The Seventeenth Issue of JEAN by jeandigitala1

東亞泉志

No. 17

2020. 01 / Issue 35

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

Li Hung Chang

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

Otto von Bismarck

李鴻章

Medal on Li Hung Chang’s visit to Hamburg 李鴻章訪問漢堡紀念章

25 th

俾斯麥

Medal on Li Hung Chang’s visit to Otto von Bismarck 李鴻章造訪奧托·馮·俾斯麥紀念章

『本期专题 | FEATURES 』李鴻章出訪德國與德製紀念章

Li Hung Chang's Trip around the World - Destination Germany

首套（1 元、5 元及 10 元） “韓國製造”的流通硬幣

1/31/2020 Chinese Show Panda Catalogue Berlin Release Medal 《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》柏林首發紀念章

South Korea's First “Korean-Made”Circulation Coins: One-Won, Five-Won and 10-Won

潛心研究，竭誠服務——北京公博總經理、銅元專家段洪剛訪談錄 Duan Honggang Interview: To Focus on Studying and Serving

JEAN

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專

《東亞泉志》

業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

2020 免費訂閱

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了

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中英雙語 - 電子季刊

亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

No. 17

以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2020. 01 / Issue 35

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 ! Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com

Advisor

Chinese Editor

Che-lu Tseng

Yuan Shuiqing

顧問

中文主編

曾澤祿

袁水清

Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 · 亨寧 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor

Ma rket i ng Adv isor

US Correspondent

European Correspondent

Gu Jun

Mark Sutton

J. Matthew Brotherton

Oliver Strahl

技術顧問

市場顧問

顧軍

馬克·修頓

美國通訊員

馬修 · 布拉澤頓

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Michael H. Chou

Esther Zhao

Senior Editor

Design Director

出版人、總編輯

奧利弗·斯特拉爾

廣告與發行經理

周邁可

趙婷婷

高級編輯

美術設計

Bruce W. Smith

Steve Feller

史博祿

「中英雙語 · 電子季刊

歐洲通訊員

史蒂夫·費勒

Tan Wanmei 譚婉梅

Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly」

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（

FOREWORD

For the World Money Fair Berlin issue we have an important article by our friend Thomas Uhlmann about Li Hung Chang’s World Trip Destination Germany . Li’s very interesting trip to meet with former chancellor Bismarck and the related medals produced for this trip is covered. We had earlier in the journal published an article by my friend William and Chinan Ho about Li Hung Chang’s trip to the United States. We continue with our series on Korea coinage by Mark Lovmo, this time covering Republic of Korea’s first circulating coins. We republish an article by leading collector and researcher Nicolas Rhodes that first appear in the journal in the 1990’s. We continue with Taipei’s Colin Gullberg’s Chopmark Coins . An interesting article is from our Chinese editor Yuan Shuiqing, an interview of my friend Duan Honggan and founder of Beijing Guobao grading. Zhang Jun of Shanghai provides another interesting article on Modern Chinese coins: 35th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China . We hope there is something interesting for everyone in this issue and look forward to meeting everyone at the World Money Fair Berlin.

Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief

CONTENTS

FEATURES 107 111

64 77

South Korea’s First “Korean-Made”Circulation Coins: One-Won, Five-Won and 10-Won

Thomas Uhlmann〔Germany〕 Mark Lovmo〔USA〕

Duan Honggang Interview: To Focus on Studying and Serving

Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi’an〕

Chinese Show Panda Catalogue (1984-2019) Foreword

Jang Jianqing〔Shanghai〕 Oliver Strahl〔USA〕

Chinese Show Panda Catalogue (1984-2019) Gold & Silver Coins of China – Standard Catalogue 2019 2nd Edition (1979-2018) 2020 JNDA Catalog

Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕 Stephen Lowell〔USA〕

Resplendence of Gold and Silver: Exhibition of Gold and Silver Money in the Southern Song Dynasty Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 The Opening of the Da i Baot ing Numismatic Cultural Museum

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The Difference a Point Makes

Jeff Garrett〔USA〕

The Appreciation of The First Set of Common Commemorative Coins: The Common Commemorative Coins for the 35th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China Zhang Jun〔Shanghai〕 Zhang Jun〔Shanghai〕

Chopmarked Coins Chapter 4 - Collecting Chopmarked Coins

Colin James Gullberg〔Taipei〕

One Thousand Years of Song Coins Moslem Rebel Coins of Sinkiang

Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 N. G. Rhodes〔UK〕

COLUMN

Li Hung Chang’s Trip around the World - Destination Germany

DEPARTMENTS

06 09 12 15 25 29 33 39

前言 yan

（

qian

本期發刊恰逢柏林世界錢幣博覽會舉辦，特此刊載我們的朋友⸺ 托馬斯 · 烏爾曼先生所寫的《李

鴻章出訪德國與德製紀念章》一文。書中介紹了李鴻章會見德國前總理俾斯麥的行程以及為該次出訪所鑄造的相關紀念章。我們往期的雜誌中曾經有範治南先生和何緯渝女士所寫的李鴻章訪美

相關文章。本期還繼續刊載馬克 · 洛莫先生的韓國造幣系列文章，主要介紹了首套韓國鑄造流通幣。除此之外，還有一篇本刊在 20世紀90 年代就發表過的文章，其作者是錢幣收藏和研究領域的佼佼者⸺ 尼古拉斯 · 羅德斯先生。

本期還繼續連載了臺北高林先生所著的《戳記幣簡史》。除此之外，本刊中文主編袁水清先生對北京公博評級創始人段洪剛先生的訪問也着實有趣。章軍先生也為本刊供稿了一篇《中華人民共和國成立35周年普通紀念幣賞析》。

我們希望每一位讀者都能在本期看到自己感興趣的內容，期待在柏林世界錢幣博覽會見到諸位。

《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人：周邁可

目錄 mu

專題

16 18 21 24 27 31 36 43

55 71 82

李鴻章出訪德國與德製紀念章

首套（1 元、5 元及 10 元） “韓國製造”的流通硬幣

托馬斯·烏爾曼〔德國〕馬克·洛莫〔美國〕

潛心研究，竭誠服務——北京公博總經理、銅元專家段洪剛訪談錄

袁水清〔西安〕

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄（1984-2019）》序言

姜建清〔上海〕

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄（1984-2019）》

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

《中國金銀幣標準目錄（1979-2018）》

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

2020 年版《日本硬幣和紙幣目錄》

史蒂芬·羅威爾〔美國〕

“金銀同輝—南宋金銀貨幣精華展”

周邊〔上海〕

戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館開館硬幣評級中的一分之差

周邊〔上海〕

中華人民共和國成立 35 周年普通紀念幣賞析

102 《戳記幣簡史》第四章戳記幣收藏 109 滄桑千年話宋錢 115 19 世紀新疆穆斯林叛亂者所鑄硬幣

部門

傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕章軍〔上海〕

高林〔臺北〕周邊〔上海〕

尼古拉斯·格瓦什·羅德斯〔英國〕

專欄

DEPARTMENTS

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Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE （1984—2019）Foreword Jiang Jianqing〔Shanghai〕

Recalling a Century of Changes in World Finance - Medallic Memories by Jiang Jianqing, Volume 1 & Volume 2

Jiang Jianqing

★ The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) CEO from 2000-2005 (ICBC is the largest bank in China and one of the 500 largest enterprises in the world)

★ Co-author of A History of Foreign Banks in Modern China (2016)

★ Author of the Medallic Memories: 100 Years of Financial History Volume 1-3

★ Chairman of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China ( ICBC ) from 2005-2016

When you open this volume, you will gain insight into previously unknown stories and details about the Chinese Show Pandas revealed through the memories of insiders, organizers, distributors and attendees. This volume is a meaningful and useful guide in the collecting of Chinese Show Pandas and provides a significant contribution to modern Chinese numismatics.

international commemorative coins in 1984. Since then, representatives of the Peoples Bank of China and the China Mint have been actively par ticipating in inter national numismatic expositions, introducing Chinese precious metal commemorative coins to the world. The Chinese precious metal commemorative coins gained recognition and popularity among coin collectors worldwide and within the coinage minting industry following their debut. As grand events in numismatics, international coin shows are held annually in many American, European cities and Hong Kong. Some international show

Following the issuance of the first set of precious metal commemorative coins in 1979, China resumed producing

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People's Bank of China and minted by official mints under state authority. Many collectors do not collect medals except for a few that are exquisitely crafted. These collectors have no idea of the long history of medal production and how popular medal collecting is throughout the world. The minting and engraving techniques used on silver coins were already advanced as early as the ancient Greek and Rome periods. The engraving machine was invented during the first Industrial Revolution, bringing the minting art to a perfect combination of relief art and metal stamping technology. In the past 200 years, coin and medal arts have reached a peak, fully manifesting the highest level of modern designing and striking. There are a variety of materials used for minting coins and medals, including gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminum, and alloys of these materials in different proportions. The dies of many medals are designed by famous sculptors, with their names engraved on the medals. These masters of art express their interests, tastes and emotions through medals. Many medals are designed with outstanding craftsmanship and are elaborate, miniature art sculptures. They are timeless art treasures. Due to the difficulty in collecting medals, as well as the small numbers that were distributed and saved, many medals are very expensive and often far exceed the values of some precious metal commemorative coins.

organizers served as distributors and also designed specialized show pandas and sold them at these shows. To expand the global coin market and promote the cultural exchange within numismatics, the China Mint released its first silver Show Panda during the 3rd Hong Kong International Coin Exposition in 1984. It was the first time the China Mint attended a coin exposition. Thanks to an exquisite design and a low mintage of only 1,000 pieces, the 1984 3rd Hong Kong Show Panda was an immediate sell-out. At the international coin shows held between 1984 and 1997 (a span of more than ten consecutive years), Chinese Show Pandas became ambassadors for the domestic coinage industry as well as favorites of the expositions. Large numbers of international followers queued up to buy Show Pandas. However, the early Show Pandas were hardly known in China for a long time because of the following reasons. First, Show Pandas were sold overseas and were thus unavailable to collectors in China. Second, the selling price of Show Pandas at that time was too high for the average Chinese coin collector. Third, these show pandas were collected by international collectors or investors, and it is only in the last ten years that they began returning to China. Fourth, the mintage of Show Pandas was typically low. Usually, the mintage of Chinese Show Pandas ranged from 1,000 to 2,000 pieces, and the lowest mintage was only 99 pieces. Because of getting lost, damaged or melted over recent decades, Chinese Show Pandas with small numbers of survivors and good quality are rarely seen today. Neither domestic nor international markets have seen then for sale. Domestic collectors started to pay attention to Show Pandas in recent years, but with time passing by, now some rare editions are becoming harder to find than in the past. Fifth, there has not been enough data for inquiry and research. Related literature and information in coin books and numismatic catalogs has not been completed until recently. However, as this book reveals a detailed introduction to the birth of Chinese Show Pandas for the first time, and it also discloses many interesting stories related to the Show Panda issues, the publication of this book is good news for beginning and established collectors of Chinese Show Pandas.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the China Mint organized and arranged famous artists to design and engrave Chinese Show Pandas. Those outstanding artists represented the highest levels of the Chinese domestic coinage industry at that time. Recently, we are seeing new Chinese Show Pandas and Panda coins being released by our international numismatic friends and experts. They continue to use incredible Chinese artistry, but are now bringing new, modern, innovative technology to these unique Show Pandas and Panda Coins. Almost all of these issued masterworks are elaborate and enjoy far more of an official authority than common medals, and many sit in the same category as precious metal commemorative coins. Show Pandas were made of diverse materials, such as platinum, palladium, gold, silver and bi-metal; their weights range from 1/4 ounce to 1 kilogram. International coin expositions were held in many cities across the world, such as Baltimore, San Francisco, New Orleans, New York, Atlanta, California, Pittsburgh, Munich, Basel, Zurich, and Hong Kong. In addition to featuring the lovely panda design, these Show Pandas reflect the history, culture, and architectural style of the countries and cities hosting the show. In the early shows, some interesting events occurred. For example, the words of some Show Pandas were carved in retrograde or had the wrong metal abbreviations. This was due to a shortage of experience and time, and these error coins are highly sought-after now. Today, all these stories have become unforgettable metallic memories.

Lastly, there is one more important reason coins and medals are often misunderstood. Despite the commonly believed concept of the "homology of coins and medals", there are still some differences between them. Commemorative coins are usually issued under the state's legal tender authority and minted by national mints, and they have specified denominations. Show Pandas and commemorative medals are minted by different minting authorities, either by state mints or by private enterprises, they usually bear no denomination, and they have more diverse varieties and designs. In China, most people prefer to purchase precious metal commemorative coins issued by the

DEPARTMENTS

I n t o d ay 's mo d e r n s o cie t y, few p e ople c ol le c t Show

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DEPARTMENTS

é&#x192;¨é&#x2013;&#x20AC;

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE Pandas compared with the specialized philatelic industry. Unfor t u nately, compared with the philatelic i ndust r y, expositions and studies for coins or medals are lacking. However, it is believed that more and more collectors will get involved in the collection and study of Show Pandas, and I hope that there will be a growing number of specialist articles and volumes on this fascinating subject after this book is published. I wrote the Medallic Memories: 100 Years of Financial History in three volumes based on my collection of worldwide financial and bank medals a few years ago. It was an attempt to make a study of these specialized coins and medals, as a spur to introduce more collectors to come forward with their valuable contributions. After the publication of my books, I am very appreciative that I received support and encouragement from historical and financial researchers, scholars, practitioners and coins and medal collectors. After the successful debut of the first Show Panda at the Hong Kong show, the panda became the main feature in the design of the Show Pandas. The worldrenowned panda has lived on the earth for more than 8 million years. Pandas can only be found in the forests of Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province, and Gansu Province in China. At present, there are only 1,600 giant pandas in the wild throughout the world and they are known as "living fossils" and the "State treasure of China". Pandas are particularly popular across the globe. It is fantastic to see how different designers have vividly portrayed pandas on coins and medals in a variety of creative ways. The panda design has never been repeated, which is hard to achieve. Panda designs are the best choice and the perfect symbols to represent the Chinese modern precious metal coins and Show Pandas. Their gentle disposition and attractive appearance make them the symbol of peace and friendship. Like living pandas, Chinese Show Pandas are valuable and rare. One of the reasons that Chinese commemorative Show Panda coins (medals) have always been

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

welcomed by the numismatist of the world is because their existence is as rare as that of pandas. Despite years of effort, many collectors have been unable to complete a set of Show Pandas because many are simply too hard to find, especially those highlighted at the show. Time passes quickly like a white pony's shadow across a crevice. It has been 30 years since the first Show Panda was issued by the China Mint. This book provides readers with information about the fascinating history of Chinese Show Pandas. These enduring pieces of metal symbolize the history of China's involvement with global coin expositions and the international coin market. They are everlasting, historical evidence of the development of China's coinage industry. The memories and stories shared by the persons mentioned in this book reveal the efforts that brought Show Pandas to reality, and I would like to express my gratitude for all these efforts. Thank you for preserving these treasures of art.

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Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE （1984—2019） Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕

1/31/2020 Chinese Show Panda Catalogue Berlin Release (35th Anniversary of Show Pandas)

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

東亞泉志出版 JEAN Publications

with the support of Ron Guth (Founder of PCGS CoinFacts).

A new and fascinating professional book is announced at the World Money Fair in Berlin for January 31, 2020. The Chinese Show Panda Catalogue by JEAN Publications gives interested numismatists an unprecedented deep insight into the collecting field of modern Chinese coins and medals from the first year of issue 1979 onwards.

The Chinese Show Panda Catalogue in soft cover weighs about 1kg and contains almost 400 pages. It is published in the book format with the dimensions of 17.5x26cm in an edition of 200 pieces for the European market. The first Proof Reader Edition on the other hand still had a size of 17x26cm. The Chinese edition is equipped with a hardcover. All pictures are shown in color with high resolution graphics. The content is bilingual in traditional Chinese and English. The translations have been perfectly matched to each other so that nothing is lost in terms of content. If you do not speak both languages,

The catalogue was thoroughly prepared over five long years and an extremely intensive research was done by the two editors King Chan (Author of Gold & Silver Coins of China Standard Catalogue 1979 - 2017) and Michael Chou (Publisher and Chief Editor of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics)

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部門

condition of around 1,000 Euros, while the well wanted 10 Yuan silver panda can already be purchased at a slightly lower price in the same grade. The astonishing demand and the long lines in front of the sales booths in the 1980s motivated more than 25 different coin fairs worldwide to start minting the coveted and sought-after Show Pandas. Pandas have always established themselves as a proven tradition at the fairs. Some of the Show Pandas were so much in demand that a lottery had to be held to qualify for a purchase. An earlier option was to give out warrants entitling the holder to purchase, but this was less successful, as a dealer came up with the idea of simply copying this warrants.

you can still access the content without hesitation due to the clear structure and the very well elaborated pictorial details, as well as the numerous pictures. Like the title of the catalogue already indicates, the focus is on the Chinese Show Pandas beginning in 1984 up to 2019 included, in additions the catalogue gives a little insight into the coming new decade. The successful story of modern Chinese coins in precious metals began in 1979. A special worldwide attention was achieved in 1982 with the first issue of the Panda in gold and this fascination continues without interruption even today. The extremely cute pandas are the national treasure of China and connect many different nations together. In the Berlin Zoo, there are four pandas to be seen right now, which are a real crowd puller.

Due to this international popularity it is not really surprising that in 1984 the first Show Panda was released for the third Hong Kong Coin Exposition. The catalogue tells the reader in an exciting way the respective background stories. If we take a look back to the year 1984, it was the American coin dealer Richard Nelson (Founder of the Money Company and Organizer of the Hong Kong Coin Exposition) who came up with the creative idea to publish a special collector's issue for the Hong Kong Coin Exposition. Richard Nelson met with the official representatives of the China Mint Company and after a few bottles of Moutai (fine traditional Chinese liquor with red millet) a contract was signed, which still influences the whole Chinese collecting field up to this day. As a motif, the involved parties have decided to use the very popular panda, standing for the People's Republic of China, in combination with the junk boat, which represents the event location Hong Kong. This cooperation was the birth of the Show Pandas. Each new Show Panda tells this story further and thus allows a conclusion to the location of the respective event by a famous landmark. The panda thereby symbolizes the friendship between two countries or honors an outstanding specific theme. The 1984 issue of the Show Panda, with a circulation of only 1,000 pieces, exceeded all expectations and was so successful that it even served as a currency of its own for transactions at the Hong Kong Coin Exhibition. The strong collaboration between Richard Nelson and the China Mint Company also extended to the anniversary issues of the Xinjiang (1 Yuan, 10 Yuan, 5 Oz medal) and Tibet Autonomy (1 Yuan, 10 Yuan) of 1985. Since coins with a nominal value and official medals follow the same way in China, both are equally coveted today. For official medals, the grading service NGC (Numismatic Guaranty Corporation) uses the additional designation "Official Mint Medal" to emphasize their importance

The famous Panda coin is dedicated to the main part. Here you will find everything from the choice of the panda as a motif to the innovative challenges in the new decade. For the first time Show Pandas and Panda coins are listed which were completely unknown and could never be found before in a catalogue or even on the internet. These include, above all, the very rare specimen mintings, which are called Samples. The detailed pictures shows all coins and medals in precious and non-precious metals in various sizes from 1 gram to the stately 5kg Show Panda. Furthermore, new variants are listed, which will positively influence the value of some Show Pandas. Many rousing stories about the Show Pandas are told to the reader to the respective coin and medal issues - like the stunning Munich Series by MDM Münzhandelsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, which appeared annually from 1988 to 1997. The two most requested Show Pandas until the year 1998 originate from the Munich Series. These are the large silver issues of 1994 (1 000 grams; Mintage: 99) and 1997 (12 Oz; Mintage: 250). An incredible gem of the new generation of Show Pandas is the 5kg gold version of 2018 with only one example minted for the 30th anniversary of the founding of the MNS (Macau Numismatic Society). With a view to melting figures, frequently occurring reductions in quality such as milk spots and future opportunities for an optimistic value increase, the catalogue contains solid knowledge. In 2020, the popularly acclaimed Show Panda series goes into the next round with the release of the 8 gram and 1 Oz Silver Show Panda for the World Money Fair in Berlin. On the 1 Oz version, the panda mother Meng Meng is shown with her offspring Meng Xian ("Yearned Dream") and Meng Yuan ("Fulfilled Dream") in the Panda Garden at Berlin Zoo. For the first time at the fair, buyers have the chance to purchase the Chinese Show Panda Catalogue in a set for 99 Euros together with the new edition of this 1 Oz version of the Berlin Panda. The demand will be high due to the special theme alone, which serves many as a memory - but the supply together with the book is limited, so it is important to be quick.

The attractivity of the Show Pandas is shown on the year 1984, the remarkable motif achieves a market price in a PFUC69

The catalogue conveys a great deal of knowledge to the reader, it contains a large number of different themes. The catalogue is

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For the official release in Berlin of the Chinese Show Panda Catalogue, a brand new panda medal with the year of issue 2020 will be released in appreciation of the catalogue. On the obverse is the Brandenburg Gate, the official World Money Fair logo, the period covered by the Show Pandas from 1984 2019 and in English the details of the publication for the new catalogue. On the reverse are two pictures of the first Show Panda from 1984 (Hong Kong Coin Exhibition) and the last from 2019 (Macau Show), which are featured on the book cover. It is additionally underlaid with Chinese flowers and the publication details in Chinese. The medal designed by Yu Min has a diameter of 40mm and appears in two versions. This is a gold-plated copper medal (Mintage: 1,000) and a strictly limited 30 gram silver medal (Mintage: 100).

not only about the lovely pandas, but also shows and explains show releases with other motifs such as the Lunar Show Dragon from 1988. Also of interest are the special medals, such as the Nicholas P. Brown Award for distinguished activities in numismatics. Furthermore, the creation of many official coin series is shown and their distributors are introduced. Some examples are the Unicorn Series 1994 - 1997, Dragon & Phoenix 1990, Marco Polo 1983, Inventions & Discoveries 1992 - 1996 and the dinosaur issues of 1995. Other topics covered by the catalogue include the presentation of the individual mints, distributors, numismatic personalities and designers. Through interviews it was possible to collect specific information that presents and explains the development of the Chinese collecting area with the Show Pandas. About the worldfamous and innovative designer Yu Min, among other things, it is to be found out that he has already designed over 200 Chinese modern coins. These includes the gold and silver pandas of 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013. Among his most recent projects in 2019, which are introduced in detail in the catalogue, is the Space Panda (5 Dollars, Cook Island, Silver & Titanium), Nano Technology Panda (1,000 Shillings, Tanzania, Silver) and the Polymer Ball Panda (1,000 Shillings, Tanzania, Silver). In addition, there are also some stories from traditions, such as the rush on the Show Pandas at that time or the parties held to celebrate the success, to which the China Mint officials were invited privately to intensify future business relations. To discover, there are still old first release prices, impressions from coin fairs, the beginnings of the grading holder based on a 1985 fair release and the very special requirements for the design of the panda for coin or medal issues. On the last pages, the NGC International grading scale and all related additions for the Show Panda are explained. NGC International will be provided with some exemplars of the catalogue for its grading service, in order to be able to certify variants and versions that have not yet been recorded even more precisely.

The catalogue was first available in a Proof-Reader edition in November 2019 with only 100 copies. I had the honor as Technical Editor to read, expand and correct this new standard work, which is a perfect complement to the Gold & Silver Coins of China Standard Catalogue 1979 - 2017. The Chinese Show Panda Catalogue is a real enrichment for our collecting field and I hope you will be excited to go on a journey of discovery through the 400 pages with all the countless details and stories.

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

The catalogue is divided into several sections, beginning with the foreword, the introduction and the index. In the main part, the Show Pandas since 1984 are listed, followed by other pandas and finally the presentation of new coins with the panda. The appendix of the catalogue contains a selection of mints, designers and distributors. In total, well over 250 pandas are listed, each with colored photos of the obverse and reverse side. Each issue has its own catalogue number, under which the minting quality, the alloy, the weight, the fineness, the diameter, the planned mintage and the current market price in different condition grades can be viewed. For most issues, the mint, the designer and the distributor are also indicated. Almost every panda issuance is underlaid with very worth reading and entertaining lines.

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Gold & Silver Coins of China – Standard Catalogue 2019 2nd Edition (1979-2018) Oliver Strahl 〔Germany〕

Another year has almost passed and the cold winter season is already slowly coming. The golden leaves fall rustling from the trees and cover the green meadows. At this time we like to be indoors and make ourselves comfortable with an interesting book.

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usually be identified quickly. Each issue and also the numerous varieties have their own catalogue number (CC-1 to CC2250), some of which are subdivided alphabetically (CC-90A / CC-90B). The abbreviation CC stands for China Coins. The grading company NGC is equipped with the standard catalogue and uses it as an aid in its daily service of grading Chinese coins. With an additional fee of 15 euros (Europe) for the "VarietyPlus" service, all listed variants are recognised from the catalogue and listed with the respective catalogue number on the holder's label.

The revised edition of the standard catalogue "Gold & Silver Coins of China 1979-2018 2nd Edition" was published in the second half of 2019 in August. This highly comprehensive work is the must-have for all numismatic China fans, experts and dealers. The catalogue in a hardcover with blue reading ribbon now comprises 695 pages, weighs about 2 kg and has a format of 26.5 cm x 17.5 cm. The book design is by Wang Xue Jie. In the 2nd edition, the market prices were brought up to date, the year of issue 2018 was added and 73 more discovered variants were included. In addition to the catalogue, the scope of delivery includes a high-quality cardboard box as outer packaging with a recessed golden inscription, an advertising brochure and a limited official medal in a NGC holder.

Published by the three authors and NGC experts Leo Wang, King Chan and Jerry Lin, this book by Shanghai Educational Publishing House begins with the foreword on the first pages and then with a bilingual contents list of all coin series by year of issue in English and Chinese. The coin specifications are described in detail, including the designer, the mint, minting quality, face value, alloy, weight, fineness, diameter, planned and actual mintage, as well as the current market price in different condition levels (Original Mint Package & NGC PF/MS 69 or 70 for issues 2011 and later). Due to the existing difficulties in distinguishing between the two grades, special attention was paid to a visual representation of the less glossy "Cameo" to the perfect "Ultra Cameo" from the grading company NGC, because both grades are listed differently in price. The empty checkbox in advance does not represent a faulty translation of a Chinese character, but serves as a check list for coins which are in the own collection. The market prices were determined on the basis of current auction results up to April 2019 such as those of the auction house Heritage or Stack & Bowers in RMB/ Yuan (1 Yuan = 0.13 Euro / 0.14 US Dollar). All circulation figures given are based on the latest findings from subsequent publications of the mints. Here there are some surprises to discover, as some coins with currently very small mintage are actually still traded very close to the spot price. In the 1990s and early 2010s a lot of modern Chinese coins were melted down, many issues have a much smaller circulation as result.

The China standard catalogue lists the years from 1979 to 2018. The completed year of issue 2019 will be found in the third edition of the book in 2020. Exactly 40 years ago, the first modern Chinese coin minting in precious metal was presented on the occasion of the Year of the Child and since then it has marked the beginning of a successful story. The Chinese modern collection area with meanwhile many thousands of different issues and its community has strongly increased especially in the last years. Over a long period of time there were hardly any sources of information about the coins and some of the knowledge was even kept secret by the collectors. Although there were China coin catalogues since 1988, here exact details and market prices were missing and international distribution was lacking. Other catalogues again focused on special fields. The edition of the Gold & Silver Coins of China 1979-2018 Standard Catalogue provides for the first time a truly complete overview of the whole collection area. Every Chinese coin issue since 1979 is accompanied by detailed and high-resolution HD colour photos. In the catalogue, you will find only issues that have a nominal value and are minted mainly in precious metals. Official medal issues (except for the medals included in the delivery) are not available in the book and also the up-and-coming collection area of Chinese circulation coins made of non-precious metals is only partially covered. Instead, you will find almost all varieties besides the well-known Large and Small Date which still exist. The topic of varieties is extremely interesting in the Chinese collecting field, since here often up to a tenfold proceeds can be obtained in contrast to a normal version. In the case of panda bears, the 1990 'Small P' silver panda in proof condition was added to last year's edition. The standard catalogue has a few small gaps concerning the NGC variant list, so the highly rated "QDR-001 & QDR-002" silver panda from 1998, the 1/20 Oz gold panda 1997 "Frosted Gap" and also from 1997 - the silver unicorn "Without Curl Cloud" in proof condition are missing. The extensive varieties are underlaid with detailed photos and red arrows indicate the exact differences of all versions. These detailed pictures also make it easy to identify the various mints. Due to the indicated reference prices, the rare version can

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In the main part, all important informations are translated into English, so that there are almost no difficulties of understanding in the western countries. Engravers and designers are clearly visible by an excellent translation, also the designation of the individual coin and beyond that the title of the complete coin series. Many coins still contain detailed descriptions, e.g. about the distribution of the coins, the varieties and mintage figures or the Coin of the Year Award winners - but unfortunately the English translation is missing. At the end of the catalogue there is a bibliography and further unfilled pages, which are intended to be used for the entry of your own collection. Here you can enter preselected data about the coin, the date of acquisition, the distributor or dealer and the purchase price. The Standard Catalogue for Chinese modern coins is published annually in a newly revised edition. Already in 2017 there was

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a Proofreader Edition in a softcover, that was limited to 1,000 pieces and which is completely out of stock today. One year later the first free-for-sale edition was released on August 14, 2018 called the 1st Edition. The catalogue is always presented by the authors at the China International Coin Expo (CICE) at Beijing. The first presentation of the Proofreader Edition took place at the Beijing International Coin Exposition (BICE).

coin with an expected proof rating in the range of 65-70 of the grading scale. NGC checks the submitted coins and medals only very roughly whether they fall within the mentioned range, which results in a lower handling fee for the submitter. The medal issues are also available as bi-metal in pure gold and silver with imprinted fineness (2018: 30 grams gold & 12 grams silver / 2019: 25 grams gold & 30 grams silver). The value for such a precious metal issue is at least 3,900 USD due to the very small circulation, if a piece should ever be sold at all. This special edition serves the authors as an award for a very special achievement, like the support of their book project.

Beginning with the 1st edition of the book, there was a copper medal with panda motif and the date of issue 2018 as a collector's gift, which was delivered in a noble case. The outer ring was silver plated and the edition amounts to 5,000 pieces. Unofficial sources assume that the number of medals minted is 1,000. The designer of this medal issue, Zhu Xihua, already designed the 500 yuan bi-metal (gold/silver) coin 2017 for the 35th anniversary of the panda coins. The design on the medal was his favorite, but it was not used for the 500 yuan issue. Every year, a further medal with changing motifs is minted to accompany each new book edition. The medals are from the Shanghai Mint and will be graded as "Official Mint Medal" by NGC. For the recurring medals releases, NGC is planning its own registry set for the international competition of the best collections.

The issuing price for the book with accessories was 378 RMB about 50 USD. In international commerce the price adds up to 90-100 USD, due to shipping and customs duties. This amount is nevertheless justified, as world coin catalogues are mostly in the same price segment. The round addition made of metal certainly facilitates the consideration to purchase, as in eBay up to 50 USD are paid only for the medal already. A few book copies were personally signed by the authors on the first page. If the price for the second edition is too expensive, you can purchase the earlier book editions on auction platforms for around 50 USD - but in most cases without accessories and the medal.

For the 2nd edition of the book the theme calligraphy was chosen this year. The renowned designer Yu Min drafted for this a medal with the year of issue 2019. This new issue features a stone plate with a calligraphy font and the background depicts the ancient architecture of China. The copper medal is silver plated and has a mintage of 3,000 pieces. Unlike the previous release in 2018, this issue will be delivered in a NGC-Holder as "Gem Proof". The designation "Gem Proof" stands for a

If you are interested in collecting China coins, the catalogue is indispensable for you. The catalogue contains all published modern China coins in precious metal since 1979 and is definitely clearer than all the previous books in this area. The authors regularly visit Chinese coin forums in order to find further varieties and make general corrections for the upcoming editions. They are gladly grateful for hints and information (Publisher: forcoinChina@126.com ).

By taking a look into the future, other exciting book titles are announced in addition to the 3rd edition:

This year, the Panda Coin Show Book by Michael Chou and King Chan will be published. On 400 pages, the reader will learn about the history of the worldwide coin fairs and their exclusive Show Panda issues. For the first time all rare coin show medals with the adorable pandas are presented and should give the market a new positive upswing. The Panda Coin Show Book in combination with the Silver & Gold Coins of China Standard Catalogue is an absolutely essential combination.

At the beginning of 2021 another Panda book will be released, which many already know from its title: The Gold & Silver Panda Coin Buyer's Guide 4 by Peter Anthony . As with the previous editions, this sequel will also have a lot of interesting news in store. The result was often a sharp rise in the prices of some panda coins. A lexicon for Chinese brass medals is planned, but the date of publishing is still unknown.

Order Link - Gold & Silver Coins of China 1979-2018 Standard Catalogue:

https://numicconnection.com/shop?olsPage=products%2F2019-china-gold-and-silver-coins-book-with-1-ngc-gem-proof-medal Further distributors ：www.yjzx.net / www.shouxi.com / www.11coins.com / www.jibi.net and Amazon China ISBN ：978-7-5444-9111-2

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2020 JNDA Catalog Stephen Lowell〔USA〕

There is no catalog better than this one for collectors of recent commemorative coins and mint sets.

The latest edition of the premier reference book on Japanese coins, the 2020 catalog of Japanese coins and banknotes was published in conjunction with the 17th Tokyo Coin Show on November 8th, 2019. Published by the Japan Numismatic Dealers Association (JNDA), this 318-page masterpiece is an indispensable reference work that is profusely illustrated. Although the text is written in Japanese, most entries contain both a Japanese and English title. Between the English title, the illustration, and the price guide, even non-Japanese collectors will find this book to be very useful.

The catalog covers all modern coins and banknotes issued after the start of Meiji (1868). There is also a profusely illustrated 92-page section covering pre-Meiji coins, the cash coins that were used in daily change in the samurai period of Japan. A further 10 pages is devoted to the initial banknotes of the transitional period following the fall of the samurai government – notes printed in the old style before the introduction of the modern yen system.

Even if the collector owns copies of older English-language reference work s on Japa nese coi ns, t he cla r it y of t he illustrations, the comprehensive coverage, and the up-to-date valuations contained in this catalog make this edition the goldstandard for collectors of Japanese coins and banknotes.

Also covered are Japanese MPC, beginning with notes issued for the Seinan rebellion of 1877, as well as coins and notes issued for Korea and Taiwan under Japanese rule and banknotes of the Central Bank of Manchuria.

Modern commemoratives are fully illustrated and priced.

(Originally appeared on Arrow Tokyo blog.)

