The sixth issue of jean by jeandigitala1

東亞泉志

2017 年 05 月 May 2017 第 6 期總第 24 期 No. 6 Issue 24

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

柏林勃蘭登堡門 Berlin Brandenburg Gate

三色銅質（Tri-Metallic） 1 oz 銀質（silver）

2017 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會紀念熊貓，余敏設計雕刻 2017 World Money Fair Berlin commemorative panda, designed by Yu Min

本期專題 Features

張培林談中國銅元收藏與探究 Zhang Peilin Talking About Chinese Copper Coin Collecting 回憶我的錢幣收藏舊時光 Remembering the Old Days 德國人眼裏的紀念熊貓：歐洲迷人的中國錢幣使者 The Panda - a fascinating, yet exotic numismatic ambassador for Chinese coins in Europe - Insights on a German perspective

8 g 銀質（silver）

東亞泉志

2017 年 05 月 May 2017 第 6 期總第 24 期 No. 6 Issue 24

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語電子季刊 Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly

Advisor

Che-lu Tseng

顧問

曾澤祿

Publisher & Editor in-Chief

Michael H. Chou

出版人、總編輯

周邁可

Senior Editor

Bruce W. Smith

高級編輯

史博祿

Editor

Yuan Shuiqing

主編

袁水清

Advertising & Circulation Manager

Wang Yue

廣告與發行經理

王月

聯繫我們 Contact Us 臺北公司 Taipei Office 臺北市南京西路 163 號 1 樓 50-51 室 Room 50-51, No.163 Nan King W. Rd., Taipei 電話 (Tel)：886-2-25551761 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

上海辦事處 Shanghai Office 上海市普陀區常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室 Room 1808, Bao Hua Building, No.1211, Changde Rd., Putuo District 電話 (Tel)：86-21-62130771 郵箱 (Email): championghka@gmail.com

Foreword 前言 Welcome to the 6th edition of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics. In this issue we feature an article by famous numismatic researcher Howard Franklin Bowker on Japanese coins of Indonesia and Machu paper money. Mr. Yuan Shui Qing, our Chinese Editor, has submitted an article in which he interviews Chinese copper coin expert and senior researcher Zhang Peilin of Liaoling Province. Also in this issue we welcome a guest article about Chinese panda coins by Sebastien Wieschowski, a German editor with many years of experience writing about modern numismatics with the leading publications in Germany. James Warmus, longtime numismatic dealer of coins and banknotes, has submitted an interesting article about his numismatic dealings with some of the top researchers, collectors and dealers in world coins and banknotes. Our Senior Editor, Bruce Smith, has an article on Taiwan Dragon Coins which should be very interesting for our readers on this scarce series. Senior Tibet collector and researcher Wolfgang Bertsch has provided an article on Fake Countermarks on Sichuan Rupees, Yuan Shi Kai Dollars and Tibetan coins. Finally, Hong Rongchang has submitted a study of the National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic banknotes. 歡迎閱讀第 6 期《東亞泉志》。本期雜誌我們刊登了知名錢幣

The Journal will attend a special first strike ceremony of a Sino-German friendship medal at the Berlin Mint celebrating the arrival of the Chinese national treasure pandas to the Berlin Zoo and the 45th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Federal Republic of Germany. The Journal will also be attending the Long Beach Coin Expo; please stop by and see us June 7-9 at booth 866 at the Long Beach Convention Center. We will continue to expand on our mission of promoting numismatic exchanges between East and West. Panda designer Yu Min’s award of the Krause Publication’s Coin of the Year lifetime achievement in Design has brought increased coverage in Chinese panda coins. Yu Min’s design and engraving history was documented recently by a special program on China’s Central TV which reached tens of millions of people. Michael Chou Publisher and Editor in Chief

紙幣發行量的文章。

學家霍華德 • 佛蘭克林 • 包克關於印尼的日本錢幣和耿愛德與

年，柏林造幣廠將鑄造中德友好紀念章。屆時，本雜誌總編將

中文主編袁水清先生為我們撰寫了一篇中國銅元大家、遼寧資

會出席於柏林造幣廠舉行的紀念章首铸儀式。

清代紙幣的兩篇文章。

深錢幣研究家張培林的採訪稿。本期雜誌，我們邀請到了多年在德國一流出版物上發表高品質現代錢幣文章的塞巴斯蒂安 • 威斯霍夫斯基先生 , 他為我們撰

寫了一篇關於中國紀念熊貓的文章。曾多年從事硬幣和紙幣交易的幣商——詹姆斯 • 沃默思 , 也在其撰寫的文章中，為我們

為紀念中國國寶大熊貓入住柏林動物園及中德友好建交 45 周

另外，《東亞泉志》還將參加 6 月 7-9 日於長灘會展中心舉行

的長灘錢幣展，屆時歡迎諸位光臨我們位於 866 號的攤位。以

後，我們還會繼續為促進東西方之間的錢幣交流貢獻自己的一份力量。

在錢幣交易中發生的趣事。

知名熊貓幣設計師余敏獲得了克勞斯出版社頒發的 2017 年度

《東亞泉志》高級編輯史博祿的《臺灣龍銀》一文，可能會讓

期特別報道，這期節目的播放讓幾千萬觀眾瞭解了這位大師這

一些喜歡這種稀有錢幣的讀者產生興趣。資深西藏幣藏家、研

些年所走過的錢幣設計和雕刻之路。

分享了自己和一些頂級的世界硬幣、紙幣研究家，藏家及幣商

究家沃爾夫岡 • 伯奇的文章，為我們介紹了四川盧比、袁世凱

像銀元和辨別西藏幣上的偽造戳記的相關知識。而洪榮昌先生也為本期雜誌貢獻了一篇關於研究中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行

世界硬幣大獎設計類終身成就獎，這引發了世界媒體對中國熊貓幣的競相報道。最近，中國中央電視臺為余敏先生制作了一

《東亞泉志》總編兼出版人：周邁可

CONTENTS 目錄 Features 專題 Yuan Shuiqing (Xi’an)

袁水清（西安）

Remembering the Old Days

James Warmus (USA)

回憶我的錢幣收藏舊時光

詹姆斯·沃姆斯（美國）

Sebastian Wieschowski (GER)

Zhang Peilin Discusses Chinese Copper Coin Collecting 張培林談中國銅元收藏與探究

The Panda - a fascinating, yet exotic numismatic ambassador for Chinese coins in Europe - Insights on a German perspective 德國人眼裏的紀念熊貓：歐洲迷人的中國錢幣使者

塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基（德國） 57

Departments 部門 JEAN Spring 2107 News & Information

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

史博祿（美國）

Book Review

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

錢幣書籍推介

史博祿（美國）

Japanese Coins of Indonesia

Howard Frankin Bowker (USA)

印尼的日本錢幣

霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克（美國）

Bruce W. Smith (USA)

史博祿（美國）

Wolfgang Bertsch (GER)

沃爾夫岡·伯奇（德國）

《東亞泉志》2017 年春季新聞

Column 專欄

The Taiwan Dragon Coins 臺灣龍銀 Fake Countermarks on Sichuan Rupees, Yuan Shikai Dollars and Tibetan Coins 四川盧比、袁世凱像銀元和西藏幣上的假戳記 Different Versions of Silver Coins Issued by Chinese Soviet National Bank 中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行銀幣版別賞析 How Many Notes did the National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic Release? 中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣究竟發行了多少？

Feng Xinchen, Feng Mingjie (Shaanxi)

馮馨郴馮明傑（陝西）

Hong Rongchang (Fujian)

洪榮昌（福建）

Departments 部門

JEAN Spring 2107 News & Information Bruce W. Smith (USA)

General Chiang Ting-wen's Medals Sold in New York Found in a suitcase in a country home in Vermont, were 18 medals awarded to Chinese General Chiang Ting-wen (Jiang Dingwen 1895-1974) during the first half of the 20th century. The medals, spanning 1914 to 1955, were identified as belonging to Chiang by letters found in the suitcase, which turned out to belong to his daughter, who had lived in the United States since 1947. The medals were sold on 16 November 2016 by Augusta Auctions in New York City.

coins are Roman dating to the 300's and 400's AD. One of the coins is from the Ottoman Empire and is dated 1687 AD. The other five coins have not yet been identified. Katsuren Castle was abandoned in 1458, so it is something of a mystery how coins from long before it was built and 200 years after it was abandoned, could be found in its ruins.

Rebel Chang Hsien-chung's Treasure Found in Szechuan

The two highest estimated medals were both" Order of the Cloud and Banner". The first was a First Class set consisting of the sash badge and breast star ($20,000), the other a set with badge, breast star and grand cordon sash ($15,000). Some less well known medals in the group include: the Hsian Incident Medal; the Lushan Summer Training Medal; Order of the Sacred Tripod; the Victorious Garrison Medal; and the United States Medal of Freedom, created by President Truman. More information about the medals including images can be found at www.augusta-auction.com/jiangdingwen.

Roman Coins Found in Ruins of Okinawa Castle

A story widely reported around the world in 2016 concerns the discovery of ancient Roman coins in the ruins of Katsuren Castleon the island of Okinawa. The news stories say the coins were found in Japan, and although the Ryukyu Islands now belong to Japan, in earlier centuries Okinawa was an independent kingdom which traded widely with Japan, Vietnam and China. The ten copper coins were found in 2013 but were not identified till 2016. Four of the

CHENGDU, March 20 (Xinhua) -- More than 10,000 gold and silver items that sank to the bottom of a river in southwest China's Sichuan Province over 300 years ago have been recovered, archeologists said Monday. The items included a large amount of gold, silver and bronze coins and jewelry as well as iron weapons such as swords, knifes and spears, said Gao Dalun, director of Sichuan Provincial Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute. The characters carved in the gold and silver utensils are still clear and the embossed patterns on the jewelry show exquisite craftsmanship, archeologists said. The treasure site, located in the intersection of Minjiang River and its branch Jinjiang River, is 50 kilometers away south of Chengdu, capital of Sichuan Province. It is said that in 1646, peasant uprising leader Zhang Xianzhong was defeated in the area by Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) soldiers while attempting to transfer his treasure to the south. About 1,000 boats loaded with money and valuables sank during the skirmish. "The objects have helped identify the area where the battle was fought and are direct evidence of this historical event," said Wang Wei, a Chinese archaeologist. Sichuan

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 launched the exploration project in January when the dry season arrived. Several water pumps were used to drain water away day and night. Hundreds of meters of the river bed appeared after archaeologists dug five meters down, where they found the relics. "The items are extremely valuable to science, history and art. They are of great significance for research into the political, economic, military and social lives of the Ming Dynasty," said Li Boqian'an archaeologist from Peking University. Archaeologists said the excavation will last until April and the team expects to unearth more items.

