖1）率領探險隊遠征。德隆又挑選了32 名船員同行，其中就包括查爾斯•唐先及其好友阿三。

1879 年5月，珍妮特號現身法國勒阿弗爾港，一場驚心動魄的探險之旅即將開始（圖

2）。在大西洋試行無礙後，珍妮特號駛向舊金山。船身在舊金山再度加固，做好充足

的航行5 年所需的物質準備，船員們整裝待發。誰也不知道，他們日後將面臨生死與

共的考驗。同年7月8日，珍妮特號宣告出發，出發地點即今金門大橋所在地（當時還未建造）。

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圖1 珍妮特號船長喬治•華盛頓•德隆1879年從舊金山出航時的照片，時年34歲的德隆是美國海軍官校的畢業生。

專題

FEATURES

圖2 珍妮特號在法國勒阿弗爾港的照片（攝於1878年）

珍妮特號原計劃沿着北上的暖流黑潮，穿越白令海峽抵達

1880 年1月，珍妮特號首次受損，經過修復後仍然在冰封的

水面以大約每天1英里的路程向西北方向漂流。船員們在船

北極。探險隊希冀借暖流融化覆蓋北極周圍的北冰洋浮冰，

上度過了兩個耶誕節。據德隆船長的日記記錄，他們將等待

使海上航路通暢些。然而，令人意想不到的是，在探險隊抵

的這兩年稱為“平靜期” （圖3）。

達白令海峽之前黑潮早已消退，沿著白令海峽順流而下的大多是更為冰冷的親潮寒流。

這趟探險之旅剛啟程就已註定失敗。珍妮特號從舊金山起航，沿著北美西海岸航行，穿越白令海峽前往北極，成為第一艘從太平洋駛向北極的船。當航行至距離北極點約 700 英里，珍妮特號陷入

浮冰而動彈不得，直至冰封。身陷險境，幸而探險隊

攜帶的物資可以支撐數年。船員們只有等待有利天氣

形勢的到來。雖船被冰封，全體船員卻保持着樂觀的心態。查爾斯•唐先與另一名廚師還為船員烹製美食，包括“北極熊肉排”和廣式海象臘腸，被船員們認為是最喜歡和好吃的野味與菜肴。

圖3 珍妮特號隨浮冰漂流的地圖，此時珍妮特號處於進入北極圈後的冰封期中（1879年9 月到1881年5月）

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船員們在漂流中發現了一些島嶼，他們先後將這些島嶼命

耗盡，船員甚至食用磨損的衣鞋皮革，但是他們竟奇跡般全

名為先鋒島（ Herald ）、珍妮特島（ Jeannette）、亨利埃

體存活。

塔島（Henrietta ，班尼特的另一個妹妹之名）、班尼特島

（ Bennett）。這些島嶼是他們新發現的“新西伯利亞”群

最大的一艘船上有14 名船員，由船長喬治 • 德隆帶領；查爾斯•唐先被分配到捕鯨船上，這艘船共11名船員，由喬治 •華

島的週邊島嶼。

萊士•梅爾維爾5帶領；最小的一艘船共 8 名船員，由查爾斯•

新西伯利亞群島包括別爾科夫斯基島（ Belvoksy）、科捷爾

懷南斯•奇普（Charles Winans Chipp）帶領。接下來他們

內島（ Kotelny）、法捷耶夫島（Faddeyevsky）、新西伯利

想要繼續西行，駛入大海，再到西伯利亞大陸。（圖6）

亞島（Novaya Sibir）和已於1960年沉沒的謝苗諾夫斯科島

（Semyonovsky）（圖4）。

1881年 6月13日，浮冰開始溶解，被困的珍妮特號再也經受不住巨大的浮冰衝擊沉沒了。確切的沉沒位置是北緯 77 °西

（圖5）經155°，靠近國際日期變更線。

目送滿載所有人希望的船沉入冰海，船員們站在珍妮特號

傾覆前及時放下的三艘船旁，收拾好複雜的心情繼續上路。他們用雪橇拖著兩艘卡特帆船和一艘捕鯨船向西南方向前

行，每艘船上都裝載着可維持 2 個月的補給物資。途中食物圖5 珍妮特號沉沒現場。1881年6月11日，珍妮特號陷入的浮冰開始溶解；1881年 6月12日，德隆令梅爾維爾拍攝沉船的照片，同日下令“棄船”；1881年6月13日，珍妮特號徹底沉沒。

圖6 船員們離開傾覆的珍妮特號後的行程地圖圖4 德隆一行人棄船後的“冰上”逃生路線。地圖上有新西伯利亞島群和他們在漂流中發現的德隆命名的週邊島嶼。

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當船駛至開闊的海域，一場突如其來的風暴使船員迷失了方向。最小的一艘船未能跟上其他兩艘，舉船沉沒，無一人

生還。兩艘較大的船被風浪沖散。德隆船長所在的那艘卡

特帆船以俄羅斯政府提供的精密地圖為指引漂流到了麗南河三角洲，屬於偏北的區域。而唐先所在的那艘捕鯨船則依

靠測試浮冰含有的鹽度來決定河流的方向 6 ，他們最終漂流

到了偏南的區域。

出現在德隆一行人視線中的麗南河（圖 7、圖 8）有3 000 多

裏長，擁有世界第十一大河水流量，為第九大河，發源於蒙古、中國邊境的阿爾泰山，直入北極海中，它的沖漬三角州

有近百里寬。大量的沖漬物和長期的冷凍，使得三角州狀似一個巨大的腫瘤。

這兩艘船在到達沖積平原後相距上百裏左右。德隆船長在

日記中提到他們曾在北部區域發現獵人留下的痕跡，但可能是由於時值9月中，天氣轉冷，獵人剛剛離去。唐先所在的捕

鯨船到了偏南的區域恰巧碰到正準備離開的獵人，獵人們

沿著河岸將他們帶到了一個小村落。他們進入布倫，由布倫

沿河而上到了雅庫茨克。以下是一張在雅庫茨克拍攝的照片，查爾斯•唐先站在最後排中間（圖9）。

值得一提的是，在這個過程中，唐先所在的船隻兩側不斷進

水，隨時面臨沉沒的危險。身強力壯的唐先挺身而出，在其他船員的協助下，將積聚在船體的海水不斷舀出，因此躲過

圖7 麗南河的發源和走向

沉沒的災難。他的堅持不懈和犧牲精神拯救了船上所有人的性命。船成功著陸後，唐先一路上或攙扶或背著其他虛弱的夥伴，直到獲得安全救助之前，他們在海洋和陸地上共行進了約1 000 英里。

在冰雪世界中與饑餓傷病搏鬥的德隆隊伍卻快支持不住了，

德隆當機立斷，派遣兩名最強壯的船員外出尋求援助。兩名

船員最終與捕鯨船的船員在雅庫茨克匯合。他們立即組建一支搜救隊解救第一艘船上的其他船員，等找到後卻發現其他船員都已因饑寒虛弱而亡了。

船員找回了德隆船長的日記。該日記成為後來對珍妮特號極地航行最重要的參考資料。

倖存的船員乘坐雪橇前往附近跨西伯利亞鐵路的火車站乘

坐火車前往聖彼得堡，沙皇尼古拉斯亞曆山大二世以皇家禮遇接待他們。之後他們遍行歐洲並於1882年9月13日回到

圖8 麗南河三角洲的衛星圖像

紐約。一別家鄉三年，三年後人們歡呼雀躍迎接並慶賀珍妮特號船員們的歸來，全體船員被冠以“英雄”的稱號。但是

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圖9 捕鯨船船員照，拍攝於1882年西伯利亞雅庫茨克，查爾斯•唐先站在最後排中間，合照中含兩名德隆派遣出去尋求救援的最強壯船員。

設計圖稿，時任造幣廠廠長是愛德華•裏奇11，總設計師是查

對於一些船員而言，他們所承受的恐懼與災難經歷遠超負

荷，兩名船員歸來後不久就自殺了，一名船員精神失常 7＆8 。

理 • 巴伯12 ，由雕刻師喬治 • 摩根13 在打好的模子上刻上參與

此次航行人員的名字。1892年，美國國會將獎章頒發給隨珍

1 8 8 4 年，查爾斯 • 唐先在溫菲爾德 • 斯科特 • 施考萊

妮特號出行的人員，6 枚金章授予軍官，其餘 25 枚銀章則授

（Winfield Scott Schley ）船長的帶領下，自願參加第二次

予參與此次極地遠征的船員，還有2 名阿拉斯加人沒有獲得

行動結束後不久他就退休了，在加利福尼亞州的洛杉磯開

其中有一枚為查爾斯本人的勳章，最近在拍賣市場中出現

北極探險，這次仍是作為船員出行參與格裏利營救行動。

獎章。實際上，真正以本人身份領取獎章的只有不足十人。

了家中國餐館。他曾接受《洛杉磯先驅考察家報》記者的

過，售價12 000美元。

採訪。刊登在報紙上的標題為《國會獎章贈予中國勇士》

查爾斯 • 唐先共獲得美國政府頒發的兩枚獎章。一枚是

（Brave Chinaman Wears a Medal Voted by Congress

for Bravery ，詳見1902 年1月26日版《洛杉礬先驅考察家

“ 海軍英勇事蹟獎”勳章，上有銘文：北極蒸汽船珍妮

報》）。登陸下列網址可查看英文全文：

特號，查爾斯唐先（Charles Tong Sing，Arctic Steamer

（Fidelity, Jeannette），銘文周圈環“忠貞，敏捷，服從”

Zeal, Obedience）三個英文詞。這枚勳章至今下落不明。另

https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgibin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19020126.2

一枚便是1890年9月30日頒發的美國國會獎章。

.344.42&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN

19 世紀 70 年代的美國人對北極和非洲探險充滿好奇與熱

在美國，只有獎章獲得者才有資格佩戴國會獎章。據《洛杉

情。珍妮特號於1879 年 8月成功到達西伯利亞最東面的東

（請注意，非獎章獲得者本人可以仿造獎章，但絕對不能在獎

情，就如 20 世紀 60 年代他們對登月和太空探索一樣滿懷激

磯先驅考察家報》報導，查爾斯•唐先經常佩戴他的國會獎章

角，被稱為劃時代的重要歷史事件。在倖存船員返還後不

章上雕刻名字或佩戴獎章）。

久，美國國會發起了一次聽證會。1890 年 9月下旬，美國國

會決定執行一項法案，為每一名參與此次航行的倖存者和航行期間死亡的船員近親頒發代表最高榮譽的國會獎章。

1890年9月30日，總統本傑明•哈裏森10簽名通過國會決議。 1892年 4月，美國費城造幣廠被選為獎章鑄造地並拿到獎章

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圖10是這枚珍妮特號國會獎章的正反面照片。正面圖案為珍妮特號沉沒時船員及其雪橇犬站在船邊。反面銘文：致查爾斯唐先：紀念所遭遇的災

難，對其在災難中的英勇表現國會致以崇高的圖10 珍妮特號獎章（正面、反面）

敬意。法案於1890年9月30日獲得通過。獎章中心銘文“珍妮特號極地遠征，1879-1882年”。

後記德隆船長在日記中寫道，參與此次探險的還有一名華人，名叫Arsham（音譯阿三），他是一名廚師。從日記上我們略知，阿

三是查爾斯•唐先一名相當要好的朋友，善烤麵包，精湛烹飪技藝令人驚歎，可將幾乎難以食用的肉（如海鷗）做成珍饈佳

餚。得益於他的烹飪技藝，船員們多數保持良好的心態和愉悅的心境。然而不幸的是，阿三就在那艘最大的船上，他與船長及其他船員一同長眠於冰冷之地。倘若能夠找到阿三因珍妮特號所獲得的獎章，這將是一個重大的發現，阿三這一無名英雄的名字便可為人所知，世代流傳。