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書

R E V I E W S

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評

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄（1984-2019）》序言姜建清〔上海〕

《世界金融百年滄桑記憶》，姜建清著，卷1、卷2

姜建清 ★ 2000-2005年擔任中國工商銀行行長 ( 為中國最大銀行及世界500強企業之一 ) ★ 2005-2016年擔任中國工商銀行董事長

★《世界金融百年滄桑記憶》1-3卷作者

這是一本開券有益且頗有趣味的書，也是一本在錢幣領域

1984年第3屆香港國際硬幣展覽會上 , 推出首枚銀質的展會

了許多不為人知的錢幣展會熊貓紀念章的歷史。

造工藝精湛，被參會人員和收藏者一搶而光。至此從1984

熊貓紀念章，該章發行量僅為1 000枚 , 圖案設計新穎，製

具有文獻意義的書。本書通過當事者的回憶，詳盡地講述

年到1997年，連續十幾年國際錢幣展覽會，中國鑄造的熊

自1979年第一套貴金屬紀念幣發行後，新中國重返國際紀

貓紀念章成為了中國造幣界的名片和展會的“寵兒” ，擁有了

念錢幣發行的大家庭。中國人民銀行和造幣廠代表開始活

一大批國際“粉絲” ，出現排隊認購、價格連漲的盛況。

躍在國際錢幣和硬幣的展覽會上，向世界介紹中國的貴金屬

紀念幣。中國貴金屬紀念幣的初次亮相就得到了世界集幣愛

然而在較長時期內，這批早期的錢幣展會熊貓紀念章因以

國、歐洲的一些城市或香港舉辦，這是錢幣界的盛會。一

章全部在海外銷售，國內愛好者欲購無門。其次，對國內

下緣由在中國卻罕為人知。原因之一首先是這些熊貓紀念

好者和造幣界的認可與喜愛。國際錢幣展覽會每年會在美

一般收藏者而言，當初的售價不菲。第三，這批紀念章基

些國際參展商還專門定制紀念章在展會上出售。為拓展國際市場，加強幣界交流 , 初次參加錢幣展會的中國造幣廠，在

★《近代中國外商銀行史》（ 2016年版）作者之一

本沉澱在國際藏家或投資者手中，近十來年才慢慢從國外

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回流中國。第四，發行量稀少，一般發行量在一兩千枚，

紐約、亞特蘭大、加州、匹茲堡、慕尼黑、巴塞爾、蘇黎

至今存世量稀少品相完好者更為罕見 , 在中國和國際錢幣

熊貓作為主圖案外，亦反映了主辦國家和城市的歷史文化

最少的僅99枚；幾十年來因各種原因散失、損壞、熔化等，

世及中國香港 , 因此，幣展熊貓紀念章上除將活潑可愛的

市場均鮮有交易。近年來國內收藏愛好者開始關注熊貓幣

及建築風貌。早期經驗不足，亦可能時間倉促，部分幣展

展章，但已時過境遷，其中一些珍稀品種更是難以尋覓。

章還出現一些文字反刻、貴金屬標誌弄錯的趣事，成為人

第五，查詢及研究資料匱乏，近些年來國內的錢幣目錄才

們追捧的“錯幣”。這一切都銘記成難以磨滅的金屬記憶。

開始有完整的錢幣展會熊貓紀念章圖文資料介紹。此書的出版是首次對中國鑄造的錢幣展會熊貓紀念章的誕生背景

當前社會上專題幣章的集藏略顯冷清。相比集郵界的專題

紀念章的愛好者和收藏者不啻為一個福音。

來會有越來越多的愛好者加入到幣展熊貓紀念章的收藏和

郵展，在專題幣章領域的展示和研究則相形見絀。相信未

作了詳細的介紹，並披露了許多相關的趣事逸聞，對這類

研究行列。希望此書面世後會有越來越多的幣展熊貓紀念

還有一個重要原因是人們對幣和章的曲解。雖說幣章同源，

章的專著出現。最近兩三年，我以多年收集的全球金融和

但亦有差別。紀念幣通常是由國家法定貨幣發行機構發行，

銀行類紀念章為引子，撰寫了三冊《世界金融百年滄桑記

由國家造幣廠鑄造的，具有貨幣面值。紀念章通常沒有面

憶》，也是在專題幣章研究領域做的抛磚引玉。十分高興此

值，鑄造機構亦具多樣性，有造幣廠鑄造也有其他企業鑄

書出版後，受到了歷史、金融方面的學者、從業人員及幣

造的，品種繁多，形態多樣。在中國，許多人偏愛中國人

章愛好者的支持和鼓勵。

民銀行發行、央行造幣廠鑄造的貴金屬紀念幣，因其具有

官方權威性。除對少數製作精美的紀念章略作關注外，不

首枚幣展熊貓紀念章在香港成功亮相後，此後的幣展紀

藏擁躉眾多且製作歷史久遠。在古希臘、古羅馬年代，銀

生存了800 多萬年。如今只有在中國的四川、陝西、甘肅

念章就沿用了熊貓主圖。享譽世界的大熊貓在地球上已經

少收藏者忽略紀念章的集藏，殊不知在世界上紀念章的集

的一些地區的深山老林中才能找到它們的身影。全世界野

幣打制和雕塑造型藝術就已發達。經過歷史傳承和發展，

生大熊貓總數僅1 600 多隻 , 被譽為“活化石”和“中國國

第一次工業革命時期，仿形雕刻機發明，幣章藝術成為浮

雕藝術和金屬壓印技術的最佳結合。近 200 年來，幣章藝

寶”，受到全世界人民的喜愛。幣章設計師們將熊貓活潑好

高水準。幣章雕鑄材質豐富多樣，包括金、銀、銅、鐵、

複、殊為難得。將熊貓圖案作為中國現代貴金屬幣和錢幣

術被推至巔峰，充分展現了現代設計水準和鑄造工藝的最

動的形態，栩栩如生地刻畫在方寸之間，熊貓圖案幾無重

鋁及其不同比例構成的合金。不少紀念章是由著名雕塑大

展會紀念章的形象代表，是最佳的選擇。大熊貓因其溫順

師親自刻模製作並留名章上。藝術大師們在方寸幣章世界

的性情和憨厚的體態被視為和平、友誼的象徵。熊貓寶貴、

抒發着他們的藝術志趣、品位和情感。題材選擇廣泛，表

珍稀的特徵，正如幣展中國熊貓紀念章的珍貴和高雅。中

現視角多元，藝術手法自由。許多紀念章設計出色，工藝

國幣展熊貓紀念章一直受到世界錢幣收藏界歡迎的原因之

一流，是精美的微型藝術雕塑，是永恆的藝術珍品。由於紀念章的收集難度較大，發行及存世量稀少，不少紀念章價格昂貴，遠超一些貴金屬紀念幣。

一，也是因為它們的存世量像熊貓一樣稀少。許多收藏者

經過多年的尋覓，仍然無法圓夢。尤其一些幣展紀念章的

“筋章”, 已經多年在市場難得一見了。

中國錢幣展會熊貓紀念章在 20 世紀七八十年代，由中國造

時光如白駒過隙，從中國鑄造的幣展熊貓紀念章面世至今

群星燦爛，他們代表着當時中國造幣產業設計雕刻的最高

展熊貓紀念章的歷史。金屬難以磨滅的特性，將中國參與

批錢幣展會熊貓紀念章幾乎件件是精品。它的官方權威性

幣事業，為幣展熊貓紀念章的醞釀決策留下了永存的歷史

已經 30 多年過去了。此書又讓人們瞭解那段令人難忘的幣

幣廠組織著名工藝師精心設計，精湛雕鑄，創作刻模者中

國際錢幣展會和世界錢幣市場的歷史凝固下來，為中國造

水準。亦有一些幣展章有國際幣界友人參與設計製作。這

佐證和實物檔案。許多當事者講述的歷史追憶和市場趣事，

也遠超一般的紀念章，與許多貴金屬紀念幣相比也毫不遜

它讓我們看到了堅硬的金屬紀念章背後的人的因素，也感

色。幣展熊貓紀念章材質多樣，有鉑、鈀和黃金、白銀及雙金屬；大小不一，從1/4 盎司到1公斤。國際錢幣展在國

謝他們的共同努力留下了這些藝術珍品。

際上不少城市舉辦，包括巴爾的摩、舊金山、新奧爾良、

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《中國熊貓紀念章目錄（1984-2019）》奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

1/31/2020 《中國熊貓紀念章目錄》柏林首發（展會熊貓紀念章發行 35 周年）

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

東亞泉志出版 JEAN Publications

2020年1月31日，《中國熊貓紀念章目錄1984-2019》一書

富先生（Ron Guth，PCGS 錢幣百科 CoinFacts 板塊創

將在柏林世界錢幣展覽會上首發。該書由《東亞泉志》雜誌

辦人）也為本書的成功提供了諸多幫助。

熊貓金銀紀念幣。通過閱讀本書，對中國現代熊貓幣章感

平裝版《中國熊貓紀念章目錄1984-2019》重1千克，共396

編輯出版，內容專業，趣味盎然。1979 年，中國首次發行

興趣的錢幣藏家，可以獲得前所未有的深入瞭解。

頁，按17.5釐米 x26釐米的尺寸為歐洲市場出版了200本。

該書的編撰歷時5年，主編陳景林先生（香港著名中國現代

釐米 x26釐米。書中所載圖片均為彩色高清照片，內容採

出版人兼總編）對相關內容進行了選題策劃深入研究。古

是不能閱讀中英的讀者，也能通過清晰的編排結構和圖片，

中文版還推出了精裝版。此外還有試讀版目錄，尺寸为17

《東亞泉志》金銀幣收藏家）和周邁可先生（Michael Chou，

用英文和繁體中文雙語，翻譯精整，沒有資訊遺漏。即便

1 7

部門

DEPARTMENTS

瞭解該書的內容。

至於不得不採用抽籤的方式來決定購買資格。而在此之前

本書書名已經明確點明了內容與重點⸺ 1984 年至 2019 年

有一個幣商想出了複製認購證的方法，使此舉歸於失敗並

曾採用發行認購證的方式讓持有者有權購買紀念章，因為

發行的中國熊貓紀念章，該目錄還對 2019 年發行的新款熊

不成功。

貓紀念幣作了介紹。1979 年，中國首次發行現代貴金屬硬

幣；1982年，中國首次發行熊貓紀念金章，引起了世界收

目錄的主體部分介紹了著名的熊貓紀念章，書中還提到

2019年發行的新款熊貓紀念幣。這也是第一次在書中列出

藏界的矚目，其後不斷出現的熊貓幣章掀起收藏熱，時至

今日熱度依然。憨態可掬的熊貓是中國的國寶，也是世界

此前完全未知的且不能在任何一本目錄、乃至網路上找到

熊貓，吸引了大批遊客。

品，即樣幣。所有的貴金屬幣章和非貴金屬紀念章，大至

各國人民最喜愛的動物之一。柏林動物園現在就居住著4只

的展會熊貓章和熊貓幣。錄中還編制有非常稀有的鑄造樣

5公斤，小至1克，配有詳細的圖片。此外，書中還列出了新

因為熊貓紀念章在國際上頗受歡迎，因此1984 年第三屆

的版別，這會對一些展會熊貓章的價值產生一定積極的影

香港國際硬幣展覽會上發行首枚展會熊貓紀念章，也就不無意外了。這本目錄通過精彩的敘述告訴讀者每枚紀念章的發行背景。回溯1984 年，美國幣商理查德 · 納爾遜先生

（Richard Nelson，金錢公司創世人，香港國際硬幣展覽

響。書中向讀者敘述了很多幣章背後引人入胜的故事⸺

比如 MDM 公司精美的慕尼克熊貓章系列，1994 年大銀章

（1 000克，發行量 99枚）和1997年銀章（12盎司，發行量

250枚）。2018年澳門錢幣學會成立30周年5公斤金章則是

會組織者）想到了為香港國際硬幣展覽會發放藏家特別版

新一代展會熊貓章中的瑰寶。書中包含了堅實的專業知識，

紀念章的創意，於是他與中國造幣公司的官方代表見面，

包括被熔化的紀念章數量、產生白斑等常見的品質問題和未來的升值潛力。2020 年又將開啟新一輪的展會熊貓章發

雙方簽下了合同。這次合作至今仍影響著整個中國現代硬幣收藏領域。各參與方決定使用熊貓和中國帆船作為紀念章

行，首當其衝的便是柏林世界錢幣博覽會發行的 8克和1盎

象徵。展會熊貓章由此誕生。之後，每一枚新的展會章都

柏林動物園熊貓園的熊貓夢夢及其孩子夢想和夢圓。展會

司展會熊貓銀章。1盎司銀章上的熊貓圖案原型，是居住在

的設計圖案，因為熊貓非常受人們喜愛，同時也是中國的

上，藏家可以以99歐元的價格購得《中國熊貓紀念章目錄

沿用熊貓圖案，同時載有展會所在地的著名地標。熊貓章

1984-2019》和1盎司柏林熊貓章。由於本書主題鮮明，知

有時是作為兩國之間友誼的象徵，有時是為了紀念某一特定的主題而設計。1984 年香港國際硬幣展覽會發行的熊貓

識豐富，又可追溯熊貓幣章的歷史淵源，且發行數量有限，

章限量1 000 枚，其受歡迎程度超出預期，大獲成功，甚

望藏家和有興趣的讀者及時購買。

而展會上有人用熊貓章可以當現金交易。理查德 · 納爾遜先

生和中國造幣公司之後又就銷售新疆維吾爾自治區成立 30

這本目錄知識豐富，囊括了諸多不同的紀念主題，不僅有

立 20周年1元、10元紀念幣展開合作。這些帶有人民幣面

農曆龍年展會紀念章，如尼克 · 布朗（Nicholas P.Brown）

周年1元、10元紀念幣及5盎司紀念章、慶祝西藏自治區成

關於可愛的熊貓的內容，還有一些其他圖案，比如1988年

值的硬幣和官方紀念章在中國也很受歡迎，現在很多藏家

錢幣收藏貢獻獎紀念章。此外，書中還列舉了許多官方硬

仍對其趨之若鶩。評級服務公司 NGC（硬幣認證公司）甚

幣系列的創作，並介紹了它們的經銷商，包括1994-1997

年的麒麟金銀紀念幣系列，1990 年的，1990 年的龍鳳呈祥

至採用附加名稱“官方鑄造紀念章”來強調這些官方紀念

金銀幣，1983年的馬可 · 波羅金銀幣，1992-1996年的發

章的重要性。

明發現系列金銀幣以及1995年的恐龍紀念幣。

1984 年時，展會熊貓章便已經展現出獨特的吸引力，評級

為 PFUC69紀念章的市場價約為1 000 歐元，而同樣等級

目錄中還介紹了一些著名的造幣廠、經銷商、錢幣界名人和

界錢幣收藏界對展會熊貓紀念章需求量驚人，藏家在銷售

現並解釋了中國展會熊貓紀念章收藏領域的發展狀況，如

的10元熊貓銀幣價格則略低於此章。20世紀80 年代時，世

設計師。作者通過面談的方式收集了一些具體的資訊，呈

展位前大排長龍，於是全球陸續有超過 25個不同的錢幣展

書中提到一直以來都非常富有創意的世界知名錢幣設計師

餘敏先生竟然已經設計了超過 200 枚中國現代硬幣，包括

開始鑄造炙手可熱的展會熊貓紀念章。發行熊貓章已經成

2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和2013年的熊

為展會的一項傳統，很多熊貓紀念章需求量過於龐大，以

1 7

DEPARTMENTS

部門

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE 貓金銀章。他 2019 年最新的幾款設計⸺ 太空熊貓紀念幣

發行量和各種等級狀況的當前市場價。大多數紀念章都對

1 000先令銀幣）和聚合物球熊貓幣（坦桑尼亞1 000先令

枚熊貓章都配有非常值得一讀的說明文字。

（庫克群島5美元銀鈦合金幣）、納米熊貓紀念幣（坦桑尼亞

鑄造的造幣廠、設計師和經銷商作有說明。幾乎發行的每

銀幣），也詳細收錄於目錄之中。除此之外，書中收錄了有

為紀念《中國熊貓紀念章目錄1984-2019》在柏林首發，將

關紀念幣章發行展銷中有趣的故事，如當時人們爭相購買

展會熊貓紀念章或是紛紛前往相關慶功宴，中國造幣廠人

同時鑄發一款全新的2020熊貓紀念章。其正面是勃蘭登

係。書中還基於1985年展會發行的熊貓章和對熊貓幣章設

及目錄出版的英文說明。背面是1984 年的第一枚展會熊貓

堡門和世界錢幣博覽會的官方標誌，年份1984-2019，以

員也受邀參加這些活動，以此加深未來可能發生的商業關

計的特殊要求，書中對一些舊的首發價格、對錢幣展的印

章（香港國際硬幣展覽會紀念章）和2019 年最新的一枚展

級標準和所有 NGC 熊貓章評級概況進行瞭解釋。NGC

是這兩枚紀念章，下襯中國特色鮮花，還有中文出版說明。

象、評級盒的起源進行了介紹。書的最後對 NGC 國際評

會熊貓章（澳門錢幣學會年會紀念章），目錄封面所印的也

為本書中所涉及的評級服務內容提供了一些例子，從而也更

紀念章由余敏先生設計，直徑40 毫米，共有兩版，一版為

鍍金銅章（發行量1 000 枚），另一枚為30克銀章（100克）。

為精確地證實了，確實有些從未被記錄的版別和版本。

試讀版已於2019 年11月率先發行，限量100本。筆者有幸

目錄分為以下幾個部分；最開始是前言、簡介和致謝、目

錄索引；書的主體內容是1984 年起發行的展會熊貓紀念章

擔任本書的技術編輯，進行審校。若把中國熊貓紀念幣章

章；最後附有一些造幣廠、設計師和經銷商的介紹。

標準目錄（1979-2017）》無疑是一個完整的補充。

和其他的一些熊貓紀念章，以及 2019 年發行的新的熊貓

作為一個大的收藏研究類別看待，這本書對《中國金銀幣

書中總共介紹了超過 250 枚熊貓紀念章，每枚紀念章都附

《中國熊貓紀念章目錄 1984-2019》是對現代錢幣收藏領

域的極大豐富，誠邀讀者體驗這一幾近400頁的發現之旅，

有正反面的彩色照片，每一枚都有各自的目錄編號，在頁面

瞭解書中講述的無數細節和故事。

的底部還有鑄造的品質、材質、重量、純度、直徑、計劃

Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE 20

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《中國金銀幣標準目錄（1979-2018）》 2019年第二版

奧利弗·斯特拉爾〔德國〕

歲末年初，冬日悄然來臨。金黃色的樹葉沙沙落下，鋪滿了仍顯青蔥的草地。每當這時，我都喜歡呆在屋子裏，愜意地去閱讀一本有趣的書籍。

1 7

DEPARTMENTS

部門

硬幣評級的日常服務。NGC 對硬幣進行“VarietyPlus”

經過修訂的《中國金銀幣標準目錄（1979-2018）》第二版

已經在 2019 年8月面世。該書內容全面，是中國錢幣藏家、

評級服務收取額外15歐元的費用，所有列出的版別均來自

專家和幣商的必備之書。這本規格為26.5釐米 x 17.5釐米

本目錄，並且會再封裝盒標籤上表明各自的目錄編號。

的精裝目錄共 695頁，重 2千克，內夾藍色書簽帶。王雪潔

為本書進行了設計。第二版目錄對所載錢幣的市場價格進

本書由 NGC 的三位專家⸺ 汪洋先生、陳景林先生和林

版別。除了目錄所在錢幣種類齊全之外，書的外包裝採用

語，首頁是前言部分，之後按年份排列發行的硬幣。硬幣

行了更新，新增了2018年發行的錢幣，以及73枚新發行的

振宇先生編著，由上海教育出版社出版。本目錄是中英雙

帶有凹版金色題字的硬紙板盒，並隨書贈送宣傳冊和裝於

目錄對硬幣規格做出了詳細的介紹，包括設計師、造幣廠、

NGC 盒的官方限量紀念章。

鑄造品質、面值、合金成分、重量、成色、直徑、計畫及實際發行量、以及每枚硬幣的當前市場價格。由於原有硬

這本目錄囊括了1979 年至 2018年的中國現代金銀幣，而

幣包裝與2011年及之後發行的 NGC 評級為 PF/MS 69

2019年發行的金銀幣則將收錄於2020年出版的第三版目錄

或 70 的硬幣，現在再區分兩種硬幣有一定的難度，因此需

念金幣正式發行，標誌着中國貴金屬紀念幣大獲成功的開

“奶光”級到完美的“超奶光”級的視覺效果，因為這兩種

藏群體也愈發龐大，這種趨勢在過去幾年中尤為明顯。在

並不是中文字元翻譯錯誤，而是作為翳障核對表，供藏家

中。40 年前，第一枚中國現代貴金屬幣⸺ 國際兒童年紀

端。迄今中國已發行了數以千計形形色色的硬幣，而錢幣收

要特別注意如何去呈現評級公司 NGC 中光澤度差一些的

級別列明的價格都有所不同。各硬幣名目前的空白複選框

1988年以來的很長一段時間裏，幾乎沒有中國發行硬幣的

對照自己所藏硬幣之用。書中所列的市場價格是基於2019

年 4月前的拍賣結果而決定，包括遺產拍賣或包克拍賣相關

資訊，甚至一些相關資訊藏家不願透露。儘管中國自1988

年起開始有了硬幣目錄，但是卻沒有與之相關的準確細節及

的人名幣成交價格（1元 =0.13歐元 =0.14 美元）。而書中

目錄則着重於某些特定領域。這一版的《中國金銀幣標準目

的最新調研結果。根據此結果發現，有些發行量非常小的

市場價格，同時也不見其發行於國際市場。而其他的一些

給出的所用硬幣發行量均是基於相關造幣廠後續公佈資訊

錄（1979-2018）》，是第一次真正意義上完整介紹中國發行

硬幣，其交易價格和現貨價格非常接近，這着實令人驚訝。在1990 年代及 2010 年代初，由於大量的中國現代硬幣遭到

收藏金銀幣的概況。

熔化，因此很多硬幣的存世量要比發行量小得多。

在目錄中，1979 年後發行的每一枚中國硬幣都附有精細高

清的高分辨彩色照片，並且只收錄帶有面值的貴金屬幣，

本書主體部分中的所有重要資訊都翻譯成了英文，從而西

造的中國流通硬幣而言，由於這一領域的收藏前景看好，

明瞭硬幣的雕刻師和設計師，以及單個硬幣的專稱和相關

而官方發行的紀念章均未收錄。除此之外，就非貴金屬鑄

方藏家便可以無障礙地理解書中的內容。書中還清楚地標

因此本書也作了介紹。雖然本書主要針對有面值的貴金屬

資料。很多硬幣都有詳細的介紹，比如硬幣的經銷情況、

硬幣，但是讀者在書中可以找到幾乎所有硬幣版別。在中

版別及發行量，獲得世界硬幣大獎的硬幣也標明了其獲獎

國錢幣界，硬幣版別是一個非常有趣的問題，普通版的硬

資訊（但是英文版本中無相關翻譯）。本目錄在最後列明瞭

幣與一些特殊的版別其價格可以有10 倍之差。該目錄中收

參考書目，並載有未填頁，供藏家填入自己所藏藏品之用。

錄的版別和 MGC 版別列表略有不同，因此書中並不包含

藏家可以在未填頁中寫入購買硬幣前獲取到的相關資訊、

1998年 QDR-001 版和 QDR-002版熊貓銀幣、1997年

購買日期、經銷商或幣商及購買價格。

1/20盎司“霜面空隙”版熊貓金幣和1997年“無卷雲”版

《中國金銀幣標準目錄》每年更新出版。2017年出版了平

獨角獸精製銀幣等估價很高的硬幣。書中大量的版別都附有精細的照片，並用紅色箭頭指明所有版本中具體的差

裝的校對版，限量1 000本，現已全部售空。一年之後，於

有明確的參考價格，因此可以清楚區分珍稀與普通版別的

其作者在中國國際錢幣 ( 北京 ) 展銷會推出，而其校對版

2018年8月14日首次發行免費版目錄，亦即第一版。目錄由

別，使讀者很容易地識別出這些硬幣的版別。而且硬幣標

則在北京國際錢幣博覽會上亮相。

硬幣。數量龐大的每一款硬幣都有各自的目錄號（從 CC-1

至 CC-2250），其中還對部分版別進行再細分（如 CC-

90A / CC-90B）。縮寫 CC 字母代表中國硬幣（China

目錄從第一版開始便隨書附贈一枚裝於精裝盒內的銅質紀

Coins）。評級公司 NGC 也使用標準目錄幫助其提供中國

念章，章上印有熊貓圖案和2018發行年份。第一版目錄限

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為30克金和12克銀 /2019 年為25克金和30克銀）。這一珍

量5 000本，隨書附贈的紀念章外圈鍍銀，據非官方資料來源顯示，紀念章總計鑄造了1 000 枚。紀念章由曾經設計過

貴的紀念章流通量極小，如果真的有售，那麼價格至少為3

元紀念幣的朱熙華先生設計，而該紀念章的圖案也是來自

作的特別獎勵。

900美元。這一特別版的紀念章則是作為對作者們編著工

2017年中國熊貓金幣發行35周年精製雙金屬（金銀）500 其個人最喜歡但未用於500元紀念幣的一款設計。

目錄附帶贈品的發行價格是378人民幣，約50美元。而如

果想要從國外訂購，則還會產生運輸費和消費稅，因此價

每年都會隨新版目錄鑄造新的紀念章，且紀念章的圖案每

格會達到90-100美元。然而這一價格實則十分合理，因為

年都會有變化。紀念章由上海造幣有限公司鑄造，NGC

世界硬幣目錄大都在這一價格範圍內。而附贈的圓形金屬

公司將其評級定位為“官方鑄造紀念章”。因為該紀念章不

紀念章則讓人更有購買的意願，因為在易趣網上，近似紀

斷發行，因此 NGC 正在為其參加國際最佳收藏大獎賽準

念章的價格便已高達 50美元。作者還在一些書的首頁簽名。

備登記文檔。

如果藏家覺得第二版的價格過高，那麼不妨在拍賣平臺上

購買第一版的目錄，其價格大約只要50美元，但是大多數

而2019 年隨第二版目錄推出的紀念章則選用了書法主題。

拍賣平臺上出售的目錄都不附帶贈品和紀念章。

著名設計師餘敏先生為2019 年發行的紀念章完成了初步設計。該年的紀念章上採用了印有書法字體的石盤設計，背

景則是中國古代建築。這一鍍銀銅章發行量為3 000 枚。

如果你對收藏中國現代硬幣感興趣，那麼這本目錄對你會

級為“Gem Proof ”，亦即預計其精緻程度在65-70 分之間。

出版的貴金屬幣，並且一定比這一領域內出版過的所有著

得出其評級落入哪一範圍內，這樣可以減少呈交者所需支

論壇，以期尋找更多版別的硬幣，從而使得後續的版本正

是一本不可或缺的工具。目錄收錄了所有中國自1979 年後

該章和2018年發行的紀念章不同，封裝於 NGC 盒內，評

作都更為清晰明瞭。該目錄的作者都會定期流覽中國硬幣

NGC 對呈交評級的硬幣和紀念章進行了檢驗，大致評估

確無誤。他們也都很樂意獲得相關提示並瞭解有關資訊（出

付的操作費。

forcoinChina@126.com ）。版方郵箱：

隨書附贈的紀念章還有高純度的金銀雙金屬版本（2018年

除了第三版目錄外，之後還將推出以下精彩數目：

2019年將出版陳景林先生、周邁可先生和古富先生先生所著《中國熊貓紀念章目錄1984-2019》。該書396頁，讀者可以從中瞭解世界各地硬幣展的歷史以及各展會獨家發行的展會熊貓章。這是首次有圖書囊括了所有珍稀展會熊貓紀念章，必將在市場上掀起一波新的高潮。該書和《中國現代金銀幣目錄（ 1979-2018）》一書絕對是錢幣收藏中必不可少的工具書組合。

2021年初，將出版另一本關於熊貓紀念幣的書籍，很多藏家可能已經知道了這本書的名字⸺ 彼得 · 安東尼（Peter Anthon）所著的《熊貓金銀幣買家指南4》。該書此前已推出多個版本，但是這一版中仍將有很多有趣的新內容。這本指南曾導致部分熊貓紀念幣的價格大漲。

此外還有一本與中國黃銅紀念章相關的詞典正在籌畫中，但是具體的出版時間尚未可知。

訂單鏈接 -《中國金銀幣標準目錄（1979-2018）》：

https://numicconnection.com/shop?olsPage=products%2F2019-china-gold-and-silver-coins-book-with-1ngc-gem-proof-medal 其他經銷商：www.yjzx.net / www.shouxi.com / www.11coins.com / www.jibi.net 及亞馬遜中國

ISBN 號：978-7-5444-9111-2ISBN

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2020年版《日本硬幣和紙幣目錄》史蒂芬·羅威爾〔美國〕

《日本硬幣和紙幣目錄》是日本硬幣方面的主要參考書目。

對藏家而言，可以說是在近年推出的紀念幣和造幣廠出版

在 2019 年11月8日舉行的第17屆東京國際錢幣展覽會上，公

的套幣方面最好的一本目錄。

佈了最新的2020 年版目錄。該目錄由日本貨幣商協同組合

出版，共計318頁，收錄了大量的硬幣圖片，是一本不可或

目錄收錄了明治維新（1868年）開始以來發行的所有現代

缺的工具書。儘管這是一本日文目錄，但是大多數詞條的

硬幣和紙幣。目錄中有92頁內容對明治時期前的硬幣進行

得這本書即使是對非日本的藏家也非常有用。

最初發行的紙幣，這些紙幣還保持着日本引入現代日元體系

了詳細介紹；有10頁內容介紹了幕府衰落之後變革時期中

標題都以英日雙語書寫。英語標題加之配圖和價格指南使

前的舊版印刷風格。

如果藏家自己有舊版的日本硬幣相關英文參考書目，這一版

此外，目錄還收錄了日本的軍用流通券，包括1877年西南

被認為是黃金標準的《日本硬幣和紙幣目錄》仍十分必要，

戰爭時發行的紙幣、日本和臺灣兩地在日本統治下發行的

因為其配圖清晰、內容覆蓋全面，並且還有最新的估價。

硬幣和紙幣，以及滿洲中央銀行發行的紙幣。

該目錄對日本的紀念幣做出了詳細的介紹，並且列明價格，

( 本文原載於 Arrow Tokyo 公司博客。)

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Resplendence of Gold and Silver: Exhibition of Gold and Silver Money in the Southern Song Dynasty Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Song dynasty. During the governance of nine emperors, the nation was populous and aff luent, the people enjoyed a prosperous life, and the state was content to exercise its sovereignty in the south, enjoying flourishing political, cultural and economic development. Moreover, the busy Maritime Silk Road bolstered trade with Japan, Goryeo [Korea], and other countries in southeast, south and west Asia. Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou and some other cities became major ports. Lin’an, the capital of the Southern Song dynasty, was not only the center of politics, culture and economy, but also an important city where merchants from around the world gathered.

On September 10th, 2019, Zhejiang Provincial Museum hosted the ‘Resplendence of Gold and Silver: Exhibition of Gold and Silver Money in the Southern Song Dynasty’ at the Fine Work Gallery, Gushan Branch of the Zhejiang Provincial Museum, co-organized by the Gold and Silver Professional Committee of the China Numismatic Society. Some 400 exhibits from members of the Committee, cultural relics salvaged from the Ship Nanhai #1 which sank in the Southern Song dynasty, and the collection of museums, such as the Zhejiang Provincial Museum, the Guangdong Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute, the Huangshi Museum, the Ningbo Museum, the Huzhou Museum, and the Yiwu Museum were on display.

At the exhibition, the number and type of the discovered gold and silver money of the Southern Song were much more common than those produced before. In addition, they were characterized by their various shapes. For instance, there were

After the Song court lost control of its northern half, it retreated to south of the Yangtze River and reestablished itself in Lin’an where it continued to rule for another 150 years as the Southern

Entry of the Exhibition J

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金 ”(full gold), “ 足金 ”(pure gold) and “ 赤金 ”(solid gold) indicated their quality, which was in line with the minting system and reg ulation mentioned above. According to related documents, the gold and silver money was widely and generally used in the Southern Song dynasty, mainly used in banknote exchange, national defense and taxation, in the system of monopoly sales, overseas transactions, local tributes, bulk purchases, etc., and was also used as gifts, deposits, contributions and presents among the people. There were over 100 gold and silver stores in Lin’an, which showed the prosperity and abundance of the city.

some gold ‘pages’different from gold ingots and gold plaque. These gold leaflets, which were found in recent years, were as thin as paper. As for the striking of gold and silver money, there was a strict system which stipulated that the money must be engraved with the name of the gold and silver store, the name of the artisan, and the name and position of the officer who supervised the striking. Also, it was a must to authenticate the money and assess its quality when making a purchase or exchange. “ 相五郎 ”(Xiang Wulang), “ 石三郎 ”(Shi Sanlang), “ 李六郎 ”(Li Liulang) and “ 鐵線巷 ”(Tieqian Lane) on the exhibits were the names of artisans and stores, and “ 十分

Coin Exhibition of Collection from Dai Baoting's Students

gold ingot

silver ingot

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“金銀同輝—南宋金銀貨幣精華展” 周邊〔上海〕

2019年9月10日， “金銀同輝⸺ 南宋金銀貨幣精華展” 四海商賈雲集的重要都城。

在浙江省博物館孤山館區精品館開幕。展出金銀貨幣

約400 件，本次展覽由浙江省博物館主辦，中國錢幣學

從展覽展出的金銀貨幣來看，發現的南宋金銀貨幣，

物館以及廣東省文物考古研究所、黃石市博物館、寧

錠、金牌外，近年發現有薄如紙張的金頁。對金銀貨

會金銀貨幣專業委員會協辦。展品一部分來自浙江省博

其種類和數量遠遠超過了前代，而且形態多樣，除金

波博物館、湖州博物館和義烏博物館等文博機構，一

幣的打造，南宋政權也有嚴格的制度，規定上貢金銀

部分則是中國錢幣學會金銀貨幣專業委員會部分會員

須刻上金銀鋪名、工匠字型大小和監鑄官吏的姓名和

的藏品，還有南宋沉船南海一號出水的部分實物。

職務等。買賣、兌換金銀都必須要鑒定其真偽和優劣。展出的實物上的“石三郎” “李六郎” “鐵線巷”等人名、

北宋亡後由趙宋皇族在江南建立了南宋政權，幾經磨

鋪， “十分金”“足金”“赤金”等表明的成色，就是以

難，定都臨安。經9 位皇帝150多年的治理，在政治、

上制度規定的見證。據文獻記載，南宋時金銀貨幣使

文化、經濟等方面都有了蓬勃的發展，出現了民生富庶、

用普遍且範圍廣泛，主要用於兌換紙鈔，國防與賦稅，

安居樂業、偏安一隅的繁榮景象。而繁忙的海上絲綢

以及專賣制度、海外貿易、地方上供、大宗商品買賣等

之路，與日本、高麗以及東南亞、南亞、西亞的貿易往

領域。民間則是饋贈貯藏、佈施謝禮等方面。當時在

來，使廣州、泉州、明州等形成了重要港口。南宋京城

南宋京城臨安即有一百多家金銀鋪，可見其富庶和繁華

臨安不僅是南宋政府政治、文化、經濟的中心，更是

之程度。

展廳入口 J

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展名

金錠

銀錠

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Entry

》》

T he Open i n g of t he Da i Baot i n g Numismatic Cultural Museum Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 was also one of the founders of the China Numismatic Society in Republican times and Chinese numismatics, and had a high status and reputation. Mr. Dai compiled three volumes of Zuzhai Coin Rubbings, and produced Rare Coin Rubbing Collections, Shou Quan Coin Rubbing Collections and Rubbing Collection of Rare Chinese and Foreign Coins from Dai Baoting at an early age. He also helped Ding Fubao to compile The Dictionary of Ancient Coins, Catalogue of Ancient Coins and the Outline of Ancient Numismatics, and provided a body of information to Peng Weixin for his A Monetary History of China. His rare coins are in the collection of the National Museum of China, Shanghai Museum and Tianjin History Museum, and is highly spoken of by the Ministry of Culture of China.

The opening ceremony of the Dai Baoting Numismatic Cultural Museum and Coin Exhibition of Collection from Dai Baoting’s st udents was co-organized by the Shaoxing Municipal Administration of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism and the Shaoxing Municipal Federation of Literary and Art Circles on October 18th, 2019. Hundreds of numismatists and heads of the China Numismatic Society, China Numismatic Museum, China Association of Collectors, Zhejiang Numismatic Society, Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Zhejiang Association of Collections, Beijing Numismatic Society, Shanghai Numismatic Society, and museums in Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin were present at the event.

Dai Baoting (1895-1976), was the courtesy name Zuzhai, a native of Lanting, Shaoxing city, Zhejiang province, and was a famous numismatist, connoisseur and collector in the modern era. He

The museum was founded by the Dai family and Mr. Chen Baoxiang in memory of the famous numismatist Dai Baoting,

A leader delivering the speech

The Opening of the Dai Baoting Numismatic Cultural Museum J

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and aims to carry forward traditional Chinese culture. At the inauguration and opening ceremony of the museum, some leaders and guests delivered speeches, including Mr. He Junjie (the Vice Minister of the Information Department of the Shaoxing Municipal Government and the director general of Shaoxing’s Municipal Administration of Culture, Radio, Television and Tourism), Mr. Zhou Weirong (the director of the China Numismatic Museum), Mr. Luo Bojian (the

head of the China Association of Collectors), and Mr. Zhang Xiangjun (Deputy Manager of China Gold Coin Inc.). Mr. Feng Jianrong (the Vice President of Shaoxing Municipal Political Consultative Conference and the first director of the Shaoxing Municipal Institute of Culture and History) announced the inauguration of the museum, and unveiled a plaque together with Mr. Dai Zhiqiang.

古泉名品

Relics Appraisal Committee, member of China Circulating Cultural Relic Expert Team and the son of Mr. Dai Baoting) and ten of Mr. Dai Baoting’s students from across the country all exhibited their coin collections at the coin exhibition in Shaoxing. Some of these exhibits had great treasures of Chinese ancient coins, with ancestor moneys, matrix coins and patterns displayed at the show; in addition, there were also coins minted in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces and silver ingots from Shaoxing.

In order to celebrate the opening of the Dai Baiting Numismatic Cultural Museum, Mr. Dai Zhiqiang (the first director of the China Numismatic Museum, member of China Cultural

On the day after the opening ceremony, the later generations and some students of Mr. Dai prayed at his tomb. Apart from the exhibition, Shanquan community held a numismatic forum at Xianheng Hotel, where Mr. Dai Zhijiang delivered a speech about the major study results of numismatics made by Mr. Dai Baoting. Mr. Shen Mingdi told a story of Mr. Dai Baoting, and other members of the community also shared their opinions. The forum was designed to recall this domestic numismatic master and follow in his path. The Dai Baoting Numismatic Cultural Museum will be a name card for celebrities and culture buffs in Shaoxing, and it will be an important place to advance academic study, promote cultural communication and carry out service in the public interest. It will also be an ideal site for domestic numismatists and collectors to experience numismatic culture. Mr. Dai Baoting' s tomb

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展廳入口

》》

戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館開館周邊〔上海〕

2019年10月18日，由紹興市文化廣電旅遊局、紹興市文聯

位和影響力。戴葆庭先生編著有《足齋泉拓》3冊，晚年又整

主辦的戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館開館儀式暨“戴門弟子藏泉

理集成《珍泉集拓》《壽泉集拓》和《戴葆庭集拓中外錢幣珍

選展”開幕式在紹興市水街壹號文創園內舉行。中國錢幣

《歷代古泉圖說》品》上下冊。並協助丁福保編纂《古錢大辭典》

浙江省博物館、浙江省收藏協會及北京、上海市錢幣學會，

先生畢生搜集的珍貴泉幣，歸中國歷史博物館、上海博物館

學會、中國錢幣博物館、中國收藏家協會、浙江省錢幣學會、《古錢學綱要》；為彭信威著述《中國貨幣史》提供了大量資料。北京、上海、天津博物館等相關負責人及業界人士百餘人

和天津歷史博物館珍藏。受到中央文化部的嘉獎。

參加了活動。

由他家人和陳寶祥先生發起設立的戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館，旨在紀念泉學名人，追尋泉學大家，宣傳和弘揚中華

戴葆庭（1895～1976年），字足齋，浙江紹興蘭亭人，是近現

傳統文化。開館及開幕儀式現場，紹興市委宣傳部副部長、

代著名錢幣學家、鑒定家、收藏家，是中國泉幣學社的主要

市文廣旅遊局局長何俊傑，中國錢幣博物館館長周衛榮，

發起人和中國錢幣學創建人之一，在國內錢幣界有着很高的地

領導嘉賓講話

戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館開館

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中國收藏家協會會長羅伯健，中國金幣總公司副總經理張

的首任館長、國家文物鑒定委員、國家流通文物專家組成

興市文史研究館首任館長馮建榮宣佈開館，並和戴志強先

子，各自拿出珍藏的古泉名品，前來紹興舉辦“戴門弟子藏

員、戴葆庭先生之子戴志強先生分佈在全國各地的10 位弟

向軍等領導和嘉賓分別作了講話。紹興市政協副主席、紹

泉選展”。展品中不乏中國古錢大珍；還有不少專題，如雕

生一起為戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館揭匾。

母、母錢、樣錢的集中展出；另有地域特色的品種，如民俗錢中的浙爐與蘇爐，及紹興地名的銀錠等。

為了慶賀戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館的開館，中國錢幣博物館

古泉名品

开馆次日，戴家後人與部分戴門弟子拜謁了戴葆庭先生墓地，告慰先生的在天之靈。除展覽外，善泉社泉學論壇也

在鹹亨大酒店舉辦。期間，戴志強先生主講《戴葆庭泉學

研究成果舉要》，沈鳴鏑先生講述《追憶我的父親⸺ 戴葆庭》，善泉社弟子也在會上發言。以此追憶宗師足跡，聆聽

大師聲音。戴葆庭錢幣文化博物館將成為紹興名人文化的一張名片，為推動學術研究，促進文化傳播，開展公益服務提供了一個重要的場所，也是國內錢幣界和錢幣愛好者感悟錢幣文化的一個理想的園地。

戴葆庭先生墓地

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The Difference a Point Makes Jeff Garrettă&#x20AC;&#x201D;USAă&#x20AC;&#x2022; With the popularity of online set registries, coin collecting has become a competitive sport.

of a Super Bowl, but in numismatics, one point can indeed make a huge difference. The price jump from one grade to the next can mean six-figure amounts in some cases. Does one point really mean that much? For some, the obvious answer is yes!

Note: A coin set includes a t y pe of coin of all dates, m i nt m a rk s , a nd v a r ie t ie s c er t i f ic at e d by g r ad i n g companies. T he reg ist r y shows t he average rat ing , completion, rank, All-Time Finest, and Current Fines of the registered coin sets of the same series.

One of the biggest differences in European numismatics and American numismatics is the hyper focus on quality. The highend of the American market is currently dominated by collectors who compete with each other in set registry programs, such as the NGC Registry. These collectors build sets and post them online with the goal of moving up in rank.

Sometimes one point is insignificant. Your credit score might be 720 or 721, but the one-point difference really does not matter much. On the other hand, if the Super Bowl is tied, with seconds left in the game, and the kicker needs to make the extra point after a touchdown, that one point means everything.

The set registry programs also include coin issues from around the world. For example, British coins are particularly popular with American collectors. This is one reason high grade coins from around the world have surged in prices in recent years. The difference that set registry collectors will pay for that one extra point to move up in the registry can be incredible.

Note: The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL). Like the other major professional leagues in the United States, the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared de facto "World Champion." The Super Bowl is currently played on the last Sunday in January or the first Sunday in February, and the day is Super Bowl Sunday. Most people may not consider rare coins to be quite on the scale

Collectors from all over the world compete for best sets in the NGC Registry. numismatic community adopted the Sheldon 1 to MS 70 grading scale. It was another decade or two before the MS scale was broken down point by point.