White's Catalog of the Vatican Chinese Coin Collection Sells For US $1600 During the 1970's, noted collector of Chinese copper coins, R. Byron White (1918 - 2006), traveled the world looking for coins to add to his collection. His travels took him to Rome, where he discovered that the Vatican Museum held a collection of Chinese coins and amulets. He obtained permission to publish the collection in 1976, but made the unusual decision to sell it by subscription. His prospectus description was vague and the price was high -- US $100. As a result he received only 9 subscriptions, and so he published only 12 copies -- one for each of nine subscribers, one for himself, and two to be sent to the Library of Congress to secure a copyright. According to White's prospectus, the rubbings and catalog were prepared by workers in the Vatican at the request of an unnamed Chinese collector. The catalog and illustrations were then photographed and a set of the photos was given to the Chinese collector. White purchased the 8 by 10 inch photographs, and the book was reproduced from these photos. In 2005 Howard Daniel III owned copy number 5 of this set; owners of the other sets are presently unknown. Most collectors, of course, have never seen a copy of the work. The full title is: "The Vatican Collection of Chinese Coins with Other East Asian Coins and Amulets." Published in three hardbound volumes in a slipcase, Volume One consists of the index and text, partly in English, but mostly in Italian or perhaps Latin. Volume Two contains illustrations of Chinese coins and Volume Three contains illustrations of amulets and other coins. According to the prospectus, the text consists of 308 pages, followed by 337 pages of rubbings of Chinese coins, 76 pages of rubbings of amulets, and 90 pages of rubbings of coins from Annam, Japan and Korea -- a total of over 800 pages. The collection itself consists of thousands of coins perhaps sent to the Vatican by unknown

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

missionaries or donated by collectors. Most of the coins are cash coins and earlier cast coinages, but there are also some machine struck silver and copper coins. The copper coins were made after 1900, so the catalog must have been compiled sometime between 1900 and the 1950's. According to a letter from White from the early 1980's, "It was a large collection, but not that good..... I do not know who formed the collection or why it was given to the Vatican. I cannot tell anyone how I came by the original papers [photographs] but I did copyright it." In a letter dated 4 January 1990, White says: "I can tell you relatively little about the origins of the Vatican Collection. I bought a deteriorated set of photos of the pages of the record book from a Chinese gentleman (and considerable scholar) somewhere about 1975. He told me that he had obtained them at the Vatican sometime in the 1950's. They were supposed to be the only record of the collection other than the original record book, and the photos were already in poor shape when he got them." R. Byron White apparently lived most of his life in Sheldonville, Massachusetts, though he had other mailing addresses in nearby Rhode Island and New Hampshire. He retired about 1981. His collection of Korean coins was sold in a Taisei sale in July 1990. Later that year Taisei sold his collection of Chinese cash coins and Kolby sold his numismatic library. Afterwards he retained only his famous collection of Chinese struck copper coins. In 1976 he and his wife, Marjorie, produced a small book as a finding list of cash coin inscriptions. He also collected old cars and model cars. White died on 30 January 2006.

Two Forthcoming Books in 2017

Departments 部門 In the spring of 2017 a new book by British numismatist, David Hartill, will be released. "A Guide to Cash Coins" will be a 252 page paperback in English, intended as an identification guide for beginning collectors, covering cash coins issued in China, Japan, Vietnam and Korea. The book will be available for purchase from Amazon. Hartill is well known for his books: "Qing Cash" (2003 - now the standard work on the subject); "Cast Chinese Coins" (2005 -- also a standard catalog); "Early Japanese Coinage" (2011); and "Cast Korean Coins and Charms" (2013). All of these works are in English and should be available from Amazon.

Artist Yu Min Honored

Also to be published in the spring or summer of 2017 will be: "Catalog of Pre-Modern Central Asian Coins 1680 - 1923" by Vladimir Nastich and Wolfgang Schuster. The 304 page book will be in English and will cover the coins of Kiva, Khokand, Tashkent, Bukhara and eastern Turkestan (Sinkiang), among others. A pre-publication review can be found at: www.zeno.ru (item number 179973).

Francois Thierry -- France's Expert of Far Eastern Coins The foremost expert on East Asian coins in France, Francois Thierry (born 1950), taught art and craft making until 1989 when he was appointed full time Keeper of Oriental Coins at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France in Paris. His first published work dates to 1986. Since then he has been the author or editor of a dozen books and more than a hundred articles and reviews. His books include: Les Collections Monetaires VII, Monnaies d'Extreme Orient (1986); Catalogue des Monnaies Vietnamiennes (1987) and its supplement (2002); Amulettes de Chine et du Vietnam (1987); Monnaies de Chine (1992); Monnaies Chinoises Volume 1 (Pre-Imperial) (1997); Volume 2 (Qin to Five Dynasties) (2003); Volume 3 (Song Dynasty) ; Volume 4 (Liao to Ming) (2014); Amulettes de Chine (2008); La Ruine du Qin: Ascension, Triomphe et Mort du Premier Empereur de Chine(2013); Le Tresor du Hue: Une Face Cachee de la Colonisation de l'Indochine(2014); and The Language and Iconography of Chinese Coin Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System (editor 2016). A photo of Thierry receiving the 2006 Royal Numismatic Society (London) medal can be found in the Oriental Numismatic Society Journal #190 (Winter 2007).

The March 2017 issue of World Coin News contains a full page article titled: "Artist Yu Min Honored For Life's Work." Chinese coin designer and engraver, Yu Min, of the Shanghai Mint was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design at the February 2017 Coin Of The Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin. Yu began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and has been involved from the beginning with the development of the silver and gold Panda series of coins. His 1983 silver panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the Coin Of The Year competition. He has designed or engraved the panda coins of 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School in August 1980 and immediately joined the Shanghai Mint. During 1996 he continued his studies in Russia. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004. Yu said that one of his greatest challenges was designing and engraving the circulating coin for the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Mao Tse Tung. The nickel-clad steel used for the coin is very hard and it required many trials to find the right design.

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 New Book On Ancient Coins of Wang Mang

Just published in March 2017 is a new book by German authors Heinz Gratzer and A. M. Fishman titled: "The Numismatic Legacy of Wang Mang." The English text work contains 178 pages on the history and coinage of Han Dynsty usurper, Wang Mang. More than 800 rubbings and photographs illustrate this book. ISBN 9781540437297. In 2016, Gratzer and Fishman published: "One Thousand Years of Wu Zhu Coinage 118 BC - AD 958."

China Bank of Communications 20 Dollar Note

Chinese Bank of Communications blue circulation $20 note of 1924

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

In the March 2017 issue of Bank Note Reporter, Neil Shafer writes about world commemorative banknotes. Among these, Shafer reports a rumor that the Chinese Bank of Communications $20 note of 1924 (Pick 137) was a commemorative issue. The note itself contains no suggestion it was a commemorative, and 1924 was not the 15th or 20th anniversary of the bank. Interestingly this is the only $20 note issued by this bank, but it is part of a set of notes printed by Waterlow & Sons. Why this denomination was used is unknown. The two books on the Bank of Communications, by Sandrock and by Erwin Beyer, mention this note but do not mention it as a commemorative. This very rare note exists in two formats: specimens printed in brown and circulation notes in blue. Mr. Shafer may be confusing this note with a Central Bank of China 20 Dollar note of 1941. In the article "Commemorative Banknote of China" by Harry Atkinson (The Numismatist, October 1951, page 1094), the author reports that the 1941 $20 note (Pick 240a), printed in the United States by the Security Banknote Company, was printed with blue seals for the officers by mistake; they should have been printed in red. Blue seals are used when someone has died. The notes were put into storage, and a new printing was done with the seals in red. In 1943 when Chinese president, Lin Sen, died, the notes with blue seals were released into circulation as a commemorative of Lin Sen's death.

Opium War Indemnity Gold Medal

The March-April 2017 issue of the Numismatics International Bulletin contains a brief article on a gold medal struck in the 1840's from gold extracted from silver sycee ingots. The sycee was used by the Chinese to pay its indemnity to the British, who defeated China in the Opium War. The gold was an unexpected bonus for the British, who were aware that Chinese refining methods often left unrecovered gold in silver bullion. The rare medal is small, only 16mm, and is listed in the standard work, "British

Departments 部門 Historical Medals" (BHM) as number 2070. Struck at the London Mint, the simple medal has on the obverse a British crown above the inscription: "This Gold Discovered in Sycee Silver, The Prize of British Arms in China, Was Extracted at H. M. Mint March 1842." An example of this medal, previously sold in a Stacks sale on 30 November 1994, was offered in the Triton XX sale by Classical Numismatic Group in January 2017, where it sold for US $6500 plus buyers fee. Noted Chinese collector, Howard F. Bowker, wrote about this medal in an article titled "The William Ewart Gladstone Medalet" published the ANS Museum Notes #11 (1964), but the medal has remained obscure. For more information see: www.cngcoins.com and www.issuu.com/cngcoins.

(50 Cents, $1, $2 and $30), some available with colorized reverses. The coins were designed by Ing Ing Jong. For full details see the mint's site at: www.perthmint.com.au.

Uniface Dragon Dollar of the Last Emperor to be Sold by Heritage

Royal Australian Mint (Canberra) offers seven coins: 50 Cents (copper-nickel); Dollar (aluminum-bronze); Dollar (silver); $10 (silver, 2 sizes); $10 (gold); $30 (silver). The coins were designed by Stevan Stojanovic and Vladimir Gottwald. For more information visit the RAM site: www. ramint.gov.au. Heritage Auctions Hong Kong sale in June 2017 will offer a uniface silver proof of the dragon side of a pattern dollar struck at the Tientsin Mint in 1910. The basic coin is listed in Kann's Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins as K219, but this uniface striking is unlisted. A uniface silver proof of this type has appeared in auctions twice before --- in the November 1966 Glendening sale of the Von Halle Collection and in the June 1991 sale of the Goodman Collection. It is entirely possible that all three are actually the same coin. An enlarged photo of the coin appears on page 47 of the April 2017 issue of World Coin News.

Year Of The Rooster Coins From Around The World Numismatic writer, Kerry Rodgers, has authored a roundup of worldwide Lunar Year of the Rooster coins, which appears in the February 2017 issue of World Coin News. Australia -- From the Perth Mint in Australia will come a whole series of coins in gold ($15, $25 and $100) and silver

Belarus, one of the former republics of the Soviet Union, plans to issue a rooster coin but no details are available. Information will be published on the website of the National Bank of the www.nbrb.by/engl.

Bhutan, the Himalayan Kingdom, has issued three coins: 500 Ngultrum (silver), 1000 Ngultrum (silver), 1000 Ngultrum (gold). All have a common design and were struck at the Singapore Mint. British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean plans to issue a bronze one dollar and silver $10, both in the shape of a traditional Chinese lock. The unusual coins will be struck by the Pobjoy Mint in England. Details can be found at www.

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Departments 部門 (5 ounce) silver coin and a $200 (5 ounce) gold coin. The reverses of both are inlaid with mother of pearl. The coins were struck by MDM Munzhandelsgesellschaft mbHin Braunschweig, Germany.

pobjoy.com.

Fiji Islands, also in the Pacific, will offer a series of $10 silver coins (40mm, 1 ounce), partially gilt, with a pink pearl embedded in the reverse. The coins were struck by MDM Munzhandelsgesellschaft mbH in Braunschweig, Germany. Cameroun in Africa will issue a colorized 500 Franc proof in dollar size (38mm).

$10 (silver)

$2500 (gold)

Canada has long been issuing lunar year coins and stamps. For 2017 the Royal Canadian Mint has produced $15 (silver) and $150 (gold) coins designed by Aries Cheung. In addition a set designed by the Three Degrees Creative Group will contain $10 (silver), $15 (silver), $250 (silver) and $2500 (gold). For more information contact: www.mint.ca/store. China, as in previous years, has released 17 Lunar Year coins for 2017 in gold and silver in various shapes and denominations. Gold coins include: 50, 5000, 20,000 and 100,000 Yuan round coins; 2000 Yuan rectangular; 150 Yuan fan shaped; 200 and 10,000 Yuan scalloped. Silver coins include: 10 and 300 Yuan round; 50 Yuan rectangular; 10 yuan fan shaped; and 10 Yuan scalloped. Four colored round coins have also been issued: 10 and 50 Yuan in silver and 50 and 2000 Yuan in gold. For details check: www.chinacoin. com.hk.

France this year has produced at the Paris Mint a 10 Euro silver coin and a 50 Euro gold coin with a fighting rooster on the obverse and all 12 lunar animals on the reverse. Information and purchase can be made through the mint's website: www.monnaiedeparis.fr. Great Britain - The British Royal Mint has produced a series of rooster coins designed by Wuon-Gean Ho. The silver coins consist of 2, 10 and 500 Pound values. The gold coins are 10, 100, 500 and 1000 Pounds. For full details see: www.royalmint.com. Kazakhstan, the Central Asian republic, has issued a 500 Tenge silver coin and a 500 Tenge gold coin for the rooster year, both 12 sided. More details can be found at: www.nationalbank.kz. Laos in Southeast Asia has issued a 2000 Kip silver coin, 55mm in diameter, with partial gilding, and a jade ring set into the reverse. The coin was struck by MDM Munzhandelsgesellschaft mbH in Braunschweig, Germany. Macau, the former Portuguese colony, has issued three rooster year coins for 2017 -- a 20 Patacas in silver, and 100 and 250 Patacas in gold. The colorized proof coins are similar to those issued in previous years.