除了海軍和報紙上的記錄之外，找不到查爾斯 •唐先和阿三的中文名及其籍貫。德隆在日記中提到他們是在舊金山唐人街

（葡萄牙語發音，簡寫為被雇傭上船的。我們推測唐先和阿三都是廣東人。19 世紀末，外國人通常稱呼廣東人為“先生”

Sing ），因此我們將Tong Sing 譯為“唐先”， “先”即指先生。

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注釋： 1

喬治•華盛頓榮獲的國會金章正反面斯坦利與利文斯通會面漫畫

美國國會獎章

關於斯坦利與利文斯通：

美國國會獎章是由美國國會授予的獎項，有美國國會獎章和美

大衛•利文斯通是一名蘇格蘭傳教士、醫生，曾在非洲大部分內

國國會銀章。該獎章圖案設計並不固定，但總體外形基本保持

陸地區進行探險活動，是第一個穿越非洲大陸的歐洲人。利文

圓形，正面一般帶有一個在美國歷史上有重大影響的人物肖像與

斯通最著名的探險發生於1866-1873年間，他前往中非，試圖尋

（Congressional ）和“金章” （Gold Medal）英文字樣。 “國會”

找尼羅河的源頭。利文斯通一走數年音訊全無，人們均認為他

最早的受獎者都是參與美國獨立戰爭以及墨西哥戰爭的人。1776

已失蹤。皇家地理學會組織探險隊找尋他的下落。在著名探險

年3月25日，美國總統喬治•華盛頓成為獲得國會金章的第一人。

家斯坦利的帶領下，這支探險隊找到了利文斯通。找到利文斯通的這條消息當時引起了全世界的轟動。

《紐約前鋒報》創辦人詹姆士•戈登•班尼特一世

小詹姆士•戈登•班尼特， “珍妮特號”北極

《纽约前锋报》

1835年5月6日出版的第一期《紐約前鋒報》，創辦人詹姆士•戈登• 班尼特。截至1845年，它是美國最受歡迎且發行量最大的日報。該

探險出資人

報為探險家亨利•莫頓•斯坦利爵士的橫跨非洲大陸探險之旅提供支持。這是19世紀最偉大的探險事件。此間，斯坦利找到了當時正

試圖尋找非洲尼羅河源頭的蘇格蘭傳教士大衛•利文斯通。

海軍少將喬治•華萊士•梅爾維爾,一名美國工程師，珍妮特號沉沒之後捕鯨船的船長。1884年，他與查爾

1879年，《紐約前鋒報》還為喬治•華盛頓•德隆極地遠征提供支

斯•唐先一道參與格裏利營救行動，營救阿道弗斯•

持，儘管這次探險以悲劇告終。

為蒸汽工程局領導人，參與編制了一支現代新海軍。

華盛頓•格裏利帶領的探險隊。1887年，梅爾維爾成梅爾維爾還是國家地理學會的創始人之一。在創會9 個月後，該學會出版了第一期《國家地理》月刊，原名《國家地理雜誌》。

美國海軍曾以梅爾維爾的名字給兩艘船命名： 1915–1948年梅爾維爾號（AD-2號）與1969至今海洋學研究船梅爾維爾號（AGOR-14號）。一所小學梅爾維爾小學也是以他的名字命名的。

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如果浮冰含有的鹽度越來越淡，說明靠近河流也就越來越近。

奧古斯特•海因裏希•彼得曼，德國製圖師,也是當時最有名的製圖師。1854年，彼得曼擔任德國哥達市的Geog raphica l Inst it ute of Justus Perthes地理研究所的主任，不久後成為著名的《彼得曼地理導報》（Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen）的編輯。彼得曼是北極不凍海理論的堅定支持者，他堅信位於白令海峽北口西側的弗蘭格爾島是一塊往北延伸的大陸，而沿太平洋西側往北流動的日本暖流通過白令海峽之後將一直往北，正好為往北的航行開闢出一條水路。這個觀點與當時流行的“黑潮”理論相契合，而德隆上尉就是這兩種理論的信奉者。在彼得曼的支持下，班尼特出資購買珍妮特號。

本傑明 • 哈裏森，政治家、律師，美國第

愛德華•歐文•裏奇，1889-1893年擔任美國造

二十三任總統，任期為1889年至1893年。

幣廠廠長

珍妮特號紀念碑，美國海軍官校最大的一座紀念碑，仿照原來在麗南河三角州即德隆船隊消亡之處所造的墓碑而建造。

查爾斯•愛德華•巴伯，美國鑄幣局第

喬治•托馬斯•摩根,美國錢幣雕刻師，以雕刻

六任首席設計師。

許多流行硬幣而聞名，如摩根美元和哥倫比亞博覽會半美元。

9 阿道弗斯•華盛頓•格裏利，美國軍官、探險家，1881年組織探險隊考察北極，被困北極達三年之久。1884年，溫菲爾德•斯科特•施考萊等人遠征北極，營救格裏利帶領的探險隊，獲救時24名船員僅6人倖存。

（注釋資訊來源：百度/維基）

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Chopmarked Coins - History

Chapter 3 - Understanding Chopmarks Colin James Gullberg - Taipei Followed by No.14 Issue

Connecting the Chop with the Shroff What everyone wants to know is: who were the men behind the chops, where and when were they chopping these coins, and can we link any particular chopmark with a particular merchant or shroff?

unexpectedly out of the Treasury.” For the China trade was an honest trade, a safe trade, and a participant usually as certain as a man ever that his goods and his money were secure. 230

Apart from a single possible exception, there is no way to connect any particular shroff, merchant or business to his chop. The Chinese did not think it important enough to keep records of this, and symbols, numbers, Latin letters and pseudo-Chinese characters would have been next to impossible to connect with any one merchant. They would have been known at the time but that information has been lost to us. Assay chops, which are two to three words (usually a name) show promise connecting individuals to their chops but so far no one I know has been able to make such a connection.

Shroffs had other responsibilities besides assaying and chopping the silver coins they came into contact with. They also had to melt broken dollars into sycee. They were also trusted to engage in some aspects of trade. Jardine, Matheson & Company’s office in Foochow employed a shroff who also acted as clerk and treasurer. In 1869, when Jardine, Matheson & Co. (an English tea buyer) was purchasing tea in the upper Min River area of the interior of Foochow Province Jardine employee John Mayor asked the Foochow office to send more funds. He advised that a Chinese shroff, not an Englishman, should be relied on to ship the Mexican silver dollars to the interior.231

Little is known about the shroffs. They kept no written records and each port city would have had dozens of them for use when needed. Peter Fay reported some interesting research on the shroffs:

As mentioned, there is one solitary exception of a chop that we may be able to link to its merchant. This is the two-word 德記 [de-ji] chop found on the Japanese one yen in picture 137.

[Coins] examined and stamped by the shroffs, each using his own distinctive mark – were stamped and stamped again, until at last they broke into pieces and could only be weighed. Native sycee silver had to be weighed anyway because it came in lumps. So the shroffs employed at the factories passed their time, in the arched passages off which opened the strongrooms, examining by touch and weighing in copper scales enormous heaps of silver pieces of every shape, size and assay. They worked at a great speed and in apparent confusion; a foreigner could not keep tabs on the process and would be lucky even to recognize his shroffs, since they were brought in as needed from shroff shops in the city. So he simply had to trust his comprador, And he had to show that he trusted him. Shroffed silver was kept in bags and carried to and from the various treasuries by common coolies. “We rarely or ever examine the bags except to run our eyes over them, and we use no other check over the comprador than occasionally to pay all the money

德記 -Tait & Co.’s

Chinese name

137 Japan Year 23 (1890) One Yen, Y-A25.3, JNDA-01-10A, R-7.

230 P. W. Fay; The Opium War, 1840-1842, [Original source: 11 March 1839, Canton Agency Consultations, China 262, India Office Library.] (1976), p. 36-37. 231 Yen-p’ing Hao; op. cit., p. 147.

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There is strong circumstantial evidence 232 to link this chop to the British tea traders Tait & Co. 233 For one, the coin is dated Meiji year 23 (1890); Tait & Co. was operating in the Anping district of the Taiwanese city of Tainan during this period. Second, records have confirmed that the Chinese name

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and would have been purchased with foreign silver. In addition, Taiwan was a Japanese colony (1895-1945) and the Japanese one yen was common and legal tender at the time. Finally, the coin was purchased from a dealer in Taipei.

of Tait & Co. was 德記 [de-ji], identical to the name on the chop. Tea was a major export of Taiwan

Plaque outside the building which reads: “British company Tait & Co.”

138 The former headquarters of Tait & Co., Tainan [Anping], Taiwan. It is currently The Museum of Trade History in Taiwan.

Is it a Chopmark? Let us say you have discovered an interesting coin at your local dealer or at an auction with which appears to be a chopmark; how do you know it actually is a chopmark? First of all, do not rely on the seller’s description of the coin. I have seen many coins, even ones listed in prestigious auction house catalogs, which had dubious chops. The simple fact is that chopmarks are a niche area of numismatics and damage of all sorts is often passed on as “chopmarked” either in error, or in an attempt to entice the collecting public to over-bid on an unusual piece. Often the seller simply does not know and assumes it is a chopmark. In my opinion there is no way to be absolutely certain that any mark or stamp on a coin is a chop, but as chopping was carried out for about 300 years in a specific area of the world and there exists a large number of surviving coins we can draw some conclusions with relative certainty.

Mexican issues from cobs in the 1600s right up to the pesos in the early twentieth century. Also included are other Latin American coins (especially coins from Peru and Bolivia), mainland Spanish coins and all the trade coinage of the late nineteenth century (USA trade dollars, British trade dollars, French Indo-Chinese piastres, etc.). We should also include neighboring Asian countries whose coins may have ended up in China. This would include Japanese yen, Filipino coins, Straits Settlements dollars, and the odd piece from Thailand among others. We also must include Hong Kong and Chinese coins too. I am not saying that a marking of some sort found on one of these coins is a chopmark, but it certainly could be. Also, if a coin has more than one chopmark, the marks are more likely to be authentic. If the chopmark has been found on other coins, this adds to its credibility. Collectors should be especially suspicious of “chopmarked” that are non-Chinese in nature (Latin letters, Arabic numbers, etc.), especially if they are the only chopmark on a coin.

First, markings that appear to be chops on coins that were known to circulate in China from around 1650 to 1934 are far more likely to be chops than coins that were not used in the China trade. These include all the

232 I would like to thank Mr. Chien I-Hsiung for this information and permission to photograph his coin. 233 Visit: http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=5055 for more information about Tait & Co.

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Example 1: Type I – Single non-Chinese chop

A second group of coins is those that could have seen action in the China trade. These include some European coins that were not standard trade issues (mainland French coins, British shillings and crowns, American minors, coins from Latin American countries that would not normally supply coins to the China trade like Argentina or Brazil), and any coins that have known to bear chopmarks or appear in a shroff’s handbook. It is reasonable that some oddball pieces would have occasionally been included in shipments of silver to China or arrived in sailors’ pockets. More about these coins will be discussed in the sections on pricing and fakes.