More points, more possibilities Decades ago, rare coins traded hands based on grades such as Extremely Fine and then Uncirculated. There was nothing in between. The introduction of Almost Uncirculated was deemed radical. It was not until the mid to late 1970s that the American

Many thought it impossible to be so precise; however, numismatics items trade hands today with significant value

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A 1950 50C graded PF 68+ ★

differences coins bring at auction illustrates the success of the addition of Plus grading. My experience has been that the plus designation adds about 20% to the value of most coins.

changes based on each point. A common date MS 66 Morgan Dollar sells for around $200, while in MS 67 the same coin brings about $750. In MS 68, the coins bring nearly $5,000. This scenario plays out with nearly every popular series of United States coinage.

Completing and competing

Several years ago, NGC and PCGS upped the grading game ante by adding Plus (+) designations to the menu of grades given on submissions. Many old-school collectors and dealers probably think it is beyond impossible to judge coins so precisely, but the market seems to have embraced the move. The clear price

One of the best pieces of advice ever given to collectors is “buy the best you can afford.” The theory is that over time higher quality coins will outperform lower quality selections. This has most certainly been the case over the last few decades. I would never have dreamed of some of the prices that super Gem coins

There are over 6,600 Quarter sets in the NGC Registry. 34

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bring at auction. A few decades ago, the idea that a Franklin Half Dollar could be worth $100,000 would have seemed ludicrous!

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From private hobby to public spectacle In the past, most collectors quietly built their sets in relative privacy. Some famous collectors, such as John Ford, were actually super-secret about their holdings. Only when they passed away did the numismatic community discover the extent of their collections. Conversely, modern day collectors want to complete their sets and have the highest ranked set possible. Many of today’s great rare coin collections are listed on the NGC Registry for all to see.

Yet prices such as this are now almost common place. This is especially true with series that are popular with set registry collectors, such as Lincoln Cents, Buffalo Nickels, Mercury Dimes, Washington Quarters and Walking Liberty Half Dollars. There are hundreds of individuals attempting to assemble high-grade sets of these series. The competition is fierce for superb examples. The advent of registry collecting has had a tremendous impact on numismatics. Now collectors not only attempt to complete sets, but they compete with others doing the same. It is probably the biggest boost to coin collecting since the Penny board concept sparked a surge of collecting in the 1930s.

This very public competition for the finest sets has created astounding prices for many of the most popular series, which might seem like a bubble or, in some cases, bordering on insanity. However, while there are isolated instances of seemingly crazy prices, for the most part, the demand for these popular series is broad and deep. Indeed, only the collector can judge the value of having claim to the top set!

In my opinion, the rare coin market would be in a much different state if not for set registry collecting. Most demand for high grade United States coinage is based on collectors competing in this arena. One collector alone has invested over $200,000,000 in the last several years in his attempt to beat the Louis Eliasberg “all-time best collection” status.

There is also some value added to assembling a pedigreed set. As I have covered in a previous article, coins from a famous collection will bring a premium when offered for sale.

A top-ranking set of Great Britain Trade Dollars. set ever assembled. Also, collectors are more willing now than ever to pay substantial premiums for coins with amazing color and superior eye appeal. Rare coins are less often viewed as commodities and more as works of art. Certainly, buy the best you can afford, but now with a special emphasis on quality for the grade.

And now for the final point… Rare coin pricing is more complicated than ever. The value of a coin usually depends on simple supply and demand. Now, some rare coins can be driven to new heights by the intangible of how much even one point can help in the pursuit of the finest

(The article was originally published by NGC.) J

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硬幣評級中的一分之差傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕隨着線上套幣註冊愈發普及，硬幣收藏已經成為具有一定

或許在大多數人眼中，珍稀硬幣和超級碗的分量並不相當，

注：套幣包括一種錢幣的每個年份、廠紀和鑒定機構目前認

同。有時候多一分便意味着價格上漲六位數之多。一分之

競爭性的活動。

但是在錢幣界，評級中的一分之差確實可以造成很大的不

差真的意味着這麼大的價格差距嗎？對一些硬幣而言，事

證的主要版別。註冊中的每一系列都分成兩個頁面展示。起始

實確實如此。

頁列出該套的平均分數、完成度和排名。排名分為“ 所有套幣排名”和“ 當前註冊套幣排名” 兩類。

歐美錢幣界最大的區別之一便是對錢幣品質的高度關注。現在，主導美國高端市場的藏家都在 NGC 註冊等套幣註

有時一分之差似乎並不重要，比如你的信用評級可能是720

冊項目中相互競爭。這些藏家建立藏集，將其公佈到網上，

分或是721分，這裏的一分並沒有什麼實質性的區別。但是

並力圖提高自己藏集的排名。

如果是在“超級碗比賽”的最後幾秒中，踢球手需要在達陣之後獲得附加分，這時的一分便顯得無比重要。

套幣註冊項目囊括了世界各地發行的硬幣。比如英國硬幣

注：超級碗（ Super Bowl）是美國國家橄欖球聯盟（ NFL）的

就在美國藏家中格外受到歡迎。一分之所以重要，是因為

年度冠軍賽，參與球隊為該球季的美聯冠軍以及國家橄欖球

世界各地的高評級硬幣在過去數年中價格激增，額外的一

聯合會冠軍，勝者被稱為“ 世界冠軍”。超級碗一般在每年1月

分可以讓套幣的排名在註冊套幣中有所提升。致力於套幣

最後一個或2月第一個星期天舉行，那一天被稱為超級碗星期

註冊的藏家為了這一分需要付出的代價確實是巨大的。

天（Super Bowl Sunday）。

世界各地的藏家都想爭取 NGC 註冊中的最佳藏集幣社團才開始接受謝爾頓謝爾頓1-MS70 的數值評級標準。

更高的分數，更多的可能性

又過了一二十年，MS 品相評級又進行了逐分細化。

數十年前，珍稀硬幣是根據其為極美、未流通等按等級進

行交易，而沒有中間選擇。之後引入的近乎未流通等級似

很多人認為硬幣的評級不可能如此精確；然而，在現在的錢

乎是一個全新的標準。知道 20世紀70 年代中後期，美國錢

幣交易中，每一分都會帶來巨大的價格變化。一枚普通年份

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評級為 PF 68+ 的1950年50C 銀幣

等級為 MS 66的摩根銀元售價在 200美元左右，而如果同

加上附加等級是成功的。根據我的經驗，附加標識會讓大

樣一枚銀元的評級為 MS 67，那麼價格則會在750美元左

多數硬幣的價值增加大約20% 。

右，如果評級達到了 MS 68，那麼價格則會高達將近5 000

美元。而幾乎每一系列熱門的美國硬幣都會是這種情況。

完整和競逐對藏家最好的建議之一便是“買你能買得起的最好的硬幣”。

幾年前，NGC 和 PCGS 開始在評級列表中加入根據呈交

這一建議背後的理論便是：高質量硬幣的價格總是會比低

的硬幣評出附加（＋）標識從而提高等級的分量。很多老派

質量硬幣中較好的那些要高，在過去幾十年中一直如此。

的藏家和幣商可能並不認為可以對硬幣做出如此精准的評

我難以想像一些極佳珍品等級硬幣在拍賣會上的價格。幾

判，但是市場似乎已經接受了這一變化。而附加標識讓硬

十年前，如果說一枚富蘭克林半美元硬幣可以價值１０萬美

幣在拍賣會上的價格有明顯的差異，這說明在評級中額外

NGC 註冊中有超過6600套25美分套幣 J

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元，那簡直是可笑。

從個人愛好進入公眾視野

而現在，這種價格已經非常普遍，尤其是當某一系列在套

過去，大多數收藏家都是在相對隱私的情況下悄悄建造自

牛鎳幣、水星10美分幣、華盛頓２５美分幣、行走自由女

藏品十分保密。只有當他們過世時，錢幣界才會知道他們的

己的藏集。約翰 · 福德（John Ford）等知名藏家對他們的

幣註冊藏家中非常受歡迎時更是如此，比如林肯１分幣、水

神像半美元幣等。有數百人試圖集齊這些系列的高分套幣。

藏品之豐。相反，藏家們現在想要使自己的藏集完整，應

藏家們對這些硬幣中極佳品相者的競爭十分激烈。

盡可能地擁有最高排名的套幣。現在很多的珍稀硬幣藏集都列於 NGC 註冊表上，大家都可以看見。

收藏註冊對錢幣界產生了巨大的影響。現在，藏家不只試圖集齊套幣，也和其他收藏相同套幣的人競爭。這可能是

這一公開的最佳套幣競逐，讓很多最受歡迎的系列幣的價

後，錢幣收藏界最大的一次變化。

可能存在一定的泡沫。然而，雖然有個別硬幣的價格瘋漲，

格達到了驚人的高度，有些硬幣的價格甚至幾近瘋狂，這

自２０世紀３０年代林肯麥穗版１美分硬幣掀起收藏熱潮之

但是對大多數受歡迎的硬幣系列，其需求既廣且深。事實上，只有藏家可以判斷擁有最佳套幣的價值。

我認為如果沒有套幣註冊收藏這項活動，錢幣市場會處在一個非常不同的狀態。對高分美國硬幣的需求大多是基於

如果一套硬幣的來歷清楚，那麼它的價值也會有所增加。

這一領域藏家競爭而產生的。在過去幾年中，有一位藏家

投資了超過２億美元，試圖打敗路易斯 · 埃利亞斯伯格擁有

我在之前的一篇文章發現，來自著名藏集的硬幣會在出售

“有史以來最好的收藏” （Louis Eliasberg ）的地位。

時產生溢價。

排名最高的一套英國貿易銀元

最後一點

無形的因素而創下新高。除此之外，藏家也比以往更願意

珍稀硬幣的定價比以往任何時候都更為複雜。一枚硬幣的

稀硬幣不再像以往那樣被視為商品，更多是被當作藝術品。

為成色極佳且更為奪人眼球的硬幣付出實質性的溢價。珍

價值通常只取決於工序。現在，有些珍稀硬幣的價格可能

因此，一定要買下你能買得起的最佳硬幣，而現在必須加

因為評級提高一分，會對藏家競逐最佳套幣有何助益這一

上對等級的額外關注。

( 本文原由 NGC 刊載。) 38

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The Appreciation of The First Set of Common Commemorative Coins:

The Common Commemorative Coins for the 35th Anniversary of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China Zhang Jun〔Shanghai〕

The Common Commemorative Coin for the 35th Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China (3-Coin Set)

the Commemorative Coin for the 35th Anniversary of the Founding of People’s Republic of China , and the coin was formally released on October 1st. The first set of Chinese common commemorative coins (a 3-coin set) was released on October 1st, 1984 for the 35th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China by the People’s Bank of China, and the nominations of all these three coins were 1 yuan. These well-minted coins were struck by the Shenyang Mint (now Shenyang Mint Co., Ltd.), and the Shanghai Mint (now Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.). It was the first set of common commemorative coins released after the founding of the People’s Republic of China as well as the first common commemorative coins for the anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

On September 28th, 1984, the President Lv Peijian of the People’s Bank of China issued the Announcement of Issuing

The observe of all of these three coins is the same, the national emblem of the People’s Republic of China, fireworks and the Tiananmen Square. The emblem, made public on September 20th, 1950, was designed by Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, Li Zongjin, Mo Zongjiang, and Zhu Changzhong from Tsinghua University and Zhang Ding and Zhang Yuguang from Central

The Observe of The Common Commemorative Coins for the 35th Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China J

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Academy of Fine Arts, and it features the national flag, the Tiananmen, gear, and wheat. “ 中华人民共和国成立三十五周年 ” (the 35th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China) and “1949-1984” is inscribed at the lower part of the obverse. The colorful fireworks above Tiananmen Square make the scene full of joy and peace, and it fully expresses the prosperous and wonderful prospect of the People’s Republic of China. Tiananmen Square, located in the center of Beijing, is on Chang’an Street, in Dongcheng District, Beijing. Tiananmen Square is surrounded by the Forbidden City to the north, Zhengyang Gate to the south, the China Museum to the east and the Great Hall of People to the west. The square stretches 880 meters from north to south and 500 meters from east to west, covering an area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest city square in the world, and it can hold one million people for events.

T he Rever se of T he Com mon Com memor at ive Coin “ Founding Ceremony”

The square is inlaid with tinted granite which has been processed with special technique. The Monument to the People's Heroes and the solemn Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao Zedong stand at the central axis of the square. Beijing’s Working People’s Cultural Palace and the Zhongshan Park are on either side of the square, blending into Tiananmen Square to be one harmonious whole. In 1986, the square was listed as one of 16 top scenic spots in Beijing, known as “Tian An Li Ri” (Tiananmen Square with a bright sun).

features the architecture at Tiananmen Square, and it is just the magnificent view that can be seen under the flag. The denomination of all these three coins is one yuan and inscribed on the lower half of the reverse. The reverse side of the first coin is the “founding ceremony”. Above Tiananmen is a blue sky and white clouds. On that sunny day, red lanterns were hung on the city walls, shining and glorious. The whole design vividly shows the exciting scene when the President Mao Zedong announced that the Central Government of the People’s Republic of China was founded and the Chinese people could stand up. It shows the glorious image of the first generation of proletariat revolutionists and those statesmen who aided in founding the new China such as Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Song Qingling and Zhang Lan. The magnificent moment of the founding of the China when red flags waving to form an imposing scene has been reproduced.

Tiananmen Square witnessed the revolutionary and heroic spirit of the Chinese people. The May 4th Movement, the December 9th Movement and the May 20th Movement all happened there, so it has been an important place in the modern revolutionary history of China. It is also the place where many other major political and historical events took place, so the square is a historical record of the rise of China. Tiananmen Square is also the place of the ceremony of the founding of the People’s Republic of China and has been used for many other celebrations for major festivals and events. On October 1st, 1949, the five-starred red flag of the People’s Republic of China was first raised here. Since then, the square has been the symbol of the cohesion of the Chinese nation. Every day before sunrise, thousands of Chinese people gather here to wait for the solemn flag-raising ceremony. Standing by the flag and looking around, you can see the magnificent Tiananmen to the north, the Monument to the People's Heroes and Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao to the south, the towering Chinese History Museum and Chinese Revolutionary Museum on the east and the grand Great Hall of the People to the west. The architecture on the square is symmetrical and magnificent. T he obver se of t he com memor at ive coi n for t he 35t h anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China

The beautiful commemorative coin is popular among collectors at home and abroad. The curator of the British Museum said when he visited a Chinese coin exhibition in Hong Kong, “the commemorative coins for the 35th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China” was like an ever-bright sun which would never set, and the worthy “founding ceremony” coin was a picture of those great men who built the New China. Its historic significance and artistry will win it a place in the numismatic history of China.” The reverse side of the second commemorative coin focuses on the theme of “national unity”. It depicts the scene of 56 Chinese nations singing and dancing before the shining Tiananmen Gate Tower, including the Han nation, Mongolian nation, Tibetan nation, Uygur nation, Gaoshan nation, and others

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The theme of the third coin is “Long Live China”. The reverse features an ornamental column surrounded by the magnificent Great Wall, four flying red-crowned cranes, an evergreen pine and our industrial construction results, the design is a symbol of “Long Live China”. Ornamental columns are commonly set before bridges, palaces, city walls or mausoleums, and these huge stone decorative columns represent the noble status. It is said that the ornamental column was the totem used in tribal ages, and it used to be a short wooden column between breast boards of bridges or buildings in ancient times, showing the spirit, quality and romantic charm of traditional Chinese culture. Presently ornamental columns are commonly made of white marble with a square, lotus-shaped or mountain-shaped base. The columns are engraved with Chinese dragons, with a round dew-holding plate on the top of the column. The square base and round top correspond to the understanding of ancient Chinese people, that is, the sky is round and the earth is square. The mythical animal on the plate is Chao Tian Hou, an animal howling toward the sky. There is a pair of ornamental columns in the front of and behind Tiananmen respectively, and these elegantly engraved columns are all masterpieces. The Great Wall, one of the greatest works in the world, is a military defense work from ancient China. The high and firm wall stretching long was built to defend against enemies from the north. The Great Wall is not only a wall but an integrated defense system. It takes the city wall as the main body and combines many other defense structures such as the city, barrier, and pavilion. During the Spring and Autumn Period, many states built defense works at hard places to defend against one another. After the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty unified all the states, he connected the northern Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan states to build the Great Wall from Linyao to the west and Liaodong to the east, stretching tens of tens of thousands of kilometers. When it came to the Ming dynasty, the magnificent Great Wall was over 8,000 kilometers long from Jianyu Gateway to the west and Shanhai Gateway to the east through hundreds of years of efforts. The Great Wall now goes through 15 provinces and municipalities (Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang). There are 2,000 kilometers of the Great Wall in Hebei provinces and 1,838 kilometers in Shaanxi. According to the survey on the Great Wall by the Cultural Relics and Monitoring Department, the overall length of the Great Wall built in the Ming dynasty is 8,851.8 kilometers, and in the Qin and Han dynasties over 10,000 kilometers, with an overall length over 21,000 kilometers. On March, 4th, 1961, the Great Wall was listed as the first of the key cultural relics protected by the State Council, and in

T he Rever se of T he Common Commemorat ive Coin “ National Unity”

which symbolizes the great unity of the people from all nations and their confidence in socialist China and the realization of socialist modernization. It is also a celebration for the Nation’s Day when the people across China celebrate the wonderful time together.

The Reverse of The Common Commemorative Coin“ Long Live China”

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set of commemorative coins in which the mintages of the coins are different.

December 1987, it was listed as a world cultural heritage. Both ornamental columns and the Great Wall manifest the diligence and intelligence of the Chinese nation, and the pine and red-crowned cranes correspond to the traditional Chinese saying “pine and red-crowned cranes bring long life”, which symbolizes the prosperity of our great China. The industrial construction shows the glorious achievement of the socialist construction in China since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and it indicates that China will move forward and stand as a great power in the east of the world.

In terms of the mintage, People’s Bank of China didn’t make it public at first, and only published the total mintage around 20.41 million later (according to the Shanghai and Shenyang mints, the mintage of “Founding Ceremony” coin is 2.092 million, “National Unity” coin is 8.793 million and “Long Live China” coin is 9.068 million. Also, there were 6.276 million pieces sold in sets. Therefore, they minted 19.953 million pieces.) Since the bank didn’t tell that the mintages of three coins were different, some collectors thought that 6.803 million sets of coins were issued. However, there is a gap of 457,000 pieces between the mintage announced by the bank and the production counted by mints. T he se coi n s a re t he so - cal le d proof coins on the market, and the difference results from the unmatured minting technique and management model.

Each coin in this silver-grey B25 copper-nickel common commemorative coin set weighs 9.32 grams. They are 1.9 mm thick and their diameter is 30 mm. They were minted by the Shanghai Mint and Shenyang Mint respectively, with a total mintage of 20.41 million. These coins include mint state coins and proof coins, and they are different in weight and thickness. The mint state coins are generally 9.32 grams, and they are 1.7 mm thick, while proof coins are 9.40 grams, and they are 1.9 mm thick. It can be circulated, exchanged and used as a regular one yuan coin across China.

Due to the specif ic historical sit uation, the mintages of th ree coins in this set are different, and its themes which are all important symbolic h istor ical events also ma ke it wor th collecting.

When the Shanghai Mint and the Shenyang Mint struck these commemorative coins, their design, die manufacture, minting, issuing, and management were all at the stage of exploration, without any technical standard and management model to follow. In the process of producing, both mints learned as they went and produced separately without common technical standard, the coins they minted are different, and some differences are even obvious. Thus, some collectors are working to collect diverse “varieties”.

Reviewing the past 70 years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, we can see that our great country has been developing and moving forward despite many hardships, and we have already made remarkable achievements. China holds grand celebrations on October 1st to mark the founding of the People’s Republic of China annually, and special commemorative coins issued by People's Bank of China under the authorization of the state has been an important way to celebrate this solemn event officially.

This is the first set of Chinese common commemorative coins issued [across the country], and it started the minting and release of common commemorative coins in China. In addition, it also has an important place in the history of domestic modern coins, as it is the coin on which more leaders of the Party and our country are pictured than any other coin. It is also the only

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中華人民共和國成立35周年普通紀念幣賞析章軍〔上海〕

中華人民共和國成立35周年普通紀念幣一套3枚

1984 年9月28日，中國人民銀行行長呂培儉簽發《關於發行

這套紀念幣的正面圖案相同：上半部為中華人民共和國國

行。該套紀念幣為普通紀念幣，一套3枚，面值均為壹圓，

國成立三十五周年”及“1949-1984”字樣。國徽的內容為

建國三十五周年紀念幣的通告》，自同年10月1日起，陸續發

徵、天安門廣場及禮花組成；下部鐫鑄有“中華人民共和

分別由瀋陽造幣廠（瀋陽造幣有限公司前身）、上海造幣廠

國旗、天安門、齒輪和穀穗，由清華大學建築系梁思成、

（上海造幣有限公司前身）精工鑄造。這是中華人民共和國

林徽因、李宗津、莫宗江、朱倡中等人所組成的設計小組

成立以來首次發行的普通紀念幣，也是中華人民共和國建

與中央美術學院張仃、張光宇等人的設計小組集體創作。

1950年9月20日公佈。五彩繽紛的禮花升騰在天安門廣場

國周年慶典普通紀念幣的始祖。

上空，使整個畫面充滿了歡樂祥和的氣氛，生動地記錄和再現了1949 年10月1日天安門前激動人心的歷史時刻，凝聚

着中華人民共和國建國後天安門廣場的壯麗輝煌。

天安門廣場，位於北京市中心，地處北京市東城區東長安

街，北起天安門，南至正陽門，東起中國國家博物館，西至人民大會堂，南北長880米，東西寬500米，面積達 44萬平方米，可以容納100萬人舉行盛大集會，是世界上最大的

城市廣場。

天安門廣場地面全部由經過特殊工藝技術處理的淺色花崗

中華人民共和國成立35周年普通紀念幣共同正面

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岩條石鋪成，中央矗立着人民英雄紀念碑和莊嚴肅穆的毛

如畫、氣勢如虹波瀾壯闊的時刻。

與天安門渾然一體，共同構成天安門廣場。1986年，天安

這枚紀念幣的鑄造非常精美，深受國內外錢幣界人士的喜

主席紀念堂，天安門兩邊是勞動人民文化宮和中山公園，門廣場被評為“北京十六景”之一，景觀名“天安麗日”。

愛。一位英國皇家博物館館長在香港參觀中國錢幣展覽時

說： “建國35周年紀念幣就像永不落的太陽，僅‘開國大典’ 就已價值連城，這是一幅新中國的偉人圖呀！其歷史性和藝

天安門廣場記載了中國人民不屈不撓的革命精神和大無畏

“一二 · 九”運動、 “五 · 二〇” 的英雄氣概， “五 · 四”運動、

術性在中國錢幣歷史上將占一席之地。”

運動都在這裏發生，在中國現代革命史上留下了濃重的色彩，同時還是無數重大政治、歷史事件的發生地，是中國

從衰落到崛起的歷史見證。

天安門廣場，這裏也曾是中華人民共和國開國大典的主

會場，也是新中國歷次重大節日和慶典的主要活動場所。

1949年10月1日，中華人民共和國第一面五星紅旗在這裏升

起。從此，天安門廣場成為中華民族凝聚力的象徵。每當

朝陽升起之前，這裏便凝聚着成千上萬的中華兒女，等待

着升旗儀式這一莊嚴而神聖的時刻的到來。站在國旗下放眼四周，北邊是壯麗的天安門城樓，南邊是挺拔的人民英雄紀念碑和莊嚴的毛主席紀念堂，東側為巍峨的中國歷史

博物館和中國革命博物館，西側是宏偉的人民大會堂。整

背面之二“ 民族大團結”

和國成立35周年紀念幣正面圖案中的天安門廣場建築物正

。在光芒四射的天安門城樓前，代第2 枚為“民族大團結”

個廣場建築宏偉壯觀，整齊對稱，氣勢磅礴。中華人民共

表着中國56個民族的漢族、蒙古族、藏族、維吾爾族、高

是站在國旗下放眼望去的壯麗景象。

山族人民群眾載歌載舞的圖案，象徵着全國各族人民大團

結，心向社會主義祖國，對實現社會主義現代化充滿了信

心；也寓意喜慶國慶佳節舉國歡騰，普天同慶的美好時光。

背面之一“ 開國大典”

這套紀念幣的背面圖案下方或下側方均有“壹圓”字樣。其餘主圖案分別為，第1枚為“開國大典”。其天安門上空藍

背面之三“ 祖國萬歲”

天白雲，晴空萬里；城樓上大紅宮燈高掛，金壁輝煌，生動形象地再現了毛澤東主席在天安門城樓上莊嚴宣告“中華

第3枚為“祖國萬歲”。幣面中央高高聳立一華表、綿延巍峨

人民共和國中央人民政府成立了！中國人民從此站起來了” 激動人心的場景。栩栩如生地再現了毛澤東、周恩來、朱德、

的萬里長城、四只仙鶴翩翩翱翔、長青松柏和工業建設組

勳們的光輝形象，氣勢宏偉地再現了新中國誕生時那紅旗

殿、城垣或陵墓等之前作為高貴標誌和華麗裝飾用的巨大

成的圖案象徵“祖國萬歲”。華表是中國古代設在橋樑、宮

劉少奇、宋慶齡、張瀾等老一輩無產階級革命家、開國元

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石柱。相傳華表是部落時代的一種圖騰標誌，古稱桓表，

造模具、鑄造、發行、管理等都處於探索階段，沒有一個

散發出中國傳統文化的精神、氣質和神韻。華表一般用漢

一邊生產中完成這個任務的。因此就留下了很多令人遺憾

以一種望柱的形式出現，富有深厚的中國傳統文化內涵，

可以遵循的工藝技術標準和生產管理模式，是在一邊摸索、

白玉雕成，華表的底座通常呈方形，是蓮花座或須彌座，

的歷史問題。由於這套幣是初次鑄造發行，由上海、瀋陽

上面雕刻有中國龍的圖案，蟠龍柱上雕刻一只蟠龍盤於柱

兩家造幣廠分別完成，一開始也沒有一個大家可共同遵循

上，並飾有流雲紋；上端橫插一雲板，稱為誹謗木；石柱

的工藝技術標準，因此反映在兩廠產品上就會出現差異（主

頂上有一承露盤，呈圓形，因此對應天圓地方，上面的蹲

要在翻制工作印模式上各廠掌握的標準有差異），有的甚至

獸為傳說中的神獸朝天吼，或稱為望天犼。北京天安門前

是比較明顯的差異，這就造成了市場上許多收藏者孜孜不

後的兩對華表，雕刻精美，為華表中的優秀作品。萬里長

倦追求的不同“版本”。

城是世界最偉大的工程之一，是中國古代的軍事防禦工程，是一道高大、堅固而連綿不斷的長垣，用以限隔敵騎的行

這套普通紀念幣是中國首套在全國範圍發行的普通紀念

同大量的城、障、亭、標相結合的防禦體系。春秋戰國時期，

的鑄造發行，不但結束了新中國沒有普通紀念幣的歷史，

動。長城不是一道單純孤立的城牆，而是以城牆為主體，

幣，開啟了中國鑄造發行普通紀念幣的先河。這套紀念幣

各國為了互相防禦，各在形勢險要的地方修建宮事設施。

而且在中國當代錢幣史上，也具有重要的地位：其中“開國

秦始皇完成統一後，即把原來秦、趙、燕三國的北方長城

大典”幣是我國普通紀念幣上展現黨和國家重要領導人最

連接起來，修築了西起臨洮，東至遼東的萬里長城。以後

多的一枚。

又經歷代整修，到明朝修建了東起山海關、西至嘉峪關，蜿延 8000多公里的長城，氣勢雄偉。長城主要分佈在中國

這套幣還是中國鑄造發行的多枚成套普通紀念幣中唯一的

吉林、遼寧、山東、河南、青海、寧夏、新疆等15個省區

造成了這套紀念幣各枚的發行數量不等。

今河北、北京、天津、山西、陝西、甘肅、內蒙古、黑龍江、

鑄造發行量不等的一套紀念幣。由於當時特定的歷史原因，

市。其中河北省境內長度 2 000多公里，陝西省境內長度1

838公里。根據文物和測繪部門的全國性長城資源調查結

關於鑄造發行數量，人民銀行一開始並沒有對外發佈，後

10 000 公里，總長超過 21 000 公里。1961年3月4日，長城

209.2萬枚， “民族大團結”為879.3萬枚， “祖國萬歲”為

果，明長城總長度為8 851.8公里，秦漢及早期的長城超過

來發佈的是一個發行總數 2 041萬枚（其中“開國大典”為

被國務院公佈為第一批全國重點文物保護單位。1987年12

906.8萬枚，成套幣僅209.2萬套，一套3枚合計總發行量應

月，長城被列入世界文化遺產。

為1995.3萬枚。其實這也是一個比較模糊的數據，也是事

後根據上海、瀋陽兩家造幣廠的實際生產數量統計出來的），

華表和長城，充分體現了中華民族的勤勞和智慧，而松樹

這就有效避開了這套幣各枚數量不等的事實，不少人誤以為

和仙鶴是借中國傳統古語“ 松鶴延年”寓意我們偉大祖國

其發行量有680.33萬套，可實際上人民銀行從未說過這3枚

幣的數量是相等的。至於差額部分的45.7萬枚，也就是市

繁榮昌盛，欣欣向榮。工業建設寓意中華人民共和國成立

以來，中國社會主義建設取得了輝煌的成就，象徵偉大祖

場上傳說的“精製幣”數量。至於為什麼會出現這種情況，

這套普通紀念幣採用 B25銅鎳合金鑄造，均呈銀灰色，官

由於這套紀念幣選取了極有代表性、象徵性的歷史事件作

毫米。其實這套幣有普制幣與精製幣二種，主要是單枚重

紀念意義。

也是由當初鑄造工藝、管理模式不成熟不完善造成的。

國蒸蒸日上，屹立在世界的東方。

方公佈單枚重量為9.32克，厚度為1.90 毫米；直徑為30.00

為紀念幣的主題，從而使其具有了十分重要的收藏意義和

量、邊部厚度上有所差別：普制幣重量控制在9.32克，邊部

厚度控制在1.70毫米；精製幣重量控制在9.40克，邊部厚

回顧中華人民共和國成立70 年的前進歷程，我們偉大祖國

發行量為2 041萬枚，可以等面值在全國範圍內流通、兌換

的巨大成就。為紀念中華人民共和國的誕生，每年的10月1

度控制在1.90毫米。由上海造幣廠和瀋陽造幣廠分別鑄造，

在戰勝各種各樣的困難中不斷發展和狀大，取得了舉世矚目

和使用。

日已經成為全國人民共同歡慶的盛大節日。在這些隆重的

這套紀念幣對上海、瀋陽造幣廠來說，無論是從設計、製

紀念幣也已成為重要的官方舉措。

慶祝活動中，經國家授權由中國人民銀行鑄造發行的專題

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專題

Li Hung Chang’s Trip around the World Destination Germany Thomas Uhlmann〔Germany〕 In 1896, the Chinese Viceroy set out on a journey around the world. In Germany, several medals were dedicated to this unique event at that time, which are the subject of this contribution.

Empire, which he tried to reform and update. Among other things, he was Trade Minister of the Empire (1870 to 1895 and 1900 to 1901), and Superintendent of the Northern Ports of the Chinese Empire. In his day, he was already considered the most important reformer of China and one of the most important statesmans in Asia hence Sir Pope Hennessy's (then British Governor of Hong Kong) characterisation of Li Hung Chang as the "Chinese Bismarck". Important points of his reform efforts were, among other things, opening China to the West, which was important for foreign policy, and updating the military to what was the current state-of-the-art at that time. The aim was to improve China's trading position and with, a powerful military, to have better defences against internal uprisings and external enemies. In particular, the expansion of Japan in the East Asian region was not to be allowed to spread to China. He was deposed from his offices and cast out of the Court several times, but was vindicated time and time again as a competent civil servant and appointed to new offices. Having lived to a ripe old age and yet still entrusted with government assignments, he died during the negotiations on the Boxer Rebellion on 7 November 1901 in Beijing.

Background to the trip Li Hung Chang was considered to be one of the most influential and powerful men in China. He had his official seat in Tianjin, thus controlling the local port1. From here, foreign envoys came to the imperial court in the capital from the middle of the 19th century, who of course also paid him a visit.

Fig. 1 Portrait photograph of Li Hung Chang - Gift to Otto von Bismarck © Archive of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh

Li Hung Chang not only had a good knowledge of foreign visitors to China and their business, he also had extensive knowledge of conditions in Germany. In 1882, German Paul Georg von Möllendorff became his personal secretary. After Möllendorff had brief ly been posted to Korea 2 he returned to Chinese government service in 1886.

Who was Li Hung Chang?

Li Hung Chang was born on 15 February 1823 in the village of Qunzhi in the province of Anhui. He came from a family of senior officials and completed the examination for the highest-ranking official position at the Chinese Court. As a general, he won several important victories during the Taiping Rebellion in 1862, which led to him being appointed governor of the provinces of Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Anhui.

Imperial China clung rigidly to the incumbent and outdated bureaucracy and political system until the end of the 19th century. This was due, among other things, to the experiences of the First and Second Opium Wars against the British Empire and because of increasing attempts by Britain, France, Russia, the United States and, last but not least, Germany to assert their

In 1870, he was appointed governor and viceroy of the province of Zhili, the region around the capital city of Beijing. Other high-ranking government offices gave him a great degree of inf luence on Chinese politics and the

1 Cord Eberspächter, Die Weltreise Li Hongzhangs 1896 und ihre Hintergründe (Li Hongzhang's world trip 1896 and its backgrounds), in: Li Hongzhang – ein Bismarck des Fernen Ostens? (Li Hongzhang – A Bismarck of the Far East), Friedrichsruh, 2016, p. 38. 2 Thomas Uhlmann, Initial Coin Miniting in Korea 1886-1888, Journal of East Asian Numismatics, 2017 No. 11, p. 46–54.

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annexation of the Liadong Peninsula by Japan, causing Japan to cancel this plan. The trip around the world in 1896 was rooted in this obligation toward the Europeans. Russia marked the starting point, as it was insisted that Li Hung Chang be sent by the Chinese Emperor Guangxu to attend the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II.4

own interests in China. Meanwhile, Li Hung Chang recognised the need for the country to be modernised.3 Updating the navy under Li Hung Chang’s sphere of influence provoked Japan and resulted in a war between the two countries in 1894. Japan ultimately won and forced its opponent into a shameful peace treaty. Even here, Li Hung Chang used his diplomatic skills. He got Germany, France and Russia to protest against the planned

Destination – Germany This special guest was a sensation in June 1896. Nearly any newspaper came out without a daily report on the events surrounding the Chinese Special Envoy. So the Berliner

Tageblatt reported at least once a day and sometimes in both the morning and evening editions.5 This allows Li Hung Chang’s route to be reconstructed particularly well.

Fig. 2 Taken during the visit to Hamburg © Archive of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh

The 73-year-old guest arrived in Berlin on 13/06/1896 by special train and was welcomed by an enthusiastic crowd. The next day, emperor Wilhelm II granted Li Hung Chang an audience in the presence of his whole family and invited him to a less formal meeting for breakfast the next day in his castle in Potsdam.

Here he received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle in diamonds from the German Emperor on 15/06/1896.6 In order to illustrate the importance of this order, other recipients included Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and King Leopold II of Belgium.

Fig. 3 Breast star of the Red Eagle Order. 4. Model (with brick red eagle - 1854-1918), grand cross breast star (with blue enamelled inscribed surface), diameter 88.9 mm, 76 g, silver plated, gold-plated silver, medallion-inscription band gold, enamelled ; 253rd auction, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co.KG., Osnabrück No. 300 3 Cord Eberspächter, Die Weltreise Li Hongzhangs 1896 und ihre Hintergründe (Li Hongzhang's world trip 1896 and its backgrounds), in: Li Hongzhang – ein Bismarck des Fernen Ostens? (Li Hongzhang – A Bismarck of the Far East), Friedrichsruh, 2016, p. 37. 4 Cord Eberspächter, Die Weltreise Li Hongzhangs 1896 und ihre Hintergründe (Li Hongzhang's world trip 1896 and its backgrounds), in: Li Hongzhang – ein Bismarck des Fernen Ostens? (Li Hongzhang – A Bismarck of the Far East), Friedrichsruh, 2016, p. 38-39. 5 To be found in digitised form at http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/list/title/zdb/27646518/-/1896. 6 Christian Zweng, Der Rote Adler Orden - Großkreuz und 1. Klasse (The Order of the Red Eagle - Great Cross and First Class). Osnabrück 2015, p. 53.

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Fig. 4 Order of the Red Eagle 4. Model (with brick red eagle – 1854-1918) jewel on grand cross, 81.8 x 82.2 mm, gold, 55.9 g (with ring), 253rd auction, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co.KG., Osnabrück No. 299

In addition to the conferences with the German government and the Foreign Office, the three weeks that followed were filled with visits to Szczecin, Kiel and Hamburg. As part of his journey on to Brussels, he also visited Magdeburg and Cologne.

entrepreneurs who courted the Special Envoy was long and also contained companies that are still well-known to this day such as Krupp and Siemens. Li Hung Chang also visited the Technical University of Berlin and had an image taken of his skull with the then newly discovered x-ray.

German industry also tried to impress the man they saw as the most important man in Asia, hoping to be able to conclude lucrative contracts with China.

However, the Chinese travel delegation also brought honours for the respective hosts. Thus, a new Imperial medal of honour was established for special services (also called the "London Legation Medal" or the "Li Hung Chang Personal Merit Medal"). The Birmingham mint was commissioned to produce it in three classes (silver, silver plate and bronze).7 However, there was no official Prussian authorisation to wear this award, which is why the order is not to be seen in any official pictures of the visit to Germany.8

The Chinese delegation was particularly interested in viewing shipyards and arms companies. The Association of Electrical Engineers also organised their own private gala evening. For the visit, the Berlin Trade Show formed a special festival committee, which was responsible solely for organising the Viceroy’s reception at the exhibition. The list of well-known

Fig. 5 London Legation Medal; Two dragons around the pearl of wisdom, 大清钦差大臣 , 赏给功牌 , (Imperial Commissioner of the Qing Dynasty, awarded for meritorious support), silver 43.1 mm, 284th auction, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co.KG., Osnabrück No. 7322 7 Spink Numismatic Circular Volumes 93-94, The Legation Medal, London, 1985, p. 81-82. 8 Li, Gongqing: China Qing Dynasty Medals. Toronto 2011. p. 33.

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court was initially intended only for foreigners and was therefore first designed in 1881 by the Foundation for a Chinese award in the Western style. Later, the order was also awarded to Chinese citizens.