Cook Islands in the south Pacific has issued a $25

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Macedonia, formerly a part of Yugoslavia and now bordering Greece on the north, has issued two colorized 100 Denars silver coins for the rooster year. The coins were produced by the International Coin House in Zurich,

Departments 部門 Switzerland (established in 2009). Find more information at the company's website: www.intercoinhouse.eu.

Australia. The series begins with a silver 50 Cents designed by Jennifer McKenna. There will also be a set of four colorized rectangular silver $1 coins designed by Natasha Muhl. In addition there will be two colorized silver $1 coins in the "Wealth & Wisdom" series, designed by Tom Vaughn. For further information consult: www.perthmint.com.au.

Magic Money

Mongolia has issued two Year of the Rooster coins this year -- a 500 Tugrug in silver and a 1000 Tugrug in gold. The coins were produced by Coin Invest Trust Company (founded 1970) in Liechtenstein, possibly minted by B. H. Mayer Mint. The company's website is: www.coin-invest.li. Niue, a small island in the South Pacific, will offer five lunar year coins made at three different mints. The New Zealand Mint will produce two 40mm $2 silver coins, one partially gilt and the other colorized. The Polish Mint has struck two different $1 silver coins, one partially gilt and the other containing a crystal. More information can be found at www.mennica.com.pl. The final coin is an $8 partially gilt silver coin, designed by Suankaew Chueysai, produced for the Australian coin firm Downies. Each coin has a serial number on the edge. The coin was struck by Produits Artistiques Metaux Precieux (PAMP), a precious metals refinery in Ticino, Italy. For more information contact: www. downies.com. Palau, another Pacific Island nation, has produced a partially gilt $5 silver coin with colorized reverse. Singapore will produce ten different lunar year coins for 2017, all struck at the Singapore Mint. These coins consist of $20, $100 and $200 in gold; $5 (scalloped), $5 (octagonal) and $20 in silver; $80 (rectangular) silver; and nickel plated zinc $2. Tokelau in the South Pacific plans to issue Year of the Rooster coins for 2017. So far a $5 silver coin (65mm) and three scalloped $2 silver coins are expected. A base metal $1 might also be issued. The coins will be struck by the Norwegian Mint. More details can be found at: www. treasuresofoz.net. Tuvalu, another Pacific Island country, will offer seven different lunar year coins, made by the Perth Mint in

A recent purchase on Ebay, this remarkable piece is not a coin, not a token or medal, and is not an amulet. This 28mm brass piece has a plain edge. The obverse has a side view dragon inside a wreath with "10 CASH" below. Tiny initials H H appear at the 5 o'clock position. The reverse has the numeral 10 in the center, inside a solid ring, all within a wreath, with two Chinese characters above and two other characters below. At the 3 o'clock position an imitation Chinese character, possibly intended to be "fen", appears in a solid circle. Below the numeral 10 but inside the ring is: VIKING MFG. The dragon is in low relief but is fairly well done. The key to the identity of this "coin" is the name VIKING MFG. Viking Manufacturing Company was established in September 1972 in McAllen, Texas by George and Carol Robinson, to manufacture equipment for magicians. In 1976 this company bought Haenchen & Company (established 1931), another maker of magic equipment, run by Fred and Vida Haenchen. In later years Viking bought other small companies and is now a major manufacturer of equipment for magic acts. The company is now headquartered at 4619 South Business Highway 281, Edinburg, Texas 78539. The "coin" shown is part of a magic coin kit. The HH initials might be those of the two Haenchen's or might refer to some artist who designed or engraved the dies for this "coin". Another possibility is that it refers to the Hoffman & Hoffman Mint, a private company which made video game tokens and medals.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

《東亞泉志》2017 年春季新聞史博祿（美國）

蔣鼎文將軍勳章和獎章在紐約出售

四川發現叛軍張獻忠寶藏

18 枚蔣鼎文將軍（1895-1974 年）在 20 世紀上半葉獲得的勳章和獎章，在一個福蒙特州鄉間宅院裏的手提箱中被發現。箱子的所有人是蔣鼎文的女兒，她從 1947 年起就一直旅居美國，而箱子中的信件則證明了這些 1914-1955 年間獲得的勳章和獎章是屬於蔣鼎文的。2016 年 11 月 16 號，奧古斯塔拍賣公司將這些徽章在紐約進行出售。估價最高的兩枚均為雲麾勳章，一枚為一等勳章，含綬帶及胸間星狀勳章（2 萬美元）；另一枚含胸章、胸間星狀勳章及大綬帶（1.5 萬美元）。其他知名度較低的徽章還有：西安事變紀念章、廬山夏季集訓紀念章、寶鼎勳章、勝利駐軍紀念章，以及美國總統杜魯門之自由勳章。新華社成都 3 月 20 日電：週一，考古學家稱，他們從四蔣鼎文曾任孫中山的副參謀長，1927 年他就任第一戰區

川省西南部一條河裏的一艘 300 多年前的古沉船裏打撈上來了

司令長官，位列蔣介石“五虎上將”。但這位備受信任的國民

1 萬多件金、銀器物。據四川省文物考古研究院院長高大倫介紹，

黨將領卻在 1944 年的日本一號作戰中為日軍擊敗，隨後在重

出水的這批文物包括大量金、銀銅幣，珠寶，以及刀、劍、矛

慶引咎辭職。戰後，蔣鼎文搬往上海，1947 年來到美國，並最

等鐵質武器。據考古學家稱，其中金銀器上的銘文仍清晰可見，

後定居臺灣。

珠寶首飾上的花紋也都依然精緻。

更多關於這些勳章和獎章的資訊、圖片，請訪問：www. augusta-auction.com/jiangdingwen。

寶藏發現的地點位於岷江和錦江的交匯處，距四川省會成都以南 50 千米。據說，1646 年，農民起義領袖張獻忠順南下轉移財物，在此遭為明朝（1368-1644 年）將士擊敗，整整

沖繩城堡遺址發現羅馬古錢幣

1000 船金銀財寶就此沉於江底。中國考古學家王偉說：“這些器物既幫助我們確認了這場戰役的發生地點，也是直接證明了這一歷史事件確實發生過。” 四川方面於 1 月份枯水期開始了對沉船的打撈考古工作，幾臺抽水機日夜連續工作，考古人員向下發掘了 5 米，露出了長達數百米的堅硬河床，沉積的文物就此展現在世人面前。北京大學考古學家李伯謙稱：“出水的文物具有極高的科學、歷史和藝術價值，對研究明代的政治、經濟、軍事和社會

2016 年，在沖繩群島連勝城堡遺址裏發現羅馬古錢幣的消息在全世界廣泛報道。此發現地屬日本所有，雖然現在琉球群島是日本的領土，但沖繩在幾個世紀之前卻是一個獨立的國家，並與日本、越南以及中國有着廣泛的貿易往來。早在 2013 年，此地就曾發現過 10 枚銅幣，但直到 2016 年，這些錢幣的種類才被確認。其中 4 枚是公元 300-400 年時期的羅馬錢幣，一枚是公元 1687 年的奧斯曼帝國的錢幣，而其他 5 枚的身份目前仍未得知。連勝城堡於 1458 年遭到廢棄，所以為什麼這些在城堡建造多年之前以及被遺棄 200 年之後的錢幣會在城堡的廢墟中被發現，目前仍舊是一個謎。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

生活具有重要意義。”據考古人員介紹，此次的挖掘工作將會持續到 4 月份，考古隊希望屆時能有更多的發現。

懷特的《梵蒂岡中國錢幣藏品錄》以 1600 美元售出知名中國銅幣藏家 R·拜倫·懷特曾在 20 世紀 70 年代環遊世界搜尋錢幣藏品。當來到羅馬的時候，他發現了位於梵蒂岡博物館的中國錢幣及壓勝錢藏品。1976 年，懷特獲准將這些藏品整理出版成書，但他獨闢蹊徑地決定通過預約認購的方式進

Departments 部門行售賣。由於說明模糊，價格高（100 美元），這套目錄僅收

2017 年即將面世的兩本新書

到了 9 份認購請求。因此，懷特當時一共只出版了 12 套，9 套給認購的顧客，1 套自留，還有 2 套被送往國會圖書館以保護版權。據懷特介紹，這些拓本和目錄是梵蒂岡的工人應一位不知名的中國藏家所準備的，目錄及插圖經拍照之後全部被送到了那位中國藏家手中。懷特自己買下了這些 8 x 10 英寸的照片，並將其整理出版成冊。2005 年，霍華德·丹尼爾三世得到了這版書中編號為 5 的目錄，而其他圖書的去向目前仍未可知。據我所知，目前在市面上出售的只有兩套目錄，一套於 1989 或 1990 年左右為 Kolby 所出售，但未能成交。這一套很可能就是懷特自留的那套目錄，懷特的其他藏書在 1990 年被 Kolby 全部售出。另一套於 2017 年 1 月 14 日為錢幣書商 Kolby & Fanning 售出，成交價為 1600 美元。當然，多數錢幣藏家都未見過這套目錄。目錄的全稱是《梵蒂岡中國錢幣及其他東亞錢幣、壓勝錢藏品》，硬皮封面，三卷一套，帶盒。卷一為索引和正文，大部分為義大利或拉丁文，小部分為英文；卷二為中國錢幣插圖；卷三為壓勝錢及其他錢幣的插圖。據介紹，整套書正文部分共 308 頁，另附有 800 多頁的插圖，內容包括 337 頁的中國錢幣拓本、76 頁的壓勝錢拓本，以及 90 頁的安南、日本及韓國等地的錢幣拓本。整套藏品共包含數千枚錢幣，有可能是某些不知名的傳教士或者收藏家們捐贈或送到梵蒂岡的。多數錢幣是古錢及早期的鑄錢，但也有一些機鑄銀幣和銅幣。因銅幣的鑄造時間晚於 1900 年，這本目錄的成書時間應為 1900 年至 20 世紀 50 年代之間。據懷特寫於 20 世紀 80 年代的一封信裏所說：“藏品數量龐大，但品質不佳 ...... 我不知道這些藏品是誰收集的，也不知道它們為什麼會被送到梵蒂岡。雖然不能說我是如何得到這些原版照片的，但照片的版權確實是歸我所有。”在 1990 年 1 月 4 日的一封信中，懷特寫到：“我可以向你透露一點關於梵蒂岡藏品來源的資訊。大約 1975 年的時候，我在某地從一位中國紳士（並且是一位知名的學者）手中買到了一套藏品記錄本的照片，品質欠佳。他告訴我自己是在 20 世紀 50 年代左右從梵蒂岡得到這套照片的。這些照片可能是除原版記錄簿之外的唯一一套關於梵蒂岡藏品的記錄，在我買到的時候它們就已經損壞了。” R·拜倫·懷特大半生都生活在馬薩諸塞州的 Sheldonville，不過在周邊的羅德島和新罕布夏州也有郵寄地址。1981 年，懷特退休。1990 年 6 月，泰星公司拍賣了他的韓國錢幣藏品。同年，泰星和 Kolbyg 公司分別將其收藏的中國古錢及錢幣學書籍進行出售。之後，懷特手中剩下的藏品就只有那些知名的中國機鑄銅幣了。1976 年，懷特同妻子瑪喬麗共同撰寫了一本古錢銘文索引性質的小冊子。除錢幣外，他還收藏了一些老式汽車和汽車模型。2006 年 1 月 30 日，懷特逝世。