The first coin is a Honduras 1894 peso formerly in the Rose collection. Rose included a picture this coin in his book, Chopmarks, indicating his opinion that it was rare enough to merit a photo. It has one chop – a reverse just above the “SO” in “PESO.” I presume Rose thought the coin was chopped as he had seen similar Latin letters used as chops on other coins. This Honduran peso is not an especially rare coin (they regularly sell for about $30), but are extremely rare chopped. This coin sold for $759 in December 2007. Soon after, an almost identical piece turned up on eBay; the seller was in Honduras. My feeling is that the seller got wind of the sale via a Google search, saw the eye- popping hammer price and decided to chop a commonly available peso with a similar chop. In fact, I do not think the coin even sold.

The third category is coins that were countermarked by another source such as the countermarking done to Mexican coins during the War of Independence or banker’s marks applied in India. These can be tricky to identify as many Mexican coins were shipped to China but some were countermarked in Mexico and the Mexican countermarks are quite similar to many chopmarks.

Nevertheless, my opinion is that this chop is genuine because it is a reversed “ ” and not a regular “S.” The distinction is important. Standard Latin letters are common on merchant countermarks in the United States (and were used in other places), reversed letter much less so. However, they are fairly commonly used as chopmarks. Often Chinese shroffs would not know any European language nor would they necessarily even know any Latin letters. They may have simply copied the letter backward on to the punch. You can see a similar phenomenon today with Chinese character tattoos in the West. I have seen several people with tattoos of various Chinese words, often reversed because the tattoo artist did not know the character was the mirrored image of the true word, thus rendering a nonsensical Chinese word onto someone’s arm. The lesson here is to be careful if the coin has a single chop, especially an Arabic number or Latin letter, and be even more careful if the coin rarely saw use in China in the Qing dynasty.

The fourth group is coins on which the chop is totally unidentifiable (and more likely damage). Every chopmark collector hopes that his USA 3-cent silver with the markings on the reverse is a chopmark, but unless you can clearly make out what the chop looks like, caution is in order. The fifth group is forgeries; either counterfeit coins, counterfeit chops or both. Let us take a look at several examples of some possible chopmarks from the first four groups. Counterfeits will be considered in the following section.

139 Honduras 1894 One Peso, KM-52, R-2.

Verdict: Probably a chopmark.

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Example 2: Type I – Multiple Latin letter chop The French Indo-Chinese piastre was one of the most widely used trade coins of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Chopped examples are plentiful. However, I doubt the following piece, with the single stamp of “HT,” was stamped by a shroff in the China trade. It looks much more like a personal countermark

placed on the coin by an individual. I have never seen two Latin letters together like this (although there is a very interesting example in photo 115 on page 121), Skepticism is warranted, especially since the coin hosts no other chops.

140 French Indo-China 1896A Piastre de Commerce, KM-5a.1, R-7. Verdict: Not a chopmark. Example 3: Type II–Non-standard trade coin (non-silver) chops do turn up from time to time but are quite rare. I cannot conclusively assert that this coin is not, in fact chopped. After all, it was graded by NGC which included “chopmarked” on the slab, even though its origins lend themselves to doubt. However, I have seen the exact same chop on quite a few other silver coins, I feel, with a fairly high degree of certainty, that this chop is genuine.

The next coin is a gold 10 escudos from Spain that bears a small X-shaped chop just above the queen’s head on the obverse. Spain was a supplier of coins in the China trade and they are occasionally found with chopmarks. Those, however, are silver coins. Gold was very rarely chopped as it was not used in business in China and was not part of China’s monetary system. Gold coins with genuine

This is a fairly common symbol chop that can be found on many coins.

141 Spain 1867 10 Escudos, KM-636.1, R-2 (if the chopmark is in fact genuine). Picture courtesy Heritage Auctions, www.HA.com. Verdict: Very probably a chopmark.

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Example 4: Type III–Countermark similar to a chopmark these could easily pass for Chinese chopmarks. In fact it is quite conceivable that some of these coins were countermarked in Mexico and were later shipped to China where they were chopped.

Governments around the world have often countermarked coins. The practice was ver y common prior to the twentieth century. Many of these countermarks are well documented and there is a wide literature 234 on them. However, several can look very much like Chinese chopmarks (especially since there are so many chopmarks of such a wide variety). Of particular interest to the chopmark collector are the countermarks on Mexican Independence coins of the early independence period (around 1820) as several of

The following coin, a Mexican War of Independence 8 r e a l e s f r o m C h i h u a h u a i s o n e s u c h c o i n. T h e countermarks on the obverse, especially the one to the left of the bust, are very similar to chopmarks used in China.

The T-shaped countermark to the left of the bust could easily be mistaken for a chopmark.

142 Mexico (Chihuahua) War of Independence 1818 R.P. 8 Reales, KM-111.1. This coin sold in Sedwick’s Auction 5 on April 9, 2009, lot 1163, for $309.40. Image courtesy Daniel F. Sedwick, LLC. Verdict: Not a chopmark.

Example 5: Type IV - Damage Pictured is a Roman silver denarius, issued by Augustus (2 BC – 11 AD). On the neck there appears to be a mark very similar to some chopmarks I have seen. In the past, coins circulated for far longer than they do today – perhaps a Roman coin could have survived in circulation in Europe, was tossed into a shipment of silver bound for China and ended up getting chopped. I would say if the coin turned up in a coin shop in China or Hong Kong one would be very tempted to say it was a chopmark. However, this par ticular coin could not possibly be chopmarked. It was dug up on Sarum Road in Winchester, England by a hobbyist with a metal detector in 1996. It is currently in the collection of the Winchester Museum.

Chopmark-like damage on the neck of Augustus.

143 Roman denarius Augustus (2 B.C. - 11 A.D.) Image courtesy Winchester Museum, Winchester City Council. Winchester, UK. Verdict: Not chopped.

234 I would recommend G. Brunk (ed.); World Countermarks and Medieval and Modern Coins, Quarterman, Lawrence, MA 1976.

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Example 6: Type IV – Chop-like markings/damage The following is a Central American Republic 1 reale from 1830. Both sides of the coin have a large “X” stamped on them. Although it is true that there are Central American Republic coins with chopmarks (especially the 8 reales of which I have seen several and is pictured in the Taiwanese shroff book) I doubt very much that this is a

chopmark. I have never seen another chopped 1 reale, nor have I seen this chopmark on any other coin. Even though it was sold in an auction in a lot of chopmarked coins it does not have the “look” of a chopmark, lacking a certain elegance in my opinion. My guess is that it is graffiti or damage of some sort.

144 Central American Republic 1830 T. F. 1 Reale, KM-19.2, R-1/2. (if the chop is genuine).

Verdict: Not a chopmark.

Example 7: Type IV – Damage (pedigreed coin) is not recognizable or identifiable. The only things to be said in its favor are that it is Mexican, which supplied the vast majority of China’s silver, and it was from the F.M. Rose collection. Nevertheless, even Rose made mistakes and while he may have thought it was chopped, I do not.

This coin came from the F.M. Rose collection; the gold standard of chopmark collections. It is a very small copper Mexican ¼ reale – a coin that should not have been chopped. Several red flags should be obvious – the coin is only a ¼ reale, it is in copper and the “chop”

145 Mexico 1797 MO ¼ Reale, KM-62.

Verdict: Not a chopmark.

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Counterfeits The fifth type of questionable chops is counterfeits. Counterfeits are a huge and growing concern for all coin collectors, no matter what they collect. Chopmarked coins are no exception. Unfortunately, here I can only take a cursory look at counterfeit chops. Perhaps in a future edition of this book I will have the time to give

them the coverage that they deserve. Fakes, too, can be divided into three main groups: real chops on counterfeit coins, fake chops on fake coins, and fake chops on real coins. Let’s take a look at these three types.

Real Chops on a Counterfeit Coin The first type is occasionally encountered – real chops on a fake coin. This would have happened during the China trade and was due to fake silver coins, either made by mints like Birmingham or other private mints, trying to be passed off as good Spanish coins to the Chinese merchants. The coins themselves may have been of high quality silver but due to shortages that some European merchants faced private issues were made. For example, when Spain was at war with various European countries, which was a fairly common occurrence over the period in question, or during the period of Latin American wars of independence, merchants were forced to seek

other channels for their Spanish silver; this included counterfeiting. This is especially true of the Carolus dollars that were preferred by the Chinese. This contemporary counterfeit Peruvian 2 reales of 1794 (notice the backward “4”) has what are possibly genuine chops, even though the coin is counterfeit. It is brass covered in silver and was probably made in either the United States or China. Stack’s sold it for $477 in November 2012 235 proving collecting fakes 236 is often more profitable that collecting the real thing, which would have sold for far less.

146 Contemporary Counterfeit Peru 1794 Lima J.P. 2 Reales, Kleeberg-94A-L18. Images courtesy Bower’s Stacks, www.stacksbowers.com

Counterfeit Chops on a Counterfeit Coin but if they collect a series like the U.S. trade dollar or the Mexican pillar dollar, they would be aware of the existence and reason behind chopmarks. Since many collectors believe that chopmarks lower the value of such coins and that therefore no one would chop a coin to deliberately reduce its value, they often conclude that chopmarked coins must be real. But, of course, the chops are like fake toning or patina – done to fool a buyer.

The second t ype is the most common – modern counterfeit chops applied to modern reproductions of trade coins in order to convince buyers that the coin is genuine and saw circulation in China. There are always plenty of these around, mainly on internet auction sites. The reason for their proliferation is that most coin collectors know little about chopmarks,

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For this type of counterfeit it is important to consider the underlying coin. The collector should pay close attention to details, and check for anything suspicious. The edge is particularly important to some of the Spanish American pieces, like the pillar dollar, as counterfeiters seem to pay less attention to the edge.237 The best thing a collector can do is to become an expert in the series he or she specializes in. If you cannot do this, then only buy from a reputable dealer who specializes in your chosen series.

235 236 237 238

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There are also fake chops on fake coins that were made in the eighteenth or nineteenth century. The chopmarks may have been added during the minting process, especially if the fake is a copper cast. I was hesitant in seeking permission to reprint some internet sellers’ pictures here. The coins are always sold as “genuine China trade coins.” However, they are easy to find and there are several general coin forums238 and specialist web sites to help collectors uncover fakes.

Stack’s, The Schaumberg Sale, June 25, 2009, lot 83, p. 20 Also see the counterfeit Mexican 1800 1 reale pictured on p. 133 See: E. Yap; How to Spot Fake Pillar Dollars, Chopmark News, vol. 17, issue 1, (March 2013), p. 17-22. I recommend joining: Monedas Españolas: Reproducciones y Falsificaciones (Fake Spanish Coins), a Facebook group at https://www.facebook.com/groups/monedafalsa/.