A higher award was given to the Chancellor of the German Empire, Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe‑Schillingsfürst. He was awarded the Order of the Precious Star of the Double Dragon. This award for exceptional services to the throne of the Qing

Fig. 6 Imperial Order of the Precious Star of Double Dragons [ 禦賜雙龍寶星 ]; Breast star for class [ 第二等 ], second grade [ 第二品 ], made by J. Godet & Sohn in Berlin, diameter 93.1 mm, silver brilliant, partly chased edition, partially gilded and enamelled, coral cabochon in the centre, 284th auction, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co.KG., Osnabrück No. 7318 editions supplied from China for the breast star.9

This award exists in a large number of variants, as the recipient in the three lower classes usually had to bear the cost of producing the award himself. This can probably be ruled out in the case of the award to the Reich Chancellor, as this was primarily intended to serve as a diplomatic symbol. In connection with the trip, various European medal manufacturers (e.g. Halley, Krétly and Lemaître in Paris, Wolfers in Brussels, Treiden in Moscow and Godet in Berlin) received orders to produce Chinese order insignia, probably using medallion

The visit to the former Chancellor of the Empire Otto von Bismarck on 25/06/1986 was a special day for Li Hung Chang. The two had been in written contact at least since the Prussian East Asia Expedition from 1859-186210 . Li Hung Chang admired Bismarck, which also made his explicit request to visit Bismarck’s country estate significant, even if the former Chancellor no longer played an active role in politics by then.

Fig. 7 Li Hung Chang's arrival in the special train before Castle Friedrichsruh to Otto von Bismarck © Archive of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh 9 Tammann and Autengruber: Order of the Double Dragon. In: Autengruber, Michael, and Tammann, G. Andreas: Catalogue for Auction 80 of UBS Gold and Numismatics on 4 and 5 November 2008: World Orders - Collection Tammann. Basel 2008 p. 151 et seqq. 10 Berg, Albert, Die preußische Expedition nach Ostasien nach amtlichen Quellen, 1864-1873, Vol. 1-4

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Fig. 8 Otto von Bismarck bids Li Hung Chang farewell in Friedrichsruh © Archive of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh

He left the following entry in Bismarck’s guestbook:

"For more than thirty years, when I heard the name of the prince steeped in glory being mentioned, it seemed to me like an echo in an empty valley; but now, where I look at the bearer himself, he is like the shine of a pearl with the power of a sword, and I dare not turn my eyes to him."11

Otto von Bismarck was delighted with the important visit. Based on national and international reporting (e.g. the New York Times of 12/07/1896), the former Chancellor once again became the centre of attention.12 There were some parallels between the two men in their political careers; they were both reformers who aimed to strengthen and modernise their respective countries. The British Governor of Hong Kong also referred to Li as the "Chinese Bismarck', which over time became a common synonym for Li Hung Chang.13

Fig. 9 Excerpt from a report on Li Hung Chang's visit to Bismarck © Archive of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh 11 Ulrich Lappenküper, Otto von Bismarck and Li Hongzhang in: Li Hongzhang – ein Bimarck des Fernen Ostens (Li Hongzhang – A Bismarck of the Far East), Friedrichsruh, 2016, p. 42. 12 Ulrich Lappenküper, Otto von Bismarck and Li Hongzhang in: Li Hongzhang – ein Bimarck des Fernen Ostens (Li Hongzhang – A Bismarck of the Far East), Friedrichsruh, 2016, p. 46. 13 Ulrich Lappenküper, Otto von Bismarck and Li Hongzhang in: Li Hongzhang – ein Bimarck des Fernen Ostens (Li Hongzhang – A Bismarck of the Far East), Friedrichsruh, 2016, p. 42.

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six variants. The image of Li Hung Chang always remains the same. It shows a portrait of the Special Envoy wearing a hat. The inscription reads: BESUCH D. VICEKÖNIGS LI HUNG TSCHANG B. FÜRSTEN 25.6.96 ” (Visit of the Viceroy Li Hung Tschang to the Prince 25/06/96). The other image shows a portrait of Bismarck either facing right in uniform or facing to the left with orders around his neck and a breast star. The inscription reads: “FÜRST OTTO V.BISMARCK” (Prince Otto von Bismarck).

On the occasion of Li Hung Chang’s stay, several medals were issued. A number of medals from the hand of Oskar Bergmann (18371901) show Otto von Bismarck on one side and Li Hung Chang on the other. Bergmann worked in Hamburg from 1875 to 1877 and later in Berlin. Thus, it is very likely that these medals were produced in Berlin.14 This basic type has been demonstrated in (1) Portrait of Bismarck facing left; aluminium, 35mm, 12g

(5) Portrait of Bismarck facing right, silver, 35mm, 14.2g

Fig. 10 Medal on Li Hung Chang's visit to Otto von Bismarck, aluminium, 72nd auction, Münzhandlung Harald Möller GmbH, Espenau No. 1358;

Fig. 12 Medal on Li Hung Chang's visit to Otto von Bismarck, Silver, 60th auction, Münzhandlung Harald Möller GmbH, Espenau No. 456, 35mm, 14.1g (6) Portrait of Bismarck facing right; tin, 35mm, 16.5g

(2) Portrait of Bismarck facing left, copper-nickel, 35mm, 17.6 g15

(3) Portrait of Bismarck facing left, tin, 35 mm, 12.3 g

Fig. 13 Medal on Li Hung Chang's visit to Otto von Bismarck, tin, Münzhandlung Harald Möller GmbH, 60th auction, Espenau No. 457, 35 mm, 16.5 g Fig. 11 Medal on Li Hung Chang's visit to Otto von Bismarck, tin, Münzhandlung Harald Möller GmbH, Espenau, 60th auction, No. 458, 35 mm, 12.3 g

In addition, two medals relating to Li Hung Chang's visit to Hamburg can be mentioned, which in turn were also issued in different materials. As the estate of Hermann Held (1836-1914) contained a patrix die for the portrait of Li Hung Chang and the die for the revers arms of Hamburg,17 he must have been the medal maker. In the absence of other markings, however,

(4) Portrait of Bismarck facing left, bronze, 35 mm, weight unknown16

14 http://www.numismatische-gesellschaft-berlin.de/files/Knstlerbiografien.pdf - Brief biography of the artist medal makers and private mints 15 See Stack's Bowers Hong Kong Auction April 2017 Lot 72283. 16 See https://auktion.catawiki.de/kavels/11418223-german-empire-bronze-medal-1896-commemorating-to-the-chinese-viceroy-li-hung-chang-s-visit-to-ottovon-bismarck-in-hamburg-at-25-06-1896. 17 Schloss Moritzburg Zeitz, Inv. VIG 104.

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unverified by contemporary sources. It might also possibly that there was an edition of this medal when he visited the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce.18 H. Held had already made the first embossing dies of the Kingdom of Korea19 in 1886 and was thus familiar with Asian writing systems.

it is not clear whether the medal was made at H. Held’s garage in Magdeburg or he merely supplied the embossing dies to Hamburg Mint. The back of the second type probably refers to Li Hung Chang’s visit to Hamburg Mint on 24/06/1896, which suggests a Hamburg issue. However, this visit still remains

Fig. 14 Patrices for the portraits for making the die from the estate of Hermann Held at Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, steel, inventory number V/G-104 information could not be provided. However, it can be proven that the Viceroy also visited Magdeburg on his journey from Berlin to Cologne. After Li Hung Chang's visit, in 1897/1898 (Herman Held had given up his company by 01/01/1897) Esslinger engraver Otto Beh had been given the order by Heinrich Knape to produce more than 200 dies for the Chinese Empire.21 As Otto Beh also stayed in Magdeburg during his migratory years.22 In addition to showing the frontal portrait of Li Hung Chang wearing a broad hat, the obverse bears the following inscription 堂駕遊漢伯克鐫刻敬獻 / 一十八百九六年 (ZHONG TANG

JIA YOU HAN BO KE JUAN KE JING XIAN / NIAN SHI BA BAI JIU SHI LIU) (Minted on the occasion of the visit of the Special Envoy to Hamburg in 1896).

Fig. 14a Patrices for the Hamburg arms for making the die from the estate of Hermann Held at Schlossmuseum Moritzburg Zeitz, steel, inventory number V/G-116

The template for the portrait could have been the photograph of Li Hung Chang with Ulysses Grant in Tientsin in 1879. The coin image shows a very corpulent and robust Li Hung Chang - in contrast to this, he appears to be a lot thinner and older in the photographs dating from 1896. Here, the template used by Oscar Bergmann would appear to have been closer to the original of the time.

Magdeburg businessman and exporter Heinrich Knape can be assumed to have been a potential customer, even if this cannot be proven beyond a doubt today. Several English auction houses mention Heinrich Knape in connection with this medal as a client or as the manufacturer.20 Unfortunately, the source of this

18 Gongqing Li, China Qing Dynasty Medals, Toronto, 2011, p. 34. 19 Thomas Uhlmann, Initial Coin Miniting in Korea 1886-1888, Journal of East Asian Numismatics, 2017 No. 11, p. 46–54. 20 Examples: Spink Numismatic Circular Band 94 p. 81, 1985 or Baldwins 49th Hong Kong Auction, 08/26/2010 Lot 857 21 Ulf Dräger, The embossing stamp of the Otto Behaus company, Esslingen in“Chinas Geld ”(China's Money), in: Neue Münzen für China (New coins for China), Halle/Saale, 2016, p. 85. 22 Ulf Dräger, The embossing stamp of the Otto Behaus company, Esslingen in“Chinas Geld ”(China's Money), in: Neue Münzen für China (New coins for China), Halle/Saale, 2016, p. 86.

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(GERMAN MINTING TECHNOLOGY 24 JUNE 1896★ ) and in the centre instead of the coat of arms, the following inscription in four lines: “ZUR ERINNERUNG AN DEN BESUCH LI HUNG CHANG’S IN DEUTSCHLAND 1896.” (TO COMMEMORATE LI HUNG CHANG’S VISIT TO GERMANY 1896)

The back of the first type shows Hamburg’s coat of arms with the crest and two lions as a shield bearer. The inscription reads:“ ★ LI HUNG CHANG ★ BESUCH HAMBURGS IM JUNI 1896” (VISIT TO HAMBURG IN JUNE 1896). The back of the second type bears the inscription: “DIE DE U T SC H E M Ü NZ T E C H N I K ★ 24. J U N I 1896★ ” (1) Li Hung Chang / Coat of Arms

a. Bronze, 40.2 mm, weight unknown

b. Bronze, 40.2 mm, 35 g

Fig. 15 Medal on Li Hung Chang's visit to Hamburg, bronze - Teutoburger Münzauktion GmH Borgholzhausen, 102th auction, No. 1093

Fig. 16 Medal on Li Hung Chang's visit to Hamburg, silverplated bronze – 292nd auction, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co.KG., Osnabrück, No. 5902

(2) Li Hung Chang / Visit to German minting technology

a. Bronze, 40.2 mm, 33.2 g

b. Bronze, 40.2 mm, 33.9 g

Fig. 17 Li Hung Chang medal at the minting technology, bronze, Leipziger Münzhandlung und Auktion Höhn e.K., 71st auction, No. 559

Fig. 18 Li Hung Chang medal at the minting technology, silver-plated bronze, Teutoburger Münzauktion GmbH Borgholzhausen, 63rd auction, No. 285

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c. Bronze, 40.2 mm, 34 g

Fig. 19 Li Hung Chang medal at the minting technology, gold-plated bronze, Leipziger Münzhandlung und Auktion Höhn e.K., 75th auction, No. 1064

known that the previous coin system in China, where the cast cash coins at embossed nominals was to change, offered great market potential.

Like the other branches of industry (arms, shipping, electrical engineering, etc.), the representatives of minting industrial tried to use Li Hung Chang’s visit to develop or deepen possible future trade relationships. Because it was already

Fig. 20 Silver medal 1895/1896 showing the Emperor Kwang Su and the Empress Tsu-Hi. May have been made in connection with Li Hung Chang’s visit to Germany in 1896. 34 mm; 17.39 g, Teutoburger Münzauktion GmbH, Borgholzhausen 102nd auction, No. 1090

Outcome of Li Hung Chang’s Visit to Germany M ü n z h a n d l u n g H a r a l d M ö l l e r G m b H , Te u t o b u r g e r Münzauktion GmbH and Leipziger Münzhandlung und Au ktion Höh n e.K., who provided the image mater ial. Furthermore, I would like to thank Mr Michael Autengruber for the advice on the orders and honorary medals of the time, as well as Professor Sven Günther and Mrs Zhang Honxia of the Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations, Changchun for their advice on interpreting the inscription. Special thanks to Dr Maik Ohnezeit from the Otto von Bismarck Foundation, Friedrichsruh, who provided a lot of pictures, which have supported this contribution so wonderfully, and the literature that made certain facets of Li Hung Chang’s visit to Germany clear to me.

The visit by the Chinese Viceroy brought a bit of glamour and multi-cultural interest to what was at the time the German Empire. Politically and economically, none of the hopes on either side were really fulfilled. There were no additional economic contracts for German industry and the existing relationships were not deepened to any significant extent. From the Chinese perspective, complete acceptance of the Middle Kingdom by the German Empire on an equal footing could not be achieved, as was demonstrated at the latest by the occupation of the Bay of Qingdao (Tsingtau or Kiatschou) by German troops in 1898. I wo u ld l i ke t o t h a n k F. R . K ü n ke r G mbH & C o. KG ,

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李鴻章出訪德國與德制紀念章托馬斯·烏爾曼〔德國〕

1896 年，直隸總督李鴻章踏上了訪問世界列國之旅。本文

了一系列重大歷史事件，對滿清政治，乃至整個國家，都產生

將聚焦李鴻章出訪德國時（圖1），德方為其鑄造的那些紀

了巨大的影響。李鴻章在1870年至1895年間主政北洋水師，

念章。

1900年至1901年擔任北洋通商大臣期間，是中國最重要的改革

者，也是亞洲最為舉足輕重的政治家之一，主張向西方開放，學習西方先進的技術，掀起了中興大清的洋務運動。開始了以 “ 師夷長技以制夷” 為目的的工業運動，希望借此提升中國的貿易地位、建立強大的軍事力量，更好地抵禦內訌外敵，尤其是要抵禦日本在東亞地區的擴張，防止其進入清朝的管轄範圍內。香港港督軒尼詩（Pope Hennessy）稱其為“東方俾斯麥”。時至晚年，他仍受政府指派，就庚子之亂進行議和，1901年11 月7日，於北京離世。

出訪背景李鴻章是當時清朝最具影響力和權力的人之一，曾主理天

津政務，並掌控當地港口。1在19世紀中葉，國外使節若從

海外造訪位於京師的滿清政府，則必然要通過天津港，也會順道拜訪李鴻章。

因此，李鴻章與來華使節熟悉並瞭解海外的世界。1882年，德國人穆麟德（Paul Georg von Möllendorff ）成為了他

的私人秘書，他曾被短暫地派往朝鮮2 ，於1886 年歸國後

服務於清政府。

19世紀末，滿清帝國仍然執行着僵化的官僚主義政治制度，

李鴻章其人

直至後來英、法、俄、美、德諸國主張其在華權力並爆發

了兩次鴉片戰爭。李鴻章意識到國家需要進行現代化 3，興

李鴻章，道光三年農曆正月初五（1823年2月15日）生於安徽

建北洋水師，但此舉激怒了日本，於是兩國在1894 年爆發

省合肥縣東鄉，出身官宦之家，道光二十七年（1847年）進士。同治元年（1862年），李鴻章組建淮軍，鎮壓太平天國。淮軍

了甲午戰爭。最終，日本戰勝，清政府簽下了喪權辱國的《辛

節節勝利。李鴻章受任兩江總督（清朝九位最高級別的封疆大

醜條約》。但即使是這樣，李鴻章還是運用外交手段，讓德、

臣之一，總管含今上海市的江蘇、安徽和江西三省的政務，官

法、俄三國抗議日本侵佔遼東半島，迫使日本放棄了佔領

至從一品）。

遼東的計劃。1896 年，李鴻章出訪世界便是為了履行他當時向歐洲許下的諾言。後來光緒帝派李鴻章出席俄國沙皇

19世紀70年代，李鴻章出任直隸總督（直隸省轄區相當於現

尼古拉二世加冕典禮，由此開啟了他出訪世界的旅程。4

在的京津冀地區）。李鴻章身為洋務運動領袖之一，一生參與

1 寇德 · 艾博斯巴契特，《李鴻章 - 東方俾斯麥》，《李鴻章1896出訪世界及其背景》，福裏德裏斯魯，2016 年，第38頁。 2 托馬斯 · 烏爾曼 :《1886-1888 年間朝鮮首鑄機制幣》，載《東亞泉志》2017年第11期第 46-54頁。 3 寇德 · 艾博斯巴契特，《李鴻章 - 東方俾斯麥》，《李鴻章1896出訪世界及其背景》，福裏德裏斯魯，2016 年，第38頁。 4 寇德 · 艾博斯巴契特，《李鴻章 - 東方俾斯麥》，《李鴻章1896出訪世界及其背景》，福裏德裏斯魯，2016 年，第38-39頁。

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目的地 - 德國晚報中都有報道。5這些報道讓我們能夠重現李鴻章的德國

1896 年 6月，李鴻章這位特別的客人在德國引起了軒然大

之行（圖2）。

波。幾乎每一家報紙都圍繞中國特使訪德進行了報道，《柏林日報》甚至每天至少會有一次報道，有時甚至在早報和

1896 年 6月13日，這位 73歲高齡的客人抵達柏林，受到了

在1896 年 6月15日的宴會上，德皇授予李鴻章紅鷹大十字

當地群眾的熱烈歡迎。次日，德皇威廉二世接見了李鴻章

勳章。為了顯示這一勳章的重要性，奧匈帝國皇帝弗朗茨 ·

早餐宴。

安一世（Emperor Maximilian I）和比利時國王利奧波德

約瑟夫（Emperor Franz Joseph）、墨西哥皇帝馬克西米利

一行人，並邀其參加第二日於波茨坦的城堡舉行的非正式

二世（King Leopold II）也蒞臨授勳儀式。

圖3 紅鷹勳章（紅鷹圖案，1854-1918年），直徑88.9毫米，重76克，銀鍍金，獎章 - 題刻金字，琺瑯；奧斯納布呂克昆克拍賣公司第253次拍賣，第300號拍品

5 網頁 http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/list/title/zdb/27646518/-/1896所載數據表。 6 克裏斯蒂 · 曾，《紅鷹勳章 - 一等大十字勳章》，奧斯納布呂克，2015 年，第53頁。

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圖4 大十字勳章，大十字上嵌有寶石，81.8 x 82.2毫米，金質，重55.9克（含掛圈重量），奧斯納布呂克昆克拍賣公司第253次拍賣，第299號拍品在接下來的三周時間裏，李鴻章除了和德國政府和外交部

其中克虜伯、西門子等公司至今仍然頗有聲望。李鴻章還

訪布魯塞爾的途中，還前往了馬格德堡和科隆。

行拍片。

德國工業界認為李鴻章是亞洲最為重要的人物，希望能夠

各位東道主對中國代表團的到訪倍感榮幸，於是為這一特

造訪了柏林工業大學，並用當時新發明的 x 光對其頭顱進

門進行會談，還出訪了什切青、基爾和漢堡三地。在其到

別事件新鑄造了帝國榮譽勳章（也稱之為“公使勳章”或“李

給他留下深刻的印象，從而獲得中國的大筆訂單。

鴻章個人功勳勳章”）（圖3、圖4、圖5）。伯明翰造幣廠受

中國代表團對參觀造船廠和兵工廠尤其感興趣。德國電氣

命鑄造三種材質的紀念章（銀章、鍍銀章和青銅章）。7但當

展甚至為李鴻章的到訪成立了特別委員會，負責在展會上

官方照片中沒有看到這些勳章的原因。8

時並沒有得到普魯士官方授權，這也就是為什麼在訪德的

工程師協會也自行組織了私人晚會招待李鴻章。德國貿易接待李鴻章一行人。參與招待李鴻章的知名企業不計其數，

圖5 公使勳章雙龍戲珠圖，題刻“ 大清欽差大臣” 和“ 賞給功牌”，銀質，直徑43.1毫米，奧斯納布呂克昆克拍賣第284次拍賣，第7322號拍品 7《斯賓克錢幣通告》93-94 卷，《公使勳章》，倫敦，1985 年，第81-82頁。 8 李共青：《中國清代徽章》，多倫多，2011年，第33頁。

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而德意志帝國的總理克洛德維希 · 霍亨洛厄 - 希靈斯菲斯

這一西式勳章由清總理衙門奏准設計於1881年，旨在嘉獎

滿清政府授予了更高一級的榮譽，即雙龍寶星勳章（圖6）。

這一勳章也授予中國公民。

特侯爵（Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst）被

為清廷提供傑出服務的人士，最初只授予外國人，後來，

圖6 清代禦賜雙龍寶星勳章第二等第二品胸章，戈登（Godet）和佐恩（Sohn）製作於柏林，直徑93.1毫米，銀制，部分鍍金和琺瑯，中間鑲嵌瑪瑙，奧斯納布呂克昆克拍賣第284次拍賣，第7318號拍品

1986年6月25日對李鴻章而言是特殊的一天，他拜訪了德

雙龍寶星勳章分各種等級，授予三種較低等級勳章的人員通常要自行承擔勳章的鑄造費用，但授予德國議長的勳章是

意志帝國前總理奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥（Otto von Bismarck）。

的各個紀念章製造商（如巴黎的哈裏家族、克萊提莉珠寶行

來。10 李鴻章非常欣賞俾斯麥，即便此時俾斯麥已經不再活

兩人至少在普魯士1859-1862年遠征東亞期間便有了書面往

一種外交的象徵，因此應該不在此列。在出訪期間，歐洲和樂麥特公司，布魯塞爾的沃爾夫斯公司、莫斯科的特瑞

登公司和柏林的戈登特公司）都收到訂單，要求生產中國的勳章，而其可能是根據中國提供的胸章版式進行鑄造。

躍於政壇之上，仍明確提出要造訪他的福裏德裏斯魯莊園

（圖7、圖8）。

圖7 李鴻章乘坐專車抵達奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥位於福裏德裏斯魯的莊園 © 福裏德裏斯魯奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥基金會版權所有 9 塔曼，奧滕魯伯，《雙龍勳章》；奧滕魯邁克、塔曼，《 2008 年11月4日和5日 UBS 黃金和錢幣80 號拍賣目錄：全球勳章 - 塔曼收藏》，巴塞爾，2008 年，第151頁。 10 伯格 · 阿爾伯特，《官方資訊來源中的普魯士東亞遠征》，1864-1873 年，柏林，圖1-4 。

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李鴻章在俾斯麥的留言簿上留下了這樣一段話： “ 僕聞王盛名十餘年 , 不過如空穀之應聲耳 , 今乃覿面見之 ,

直如劍氣珠光 , 不敢逼視。”11

俾斯麥對李鴻章的來訪也很是高興。根據報導（如《紐約時

報》1896年7月12日報道），李鴻章的拜訪讓德國前總理再一次成為了世人目光的焦點（圖9）。12俾斯麥和李鴻章的政

11 烏爾裏希 · 拉彭克普爾，《李鴻章 - 東方俾斯麥》，《奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥與李鴻章》，福裏德裏斯魯，2016 年，第 42頁。 12 烏爾裏希 · 拉彭克普爾，《李鴻章 - 東方俾斯麥》，《奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥與李鴻章》，福裏德裏斯魯，2016 年，第 46頁。 13 烏爾裏希 · 拉彭克普爾，《李鴻章 - 東方俾斯麥》，《奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥與李鴻章》，福裏德裏斯魯，2016 年，第 42頁。

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造的。14而這一紀念章已經發現有6個版別，其中李鴻章的

紀念章

形象都是戴着官帽的欽差大臣，章上題刻有“BESUCH

在李鴻章訪德期間，德國發行了數枚紀念章。

D. V I C E KÖ N I G S L I H U N G T S C H A N G B .

FÜRSTEN 25.6.96 ”（1996 年 6月25日，李鴻章總督造

奧斯卡 · 伯格曼（Oskar Bergmann，1837-1901）設計

訪公爵）字樣。而另一面的俾斯麥肖像則有的是面朝右邊，

的很多紀念章上，李鴻章和俾斯麥的肖像被分別印在紀念

身着制服，有的是面朝左側，佩戴胸章，題刻有“FÜRST

章的兩面（圖10至圖13）。1875至1877年間，伯格曼先後

OTTO V.BISMARCK”（奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥公爵）字樣。

在漢堡和柏林工作，因此這些紀念章很有可能是在柏林鑄

(1) 俾斯麥肖像，面朝左側，鋁質，直徑35毫米，重12克

(5) 俾斯麥肖像，面朝右側，銀質，直徑35毫米，重14.2克

圖10 李鴻章造訪奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥紀念章，鋁質，埃斯佩瑙哈拉爾德米勒第72次買賣會，都1358號拍品

圖12 李鴻章造訪奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥紀念章，銀質，埃斯佩瑙哈拉爾德米勒第60次買賣會，都456號拍品，直徑35毫米，重 14.1克

(6) 俾斯麥肖像，面朝右側，錫質，直徑35毫米，重16.5克

(2) 俾斯麦肖像，面朝左侧，铜镍合金，直径35毫米，重 17.6 克

(3) 俾斯麥肖像，面朝左側，錫質，直徑35毫米，重12.3 克

圖13 李鴻章奧造訪托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥紀念章，錫質，埃斯佩瑙哈拉爾德米勒第60次買賣會，都457號拍品，直徑35毫米，重 16.5克除此之外，還有2 款和李鴻章訪問漢堡相關的紀念章也值

圖11 李鴻章造訪奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥紀念章，錫質，埃斯佩瑙哈拉爾德米勒第60次買賣會，都458號拍品，直徑35毫米，重 12.3克

（Hermann Held，1836-1914）遺產中有鑄造漢堡紀念章

(4) 俾斯麥肖像，面朝左側，青銅，直徑35毫米，重量未知16

是這一紀念章的製造者。但是因為缺少其他標記，我們並

得一提，這 2 款紀念章也有各種不同的材質。赫爾曼 · 海德所用李鴻章肖像和漢堡盾徽的陽模（圖14和圖14a），17想必

14 http://www.numismatische-gesellschaft-berlin.de/files/Knstlerbiografien.pdf ，《藝術紀念章製造方和私人造幣廠簡介》。 15 斯塔克 · 包克 2017年 4月香港拍賣拍品72283號。 16 網站：https://auktion.catawiki.de/kavels/11418223-german-empire-bronze-medal-1896-commemorating-to-the-chinese-viceroy-li-hung-chang-s-visit-to-ottovon-bismarck-in-hamburg-at-25-06-1896 。 17 薩克森安哈爾特州莫裏茨堡塞特茲，Inv. VIG 104 。

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不清楚這一紀念章是否在海德位於馬格德堡的工廠鑄造，

資訊可以作證。除此之外，還可能有另一版本的紀念章，

念章應該是漢堡為李鴻章於1896 年 6月24日到訪漢堡造幣

朝鮮製作了第一款模具，19因此對亞洲的文字書寫體系頗為

是為紀念李鴻章參觀漢堡商會而鑄造。18海德在1886 年為

還是僅僅是由他提供模具，供漢堡造幣廠鑄造。另一款紀廠鑄造。然而李鴻章是否參觀了漢堡造幣廠並沒有明確的

熟悉。

圖14 赫爾曼 · 海德位於薩克森安哈爾特州莫裏茨堡塞特茲遺產中的李鴻章肖像模具，鋼質，編號 V/G-104 造了這一紀念章。幾家英國拍賣行都提到克耐普與這一紀念章有關，有的說他是買主，有的說他是製造者，但是這

些資訊來源未明。20即便如此，有一點可以明確，那就是李

鴻章在其柏林到科隆的行程中造訪了馬格德堡。李鴻章訪

德後，埃斯林格的雕刻師奧托 · 拜赫接到海因裏希 · 克耐

普的訂單，為清廷製造 200 個幣模（赫爾曼 · 海德在1897年

1月1日放棄了自己的公司）。21奧托 · 拜赫曾在馬格德堡居住

過，22因此他和赫爾曼 · 海德、海因裏希 · 克耐普有所聯繫

也就一件頗為可信的事了。

紀念章除了印有李鴻章戴着官帽的正面像，正面還題刻有

“堂駕遊漢伯克鐫刻敬獻 / 一十八百九六年”字樣。圖14a 赫爾曼 · 海德位於薩克森安哈爾特州莫裏茨堡塞特茲遺產中的李鴻章肖像模具，鋼質，編號 V/G-104

該肖像的範本來自李鴻章和尤利西斯 · 辛普森 · 格（Ulysses

Grant）於1879 年在天津的合影，李鴻章當時顯得非常有

福態，身體強健。但是到了1896 年時，照片上的李鴻章似

乎已經瘦了很多，也老了不少。因此，奧斯卡 · 伯格曼所用

儘管現在無法得到確認，但人們一般認為馬格德堡的商人、

的肖像範本似乎和李鴻章當時的形象更為接近。

出口商海因裏希 · 克耐普（Heinrich Knape）可能下單鑄

18 李共青：《中國清代徽章》，多倫多，2011年，第34頁。 19 托馬斯 · 烏爾曼：《1886-1888 年間朝鮮首鑄機制幣》，載《東亞泉志》，2017年第11期，第 46-54頁。 20 樣品出自《斯賓克錢幣通告》94 卷，第81頁，1985 年，或 2010 年 8月26日舉辦的鮑德溫第 49屆香港拍賣會，拍品號 857。 21 伍爾夫 · 德爾格，《奧托 · 拜赫公司模具》；埃斯林格，《中國新幣》，《中國錢幣》部分，哈雷（塞利），2016 年，第85頁。 22 伍爾夫 · 德爾格，《奧托 · 拜赫公司模具》；埃斯林格，《中國新幣》，《中國錢幣》部分，哈雷（塞利），2016 年，第86頁。

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第一款紀念章的背面是漢堡盾徽，還有羽冠和兩只雄

★“（1896 年 6月24日德國造幣技術公司），其中心不再採用

獅在盾徽周圍。章上題刻“ ★ LI HUNG CHANG

盾徽圖案，而是題刻了四行字”ZUR ERINNERUNG

章1896 年 6月訪問漢堡）。第二款背面的題刻為 ”DIE

（紀念李鴻章1896 年訪德）（圖 DEUTSCHLAND 1896”

★ BESUCH HAMBURGS IM JUNI 1896“（李鴻

A N DEN BESUCH LI H U NG CH A NG ’ S IN

DEUTSCHE MÜNZTECHNIK ★ 24. JUNI 1896

15至 20）。

(1) 李鴻章 / 盾徽 a 青銅，直徑40.2毫米，重量未知

b 青銅，直徑40.2毫米，重35克

圖15 李鴻章訪問漢堡紀念章，青銅 - 條頓堡硬幣拍賣公司第 102次拍賣，第1093號拍品

圖16 李鴻章訪問漢堡紀念章，青銅鍍銀 - 昆克拍賣公司第292 次拍賣，第5902號拍品

(2) 李鴻章 / 訪問德國造幣技術公司

a 青銅，直徑40.2毫米，重33.2克

b 青銅，直徑40.2毫米，重33.9克

圖17 李鴻章訪問造幣技術公司紀念章，青銅 - 萊比錫錢幣拍賣公司第71次拍賣，第559號拍品

圖18 李鴻章訪問造幣技術公司紀念章，青銅鍍銀 - 萊條頓堡硬幣拍賣公司第63次拍賣，第285號拍品

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c 青銅，直徑40.2毫米，重34克

圖19 李鴻章訪問造幣技術公司紀念章，青銅鍍金 - 萊比錫錢幣拍賣公司第75次拍賣，第1064號拍品清廷之前一直使用的是面額很小的銅錢，當時清政府想要

造船、電氣工程等），都試圖通過李鴻章的造訪來擴展或

改變這種貨幣體系，因此存在巨大的市場潛力。而造幣業

加深未來可能發生的貿易關係。

代表已經知悉此事，故而和其他行業代表一樣（如軍工、

圖20 1895/1896銀章，章上鐫刻有光緒和慈禧像。可能為李鴻章1896年訪德鑄造。直徑34毫米；重17.39克，萊條頓堡硬幣拍賣公司第102次拍賣，第1090號拍品

李鴻章訪德結果滿清總督的到訪使當時的德意志帝國更添魅力，並且帶來

勒公司、條頓堡硬幣拍賣公司和萊比錫錢幣拍賣公司提

都落空了。中國沒有和德國的各個行業簽下額外的訂單，

Autengruber）對勳章和紀念章的相關內容提出的建議，

供圖片素材。此外，感謝邁克 · 奧滕魯伯先生（Michael

了多元的文化。但不論是政治上還是經濟上，德方的願望

感謝斯文 · 岡特教授和長春古典文明研究所的張紅霞女士

已經締結的關係也沒有得到進一步的加深。這是因為在中

翻譯章上漢文文字。尤其是要感謝奧托 · 馮 · 俾斯麥基金

國看來，德意志帝國不可能在平等的基礎上完全接受滿清，這點從德軍於不久後的1898 年佔領青島灣便可見一斑。

會的邁克 · 奧內澤特博士提供了大量圖片和文獻資料，這

些都為本文提供了極大的幫助，並且使筆者對李鴻章訪德

文章的最後，我想要感謝昆克公司、慕尼克哈拉爾德米

有了更為清楚的瞭解。

相關鏈接：請參閱《東亞泉志》第13 期《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》，作者範治南 / 何緯渝。

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South Korea’s First “Korean-Made”Circulation Coins:

One-Won, Five-Won and 10-Won Mark Lovmo 〔USA〕

Background denominated banknotes printed in Britain by Thomas De la Rue & Co. Soon, locally-printed notes were added to the mix of currency. Although this confusing combination of revalued Hwan coins and a mix of smaller-denomination banknotes of different designs was sufficient for a few years, it soon became apparent that the amount of Won notes and old Hwan coins in circulation would not be enough to meet the demands of a stabilized and growing economy. The leadership at the Bank of Korea realized that they needed to address the country’s contradictory and inadequate system of currency.

The very first coins minted at the South Korean Mint in 1966 were produced in response to that nation’s need for larger quantities of more durable currency as the government of South Korea recommitted itself to a growth-oriented economy after the Republic of Korea's currency reform of June 1962. The currency reform involved converting from the “Hwan” (“ 환 ” / 圜 )-denominated currency (1953-1962) to a new currency, the “Won” (“ 원 ” / no Chinese character equivalent), which was inaugurated in June 1962, and continues to function as South Korea’s currency to the present day. The Hwan currency as it circulated in the early 1960s consisted of banknotes in the values of 1,000-Hwan, 500-Hwan, and 100-Hwan, while coins that had been minted and imported from the U.S. Philadelphia Mint also circulated in values of 100-Hwan, 50-Hwan and 10-Hwan.

In 1964, the Bank considered the options of either importing hundreds of millions of additional foreign-printed banknotes or securing the coining machinery necessary for the Korean Mint to locally manufacture coins that could replace both the old Hwan coins and three of the banknotes that were then in circulation; the One-Won, Five-Won and 10-Won. The lowervalue One-Won denomination was in particular demand at the time.

In response to their nation’s dismal economy, making South Korea one of the poorest countries on earth in the early 1960s, the country’s military junta government (1961-1963) attempted several economic interventions, one of which was a currency reform. The June 10, 1962 reform action revalued the Korean currency downward, as the military government had hoped to replicate the successes of the West German currency reform of 1949. The government’s other aim of the reform was to essentially confiscate all of the nation’s cash, take a cut of the proceeds, and use this money to fund the junta’s nationaldevelopment agenda.

A study conducted by the Bank of Korea that same year (1964) noted that if the Bank relied solely on the revalued 10-Hwan coin and the British-made One-Won banknotes (and possibly having to reorder more notes from Britain in the near future), the Bank would simply not have enough of the One-Won denomination to meet the growing demand for this currency.

In the end, poor planning and execution led to the failure of the currency reform: The “cash-recall” scheme generated almost no funding for the government as very few Koreans had much money in 1962, and those who may have had large sums of cash most likely held it in U.S. Dollars or Japanese Yen. The only lasting outcomes of the currency reform were the revaluing of the nation's currency at a 10 to 1 rate and the resulting namechange for the currency: From “Hwan” to “Won.” Inf lation soon after began to soar, meanwhile the Bank of Korea’s domestic currency system throughout the early 1960s was left to rely on both Won-denominated banknotes, and the continued circulation of the old 50-Hwan and 10-Hwan coins, which were revalued to Five-Won and One-Won respectively.

In 1965, the Korean government considered scrapping and selling hundreds of millions of the now withdrawn 100Hwan cupro-nickel coins (approximately 315 metric tons of the original amount of 50,000,000 of these coins). They reasoned that this reclaimed metal might be sold to Japan and the proceeds from this sale could be used to import 40 million brass coin blanks to manufacture new OneWon coins and another 10 million brass coin blanks for new Five-Won coins. The government likewise considered scrapping the 200 million-plus remaining Hwan coins (10 -Hwan and 50 -Hwan) and using the proceeds f rom their sale to purchase the coining machiner y and other equipment necessary to outfit a newly-constructed coin mint.

The Bank of Korea replaced the old Hwan notes with Won-

Since they felt that the domestic production of coins would

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Mason & Edwards coining presses and related coining equipment at a price of $230,000 USD in March 1966. As the minting authority did not possess the equipment necessary to manufacture the master dies and coining dies, the Korean government contracted with the British private mint, John Pinches, to make the dies and collars to strike the new One-Won, Five-Won and 10-Won coins. The Koreans also enlisted U.S. technicians from Cincinnati Milacron Company (at the time, the parent company of Hordern Mason & Edwards) to help install the coining equipment at their new facility. Months before the official opening of the Dongnae Mint on December 30th, the facility had already begun producing the new coins, starting on August 16, 1966.

better ensure that there would be enough currency for the nation’s needs, the Korean government chose to move ahead with the construction of a new mint, although they decided not to import the coin blanks from overseas. Instead the mint would rely on local industries to manufacture the coining metal that was needed. On November 11, 1965, the government officially approved the construction of a new coin-minting facility in Dongnae county, near the souther n port city of Busan at the site of an old ban k note printing facilit y. To equip the new mint, the government purchased at auction two Britishmade Taylor & Challen coining presses, two Hordern

Fig. 1 Mint technicians operate some of South Korea's British-made HME (Hordern Mason & Edwards) "Coinmaster 2" coining presses. With these newly imported presses and other minting equipment, the Korean Mint's Dongnae facility near Busan officially opened on December 30, 1966. (Photo Courtesy of KOMSCO).

Design and Circulation One-Won Coin First Series: 1966, 1967

Coin Catalog numbers: KM# 4 / Ohsung 54.8 / Daegwangsa 19-6

coins of different copper-zinc compositions were also struck in 1965 that featured the 7th century Silla-Dynasty Chomseongdae ( 첨성대 / 瞻星臺 ) astronomical observatory. The final chosen obverse design, one that also appeared in the first design sketches and on the 1966-dated One-Won pattern coins, was a depiction of the unofficial national flower, a Korean variety of

The design for the One-Won coin was the work of Kang Bak ( 강 박 / 姜博 ), South Korea's chief currency designer of the 1960s and 1970s. With help from fellow design team members, Oh Dong-hwan ( 오동환 / 吳東煥 ) and Jo Byungsoo ( 조병수 / 曺秉須 ), Mr. Kang drafted several preliminary designs of various Korean themes. A few One-Won pattern

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of One-Won in circulation numbered 276 million, of which 63 million were these First Series copper coins, although even by this time they were hard to come across in one’s change.

the hibiscus flower known as the Mugunghwa. The new OneWon coin was initially struck in a brass composition of 60% copper, 40% zinc, and a total of 7,000,000 of the coins were produced in 1966.

The death knell of the One-Won coin came in March 1983, when the government no longer figured taxes and utilities in increments of one Won or five Won since values below ten Won were no longer to be calculated at the national treasury. By the early 1990s, the One-Won coin had completely disappeared from circulation.