英國錢幣學家大衛·哈蒂爾的新書將於 2017 年春與讀者見面。這本名為《古錢指南》的書是一本為收藏初學者準備的辨別指南，共 252 頁，平裝，英文，內容涵蓋了中國、日本、越南及韓國的古錢，亞馬遜即將有售。哈蒂爾的其他幾部知名作品還有：《清代錢幣》（2003 年，現在是這一領域的標準性著作）、《中國鑄錢》（2005 年，同樣是標準目錄）、《早期日本錢幣》（2011 年）、《韓國鑄錢與花錢》（2013 年），全部為英文著作，且在亞馬遜上有售。另外一本將於 2017 年春季或夏季與讀者見面的書是《1680-1923 年前現代時期的中亞錢幣目錄》，作者弗拉基米爾·納斯蒂奇、沃爾夫岡·舒斯特。共 304 頁，英文，涵蓋了基瓦、浩罕汗國、塔什干、布哈拉、東突厥斯坦以及中亞其他地區的錢幣。出版前檢查的相關內容可在 www.zeno.ru 上查到（編號 179973）。

法國遠東錢幣專家——弗朗索瓦 · 蒂埃裏在1989年被任命為法國巴黎國家圖書館東方錢幣館全職管理人之前，弗朗索瓦·蒂埃裏（1950-），這位法國最重要的東亞錢幣專家曾經是負責教授藝術和工藝製作工作的。1986 年，蒂埃裏出版了自己的第一部作品，從那以後，他又編寫了十一二本專著以及100多篇文章和評論。其中比較著名的作品包括：《貨幣收藏七：遠東錢幣》（1986年）、《越南錢幣目錄》（1987年）及其增訂本（2002年）、《中國和越南的壓勝錢》（1987年）、《中國錢幣》（1992年）、《中國錢幣卷一》（先秦時期，1997年）、《卷二》（秦朝到五代十國，

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 2003年）、《卷三》（宋朝）、《卷四》（遼到明代，2014 年）、《中國壓勝錢》（2008年）、《秦代遺址：升天、凱旋和中國始皇帝之死》（2013年）、《順化寶藏：印度支那殖民地不為人知的一面》（2014年），以及《中國花錢的文字和意象：解密中國古代的信仰體系》（2016年）。蒂埃裏2006年獲得皇家錢幣學會頒發獎章的照片可在#190《東方錢幣學會雜誌》（2007年冬季刊）上查閱到。

王莽古錢新書推介

會吸收為會員。余敏曾透露說自己職業生涯面臨的最大挑戰是毛澤東誕辰 100 周年流通紀念幣中的毛澤東頭像一面的設計和雕刻工作。這種硬幣所使用的鎳包鋼材料非常堅硬，他在嘗試了多種方法後才找到了合適的設計方案。

中國交通銀行 20 元紙幣

2017 年 3 月，德國作家海因茨·格拉策和 A.M 費什曼出版了一本名為《王莽錢幣遺產》的新書。英文，共 178 頁，涵蓋了王莽篡位時期的歷史和錢幣，附有 800 多張拓本和照片插圖， ISBN 9781540437297。2016 年，本書的兩位作者格拉策和費什曼還曾出版過一本名為《千年五銖錢——從西元前 118 年 - 西元 958 年》的書。

工藝美術師余敏獲獎 2017 年 3 月份的《世界硬幣新聞》用一整個頁面刊登了一篇名為《余敏獲得終身成就獎》的文章。 2017 年 2 月份柏林世界錢幣展上舉辦的世界硬幣大獎頒獎典禮上，來自中國的錢幣設計雕刻師余敏獲得了世界硬幣大獎錢幣設計終身成就獎。自 1980 年開始錢幣設計和雕刻工作以來，余敏參與了熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。由他設計雕刻的 1983 版熊貓銀幣獲得了世界硬幣大獎最佳銀幣獎。近年又主持雕刻了 2005 版、

民国十三年（1924 年）交通银行华德路版贰拾圆

2006 版熊貓金銀幣，2008 版熊貓金銀幣的設計雕刻，2009 版、

2017 年 3 月份的《紙幣報道》上刊登了尼爾·謝弗關於世

2010 版、2012 版、2013 版的熊貓金銀幣的雕刻。余敏 1980 年

界紀念鈔的文章。謝弗在文章裏提到了一則傳言，稱 1924 年

8 月畢業於上海工藝美術學校，畢業不久便進上海造幣廠工作。

中國交通銀行 20 元紙幣實為紀念鈔。這種紙幣本身並沒有任

1996 年，余敏赴俄羅斯進修。2004 年 7 月，他被中國雕塑學

何關於紀念鈔的暗示或標記，而 1924 年也不是銀行建行 15 或

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 20 周年這種年份。有意思的是，中國交通銀行只發行過一種

末代皇帝單面龍幣即將在海瑞德出售

20 元的紙幣，而這種紙幣又是 Waterlow & Sons 公司印刷的一套紙鈔中的一部分。使用這種面值的原因目前尚不得而知。山德洛克和歐文·拜爾的兩本關於中國交通銀行的書中都提及過這種紙幣，但沒有將其標記為紀念鈔。這種極為珍貴的紙鈔共有兩種樣式，一種是棕色的樣票，另外一種是藍色的流通券。謝弗先生或許會對於一張 1941 年中國中央銀行 20 元紙鈔感到費解。在一篇名為《中國紀念紙鈔》的文章裡（《錢幣學家》 1951 年 10 月刊，第 1094 頁），作者哈利 • 阿特金森介紹了一種由美國紙鈔防偽公司印刷的 1941 年 20 美元紙幣（Pick 目錄

香港海瑞德公司將於 2017 年 6 月對一枚 1910 年天津造幣

編號為 240a），這種本應為官員們使用紅色印章印刷的鈔票被

廠生產的精製單面龍銀質樣幣進行拍賣。耿愛德《中國幣圖說

錯誤地印上了藍色印章。而只有當某人去世的時候紙幣才會使

匯考》一書中將同種樣式的基本硬幣編號為 K219，但是卻沒

用藍色印章印刷。於是人們封存了這一批紙幣，而後又使用紅

有提及這種單面龍幣。這種樣式的單面精製銀幣之前曾兩次出

色印章重印了一批新的紙幣。直到 1943 年，中華民國國民政

現在拍賣會上，一次是 1966 年 11 月的 Glendening 拍賣馮·哈

府主席林森去世，這批使用藍色印章的紙幣才被作為林森逝世

勒收藏專場，另一次是 1991 年 6 月的古德曼收藏拍賣。這三

的紀念幣而發行使用。

次拍賣的拍品極有可能是同一枚錢幣。錢幣大圖可在 2017 年 4 月的《世界硬幣新聞》第 47 頁上查到。

鴉片戰爭賠款金章

世界各地的雞年紀念幣錢幣作家克裏·羅傑斯將世界各地的雞年紀念幣總結整理成文，發表在了 2017 年 2 月份的《世界硬幣新聞》上。

2007 年 3-4 月的《錢幣國際公告》上刊登的一篇簡短的文章中，介紹了一種 19 世紀 40 年代用銀錠中的黃金所鑄造的勳章。用來提取黃金的銀錠來自鴉片戰爭戰敗後中國對英國的賠款。英國人發現中國人的提煉方法經常會在銀錠中殘留一些黃金，而這就成為了他們的一筆意外之財。這種稀有的小勳章直徑僅為 16 毫米，在標準目錄《英國歷史上的勳章》一書中的編號為 2070。勳章由倫敦造幣廠鑄造，樣式簡單，正面是英國

澳大利亞：澳大利亞珀斯造幣廠生產了一整套雞年金（15 元、25 元和 100 元）、銀（50 分、1 元、2 元和 30 元）紀念幣，背面部分為彩色，由 Ing Ing Jong 設計。詳細資訊請訪問造幣廠網站：www.perthmint.com.au。

國王的王冠圖案，下面刻有銘文：“黃金發現來自駐華英軍所獲銀錠，1842 年 3 月提煉於 H.M. 造幣廠。” 1994 年 11 月 Stacks 拍賣曾售出過一枚這樣的金章，2017 年 1 月 CNG 公司的特萊頓 XX 拍賣上，這枚金章再次出現，並最終以 6500 美元的價格成交，另加傭金。知名中國錢幣收藏家霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克曾在《ANS 博物館志》#11(1964) 上發表的《威廉·尤爾特·格萊斯頓小獎章》一文仲介紹過這種金章，但人們目前對這種金章仍然是知之甚少。想要瞭解更多資訊，請訪問：www.cngcoins.com 和 www.issuu.com/cngcoins。

澳大利亞皇家造幣廠（坎培拉）鑄造了 7 種雞年紀念幣： 50 分銅鍍鎳幣、1 元鋁鍍銅幣、1 元銀幣、10 元銀幣（2 種規格）、

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 10 元金幣以及 30 元銀幣，由斯特凡·斯托揚諾維奇和弗拉基米

公司還設計了一種套幣，有 10 元（銀）、15 元（銀）。250 元（銀）

爾·哥特瓦爾德共同設計。更多資訊請訪問澳大利亞皇家造幣廠

和 2500 元（金）四種。詳情請訪問：www.mint.ca/store。

網站：www.ramint.gov.au。中國：中國前幾年發行過很多形狀各異、面值不等的 2017 白俄羅斯：前蘇聯成員國之一的白俄羅斯計畫發行雞年紀

年農曆年紀念金銀幣。其中金幣有：50 元、5000 元、20000 元

念幣，但目前沒有詳細資訊。相關的內容將會刊登在白俄羅斯

及 100000 元的圓形幣；2000 元方形幣；150 元扇形幣；以及

共和國國家銀行的官網上：www.nbrb.by/engl。

200 元和 10000 元的貝殼形幣。銀幣包括：10 元 300 元圓形幣； 50 元方形幣；10 元扇形幣以及 10 元貝殼形幣。此外，還有 10 元、 50 元彩色銀幣和 50 元、2000 元彩色金幣。查閱詳情，請訪問： www.chinacoin.com.hk。庫克群島：南太平洋庫克群島發行了 25 元（5 盎司）雞年紀念銀幣和 200 元（5 盎司）紀念金幣，背面均嵌有珠母貝，由德國布倫瑞克 MDM 公司鑄造。斐濟群島：同樣位於太平洋的斐濟群島將發行一系列 10

不丹：喜馬拉雅王國不丹共發行了 3 種雞年紀念幣：500 努銀幣、1000 努銀幣和 1000 努金幣。所有紀念幣均為通用設計，

元羊年紀念銀幣（直徑 40 毫米，1 盎司），部分鍍金，背面嵌有一枚粉色珍珠，由德國布倫瑞克 MDM 公司負責鑄造。

由新加坡造幣廠負責鑄造。英屬維京群島：加勒比海地區的維京群島計畫發行傳統中式鎖形狀的 1 元雞年紀念銅幣和 10 元銀幣。這種特製的紀念幣將由英格蘭普喬伊造幣廠生產。詳情請訪問：www.pobjoy. com。

法國：法國今年巴黎造幣廠鑄造了 10 歐元雞年紀念銀幣和 50 歐元紀念金幣，正面為鬥雞，背面是 12 生肖。瞭解詳情和購買錢幣請訪問造幣廠官網：www.monnaiedeparis.fr。

喀麥隆：非洲喀麥隆將發行 500 法郎雞年彩色紀念幣，精製，1 元硬幣大小（直徑 38 毫米）。

大不列顛：英國皇家造幣廠生產了一批由 Wuon-Gean Ho 設計的雞年紀念幣。銀幣有 2 磅、10 磅和 500 磅三種面值，金幣則為 10 磅、100 磅和 1000 磅。全部詳情請訪問：www. 2500 元（金）