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《戳記幣簡史》第③章

上接第 14 期

瞭解戳記 by

高林〔臺北〕

戳記背後的看銀師我們都想知道，幣上的戳記是誰蓋上或打上去的，他們又

但顯然很混亂；一名外國人無法密切關注整個過程，甚

否都有一個與之關聯的看銀師？

師是按需求從城裏的店鋪裏請過來的。他必須信任他的

是在何時何地將戳記蓋打到幣面上的，某個戳記的背後是

至只要認同自己的看銀師就將是幸運的，因為這些看銀買辦，他必須表示出對買辦的信任。

除個別事例，人們大抵無從瞭解任何一個戳記與其背後的看銀師、商家、交易者之間的聯繫。中國人過去並不看重

加戳的銀幣被裝入袋中，由普通勞工搬到錢庫或從錢庫

此事，因而沒有對此做出記錄，要通過字符、數字、拉丁文、

搬出。“ 除了匆匆掃視，我們很少甚至從來不檢查裝了銀

偽中文字找到戳記背後的商家幾乎是不可能的了。當時的

幣的袋子，除了偶爾會有超出預算的支出，我們不再對買

們手裏已經遺失。檢驗戳記上只有兩至三個字（通常是一

易雙方通常都確信其貨物和資金是可靠的。230

人們可能會知道與此相關的具體細節，但是這些資訊到我

辦做其他檢查。”因為對華交易是誠信、安全的交易，交

個名字），這些字有可能透露出與背後的個人相關的資訊，但是至今我還沒聽說過有人借此找到了關聯資訊。

除了要對接觸的銀幣進行檢驗和打戳，看銀師還有其他職

很少人知道有關看銀師的資訊，一直沒有與看銀師有關的

與到交易的各個環節中。怡和洋行福州辦事處雇傭的一名

責，他們必須將碎銀熔鑄成銀錠。備受信任的看銀師還參

書面記錄。其實需要時每個港口城市都會有許多看銀師。

看銀師身兼職員與財務長之職。1869 年，當怡和洋行（主

比特 · 費爾（Peter Fay）曾研究過看銀師並記錄了一些有

要從事英國茶葉的買賣）在福建省的閩江上游地區購買茶

趣的現象：

葉，怡和洋行的雇員約翰 · 梅爾（John Mayor ）請求福州

辦事處送來更多資金，他提議，應當由一名中國看銀師而非英國人將墨西哥銀元運往內地。231

看銀師檢查 [ 錢幣 ] 後用其專有的標記蓋戳 – 如此反復蓋戳，直到銀幣碎裂，按其重量進行交易，因為已成碎

儘管據前文描述，要通過戳記找到背後的商家實屬不易，

塊的銀錠只能稱重。受雇於工廠的看銀師為此度過了他

但有一個戳記例外，我們可以通過這個戳記找到它背後的

們的工作時光，拱形過道上的庫門開敞，他們就在那兒

商家。如圖137所示，這是一枚日本一圓銀幣，我們可以在

通過觸摸檢查不同形狀、尺寸、含量的碎銀，把這些不

它的戳記上找到“德記”二字。

計其數的碎銀放到銅稱上稱重。他們的工作速度很快，

230 P. W. Fay ；《1840-1842 年鴉片戰爭》，[ 來源：印度事務圖書館，中國廣東代理商諮詢 262 ，1839 年3月11日 ]（1976 年）第36-37頁。 231 郝延平；參考文獻，第147頁。

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德記 - 洋行的中文名

圖137 日本明治二十三年（公元1890年）一圓銀幣，Y-A25.3，JNDA-01-10A，R-7。

一個有力的證據可以證明這個戳記 232與英國茶葉貿易商德記洋行有關，

233

（1895-1945年），當時日本一圓銀幣在臺灣作為合法貨幣

即戳記上的日期為明治二十三年（公元

普遍流通。最後，這枚銀幣是一名交易商從臺北購得的。

1890年），德記洋行這一時期在臺灣臺南市安平區經營着

業務；其次，已有確鑿資料證實德記洋行的中文寫法是“德

除了這一個例，沒有其他戳記能通過幣面上的資訊找到其

記”，與戳記上的中文名一樣。當時茶葉是臺灣的主要出

背後的商家或看銀師的蛛絲馬跡。

口業務之一，可用外國銀幣購買。此外，臺灣受過日本殖民

德記洋行門口的石頭刻字，上書：英商德記洋行

圖138 臺灣臺南市（安平區）總部舊址，現為臺灣開拓史料蠟像館。

這是一個戳記嗎？假設你在當地交易商或某個拍賣行發現了一枚有趣的硬幣，

的表面受損的錢幣通常都被歸類為“戳記幣”，而且往往賣

別急着相信賣家的描述，我看到過很多硬幣，即使是列於

定加戳在錢幣上的任何標誌或印章是戳記，但由於戳記幣

家並不能確定戳記的真偽。我認為，沒有辦法百分之百確

上面看似帶有戳記，你該如何判斷它是不是真的戳記？先

在世界上特定區域流通了近 300 年，有大量戳記幣流傳了下

聲望頗高的拍賣行目錄，其戳記的真偽仍值得懷疑。事實

來，我們可以得出一些相對確定的結論。

往往是，戳記是錢幣學的一個小領域，無論是辨識錯誤，或是為了試圖吸引更多收藏家來爭相競拍，所有流傳下來

232 十分感謝簡義雄先生提供相關資訊並授予許可讓我拍攝他的錢幣。 233 欲知更多與德記洋行有關的資訊，請訪問 http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=5055 。

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我以羅斯藏品中的1894 年洪都拉斯比索幣為例，對第一類

第一類出現於約莫1650 年至1934 年，這期間在中國流通

的打戳幣，較之不是在對華貿易中使用的打戳幣，幣面的

戳記展開說明。羅斯在他的書中收錄了這枚錢幣的照片，

鑄幣以及 20世紀早期發行的比索銀幣，來自拉丁美洲（特

有一個戳記，在“PESO”的“ SO”字正上方有一個反寫

他認為這枚錢幣太稀有了，相當值得拍照留存。這枚錢幣上

戳記是真戳的可能性更高，包括17世紀發行的所有墨西哥別是秘魯和玻利維亞）的其他錢幣、來自西班牙大陸的銀

的 S 字元。我推想，正是由於其他戳記幣上打過類似的拉

貿易銀元、法屬印度支那皮阿斯特等）。我們還可以列舉

洪都拉斯比索幣不是因其錢幣本身而變得稀有（這種錢幣

丁文戳記，羅斯才會認為這枚錢幣上的戳記是真的。這枚

元以及 20世紀晚期的所有貿易貨幣（美國貿易銀元、英國

通常售價30美元左右），它的稀有之處在於幣面上的戳記。

出一些有可能已經在中國停止使用的亞洲周邊地區的錢幣，

這枚錢幣在 2007年12月以759美元的價格售出，不久後在

比如日本圓、菲律賓錢幣、海峽殖民地銀幣以及來自泰國

的古幣，香港和中國其他地區的銀幣也包含其中。我並不

易貝網上也出現了一枚幾乎一模一樣的錢幣，賣家身處洪

是說它們是真戳記幣的可能性比較大。

人的價格拍賣的消息，於是決定用一個相似的戳蓋打在一

都拉斯。我覺得賣家是通過穀歌搜索得知這枚錢幣以吸引

是說所有上述舉例說明的錢幣上的打戳都是真的戳記，而

枚普通的洪都拉斯比索幣上。事實上，我不認為這枚出現在易貝上的錢幣可以同樣賣得好價錢。

同理，如果一枚錢幣上有一個以上的戳記，那麼這些戳記

是真戳的可能性也比較高。如果在其他錢幣上也能找到相

不過，我認為這個戳記是真的，因為幣上也有一個反寫的

同的戳記，那麼戳記就極有可能是真的了。收藏家應該對

“ S”，即“ ”，這點區別是很重要的。標準拉丁文戳記在美

戳蓋着非中文字（譬如拉丁文、阿拉伯數字）的錢幣持懷疑

國是普遍可見（以及在其他地方使用）的商用刻印標記，帶

態度，尤其當戳打上去的標記是一枚錢幣上唯一的戳記時。

反寫字母的卻要少得多，它們通常作為戳記來使用。一般

來說，中國的看銀師不懂任何歐洲語言，更別說是拉丁文

第二類是出現在對華貿易活動中的錢幣，包括作為非標準

了，他們只是將字母鑿入幣面卻沒有發現鑿反了。我們也

交易貨幣流通的一些歐洲錢幣（比如法郎、英國先令、英鎊，

能從帶有中文字的西方錢幣中找到相似的跡象。我曾經看

或者來自拉丁美洲國家諸如阿根廷或巴西的錢幣，這些錢

到一些西方人用各種中文字來紋身，字體卻是顛倒的，大

幣一般情況下不會在對華交易中出現）以及帶有戳記或載

概連紋身藝術家都不曉得自己紋到他人手臂上的字其實是

於看銀師手冊的任何錢幣。有時候有些千奇百怪的錢幣會經

倒立的原文字，以常規的角度看，倒立後的中國文字是讀

由運載銀幣的船隻流入中國或進入水手的口袋裏。關於這些

不通的。由此，如果幣上只有一個戳記，尤其當戳記上的

銀幣，我們將在有關定價及贗品的章節中做進一步討論。

字符是阿拉伯數字或者拉丁文字，那就要格外小心了。如果是極罕見的中國清朝錢幣，那就要加倍當心了。

第三類是其他特殊來源的刻印標記硬幣，例如獨立戰爭

期間在墨西哥硬幣上刻印的標記或在印度使用的銀行標記。由於許多運往中國的墨西哥銀幣標記是在墨西哥刻印的，墨西哥刻印標記跟其他許多戳記十分相似，識別時容易混淆。

第四類是戳記已經基本無法辨識（幾乎完全損毀）的錢

幣。每一個戳記幣收藏家都希望他所收藏的3美分銀幣背

面的戳記是真的，實際上除非你能完全識別出戳記幣的真假，否則一定要當心。

第五類是仿品，有假幣仿品、假戳仿品或假幣假戳兼而

有之。

我們先來看看前四類中有可能是真戳的例子，下一章節中

圖139 洪都拉斯1894年1比索幣，KM-52，R-2。

我們再繼續就仿品展開討論。

【鑒定】有可能是真的戳記。

例1 ：第一類單個非中文字戳

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例2 ：第一類多個拉丁文字戳記法屬印度支那皮阿斯特是19世紀末 20世紀初使用範圍最

像這樣兩個拉丁字連在一起的（儘管第二章《淺談戳記的種

以下圖為例提出質疑，下圖錢幣幣面上有且只有一個戳記，

有個奇怪的字符），我的質疑是有理有據的，因為該幣幣面

廣泛的貿易幣之一。這類戳記可舉的例子有很多。我在此

類》圖115有個非常有趣的例子，三個字母連在一起後面還

是由看銀師在某次對華貿易中戳蓋的“HT ”字樣，它看

上沒有其他的戳記。

起來更像是某個人刻印上去的私人標記。我過去從沒見過

圖140 法屬印度支那1896年皮阿斯特商用幣，KM-5a.1，R-7。【鑒定】不是真的戳記。例3 ：第二類非標準貿易幣（非銀幣）我想說的下一枚錢幣是西班牙10埃斯庫多金幣，該枚金幣

分。帶真戳記的金幣接二連三地出現，它們都是相當罕見

牙是對華貿易硬幣的供應方，這一時期西班牙提供的硬幣

NGC 鑒定，屬於已經板上釘釘的“真戳記”。而且我在許

因為在對華貿易中不使用，不是當時中國錢幣系統的一部

把握鑒定這個戳記是真的戳記。

的正面女王頭像正上方戳蓋着一個小 X 字樣戳記。西班

的珍品。這個戳記的真實性讓人難以質疑，畢竟它已經過

通常帶有戳記，但它們都是銀幣。帶戳記的金幣十分稀有，

多銀幣上見過與這個一模一樣的戳記，我感覺，並且很有

這是相當常見的符號戳記，很多錢幣上都能找到這樣的戳記。

圖141 西班牙1867年10埃斯庫多金幣，KM-636.1, R-2（如果戳記是真的）圖片來源：海瑞德拍賣行，www.HA.com 【鑒定】極有可能是真的戳記。

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例4 ：第三類類似於戳記的刻印標記世界各地的政府常常使用刻印標記的錢幣，20世紀之前使