Although this coin is technically still considered legal tender, the Bank of Korea officially stopped the issue of these First Series One-Won coins on December 1, 1980. Even before their official withdrawal from circulation, these brass OneWon coins and their later aluminum-composition versions started to fall out of use by the mid-1970s due to inflationary pressures that made the One-Won denomination increasingly less useful as a store of value for Korean consumers. At the end of March 1975 (just after the demonetization of the old 10Hwan coins that were functioning as One-Won), the total issue

In the collector market, the One-Won coin that is considered the main key date is the 1966-dated coin, which collectors usually only seek in high Mint State grades. A somewhat common clashed-dies mint error in this date has also been discovered.

Fig. 2 A“ specimen”marked One-Won coin of the first year of production. (Photos courtesy of the Bank of Korea)

Fig. 3 The First Series One-Won Coin (Photos by Mark Lovmo)

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Five-Won Coin First Series: 1966 – July 1970

Coin Catalog numbers: KM# 5 / Ohsung 54.7 / Daegwangsa 19-5

The problem was that the coin-accepting devices in the existing payphones still only accepted the old 50-Hwan coins (then valued at Five-Won). The coin machines in payphones were soon adjusted, but then only for use with the new 10Won coin, although the charge for a phone call remained five Won until the mid-1970s. The common result was the frequent malfunctioning of payphones when customers used these Five-Won coins for phone calls that cost five Won!

The preliminary design sketches and pattern coins for the FiveWon coin featured various Korean natural and architectural themes, but it was decided that the final design would retain the turtle boat design from the old 50-Hwan coin. The obverse design of the Five-Won coin was the work of South Korea's main currency designer, Kang Bak. With help from fellow design team members Oh Dong-hwan and Jo Byung-soo, Mr. Kang drafted an image of Korean Admiral Yi Soon-sin's Turtle Ship, a sixteenth-century Joseon Royal Navy warship that participated in numerous victories against Japanese naval forces during the Imjin War ( 임진왜란 / 壬辰倭亂 ) of 1592-1598. The Korean mint began production of the FiveWon coin on August 16, 1966, releasing a total of 4,500,000 of the coins for that year. The Five-Won coin had an initial composition of 88% copper, 12% zinc from 1966 to mid-1970. The commercial metals industry refers to this approximate ratio of copper to zinc alloy as "commercial bronze," which may explain why the numismatic community sometimes refers to these First Series Five-Won coins as "bronze" Five-Won coins, as this is a means to differentiate them from the later versions of the Five-Won coin that were minted on planchets of a lowered copper-to-zinc ratio. The term, “bronze,” is a misnomer since these First Series Five-Won coins are really not bronze. The metal composition of 88% copper and 12% zinc is actually a brass alloy, which is sometimes called “tombac.”

By the 1970s, the Five-Won denomination suffered the same decline in usage as had the One-Won, and similarly because of the drastic changes in the nation’s consumer price index. However, unlike the case of the One-Won denomination, a number of goods and services in South Korea in this period were still priced at five Won increments. One notable example was the price of bus fares. In one episode, the Bank of Korea even had to rush 30 million Won worth of Five-Won coins (approximately 6 million pieces) into circulation in the first week of February 1974 so that there would be enough Five-Won coins at nationwide banks for the public to use in the wake of several bus companies s u d d e n ly i n c r e a si ng t hei r fa r e s f r om 30 t o 35 Won . Eventually, circulation of the Five-Won coin declined almost to the point of nonexistence as more and more expenses started to be priced at ten Won increments, which was helped along by the 1983 change of a minimum calculation of ten Won for utilities and taxes. Additionally, increases in bus fares no longer necessitated the absolute need for the FiveWon coin with the introduction of bus tokens in 1977 in

Upon their release in 1966, the new Five-Won coins were somewhat of a disappointment to the public, since they would not work in public payphones, although the general fee for a call from a payphone had been set at five Won since 1962.

Fig. 4 A“ specimen”marked Five-Won coin of the first year of production. (Photos courtesy of the Bank of Korea)

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Fig. 5 The First Series Five-Won Coin (Photos by Mark Lovmo)

“wide date” and “narrow date” varieties of 1969-dated FiveWon coins, which might have resulted from the fact that this was the first year that the South Korean Mint began pressing their own working dies instead of importing them.

South Korea. As with the One-Won coin, the Five-Won coin had finally disappeared from circulation by the early 1990s. For collectors, the main key date of the Five-Won are the 1966 and 1967-dated coins. Collectors have also noted

Ten-Won Coin First Series: 1966 – July 1970

Coin Catalog numbers: KM#6 / Ohsung 54.6 / Daegwangsa 19-4

sometimes refers to the 10-Won coins in this date range as "bronze" 10-Won coins, although like the Five-Won coins of this First Series, they are not bronze but actually brass.

A year before their introduction, the first hint of a new 10Won coin came in the form of a handful of die-trial coins, struck in 1965 and 1966 of various brass compositions, with the 7th Century Silla Dynasty Chomseongdae astronomical observatory and the early 15th Century Gyeonghoeru Pavilion ( 경 회 루 / 慶會樓 ) on their obverses. For the final design of the obverse of the 10-Won coin, the South Korean Mint's lead currency designer, Kang Bak, along with fellow design-team members Oh Dong-hwan and Jo Byung-soo drafted an image of the 8th-Century Dabo Pagoda ( 다보탑 / 多寶塔 ). Dabo Pagoda stands in Bulguk Temple ( 불 국 사 / 佛國寺 ), the most wellknown and treasured Buddhist temple in Korea. The uniquely ornate Dabo Pagoda was a novel design for South Korean coinage at the time, as the other two new coins, the One-Won and Five-Won, had maintained the same design themes from the old 10-Hwan and 50-Hwan coins.

W hen the 10 -Won coin became the highest-value coin in circulation in the mid-1960s, it did not take long for counterfeiters to star t faking these coins, and the f irst counterfeit 10-Won coins were discovered in late 1967. Another type of counterfeiting involving the 10-Won coin was reported upon the 1973 arrest of an American who had successfully used real South Korean 10-Won coins in Japan in cigarette machines that were made to accept Japanese 100-Yen coins. As with the First Series Five-Won coins, the First Series 10Won coins stopped production on July 16, 1970, when the South Korean Mint started to make the 10-Won coins with a coining metal of a lowered amount of copper (65% copper, 35% zinc). This change was a response to a spike in copper prices in the late 1960s caused by a combination of lowered supply resulting from labor strikes at copper mines in the United States and by demand for the metal resulting from the war in Vietnam. With the rise in copper prices, people in Korea began to melt the country’s copper-based coins by as early as 1970 when the

The new 10-Won coin was struck in 88% copper, 12% zinc, and the Bank of Korea released this "bronze" 10 Won coin on August 16, 1966, with an initial mintage of 10,600,000 for that year. The commercial metals industr y uses the term “commercial bronze” for the alloy of 88% copper-12% zinc, which may explain why the numismatic community

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value of the metal in these coins far exceeded their face value.

that the Bank of Korea was compelled to officially deny them.

This change in the metal composition in the middle of 1970 also resulted in a slightly changed appearance of the color of the Five-Won and 10-Won coins, from a redder hue of the First Series to a more yellow color of the Second Series. This difference in color is especially apparent with coins in, or close to, uncirculated condition. Other than an analysis from an X-ray fluorescent spectrometer, the difference in color tone is how coin collectors had differentiated between First and Second Series coins dated “1970,” which is important due to the much higher collector value of the First Series 1970-dated coins in higher grades. This change in metal color was also the basis of a much later, ridiculous rumor in South Korea that gold had been mixed in with these First Series coins. A related rumor had it that banks would buy back your 1966-dated 10Won coins for 100,000 KRW, presumably because of their “gold content.” The spread of these lies was evidently bad enough

Although the 10-Won coin is currently suffering from the same drop in value as currency that made the Five-Won and One-Won coins no longer worth using, the 10-Won is still in circulation, albeit in altered form. Although they were still to be found in one’s change in the late 1990s, the First Series coins have now practically disappeared from circulation as most have probably been withdrawn and the rest scooped up by collectors. Collectors consider every year of the First Series “bronze” varieties to be the key dates of the 10-Won coin. The 1969 and 1970-dated coins are traded at especially higher prices in Mint State grades with good eye-appeal. These coins had been getting pricier and harder to find in higher grades as interest in coin collecting in South Korea picked up in the last ten years and many of these better-grade coins began migrating back to the South Korean collector market.

Fig. 6 A“ specimen”marked 10-Won coin of the first year of production. (Photos courtesy of the Bank of Korea)

Fig. 7 The First Series 10-Won coin. (Photos by Mark Lovmo)

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ordered Korean characters, e.g. 가 , 나 , 다 , 라 , 마 , 바 , 사 .

After May 1, 1993 the Bank of Korea made a change in how it designates all of its banknote and coin series issued after the June 10, 1962 Currency Reform. In this currency naming system, the Bank of Korea designates coin series according to changes in the design or metal composition of each denomination, and not by the conventional grouping of coins into a series by issue dates or similar designs. The series numbers are expressed with alphabetically-

As an example, the 10-Won coin issued in 1983 can be expressed as "Ser ies III ( 다 ) 10 -Won," or the "T hi rd Ser ies ( 다 ) 10 -Won" because it is the thi rd time that the 10 -Won coin has changed in metal composition or design since the introduction of the Won coins in 1966.

Note: Bank of Korea Currency Series Designation System

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首套（1元、5元及10元） “韓國製造”的流通硬幣馬克·洛莫〔美國〕

背景 1962年6月，大韓民國實行了貨幣改革，韓國政府重新致

1964 年，韓國銀行考慮了兩種選擇，其一是額外進口幾億

為此，韓國造幣廠於1966年鑄造了首套韓國硬幣。經貨幣

器，在韓國製造硬幣，以替代當時流通的舊版圜硬幣及三

力於經濟增長。於是，國家需要更多更為經久耐用的貨幣。

國外印刷的紙幣；其二是購買韓國造幣廠所必需的鑄幣機

（流通於1953 改革，自當年 6月起，國家的計價貨幣“圜”

種紙幣，即1元、5元及10元。而當時尤其需要的是面額較

年至1962年）變更為“元”，元貨幣至今仍是韓國貨幣計價

低的1元。

單位。發行於20世紀60 年代初的圜貨幣包括面值為1 000

圜、500 圜及100 圜的紙幣，而面值為100 圜、50 圜及10 圜

，韓國銀行進行了一項研究，研究指出，如同年（1964年）

的硬幣則由美國費城鑄幣廠鑄造，並從美國進口。

果銀行僅依賴經重新估價的10 圜硬幣以及英國印製的1元紙

韓國60 年代初期經濟蕭條，是世界上最為窮困的國家之一，

元面額貨幣儲備將不足以滿足對該貨幣日益增長的需要。

干預，其中一次便是進行經濟改革。1962年 6月10日，韓國

1965年，韓國政府考慮廢棄並出售數億現已召回的100 圜

評估了韓國貨幣的價值。政府推行改革的另一目的是希望

他們認為或許可以將這種翻造金屬銷往給日本，銷售所得

金支持軍政府的國民發展議程。

以及1 000萬塊黃銅幣餅坯，用於製造新的5圓硬幣。政府

幣（可能在不久之後需要向英國重新訂購更多紙幣），那麼1

韓國軍政府（1961年至1963年期間執政）嘗試了數次經濟

軍政府希望複製1949 年西德貨幣改革的成功經驗，並重新

銅鎳硬幣（這些硬幣原先共有5 000萬枚，共計約315公噸）。

可以進口4 000萬塊黃銅幣餅坯，用於製造新的1圓硬幣，

充實國家現有的現金，從中分得一杯羹，並且使用該筆資

亦曾考慮廢棄 2億多枚圜硬幣（10 圜及50 圜），並以出售所

但這次貨幣改革由於計劃不周，執行不善，最終沒有能夠

得購買建造新造鑄幣廠所需的鑄幣機器及其他設備。

召回”計劃幾乎沒有為政府帶來任何資金支持，而那些擁

政府認為國內自行生產硬幣更能保證有足夠的貨幣以滿足

革最後唯一的結果就是以10 ：1之比重新評估韓國貨幣價

口硬幣餅坯，而是依靠本國工業製造鑄幣所需金屬。

成功：1962年，大多數韓國人手中都沒有錢，因此“現金有大量現金的人有可能都持有美元或日元。因此，貨幣改

國家需要，因此選擇建造新的造幣廠，但決定不從國外進

值，並且貨幣名稱由“圜”更改為“元”。其後不久，通貨

膨脹情況急速加快，而在60 年代初，韓國銀行的國內貨幣

1965年11月11日，政府正式批准在東萊建造新的鑄幣設施 ,

圜及10 圜硬幣，當時這兩種硬幣經重新估價後，價值分別

地。1966年3月，政府為裝備新的造幣廠，在拍賣會上以

東萊靠近南方港口城市釜山，是舊版紙幣印刷設施的所在

系統完全依賴於按圜計價的紙幣以及繼續發行新的舊版50

為5元及1元。

23萬美元的價格，購買了兩臺英國製造的泰來常生牌硬幣

壓印機，兩臺霍德恩梅森愛德華牌硬幣壓印機及其他鑄幣設備（圖1）。鑄幣機構沒有製造母片刻母及鑄幣模具所需

韓國銀行用英國托馬斯德拉魯有限公司印刷的按元計價的紙幣替代了舊版的以圜計價的紙幣。不久，韓國印刷的紙幣

要的設備，因此韓國政府與英國私人造幣廠約翰賓切斯公

小面額的紙幣一起混用，這儘管容易令人混淆，但是也足夠

及箍圈。韓國還邀請美國辛辛那提米拉克隆公司（當時是

司訂立合同，委託製造1元、5元及10元硬幣鑄造所需模具

也共同發行使用。經重新估價的圜硬幣以及各種版本的更

霍德恩梅森愛德華的母公司）的技師幫助其在新工廠安裝

支撐運行好幾年。而在流通過程中，以元為單位的紙幣和

鑄幣設備。東萊造幣廠於12月30日正式開業，但在此之前，

舊版的以圜為單位的硬幣不足以滿足經濟穩定及增長的需

造幣廠早在1966年8月16日便已經開始生產。

要，這個問題在不久之後便凸顯了出來。韓國銀行的領導層

意識到，他們需要解決國家貨幣系統中的這些矛盾與不足。 J

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圖1 造幣廠技術人員正在操作韓國的英國造 HME 牌（霍德恩梅森愛德華牌）“造幣大師2”硬幣壓印機。有了這些新進口壓印機和其他造幣設備，韓國造幣廠在釜山附近的東萊工廠於1966年12月30日正式開業。（照片由韓國造幣公社提供）。

設計與流通 1元硬幣首套：1966年、1977年

硬幣目錄編號：KM #4 / Ohsung 54.8 / Daegwangsa 19-6

便已經和之後發行的鋁合金版1元硬幣一樣，不再為人們所

1元硬幣由薑博設計，薑博是上世紀60-70年代韓國的首席

使用。

貨幣設計師。在設計團隊成員吳東煥和曹秉須的幫助下，薑先生完成了幾份各種韓國主題相關的初稿設計。1965年

還以各種銅鋅合金鑄造了幾枚以7世紀新羅王朝瞻星臺為特

1983年，10元以下的價值不再計入國家財庫，於是政府不

槿花，該設計印於1966年鑄造的1元硬幣上，而它也是最初

硬幣敲響了喪鐘。截至90 年代初期，1元硬幣已經完全退

再以1元及 5元為增量計算稅收和公共事業收費，這為1元

色的1元印花幣。最終選擇的正面設計是韓國的國花⸺ 木

。1966年共生產了700萬枚硬的設計草圖之一（圖2 、圖3）

出流通。

及40% 的鋅。

在收藏市場，1966年發行的1元硬幣被認為是最有價值的

儘管從嚴格意義上來說，現在該幣仍被認為是法定貨幣，

即評級為 60-70，鑄形與發行時保持如一的硬幣。在1966

幣。新的1元硬幣一開始採用黃銅合金打造，含有60% 的銅

1元硬幣，藏家通常只尋求 NGC 評級高達 MS 級的硬幣，年發行的硬幣中，還發現了一個比較常見的由於沖模鑄造錯

但韓國銀行在1980 年12月1日開始停止發行第一套1元硬幣。到了70 年代中期，由於通貨膨漲壓力，1元面額的硬幣作為

誤而導致的錯版。

價值貯存的意義不大，因此在其被正式從流通中回收之前，

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圖2 首年生產的帶“樣品”字樣的1元硬幣。（照片由韓國銀行提供）

圖3 首套1元硬幣（照片由馬克 · 洛莫提供）

5元硬幣首套：1966年至1977年7月

硬幣目錄編號：KM #5 / Ohsung 54.7 / Daegwangsa 19-5

造幣廠開始生產5元硬幣，當年共發行了450萬枚（圖4、圖

5元硬幣的初步設計草稿及錢幣以各種韓國的自然景觀和建

築為主題，但是最終的決定仍保留為舊版50 圜硬幣的龜船

5）。1966年至70年代中期發行的初版5元硬幣的合金成分

圖案。5元硬幣正面由韓國首席貨幣設計師薑博設計。在設

為88% 的銅和12% 的鋅。商業金屬行業將這種銅與鋅合金

海軍將領李舜臣龜船圖案的草圖，該船是16世紀朝鮮皇家

比更低，因此錢幣界有時稱首套5元硬幣為“青銅”5元硬幣，

比例稱為“商業青銅”，而之後發行的5元硬幣餅坯的銅鋅

計團隊成員吳東煥和曹秉須的幫助下，薑先生完成了韓國海軍戰船，在1592年至1598年的壬辰倭亂中多次參與了對

以此來區別之後發行的5元硬幣。但其實稱之為“青銅”並

抗日本海軍的戰爭，並獲得了勝利。 1966年8月16日，韓國

不恰當，因為首套5元硬幣並非真的採用青銅製作。88% 的

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銅和12% 的鋅的金屬成分實際上是黃銅，有時也稱為“頓

5元面額的硬幣和1元硬幣一樣，遇到了使用量減少的情況。

但和1元面額硬幣不同的是，在這一時期，韓國的很多商品

巴黃銅”。（編者注：一種銅與鋅的合金稱謂。從銅色上可以

和服務是以5元為增量計價。公共汽車票價便是一個明顯的

假仿黃金。）

例子。而這其中還有一段小插曲：有幾家巴士公司突然將票

自1966年5元硬幣發行以來，多少有些令公眾失望之處，

價從 30元提高到35元，於是1974 年2月的第一周，韓國銀

因為它們不能用於公用電話。儘管自1962年以來，一般使

行不得不將全國銀行所儲備的價值3 000萬韓元（約600萬

用公用電話的收費為5元，但問題是，現有公用電話的投幣

枚）的5元硬幣投入流通，以此確保有足夠的5元硬幣供公

裝置仍然只接受舊版的50 圜硬幣（當時價值為相當於新版5

眾使用。

儘管直到20世紀70 年代中期，打一個電話的收費仍然是5

最終，越來越多的費用以10元為增量計價，加之1983年時

元）。為此，公用電話中的投幣機很快就進行了調整，不過

元，後來安裝投幣機只適用新版的10元硬幣。結果當顧客

公共事業收費及稅收改為採用最低按10元計算，5元硬幣的

使用5元硬幣打一通費用為5元的電話時，公用電話便會經

流通量便開始下滑。此外，韓國於1977年開始使用公共汽車代用幣，公共汽車票價上漲，不一定需要使用5元硬幣支

常出故障。

付車費。5元硬幣最終和1元硬幣一樣，在90 年代初期退出

到70 年代中期，國家的消費者物價指數發生了巨大的變化，

了流通。

圖4 首年生產的帶“樣品”字樣的5元硬幣。（照片由韓國銀行提供）

圖5 首套5元硬幣（照片由馬克 · 洛莫提供） 74

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日期”版別5元硬幣，而這可能是由於1966年韓國造幣廠第

對藏家而言，最有價值的5元硬幣是1966年及1967年發行的硬幣。藏家還特別提到了1966年發行的“寬日期”及“窄

一年開始使用自己製造的模具而非進口的模具鑄幣造成的。

10元硬幣首套：1966年至1970年7月

硬幣目錄編號：KM #6 / Ohsung 54.6 / Daegwangsa 19-4

在新版10元硬幣問世的前一年，其模樣便在各種1965年和

批偽造的10元硬幣。此外，1973年抓捕了一名美國人，報

1966年為試模所製造的黃銅硬幣上初見端倪。試模硬幣正

道了另一類涉及10元硬幣的造假案，這名美國人成功在日

席貨幣設計師薑博在設計團隊成員吳東煥和曹秉須的幫助

是100日元硬幣。

面的圖案是7世紀新羅王朝瞻星臺和15世紀慶會樓。韓國首

本自動售煙機使用韓國10元真幣，而這種機器本來接受的

下，最終完成了10元硬幣正面的設計⸺ 8世紀多寶塔。多

寶塔位於佛國寺內，是韓國最著名最受珍視的佛寺。而另

60年代末，美國銅廠工人罷工，導致供應量下降，同時，

50 圜硬幣相同的設計主題，因此，在當時，獨特華麗的多

韓國造幣廠開始使用含銅量更低的造幣金屬（65% 的銅和

外兩種新版硬幣，即1元及5元硬幣，保留了與舊版10 圜及

越南戰爭造成需求量上升，因此銅金屬價格飆升，為此，

寶塔對韓國硬幣而言是一種非常新穎的設計。

35% 的鋅）製造10元硬幣，於是首套10元硬幣便和首套5

新版10元硬幣按88% 的銅和12% 的鋅的金屬比例製造，韓

韓國人早在1970 年就開始熔化本國的銅質硬幣，因為當時

元硬幣一樣，於1970 年7月16日停產了。而隨着銅價的上漲，

國銀行於1966年8月16日發行了這款“青銅”10元硬幣（圖6、

這些硬幣中金屬的價值已經遠遠超過了其面值。

，當年的初始發行量為1 060萬枚。商業金屬行業將圖7）

88% 的銅和12% 的鋅的合金比例稱為“商業青銅”，因此， 1970年年中，硬幣的金屬成分發生了改變，這也導致5元硬錢幣界有時稱10元硬幣為“青銅”10元硬幣，但它其實和

幣和10元硬幣的表面顏色發生些許變化，首版硬幣是偏紅

首套5元硬幣一樣，並非採用青銅製作，而是採用黃銅製造。

色調，而第二版的的顏色則變得偏黃。這一顏色變化在硬幣還未流通或剛開始流通時尤為明顯。硬幣收集者除了使

60年代中期，10元硬幣成為了流通中面額最高的硬幣，不

用 X 光螢光分光儀分析外，便是通過顏色色調的差異區分

久，硬幣偽造者便開始偽造這種硬幣，1976年末發現了首

1970年發行的首版和第二版硬幣。硬幣是首版還是第二版

图6 首年生产的带“样品”字样的10元硬币。（照片由韩国银行提供）

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對收藏者而言很重要，因為首版的評級更高，收藏價值也

管在 20世紀90 年代末人們仍使用這些硬幣找零，但實際上，

一個荒謬的謠言，即首版硬幣含金。與之相關的另一個謠

發掘，因此現在首套硬幣已經退出流通。

要高得多。而其顏色的變化也是為什麼之後韓國會流傳着

首套硬幣大部分可能都已經被回收，其餘的也都被收藏家

言是，因為硬幣中含金，因此銀行會以10萬韓元的價格回

購1966年發行的10元硬幣。雖然這些謊言非常的荒謬，但

收藏家認為每一年發行的10元“青銅”版別硬幣都非常有

價值。而1969 年及1970 年發行的 MS 評級硬幣極具吸引力，

是韓國銀行還是不得不對其正式闢謠。

交易價格也尤為高昂。隨着近十年來韓國對硬幣收藏的興

儘管10元硬幣的流通形式有所改變，其目前的價值也與曾

趣逐漸高漲，這些硬幣的價格也越來越高，而且越來越難

經的5元和1元硬幣一樣正在逐步下滑，而價值下降也是這

找到更高等級的硬幣，許多評級較高的硬幣都開始重回韓

兩種硬幣不再使用的原因，但目前10元硬幣仍在流通。儘

國收藏市場。

圖7 首套10元硬幣（照片由馬克 · 洛莫提供）

自1993年5月1日起，韓國銀行改變了其所有在1962年 6月10

나，다，라，마，바，사。1

幣命名系統中，韓國銀行根據各種面額硬幣的設計及金屬

如1983年發行的10元硬幣可以稱為“套三（다）10元”或“第

日貨幣改革後發行的紙幣及硬幣系列編號的方式。在該貨

三套（다）10元”，因為這是10元硬幣自1966年首次發行後

成分對其進行編號，而不是依照傳統的根據發行日期或相

第三次改變金屬成分或設計。

似的設計進行分類。系列號使用韓文字母順序表示，如： 가，

1. 韓國銀行貨幣系列編號系統

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Duan Honggang Interview: To Focus on Studying and Serving Yuan Shuiqing〔Xi’an〕

Duan Honggang, online name Yang Gongbo, a Han native, is a member of the Chinese Public Interest Party (Fig. 1). Duan was born in a rural family in Mile City, Yunnan province, in 1972. He graduated from Hubei University with a bachelor’ s degree. Mr. Duan has been keen on traditional Chinese culture since his childhood and came to be fond of ancient Chinese coins after learning about these coins at a vendor’ s stand on the street as a high school student. In 1993, he attended lectures delivered by the History Department, Central China Normal University, Wuhan. This experience deepened his passion and understanding of ancient coins. In 1995, Mr. Duan assisted his teacher Luo Chuanfang in writing the Review on the 20th Century and completed 150,000 characters of content independently. Since 2000, he started to search for information and planned to produce an innovative bibliography about copper coins with color photos. In 2003, his research received encouragement and support of Tai Fig. 1 Duan Honggang in the Chih Chiang dean. He devoted himself to the study and overcame many difficulties summer of 2019 in work and life. He even rewrote the entire content which he had finished, making it academic research rather than a catalog. In 2006, his Classified Study on Chinese Copper Coins , which is about 1,500,000 characters, was published by Zhonghua Book Company around the New Year (Fig. 2). The book enriches the study of the collecting of Chinese coins and lays a good foundation for the following research on copper coins and other study. After that, Mr. Duan took charge of or engaged in the editing of many numismatic works and reference books. All these make him known as the numismatist who comes from a rural family and has produced more monographs than any other numismatists in China. Mr. Duan once lived, worked, and collected coins in Wuhan. Due to his deep understanding of Chinese history and culture, he received invitations from Laohekou Broadcasting and Television College, Wuhan Changjiang Polytechnic, Artistic Vocational College of Central China Normal University and many other higher education institutes to deliver lectures on topics such as Chinese History and Culture, Grammatology, and Introduction to Fine Arts. This experience also drove this young man, who came from a rural area and has never been educated in the Hubei University, to move forward and adhere to the path of Chinese numismatic culture, and it also led him to make outstanding achievements through scientific approaches.

Fig. 2 Classified Study on Chinese Copper Coins (Volume 1 & 2) by Duan Honggang, won the second place of Gold Coin Award in 2009.

Duan Honggang has released over 40 articles about coins in national and provincial academic magazines, general magazines, newspapers, and journals, and he has published 6 numismatic works as an author, editor, or co-author. All these make Mr. Duan have a positive influence in the domestic numismatic community (Fig. 3). In 2017, he came to serve as the Executive Vice President of China Numismatic Alliance of China Association of Collectors, and in 2019, he took up the position of Vice Director of Numismatic Professional Committee of the China Association of Collectors. Duan has been a member of the China Numismatic Society and a member of the council and expert group of the Hubei Provincial Numismatic Society, active in promoting the coin collection in China. He has also worked to carry forward Chinese numismatic culture across the world and advance exchanges between the numismatic communities at home and abroad. Moreover, he is a member of the American Numismatic Society, American Numismatic Association, and Singapore Numismatic Society, and a consultant of the Macau Numismatic Society as well.

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Fig. 3 Numismatic and historical works aut hored or co-aut hored by Duan Honggang

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In 2011, Duan Honggang set up Beijing Hongbo Ancient Coins and Art Works Appraisal Co., Ltd. (here in after referred to as Beijing Gongbo), the first numismatic appraisal and grading company in China. It has made a positive contribution to the standardization and regulation of domestic numismatic collecting and study, and has made progress in advancing the whole coin collecting industry. By July 2019, Beijing Hongbo already had 5 affiliated companies, over 400 agents, and over ten overseas agents. It has been a leading private company in the domestic numismatic industry as a pioneer and leader in the numismatic identification and grading industry in

China. Gongbo has brought credit to the Chinese numismatic community around the world and helped China to gain respect from collectors worldwide.

On July 12th, 2019, Mr. Duan was interviewed at the Sixteenth Chinese Copper Coin Symposium & the 120th Anniversary Celebration Activities of the Birth of Numismatist Luo Bozhao in Chengdu (Fig. 4).

foreign languages, especially English, and they are related to Chinese history and even traditional culture. Hence, I am obsessed with them. Since then, I have spent some 20 years of efforts in studying and collecting copper coins while making exchanges with other collectors. As for my achievement, compared to other great numismatists, I may not be a collector who has an abundant collection due to my financial limitation. My collection is just enough for my academic study. As for those expensive coins, I do not purchase them, and it is enough for me to see them with my own eyes. In terms of academic study, my Review on the Historical Development of Chinese Copper Coin Collecting and Study which was released in China Numismatics in 2005; it is the first paper that takes an overall review on Chinese copper coins. Then, I issued On the Jurisdiction of the Mint of 10 Cash Copper Coins to Commemorate the Founding of the Republic of China in this journal in around 2006, which makes the first complete illustration to the birth, date of minting and primary varieties of three types of “Coins to Commemorate the Founding of the Republic of China”, solving this historical issue. I then spent 6 years in writing the Classified Study on Chinese Copper Coins (Volume 1 & 2), which was published by Zhonghua Book Company. The book fills the gap of the study of the field, as the first complete classification and introduction to all kinds of Chinese copper coins. Certainly, the book still has some mistakes and oversights from a present-day perspective, but it did meet the demand of many collectors and amateurs and solved some questions in this field.

Duan Honggang is already over 40, and he is active in the numismatic communities at home and abroad, to make a broader and deeper promotion to the Chinese numismatic culture and to advance the coin identification and grading service in China.

Fig. 4 Duan Honggang with Michael Chou (left) and Yuan Shuiqing (right) after the interview in Chengdu on July 12th, 2019

Y: Yuanshuiqing

D: Duan Honggang

Y: Mr. Duan, you are a leader in the study of copper coins in China, the General Manager of Beijing Gongbo and an expert in numismatics, and one of the best numismatists in the copper coin field. Over the past decade, domestic copper coin collecting has been prosperous, and the study has been broader and more profound. All these are indispensable to your efforts. So would you please tell us about your first contact to copper coins and your study results?

Y: The Chinese Copper Coin Symposium has been held for 16 consecutive years since 2004, and we have enjoyed collecting and exchanging at the symposium. Please share something about its origin, function, and influence.

D: I would like to share my experience for reference. It has been 27 years since I started to collect coins. It was the summer holiday of 1992 when I was still a high school student. I have been interested in Chinese culture and history since my childhood, and my forefathers also left some ancient coins and notes. There were even some copper coins embedded in the gate, cupboards, and cabinets in my old home. Therefore, I have been fond of ancient coins and their history as well as the culture behind them. In the following 4-5 years, I developed a great passion for this field, including the time when I listened to courses at university in Wuhan. Around 2000, I came to have more understanding of foreign culture and language, so I started to have a particular enthusiasm of copper coins. Chinese copper coins are usually engraved with various

D: The first symposium was accidental. At the beginning of 2004, many copper coin collectors gathered on Coinsky and 1884 Machine Struck Coin websites, including some from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Mr. Wang Yang from Jiangsu suggested holding a get-together to meet each other and make exchanges. Zhou Qinyuan from Shanghai, Chen Zhonghua from Shandong, Fu Zhe from Wuhan, Zhu Fugui from Taiwan, and I supported the proposal. In August 2004, over 30 copper coin collectors across the nation gathered in Yangzhou and held the first Chinese Copper Coin Symposium (Fig. 5). The

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Fig. 6 (From left) Duan Honggang, Chen Zhonghua, Zhou Qinyuan and Wang Baoning who have attended the Chinese Copper Coin Symposium for 16 consecutive years, in Chengdu in July 2019.

D: Compared to the works on ancient coins, notes, and gold and silver coins, there has not really much study on copper coins. However, those wonderful works which have been released keep advancing the development of copper coin collecting and study. Some of these works are published privately, some are public publications, and some are even copied from manuscripts. The collection and study of copper coins is not easy, with many projects left for us to explore. The earliest study on Chinese copper coins is a series entitled articles of Modern Chinese Copper Coins and some other articles by American Ramsden in 1911, which brought many foreigners to pay attention to, study, and collect Chinese copper coins in the following years. Among these foreign collectors, French American Tracey Woodward is on of the most well-known in China, and he published a collection - The Minted TenCash Coins of China in Paris in 1936, only with 95 books published (Fig. 7). It was the first time for a work to make a classified study on the machine struck coins in China. Whether a study has made a systematic and innovative classification, or it has used or created a logical study method, or the study has used the categories, concepts and items different from other disciplines is the key to the scientific nature of a study, and the work meets all three conditions. Therefore, the book indicates that the study on Chinese machine struck coins came to be scientific and academic gradually, as an important achievement of the study on Chinese coins. The book makes a comprehensive introduction to the ten-cash coins issued before 1936 by some provinces in China, and it is an indispensable reference book for copper coin collectors.

collectors who attended the symposium all agreed to continue the event, so we decided to hold the symposium in different cities annually. The second symposium was held in Jinan by collectors from Shandong Province, and then held for 15 consecutive years. Despite some difficulties, a large number of collectors have engaged in the event. Among all these collectors, Chen Zhonghua from Jinian, Zhou Qinyuan from Shanghai, Wang Baoning from Jiangsu, and I have attended the symposium every year (Fig. 6). The symposium helps to solve many problems in copper coin studies and collecting, and it has also driven local numismatic societies and collector associations to be active. The copper coin symposium advances academic progress, promotes friendship between collectors, sets an excellent example for the professional numismatic organizations across the nation, and stimulates copper coin collectors to play their positive role in the numismatic community. Many excellent papers and technical results have been published at the symposiums, and the writing and publishing of related monographs. All these are indispensable in the role that the copper coin symposium has played and the influence that it has.

Fig . 7 Repr int ed T he Mint ed Ten- Ca sh Coin s of C h ina by Woodward in 1971 (“ 銅幣”(copper coins) was mistaken as“ 銀幣” (silver coins))

Fig. 5 Collectors at the First Chinese Copper Coin Symposium in Yangzhou in 2004

In the following half-century, there was no other study which was worthy of studying published until the 1970s-1980s. Then, Japanese collector Akira Akitomo completed Guang Xu Yuan

Y: Would you please introduce some famous works on Chinese copper coins since the Republic of China was founded?

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Fig. 8 Three books about Chinese copper coins by Akitomo, only released in Japan privately, with no publicly published edition.

Bao, Copper Coins in the Qing Dynasty, and Copper Coins in the Republic of China as the editor. Though these three books have not been published, they are all essential reference books for newcomers.(Fig. 8) Since there are only a small number of original prints, most collectors from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau can only learn through copies. It is a pity that most pictures in this book are black and white rubbing or even line drawings, so it cannot show how these coins really look to readers.

Chinese Copper Coins, the 19th book of the academic series of China Numismatic Book Series, was published by Zhonghua Book Company, covering some 4000 copper coins of various kinds. The book which I spent six years writing has beenpraised as the “light for the study of Chinese copper coins” by famous Chinese numismatist Dai Zhiqiang. To complete this work, I searched for information online, consulted other experts, and made investigations, overcoming many difficulties. Though there are still some mistakes, it is always a useful reference for the ensuing scientific study on Chinese copper coins.

After the reform and opening-up of China, a body of people started collecting around 1992, and then some relatively complete and independent copper coin catalogs were released. Among all these books, the Chinese Copper Coin Catalogue by Hua Guangpu is the most inf luential, and almost every copper coin collector has one. Despite the black-and-white photos, incomplete varieties, and inaccurate prices, it played a significant role in promoting the copper coin collection in the 1990s. Then in 1997, Taiwan collector Zheng Renjie edited and published the Chinese Copper Coin Appraisal based on the collection of famous copper coin collectors from Taiwan and Hong Kong together with his collection. Colorful photos accompany the work which covers over 700 coins of diverse varieties (Fig. 9). The book is another revolution after the work by Woodward. Woodward’s work replaced the rubbings with black-and-white photos, while Zheng’s work replaced the black-and-white images with colorful photos. It led the study in Chinese copper coin from theoretical exploration and historical collection to be more real, and aesthetic. In the following years, some other copper coin catalogs were published, but there was no breakthrough or representative achievement.

After 2006, some numismatists came to compile catalogs for local copper coins, including Shandong Copper Coins, Shaanxi Copper Coins, Jiangxi Copper Coins, etc. However, there is still a lack of innovative and conclusive works. At present, the study always keeps deepening, and I am looking forward to more wonderful works! Y: There is still no official organization for the study of Chinese copper coins now, and the annual symposium is organized by collectors voluntarily. Have you planned to set up a formal organization for the study of Chinese copper coins with other collectors? D: The proposal was first put forward at the third symposium in 2007, where some leaders from Shanghai Numismatic Society attended. However, it has not been followed up till now, as the related state departments have not produced a clear policy for the founding and running of non-government organizations. Moreover, we also have had some difficulty in joining current numismatic organizations, and major participants in the symposium have their positions and works, unable to leave their

When it came to January 2006, my Classified Study on

Fig. 9 The first colorful copper coin catalogue Chinese Copper Coin Appraisal by Zheng Renjie

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original jobs to organize the copper coin symposium full time. Given all these reasons, an independent organization for the copper coin symposium has not been set up so far. Yet, I think we may still have a chance to build such an organization when the policy is adjusted in the foreseeable future. What we can do now is to do more study and gather more collectors. Y: Mr. Duan, what do you think of the prospect of the collecting market of Chinese copper coins? D: The high-end copper coin market is sluggish on the whole, and such trends may last 5-6 years without significant changes. However, for those who collect for investment, now is the best chance if they have abundant capital. As for the medium-andlow market, the market is relatively stable, with no vast ups and downs. Those coins in good condition are still popular, and their price is rising steadily. So their prospects are relatively favorable. Y: What do you think of promoting the exchanges of Chinese copper coin study with foreign collectors? D: For many reasons, domestic copper coin collectors had few chances to make exchanges with foreign collectors. However, there are always some Chinese copper coins on the international market, in the hand of foreign collectors or auction companies. Therefore, the related global market is worthy of paying close attention to and even participating. Yet, since the policy for collectors to make exchanges still needs to be adjusted by related state departments, the exchanges are limited to the academic exchanges among numismatists. Also, we expect more foreign collectors to have a deeper understanding of China as well as the profound cultural connection between their copper coin collecting and the country where these coins were produced. I also hope Chinese copper coin collectors to go abroad to make more international exchanges and carry forward the concept of collection and culture of China.