10 元（銀）

加拿大：加拿大一直都有發行農曆新年紀念幣和紀念郵票

royalmint.com。哈薩克斯坦：中亞哈薩克斯坦共和國發行了 500 堅戈雞年

的傳統。2017 年，加拿大皇家造幣廠鑄造了由 Aries Cheung 設

紀念銀幣和 500 堅戈雞年紀念金幣，均為十二邊形。詳情請訪問：

計的 15 元雞年紀念銀幣和 150 元紀念金幣。此外，三度創意

www.nationalbank.kz。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門老撾：東南亞的老撾發行了一種 2000 基普的紀念銀幣，

托克勞：南太平洋托克勞群島計畫發行 2017 年雞年紀念

直徑 55 毫米，部分鍍金，背面鑲嵌玉環。紀念幣由由德國布

幣。目前預料會生產的是 5 元銀幣（65mm）和三種 2 元貝殼

倫瑞克 MDM 公司負責鑄造。

形銀幣。另外還會發行一種賤金屬 1 元幣。紀念幣將交給挪威造幣廠生產。更多詳情請訪問：www.treasuresofoz.net 。

澳門：前葡萄牙殖民地澳門發行了 3 種 2017 年雞年紀念幣——分別為 20 澳元銀幣、100 澳元和 250 澳元金幣，彩色，精製，與之前發行的紀念幣類似。

圖瓦盧：另一個太平洋國家圖瓦盧將發行 7 種的農曆年紀念幣，由澳大利亞珀斯造幣廠負責生產。包括一種由詹妮弗·麥肯納設計的 50 分銀幣；一套 4 枚 1 元三角形彩色銀幣，設計

馬其頓：位於希臘北部的馬其頓曾是前南斯拉夫的一部分，為慶祝雞年，馬其頓發行了兩種 100 第納爾彩色紀念銀幣，由

者為娜塔莎·穆爾以及兩種湯姆·沃恩設計的“財富與智慧”系列的 1 元彩色銀幣。更多資訊請訪問：www.perthmint.com.au。

瑞士蘇黎世的國際錢幣公司（2009 年成立）負責鑄造。更多資訊請訪問公司官網：www.intercoinhouse.eu。

魔術幣

蒙古：蒙古今年發行了兩種雞年紀念幣——500 圖格裏克

最近在 Ebay 上成交了一件既非錢幣又非代幣、獎章或者

銀幣和 1000 圖格裏克金幣，均由列支敦士登硬幣投資公司（1970

壓勝錢的商品。這件商品為黃銅製品，直徑 28 毫米，光邊，

年成立）製作，可能也會由德國米勒造幣廠負責鑄造。公司官網：

正面為花環圍繞的側面龍圖案，下寫“10 cash”（10 元）幾個

www.coin-invest.li。

字。正面 5 點鐘方向有 H H 兩字字母縮寫。背面中心為包圍在實心圈裏的數字“10”，外面有花環圍繞，上下各有兩個漢字。

紐埃：南太平洋上的小島紐埃將發行 5 種農曆雞年紀念幣，

3 點鐘方向可能是是一個仿寫的漢字“分”，外面是一個實心圈，

由三家造幣廠負責鑄造。新西蘭造幣廠負責生產兩種直徑為 40

圈內數字“10”下麵刻有“VIKING MFG” （維京 MFG 幾個字）。

毫米的 2 元銀幣，一種部分鍍金，一種為彩色幣。波蘭造幣廠

龍圖案為淺浮雕，非常精美。

負責生產兩種不同類型的 1 元銀幣，一種為部分鍍金，另一種鑲嵌水晶，更多資訊請訪問： www.mennica.com.pl。最後一種

確認這枚“幣”身份的關鍵在於“VIKING MFG”這個名字。

為 8 元銀幣，部分鍍金，由 Suankaew Chueysai 設計，澳大利

VIKING MFG（ Viking Manufacturing Company）即維京製造

亞 Downies 錢幣公司負責鑄造，錢幣邊緣均有一系列數字，

公司，由喬治及卡羅爾·羅賓遜 1972 年 9 月成立於德克薩斯州

由毗鄰義大利提契諾州的 PAMP（Produits Artistiques Metaux

麥卡倫，是一家魔術道具生產企業。1976 年，這家公司買下了

Precieux ）貴金屬精煉廠負責鑄造。更多資訊請訪問：www.

弗雷德和維達·漢臣經營的同樣生產魔術道具的漢臣公司。幾年

downies.com 。

之後，維京公司又陸續兼併了幾家小型公司，成為了魔術道具製造業巨頭。公司總部現位於德克薩斯愛丁堡 78539，4619 南

帕勞：另一個太平洋島國帕勞發行了一種部分鍍金的 5 元銀幣，背面彩色。新加坡：新加坡計畫生產十種農曆 2017 年紀念幣，包括：

商業高速公路 281 號。這裏介紹的是一套魔術錢幣道具中的一枚“幣”。兩個 HH 可能是漢臣公司（ Haenchen）或者某位幣模設計

20 元、100 元、200 元金幣；5 元貝殼形、5 元八角形及 20 元銀幣；

或雕刻師姓名的縮寫，也有可能指的是霍夫曼造幣廠，一家生

80 元三角形銀幣和 2 元鋅鍍鎳幣，全部由新加坡造幣廠負責生

產遊戲機代幣、章的私人公司。

產。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

Book Review Bruce W. Smith (USA)

The Modern Coinage of China 1866 - 1949: The Evidence in Western Archives English language newspapers, British consular reports and foreign office reports, U.S. and British mint reports, and the annual Chinese maritime customs reports. The Chinese customs reports were one of Eduard Kann's main sources of information for his "History of Minting in China" (1938) and his "Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins" (1954), but he used the decennial reports, which were summaries of ten year periods, while Wright had access to the more detailed annual reports. Although Kann published some Chinese mintage figures in his catalog, he was doubtful of their accuracy, they were not very detailed, and they did not include copper coins. Wright was the first to attempt to collect detailed annual mintage amounts for all the mints in China, using a wider variety of sources than Kann used. The results are more comprehensive, though one must be aware that some figures are his own estimates. Generally the Chinese mints did not publish mintage reports. What figures we have are mostly the results of personal visits to the mints by Chinese customs officials, British and American consular officials, newspaper reporters, and during republican The Modern Coinage of China 1866 - 1949: The Evidence in Western Archives by Richard N. J. Wright, Spink & Son Ltd. London, 2012, 308 pages, black & white photos. English text. ISBN 9781907427206

times, visits by economic researchers. Some of Wright's articles are specifically on mintage figures. Some of his more important articles include: "Greenwood & Batley and the Tientsin Cash Mint of 1888" which established

This is perhaps the most important book published in the past 50 years on the development of Chinese machine struck coinage. The book is a collection of 38 articles written by Wright, published between 1974 and 2003 (including one previously unpublished article on a Feng Yu-hsiang "dollar" dated 1926, referring to Feng's oath of loyalty to the Kuomintang at Wu Yuan (not in Kann), which Wright suggests was actually struck in 1928 or 1929). These articles, on a variety of subjects, were published in several journals in England and the United States. His three most important articles were all published in the Numismatic Chronicle (England): "Some Further Information on the Origins of the Milled Coinage of Imperial China" (1974); "The Silver Dragon Coinage of the

the origin of the first Peiyang Mint; "The Hunan Copper Mints in 1906" which showed for the first time that there were actually three mints in Changsha, which corresponds with the three types of copper coins observed from this mint; "The Republican 20 Cent Pieces of the Manchurian Provinces" and "Dating the Manchurian Twenty Cents" which established that most of these coins, though claiming to be from imperial times, were actually struck during the republic, and provides a method for dating them; "The Debasement of the Republican Silver Coinage of Yunnan Province" which established that the Yunnan dragon silver coins without English inscriptions, were actually made in republican times and can be dated to different periods. Other articles include: "Chinese Coin Dies in the

Chinese Provinces 1888-1949" (1976); and "The Silver Coinage

Birmingham Mint and the Royal Mint"; "The Nanking Mint

of China 1912-1928" (1978). The first two dealing with imperial

1897-1929"; "The Machine Mints of Tientsin"; "The Chinese

coins and the third with republican coins, were made possible

1910 Coinage and the Vienna Mint; and "The Case for the

by Wright's access to the records and reference collection of the

Kiangnan Arsenal Copper Mint at Shanghai 1905", which made

Heaton Mint in Birmingham, England, and by his use of new

a good argument for the existence of a Nanking branch mint in

sources of information on Chinese coins, including Chinese

Shanghai, but late research has shown that the mint was planned,

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 a building provided, copper was purchased and machinery were

1944, and served on five different warships in the Far East. He

ordered from England, but the mint never opened; the copper

began his collection in Hong Kong in 1960 with the purchase

and the equipment were sent to Nanking to enlarge the mint

of a few old Chinese dollars. He retired from the navy in 1970

there. The book concludes with five appendices including: "The

as a Lieutenant Commander and became a diplomatic courier,

Keying Medallions"; "Notes on the Coinages of Taiwan and

which allowed trips to Hong Kong and Beijing. Long interested

Fukien 1893-1909"; and "Outline of a Copper Mint", which

in naval history, after many years of research he published: "The

details the creation and operation of the small, obscure mint at

Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945", London 2000, 208 pages,

Tsingkiangpu.

profusely illustrated. He lives with his wife in Hampshire,

Born in 1931, Richard Wright joined the Royal Navy in

England. His collection of Chinese coins was sold in a BaldwinMa Hong Kong auction in April 2009.

The Bygone Numismatic World: Profiles of Famous Collectors of Modern Times Chinese Coins" (Guqian Dacidian), Ting Fu-pao has a section of biographical information on early collectors (before 1900) and another section on 20th century collectors. Arthur B. Coole's 1940 work, "Bibliography on Far Eastern Numismatics", contains some biographical sketches of both Chinese and western collectors, and the 1967 revised edition includes a remarkable collection of photographs of modern Chinese, Japanese and western collectors. The collectors portrayed in Ma Chuande's book are: 1) Ting Fu-pao (Ding Fubao) (1874-1952) 2) Chang Shu-hsun (Zhang Shuxun) (1899-1948) 3) Fang Yao-yu also known as Fang Jo (Fang Yaoyu; Fang Ro) (1869-1955) 4) Lo Pai-chao also known as Lo Mu-yuan (Luo Baizhao; Luo Muyuan) (1899-1976) 5) Chang Chi-liang (Zhang Jiliang) (1887-1957) The Bygone Numismatic World: Profiles of Famous Collectors of Modern Times by Ma Chuande, Shanghai 2016, 394 pages, photos and rubbings, Chinese text. ISBN 9787543972124 paperback

This is a collection of biographies of 22 prominent 20th Century Chinese collectors and numismatic writers. The book is filled with photographs of the collectors and illustrations of their most famous coins. Most, if not all, of these collectors lived in Shanghai and most were associates of Ma Dingxiang (the author's father). During the past 200 years the two centers of numismatic activity in China were Beijing and the Shanghai-Suchow area. Publishing biographies of collectors is a fairly new development in Chinese numismatics. Since the 1990's accounts of famous collectors have been published in the journal, Soochow Numismatics (Suzhou Qianbi). Earlier still, in his 1938 "Encyclopedia of Ancient

6) Ch'en Jen-t'ao also known as J. D. Chen (Chen Rentao) (1906-1968) 7) Chang Chiung-po also known as K. P. Chang (Zhang Jiongbo) (1885-1969) 8) Cheng Chia-hsiang (Zheng Jiaxiang) (1889-1962) 9) Wang Yin-chia (Wang Yinjia) (1892-1949) 10) Chiang Po-hsun (Jiang Boxun) (1894-1965) 11) Li Yin-hsuan (Li Yinxuan) (1911-1966?) 12) Wang Hsi-hsien (Wang Xixian) (1903? - 1949) 13) Tai Pao-t'ing (Dao Baoting) (1895-1976) 14) Shen Tzu-ch'a (Shen Zicha) (1881-1969) 15) Sun Ting (Sun Ding) (1908-1977) 16) Yang Ch'eng-ch'i (Yang Chengqi) (1916-1988) 17) Li Wei-hsien (Li Weixian) (1892-1972) 18) Wang K'ang-yuan (Wang Kangyuan) (1906-1966?) 19) Chang Huang also known as H. Chang (Zhang Huang) (1909-1984)

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 20) Eduard Kann also known as E. Kann and Keng Ai-

21) Ch'ien Chia-chu (Qian Jiaju) (1909-1991)

te (Geng Aide) (1880-1962)

22) Ma Ting-hsiang (Ma Dingxiang) (1916-1991)

Concise Catalogue of Modern Chinese Copper Coins Concise Catalogue of Modern Chinese Copper Coins by Zhou Qinyuan and Li Pingwen, Shanghai 2012, 304 pages, color photos. Chinese text. ISBN 9787547812136 soft cover handbook size. Yet another full color catalog of Chinese machine struck copper coins. This field was long neglected by Chinese collectors, but during the past decade has become very popular. This catalog records and prices types and some varieties of copper coins, including patterns and off metal strikes, from imperial and republican times. Arranged by province, with imperial general issue coins listed under "Hubu" and republican general issue coins in a separate section near the end. Includes coins of Tibet, Sinkiang, Manchukuo and other puppet issues, and communist local coinage of the 1930's. Priced in renminbi in up to four grades. Reference numbers consist of a two or three letter abbreviation for each province or category followed by a number. Records nearly 1600 coins. Not as comprehensive as the Duan catalog, but easier to use.