被誤認為中國的戳記。事實上，我們可以推想，這些錢幣

用得更加頻繁。許多刻印標記都被記錄了下來，且許多文獻上都有關於這類錢幣的記載。

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是在墨西哥刻印後被運往中國打戳的。

這類錢幣中有些看起來

更像中國的戳記（特別是因為這樣的戳記大量存在）。其中

下圖來自奇瓦瓦州的墨西哥獨立戰爭時期 8里亞爾銀幣就是

最為戳記收藏家們所動容的便是獨立戰爭初期（約1820 年）

這類錢幣。該枚銀幣正面的刻印標記與中國使用的戳記非

發行的墨西哥獨立紀念幣上的標記，因為這些紀念幣容易

常相像，尤其是半身像左側的刻印。

半身像左側的 T 字形刻印很容易被錯認為戳記

圖142 墨西哥（奇瓦瓦州）獨立戰爭1818年 R.P. 8里亞爾銀幣，KM-111.1 2009年4月5日這枚銀幣在塞奇威克拍賣行售出，拍品號1163，落槌價309.40美元。圖片來源：Daniel F. Sedwick, LLC 【鑒定】不是真的戳記。

例5 ：第四類受損的錢幣右圖是一枚奧古斯都時期（公元前2年至公元11年）羅馬迪

納厄斯銀幣，幣面頭像頸部標誌很像我見過的一些戳記。在過去，銀幣的流通時間遠遠長於現在⸺ 一枚羅馬錢幣

可能在歐洲流通了一段時間然後被扔進運往中國的船隻，

奧古斯都頭像頸部疑似蓋打了戳記

隨着成堆銀幣被打上戳記。我想說的是，如果這枚錢幣出

現在中國或香港的錢幣商店，那麼它可能就是戳記幣。反之，如若不是，它是不可能被打上戳記的。圖中這枚銀幣

圖143 奧古斯都時期（公元前2年至公元11年）羅馬迪納厄斯銀幣。圖片來源：英國溫徹斯特市議會溫徹斯特博物館

是1996年一名業餘錢幣愛好者使用金屬探測器在英國溫徹斯特塞勒姆路挖掘出來的，現存於溫徹斯特博物館。

【鑒定】不是真的戳記。

234 在此我推薦 G. Brunk 編輯的書籍：World Countermarks and Medieval and Modern Coin（全球各地刻印、中世紀和現代硬幣），Quarterman（誇特曼）、Lawrence（勞倫斯）合著，MA 1976 。

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例6 ：第四類類似戳記的標記 / 受到破壞下圖是1830 年中美洲共和國1里亞爾銀幣，該枚銀幣的雙

在任何其他錢幣上看到這種戳記。這枚銀幣曾在一次拍賣

和國錢幣（特別是我見過的幾枚8裏亞爾銀幣，臺灣看銀師

的“外觀”。我猜想這是一個塗鴉作品或者是受到過一定程

會上作為戳記幣售出，但我總覺得它缺少戳記幣所應具有

面都蓋印了“X”字樣。儘管確實存在帶戳記的中美洲共

度的破壞。

手冊上收錄有它的照片），我依舊對這枚銀幣是真戳記幣表示懷疑。我從來沒見過其他帶戳記的1里亞爾銀幣，也從未

圖144 中美洲共和國1830年 T. F. 1里亞爾銀幣，KM-19.2, R-1/2（如果戳記是真的）。【鑒定】不是真的戳記。

例7 ：第四類受到破壞的（收藏幣）這枚墨西哥 ¼ 里亞爾小銅幣來自羅斯藏品，被放在十分標

是無法辨識的或者說已經模糊不清了，唯一能支持它是戳

被蓋打戳記。這枚錢幣如果是真的戳記幣，應該有幾個明

幣，並且它來自羅斯藏品。然而，羅斯錯認它為戳記幣，

準的戳記藏品系列之中。這種體積非常小的錢幣不太可能

記幣的證據，是這種錢幣在流入中國後被大量鑄成中國銀

顯的特徵，但是它只是一枚 ¼ 里亞爾幣，銅質，且“戳記”

我認為不是。

圖145 墨西哥1797年 MO ¼ 里亞爾銅幣，KM-62。【鑒定】不是真的戳記。

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仿品第五類是仿品，仿造的戳記一直以來都備受爭議。無論是

戳記仿品也可以分為三個主要類別：帶真戳的假幣、帶假

中毫無例外也會有仿品。遺憾的是我只能以仿品幤為例粗

三類仿品。

哪一類領域的收藏家，對仿品的關注度只增不減。戳記幣

戳的假幣以及帶假戳的真幣。接下來讓我們一起來看看這

略說明。也許等我以後空閒了我會在這本書中新增一個版塊概括總結所有的仿品。

帶真戳的假幣第一類錢幣，即帶真戳的假幣。這一類錢幣比較少見，可

以下這枚現代仿造的1794 年秘魯2 里亞爾幣（請注意年份

能出現在對華貿易過程中，試圖將伯明罕造幣廠或者其他

中“4”的方向呈45 °顛倒）幣面上的戳記有可能是真的，

私人造幣廠鑄造的假銀幣作為西班牙良幣付給中國商人。

而錢幣本身卻是假幣。這枚錢幣銀中帶銅，可能是在美國

類錢幣是奇缺的，一些歐洲商人不得不私底下仿造。例如，

拍賣行以477美元的價格售出該枚錢幣235，事實證明，收

這些錢幣可能本身含銀量很高，但是真正含銀量極高的這

或中國鑄造的。2012 年11月錢幣拍賣公司斯坦科鮑爾斯

當西班牙深陷與各個歐洲國家戰爭的當頭，這種仿造幣屢

藏仿品 236 往往比收藏真品更有利可圖，真品能售出的數量

見不鮮，另外，在拉丁美洲獨立戰爭期間，商人們被迫尋

要少的多。

找其他管道增加西班牙銀幣，包括鑄造仿造幣。中國人在使用卡洛斯銀元過程中也會選擇仿造的方法。

圖146 秘魯1794年利馬 J.P. 2里亞爾現代仿品，Kleeberg-94A-L18。圖片來源：斯坦科鮑爾斯拍賣行，www.stacksbowers.com

帶假戳的假幣第二類仿品最為普遍⸺ 在現代貿易幣複製品上打上現代

會關注相關戳記的使用地區和原因。由於許多收藏家認為

假戳記，以期說服買家這是真幣並且曾經在中國流通。

戳記降低了錢幣本身的價值，因此沒有人會在錢幣上加蓋

假戳記故意降低錢幣的價值，他們自認為打戳的錢幣一定

這類假幣有很多，主要見於拍賣網站。這類假幣數量不斷

是真幣。當然，假戳記就如假的氧化層或銅銹⸺ 用以欺

增多的原因是大多數錢幣收藏家對戳記知之甚少，但若是

騙買家。

收藏像美國貿易銀元或墨西哥雙柱銀元這樣的錢幣，他們

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造這類錢幣的過程中有可能加打了戳記，特別是在銅鑄假

對於這種類型的贗品，請注意它的如下特徵。收藏家應該

幣上加打戳記。

關注錢幣細節，檢查任何一個可疑的部分。諸如雙柱銀元

等一些來自西班牙、美國的錢幣，幣邊是判斷真偽的關鍵，因為仿造者很少關注錢幣的邊緣。237 一名收藏家最好能成

為了獲得准許在此複製一些網路賣家的照片，我花費了一

域有知名度的交易商購買。

們是比較常見的，順附幾個錢幣論壇和專業網站，238 幫助

些時間。這些錢幣通常是作為“對華貿易真幣”出售的。它

為所藏錢幣領域的專家。如若不能，那麼請只向你所選領

收藏家識別假幣。

還有一些贗品是18世紀或19世紀鑄造的帶假戳假幣，在鑄

（未完待續）

235 236 237 238

斯坦科鮑爾斯拍賣行，紹姆堡出售，2009 年 6月25日，拍品號 83，第20頁。詳見第133頁的1800 年1裏亞爾墨西哥銀幣仿品圖片。詳見：E. Yap ；如何發現雙柱銀元假幣，《戳記幣資訊》第17卷第1期（2013 年3月）第17-22頁。我建議大家加入：Monedas Españolas: Reproducciones y Falsificaciones（西班牙假幣），登錄 https://www.facebook.com/groups/monedafalsa/ 網站加入 Facebook 群組。

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The

20th MPC Fest Steve Feller [USA]

Over the first weekend of May 2019 the twentieth annual MPC Fest was held at Camp Leo May, Ohio, near Port Clinton, OH, USA. About 50 festers gathered together for this noteworthy anniversary fest. This is my second report of a fest. This is a numismatic highlight of the ye a r a nd m a ny fo r m s of military currency are discussed and reviewed, including much that was used in Asia and Europe. There is a focus on monies of World War II, Korea, and Viet-Nam. I met my daughter and granddaughter at the Detroit airpor t after I had rented a car. Then it was off to lunch at Zingerman’s Deli in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Daughter Ray and granddaughter Ramona at the well-known Midwestern Zingerman’s Deli.

We arrived at Camp Leo May near Port Clinton, OH and our fest began. The weekend is full and even exhausting but it is exhilarating as well. Here is a partial list of activities that took place: ❶ Thursday, May 2, 2019: Marksmanship training at Camp Perry, OH with chicken dinner. This was a first for me and I enjoyed it thoroughly.

JIM and Philippine session with world expert Neil Shafer, new fester training, dinner, anniversary party with toasts and cakes, the March Madness competition over military money knowledge, pay call, and much discussions into the wee hours.

❷ Friday, May 3, 2019: Bourse, military stamps session,

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❸ Saturday, May 4, 2019: phone calls to awaken all of us at 7 A.M., breakfast, battalion and company photographs, autograph party of new books, souvenir cards, etc., over 20 training sessions or talks on military money with Ray Feller, by election, was the people’s choice and earned the “Bob Olson Award.” Also, Fred Schwan was the Keynote Speaker where he revealed new MPC information, lunch, a currency C-day reenactment, the finals of March Madness (national champ: Fred Schwan),

the giving of numerous prizes including the top one known as the “Ray Toy Award” to the “Original Festers,” Poker (Champ: David Schwan), and auction lot viewing. The events concluded even later than the night before.

Also, guests of festers have the chance to see local sites and dine out with the “Tiger Lillies,” a dedicated group of significant others led by “The Boss,” Judy Schwan.

coming to Fest 21 that will be held in March 2020. It is a great numismatic bargain.

❹ Sunday, May 3, 2019: phone calls to awaken all of us at 7 A.M., breakfast, auction with over 300 lots, lunch, post-fest trip to Johnson Island American Civil War POW and Suttler site.

We returned to the Detroit international airport Sunday afternoon. I was a fortunate guy to attend the fest with both my daughter, Ray, and granddaughter, Ramona.

This is truly a phenomenal event and has become a highlight of my numismatic year. I urge all to consider

Shown below are event photographs as well images of artifacts of the Fests.

MPC Battalion Picture 2019. I am in the second row in a green shirt (the taller guy). My daughter Ray Feller and her daughter Ramona McCloskey-Feller are above and to the left of me. Fred Schwan is off-to the far right in the front row.

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MPC Fest Military Stamp Study Group.

The all-important standard operating procedures for Fest 20.

Fest 20 Meal Card.

MPC Fest informational card or ”SMLM” card, 2019.

Fest 20 Ration Card used in the conversion of series 181 to 191 MFC.

Silver and bronze versions of Fest 20 medals.