Fig. 10 Appraisal at the base of Beijing Gongbo 20 times over the past eight years. It indicates that there is a strong demand for coin appraisal and grading, and it was right for me to set up such a company. We can grade ancient Chinese coins, while foreign companies don’t have such business. We have also popularized the grading of coins, which international companies failed to realize. (Fig. 10) All these are our core competitiveness compared to American grading companies PCGS and NGC. Indeed, as a Chinese grading company based in Beijing, we welcome clients across the nation to visit and give us suggestions, which is another advantage of our company. In terms of the appraisal and grading of copper coins, our company follows the same standard to serve copper coins collectors with all efforts as and American companies in the market. We believe that Chinese coin grading, including copper coin grading, will see a rise and have a good future with the efforts of our company and other companies at home and abroad.

Y: Beijing Gongbo Coin Appraisal, which you founded, is leading the domestic coin grading market to become more mature and stable, and it has become influential and trustworthy in both domestic and international markets. So compared to PCGS, NGC, and some other grading companies, what’s your strength? What do you think of the future of Chinese coin grading, in particular, the grading of Chinese copper coins? D: I set up Beijing Gongbo in 2011, and I didn’t think that I would develop at such a fast speed. Our business volume has expanded

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潛心研究

竭誠服務

北京公博總經理、銅元專家段洪剛訪談錄袁水清〔西安〕

段洪剛，網名楊公博，漢族，中國致公黨黨員（圖1）。 1972年出生於雲南

省彌勒市農村家庭。湖北大學成教學院本科畢業。自小喜歡中國傳統文化，在高中階段於城市街頭偶遇有人擺攤銷售古錢幣，從此發自內心喜歡上古錢幣，至今不曾間斷。1993年在武漢華中師範大學歷史系求學旁聽，加深了對古錢幣的熱愛與認識。1995年參與教師羅傳芳歷史書《 20世紀

縱覽》的編寫，獨立編寫了15萬字。2000年開始，多方搜尋資料，計劃編

寫創新性的彩色照片版的銅元參考書。2003年編寫計劃得到戴志強老師的

鼓勵和認可，於是全身心投入編撰，期間 , 克服各種困難和捉襟見肘的生

活壓力，曾將全部原稿推翻重寫，使之更加注重學術性而不僅僅是圖譜。

圖1 段洪剛近照， 2019年夏

2006年元旦前後，150萬字的《中國銅元分類研究》在中華書局出版發行（圖

2）。該書極大地豐富了中國錢幣收藏與研究的寶庫，為此後一系列銅元研

究或通俗類著作奠定了基礎。之後，段洪剛又主編或參編了多部

錢幣著作、辭典等，十來年裏出版了300萬字左右的錢幣論著，被譽為全國專著最多的農民錢幣專家！在武漢獨立生活、打工、收藏錢幣期間，由於對中國歷史文化有

較深瞭解，多次受聘到老河口廣播電視大學、武漢長江職業學院、華中師範大學藝術職業學院等高校講授“ 中國歷史文化”、《寫作學》藝術學概論》等課程，從而鍛煉了進取思維，使這個來自農村、從未上過正規大學的青年人，始終走在追求中國錢幣文化的道路上，無論是編寫著作，還是撰寫論文，都能遵循科學的原則，取得不俗的成績。 2005年以來，段洪剛已經在國家級、省級學術雜誌、普及雜誌、

圖2 段洪剛著《中國銅元分類研究》（上、下）， 2009年榮獲金泉獎銀獎

報刊等發表了40多篇錢幣文章，專著、編著、合著出版了6部錢幣

類著作，可以說在中國錢幣界具有一定的影響力（圖3）。2017年，

出任中國收藏家協會全國錢幣收藏聯盟常務副主席，2019年出任中國收藏家協會錢幣專業委員會副主任。2010年以來，一直是中國錢幣學會會員、湖北省錢幣學會理事、專家組成員，在全國積極推廣錢幣收藏；在世界積極推廣中國錢幣文化，促進中外錢幣界的積極交流。目前還是美國錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會、新加坡錢幣學會會員，澳門錢幣學會顧問。 2011年，在北京創立中國首家錢幣鑒定評級公司⸺ 北京公博古錢幣藝術品鑒定有限公司（以下簡稱北京公博），為中國錢幣收藏與

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圖3 段洪剛歷年錢幣與歷史類專著及參編作品

專題

FEATURES

研究的規範化、標準化，做出了積極的貢獻，為推進中

北京公博為中國錢幣界在世界上爭了一口氣，贏得了外國

國錢幣收藏事業的繁榮，開啟新的征程，做出了一定的

錢幣界對中國的尊重。

成績。至2019年7月，北京公博在全國已有5家加盟分公司、代理商400多家，在國際上有10多處海外代理。該

已過不惑之年的段洪剛先生，總是精神飽滿地活躍在全

公司已經成為中國錢幣行業民營榜樣企業之一，更是整

國和世界各地的錢幣舞臺上，為更廣泛更深入地推廣中

個中國錢幣鑒定評級行業的開創者和領頭羊。可以說，

國錢幣文化、推廣錢幣鑒定評級事業而奮鬥着。

2019年7月12日，作者在成都第十六屆中國銅元研討會暨紀

在收藏上限於經濟條件，並不敢稱宏富，所有藏品以足夠

這位大忙人就下列問題進行了專訪（圖4）。

便已滿足。在學術研究上，值得一說的小小成績，主要是

支撐學術研究為目的，太昂貴的不敢買入，但求過手過眼，

念錢幣學家羅伯昭誕辰120周年座談會上，對段洪剛先生

2005年撰寫的長文《中國銅元收藏與研究的歷史發展概況》

在《中國錢幣》雜誌發表，首次全面梳理了這個課題相關的方方面面；其次是 2006年前後在該雜誌連續發表了《論開

國紀念幣十文銅元的造幣廠歸屬問題》，首次全面論證了民國時期三大類型“開國紀念幣”銅元的出處、時間及基本版別，一舉解決了這個歷史疑案；第三是耗時 6年左右，獨

立編纂並由中華書局出版了填補行業空白的《中國銅元分類研究》上、下冊一書，使所有種類的中國銅元第一次得到較全面完善的分類和描述。當然，以十多年後今天的眼光

來看，此書錯漏誤解之處甚多，但在當時，確實解決了很多收藏愛好者及專業愛好者的需求與難題。

圖4 段洪剛接受採訪後與周邁可（右）、袁水清（左）合影 2019年7月12日於成都袁 - 袁水清

袁：每年一屆的中國銅元研討會始自2004 年，至今已經連

段 - 段洪剛

續舉辦了16屆，大家從中充分感受到了收藏與交流的樂趣。請您談談它的起源、作用及影響力。

袁：段先生，您是中國銅元研究的領軍人物，又是北京公博總經理、錢幣專家，在中國銅元界為首屈一指。近十幾

段：說起這個研討會，其源起純屬偶然。2004 年年初，在

年來，中國銅元收藏風生水起，研究向縱深發展。這一切

錢幣天堂網站與1884 機製幣網站上，已經聚集了大量銅元

與您不遺餘力的組織推動關係極大。請您首先簡要回顧一

愛好者，包括港澳臺的錢幣愛好者。其中江蘇汪洋先生發

下自己的錢幣情緣和銅元研究成果。

帖，提議搞個聯歡活動，大家借此機會見見面，交流探討。此舉得到了上海周沁園、山東陳忠華、武漢付哲、臺灣朱複

段：謝謝袁老師。關於這個話題，我簡單說幾句，也許有

圭以及我本人在內的大量鐵杆銅元迷的支持。於是在當年

些經驗值得大家借鑒。我收藏錢幣始於1992年上高中時的

暑假，一晃 27年！由於一開始就對中國歷史文化感興趣，家中也有一些祖輩傳下來的古錢幣銀元紙鈔之類，甚至老

家大門、櫃子箱子以及門扣上都鑲嵌有銅錢，所以自小對古錢幣及其背後的歷史文化很感興趣。這種嗜好自高中時

代起持續了四五年，包括1993年到武漢上大學旁聽的時期。

2000年前後，由於更多瞭解外國文化以及對外語的興趣，就對銅元產生了獨特的愛好與熱愛，主要是因為銅元上多種多樣的外文，尤其是英文，與中國的歷史地理有關，有

的甚至與傳統文化元素相關，因此着迷。此後就把很多年的精力和時間都用在了學習、收藏、交流銅元上，至今20

年左右，沒有中斷過。要說有所成就，比起其他大家，我

圖5（ 2004年揚州）首屆中國銅元研討會與會泉友合影 N

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元會先後產生了很多優秀學術論文，湧現了很多科研成果，促進了多部銅元專著的編纂與出版。銅元會的作用與影響力是取得這些成果的根源。

袁：自民國時期以來，著名的中國銅元研究著述都有哪些？請您簡略評述一下。

段：由於相對古錢幣、紙幣、金銀幣等門類而言，銅元研究類型的著作不多，但也精彩紛呈，持續地推進着銅元收

藏與研究事業的發展。這些著作有的是私人發行，有的是

圖6 連續16年參加中國銅元研討會的四位（從左至右）：段洪剛、陳忠華、周沁園、王寶寧，2019年7月於成都

出版社公開出版，有的甚至是手抄本複印本！可以說，銅

元收藏與研究的道路並不平坦，但正是這樣的狀況，留給

今人更多的課題。目前已知最早問世的中國銅元研究型作（Modern 品，是1911年美國人拉姆斯登的《現代中國銅幣》

Chinese Copper Coins）系列文章，以及作者其後的若

干篇文章。之後很多年，有不少外國人關注和收藏研究中

國銅元，其中的佼佼者就是我們熟知的美籍法國人伍德華

（Woodward）。1936年，伍德華的多篇文章在巴黎結集出

版，書名《中國鑄造的十文銅幣》（The Minted Ten-Cash

Coins of China），該書初印僅95冊（圖7 ）。伍德華著作的成就表現在，第一次對一個系列的中國機製幣進行分類

研究，標誌着中國機制幣研究進入了科學與學術的領域。區分一個成果是否屬於科學的學術成果，標誌就是該成果是否對研究對象進行了系統的、有開創性的分類，是否使

用或創造了一種符合邏輯要求的方法，是否具有區別於其他學科的範疇、概念與術語。這本著作，符合上述三個要

求，因此這是中國銅元研究的第一個重大成果。此書全面

“銅圖7 伍德華著《中國鑄造的十文銅幣》，1971年前後重印本，幣”誤“銀幣”

整理了中國1936年以前發行的主要省份的十文型銅元，至

今都是銅元藏家必備的參考書。

8月份，來自全國各地的銅元愛好者30多人，在揚州舉辦了

此後近半個世紀，沒有再出現單獨的有較大科研價值的銅

續下去。由此商定，每年在不同省市舉辦，第二屆由山東省

編的《光緒元寶》《大清銅幣》《民國銅幣》三本書編輯完

有中斷，其中雖然也遇到一些阻力和困難，但眾多泉友都

由於原印本數量有限，港澳臺地區的很多銅元玩家、藏家

首屆銅元研討會（圖 5）。會上大家一致贊同把這個活動延

元研究成果，直到1970-1980 年代，日本收藏家秋友晃主

泉友在濟南承辦。15年來，我們的這個銅元會，一直都沒

成，雖然沒有公開出版，但成為了銅元愛好者必備入門書。

真誠熱情地投入其中，有四位⸺ 我、濟南陳忠華、上海

也只能採用複印或手抄的方式進行學習利用。遺憾的是該

周沁元、江蘇王寶寧每屆都參加（圖6 ），解決了銅元研究

書圖片基本都是黑白拓圖，甚至線描圖，對銅元本身的直

與收藏中的大量問題，各地的錢幣學會、收藏協會等多個

觀性較差。（圖8 ）

組織都因為活動帶動起來了！銅元會，促進了學術進步、增

進了和諧友誼，為全國各地各類型專業錢幣組織起到了良

改革開放後的1992年前後，全國各地湧現了大量的錢幣收

好的榜樣作用，充分發揮了銅元愛好者身上的正能量。銅

藏愛好者，市面上終於出現了一些比較全面的、獨立的銅元

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專題

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圖9 鄭仁傑著《中國銅元鑒賞》⸺ 錢幣界第一本彩版銅元圖錄

圖8 秋友晃主編的三本中國銅元著作，日本內部刻印本，未公開發行

等書，但開創性的、總結性的尚未出現。目前的銅元研究

目錄書：這其中最有影響力的是華光普主編的《中國銅元目

主要再向縱深發展。我期待有更多的佳作面世！

錄》，該書幾乎成為所有銅元愛好者人手一冊的收藏指南，雖然圖片都是黑白色，品種版式也不甚完備，所標價格也

不太準確，但是卻極大地推動促進了整個20世紀90 年代的

袁：目前中國銅元收藏研究尚無正式組織，每屆會議完全

聚合臺港地區著名銅元藏家的精品，整理自己的收藏，編

位主要老師，對成立正式的中國銅元研究組織有何打算？

銅元收藏。此後直到1997年前後，臺灣收藏家鄭仁傑先生

是愛好者自發參與活動。請問您以及常年參與銅元會的幾

輯出版了彩照版的《中國銅元鑒賞》，共收錄中國銅元主要

品種版式及幣章 700多個（圖9 ）。此書在中國銅元收藏與

段：這個問題最早是 2007年前後在第三屆上海會議時提出

研究著述歷史上的最大貢獻，是繼伍德華使用黑白照相製

來的，那屆銅元會有上海市錢幣學會的領導參會，所以有

白版的革命。中國銅元研究，可以說由此進入了直觀、真實、

主要困難是國家有關部門對於民間組織的成立與活動政策

版對於墨拓製版的革命之後的又一次革命，是彩色版對黑

人提出這個組織問題。遺憾的是至今沒有實現這個心願。

審美的時代，不再僅僅是理論探索與歷史收藏的階段。此

不明朗，我們想要融入現有錢幣類組織也有諸多不便；再

後多年，市面上也出現了一些銅元圖錄，但幾乎無突破性

者，銅元會的主要參與者都是身兼多職或有着自身的工作

進步或代表性成就。

與職務，基本上難以脫離原有崗位全職參與銅元會的組織

工作，因此至今未能出現獨立的銅元會的組織。我認為在

到2006年1月，中華書局出版了我耗時 6年左右編纂完成的

不遠的將來，隨着有關政策的調整，機會還是有的。我們

中國錢幣叢書甲種本第十九種《中國銅元分類研究》，收錄

目前能做的就是儘量多研究學問，多團結廣泛的愛好者。

各種銅元 4 000品左右。中國著名錢幣學家戴志強閱讀該

書後作序稱之為“中國銅元研究的希望”。我當時依靠網路，

袁：段先生，目前對中國銅元收藏的市場前景議論較多，

虛心學習，勤於調查研究，克服多種困難，完成這部作品，

我想聽聽您的看法。

雖然還有諸多問題存在，但也算為後來的中國銅元的科學研究奠定了一個廣泛的可資參考的基礎。

段：目前整體來看，高端的銅元藏品行情疲軟，可能維持

2006年之後，全國不同地方的專家藏家，相繼編撰出版了

情況下，目前是最好的機會。中低端的收藏群體比較穩定，

五六年，不會有大的變化。如果收藏投資，在資金允許的

多部銅元圖錄，比如《山東銅元》《陝西銅元》《江西銅元》

沒有大的起伏。品相精美的品種依然受到歡迎，價格穩中

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專題

有升，前景也不錯。袁：您對進一步推進中國銅元研究以及與國際同仁的交流有何想法？

段：由於多種原因，我國銅元愛好者出國參與國際交流的

相當少。但是，國外的市場包括收藏家、拍賣行，每年都有一定數量的中國銅元面世，非常值得中國大陸愛好者關注甚至參與。當然由於出入境的原因，國內外的交流目前

主要限於學術與人員的交流，錢幣藏品本身的交流還有待於國家有關部門的政策調整。同時，我們期待更多國外同仁深入瞭解中國，瞭解手中銅元與其生產國的深厚文化聯

圖10-1 北京公博總部鑒評場景

繫。也希望更多的中國銅元愛好者勇敢走出國門，參與國際交流，傳播中國錢幣收藏理念與貨幣文化。

袁：您創立的北京公博（GBCA）在帶領國內錢幣評級市

場走向成熟與穩步發展的同時，已經在國內外具備了相當

高的影響力與公信力。那麼，您認為在與美國同行 PCGS 、

NGC 等多家評級機構相比時，貴公司的優勢是什麼？您對中國錢幣評級尤其是銅元的評級事業有何打算或願景？

段：2011年我創立北京公博的時候，沒有想到發展速度會

如此之快！8年時間，我們的業務量增長20 倍以上！這一方

面說明我國錢幣鑒定評級市場需求之旺盛，另一方面也說明我的選擇是正確的：我們做到了外國評級公司沒有做到

圖10-2 北京公博總部鑒評場景

的中國古錢幣評級，也做到了外國評級公司沒有做到的評

級幣普及化（圖10 ）。這兩點我相信就是當我拿美國同行

PCGS 公司與 NGC 公司對比的時候，我能告訴大家的我

司，以市場表現來看，都能秉持大致相同的標準，盡心盡

我們在北京開門迎客，全國各地的客戶都有機會有條件隨

堅信，在不遠的將來，在我公司與中外其他公司的努力下，

力為各階層各地方包括世界各國的銅元愛好者服務。我們

們的核心優勢所在。當然，還可以說，作為本土評級企業，

中國錢幣評級包括銅元評級，都必將迎來新的高峰與更美

時來到我公司參觀指導，甚至當面提交評級或當面對我們

好的未來！

的工作提出意見建議，這也是我公司優於美國公司的一個

方面。在銅元的評級鑒定領域，無論美國公司還是我們公

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Chopmarked Coins Chapter 4 - Collecting Chopmarked Coins Colin James Gullberg – Taipei Followed by No.16 Issue

Building a Collection How ma ny ways a re t he re to bu ild a colle ct ion? T he possibilities are endless. There are few areas of numismatics as diverse as chopmarked coins, but there are generally two broad approaches to building a collection of chopmarked coins – type collections and specialist series areas.

series in this regard. It is a short series - only six years (1873-78) if you exclude the proof-only dates of 1879-85. Trade dollars were minted at only three mints - Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Carson City - and with the various combinations of mint marks, overstamped mintmarks and double die reverses, you are looking at a total of 26 coins. 241 Many trade dollar specialists try to complete both chopped and clean sets.

Let us first look at the coins specifically made for the China trade.

Many of these years are commonly found with and without chops, but some of these dates are going to be challenging to find in chopped condition. The 1875-P and the 1878-CC each have chopped populations of fewer than ten known coins. Both will be fought over by collectors when they come up for sale.

Collecting a Series One focus of collecting is the specialist area – usually one series. The U.S. trade dollar is undoubtedly the most popular

152 USA 1877 Trade Dollar KM-108, R-7. The coin was graded AU-55 by PCGS.

241 R.S. Yeoman; A Guide Book of United States Coins 2012, 65th edition, (2012), p.209-10

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One advantage of collecting U.S. trade dollars is that it is never a problem to resell these coins. There are always American collectors starting new collections and plenty of U.S. chopmarked trade dollars are on offer, and they always sell. For many collectors the U.S. trade dollar will be their only experience with coins for the China trade.

The chops on most of the U.S. trade dollars I have seen tend to be fairly large, which is typical of the period they were chopped. Relief chops are scarcer, but not unknown. A very wide variety of pseudo-Chinese characters and symbols can be found on the coins of this period giving much more variety than the small chops of the Spanish portrait dollars of 1772-1820.

Another advantage to collecting the U.S trade dollar is that it is undervalued given its relative rarity as compared to its contemporary – the Morgan dollar. As Q. David Bowers noted in his book on U.S. silver dollars, the U.S. trade dollar is every bit as beautiful as the Morgan and, “At present, trade dollars appeal to only a tiny fraction of the audience for Morgan dollars, thus in effect giving you a clear playing field with lots of opportunities. Coin for coin, rarity for rarity, trade dollars are priced at trivial sums compared to their Morgan dollar sisters.”242

The period of the late 1870s was one in which many foreign merchants were active in China, thus many shroffs were busily employed. A collector could collect only U.S. trade dollars for the next 40 years and you would likely never see two with the exact same chops. The British trade dollar and French Indo-China piastre are likewise available both clean and chopped for most dates, but it would take the dedicated collector substantial effort to complete a date set.

153 French Indo-China 1886A Piastre de Commerce, KM-5, R-7.

condition to locate relatively easily (although these coins do not come cheap). Again, if you want every 8 reales variety of the series (1732-71) listed in Gilboy’s The Milled Columnarios of Central and South America – Spanish American Pillar Coinage, 1732 to 1772 (which lists dozens of die and other varieties) you are going to have a lifetime of searching ahead of you. I suggest a type set of each denomination from each of the Latin American mints. This small set would still be a challenge to complete (especially the 1/2 reale and the four reales – both of which are very hard to find chopmarked).

The various Mexican coin series also exist in plentiful chopped numbers. I believe it would be impossible to collect a date set of cobs, even with the increasingly large number of chopped cobs coming to market. Mexican cobs were minted from 1536 to 1732 and given overlap with the assayers a complete set would be in the hundreds of coins, an impossible feat for any collector in my opinion. However, a complete date set of milled pillar dollars, perhaps the most beautiful coin ever minted, is quite possible given enough dedication. There are only two rare dates: 1732 and 1733, and they exist in enough numbers in chopped

242 Q. David Bowers; A Buyer’s Guide to Silver Dollars & Trade Dollars of the United States, 3rd ed., (2006), p. 366

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154 Mexico 1766 MO M.F. 8 Reales, KM-105, R-7.

this number. Mike Dunigan and J.B. Parker suggest243 limiting a Cap & Rays collection to a single coin from each mint, or collecting a single year which is also difficult as some mints produced few or no coins in some years. For example there may be as few as eight GA 1861 J.G. 8 reales – two of which are chopmarked, and only two surviving 8 reales from the Oaxaca mint of 1865 [O 1865 A.E.], one chopped, one clean, and a sole coin each from Hermosillo [the HO 1839 P.R.] and Oaxaca [the OA (A inside the O) 1858 A.E.], neither of which is chopped.

The Mexican Cap & Rays 8 reales is one of the most commonly found chopmarked coins. At any given moment there are usually dozens listed on internet auction sites and at dealers’ tables at every coin show. However, the Cap & Rays was issued at fourteen different mints during its 75 years of issue. Several of these mints, like Catorce (1863 only) and Estado de Mexico (1828-30), were short- lived and sent few coins to the Orient. There are also a wide variety of assayers which, if a complete collection is desired, will yield a total of 757 coins. If you include well-known overdates, you would likely nearly double

155 Mexico 1892 AS M.L. 8 Reales, KM-377, R-7. Coins minted after 1870 of the Cap & Ray series are far more plentiful than the pre-1870 pieces.

Another option is to specialize in only one mint. Any of these strategies will provide a challenge to the chopmark collector.

243 M. Dunigan and J.B. Parker; op. cit., p. xxiv

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Collecting by Type

to deal with. Chopmarked coins fall into three broad categories in terms of pricing.

Another approach to building a chopmark collection is a type collection. This allows for a much greater variety of coins from around the world. The common trade coins are easy, the unusual oddball coins tough, but you will never finish a type set because no one knows how many coins made it to China and were subsequently chopped. This type of collection will allow the collector to discover some truly rare, even unique, pieces often at very reasonable prices simply because the seller does not know how rare his coin is.

The first is the common trade coins like the U.S. trade dollar, Latin American (Mexico, Peru, Bolivia) cobs, portraits, and pillars. British trade dollars, French Indo-Chinese piastres and Japanese one yen and trade dollars all saw considerable use in China. As there are far more collectors for clean, unchopped coins, the prices of generic dates of these common trade coins should be 10-20% lower for the chopped pieces, often a little above the melt value of the coin. This rule does not hold for a scarce specific date of a common series like the 1875-P USA trade dollar. This coin is easy to get unchopped but there are only six known chopped 1875-Ps making chopped specimens much more valuable.

Collecting by Chop A third approach, and one I have never heard attempted, is to collect by chop. When I took over as editor of Chopmark News I decided I was going to try and list all known chops. I figured there might be a few hundred. After two years of featuring dozens of coins and hundreds of chops in the newsletter I rarely see the same chop twice. Some common ones, like 大 [da or

The second group is very rare coins. Pictured is a Bolivian 8 soles from 1859. There are an estimated six to nine known of this type and at least two of them are chopped (the one pictured below and the one in the Krause catalog 244). The fact that this coin is chopped probably does not affect its value in any substantial way. The collector of this coin has to be prepared to meet the seller’s asking price, as it will probably be many years before another comes on the market.

“big”] have over 25 varieties. Most importantly collecting should be fun. Look around and you will soon decide what suits your taste.

The third, and most interesting group for the chopmark collector, are the common (or slightly scarce) coins that should not have been chopped – but were. These are coins like British non-trade coins, U.S. non-trade dollars, Central American coins, mainland European coins, etc. that were not used in the China

Prices Pricing is perhaps the least interesting area to the true collector but it is something that everyone has

156 Bolivia 1859 PTS F.J. 8 Soles, KM-137, R-2.

244 C. Bruce II (ed.); Standard Catalog of World Coins 1801-1900, 4th ed., (2004), p. 99

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trade but still managed to find their way to Canton or some other Chinese port, get chopped and keep out of the melting pot for a collector to discover and cherish. There is nothing more exciting than finding one of these coins in a dealer’s junk-box or hidden away in a “coffee can” collection somewhere. These coins can often sell for much more than the unchopped variety due to their scarcity with chopmark collectors. As a collector you must beware: recently unscrupulous internet sellers have be adding modern chops to genuine coins of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to increase their value with chopmark collectors. Prior to the internet, collectors usually did their buying at shows or from dealers. This business model has been turned on its head and now anyone can become a dealer. So buyer beware; that chopmark on a German mark or Swedish krone is likely to be damage, graffiti, or a recent addition to the coin.

Coins that come from prominent, old-time collections, almost always demand a premium. One factor that makes a chopmarked coin different from its non-chopped brethren is the fact that every chopmarked coin is unique. The chops and their placement are always different. If you find another coin with the same chops in the exact same location, then at least one of them (and probably both) is counterfeit. This uniqueness means that pedigree is particularly important. If a chopmarked coin has been sold in an old auction (pre-1980) and has come from an old-time collection, the chances are better that the coin is genuine. The photograph in an old auction catalog is like a guarantee. Non- chopped coins, even slabbed coins, do not have this feature. Counterfeits are a problem, especially modern fakes from China, but most of these are from after the late 1980s or 1990s.

Rarity Scale

a rarity scale and, aside from naming a few rare or unique coins in his own collection, he left it at that. Thus, so much of what Rose discovered regarding the rarity of individual coins has been lost. Also, I believe his numbers may not reflect the melting done after silver hit a peak of $49.45 on January 18, 1980 due to manipulation of the silver markets by the Hunt brothers (see Graph 1, page 16). This event sent much of the then existing common chopped coins (in addition to many other low value silver coins) to the melting pot as everyone looked for silver items to sell. Nevertheless, a rarity scale can be extremely helpful to understanding the prices of chopmarked coins.

Frank Rose was the only collector to have attempted to judge the relative scarceness of chopmarked coins. His methodology could be described as a sort of “seat-of-the-pants” scholarship, based primarily on his own searches at shows, in coin magazines and amongst various dealers. Rose was singleminded in his pursuit of chopmarked coins over several decades and he collected everything that was chopped and did not focus on a particular country or series. Apart from Latin American cobs, which have turned out to be plentiful in the market the last few years, I have found his estimates of scarcity to be consistent with my own research. However, he did not classify or rank the coins in Chopmarks by rarity. Instead, He created

I would propose only a small adjustment to the Rose Rarity Scale:

The (Original) Rose Rarity Scale:

The Modified Rose Rarity Scale:

Unique (1 known)

R-1（known）

Extremely Rare (2-5 known)

R-2（2-5 known）

Very Rare (5-10 known)

R-3（5-10 known）

Quite Rare (10-25 known)

R-4（10-25 known）

Rare (25-100 known)

R-5（25-100 known）

Scarce (up to 500)

R-6（101-500 known）

Common (more than 500 known)

R-7（over50 1known）

(To be continued)

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101

《戳記幣簡史》第④章

上接第 16 期

戳記幣收藏高林〔臺北〕

建立收藏

受歡迎。這種銀元流通時間不長，除了1879 年至1985年精

收藏錢幣有多少種方法？答案是無數種。在錢幣界，戳記

城造幣廠、三藩市造幣廠及卡森城造幣廠鑄造過這種貿易

即按類進行收藏和按專門的領域進行收藏。

模組合混用，各有不同，因此，如果藏家想要集齊一套完

鑄幣之外，僅發行了6年（1873年至1878年）。雖然只有費

幣是最為多樣的，而收藏戳記幣的方法大致可以分為兩種，

銀元，但是銀元上造幣廠標識、加戳造幣廠標識及背面重整的美國貿易銀元戳記幣，那麼共需要26 枚硬幣。241除此之外，還有很多貿易銀元收藏專家都還想要分別集齊加蓋

下麵將介紹那些專為在中國進行貿易而製造的戳記幣如何

戳記的版本及幣面乾淨的版本。

收藏。

按領域進行收藏

大多數美國貿易銀元都有加蓋戳記和未加蓋戳記兩個版本，

戳記幣收藏的方法之一是按專門的範圍進行收藏⸺ 通常

的1875-P 版及1878-CC 版美國貿易銀元中，加蓋戳記的

但是有部分年份的銀元尚未找到加蓋戳記的版本。而已知不足10 枚，一當有售，藏家便會為之展開激烈的競爭。

是按領域進行收藏。在這方面，美國貿易所用銀元無疑最

圖152 美國1877年貿易銀元，KM-108，R-7。PCGS 評級為 AU-55。

241 約曼；《 2012 年美國硬幣指導手冊》，第 65版，（2012），第209-210頁。

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收藏美國貿易銀元相比收藏其他硬幣具有一大優勢，那便

我見過的大多數美國貿易銀元上的戳記都很大，而這是這

藏行列，同時也始終有很多美國戳記貿易銀元在售，所以

並非全然沒有。這一時期鑄造的硬幣上有很多偽中文字戳

些銀元鑄造時期的典型特徵。其中，信用戳記較少，但也

是不用擔心賣不出去。因為總是有美國藏家在加入這一收

記和字元戳記，比1772年至1820 年西班牙肖像銀元上的小

藏家總是能夠成功把這些銀元賣出去。而且對很多藏家而

戳記種類更加豐富。

言，他們唯一收藏的中國貿易硬幣便是美國貿易銀元。

相比同時期發行的摩根美元，美國貿易銀元更為稀少，因

19世紀70年代末，中國有很多外國商人，他們雇傭了很多

優勢。大衛 · 鮑沃斯先生 (Q. David Bowers) 在其關於美

銀元，可能也不會見到兩個完全相同的戳記。

漂亮，並且， “現在，貿易銀元吸引了一小部分收藏摩根美

大多數英國貿易銀元及法屬印度支那皮阿斯特都和美國貿

無數的機會。從硬幣和稀缺品的角度而言，貿易銀元與其

戳記的，但是如果藏家想集齊所有年份的銀元，則可能需

打戳人。而即使藏家在接下來的40 年內只能收藏美國貿易

此它的價值受到低估，而這也是收藏美國貿易銀元的另一國銀元的著作中指出，美國貿易銀元和摩根美元一樣精緻元的藏家，因此這對藏家而言是一個嶄新的收藏領域，有

易銀元一樣，同一年份的銀元既有幣面乾淨的，也有加蓋

姐妹⸺ 摩根美元相比，定價甚低。”

要付出大量的精力。

242

圖153 1886A 法屬印度支那皮阿斯特，KM-5，R-7 墨西哥硬幣品類繁多，也加蓋有各種不同的數字戳記。隨

量較大，因此收藏相對容易（儘管這些硬幣並不便宜）。但

能集齊各個年份的塊幣。墨西哥塊幣鑄造於1536年至1732

鑄幣⸺ 1732年至1772年西班牙屬美洲雙柱銀元》中所提

是如果藏家想要集齊吉爾伯伊 (Gilboy) 所著《中南美洲機

著越來越多的墨西哥戳記塊幣流向市場，現在已經不太可

年間，而且一套完整的塊幣包含數百枚硬幣，因此，集齊

及的 8亞爾雙柱銀元，那麼他們可能不得不用盡一生去尋

整套塊幣對任何藏家而言都是不可能的事，這種觀點與錢

找。對此，我建議藏家可以收藏一套各個拉丁美洲造幣廠

有可能集齊硬幣中最為精美的機制雙柱銀元。在這些機制

但要集齊一套也並非易事（尤其是1/2亞爾及4亞爾幣值，

幣分析專家不謀而合。然而，只要花足夠的精力，還是很

鑄造的各種幣值的雙柱銀元。然而，這種銀元數量較少，二者都很難找到帶有戳記的版本）。

雙柱銀元中，只有兩個年份發行的雙柱銀元較為稀少，即

1732年及1733年的雙柱銀元，加之加蓋戳記的雙柱銀元數 242 大衛 · 鮑裏斯；《美國銀元及貿易銀元買家指南》，第3 版，(2006)，第366頁。

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圖154 墨西哥1766年8亞爾雙柱銀元，MO M.F，KM-105，R-7 墨西哥8亞爾鷹銀是最常見的戳記幣之一，在各種線上拍

至沒有，因此麥克 · 杜尼根 (Mike Dunigan) 和帕克 ( J.B.

而，這種銀幣僅發行了75年，由14家不同的造幣廠鑄造發

集一枚，或只收集特定年份的鷹銀，但這也並非易事。比

造幣廠（1828-1830 年發行）及其他幾家造幣廠僅運營了幾

戳記幣，而瓦哈卡造幣廠1865年8亞爾鷹銀 (O 1865 A.E.)

Parker) 建議 243，藏家可以只從各個造幣廠發行鷹銀中各收

賣網站以及錢幣展的幣商展臺上總是有幾十枚在售。然

行。其中，卡托爾塞造幣廠（僅於1863年發行）、墨西哥州

如1861年 GA J.G.8亞爾鷹銀可能僅存8 枚，其中只有兩枚是

也僅存2 枚，其中一枚加蓋了戳記，另一枚則是幣面乾淨

年，鮮有鑄幣流向東方。還有很多分析專家認為，集齊這

種戳記幣可能共需要757枚硬幣。如果藏家想要入手一些知

的版本，而1839 年約莫西爾造幣廠發行的鷹銀 (HO 1839

由於一些造幣廠在一些年份裏所生產的硬幣數量極少，甚

(A 於 O 內 )) 也都只有1枚，兩枚均加蓋了戳記。

P.R) 和1858年瓦哈卡造幣廠發行的鷹銀 (OA 1858 A.E

名的加蓋了新日期的硬幣，則其所需硬幣數量將幾近翻番。

圖155 墨西哥1892年 A S M.L. 8亞爾鷹銀，KM-377，R-7

1870年後所鑄鷹銀數量遠超1870年前所鑄鷹銀數量。選

但以上任何一種收藏策略對戳記幣藏家而言具有一定的挑

擇按領域收藏的藏家也可以只收藏特定造幣廠發行的硬幣。

戰性。

243 杜尼根，帕克；引用文獻，第 xxiv 頁。

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按類收藏

到底有多少硬幣在加蓋戳記後流向了中國，也不知道其中

按類進行收藏是另一種收藏戳記幣的方式，而這種收藏方

非易事。雖然如此，採取之一收藏方式的藏家可能會發現

有多少戳記是後加的，因此想要按類集齊一整套戳記幣並

式的好處是可以收集到來自世界各地的戳記幣，且品類更

一些尤為稀有，甚至是獨一無二的錢幣，而且由於賣家對

為多樣。常見的貿易幣當然容易收藏，然而還有一些並不常

這些硬幣的稀有程度也不甚瞭解，因此它們的價格通常並

見硬幣，它們千奇百怪，很難覓得。但是，我們並不知道

不昂貴。

個完全同樣的戳記。而像“大”字戳記及其他比較常見的

按戳記進行收藏

戳記，我甚至見到了超過 25個版本。

收藏戳記幣的第三種方式是按戳記進行收藏，但我從未

聽說有人作此嘗試。於是在我擔任《戳記新聞》編輯期間，

但不論是採用哪種收藏方式，體會收藏的樂趣才是最重要

概有幾百種戳記。我這兩年撰寫的時事通訊詳細介紹了幾

後決定自己更傾向於哪種收藏方式。

曾決定親自嘗試，並羅列出所有已知戳記。我算了一下，大

的。所以我們不妨看看其他人是如何建立自己的收藏，然

十枚硬幣，涉及的戳記數量上百，但是我幾乎沒看到過兩

價格

的金屬價格略高一點。但是如果發行於特定年份的常見硬

真正的收藏者可能並不那麼看重價格，但價格卻是每個藏

如藏家很容易便能找到為未蓋戳記的1875-P 版美國貿易銀

幣中加蓋戳記的數量較少，那麼這一規律就不再適用了，比

元，但是現在已知的加蓋了戳記的1875-P 版美國貿易銀元

家都不得不面對的問題。而戳記幣價格大致可以分為三類。

只有6 枚，因此加蓋了戳記的版本便更為珍貴。

第一類是中國大量使用的常見貿易幣，包括美國貿易銀元、拉丁美洲（墨西哥、秘魯和玻利維亞）塊幣、肖像幣及雙柱

第二類則是本身就非常稀有的硬幣。下圖是1859年玻利維

銀幣和貿易銀元等。一般而言，藏家更傾向於收藏幣面乾

。但是不論了戳記（一枚如下圖，一枚載於克勞斯目錄244）

亞8索爾硬幣 , 已知的僅有6至9枚，而其中至少有兩枚加蓋

銀元、英國貿易銀元、法屬印度支那皮阿斯特及日本一圓

這枚硬幣是否加蓋了戳記，其價值可能不會相差過大。而這

淨、未加蓋戳記硬幣，因此如果普通年份的常見貿易幣加蓋了戳記，那麼其價格便會低上10-20% 左右，只比熔化後

種硬幣數年才能得一見，所以其藏家經常會遇到賣家詢價。

圖156 1859 年玻利維亞 PTS F.J. 8 索爾硬幣，KM-137, R-2

244 布魯斯 (C. Bruce II) ( 編輯 ) ；《1801-1900 世界硬幣標準目錄》，第四版，(2004)，第99頁。

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第三類是戳記幣中最有意思的一類。這種戳記幣本身是較

或是近期加蓋到硬幣上的。

了戳記，包括英國非貿易幣、美國非貿易銀元、中美洲硬

知名的古代收藏品硬幣總是會產生一定的溢價。但因為每

卻各自流向了廣州或是其他的中國口岸，並加蓋戳記，後來

無二的，這便是它和未加蓋戳記的同款硬幣的不同之處。

為常見（或是略為稀有）的硬幣，本不應加蓋戳記但卻加蓋幣、歐洲大陸硬幣等，這些硬幣未在中國貿易中使用，但

個戳記及其位置總是有所不同，因此每枚戳記幣都是獨一

也沒有被熔化，最終被藏家發現並珍藏。對戳記幣藏家而

如果你看到兩枚硬幣的戳記和位置都完全一樣，那麼其中

言，從幣商的廢品箱或是藏在某處咖啡罐中發現一枚這樣

至少有一枚是贗品（也有可能兩枚都是贗品）。正是因為戳

的硬幣是再興奮不過的事了。而戳記幣藏家手中這樣的硬

記幣具有其獨特性，所以其淵源便顯得尤為重要。如果一

枚戳記幣曾在1980 年前的拍賣會上出現過，並且出自舊時

幣數量稀少，因此他們的價格往往比未加蓋戳記的版別更

的藏品系列，那麼這枚硬幣很有可能是真品，而當時拍賣

高。但是藏家們必須注意，近年來，有些互聯網賣家肆無忌憚，在18、19世紀鑄造的真幣上加蓋現代戳記，讓戳記

會目錄中的照片則可以證明其為真品。但對於非戳記幣而

幣藏家花更高的價格購買。在互聯網風行之前，展銷會和

言，即使它已經裝盒，也不具備這一特點。此外，仿造品

幣商是收藏者購買硬幣的唯一途徑。而現在的商業模式完

也是困擾藏家的一大問題，尤其是來自中國現代的贗品，話雖如此，但其實多數仿冒品都源於上世紀80 年代末至90

全改變，任何人都可以從事錢幣買賣。因此買家必須知道，德國馬克及瑞典克朗上的戳記很有可能是遭到損毀、塗鴉

年代。

稀有程度量表

些稀有或孤品硬幣，之後便將其拋諸腦後。因此，羅斯並

弗蘭克福 · 羅斯 (Frank Rose) 是唯一一位對戳記幣相對稀

歷史上，亨特兄弟 (the Hunt brothers) 曾操縱銀市，致使

未留下自己關於個別硬幣稀有程度的研究。另外，在錢幣

缺程度進行評估的收藏家。他對戳記幣相關的錢幣展銷會、

銀價於1980 年1月18日觸頂49.45美元。在當時背景下，每

但他所採用的評估方法被戲稱為一種“直覺”的學問。過

都被送入了熔爐（而一些價值較高的銀幣也未能倖免），因

個人都在搜集可以出售的銀製品，於是很多常見的戳記幣

硬幣雜誌及各個幣商進行研究，並對相關戳記幣進行評估，

此我認為量表中的數字可能並不能反映此後的戳記幣稀缺

去幾十年中，羅斯醉心戳記幣收藏，收集各種帶戳記的硬

情況（見16頁圖1）。但是，該稀缺程度量表還是對我們瞭

幣，而不拘泥於某個國家或領域的戳記幣。除了過去幾年

中市場上大量出現的拉丁美洲塊幣，羅斯對戳記幣稀缺程

解戳記幣的價格提供了極大的幫助。

戳記的稀缺程度分類或排序，而是建立了一個稀缺程度量

在此，我建議對羅斯稀缺程度量表進行一些微調：

度的估計與本人的研究別無二致。然而，他未將戳記幣按表。但是他也僅僅是用這個量表命名了自己收藏品中的一（原）羅斯稀缺程度量表

經調整的羅斯稀缺程度量表

孤品（1枚已知）

R-1（1枚已知）

極少（2-5枚已知）

R-2（2-5枚已知）

非常少（5-10枚已知）

R-3（5-10枚已知）

很少（10-25枚已知）

R-4（10-25枚已知）

少（25-100枚已知）

R-5（25-100枚已知）

稀少（500枚以下）

R-6（101-500枚已知）

普通（多於500枚已知）

R-7（多於501枚已知）

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One Thousand Years of Song Coins Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕

The Song Dynasty was a period of prosperity for Chinese economy and culture, and when the quantity of coins minted was larger than that of any other period in ancient China. Coins from the Song dynasty topped all ancient Chinese coinages in terms of the material and fineness, and the versions and reign titles engraved on the coins were also more various than those minted before. All these make it great fun to collect Song coins. Moreover, there are a large number of [rare] varieties, and prices have become relatively stable in recent years. Artistic Song coins can also show the pursuit of aesthetics of collectors.

denomination, place of mintage and year of mintage on their reverse sides; some coins had patterns of a star, a moon, or both a star and a moon; inscriptions should be read either clockwise or counterclockwise; the position of characters inscribed may be “upward, downward, supine, prone, forward, backward”; they are characterized by a large or small hole, or a wide or thin edge, etc. Inscriptions were small, or close to the edge of the hole, or far from the edge of the coin, or linked to the edge of the coin, or in other styles; their denominations vary from 1 cash, 2 cash, 3 cash to 5 cash, 10 cash, and 100 cash.