Shaanxi Sycees The first work on sycee that I am aware of is "Sycee Silver" by Phares O. Sigler, a small monograph published by the American Numismatic Society in 1943. This work contains a modest 37 pages plus six photographic plates recording only 24 ingots, but most of the basic types. The next two catalogs were both published in Taiwan in 1988: "Chinese Sycees" by Jang Huey-shinn, and "1000 Varieties of Chinese Sycees: The Collection of Su Yin Tang" by H. P. Chen. The latter is strictly a catalog, but the work by Jang has more historical background for the different types of sycee. The most comprehensive catalog so far is "A Catalogue of Sycee in the British Museum" by Joe Cribb (London 1992). Since 1989 several books have been published in China on the subject, the latest being Li Jiong's work of the sycee of Shaanxi (old spelling Shensi) province. This new work records 602 sycee, mostly from Shensi, plus a few from Kansu and Sinkiang. The book contains great photographs of many kinds of sycee used in the province, plus two fold out maps showing where the different kinds were used. The introduction has photographs showing how sycee are made and inscribed. Also in the front are enhanced rubbings of Shaanxi Sycees by Li Jiong, Xi'an 2015, 260 pages, color photos,

typical inscriptions, which makes the reading clearer. Li Jiong,

1,000 copies printed. Chinese text. ISBN 9787551810104 hard

a native of Shensi province, was born in 1959. He entered the

cover

army in 1978. During 1981-1983 he was a student at Sian Army Academy. He began work on this book in 2005.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 Banknotes of British Malaya the London coin firm, Spink, titled:" The Connoisseur Series". The book received the 2012 Book of the Year Award from the International Bank Note Society. Written and designed byLim Jit Soun, Barnaby Faull, Philip Skingley, Frederick Yow, and of course, Frank Goon. This second edition has been expanded by 70 pages beyond the first edition. Cataloged here in full color are 19th and 20th century notes from the Straits Settlements, Malaya, British North Borneo, Sarawak, Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Government issued notes and Japanese occupation notes are recorded, as well as many 19th century bank issues for the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London & China (Malacca, Penang and Singapore); Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China (Kuala Lumpur, Thaiping, Singapore); North Western Bank of India (Singapore); Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank (Singapore)Oriental Bank Corporation(Singapore); and the New Oriental Bank Corporation (Singapore). In addition private scrip notes are Banknotes of British Malaya by Frank Goon, London 2015 (second edition), 486 pages, color photos. English text. ISBN 9781907427473 hard cover

listed from the Constantinople Estate; Sungei Buloh Settlement; Darvel Bay Tobacco Plantation; British North Borneo Company; and the Nissan Estate. Frank S. K. Goon, a real estate developer in Malaysia and

This beautiful and lavish book, a catalog of Frank Goon's collection, is the first in a series of such catalogs published by

Singapore, is CEO of Berinda Properties, and an award winning advocate for green technology.

Currency Lord: China's Modern Gold and Silver Commemorative Coins

Currency Lord: China's Modern Gold and Silver Commemorative Coins by Zhang Xiangjun and Ma Delun, editors, Beijing 2009, 336 pages, color illustrations, Chinese text. ISBN 9787504951861 soft cover A year by year account of China's gold and silver commemorative coins from 1979 through 2008 and the development of the precious metal coin market in China. This is not a catalog and only some of the coins are illustrated most with artist's drawings rather than actual photographs. There are no reference numbers, no prices and only scattered mintage figures.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門 China's Recent Precious Metal Coins: Volume 5 China's Recent Precious Metal Coins: Volume 5 20082014 edited by Wang Shihong, Beijing 2016, 410 pages, color illustrations, Chinese text. ISBN 9787500098942 hardcover

The fifth volume in this set has been released. Like the previous volumes, this is a detailed account, year by year and set by set of the precious metal coins issued by China during the years 2008 through 2014. Recorded here are the weights and measures of each coin, the mints, names of the engravers or designers, and mintage limits. It should be noted that most of the illustrations are artist's drawings and not photographs of the actual coins. Previous volumes of this set were reviewed in JEAN 2016 #1 and 2016 #3. There is also a companion book titled:"The Theory and Practice of Contemporary Precious Metal Coins in China" by Zhao Yansheng.

Illustrated Catalog of Taiwan Paper Money

Illustrated Catalog of Taiwan Paper Money by Yang Jung-yi and Wang Tung-hai, Taipei 2016, 319 pages, color photos. Chinese text. Hard cover.

This is an expanded edition of the 1985 work by the same title and the same authors. This edition, however, is illustrated with full size, full color photographs. Covers all the notes and varieties issued by the Bank of Taiwan under Chinese control (1949-1999), and all the notes issued by the Central Bank of China since 2000, plus notes of the off shore islands of Matsu, Quemoy, and Tachen. The first section records notes denominated in old Taiwan currency (1946-1949). Following this the main body of the book records notes issued after the 1950's currency reform, arranged by denomination. The book concludes with notes overprinted for the off shore islands. All the notes have both sides pictured and are priced in Taiwan currency (NT$). Unfortunately the reference numbers given in the original edition have been eliminated.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門

錢幣書籍推介史博祿（美國）

《中國近代鑄幣（1866-1949）——來自西方檔案的印證》國幣圖說匯考》兩本書時的主要參考資料，但耿愛德所使用的是十年一度的海關報告，這些報告總結性地記錄了十年間中國海關所發生的事件。而懷特使用的是海關的年度報告，內容較前者也為詳盡和具體。儘管耿愛德的目錄中記載過一些中國錢幣鑄造的資料，但作者本人卻對這些資料的準確性持懷疑態度。這些資料既不是特別詳細，也缺少關於銅幣的相關信息。懷特是首個嘗試搜集中國所有造幣廠年鑄幣量詳細信息的人，他的信息來源也比耿愛德的資料來的更為廣泛，因此得到的資料也更加的完整和全面。但應該注意的一點是，這些資料有的是懷特自行估算出來的。一般來說，中國的造幣廠沒有將鑄造資料記錄出版的習慣，我們現在所得到的數字大多都是當時的中國海關官員、英美領事館工作人員、新聞工作者以及民國年間經濟研究學者造訪造幣廠的結果。另外一些更為重要的文章如：《1888 年的寶津局鑄幣和 Greenwood and Batley 鑄造廠的關係》，考證了第一个北洋造幣廠的起源問題；《1906 湖南銅元局相關資料》一文，

《中國近代鑄幣（1866-1949）——來自西方檔案的印證》，理查 N.J. 懷特，斯賓客父子有限公司，倫敦，2012，308 頁，黑白圖片，英文。ISBN 9781907427206 本書或許是近五十年來最重要的一本關於中國機製幣發展史的著作。書中收錄了懷特 1974 年到 2003 年發表的文章，共計 38 篇，其中一篇關於 1926 年馮玉祥五原誓師錢幣（耿愛德的目錄中未提及此幣）的文章，此前並未刊載過。作者在這篇文章裡表示這枚幣的實際鑄造時間應為 1928 或 1929 年。這些文章涉及內容廣泛，均曾刊載于英、美兩國的一些雜誌上。懷特最重要的三篇文章——《有关大清帝国機製幣起源的新资料》（1974）、《1888-1949 中國各省鑄銀元概況》（1976）以及《1912-1928 中國銀幣鑄造概況》（1978），都是《錢幣學年鑒》（英國）曾經發表過的作品。前兩篇文章介紹了關於大清時期錢幣的內容，最後一篇則涉及了民國時期的錢幣。除英國伯明翰喜敦造幣廠的相關記錄及參考資料外，懷特在寫這些文章的時候還參考了包括中英雙語報刊、英國使館及外交部報告、英美造幣廠報告以及中國海關年度報告等新的關於中國錢幣的資料文獻。中國海關報告是愛德華・耿愛德在編纂《中國機製幣史》（1938）及《中

證明了在長沙實際曾經存在過三家造幣廠，而這個結論也與造幣廠出產的三種類型的銅幣相一致；《東三省造 20 文銀幣》以及《東三省造 20 文銀幣的鑄造時間》兩篇文章論證了多數據稱是鑄造於清代的貳角錢幣的實際鑄造年代應為民國，另外還介紹了一種判定這些錢幣年代的方法；《雲南省民國銀幣的貶值》一文推斷出沒有英文銘文的雲南龍幣實際鑄造於民國，且各個時期均有出產。書中收錄的其他文章還有：《英國皇家造幣廠和伯明翰造幣廠的中國幣模》《1897-1929的江南銀元局》《天津機械鑄幣沿革》《1910年的中國錢幣和維也納造幣廠》，以及探討了存在于上海的南京造幣分廠的《1905年上海江南製造總局鑄幣情況》一文。不過後來的調查表明，雖然當時一切計劃就緒——準備了廠房，購入了銅材，就連機器也從英國訂好了，但這家造幣廠卻最終未能成立起來。原本準備的銅材和機器也被運到了南京造幣廠進行擴大再生產。本書結尾處還有五篇附錄，包括：《耆英號帆船紀念章》《1893-1909臺灣、福建鑄幣的一些說明》，以及《銅元鑄幣廠概況》（介紹了一家鮮為人知的清江浦小造幣廠在成立和運營過程中發生的瑣事）。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門理查·懷特生於 1931 年，1944 年加入皇家海軍，曾在

以來對海軍歷史的熱忱和調查，懷特於 2000 年在倫敦出版

遠東五艘不同的艦船上服役過。1960 年，懷特在香港購入

了《蒸汽時代的中國海軍》一書，全書共計 208 頁，並附有

了一些中國古錢，從此便開始了自己的收藏生涯。1970 年，

大量插圖。懷特現和妻子居住在英國漢普郡，其中國錢幣藏

他以海軍少校的身份從海軍退役，之後成為了一名外交信

品曾於 2009 年 4 月份在鮑德溫 - 馬德和香港拍賣會上進行

使，這個工作使他得以經常到訪香港和北京。憑藉自己多年

出售。

《泉壇往事——近現代錢幣收藏大家掠影》之前）和 20 世紀錢幣藏家的生平傳記。1940 年亞瑟·B. 庫爾所著的《遠東錢幣學家傳記》中也曾記載了一些中國及西方錢幣藏家的生平簡介。1967 年的修訂版中又收錄了大量中國、日本及西方近代錢幣藏家的照片。馬傳德書中記載的錢幣藏家包括： 1．丁福保 (1874-1952) 2．張叔馴 (1899-1948) 3．方藥雨 (1869-1955) 4．羅伯昭（羅沐園） (1899-1976) 5．張季量 (1887-1957) 6．陳仁濤（J.D. 陳） (1906-1968) 7．張絅伯（K. P. 張 ) (1885-1969) 8．鄭家相 (1889-1962) 9．王蔭嘉 (1892-1949) 10．蔣伯壎 (1894-1965) 馬傳德著，2016 年出版於上海，共 394 頁，附照片與拓本，中文，平裝。ISBN 9787543972124 本書為 20 世紀 22 位中國錢幣收藏大家和錢幣作家的傳記合集。書中收錄了眾位名家的照片及其最知名錢幣藏品的圖片。其中多數藏家都在上海生活過且均曾與馬定祥（作者的父親）共過事。在過去的 200 年間，中國的錢幣活動主要集中於北京和上海 - 徐州兩大中心。出版錢幣藏家的傳記是中國錢幣界一個全新的發展潮流。從 90 年代開始，知名錢幣大家的傳記逸事開始相繼在《蘇州錢幣》雜誌上發表。更早的時候，丁福保所著、1938 出版的《古錢大辭典》一書中就曾有兩個章節分別收錄了早期錢幣藏家（1900 年