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My MPC Fest 20 Registration Card

Admission Ticket to the Final Four of March Madness, 2019.

Faces of the five and ten dollar notes of series 181 MFC. These were converted.

Backs of the five and ten dollar notes of series 181 MFC. These were converted.

The conversion of MFC Series 181 to 191. Faces. Note the $50 note given back to me was an earlier series, 171.

The conversion of MFC Series 181 to 191. Backs. Note the $50 note given back to me was an earlier series, 171.

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届

美國軍用支付券集會實錄史提夫·費勒〔美國〕

2019年5月的第一個週末，第20屆美國軍用支付券集會在鄰

近俄亥俄州克林頓港的裡奧梅營（Camp Leo May）舉行。約有50名集會者為了這次值得關注的紀念性集會聚集在一

起。這是我寫的第二篇關於美國軍用支付券集會的報道。

美國軍用支付券集會是年度錢幣活動的亮點。集會時會討論、評價多種類型的軍用貨幣，包括在亞洲和歐洲使用的軍用貨幣，主要關注第二次世界大戰中使用的朝鮮和越南軍用貨幣。

租了一輛車後，我前往底特律大都會國際機場接女兒和外

孫女，然後我們在密西根安娜堡的 Zingerman's Deli 餐

女兒雷和外孫女拉莫娜在美國中西部著名的 Zingerman’s Deli 餐廳合照

廳吃午餐。

我們到達靠近俄亥俄州克林頓港的裡奧梅營後，集會開始。這是一個充實的週末，也是忙碌疲累的週末，但令人愉快。下列是部分集會活動明細：

晚餐，提供吐司和蛋糕的周年紀念派對。“瘋狂三月知識競

第❶天 | 5月2日，週四。俄亥俄州佩里營的射擊培訓和雞

肉晚餐。我第一次參加這樣的活動，因此全程享受其中。

賽” （稱為“瘋狂三月”並不代表舉辦集會的月份在三月）、支付模擬會。

第❷天 | 5月3日，週五。參與下列活動：藏品交易活動、軍事郵票學習小組會、與世界紙幣權威專家尼爾 · 莎弗

討論，直到淩晨。

（Neil Shafer）共同參加日本军用手票研究會、菲律賓債券研究會、新集會成員培訓。

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頒發了一等獎，即為人們所熟知的“雷 · 托伊獎” 。

第❸ 天 | 5月4日，週六。早7:00 叫醒。早餐，拍集體照，

新書簽名會，銷售抽獎券。

，參觀拍品。撲克巡迴賽（冠軍：大衛 · 舒萬）

與雷 · 費勒一起參加逾20場培訓或關於軍事貨幣的演講，大

。家可自行選擇參加哪個活動，優秀者獲得“鮑勃 · 奧爾森獎”

活動比前一天更晚結束。

弗雷德 · 舒萬（Fred Schwan）發表主題演講，講述最新

第❹天 | 5月5日，周日。早7:00 叫醒。早餐，拍賣會，逾

的軍用支付券資訊。

300 件拍品。

午餐，更換軍用支付券序號， “瘋狂三月”決賽 ( 全國冠軍 :

午餐，集會結束後前往詹森島美國內戰戰俘和軍中小販據

同時，參與集會的嘉賓有機會遊覽當地景點，與“虎皮百

3月舉行的第21屆美國軍用支付券集會，它是一場重要的錢

弗雷德 · 舒萬 )，頒發了許多獎項，包括向“最早集會人員”

點旅行。

合”⸺ 一支由“老大”裘蒂 · 舒萬（Judy Schwan）帶領

幣交易活動。

的團隊成員共進晚餐。

我們在周日下午回到底特律大都會國際機場。我很幸運帶

軍用支付券集會是一項予人驚喜的活動，已經成為我的錢

着我的女兒雷、外孫女拉莫娜參加了這次集會。

幣生涯中重要的部分。我誠摯邀請所有人參加將於2020 年

下面展示的是集會活動的現場照片。

2019年軍用支付券集體照。我在第二排，身穿綠色襯衫（個子高些的那位）。我的女兒雷 · 費勒（Ray Feller）與外孫女拉莫娜 · 麥克洛斯基 · 費勒（Ramona McCloskey-Feller）在我的左上方。弗雷德 · 舒萬（Fred Schwan）在第一排的最右邊。

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軍用支付券集會軍事郵票學習小組活動場景

第20屆軍用支付券集會標準操作流程手冊、年鑒等資料宣傳頁

第20屆軍用支付券集會餐券

軍用支付券集會資訊卡，即2019年 SMLM 卡

第20屆軍用支付券集會限量卡，用於更換序號181至序號191集會軍需代金券

第20屆軍用支付券集會銀質紀念章、銅質紀念章

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我的第20屆軍用支付券集會登記卡

2019年“瘋狂三月”四強賽入場券

序號181集會軍需代金券5美元及10美元券正面。這兩張是更換後的券

序號181軍需代金券5美元及10美元券背面。這兩張是更換後的券

序號181的軍需代金券更換後的序號為191的軍需代金券正面。值得注意的是我拿到手的

用序號181的軍需代金券兌換的序號為191的軍需代金券背面。值得注意的是我拿到手的

更換後的50美元軍需代金券是更早的序號171券

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香港钱币展 8 月 23-25 日展位 103 · 长滩钱币展 9 月 4-6 日展位 1458

11/24/2019 冠军澳门拍卖会 —— 委托截止日期 9/30 （在展会中可以委托拍卖）

11.22-24澳门金碧文娱中心

澳门钱币学会第 2019

11/21 11/22 11/22-24 11/24

17:00 11:00-18:00 14:00-17:00

冠军澳门拍卖会预展澳门钱币学会国际年展澳门钱币学会国际钱币论坛澳门金碧文娱中心

活动地址

11/23 11/24

澳门钱币学会国际年展剪彩仪式及晚宴

11:00-18:00 10:00-17:00

活动地址

冠军澳门拍卖会预展冠军澳门拍卖会澳门十六浦索菲特酒店六楼会议室

2018年澳门冠军拍卖会成交量

届年会 31

Lot209 1912 年黎元

Lot216 1916 年袁世

Lot226 1923 年壹圆龙凤银

洪像（戴帽）开国纪

凯洪宪纪元飞龙银币

币，反面小字

念壹圆银币

Kann 663，L&M

Y336 (K680)，L&M-81，

L&M43，Y320，

942，NGC MS64+，

NGC MS65

NGC MS66

Norcal 藏品

估价：US $7,500

估价：US $10,000

估价：US $5,000

成交价：US $38,400

成交价：US $93,600

成交价：US $26,400

Lot291 1928 年（民国

Lot346 2018 年澳门钱

Lot372 1995 年《三国演义》

十七年）贵州省政府造

币学会银质纪念熊猫

纪念金币·桃园三结义

贵州银币壹圆，俗称

2 公斤，直 150mm，

500 元，5 盎司，成色

“汽车币”，门上有点

成色 99.9%，精制镜面，

99.9%，精制，发行量 99 枚，

L&M609，NGC MS58

1 号，发行量 15 枚

钱币编号 #33，NGC PF68

估价：US $15,000

估价：US $10,000

ULTRA CAMEO

成交价：US $55,200

成交价：US $24,000

估价：US $50,000 成交价：US $72,000

11/22 熊猫首发 2019年澳门钱币学会年会暨第二届大湾区钱币澳门特别展纪念熊猫

20 盎司 20 周年银纪念章

2 盎司 20 周年银纪念章

Now Accepting Consignments to the

Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio Upcoming Hong Kong Auctions March 2020: Consign by December 8, 2019

August 2020: Consign by May 8, 2020 CHINA. 1500 Yuan, 1989. NGC PROOF-69 Ultra Cameo.

CHINA. Anhwei. 3 Mace 6 Candareens (50 Cents), Year 24 (1898). PCGS MS-64 Gold Shield.

Recent Highlights Include:

CHINA. Silver Reversed Dragon Dollar Pattern (Type II), Year 3 (1911). PCGS SPECIMEN-63+ Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 12 (1923). PCGS MS-63 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver Tael Pattern, CD (1906). Tientsin Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-63 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Hunan. Dollar, Year 11 (1922). PCGS MS-65 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Gold 5 Ounce Medal, 1989. Guanyin, Goddess of Mercy. NGC PROOF-69 Ultra Cameo.

CHINA. Silver Long Whisker Dragon Dollar Pattern, Year 3 (1911). PCGS SPECIMEN-62 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver “Mausoleum” Dollar Pattern, Year 16 (1927). PCGS MS-63 Gold Shield.

CHINA-PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC. People’s Bank of China. 10,000 Yuan, 1951. P-858Aa. PMG Very Fine 25.

CHINA. Chihli (Pei Yang Arsenal). 3 Mace 6 Candareens (50 Cents), Year 23 (1897). PCGS MS-64 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Silver Mace Pattern, CD (1906). Tientsin Mint. PCGS SPECIMEN-65 Gold Shield.

CHINA. Taiwan. “Old Man” Dollar, ND (1838-50). NGC AU Details-Chopmarked. INDIA. Government of India. 1000 Rupees, ND (1928). P-cf.12. PCGS GSG About Uncirculated 50 Details. Perforated.

CAMBODIA. Gold Piastre Pattern Restrike, 1860. Phnom Penh Mint. Norodom I. PCGS SPECIMEN-60 Gold Shield.

infohk@stacksbowers.com | www.stacksbowers.com

CHINA-FOREIGN BANKS. Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China. 100 Taels, ND (1885-1911). P-S199s. Specimen. PMG Very Fine 30 Net. Rust, Previously Mounted.

Unit 1603, 16/F, Mira Place Tower A No. 132 Nathan Road Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, HONG KONG

NETHERLANDS INDIES. Dutch Administration. 1 to 1000 Gulden, 1815. P-1r to 9r. Remainders. PMG About Uncirculated 53 to Choice Uncirculated 64 EPQ.