The Song dynasty was divided into two distinct periods: Northern Song and Southern Song, and had eighteen emperors, with a total of 58 reign titles. Most of these reign titles had corresponding coinages. To be specific, the Northern Song dynasty had nine emperors and there are coins inscribed with 27 out of the 35 reign titles. The Southern Song dynasty had nine emperors and there are coins inscribed with 18 out of the 23 reign titles. Although the Song dynasty lasted less than 300 years, it issued coins [engraved] with 45 different reign titles. In addition, there were also some coins with the dynasty titles rather than reign titles. For instance, when Zhao Kuangyin, also known as the Taizu emperor, established the Northern Song dynasty, the first coinage minted was inscribed with the dynasty title, “Song Yuan Tong Bao” ( 宋元通寶 ) or “Song Tong Yuan Bao” ( 宋通元寶 ), and in the second year of the Renzong emperor’s reign, “Huang Song Tong Bao” ( 皇宋通寶 ) was struck with character inscription in seal style, official style, regular style and an unusual Jiu Die seal style. Another two cases were “Song Sheng Tong Bao” ( 圣宋元宝 ) and “Sheng Song Tong Bao” ( 聖宋通寶 ) struck in the age of Jianzhong Jingguo of the Huizong emperor. During the Lizong emperor’s reign in the Southern Song dynasty, “Da Song Yuan Bao” ( 大宋元寶 ) as well as 10 cash “Da Song Tong Bao” ( 大宋元寶 ) large copper coins were minted in the age of Baoqing, and “Huang Song Yuan Bao” ( 皇宋元寶 ) in the Baoyou age. As for coinage in the age of Jiading of Emperor Ningzong, as many as 17 types of coins are inscribed with the reign title Jiading and are called “Yong Bao” ( 永寶 ), “An Bao” ( 安寶 ), “Wan Bao” ( 萬寶 ), “Quan Bao” ( 全寶 ), “Chong Bao” ( 崇寶 ), “Zheng Bao” ( 正寶 ), “Zhen Bao” ( 真寶 ), “Xin Bao” ( 新寶 ), “Hong Bao” ( 洪寶 ), “Zhen Bao” ( 珍寶 ), “Long Bao” ( 隆寶 ),“Quan Bao”（泉寶）, “Feng Bao”（封寶 ), “Zhi Bao” ( 之寶 ), “Da Bao” ( 大寶 ) “Xing Bao” ( 興寶 ), and “Zhi Bao” ( 至寶 ).

Chinese calligraphy was quite mature in the Song dynasty. However, it was hard to present the art of calligraphy on coins. On one hand, Chinese characters have a fixed structure and a complex series of strokes. On the other hand, there is a square hole in the center of each round coin. Nevertheless, Song coins had inscriptions of five calligraphic styles, including seal style, official style, running style, cursive style, and regular style. Most inscriptions on Song coins are elegant, with the proper character position, and are a wonderful work of art. Some of these coins were named “coins with character inscriptions by emperors”, as the character inscriptions on these coins were written by the emperors. The first coin of this kind was the “Chun Hua Yuan Bao” ( 淳化元寶 ) by Emperor Taizong. Emperor Huizong did the calligraphy the coins with reign titles Chongning, Daguan and Zhenghe in shoujin calligraphic style characterized by slim yet sturdy strokes. There were also some inscriptions by calligraphers. For example, it was said that the inscriptions on the “Yuan Feng Tong Bao” ( 元豐通寶 ) and “Yuan You Tong Bao” ( 元祐通寶 ) were written by Su Shi, and the inscription on the “Chong Ning Tong Bao” ( 崇寧重寶 ) was done by Cai Jing. All these inscriptions in a graceful and unconventional style enjoy a great amount of aesthetic appreciation. The ‘pair coin’ was a unique manifestation pattern among Song coins, and it referred to a pair of coins which were the same in the reign title, inscription characters, pattern, thickness, edge width and central hole but different in calligraphic style of inscriptions. There were pair coins with inscriptions of regular style and running style in a pair, or regular style and seal style in a pair, and there are even some pair coins with three calligraphic styles of regular style, running style and seal style. However, this did not mean that two similar coins of different calligraphic styles were/are pair coins, as coins of the same reign title and dynasty title may still have some

As for other feat u res, Song coins com monly recorded

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differences, and the issue of the version was quite complicated for some pair coins. Symmetry was/is a/the principle of traditional Chinese aesthetics, and pair coins were an example of this for their characteristic shapes. Thus, it is really an enjoyment to appreciate the beauty of such type of coin.

to be referred to is the Southern Song Volume of Chinese Coin Dictionary. Collectors may refer to them if interested.

When it came to the material of ancient Chinese coinage, coins before Jiajing’s reign in the Ming dynasty were mainly made of bronze, but there are also some iron coins and a small number of coins made of lead, gold and silver among Song coins. Song coins were mainly made of bronze with a proper composition of copper, tin and lead, which indicated that there was a unified standard and strict system for minting in the Song dynasty. Such proper composition could minimize the melting point of bronze, so as to lower the cost and improve the efficiency. The inscription and minting of coins struck in Emperor Huizong’s reign are manifest by the outstanding striking artistry, so the coins of this period are famous at home and abroad.

Da Guan Tong Bao in shoujin calligraphic style written by Emperor Huizong

Song coins focused on the sense of art and culture, and their minting craft was quite scientific and strict, which posed a certain inf luence on the minting of Liao, Xixia and Jin dynasties contemporary with the Song dynasty and that of the later Ming and Qing dynasties. Therefore, the above features of Song coins fill these coins with historical and cultural value, and make them great fun to collect. Some rare Song coins can even be deemed as the essence of Chinese numismatic culture, and their perfect integration of calligraphic art and minting craft has brought them to be coveted among collectors.

Jian Yan Zhong Bao in seal calligraphic style written by Emperor Gaozong

In terms of guidance books about Song coin collection, there is Volume Ⅲ of A Complete Collection of Ancient Coins by Imai Teikichi and Newly Edited Record of Consistent Coins in the Northern Song Dynasty by Ogawa Hiroshi published in the 19th century; Comprehensive Appraisal of Song Coins published in Japan a few years ago is another reference of Song coins. Domestically, there are Copper Coins of the Northern Song Dynasty, Iron Coin of the Song Dynasty and some other books and coin records about Song coins that have been issued in recent years. However, all these books focus on coins minted in the Northern Song dynasty. As for coins in the Southern Song dynasty, there are not so many related books. One book

Zhong He Tong Bao in regular calligraphic style written by Emperor Huizong

“Chun Hua Yuan Bao”with inscription written by Taizong empero 108

Jia Ding Yuan Bao in regular calligraphic style written by Emperor Ningzong E

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滄桑千年話宋錢周邊〔上海〕

宋代是中國社會經濟發展的鼎盛時期，兩宋貨幣鑄造的數

了崇寧、大觀、政和等年號的錢文。有些則為名家書所寫，

精美度上，都冠中國歷代錢幣之首，使收藏宋錢的趣味無

寧重寶”等。這些錢文神韻飄逸、灑脫風騷，具有很高的

量是歷史上最多的。宋代錢幣在年號、版別、材質與製作

傳說的蘇軾書寫的“元豐通寶”和“元祐通寶”，蔡京的“崇

窮，對廣大集藏者來說，宋錢中不乏許多珍稀品種，交易

審美價值和欣賞價值。（見圖）

價格近年來也比較穩定。宋錢包含的深厚藝術感也能彰顯收藏者的文化底蘊。

“對錢”是宋代錢幣獨具特色一種表現形式，同一年號和

北宋、南宋前後共有皇帝18位，總計58個年號，大部分的

一樣，就是書體不同，楷書行書或楷書篆書兩種書體成對，

錢文的兩枚錢，它的錢幣形制、大小厚薄、邊郭內穿完全

的年號都有相應的錢幣。北宋總共只有9 位皇帝，35個年號，

也有楷書、行書、篆書三種書體的錢文出現。不是同一錢

鑄造了27種年號錢；南宋也是9 位皇帝，不同年號有23個，

文的不同書體的錢幣就是一對，相同年號或國號的對錢之

鑄造了18 種年號錢。也就是說，總計不到300 年的兩宋歷史，

中還有版別之分，有的對錢版別還相當繁雜。對稱美是中

發行了45種年號錢。另外還有記國號的非年號錢，公元 960

國傳統美學的基礎，對錢也是中國錢幣造型獨具特色的表

年宋太祖趙匡胤建立北宋王朝後，鑄造的第一種錢幣就是

現形式，欣賞它是一種美的享受。

國號錢⸺ “宋元通寶”； “宋元通寶”也可旋讀為“宋通元

寶”。宋仁宗寶元二年鑄造了“皇宋通寶”國號錢，錢文除篆、

中國古錢在材料上於明代嘉靖年之前大體是青銅為主，宋

年間鑄造了兩種國號錢“聖宋元寶”和“聖宋通寶”。南宋

鑄造中青銅內的銅、錫、鉛的配比是比較合理的，這體現

隸、真書外，另有九疊篆者，極其罕見。宋徽宗建中靖國

錢中也有不少鐵錢和少量的鉛錢，金銀錢的發現，而宋錢

理宗寶慶年間鑄有“大宋元寶”國號錢，另還鑄有“大宋

出宋代在鑄錢上有統一的標準和嚴格的制度。由於在合金

通寶”背“當拾”大銅錢。南宋理宗寶祐年間再鑄國號錢“皇

成分上的合理配置，使青銅熔點達到最低點，大大節省了

宋元寶” 。南宋四川嘉定年間的鑄造的嘉定錢文除以上三種

成本，提高了效率。其鑄造工藝出類拔萃，徽宗時期所鑄

外，還有永、安、萬、全、崇、正、真、新、洪、珍、隆、泉、

錢幣的文字與鑄造工藝達到了巔峰而馳名中外。

封、之、大、興、至寶等17種之多。

宋代錢幣，其崇尚藝術文化的風氣，鑄錢工藝的科學與嚴

宋錢還有在錢背記值、記地、記年；有星紋、月紋的與星

格，直接或間接地影響到了同時代的遼、西夏、金；乃至

月紋的錢幣；錢文在排列上有順讀、旋讀之分；錢徑上有

其後的明、清兩朝。總之，宋代錢幣的以上特點，註定了

正樣、大樣、小樣區別；在字位上有“升、降、仰、俯、進、

它的歷史文化價值和意義，也包含了收藏的樂趣。宋錢中

退”等變化；在形制上有廣穿、狹穿、闊緣、細緣等不同；

的一些珍稀品種，更是濃縮了中國錢幣文化的精華，它書

在排列上有縮字、寄郭、隔輪、連輪等區別；在面值價值

法藝術與鑄造工藝交相輝映，完美地結合在一起。一直是

上有小平、折二、折三、當五、當十、當百等面額變化。

收藏家們追逐的目標。

中國書法至宋代已經相當成熟，在錢幣上體現書法藝術，

收藏宋錢的教科書，早先有日本的今井貞吉的《古泉大全》

幣方孔圓形的限制，得當的處理很難。然宋錢中篆、隸、行、

年日本出版的宋錢泉譜。國內近年來也出版了《北宋銅錢》、

由於中國文字規範的定型，筆劃的簡繁不一，加上受到錢草、楷五種書體都有出現。大多數宋錢文字都非常典雅端莊，字位配置得當，藝術成就令今人賞心悅目。有些錢文稱

丙集和小川浩的《新訂北宋符合泉志》；《宋錢綜鑒》是近《兩宋鐵錢》等宋錢版別書籍與泉譜。以上書籍大都以北宋錢幣為主，有關南宋錢幣的書籍較少，發現有《中國錢幣

“禦書錢”，是皇帝親筆書寫。首開禦書錢先河的是宋太宗

大辭典》南宋卷。可以根據個人的收藏興趣作選擇。

書寫的“淳化元寶”，宋徽宗以鐵畫銀鉤的“瘦金書”書寫

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北宋太宗書寫的“淳化元寶”行書

110

北宋徽宗大觀通寶瘦金體

南宋高宗建炎重寶篆書

北宋徽宗重和通寶隸書

南宋寧宗嘉定元寶真書

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Moslem Rebel Coins of Sinkiang N. G. Rhodes 〔UK〕 Few students of Chinese coins can read Arabic script, so although some of the coins struck by the Moslem

rebels in Sinkiang during the 19th century have been published in Chinese catalogs, they have not received the attention they deserve. The purpose of this article is to record the coin types that are known to have been issued during this period of political turmoil and to consider them against this historical background.

coinage issued by the Chinese for the area. The earliest were those cast in the Ch'ien Lung period, presumably soon after 1758. A rebellion in the mid 1820's was suppressed in the 8th year of Tao Kuang, and the restoration of Chinese power was recorded by placing the date on the coins of Aksu. Then in 1830, during the short-lived occupation of the throne of Kashgar by a Khoja prince called Muhammed Yu s u f, it se e m s t h at a few cop p e r ca sh we re iss ue d .

Although the Chinese first extended their influence into eastern Turkestan around 94 AD, their hold on this most remote region of their empire was always rather tenuous. Until the 8th century Chinese rule in the area seems to have been reasonably uneventful, with the inhabitants practicing the peaceful Buddhist faith. The prosperity and importance of the region depended on the famous "silk road” trade between China and the west. During the 8th century, Moslem merchants, teachers and conquerors advanced into Turkestan and after some bloody struggles, succeeded in converting the people to Islam. Gradually all traces of the Buddhist religion were erased.

In 1861 a great uprising of Chinese Moslems, the so-called Dungans, took place in the province of Shensi and quickly spread to neighboring Kansu. In 1862 the rebellion spread to eastern Turkestan when Rasheddin Khoja, an inhabitant of Kucha (Kuche) proclaimed a holy war and massacred the Chinese garrison. He then sent emissaries to the other cities of Sinkiang to encourage them to join in the uprising. The local Dungans joined in and all over Sinkiang the people arose in revolt while the Chinese shut themselves up in their citadels. Aksu was the first city to recognize Rasheddin’s title, and the example was quickly followed by the people of Kashgar.

Initially during this period the Chinese did not totally relinquish their political hold on the country, and may have even cast coins there. For example it is interesting to note that many coins of the T'ang dynasty have been found in Turkestan, and a few have been found almost exclusively in that area. Two examples of this are the coins inscribed “Ta Li Yuan Pao” 大曆元寶 (766 - 779 AD) and “Chien Chung T'ung Pao” 建中通寶 (780 - 784 AD), which seem to have been cast exclusively in or for Sinkiang.1

In southern Sinkiang, Rasheddin Khoja was less successful, and it was not until early in 1864 that he obtained some grudging recognition from Yarkand, where the government was divided between the local Hazret Abdurrahman and the Khoja Boorkhaneddin. The only city that never recognized Rasheddin was Khotan, where the inhabitants, when they had slain the Chinese garrison in 1863, appointed as their ruler Habibulla, a mullah who had recently returned from a pilgrimage Mecca.

After the 8th century, Chinese influence in the area became very limited, although it did form part of the great empire of Genghis Khan. It was not until the mid 18th century that the Chinese again established a militar y presence in Tu rkestan, took over the ad minist ration, and began to colonize the area. The Chinese did not find Sinkiang an easy place to control, for there was a succession of Moslem rebellions, some more successf ul than others.

Rasheddin's rule in Sinkiang was not to remain undisputed for long. But the threat came not from the Chinese but from

Events in Sinkiang can be monitored by looking at the

1 I am not aware that these coins have been attributed to Sinkiang before, but it is noticeable that they are rarely found in collections of Chinese coins, but were well represented in the coins brought back from Turkestan by Aurel Stein and others, For example, of 148 miscellaneous Chinese coins published by Hoernle ( Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1899 Part 1 pages 16-22), no fewer than 10 were of the Ta Li period. Editor's note: It seems pretty clear now that the Ta Li coins were made in or for Sinkiang. They are not mentioned in either of the official T'ang histories (coin inscriptions are usually mentioned in the annals for each emperor), and several 20th century Chinese numismatic writers have noted that the coins are usually found in Sinkiang.

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Khokand in the west. In 1864 Sadik Beg, a Kirghiz chief, brought news to Khokand of the Moslem rebellion throughout Sinkiang and requested that a son of the legitimate house of Khoja lead it. Rasheddin was not a legitimate candidate. At this request, Buzurg Khan, the last surviving son of Jahangir Khan, who led a rebellion in Sinkiang in the 1820's, set out with a small band of followers, commanded by Yakub Beg, an adventurer of considerable military skill and ambition to match. The little band arrived in Kashgar in January 1865, was well received, and Buzurg was proclaimed Khan. Buzurg quickly became immersed in sensual pleasures and it was Yakub Beg who was left to consolidate their hold of Kashgar and the surrounding area. By his very success, Yakub Beg was acquiring enemies and it was not long before Buzurg Khan himself was involved in an unsuccessful plot to remove Yakub Beg. Buzurg Khan f led and was replaced by Katta Turya, another member of the Khoja royal house, who had led an uprising against the Chinese in 1847. But he was also unwilling to support Yakub Beg and was poisoned after a reign of four months. A repentant Buzurg Khan was restored to the throne.

MUHAMMED YUSUF (1830) Apart from the coins normally ascribed to the Moslem rulers of Sinkiang, Lan and Ch'en have published a mysterious piece as number 280 in their catalog. This is a copper cash type coin with square hole and inscriptions in Arabic only. Although the rubbing is unclear, I have seen a clear photograph of a similar piece, and have touched up the rubbing to show the inscription, which appears to read “Al-al-din”, seemingly referring to that name. On the reverse is a temple design with a Hejira date below. In Lan & Ch’en’s rubbing this appears to read clearly “1221” (March 1806-March 1807), but the photograph showed the reading of the two central figures of the date be uncertain. From its Chinese fabric and shape and the Arabic inscription, there seems little doubt that the coin originates in Sinkiang. I have not been able to find any record of a Moslem ruler called “Muhammed Sheral” nor of any rebellion in 18061807. However, in 1246 AH (June 1830-June 1831), a rebel called Mohammed Yusuf was installed at Kashgar and he seems the most likely issuer of this remarkable piece.

By early 1867 Yak ub Beg was the u ndisputed r uler of Kashgar and the southern part of Sinkiang. He now decided to dispense with the services of Buzurg Khan, whom he sent on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He was now himself proclaimed Khan, with the titles of Badaulet (The Fortunate One) and Atalik Ghazi (The Champion Father). By this time it was only Rasheddin who opposed his rule in Sinkiang. Rasheddin was recognized by the people of Aksu, Kucha and Karashar. Yakub Beg wasted no time before proceeding north and later the same year succeeded, by a mixture of courage and cunning, to have Rasheddin murdered, thus becoming the ruler of all of Sinkiang.

It was in 1825 that a Khoja prince led a rebellion and, after initial success against the Chinese, was installed in Kashgar with the name Said Jehangir Sultan. In 1828 this rebellion was put down with tremendous severity by the Chinese, who then issued from the Aksu mint, coins dated to the 8th year of Tao Kuang to celebrate the restoration of their authority. Among the acts of retribution was to arrest all the Khokandi merchants in Kashgar, and to forbid all trade with that city. Naturally as they had not been implicated in the original rebellion, this angered the Khokandis, who proceeded to invade Kashgar in 1830. They installed the elder brother of Jehangir, Mohammed Yusuf, on the throne at Kashgar. Unfortunately for him, the Khokandi forces were unable to remain in Kashgar because of some trouble with Bukhara, and the new Sultan did not feel secure on the throne without their support. Having been installed in September 1830, he was back in Khokandi ter ritor y by December, after a reign of about 90 days.

During Yakub Beg’s ten year rule (1867-1877) he became far better known in the outside world than any other ruler in Turkestan. He entertained ambassadors from Russia and British India, and even sent an emissary to the Ottoman emperor in Istanbul. However the Chinese do not readily relinquish any part of what they consider to be their territory, and after suppressing the Dungan rebellion in northwest China, they advanced towards Kashgar and in 1877 Yakub Beg was killed in battle. By December of that year, most of Sinkiang was under Chinese control again. In 1884, the 9th year of Emperor Kuang Hsu, the new province of Sinkiang was established, with its capital at Urumchi (Tihua). Previously Sinkiang had been a territory, except for Ili, which enjoyed a semi-provincial status. During 1871 - 1881 Ili was occupied by Russia. After negotiating the Russians out, in 1884 the whole of Sinkiang was made a regular Province.

There are two problems with this attribution: the reading of the ruler's name and the date. “Yusuf” is normally written in Arabic with a long first “u”. Perhaps the spelling in Sinkiang, where the language is actually Turki, is different. In this context it may be noted that Kuropatkin spells the name “Yusoof ”, implying emphasis on the second syllable. As regards the date, while the third digit could be read as a “4”, the last digit looks clear like a “1”. Perhaps a casting flaw has caused the cross stoke of the Arabic “6” to disappear, making the number resemble a “1”. While the attribution of this coin to Muhammed Yusuf seems most likely, it cannot be regarded as certain.

With the above backg rou nd, we can now examine the coins that are known to have been issued by the various Moslem rebels in eastern Turkestan during the 19th century.

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Most of these pieces have the mint name Kucha (Kuche), Rasheddin's capital city, but a few have the name of Aksu, a fact not noticed by most Chinese catalogs.3 Some pieces are known with a crude perhaps reading 1280 AH (1863), others merely have the numeral “2”, which presumably indicates the second year of reign. Both these features would indicate that Rasheddin first struck coins in 1863. The coins may be described as: Fig. 1

Obv: Inscription in Arabic“ AI-Sultan Muhammed Sheraf (or Yusuf?) al-din”

Rev: Temple design, date 1221 (or 1246?) below Copper: 24mm

Weight: unknown

Fig. 2

CHINESE ISSUES OF 1862

Obv: Inscription in Arabic script:“ Said Ghazi Rasheddin

Khan”; numeral“ 2”at top.

Rev: Inscription:“ Zarb dar al-sultanat Kucha”(Struck at

Rasheddin Khoja's rebellion began in Kucha (Kuche) in the first year of Tung Chih (1862), rapidly spread to Aksu and then Yarkand. After 1863 the Chinese were not in a position to issue coins in Sinkiang until the third year of Kuang Hsu (1877). However, coins issued in Sinkiang in the name of T’ung Chih exist from the mints of Kucha, Aksu and Yarkand. Those from the first two of these mints must have been cast in the first months of 1862 before the Moslem rebellion, although some may have been made after 1877, following the practice recorded by Bushell and clearly visible on the coins, of issuing a proportion of coins in the name of earlier emperors. 2 The coins of Yarkand could have been produced after the rebellion started but before it spread to Yarkand.

the capitol of the Sultanate, Kucha); date“1280”at bottom.

Copper: 25mm

Weight: 5.9 grams

Craig 36-1; Tsai 640; Lan & Chen 274-275

Fig. 2a

RASHEDDIN KHOJA (1862 - 18S7)

As preceding, but smaller lettering.

The only coins with the name of Rasheddin (better known in the USA as Ghazi Rashid) are copper cash of the normal Chinese type with a square center hole, but with legend in Arabic only.

Copper: 25mm

Lan & Chen 277

Weight: 4.1 grams

2 Although this is not the place for a full study of the issue of coins in the names of earlier rulers, looking at the illustrations in Hsin Chiang Ch'ing Ch'ien P'u 新疆清錢譜 by Lan Chi-ts'ung and Ch'en Hung-hsi (Taipei 1982), the following comments seem relevant to the T'ung Chih coins. Of coins from the Kucha mint, numbers 208-209 are similar to Kuang Hsu coins, and the character "Hsin"at the top of the reverse of numbers 214-216 certainly place these pieces after 1884, when the area was officially made a province called Hsin-Chiang (Sinkiang). Of Aksu and Yarkand coins, there are very few varieties, and all the pieces listed are similar in style to Hsien Feng issues rather than to those of Kuang Hsu, suggesting that they were issued in 1862-1863. Editor's note: An updated version of the Sinkiang catalog by Ch'en Hunghsi alone was published in 1987. The arrangement is different and the catalog numbers have been changed in the newer work. 3 The Aksu coin it illustrated as number 276 in the book by Lan and Ch'en, but they make no reference to the mint in the description. Editor's Note: It is interesting that this coin is described as being yellow brass, Nearly all Sinkiang cash coins are made of "red copper"(with little alloy), and were known in the area as "hung ch'ien", that is, "red coins".

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the last year of his reign, the fact that the design incorporates an abbreviated for m of the Kalima, the Moslem creed, seems more appropriate for a Mullah such as Habibulla K h a n t h a n fo r h i s mu r d e r, Ya k u b B eg. It i s m a i n ly Kuropatkin's evidence that inclines me to attribute these pieces to Habibulla. The coins may be described as follows:

Fig. 3 Obv: similar to Type 2.

Rev: Arabic inscription:“ Zarb dar- al- sultanat Aksu”. Copper: 25mm

Lan & Chen 276

Weight: 4.2 grams

Fig. 4

Obv: Inscription in two lines:“ Muhammed Rasul Allah ”

Note: Minor varieties of lettering exist for Types 2 and 2a.

(=Muhammed is the Prophet of God) and“ Al-alah al-allah”

The weights given are of the specimens in my own collection.

(=There is no God but God); date“ 1283”below. Floral

The Lan & Chen specimens of Type 2 weigh 3.5 grams. Type

design in field. Rev: Inscription in three lines:“ Zarb latif Khotan”(=

3 weighs 4.6 grams.

Made at the beautiful city of Khotan; reading bottom, top, center). Floral design in field. Silver: 15mm Weight: 3.5 grams

HABIBULLAH KHAN (1863-1867)

Craig 36-5 (Standard Catalog of World Coins)

Habibullah Khan of Khotan was, as previously noted, the only Moslem rebel in Sinkiang who did not recognize the supremacy of Rasheddin Khoja. The precise date of his rise to power is uncertain, but it was probably in the spring of 1863. He was murdered by Yakub Beg in January 1867.

Note: the weight of this silver coin is similar to that of the

contemporary issues of the western Turkestan cities of Khokand. Kwarezm and Bukhara. These pieces, particularly those from Khokand, circulated in eastern Turkestan where they were called“Khokanis”5 or“Khokan tengas”6.

According to Kuropatkin, Habibulla Khan issued coins during his reign. Some fine silver pieces are known from Khotan dated AH 1283 (May 1866 - 1867), but unfortunately otherwise anonymous. Although these pieces are dated to

(The article was originally published in the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Issue 1,1994.)

4 Kashgaria by A. N. Kuropatkin translated from the Russian by W E Gowan, Calcutta 1882 page 158. Much of the historical information in this article is derived from this comprehensive work. 5 Kuropatkin, page 65. It is interesting to note that when Yakub Beg struck his own silver coins in Kashgar in 1291 AH, he used a lighter weight standard than that of Khokand tenga. Although his coins weighed about half a "Khokani", he valued the khokani and consequently made a fine profit! Presumably he melted down and restruck as many of Habibulla Khan's old coins as possible which might explain their present rarity. 6 Kuropatkin page 132.

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19世紀新疆穆斯林叛亂者所鑄硬幣尼古拉斯·格瓦什·羅德斯〔英國〕

19世紀出版的中國錢幣目錄雖收錄了部分新疆穆斯林叛亂者所鑄造的硬幣，但因中國錢幣學者中鮮有人能閱讀阿拉伯文字，故而這些硬幣並未得到應有的重視。針對已知在這一政治動亂時期內所發行

的硬幣種類，本文旨在對其進行記錄，同時基於這一特定的歷史背景進行思考。

中國從公元 94 年便開始對西域具有一定的影響力，但因該

時阿克蘇地區的硬幣上記錄相關年份，從中可以得知中國

薄弱。直到公元 8世紀前，中國對這一地區的管理都處在較

霍加（即聖人後裔）王子穆罕默德 · 玉素甫（Muhammed

恢復了對當地的權力控制。之後，在1830 年，伊斯蘭教

地區是中國最為邊遠的領土，因此中國對其控制始終較為

Yusuf ）建立了短暫的喀什葛爾政權（今新疆喀什），當時

為疏鬆的狀態，當地居民也始終崇尚著較為和平的佛教信

似乎也鑄發了一些銅錢。

仰。得益於中西方之間著名的絲綢之路貿易帶，西域新疆開始繁榮發展，成為一個頗為重要的地區。公元 8世紀，穆

1861年，中國的穆斯林發動了一次大規模的暴動，亦即東

斯林商人和佔領者通過殘忍的鬥爭進入西域地區，成功讓

幹起義（即陝甘回民起義）。該次運動起於陝西，後快速向

當地人民轉信伊斯蘭教，佛教信仰的痕跡逐漸消失。

相鄰的甘肅發展。1862年，叛亂蔓延至新疆。當時庫車（今

新疆庫車）的熱西丁· 霍加（Rasheddin Khoja）發動聖戰，

最初，在這一時期，中國並沒有完全失去對這一地區的政

並對中國駐軍進行大肆屠殺。他派遣使者前往新疆的其他

治控制，因此可能在此鑄造過一些硬幣，比如有一件非常

城市，鼓勵這些城市也加入起義。當地東幹人（陝甘回民）

值得一提的趣事，那就是曾在西域發現過的很多唐朝硬幣，

也加入了起義，同時新疆人民也都奮起反抗，而清朝守軍

而且其中有一些只在這一地區發現過，比如大曆元寶（公元

766-779年）和建中通寶（公元780-784 年），這兩種硬幣

則將自己關在堡壘中。阿克蘇（今新疆阿克蘇）是第一座承認穆罕默德 · 玉素甫“聖人穆罕默德最偉大後裔、宇宙力量

似乎只在新疆地區鑄造過，也有可能是專門為新疆地區鑄造的。

的主宰者”頭銜的城市，之後喀什葛爾也很快承認其頭銜。

公元 8世紀之後，儘管新疆仍是成吉思汗所建立的蒙古帝

而熱西丁 · 霍加在南疆地區則並未如此受到認可，直到

1864 年初，他才勉強得到葉爾羌地區（今中國新疆喀什

國的一部分，但國家對這一地區的影響開始變得非常有限。直到18世紀中葉，中國才再次在新疆駐軍，接管相關管理

地區莎車縣、澤普縣、麥蓋提縣、葉城縣、塔什庫爾幹

疆並非一個非常容易控制的地區，穆斯林不斷在當地發起

和田皮山縣，及喀什米爾東北一部分地區）的認可，而

事務，並且開始在這一地區進行移民。然而，中國發現新

縣、巴楚縣一帶以及圖木舒克市、克孜勒蘇州阿克陶縣、葉爾羌地區政府則分為兩派，分別是當地的哈茲雷特 · 阿

叛亂，而且其叛亂較之其他地區也更為成功。

蔔杜拉（Hazret Abdurrahman）和霍加派的博克漢內丁

新疆發生的大事件可以通過中國在當地發行的硬幣中見得

（Boorkhaneddin）。唯一一座從未承認過其地位的城市則

約是在1758年後不久。19世紀 20 年代中期，穆斯林也曾發

軍，並承認哈比布拉（Habibulla）為其統治者，哈比布拉

一斑。其中最早的便是在乾隆時期鑄造的硬幣，鑄造時期

是和闐（今新疆和田）。和闐當地居民在1863年屠殺清朝駐

起過一場叛亂，但在道光八年（1828年）時遭到鎮壓，當

是當時剛從朝聖聖地麥加回來的穆斯林宗教和聖法教師。

1 我以前並沒有意識到這些硬幣是新疆鑄造的，但是值得注意的是，中國硬幣收藏中很少能看到這些硬幣，而馬爾克 · 奧萊爾 · 斯坦因（ Aurel Stein）和其他人從土耳其斯坦帶回的硬幣中卻包含了這些硬幣。比如，在霍納爾公佈的148 枚中國各類硬幣中（公佈於1899 年《孟加拉亞洲學會會志》第一部分，第16-22頁），至少有10 枚是大歷時期的硬幣。作者按：我們似乎可以明確知道，大曆硬幣是在新疆鑄造，或是為了新疆鑄造。唐朝的官編史籍中並未提到這些硬幣（中國史籍中通常會提到所鑄硬幣的年號與帝號），20 世紀時，還有幾位中國錢幣作者指出，這些硬幣通常是在新疆發現的。

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熱西丁對新疆地區的控制並未持續很長時間。但是其受到

基於上述背景，我們可以對已知19世紀時由各穆斯林叛亂

的主要威脅並非來自中國方面，而是西邊的浩罕汗國（今日

分子在新疆發行的各種硬幣進行相關研究。

的哈薩克南部部分地區、烏茲別克東部以及塔吉克與吉爾吉斯部分領土）。1864 年，柯爾克孜族首領的思的克 · 伯克（Sadik Beg ）向浩罕汗國帶回消息，穆斯林在全疆範圍

內發動暴動，並且要求霍加派合法繼承家族之子領導該次

穆罕默德 · 玉素甫鑄發硬幣（1830年）

起義。熱西丁並不是合法的候選人，因此應穆斯林的要求，張格爾 · 汗（Jahangir Khan）唯一在世的兒子布希爾克 · 汗

（Buzurg Khan）帶領其少量追隨者起事，由雅霍甫 · 伯克

除了一般認為是新疆穆斯林統治者發行的硬幣之外，藍吉

爾克曾在19世紀 20 年代領導了新疆叛亂，而阿古柏則是一

的神秘硬幣。這是一枚方孔銅錢，僅題刻有阿拉伯文。儘

叛亂分子抵達喀什葛爾，並受到了熱情招待，布希爾克稱汗

相似硬幣；我還曾修復過一份拓印，修復後可以顯示出題

聰和陳鴻禧在《新疆清錢譜》目錄中公佈了一枚編號為280

（Yakub Beg，漢名阿古柏，下稱阿古柏）指揮。此前布希

管其拓印不甚清晰，但是我曾見過一張照片，上面有一枚

位有相當軍事技能和野心的冒險家。1865年1月，這一小隊

刻之字，其題刻似乎讀作“艾爾丁”，這似乎是個人名。背

（穆斯林國家君主稱可汗，簡稱汗）。之後他很快便沉浸在

面是一座廟宇，下書伊斯蘭歷年份。根據藍、陳二人之拓

紙醉金迷之中，而阿古柏則轉而去鞏固其對喀什葛爾及周

（西曆1806年3月 - 西印，所刻年份清楚地顯示為“1221”

邊地區的控制。隨著阿古柏成功控制該地區，便也招致了

，但是在我見到的照片上，中間兩位數字則曆1807年3月）

一些敵人，不久，布希爾克 · 汗便被捲入了一場剷除阿古柏

並不是很明確。這枚銅錢的佈局結構和形狀呈中式風格，

的陰謀中，但是這場陰謀最終流產。布希爾克 · 汗出逃，其

但是題字則為阿拉伯文，因此這枚硬幣是否源自新疆尚有

可汗之位由卡塔 · 圖裏亞（Katta Turya）接替，卡塔 · 圖裏

疑問。（圖1）

亞也是霍加皇室成員，曾在1847年帶領叛亂。但是卡塔 ·

圖裏亞並不願意支持阿古柏，因此在執政短短4個月後被阿

古柏下獄。布希爾克 · 汗向阿古柏表示悔改後重登可汗之位。

（Muhammed 我並未找到關於名為“穆罕默德 · 謝拉爾”