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

11．李蔭軒 (1911-1966?) 12．王希賢 (1903? - 1949) 13．戴葆庭 (1895-1976) 14．沈子槎 (1881-1969) 15．孫鼎 (1908-1977) 16．楊成麒 (1916-1988) 17．李偉先 (1892-1972) 18．王亢元 (1906-1966?) 19．張璜（H. 張）(1909-1984) 20．耿愛德 (1880-1962) 21．千家駒 (1909-1991) 22．馬定祥 (1916-1991)

Departments 部門《中國機製銅元目錄》《中國機製銅元目錄》，周沁園、李平文，上海，2012，304 頁，彩色插圖，中文，軟皮封面，口袋書。ISBN 9787547812136

另一本中國機製銅元全彩圖錄。銅元，這一長期為中國收藏界忽視的領域在近十年裡開始逐漸升溫。本目錄中收錄了多種機製銅元（包括清代及民國時期的樣幣和銀幣銅樣），並為之標注了價格。作者按照省份將銅元進行分類整理，“戶部篇”一章中收錄了清代發行的一般銅幣，書本結尾處的“民國篇”則將民國時期的一般性銅元分為不同章節逐一進行介紹。除以上提及的內容外，本書還收錄了西藏、新疆、滿洲和其他傀儡政權以及 20 世紀 30 年代蘇維埃政權發行的銅幣。每枚錢幣下面還按照等級（至多 4 個等級）標示了價格（人民幣）。錢幣的參考編號是由錢幣鑄造省份的字母縮寫（兩個或三個字母）或種類和數位組合而成。書中一共羅列了近 1600 枚銅元，雖內容不及段洪剛的銅元目錄全面，但卻較段書更為簡潔易懂。

《陝西銀錠》我接觸到第一本關於中國元寶的著作是菲爾斯·西格勒所著、美國錢幣協會於 1943 年出版的名為《銀錠》的小冊子。全書只有 37 頁，另附有 6 張的相片底版。這些相片僅僅記錄了 24 種銀錠，其中大多數都是一些比較常見的類型。 1988 年在臺灣出版的另外兩本關於銀錠的著作分別是張惠信所著的《中國銀錠》以及陳鴻彬所著的《樹蔭堂收藏元寶千種圖錄》。後一本嚴格上來說是一本銀錠目錄，而張惠信的書裡卻收錄了更多對不同銀錠的歷史背景介紹。迄今關於中國銀錠最為全面的一本目錄是喬·克力布編寫的《大英博物館所藏中國元寶目錄》一書（1992，倫敦）。自 1989 年起，中國又陸續出版了數本關於這方面的書籍；2015 年 7 月正式出版的這本《陝西銀錠》介紹了中國陝西省使用和流通過的銀錠，作者為李炯。這本銀錠目錄共收錄了 602 種銀錠，其中多為陝西省所鑄，另外還有一些甘肅及新疆地區的銀錠。書中收錄了大量陝西銀錠的圖片，另附有兩張折疊地圖標明了這些銀錠的使用地區和範圍。前言部分的圖片介紹了銀錠的製作和銘文的刻印過程，書本前面的典型銘文拓片讓閱讀變得更為簡潔《陝西銀錠》，李炯，西安，2015，260 頁，彩色插圖，印數 1000 本，中文，硬皮封面。ISBN 9787551810104

方便。作者李炯是陝西本地人，生於 1959 年，1978 年參軍， 1981-1983 年期間進入西安陸軍學院學習，2005 年開始了本書的編纂工作。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門《英屬馬來亞紙幣》（第二版）本書為弗蘭克·古恩的藏品目錄，內容翔實，印刷精美，是倫敦斯賓克錢幣公司出版的《收藏家系列目錄》中的第一本。該書曾獲得 2012 年國際銀行本票協會頒發的“年度最佳書籍”大獎。由 Lim Jit Soun、巴納比·福爾、菲力浦·金斯利、弗雷德里克·尤以及弗蘭克·古恩負責編寫設計。第二版在第一版的基礎上增添了 70 頁的新內容。該目錄為全彩印刷，內容包括：19 及 20 世紀英屬海峽殖民地、馬來亞、英屬北婆羅洲、沙撈越、汶萊、馬來西亞、新加坡等地發行的紙幣；官方發行的紙幣和日占區紙幣； 19 世紀印度倫敦中國三處匯理銀行（麻六甲、檳城和新加坡）、印度新金山中國匯理銀行（吉隆玻、太平和新加坡）、香港上海滙豐銀行（新加坡）、麗如銀行（新加坡）、新麗如銀行（新加坡）等銀行發行的貨幣；以及君士坦丁堡園丘、雙溪布洛殖民地、達衛灣煙草種植園、英屬北婆羅洲公司、尼桑莊園等地發行的私人代幣。

弗蘭克·古恩著，2015 年出版於倫敦，共 486 頁，彩圖，英文，硬皮封面。ISBN 9781907427473

弗蘭克·S.K. 古恩是馬來西亞及新加坡的一位房地產開發商，他是 Berinda 地產公司的 CEO，還曾因提倡使用綠色能源獲得過表彰。

《貨幣貴族——中國現代金銀紀念幣》

張向軍、馬德倫合著，2009 年出版於北京，共 336 頁，彩色插圖，中文，軟皮封面。ISBN 9787504951861

本書記錄了從 1979 年到 2008 年曆年的中國金銀紀念幣及中國貴金屬幣市場的發展歷程。但該書並非錢幣目錄，書中只收錄了一些錢幣的插圖——而且其中大多都是錢幣圖稿而非實物照片。書中既無參考編號也無錢幣價格，只是零星記載了一些鑄造量的資料。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Departments 部門《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析第 5 冊（2008-2014）》

王世宏主編，2016 年出版於北京，共 410 頁，彩色插圖，中文，硬皮封面。ISBN 9787500098942

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》系列的第 5 冊已經發行出版。本書內容翔實，以年代為順序，成套介紹了 2008 年到 2014 年發行的中國貴金屬幣。書中收錄了每枚錢幣的重量、相關數值、造幣廠、設計和雕刻師的姓名以及鑄造量等相關資訊。需要注意的是，書中大多數圖片均為設計圖稿而非實物圖片。本系列前幾冊書籍的相關資訊可在 2016 年第 1 期和第 3 期的《東亞泉志》上查閱到。本書的另一本相關書籍為趙燕生所著的《中國現代貴金屬幣的理論與實踐》。

《臺鈔圖錄漫譚》

《臺鈔圖錄漫譚》，楊荣一、王冬海合著，2016 年出版於臺北， 319 頁，彩圖，中文，硬皮封面本書是 1985 年王、楊二人所著同名書籍的擴充版，附有全尺寸的全彩插圖，內容涵蓋了中國所屬臺灣銀行發行的全部紙幣及票券（1949-1999 年）、2000 年之後中國（臺灣）中央銀行發行的所有紙幣以及媽祖、金門及大陳等離岸島的紙幣。書本的第一部分收錄了以舊台幣（1946-1949 年）標示面值的紙幣。接下來的一章是本書的主體內容，着重介紹了 20 世紀 50 年代貨幣改革之後發行的紙鈔，並按面值進行排序。最後一部分則收錄了為離岸島嶼所加印的紙幣。所有紙鈔均附有正反兩面的照片，並且用新臺幣標注出了價格。但這一新的擴充版卻刪掉了原版書中的參考編號，這實在是有些遺憾。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW

Zhang Peilin Discusses Chinese Copper Coin Collecting Yuan Shuiqing (Xi’an)

Zhang Peilin, born in 1952 in Linyi (Shanxi Province), is a retired cadre from the logistics department of the Shenyang Military Area People’s Liberation Army and a member of China Numismatic Society and Liaoning Numismatic Society Council (Pic.1). He was named one of the first “Liaoning Coin Collectors” in 1992 and has published over 50 articles and several books, like Modern Chinese Copper Coins (coauthored with Wu Zhenqiang and Wang Shoufang, published in September, 1991) and Exploration and Collection of Copper Coins (published in August 2015) (Pic.2). In mid-July 2016, I interviewed Zhang Peilin on copper coin collecting and summarized his answers as follows. 1.Mr Zhang, copper coins appeared in the late Qing dynasty and circulated for only half a century. But due to their diversity, there are still many questions about copper coins that need to be answered and new types to be found. As a pioneer with 30 years experience of collecting and studying copper coins, can you share your opinions about the current situation and opportunities of copper coin collecting and research with us? Zhang Peilin: Copper coin research has been going very well in recent years. When I started to collect copper coins, I was the youngest among collectors and most like-minded friends I exchanged materials and discussed coins with were elders working in museums or financial institutions. But things are quite different now. Young people are becoming the main force of copper coin collecting and the studying atmosphere is very good. Many research results, like books of this field, can prove this. From 1991, the year when I published Modern Chinese Copper Coins, to 2000 (about 10 years), books about copper coins could hardly be found on the market. One exception was Categories of Modern Chinese Copper Coins, which had Wu Rong’s research results, published by his descendants. The participation of young people after 2000, especially highly educated young scholars, brought vitality to copper coin research. Significant research results have been achieved after that. Books like Research of the Forms of Ancient Chinese

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Pic. 1 A recent photo of Zhang Peilin, taken on July 12, 2016 in his office

Pic. 2 Zhang Peilin’s books

Ten Cash Copper Cashes edited by the Guangxi Numismatic Society; The Minted Ten Cash Coins of China translated by Qian Yu and Qian Lu; The Comprehensive Catalog of Chinese Copper Coins and Illustration of Chinese Copper Coins written by Duan Honggang; Appreciation of Chinese Copper Coins by Zheng Renjie from Taiwan; Pictures of Chinese Copper Coins written by Li Xiaoping; Versions of Chinese Copper Coins edited by Dai Xiaobo; Concise Catalog of Chinese Copper Coins by Zhou Qinyuan and Li Pingwen; and, Copper Coins in Modern China co-authored by He Daishui and Zhou Qinyuan, are all academic and informative works of high quality.