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第二版 Price( 售價 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含郵費 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades. 2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中國

版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版于2011年6月發行，相比

近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國最頂級

第一版60枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注於

的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、係統的研究與展現。

60枚中國近代機製銀幣，定名為《中國近代機製銀幣精

其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、市場

品鑒賞•銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。

趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展現中國珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。

由於頁面所限，第二版刊載60枚中國銀幣精品的重要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜係說明。所有內容均為中

刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel:021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm，四色印刷，闡述了1600年至1935 年間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。本書是1990年之後的第一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊，平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), edited by Wang Shihong, a famous Chinese gold and silver coins collector has been issued recently. This series of books were published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House (ECPH), supervised by Coin Collection Committee, the branch of China Association of Collectors(CAC), and printed by Shanghai Artron Graphic Arts Company Limited. Ma Delun, former deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, wrote the forward, and Dai Zhiqiang, the first curator of China Numismatic Museum, wrote a report for this series. When it comes to the main purpose of this book, the chief editor Wang Shihong says, “It is hoped that this series of books can provide relevant knowledge of modern gold and silver coins in China comprehensively and systematically and carry forward the excellent culture of our motherland, so that readers can have a more particular knowledge of the history and connotations of gold and silver coins, and better appreciate their artistic value.” He also hopes to attract more enthusiasts to participate in the investment and collection of gold and silver coins, gradually expand the size of collecting team, improve the brand effect of Chinese gold and silver coins and enhance their influence at home and abroad in order to realize a faster development of Chinese gold and silver coin industry.” Writing this series of books, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), is a systematic project, so we set up the expert advisory committee and the editorial board. It took the Chinese professional elite team more than five years to compile these books. This series of books reveal the development of modern precious metal coins in China through the exclusive interviews with the decision-makers, designers, carvers, and coin collectors, as well as a large number of firsthand information rarely known by the people. This series of books is an encyclopedia of modern precious metal coins in China. With unique academic perspective and simple words, this series gives a full explanation of processes of project selection, design, production and so on, and also

Contact Information (for purchasing purposes): Domestic

Shanghai Hong’an Culture Communication Co. Ltd. Pay before delivery. Payment should be remitted to Hongkou subbranch of Shanghai branch of the Bank of Communications. The post office remittance is also acceptable. Account Number: 310066030018170238495 Contact Person & Phone Number: Luo Fei, 17717536767

International Price: 160USD (without postage)

Contact Person: Champiom Auction Phone Number: 021-62130771 Email: championghka@gmail.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5)

Wang Shihong, chief editor of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China

make an intensive study of their cultural value, collectiing characteristics of precious metal coins. As a combination of authority, historical events, groovy knowledge, artistry, technicality, and readability, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China, not only serves as references for academic researchers and financial workers, but also as a standard work showing modern precious metal coins in China from an overall perspective for collectors of gold or silver coins. This series is 235mm X 290mm in size, octavo, with, composed of 5 volumes, containing about 2.5 million words and 2,000 pictures which are all exquisitely printed according to the original drawings. All the Chinese modern precious metal coins issued by People’s Bank of China from 1979 to 2014 are included in these books. Besides, related materials, such as the development history of modern precious metal coins in China, comparison table of classified catalog of modern precious metal coins in China, and materials about gold or silver coins, are also recorded in appendix. In order to promote the spread and popularization of professional knowledge of gold or silver coins and to release the readers’ economic burden, the chief editor, Wang Shihong takes the compilation, publication of this series of books as a public welfare undertaking. Expenses, such as compiling and management expenses, all come from selfless devotees who are interested in Chinese gold or silver coins. Therefore, the price of these 5 books is 160 USD (without postage), containing only costs of publication, printing, and issue. At the same time, the brass commemorative medal designed by the famous designer Luo Yonghui for the issue of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China will also be issued at the price of 450RMB for each.

學術性和可讀性於一體，不僅是學術研究者和金融工作者完整的參考資料，也是金銀幣收藏者全面瞭解中國現代貴金屬幣全貌的權威著作。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書的尺寸為 235mm X 290mm，8 開，全套共 5 本，約 250 萬字，累計有近兩千餘幅圖片 ( 所有金銀紀念幣圖譜均按原大精印 )。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》收錄了 1979——2014 年中國人民銀行發行的所有中國現代貴金屬紀念幣，而且還在附錄部分刊載了“中國現代貴金屬幣發展簡史”、中國現代貴金屬幣分類目錄對照表及金銀帀相關資料等。

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主編王世宏先生由中國大百科全書出版社出版，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會監製，上海雅昌藝術印刷有限公司承印，中國人民銀行讀後感，中國著名金銀幣收藏家王世宏主編的《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》( 第 1—5 冊 ) 已經出版發行。

負擔，王世宏主編把該書的編寫與發行當作一項公益事業來做，所有編寫費用、管理費用等，全部由熱心中國金銀幣事業的無私奉獻者捐贈解決，書價只含出版、印刷、發行等費用，全書五冊定價僅 950 元（國際售價 160 美金，不含郵費）。同時，還發行由著名設計大師羅永輝設計的《中國現代貴金屬帀賞析》發行紀念大銅章，每枚定價 450 元。

王世宏主編在談及組織編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主要目的時表示：希望通過本書全面、系統地介紹中國現代金銀幣的相關知識，弘揚祖國優秀文化，使廣大讀者能進一步瞭解金銀幣的歷史和內涵，提高大家對其藝術價值的賞析能力，以吸引更多的愛好者參與金銀幣的投資與收藏，逐步擴大金銀幣的集藏隊伍，提高中國金銀幣的品牌效應和海內外影響力，促進中國金銀幣事業的更快發展。編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》是一項系統工程，為此，成立了專家顧問委員會、編輯委員會，由中國專業精英團隊耗時 5 年多時間精心編著。全書通過對決策者、設計師、雕刻師、以及錢幣收藏家們的專訪，以大量鮮為人知的第一手資料，揭示了中國現代貴金屬幣的發展脈絡與軌跡。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》以其獨特的學術視角，樸素的敘述文字，多角度、全方位地展示了中國現代貴金屬幣的選題立項、設計雕刻、工藝製作等過程，同時在文化價值、收藏屬性等方面做了較為深入的探討，是中國現代貴金屬幣資訊資料的百科大全。

國內欲購者請與上海宏盎文化傳播有限公司聯繫，款到發貨書款請匯交通銀行上海分行虹口支行或郵局匯付賬號 310066030018170238495 聯絡人：駱飛電話：17717536767 國外

售價：160 美元（不包含郵費）欲購者請與冠軍拍賣上海辦事處聯繫電話：15000120957 郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

冊）發行 1—5

原副行長馬德倫作序，中國錢幣博物館首任館長戴志強撰寫

為了利於金銀帀專業知識的傳播和普及，降低廣大讀者經濟

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》第 (

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》集權威性、史料性、知識性、藝術性、

Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province By Xu Anmin Price ：RMB ￥298 Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province was written by prominent paper money collector Xu Anmin, and was published in December 2014 by Jiangxi People’s Press, with the support and planning of the Jiang Xi Banking Industry. The unofficial banknotes cataloged in this book were issued by local administrative agencies, banks and organizations (such as local armed forces, cooperatives) etc. The face value of these paper notes was the same as that of the national legal currency which was circulated in some defined regions. The book is illustrated with pictures of 185 of the banknotes issued in Jiangxi Province, of which 25 were issued in the Qing Dynasty, 11 by local administrative agencies, 15 by local armed forces, 19 by chambers of commerce, and 88 by money houses and business houses. In addition, there are 21 local gold dollar coupons, 4 silver coupons, and 2 special money. Additionally, there are about 30 printing blocks and anticounterfeiting seals. The 200 physical coupons are from the author’s collection. This is the first time these precious coupons, some of which are unique, have been published.

comments were mainly on the collectors’ errors, value,

The book is divided into the following sections:

star-rating, collection methods, current existing condition and personal target.The postscript presents author’s 20

the foreword, brief introduction, catalog, comments,

years collecting experience, his star-rating and calculating

references and postscript.The guide defines the scope

method, which will help collectors.The references include

and the time of the research and collecting and the

the relative historical resources, monographs and research

definition of unofficial banknotes. This is the first time

articles from modern times.In additional, the author

these banknotes have been categorized according to their

verified the authenticity of physical bonds which need to

different features. A brief introduction was also given

be proved. He also wrote another two articles about the paper money: “The Research of Banknotes Issued by Wu

to each chapter of the book.The General Introduction includes features, the development of unofficial banknotes, the rise of collecting these notes and the research achievements for unofficial banknotes. The pictures of the banknotes, local gold coupons ( 金圆券 ), local silver coupons ( 银圆券 ), special money, printing blocks and anti-counterfeiting seals are illustrated in the book. The book comprehensively describes each physical coupon of the banknotes. Many ancient stories were discovered such as the words of celebrities, family rules, poetry and prose from the script and pattern of the banknotes.The

Zheng-Yuan Private Bank of JianYi (Feng Cheng City) ”, and “Remark on 1896 Banknotes Issued by Kiangsi Official Silver Bank Again ”. This book is 281 pages long and has more than 300 colorful pictures of the banknotes. It is printed in A4 size on colorful bronze paper with a fine binding. It is a professional book for collecting and researching the unofficial banknotes issued in Jiangxi. It is sold by Xinhua Book Stores all over the country at a price of 298 yuan.

《江西民間鈔票》作者：徐安民售價：RMB ￥298

在江西省銀行業的精心策劃和組織下，由國內著名

特點、發展階段、民間鈔票收藏的興起及研究成果；圖

纸币收藏家徐安民先生撰寫的《江西民間鈔票》2014 年

錄，囊括清代錢莊鈔票、行政機構鈔票、地方武裝鈔票、

12 月由江西人民出版社出版發行。該書收集的實物函括

商會鈔票、錢莊商號鈔票、地方金圓券、地方銀元券、

清代至民國時期江西省境內地方行政機構、團體組織及

特殊幣、鈔版及印章等實物。本章節還對各不同時期民

各錢莊商號等發行的紙幣。主要包括錢莊、地方基層行

間鈔票進行了扼要綜述，對收錄的每張實物券進行了專

政機構、地方武裝組織、合作社、商會、商號及其他機

業點評，并根據鈔票上的各類文字圖案挖掘出大量中國

構組織發行的紙幣，且在一定社會區域與國家法定貨幣

古代名人格言、家訓及詩賦等歷史典故；收藏感悟，梳

等值流通的鈔票。全書共收集到江西民間鈔票圖片 185

理了民間鈔票收藏者的誤區、民間鈔票的收藏價值、星

張，其中清代鈔票 25 張，基層行政機構鈔票 11 張，地

級評定、收藏模式與現狀及個人定位。收藏感悟係作者

方武裝鈔票 15 張，商會鈔票 19 張，錢莊商號鈔票 88 張，

20 多年收藏實踐經驗的親身感悟和思想提煉，并創造

地方金圓券 21 張，地方銀元券 4 張，特殊幣 2 枚。另有，

性的提出了“星級別評定”的方法和計算方式，對收藏

鈔版及防偽印章 30 余件。書中所錄選的 200 多件實物券，

愛好者有着極大的啟發和幫助；參考文獻，主要收錄近

均來自作者 20 多年的私人收藏品。在這些紙幣實物券

代江西民間鈔票相關的史料、專著以及研究文章等。此

中絕大多數為首次披露，極其珍貴，有些實物券屬孤品

外，作者對收藏圈里頗有爭議和影響的實物券進行詳細

或僅見品。

考證，并專門撰寫《劍邑吳正元錢號票考略》和《光緒丙申年“江西官銀號”銀錢票再議》等文章，提出作者

全書主要由凡例、概述、圖錄、收藏感悟、參考文

觀點，供讀者參閱。該書圖文并茂，大 16 開本，全彩

獻及後記等構成。凡例，確定了本書收集和研究的範圍

銅牌紙印刷，精裝幀，281 頁，300 多幅實物原大彩圖，

及上下年限，完整地闡述了民間鈔票的科學定義，首次

是一本集史料性、實物性、知識性、專業性為一體的近

按照民間鈔票的不同性質進行分門歸類，并對各章節進

代江西民間鈔票收藏與研究的工具書。該書由全國新華

行了簡要介紹和說明；概述，包括江西民間鈔票的主要

書店經銷，定價 298 元。

PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min Was Given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the frst gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany.

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint.

Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award , the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wahner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany. Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair. The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School inAugust 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year. From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine. Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to Mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very diffcult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials. In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Minâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head offce of Bank of China.