到1867年初，阿古柏仍是喀什及南疆地區毋庸置疑的統治

1806-1807年間叛亂的記錄。然而，伊斯蘭曆1246年（1830

他自己稱可汗，稱號為“畢杜勒特” （意為“洪福之王”）和“阿

發起叛亂，因此他似乎是最有可能鑄發這一獨特硬幣的人。

其統治。而熱西丁受到了阿克蘇、庫車和焉耆地區（今新疆

1825年，一位霍加派王子（此處指前文所說的浩罕汗國王

Sheral）的穆斯林統治者的記錄，也未曾查閱到任何關於

年 6月 -1831年 6月），穆罕默德 · 玉素甫曾在喀什葛爾地區

者，他決定罷免布希爾克 · 汗，將其送往麥加朝聖。自此，（意為“勝利之父”）。這時，只有熱西丁反對塔利克 · 加齊” 焉耆回族自治縣附近）的認可。於是阿古柏設計謀殺了熱

子張格爾 · 汗）領導叛亂，在其抗擊中央政府略顯成效之

終成為新疆全境內的統治者。

蘭教曆史上一個類似總督的官職）。1828年，清政府極其

在阿古柏統治新疆的10 年（1867-1877年）中，他成為了歷

份為道光八年（1828年）的硬幣，以紀念其恢復統治地位。

後，便開始以賽義德 · 張格爾之名在喀什葛爾稱蘇丹（伊斯

定西，之後北進，同年通過威逼利誘之手段得以繼位，最

嚴厲地鎮壓了這次叛亂，平定之後由阿克蘇造幣廠發行了年

任新疆統治者中最為外界知名的一任。他派遣使者前往俄

在之後的清剿行動中，喀什葛爾所有的浩罕汗國商人都遭

帝國皇帝。然而，清廷這時仍認為新疆是其領土，並未打

參與之前的叛亂，浩罕汗國便在1830 年武裝入侵喀什葛爾。

到逮捕，禁止他們與這座城市進行貿易。而這些商人並未

國和英屬印度，甚至派遣特使前去伊斯坦布爾拜見奧斯曼

他們擁立張格爾的哥哥穆罕默德 · 玉素甫執政喀什葛爾政

算放棄對新疆的控制，因此在鎮壓了中國西北的東幹起義後，便開始進軍喀什葛爾。1877年，阿古柏死於戰亂。同

府。不幸的是，浩罕汗國武裝與布哈拉地區（今烏茲別克

即光緒九年，清廷建立新疆省，省會為迪化（今烏魯木齊）。

深覺在失去浩罕汗國武裝支持後王位不保，於是在1830 年

斯坦布哈拉）衝突，並未能在喀什地區駐紮很久，新蘇丹

年12月，新疆的大部分地區再次回歸清廷控制。1884 年，

繼任蘇丹僅僅90天之後，便於12月回到霍加派領地。

之前的新疆地區除伊犁（今新疆伊犁哈薩克自治州附近）

外都成為清政府的領土，而伊犁則成為俄國的半行省地區。

1871-1881年間，伊犁為俄國所佔領。在與俄國談判之後，但是如果說這一銅錢是由穆罕默德 · 玉素甫下令鑄造發行的，那麼會有兩個問題，即統治者的名字讀法以及上面所

新疆於1884 年成為中國的常規行省。

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刻的年份。玉素甫在阿拉伯文中的書寫通常以一個較長的

亂前鑄造過硬幣，但是根據蔔士禮先生（Bushell，英國醫

法不同所導致的其作此書寫形式，因為在新疆當地語言裏，

貢獻）的記錄及硬幣上的明顯痕跡可以知道，也可能有一

“u”字形打頭，但是也有可能是新疆當地所採用的拼寫方

生、東方學家，在中國陶器、錢幣學、西夏文等方面都有

玉素甫實際上拼作“ Turki ”。除此之外，還有一點值得一

些是在1877年後以之前皇帝的名義鑄造的。2葉爾羌地區的

提，庫羅帕特金先生（Kuropatkin）所著參考資料將玉素

硬幣可能是在叛亂後才開始鑄造的，但時間上一定是在叛

甫拼為“ Yusoof ”，重音放在第二個音節。至於發行年份，

亂蔓延至葉爾羌之前。

雖然第三個數字也可以說是“4”，但是最後一位看起來明

顯是“1”。這可能是由於鑄造瑕疵導致阿拉伯數字“6”的

筆劃沒有交叉，從而讓數字看起來像“1”。雖然這一銅錢

熱西丁· 霍加鑄發硬幣（1862 - 18S7年）

很有可能是穆罕默德 · 玉素甫鑄造的，但是仍然不能肯定。

唯一以熱西丁（美國稱為加西拉 · 希德）名義發行的硬幣是常見的中國方孔銅錢，但是上面的題字只有阿拉伯文。這

種硬幣大多書有庫車造幣廠廠名，而庫車是熱西丁政權的

首都，但是還是有一些硬幣上寫的是阿克蘇造幣廠（圖2），而大多數中國目錄都忽略了這些硬幣（圖3）。3有一些已知的

（公元1863年），硬幣，其年份大致可辨認為伊斯蘭曆1280 年另一些則僅有一個數字“2”，這可能是指其在熱西丁統治的

第二年鑄造。這兩種特徵都可以說明，熱西丁首次鑄造硬

圖1

幣是在1863年。硬幣的情況可能如下：

正面：題刻阿拉伯文字“ 穆罕默德 · 謝拉爾蘇丹（也有可能是穆罕默德 · 玉素甫蘇丹）”

背面：寺廟圖案，下書發行年份1221年（也有可能是1246年）銅：24毫米

重量：未知

中國1862年鑄發硬幣

圖2

同治元年（1862年），熱西丁· 霍加發起叛亂，叛亂起於庫車，

正面：題刻阿拉伯文字“ 賽義德· 熱西丁·汗”；頂部書數字“2”

很快發展至阿克蘇，之後又蔓延至葉爾羌地區。1863年後，

背面：刻字“ Zarb dar al-sultanat Kucha”（意為以庫車蘇丹

清政府不再在新疆地區發行硬幣，直至光緒三年（1877年）。

之名鑄造），下書發行年份1280年

然而，只有庫車、阿克蘇和葉爾羌的造幣廠曾以同治名義

銅：25毫米

在新疆發行硬幣。前兩個造幣廠一定是在1862年穆斯林叛

重量：5.9克

藍吉聰、陳鴻禧所著《新疆清錢譜》第274-275號幣

2 儘管我們並不能再次充分討論那些以之前統治者名義發行的硬幣，但參閱藍吉聰和陳鴻禧所著的《新疆清錢譜》後，我們可以知道這一評論似乎是關於同治硬幣的。所有庫車造幣廠鑄造的硬幣中，編號 208-209 的這些硬幣和同治硬幣非常相似，214-216號硬幣背面上方的漢字“新”說明這些硬幣一定是在1884 年後鑄造的，當時這一地區已經正式稱為新疆省。阿克蘇和葉爾羌所鑄造的硬幣很少有不同版別，所有硬幣的式樣相較於光緒年間發行的硬幣而言，都和鹹豐年間發行的硬幣更為相似，這說明，這些硬幣發行於1862-1863 年。作者按：陳鴻禧先生更新過的新疆硬幣目錄僅出版於1987年。新版目錄的編排略有不同，目錄序號也有所變化。 3 阿克蘇硬幣是藍、陳書中的 276號硬幣，但是他們並未在介紹中提及其造幣廠。作者按：這一枚硬幣的介紹說其是黃銅，這非常有趣。新疆所有的銅錢幾乎都是用“紅銅”（含部分合金）鑄造，因此在當地稱為紅錢。

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圖3

和前面的2一樣，但是字更小一些

正面：和2相似

銅：25毫米

背面：刻字“ Zarb dar- al- sultanat Aksu”（意為以阿克蘇蘇

重量：4.1克

丹之名鑄造）

藍吉聰、陳鴻禧所著《新疆清錢譜》第277號幣

銅：25毫米

重量：4.2克

藍吉聰、陳鴻禧所著《新疆清錢譜》第276號幣注：只有第2種和2a 種有小字版別。上面的重量為我自己的收藏中的錢幣重量。藍、陳二人樣品中的第2種種3.5克，第3種重4.6克。

發行硬幣。有一些已知來自和田的純銀硬幣發行年份為伊斯蘭曆1283年（公元1866年5月至1867年5月），但不幸的

哈比布拉 · 汗鑄發硬幣（1863年 -1867年）

是，其他硬幣都不知道是來自何地。儘管這些硬幣的發行

年份為其在位的最後一年，但是因為這些硬幣在設計上融

之前提到已經提到過和闐的哈比布拉 · 汗，他是唯一認可熱

入了伊斯蘭教令的縮寫，因此這些硬幣似乎更有可能是哈比

西丁 · 霍加統治地位的新疆穆斯林反叛者。他準確的掌權時

布拉 · 汗這樣的穆斯林教徒所下令鑄造發行，而非謀殺了他

間並不確定，但是可能是在1863年春。1867年1月，哈比

布拉 · 汗被阿古柏謀殺。

的阿古柏。也正是因為庫羅帕特金先生所提供的這些證據，

根據庫羅帕特金先生4所說，哈比布拉 · 汗在其執政期間曾

幣的情況可能如下（圖4）：

讓我更傾向於認為這些硬幣是哈比布拉 · 汗鑄造。這些硬

正面：有兩行刻字： “ Muhammed Rasul Allah”（意為“ 穆罕

默德是神的先知”）以及“ Al-alah al-allah”（意為“ 神只有一

位，再沒有別的神“ ）；下書發行年份”1283年“ 。有類似植物的設計。

背面：有三行刻字： “ Zarb latif Khotan”（意為在美麗的城市和闐鑄造；自下向上、再向中間的順序）。有類似植物的設計

銅：15毫米

圖4

重量：3.5克

世界硬幣標準目錄標號36-5

注：銀幣的重量和當時西土耳其斯坦城市浩罕、誇雷茲姆和布哈拉發行的銀幣品質相當。這些硬幣，尤其是浩罕發行的硬幣，在新疆部分地區流通，而熱西丁統治地區當時被浩罕等地稱為“ 霍坎尼斯”5或霍“ 坎騰加斯”6 。 ( 本文原刊載於1994年《東亞泉志》第一期。)

4 庫羅帕特金先生所著《喀什葛爾》，該書譯自高恩先生所著俄文書籍（1882 年出版於加爾各答，第158頁）。本文的很多歷史資料均來自該書。 5 庫羅帕特金先生所著書籍的第65頁。值得一提的是，阿古柏在伊斯蘭曆1291年於喀什鑄造了自己的銀幣，其重量標準輕於霍坎騰加斯地區的銀幣。儘管其硬幣重量僅為霍坎騰加斯硬幣的一半，但是其價值相當，因此從中獲得了大額利潤。據推測，他曾熔化並重鑄了很多的哈比布拉舊幣，而這可能就是為何哈比布拉幣現在如此稀少的原因。

6 庫羅帕特金先生所著書籍的第132頁。

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Artist Yu Min was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd. senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the first gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of People’s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany.

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr. Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint.

Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award, the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wähner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany. Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair. The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School in August 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd.) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year. From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine. Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very difficult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials. In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Min’s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head office of Bank of China.

Champion Shanghai Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China Tel: 86-21-62130771 championghka@gmail.com

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

本屆世界硬幣大獎賽頒獎典禮於2017年2月4日在德國柏林的世界錢幣展上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎賽錢幣設計終身成就獎

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

1993年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004 年7月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

的獲得者是上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師⸺ 余敏。余敏從1980年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已30年，從1993年聘為中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書—李剛

工藝美術師至今也已23年。從1982年發行第一枚熊貓金幣起，

代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成就獎的獲得者分別是：奧地利的赫爾伯特 •韋納、義大利

由余敏設計雕刻的1983版熊貓銀幣獲得了1985年世界硬幣大

的瑪利亞•卡梅拉•柯蘭納瑞以及德國的 Heinz Hoyer 和

獎賽最佳銀幣獎，這些年，余敏一共設計和雕刻了40多枚紀

Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

念熊貓，包括2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012和 2013熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎賽的發起人之一

多，很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

的大衛•C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助商之一。

他所設計的2009版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周先生

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰100周年流通紀念

的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎賽，同時也準備了

幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作浮雕

一篇余敏的生平簡介。

是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完成任務。

余敏1980年8月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢幣設計雕

在2008北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終的

刻工作。

決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球）也在競標被中國銀行選中。

1996年2月至6月期間，赴俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系進修。

冠軍拍賣有限公司地址：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室電話：86-21-62130771 传真：86-21-62130773 Email ：championghka@gmail.com

Rick Stelzer Estate Coin & Jewelry Galleria 1650 main street sarasota FL 34236 USA Tel: (+1) 605 321 1449 rick52447@gmail.com

由余敏負責設計、上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心形紀念熊貓母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念熊貓（50g），鑄造量 300 枚

50 克的峨眉山面有金頂佛光

30 克

30 克的峨眉山面沒有金頂佛光

50 克

余敏此次設計的母親節紀念熊貓是上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心

熊貓，附帶原包裝盒及證書，每人限購一枚。購買事宜請聯繫

形紀念熊貓。其中銀質熊貓共生產1000枚，品質為30克；金質

冠軍公司美國經銷商 Jerica，電話：941 952 0100 ；郵箱：

熊貓為100枚，重8克，另外還有特別收藏版50加厚克銀質熊貓，

jericainternational@gmail.com。

鑄造量為300枚，每枚熊貓上均打有編號。正面圖案為母親節康乃馨、熊貓母親和倆個熊貓寶寶；背面圖案為熊貓故鄉—四

地址：佛羅里達薩拉索塔34236，1650大道，Estate Coin

川峨嵋山金頂及佛光。峨眉山是中國四大佛教聖山之一。

and Jewelry Galleria 公司。

每枚母親節熊貓均有單獨編號，並附有上海造幣有限公司特製

此前由冠軍公司出品、上海造幣有限公司工藝美術師余敏設計

包裝盒。紀念熊貓由冠軍拍賣出品，上海造幣廠資深工藝美

的展會熊貓曾在2014年6月的澳門錢幣學會年展、2016年7月

術師余敏負責設計，並由上海造幣有限公司負責生產。有意購

的柏林世界錢幣展以及2016年美國錢幣協會展覽上取得過巨大

買者可以499美元的價格購得這種母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念

的成功。

2016年澳門錢幣學會國際年展紀念熊貓

2016年美國錢幣協會安娜海年會紀念熊貓

2017年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

AUCOFFRE.COM AUCOFFRE.COM 成立於 2009 年，其創始人兼法國總裁是讓·弗朗索瓦·福爾。 AUCOFFRE.COM 是一家為全球私人投資者提供庫存金銀幣交易的網上平臺。公司大約有 2 萬名顧客，4 噸黃金庫存，11 噸白銀庫存，25 名員工。2015 年成交額達到 3500 萬歐元。 2011 年底，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定自鑄錢幣—1 盎司純金金幣 Vera Valor（意為“真實的價值”，含金量為 999.9%°）。2012 年，在法國、比利時和瑞士，Vera Valor 已成為銷量最大的金幣。該金幣自發行起，銷量已超過 35,000 枚。此後，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定使產品多樣化，開始鑄造各種版別的 Vera 錢幣— 1/10 盎司 Vera Max 金質收藏幣、1 盎司 Vera 銀幣等。Vera 錢幣自誕生以來，鑄造量已超過 400,000 枚，VeraValor.com 因此成為法國的第一私營造幣廠。 2015 年，AUCOFFRE.COM 決定打造一個宣傳小塊領土的地圖幣收藏集，開始鑄造第一種法定貨幣—桑吉巴 1 盎司 Vera 銀幣，面值為 1000 坦尚尼亞先令，鑄造量為 50,000 枚。這些 Vera 銀幣很快被搶購一空，很多顧客甚至還想購買這種幣的更多版別。具有代表性的第二塊領土是直布羅陀，也將鑄造此種法定貨幣 —50,000 枚 1 盎司 Vera 銀幣和 5,000 枚 1 盎司 Vera Valor 金幣。 2013 年，AUCOFFRE.COM 發行了 VeraCash 金卡— 唯一也是首個消費實物黃金 Vera Valor 的借記卡。和其他的借記卡不同，其他的借記卡消費的是加密數位貨幣或虛擬貨幣。對於 VeraCash 金卡來說，按照黃金價格，用實物黃金來確定用戶所花費的確切金額。通過 VeraCash 金卡和移動應用，將 VeraCash 的金額發給另一用戶，也能成為一種支付方式。一個單位的 VeraCash 錢幣等於一個單位的該國貨幣。不論是作為實物錢幣，還是一種支付方式，VeraValor.com 和 VeraCash.com 都希望體現實物黃金和白銀的真實價值。

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish国际钱币公司 Specialists in 专营 Pandas since 1982 1982年起发行的熊猫币 China Modern since 1979 1979年起发行的中国现代金银币 World Coins since 1964 1964年起专营世界钱币

Looking To Buy?想买？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中国现代金银币首次进入国际市场后，Mish 国际的员工及其藏家客户积累了丰富的库存和专业的钱币知识。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想买中国币？我们或许恰好有；也许多年前我们卖过，现在或许还能从原始买家手中买回来。

Looking To Sell?想卖？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息万变的市场环境，Mish 国际仍是助您销售钱币的最佳选择。雄厚的资金实力，专业的钱币知识，出色的协调能力，我们同时收购单枚币和大型收藏，价格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始于1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 携手今日共赢明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish国际钱币公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美国加州门罗帕克大学路1154号，邮编94025 Phone(电话):(650) 324-9110 Email(邮箱):robert@mishinternational.com

East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《东亚通宝》第 1 期 1984 年发行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《东亚泉志》电子杂志第 1 期 2016 年 1 月发行

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《东亚泉志》电子杂志《东亚泉志》为冠军拍卖公司总裁周迈可和著名钱币学专家史博禄于1994年创办，是一本学术性钱币研究专业杂志。旨在让广大钱币收藏家、研究学者更深入地了解钱币知识，让世界各地的读者更好地了解中国深厚的钱币文化。杂志高级编辑史博禄1951年生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯市，为密苏里大学历史系学士，哈佛大学中国研究专业硕士。1974-1977年在克劳斯出版社任《世界钱币新闻》助理编辑，参与《世界硬币标准目录》与《世界纸钞标准目录》编辑工作。史博禄拥有30多年的收藏和研究中国钱币的丰富经验。他在《东亚泉志》上发表的研究文献极大地丰富了中国钱币的知识内涵。《东亚泉志》于1994年7月份问世，在20多个国家发行，广受欢迎，长期占据许多重要图书馆书架的显著位置，包括美国国家博物馆史密森尼学会、大英博物馆、哈佛燕京图书馆、哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、哥伦比亚大学、斯坦福大学、康奈尔大学和美国钱币学会、美国钱币协会。杂志刊发过不少有重要学术价值的文章，如詹姆斯•史威尼写的《1900年京局银元》、史博禄写的《徐世昌刻字纪念章》和《民国二十五年和民国二十六年之中国银元故事》、汤姆•基纳写的《1897年浙江三分六厘样币和1899 年安徽三分六厘流通币的关系》以及曾泽禄写的《台湾老公银伪品》等。 2015年5月，周迈可决定于2016年1月复刊《东亚泉志》为电子季刊，中英双语。内容以披露最新钱币收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事迹为主。主要栏目有学术研究、人物专访、鉴赏争鸣、拍卖回顾、重要信息等。聘请著名钱币研究学者袁水清担任中文主编。袁水清，1948年生，大学金融专科毕业，从事银行工作30多年。中国钱币学会会员，陕西省钱币学会常务理事，西安市收藏协会常务副会长。同时聘请国内外知名的钱币学者、收藏家及专业人士加入，如美国华人钱币学者曾泽禄、美国纸钞专家弗雷德·施万、美国东南亚钱币专家霍华德·丹尼尔、德国中国现代币研究学者塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基、香港中国现代金银币研究学者陈景林、台湾钱币学者周建福、《戳记币简史》作者台湾东吴大学加拿大籍高林教授等。从2017年起，《东亚泉志》加盟由克劳斯在德国柏林世界钱币展览会期间举办的 “世界硬币大奖”颁奖活动。

《东亚泉志》2017年免费订阅，如果需要，请把您的邮箱发到 jeanzg@163.com！《东亚泉志》第一期在线阅读：issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean

TOP CHINESE COINS 2nd Edition 《中国近代机制币精品鉴赏》第二版 Price( 售价 )：US $100 Plus Postage( 不含邮费 )

In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese Coins Survey, a landmark event held in winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.

Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. It will also add summaries from auction sales that list pricing, degree of rarity, pedigree and grades.

2010年6月，爱秀集团和《东亚泉志》出版了《中国

版的基础上出版第二版。第二版于2011年6月发行，相比

近代机制币精品鉴赏》第一版。该书对60枚中国最顶级

第一版60枚钱币囊括金币、银币和铜元，第二版专注于

的近代机制币进行了全面、深入、系统的研究与展现。

60枚中国近代机制银币，定名为《中国近代机制银币精

其内容涵盖高清钱币图像、流传脉络、拍卖纪录、市场

品鉴赏·银币版》 (简称《银币鉴赏》)。

趋势、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在钱币业界引起巨大的轰动和反响，备受赞誉，被誉为“全景式展现中国珍稀机制币的重要鉴赏书籍”。

由于页面所限，第二版刊载60枚中国银币精品的重要信息，在第一版的基础上有多方面改进和加强。《银币鉴赏》在最受欢迎和好评的照片拍摄和排版下更多功

尽管因时间苍促、经验不足，书中存在一些缺陷和

夫，并提供更多详细、准确和丰富的近期拍卖成交价格

错误，但仍得到读者的肯定和欣赏。由于该书仅限量印

记录、历史评估、珍稀度和谱系说明。所有内容均为中

刷1000本，无法满足广大钱币爱好者的需求。经多位资

英双语，彩色精装印刷。第一版中有关钱币背景的“故

深钱币专家、学者、收藏家建议，爱秀集团决定在第一

事阅读”部分将以附件方式另行印刷成册。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要请联系冠军拍卖公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Shanxi Sycee 《陕西银锭》 By Li Jiong

作者：李炯 Price (售价)：RMB ￥398

Shanxi Sycee was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. It was written by Mr. Li Jiong, a collector and researcher of Shanxi sycee from Yulin, Shanxi. Mr. Li collected 600 varieties of Shanxi sycee over a ten–year period and after comparing and analyzing many collections of Shanxi sycee, he decided that there was a need for a professionally researched book on the subject.

the silver currency of Shanxi Province. Mr. Dai remarked that “This book is a professional work of research of Shanxi sycee. Mr. Li has taken advantage of local sources in his research and has made a great achievement in numismatic research. It covers all development stages of Shanxi sycee including its infancy, development, widespread adoption and its final discontinuation.”

Mr. Li has classified Shanxi sycee into six categories: 50 taels boat-shaped ingots, officially minted sycee, commercially minted sycee, Shanxi stamp remittance ingots from other provinces, odd-shaped sycee, and a sixth ‘other’ group of sycee. This book comprehensively shows the conditions of the circulation of Shanxi silver currency in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic Period. This book also examines the social conditions including politics, economics, culture, and customs of that period. The president of the Xi’an Branch of The People’s Bank China Guo Xinming and prominent collector Dai Zhiqiang both wrote prefaces for this book. They remarked that this book was a masterpiece of Shanxi numismatics and filled a space in the research of

The book is A4 size and is 260 pages long with two additional trifold pages. It is printed in full-color and is illustrated with good quality graphics of Shanxi sycee. It was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. Buy from website: www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show. cgi?id=1648 (Note: the book is signed by the author) Contact: Mr. Li Jiong Cell Phone: 15529990006; 15667811786 Email: 1327978511@qq.com 五十两船形银锭、官铸银锭、商铸银锭、外省陕槽、陕西异形银锭、存疑待考银锭六大类，全面展示了清末民国时期陕西省白银货币的通行现状，侧面反映了这一时期政治、经济、文化、民俗等方面的社会面貌。本书由中国人民银行西安分行行长郭新明、著名钱币学家戴志强先生并序。郭序指出：《陕西银锭》的出版，恰逢我国 “一路一带”战略构想提出之际，是陕西钱币研究的又一力作，填补了陕西白银货币研究的空白。戴序认为《陕西银锭》是一部有关陕西地方银锭的专谱、专著，李炯先生立足本乡本土，充分利用和发挥地域优势，十年磨一剑，扬长避短，求实务实，走了一条钱币集藏研究的“快捷方式”，一条成功之路。全书采用以文为主，以图为辅的串联方式，揭示陕西银锭产生、发展、兴盛、衰落的全过程。该书大 16 开本，126 克雅粉全彩精印，币图清晰逼真，共计 26 万字，260 余页，亦附三折拉图两帧。作者首次在银锭图片旁附陜槽铭文复原印章一方。图文并茂，值得珍藏。钱币天堂网发售

2015 年 7 月《陕西银锭》由陕西出版传媒集团三秦出版社正式出版发行。作者李炯先生是陕西榆林本乡本土的银锭收藏、研究者，他用十年时间，收藏了 600 余种陕西银锭。通过大量实物藏品的比对分析，作者首次提出建构陕西银锭分类学研究，将陕西银锭分类为：

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), edited by Wang Shihong, a famous Chinese gold and silver coins collector has been issued recently. This series of books were published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House (ECPH), supervised by Coin Collection Committee, the branch of China Association of Collectors(CAC), and printed by Shanghai Artron Graphic Arts Company Limited. Ma Delun, former deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, wrote the forward, and Dai Zhiqiang, the first curator of China Numismatic Museum, wrote a report for this series. When it comes to the main purpose of this book, the chief editor Wang Shihong says, “It is hoped that this series of books can provide relevant knowledge of modern gold and silver coins in China comprehensively and systematically and carry forward the excellent culture of our motherland, so that readers can have a more particular knowledge of the history and connotations of gold and silver coins, and better appreciate their artistic value.” He also hopes to attract more enthusiasts to participate in the investment and collection of gold and silver coins, gradually expand the size of collecting team, improve the brand effect of Chinese gold and silver coins and enhance their influence at home and abroad in order to realize a faster development of Chinese gold and silver coin industry.” Writing this series of books, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), is a systematic project, so we set up the expert advisory committee and the editorial board. It took the Chinese professional elite team more than five years to compile these books. This series of books reveal the development of modern precious metal coins in China through the exclusive interviews with the decision-makers, designers, carvers, and coin collectors, as well as a large number of firsthand information rarely known by the people. This series of books is an encyclopedia of modern precious metal coins in China. With unique academic perspective and simple words, this series gives a full explanation of processes of project selection, design, production and so on, and also

Contact Information (for purchasing purposes): Domestic

Shanghai Hong’an Culture Communication Co. Ltd. Pay before delivery. Payment should be remitted to Hongkou subbranch of Shanghai branch of the Bank of Communications. The post office remittance is also acceptable. Account Number: 310066030018170238495 Contact Person & Phone Number: Luo Fei, 17717536767

International Price: 160USD (without postage)

Contact Person: Champiom Auction Phone Number: 021-62130771 Email: championghka@gmail.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5)

Wang Shihong, chief editor of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China

make an intensive study of their cultural value, collectiing characteristics of precious metal coins. As a combination of authority, historical events, groovy knowledge, artistry, technicality, and readability, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China, not only serves as references for academic researchers and financial workers, but also as a standard work showing modern precious metal coins in China from an overall perspective for collectors of gold or silver coins. This series is 235mm X 290mm in size, octavo, with, composed of 5 volumes, containing about 2.5 million words and 2,000 pictures which are all exquisitely printed according to the original drawings. All the Chinese modern precious metal coins issued by People’s Bank of China from 1979 to 2014 are included in these books. Besides, related materials, such as the development history of modern precious metal coins in China, comparison table of classified catalog of modern precious metal coins in China, and materials about gold or silver coins, are also recorded in appendix. In order to promote the spread and popularization of professional knowledge of gold or silver coins and to release the readers’ economic burden, the chief editor, Wang Shihong takes the compilation, publication of this series of books as a public welfare undertaking. Expenses, such as compiling and management expenses, all come from selfless devotees who are interested in Chinese gold or silver coins. Therefore, the price of these 5 books is 160 USD (without postage), containing only costs of publication, printing, and issue. At the same time, the brass commemorative medal designed by the famous designer Luo Yonghui for the issue of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China will also be issued at the price of 450RMB for each.

學術性和可讀性於一體，不僅是學術研究者和金融工作者完整的參考資料，也是金銀幣收藏者全面瞭解中國現代貴金屬幣全貌的權威著作。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書的尺寸為 235mm X 290mm，8 開，全套共 5 本，約 250 萬字，累計有近兩千餘幅圖片 ( 所有金銀紀念幣圖譜均按原大精印 )。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》收錄了 1979——2014 年中國人民銀行發行的所有中國現代貴金屬紀念幣，而且還在附錄部分刊載了“中國現代貴金屬幣發展簡史”、中國現代貴金屬幣分類目錄對照表及金銀帀相關資料等。

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主編王世宏先生由中國大百科全書出版社出版，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會監製，上海雅昌藝術印刷有限公司承印，中國人民銀行讀後感，中國著名金銀幣收藏家王世宏主編的《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》( 第 1—5 冊 ) 已經出版發行。

負擔，王世宏主編把該書的編寫與發行當作一項公益事業來做，所有編寫費用、管理費用等，全部由熱心中國金銀幣事業的無私奉獻者捐贈解決，書價只含出版、印刷、發行等費用，全書五冊定價僅 950 元（國際售價 160 美金，不含郵費）。同時，還發行由著名設計大師羅永輝設計的《中國現代貴金屬帀賞析》發行紀念大銅章，每枚定價 450 元。

王世宏主編在談及組織編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主要目的時表示：希望通過本書全面、系統地介紹中國現代金銀幣的相關知識，弘揚祖國優秀文化，使廣大讀者能進一步瞭解金銀幣的歷史和內涵，提高大家對其藝術價值的賞析能力，以吸引更多的愛好者參與金銀幣的投資與收藏，逐步擴大金銀幣的集藏隊伍，提高中國金銀幣的品牌效應和海內外影響力，促進中國金銀幣事業的更快發展。編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》是一項系統工程，為此，成立了專家顧問委員會、編輯委員會，由中國專業精英團隊耗時 5 年多時間精心編著。全書通過對決策者、設計師、雕刻師、以及錢幣收藏家們的專訪，以大量鮮為人知的第一手資料，揭示了中國現代貴金屬幣的發展脈絡與軌跡。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》以其獨特的學術視角，樸素的敘述文字，多角度、全方位地展示了中國現代貴金屬幣的選題立項、設計雕刻、工藝製作等過程，同時在文化價值、收藏屬性等方面做了較為深入的探討，是中國現代貴金屬幣資訊資料的百科大全。

國內欲購者請與上海宏盎文化傳播有限公司聯繫，款到發貨書款請匯交通銀行上海分行虹口支行或郵局匯付賬號 310066030018170238495 聯絡人：駱飛電話：17717536767 國外

售價：160 美元（不包含郵費）欲購者請與冠軍拍賣上海辦事處聯繫電話：15000120957 郵箱：championghka@gmail.com

冊）發行 1—5

原副行長馬德倫作序，中國錢幣博物館首任館長戴志強撰寫

為了利於金銀帀專業知識的傳播和普及，降低廣大讀者經濟

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》第 (

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》集權威性、史料性、知識性、藝術性、

Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province By Xu Anmin Price ：RMB ￥298 Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province was written by prominent paper money collector Xu Anmin, and was published in December 2014 by Jiangxi People’s Press, with the support and planning of the Jiang Xi Banking Industry. The unofficial banknotes cataloged in this book were issued by local administrative agencies, banks and organizations (such as local armed forces, cooperatives) etc. The face value of these paper notes was the same as that of the national legal currency which was circulated in some defined regions. The book is illustrated with pictures of 185 of the banknotes issued in Jiangxi Province, of which 25 were issued in the Qing Dynasty, 11 by local administrative agencies, 15 by local armed forces, 19 by chambers of commerce, and 88 by money houses and business houses. In addition, there are 21 local gold dollar coupons, 4 silver coupons, and 2 special money. Additionally, there are about 30 printing blocks and anticounterfeiting seals. The 200 physical coupons are from the author’s collection. This is the first time these precious coupons, some of which are unique, have been published.

comments were mainly on the collectors’ errors, value,

The book is divided into the following sections:

star-rating, collection methods, current existing condition and personal target.The postscript presents author ’s 20

the foreword, brief introduction, catalog, comments,

years collecting experience, his star-rating and calculating

references and postscript.The guide defines the scope

method, which will help collectors.The references include

and the time of the research and collecting and the

the relative historical resources, monographs and research

definition of unofficial banknotes. This is the first time

articles from modern times.In additional, the author

these banknotes have been categorized according to their

verified the authenticity of physical bonds which need to

different features. A brief introduction was also given

be proved. He also wrote another two articles about the paper money: “The Research of Banknotes Issued by Wu

to each chapter of the book.The General Introduction includes features, the development of unofficial banknotes, the rise of collecting these notes and the research achievements for unofficial banknotes. The pictures of the banknotes, local gold coupons ( 金圆券 ), local silver coupons ( 银圆券 ), special money, printing blocks and anti-counterfeiting seals are illustrated in the book. The book comprehensively describes each physical coupon of the banknotes. Many ancient stories were discovered such as the words of celebrities, family rules, poetry and prose from the script and pattern of the banknotes.The

Zheng-Yuan Private Bank of JianYi (Feng Cheng City) ”, and “Remark on 1896 Banknotes Issued by Kiangsi Official Silver Bank Again ”. This book is 281 pages long and has more than 300 colorful pictures of the banknotes. It is printed in A4 size on colorful bronze paper with a fine binding. It is a professional book for collecting and researching the unofficial banknotes issued in Jiangxi. It is sold by Xinhua Book Stores all over the country at a price of 298 yuan.

《江西民間鈔票》作者：徐安民售價：RMB ￥298

在江西省銀行業的精心策劃和組織下，由國內著名

特點、發展階段、民間鈔票收藏的興起及研究成果；圖

纸币收藏家徐安民先生撰寫的《江西民間鈔票》2014

錄，囊括清代錢莊鈔票、行政機構鈔票、地方武裝鈔票、

年 12 月由江西人民出版社出版發行。該書收集的實物

商會鈔票、錢莊商號鈔票、地方金圓券、地方銀元券、

函括清代至民國時期江西省境內地方行政機構、團體組

特殊幣、鈔版及印章等實物。本章節還對各不同時期民

織及各錢莊商號等發行的紙幣。主要包括錢莊、地方基

間鈔票進行了扼要綜述，對收錄的每張實物券進行了專

層行政機構、地方武裝組織、合作社、商會、商號及其

業點評，并根據鈔票上的各類文字圖案挖掘出大量中國

他機構組織發行的紙幣，且在一定社會區域與國家法定

古代名人格言、家訓及詩賦等歷史典故；收藏感悟，梳

貨幣等值流通的鈔票。全書共收集到江西民間鈔票圖片

理了民間鈔票收藏者的誤區、民間鈔票的收藏價值、星

185 張，其中清代鈔票 25 張，基層行政機構鈔票 11 張，

級評定、收藏模式與現狀及個人定位。收藏感悟係作者

地方武裝鈔票 15 張，商會鈔票 19 張，錢莊商號鈔票

20 多年收藏實踐經驗的親身感悟和思想提煉，并創造

88 張，地方金圓券 21 張，地方銀元券 4 張，特殊幣 2 枚。

性的提出了“星級別評定”的方法和計算方式，對收藏

另有，鈔版及防偽印章 30 余件。書中所錄選的 200 多

愛好者有着極大的啟發和幫助；參考文獻，主要收錄近

件實物券，均來自作者 20 多年的私人收藏品。在這些

代江西民間鈔票相關的史料、專著以及研究文章等。此

紙幣實物券中絕大多數為首次披露，極其珍貴，有些實

外，作者對收藏圈里頗有爭議和影響的實物券進行詳細

物券屬孤品或僅見品。

考證，并專門撰寫《劍邑吳正元錢號票考略》和《光緒丙申年“江西官銀號”銀錢票再議》等文章，提出作者

全書主要由凡例、概述、圖錄、收藏感悟、參考文

觀點，供讀者參閱。該書圖文并茂，大 16 開本，全彩

獻及後記等構成。凡例，確定了本書收集和研究的範圍

銅牌紙印刷，精裝幀，281 頁，300 多幅實物原大彩圖，

及上下年限，完整地闡述了民間鈔票的科學定義，首次

是一本集史料性、實物性、知識性、專業性為一體的近

按照民間鈔票的不同性質進行分門歸類，并對各章節進

代江西民間鈔票收藏與研究的工具書。該書由全國新華

行了簡要介紹和說明；概述，包括江西民間鈔票的主要

書店經銷，定價 298 元。

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm，四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。本書是1990年之後的第一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊，平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

www.cghka.cn

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B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH

Minted in Germany 德国铸造

1盎司 999纯银硬币

Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术 Exclusive limited mintage 1000 独家限量发行 1000枚 2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings 2019年坦桑尼亚 1000 先令

2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings

Coin Designed by: Yu Min

CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design

设计师：余敏

中国印钞造币总公司高级工艺美术师曾获得“2017年克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛年度终身成就奖”

Magnico

Room 1808, Baohua Mansion, No. 1211, Changde Rd., Putuo District, Shanghai Tel:0086(21)-62130772 www.magnico.cn

上海冠坤文化发展有限公司

上海市普陀区常德路宝华大厦1211号1808室电话：0086(21)-62130772 网址：www.magnico.cn

德国铸造德国梅耶造币厂

2019 年 7 月

1994

中国铜元研讨会特·别 ·版

2019

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS · 中英双语 - 电子季刊 · Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

25 th

周年

JEAN 1994-2019

2019 铜元研讨会纪念章

，NGC MS63BN，极珍稀，NC 藏品 1913 年袁世凯像共和纪念十文铜币样币（大面）

CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1913) Yuan Shi Kai 10 Cash Copper Pattern, Yuan of Large Face, NGC MS63BN, Extremely Rare, NC Collection

袁世凱像共和纪念十文銅元

CHENGDU

The Yuan Shih Kai Portrait 10 Cash Coins 中国近代造币业引进国外先进设备技术的一个缩影⸺ 周汉伦钱币及文献资料藏品捐赠仪式在蓉城举行

The Donation Ceremony of Coins and Documentary Collection Given by Michael Chou was Held in Chengdu, Capital of Szechuan Province

《東亞泉志》

2019

免費訂閱

電子季刊中英雙語出版人

周邁可

簡介《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專

家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、

家史博祿先生於1994 年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。

耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學

旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界

會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托

各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

馬斯 · 烏爾曼寫的《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣―德國專家相

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易

助創建現代造幣廠》、史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》、

斯市，為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。

範治南與何緯渝寫的《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》、

1974-1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參

湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘

與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-

流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加

1987年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，

蓋戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。

主修中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，

1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研

聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任中文主編。復刊後的《東亞

究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大

泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、

地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國

鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣從2017年起，展覽會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

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25 周年紀念章 Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE

1984—2019

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東亞泉志電子季刊 · 中英雙語

讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地

2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生，大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳

的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。

門錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，

幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾

《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在

為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-

1977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

藏協會常務副會長。退休後，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》《西部金融 · 錢力於中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；

2012年，出版了彙集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克—錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 · 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。

《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美

復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要資訊等。

國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國

從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽

錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，

會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。

如詹姆斯 · 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六

《東亞泉志》2019年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到

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厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《臺灣老公銀偽品》等。

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2019-2020 年《東亞泉志》廣告現在接受預定！ 2019-2020 年

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會費新會員需交付：入會費 MOP 1000.00 New membership fee: MOP 1000.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society）會員姓名編號 Member No：會員姓名編號 Member No：此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)：新會員入會日期：新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations. 2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee. Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

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