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

本屆世界硬幣大獎頒獎典禮於2月4日在德國柏林的世界錢幣展

1996年2月至6月期間，赴俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系進修。

上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎錢幣設計終身成就獎的獲得者是

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004年7

上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師—余敏。

月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書—李剛

余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為工

代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起，至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了熊

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成

貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

就獎的獲得者分別是：奧地利的赫爾伯特 •韋納、義大利的瑪利亞•卡梅拉•柯蘭納瑞以及德國的 Heinz Hoyer 和

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大獎

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀念熊貓，包括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和2013熊貓金銀幣。

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎的發起人之一的

余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之多，很可能在當今

大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助商

世界範圍內也無出其右。

之一。他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎，同時也準備了一

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念幣

篇余敏的生平簡介。

中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完成

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海

任務。

造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕刻工作。

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球）也在競標被中國銀行選中。

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish國際錢幣公司 Specialists in 專營 Pandas since 1982 1982年起發行的熊貓幣 China Modern since 1979 1979年起發行的中國現代金銀幣 World Coins since 1964 1964年起專營世界錢幣

Looking To Buy?想買？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中國現代金銀幣首次進入國際市場后，Mish 國際的員工及其藏家客戶積累了豐富的庫存和專業的錢幣知識。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想買中國幣？我們或許恰好有；也許多年前我們賣過，現在或許還能從原始買家手中買回來。

Looking To Sell?想賣？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息萬變的市場環境，Mish 國際仍是助您銷售錢幣的最佳選擇。雄厚的資金實力，專業的錢幣知識，出色的協調能力，我們同時收購單枚幣和大型收藏，價格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始於1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 攜手今日共贏明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish國際錢幣公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美國加州門羅帕克大學路1154號，郵編94025 Phone(電話):(650) 324-9110 Email(電郵):robert@mishinternational.com

入會申請表 Application Form 申請日期 Application date：申請會員類別：

本地會員 Macau Member

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外地會員 Non Macau Member

姓名 Name：

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證件號碼 ID No.：

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住址 Add.：

職業 Occupation：

錢幣收集範圍 Interst：

聯絡電話 Phone Number：

繳納會費：

會費新會員需交付：入會費 MOP500.00 New membership fee: MOP 500.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society）會員姓名編號 Member No：會員姓名編號 Member No：此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)：新會員入會日期：新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations. 2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee. Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

AUCOFFRE.COM AUCOFFRE.COM was founded in 2009 by its French CEO and founder, Jean-François FAURE. AuCoffre.com is an online platform for private investors worldwide to buy and sell vault stored gold and silver coins. The Company has some 20,000 customers, 4 tons of vaulted gold, 11 tons of vaulted silver, 25 employees and a turnover of 35 millions euros worth in 2015. At the end of 2011, AuCoffre.com decided to strike its own coin, one oz fine gold Vera Valor (with a title of 999.9%°). It has been the gold coin the most sold in France, Belgium and Switzerland in 2012. More than 35,000 Vera Valor coins have been sold since it was launched. Since then, AuCoffre.com decided to diversify its production and started to strike various editions of Vera coins (1/10 oz gold Vera Max Collector, 1 oz Vera Silver and so on …). More than 400,000 Vera Coins have been struck since its initial creation, which makes VeraValor.com the first private Mint in France. In 2015, AuCoffre.com decided to strike a Map Coin Collection promoting small territories. The Company started to strike the first legal tender Vera Silver one ounce Zanzibar with a facial value of 1000 shillings of Tanzania (50,000 coins). These coins were sold quite quickly and the customers were even asking for further editions. Gibraltar is the second territory to be represented : 50,000 one oz Vera Silver and 5,000 one oz Vera Valor will be struck with legal tenders. In 2013, AuCoffre.com launched the VeraCash, the first and unique debit card that is backed by physical gold, the Vera Valor - unlike other debit cards that are backed by cryptocurrencies or dematerialised currencies. For the VeraCash, it is the physical gold that will determine the exact amount spent based on the gold price. Through the VeraCash card and the mobile application, it is also possible to send VeraCash units to another user as a means of payment : a VeraCash unit equals one unit of the national currency. VeraValor.com and VeraCash.com wish to put forward the true values of physical gold and silver whether in physical coins or as a means of p ayment.

由余敏負責設計、上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心形紀念熊貓母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念熊貓（50g），鑄造量 300 枚

50 克的峨眉山面有金頂佛光

30 克

30 克的峨眉山面沒有金頂佛光

50 克

余敏此次設計的母親節紀念熊貓是上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心

熊貓，附帶原包裝盒及證書，每人限購一枚。購買事宜請聯

形紀念熊貓。其中銀質熊貓共生產1000枚，品質為30克；金質

繫冠軍公司美國經銷商 Jerica，電話：941 952 0100 ；郵箱：

熊貓為100枚，重8克，另外還有特別收藏版50加厚克銀質熊貓，

jericainternational@gmail.com。

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East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《東亞通寶》第 1 期 1984 年發行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《東亞泉志》電子雜誌第 1 期 2016 年 1 月發行

《东亚泉志》电子杂志《东亚泉志》为冠军拍卖公司总裁周迈可和著名钱币学专家史博禄于1994年创办，是一本学术性钱币研究专业杂志。旨在让广大钱币收藏家、研究学者更深入地了解钱币知识，让世界各地的读者更好地了解中国深厚的钱币文化。杂志高级编辑史博禄1951年生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯市，为密苏里大学历史系学士，哈佛大学中国研究专业硕士。1974-1977年在克劳斯出版社任《世界钱币新闻》助理编辑，参与《世界硬币标准目录》与《世界纸钞标准目录》编辑工作。史博禄拥有30多年的收藏和研究中国钱币的丰富经验。他在《东亚泉志》上发表的研究文献极大地丰富了中国钱币的知识内涵。《东亚泉志》于1994年7月份问世，在20多个国家发行，广受欢迎，长期占据许多重要图书馆书架的显著位置，包括美国国家博物馆史密森尼学会、大英博物馆、哈佛燕京图书馆、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、康奈尔大学和美国钱币学会、美国钱币协会。杂志刊发过不少有重要学术价值的文章，如詹姆斯•史威尼写的《1900年京局银元》、史博禄写的《徐世昌刻字纪念章》和《民国二十五年和民国二十六年之中国银元故事》、汤姆•基纳写的《1897年浙江三分六厘样币和1899 年安徽三分六厘流通币的关系》以及曾泽禄写的《台湾老公银伪品》等。 2015年5月，周迈可决定于2016年1月复刊《东亚泉志》为电子季刊，中英双语。内容以披露最新钱币收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事迹为主。主要栏目有学术研究、人物专访、鉴赏争鸣、拍卖回顾、重要信息等。聘请著名钱币研究学者袁水清担任中文主编。袁水清，1948年生，大学金融专科毕业，从事银行工作30多年。中国钱币学会会员，陕西省钱币学会常务理事，西安市收藏协会常务副会长。同时聘请国内外知名的钱币学者、收藏家及专业人士加入，如美国华人钱币学者曾泽禄、美国纸钞专家弗雷德·施万、美国东南亚钱币专家霍华德·丹尼尔、德国中国现代币研究学者塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基、香港中国现代金银币研究学者陈景林、台湾钱币学者周建福、《戳记币简史》作者台湾东吴大学加拿大籍高林教授等。从2017年起，《东亚泉志》加盟由克劳斯在德国柏林世界钱币展览会期间举办的 “世界硬币大奖”颁奖活动。

《东亚泉志》2017年免费订阅，如果需要，请把您的邮箱发到 jeanzg@163.com！《东亚泉志》第一期在线阅读：issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean

2019 年 7 月

1994

中国铜元研讨会特·别 ·版

2019

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS · 中英双语 - 电子季刊 · Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2019 铜元研讨会纪念章

，NGC MS63BN，极珍稀，NC 藏品 1913 年袁世凯像共和纪念十文铜币样币（大面）

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1913) Yuan Shi Kai 10 Cash Copper Pattern, Yuan of Large Face, NGC MS63BN, Extremely Rare, NC Collection

袁世凱像共和纪念十文銅元

CHENGDU

The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins 中国近代造币业引进国外先进设备技术的一个缩影⸺ 周汉伦钱币及文献资料藏品捐赠仪式在蓉城举行

The Donation Ceremony of Coins and Documentary Collection Given by Michael Chou was Held in Chengdu, Capital of Szechuan Province

2019 电子季刊中英双语出版人周迈可

《东亚泉志》为冠军拍卖公司总裁周迈可先生和著名钱币学专家史

馆史密森尼学会、大英博物馆、哈佛燕京图书馆、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、

博禄先生于1994年创办，是一本学术性钱币研究专业杂志。旨在让广

哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、康奈尔大学和美国钱币学会、美国钱币

大钱币收藏家、研究学者更深入地了解钱币知识，让世界各地的读者更

协会。杂志刊发过不少有重要学术价值的文章，如托马斯 · 乌尔曼写的《1886-1888年间朝鲜首铸机制币——德国专家相助创建现代造币厂》、

好地了解中国深厚的钱币文化。杂志高级编辑史博禄先生1951年生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯市，为

史博禄写的《袁世凯像大胡子开国纪念币》、范治南与何纬渝写的《钦差

密苏里大学历史系学士，哈佛大学中国研究专业硕士。1974-1977年在

大臣惊世之旅，记李鸿章访美破冰之行》、汤姆 · 基纳写的《1897年浙

克劳斯出版社任《世界钱币新闻》助理编辑，参与《世界硬币标准目录》

江三分六厘样币和1899年安徽三分六厘流通币的关系》以及曾泽禄写

与《世界纸钞标准目录》编辑工作。1977-1987年全职进行钱币交易。

的《明代天启通宝和崇祯通宝铜钱加盖戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。

1988-1989年在中国郑州大学留学，主修中国研究课程。1991-1993年

2015年5月，周迈可先生决定于2016年1月复刊《东亚泉志》，聘

在哈佛大学攻读硕士。1994-1998年任《东亚泉志》总编。史博禄先生

请著名钱币研究学者袁水清先生担任主编。复刊后的《东亚泉志》为电

拥有30多年的收藏和研究中国钱币的丰富经验。他在《东亚泉志》上发

子季刊，中英双语。内容以披露最新钱币收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功

表的研究文献极大地丰富了中国钱币的知识内涵。

人士的事迹为主。主要栏目有学术研究、人物专访、鉴赏争鸣、拍卖回

志中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多个国家发行，广

从2017年起，《东亚泉志》加盟由克劳斯在德国柏林世界钱币展览会期间举办的“世界硬币大奖”颁奖活动。

JEAN Online Links 《东亚泉志》在线阅读

第1期第 10 期第 14 期

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受欢迎，长期占据许多重要图书馆书架的显著位置，包括美国国家博物

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《东亚泉志》于1994年7月份问世，1999年停刊，发行了18期。杂

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The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history. Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

1st Issue 2nd Issue 3rd Issue 4th Issue 5th Issue 6th Issue 7th Issue 8th Issue 9th Issue 10th Issue 11th Issue 12th Issue 13th Issue

between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin BowkerNumismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Chelu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote societ y editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quar terly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 5,000, including over 2,000 in Greater China region. Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2019 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

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東亞泉志電子季刊 · 中英双语《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定于2016年1月復刊《東亞泉誌》，聘請著

博祿先生于1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓

名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生，大學金融

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專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳門錢幣學會

讀者更好地了解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收藏協會常務副

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇里州聖路易斯市，為

誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾力于中國貨幣史

密蘇里大學歷史係學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。

1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。《東亞泉志》于1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、

會長。退休后，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融 • 錢幣研究》雜和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；2012年，出版了匯集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨製《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍华德 • 富兰克林 • 包克—— 錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣简史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯

Steve Feller、香港中国现代金银币资深研究学者陳景林先生、台灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 • 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網总裁郭嘉華先生等。復刊后的《東亞泉誌》為電子季刊，中英双语。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事跡為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如詹

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

姆斯 • 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀

會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 • 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六釐樣幣和1899年安徽三分六釐流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《台灣老公銀偽品》等。

JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀

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