Features 專題 2. We all know that it’s not easy to become a well-known copper coin master. A collector should keep improving the grade of his collection and discovering new things. How would you evaluate your own collection? And can you tell us, how did you find the 1901 Kirin Kuang Hsu Tong Bao 100 cash copper coin? Zhang Peilin: Just as the great Chinese numismatist Zhang Jiongbo had said: Learning always starts from fun, then to interest, then to research and then goes back to learning again. This accurately describes my experiences of copper coin collecting and research. Like many other collectors, I have long been interested in Chinese traditional culture and ancient coins. At the beginning, I wanted to buy everything I saw, ancient coins, banknotes and machine-made coins, on the numismatic market. But soon, I found I couldn’t afford to buy them all. After asking some elder scholars and some self analysis, I finally realized I had to narrow the range of my research if I wanted to make a break-through, as one’s energy and property were limited, especially wage earners like me. For this reason, I decided to focus on collecting and studying modern Chinese copper coins. You can imagine how difficult it had to be for workers like me to collect coins. I don’t have a rich collection but I have just done a bit of research on Chinese copper coins. I would be happy if I can provide my experience and materials to other collectors. I am rather satisfied with my discovery of the 1901 Kirin 100 cash, short for 1901 Kirin Kuang Hsu Tong Bao 100 cash copper coin (Pic.3). This coin can be regarded as an important new member of the Chinese copper coin family. 3. Shi Xinbiao once published an article, “Ten Rarest Copper Coins” in China Numismatics (volume 3, 1988). Champion Auction also did some research on the 20 finest and rarest copper coins during the 12th Chinese Copper Coin Seminar in September 2015. Which coins do you think can be included in the list of “Top 20 Rarest Copper Coins”? Zhang Peilin: The ranking of copper coins started many years ago. Shi Xinbiao’s “Ten Rarest Copper Coins” in China Numismatics was one of the earliest articles about copper coin selection. Then, lists like “Top 20 Rare Coins” and “The 50 Rarest Copper Coins” appeared one after another.

Pic. 3 1901 Kirin 100 cash, 38.2mm in diameter

I think it’s necessary to rank copper coins, although lists of 10, 20 or 50 rarest can hardly cover all rare copper coins. The ranking should be based on some objective standards like date, denomination, diameter, weight, quantity, historical role and popularity, instead of on subjective impressions. Coins should be ranked by piece. The Szechuen 30 cash was named the No. 1 copper coin by Champion Auction. Does this mean the two types of Szechuen 30 cash, the water dragon and the flying dragon, tie for the first place? The third prize was also won by two coins. And what about the series 1909 center “Bian”, or the 1906 center “Ning”, and the “Founding of the Republic of China” commemorative copper coins? Were they selected by set or individually? It is more reasonable to select by piece. The Szechuen 30 cash is regarded as the rarest and the most important copper coin on most lists. Actually, this coin can hardly be selected as the best according to its date, denomination, diameter, weight or quantity. Any 1901 Kirin copper coin can be rarer than this coin. Thus it can only be regarded as the “prince of copper coins” not the “king of copper coin”. I am not saying that merely because I have a 1901 Kirin 100 cash. I just can’t understand why 1901 Kirin 20 and 50 cash coins can be found on some lists while the 100 cash was left out. The 1901 Kirin 100 cash is the real “king of copper coins”. This unique coin is the earliest copper coin (minted in 1901) with the largest denomination (100 cash), the largest diameter, (38.2 mm), and the heaviest weight (31.1 grams or about one tael). Can you name another coin rarer than this one? The only problem is its condition. But as no more another similar coin has ever been found, this coin is the worst and also the best. So if you want to make a list, I advise you to select “the King of Copper Coins”, “the 10 Princes of Copper Coins”, and “the 50 Rarest Copper Coins”.

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Features 專題 4. Only by distinguishing and comparing different versions of copper coins can collectors make new achievements in research. Thus it’s necessary to maintain basic knowledge in this area. Can you tell us how to classify copper coins? Zhang Peilin: I focus on studying Chinese copper coins (Pic. 4). I think the diversity and complexity of Chinese copper coins are incomparable in the world. But we can still follow some rules to classify them. Chinese copper coins can be classified in three ways. (1) According to the materials used. Here, there are four types of copper coins. The first type is made of red copper (50% copper, 40% lead and 10% tin); the second is made of brass, yellow (60% brass, 40% zinc); the third is made of bronze, mainly bronze-lead alloy; the last type is made of copper-nickel alloy (60% copper, 40% nickel). (2) According to their different inscriptions and images. Inscriptions of copper coins, Chinese or English, are of different sizes (large or small) and located at different places. Some Chinese characters have several forms (like the character Bao has two forms, Er Bao and Fou Bao). There are raised and engraved inscriptions in the center (obverse) of Tai Ching copper coins. Styles of Chinese characters are different too. Some are regular script and others are official script. Images and designs are more complicated. The Dragon image, for example, has dozens of different types. (3) Based on monetary units. Here, copper coins can be divided into six kinds: the cash (500 cash, 200 cash, 100 cash, 50 cash, 30 cash, 20 cash, 10 cash, 2 cash, and 1 cash); the sen (5 sen, 2 sen, and 1 sen); the cent (5 cents, 2 cents, 1 cent, half cent and 5 li); the piece (100 pieces, 50 pieces, 20 pieces, 10 pieces) and others connecting with silver coins, like “silver 1 cent and 5 li” and “equals half-cent silver coin”. This phenomenon, that there are so many different units of copper coins in China, is unique in the world history of numismatics. 5. How would we classify Chinese copper coins based on their shapes or minting purpose? Zhang Peilin: These can mainly be classified into six types: (1) Machine-made square-hole copper coins. These coins appeared when traditional Chinese coins transformed to machine-made coins. Almost all of these, except for the

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Pic. 4 A picture of Zhang Peilin taken in 1995 and had been published on China Youth Daily, Jie Fang Jun Bao and Qian Jin Bao with his research results

Pic. 5 Kwangtung Kuang Hsu Zhong Bao 10 cash (square hole), 28mm in diameter

Pic. 6 Kiangnan Tian Zi Wan Nian 10 cash (square hole), 38mm in diameter

Fung Tien 10 cash copper coin (weighing 2 mace and 4 candareens), are extremely rare. This includes the Kwangtung Kuang Hsu Zhong Bao 10 cash (Pic.5), the Kiangnan Tian Zi Wan Nian 10 cash (Pic.6) and the Anhwei Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao square-hole 10 cash (Pic.7). (2) Circulating coins issued or recognized by the various governments. This includes Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao, Tai Ching

Features 專題 copper coin and other coins issued by China Republican governments and other local governments, of which there a large number. (3) Copper coins issued by private businesses, foreign organizations, and local governments. All are rare, except for the Tian Shui coin, the Szechuen low quality copper coinage, and the Korean 5 fun coins overstruck as 10 cash. (4) Commemorative copper coins and medals (Pic.8 and Pic.9).

Pic. 7 Anhwei Kaung Hsu Yuan Bao square-hole 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

(5) Tokens and counters. (6) Patterns and mint sports. Nickel patterns, copper patterns of brass coins (Pic.10), and brass patterns of copper coins are numerous. Gold plated and silver plated patterns are rare while patterns with the engraver’s name are extremely rare. These rare patterns have a significant research value and should be the focus of study. Copper coins only known as patterns are much rarer.

Pic. 8 Kiangnan Kaung Hsu Yuan Bao 10 cash with noncorresponding English inscriptions, 28mm in diameter

6. How many phases has Chinese copper coinage gone through? Zhang Peilin: About six phases in general. The first phase is the period of machine-made square-hole 10 cash coins, from 1889 to 1902. Representative coins include the Kwangtung Kuang Hsu 10 cash, the Kiangnan “Tian Zi Wan Nian” 10 cash, the Anhwei Kuang Hsu 10 cash copper coin (square hole), the Fengtien Kuang Hsu square-hole 10 cash copper coin (Pic.11) and others. As the product of the transition period, those coins have characteristics of both traditional coins and modern copper coins. The second is the Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao period, from 1900 to 1904. Coins were inscribed with four characters, “Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao”. Coins produced by central mint have two-character inscription, “Hu Poo” on the obverse (Pic.12) while other local coins were engraved with names of provinces and places at the top or on left and right sides of the obverse (Pic.13). The third phase is the Tai Ching copper coin period, from 1905 to 1911. Most coins were inscribed with “Tai Ching Ti Kuo Copper Coin”. Coins made by the central mint have the two characters “Hu Poo” and the date (heavenly stems and earthly branches) on left and rights sides of the obverse. The inscription “Hu Poo” was removed from

Pic. 9 Szechuen 100 cash converted from Hunan 20 cash, 32mm in diameter

Pic. 10 Hunan 10 cash brass coin (copper pattern), 28mm in diameter

Pic. 11 Fengtien Kuang Hsu Tong Bao square-hole 10 cash copper coin

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Features 專題

Pic. 12 Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao Hu Poo 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

Pic. 13 Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao Pei Yang 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

Pic. 14 1909 Tai Ching 10 cash copper coin, 28mm in diameter

Pic. 15 Sinkiang Xuan Tong Yuan Bao 10 cash, 34mm in diameter

Pic. 16 Kashgar Hong Xian 10 cash copper coin, 33mm in diameter

Pic. 17 1924 “the Republic of China copper coin” produced in Hebei, 32mm in diameter

coins made later (Pic.14). Local mints inscribed names of provinces (one character) in the center of the obverse. While most of these inscriptions were engraved, some were raised. The dragon image (also known as the Bu Ban dragon and Tai Ching dragon) on the reverse of every coin was made by master dies distributed by Hu Poo, the Ministry of Revenue. Reverse inscriptions on early Tai Ching coins were “Guang Xu Nian Zao” (produced in the period of Emperor Guang Xu). Later coins made in the period of Xuan Tong were inscribed with “Xuan Tong Nian Zao” except for one unique Sinkiang coin with the inscription of “Xuan Tong Yuan Bao” in the center of its obverse (Pic.15). The fourth phase is the early Republic China period, from 1912 to 1928. Copper coins of this period include the “Founding of the Republic of China” commemorative coin, the Republic of China commemorative coin, the Hong Xian

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copper coin minted in Sinkiang (Pic.16), the Republic of China copper coin produced in Shanxi and Hebei (Pic.17) and other local coins inscribed with names of provinces. New copper coins mixed and circulated with old ones, which worsened the circulation of copper coinage.

The fifth phase is the mid-term of Republic China period, from 1929 to 1935. It was the most chaotic period of Chinese copper coinage. Coins of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China circulated together (Pic.18) while large denomination coins, from 50 cash to 200 cash, circulated in several areas including most of Sichuan province and parts of Hubei and Henan. In addition, the Communist Party of China issued copper coins in revolutionary base areas (Pic.19) while areas controlled by Japanese and the pro-Japanese regime also had their own copper coins (Pic.20).

Features 專題 The last phase is the later period of the Republic of China, from 1936 to 1949. The KMT government unified currency, controlled financial markets, and issued money (mostly banknotes) during this time. Copper minor coins issued at that time were mainly 1-cent coins with images of the KMT party emblem and a spade coin. These were gradually replaced by nickel minor coins. Local copper minor coins circulated for a very short time in Guizhou and Suiyuan before the founding of People’s Republic of China (Pic.21). 7. We all know erroneous versions of coins are products of design and plate engraving mistakes, while “unqualified” coins are made in the production process. Can you introduce some erroneous versions and “unqualified” Chinese copper coins to us? Zhang Peilin: Inscriptions on Chinese copper coins include Chinese, Manchurian, and English languages. Erroneous versions in the Chinese inscriptions only appeared on coins of the Republic of China minted in Sinkiang, such as the Kashgar 10 cash (Pic.22). Most of these coins were privately and crudely minted. More mistakes can be found in Manchurian and English inscriptions, such as the Manchurian “Bao Fu” in the center of the Szechuen province Kuang Hsu copper coin (Pic.23); the inverted “A” (looks like “V”) and the denomination “One Sen” in English on the reverse and “10 cash” in Chinese on the obverse of the Anhwei Kuang Hsu 10 cash copper coin (Pic.24); the inverted “U” on the Hunan Kuang Hsu 10 cash; and, the “Lrovince” error on the unique

Pic. 20 1933 puppet Manchukuo 5 li copper coin, 21mm in diameter

Pic. 21 1949 Kweichow half cent copper coin, 37mm in diameter

Pic. 22 Kashgar 10 cash (private), 32mm in diameter

Pic. 18 1926 character “Chuan” 100 cash copper coin, 28mm in diameter

Pic. 23 Szechuen Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao 20 cash, 32mm in diameter

Pic. 19 Chinese Soviet Republic 1 cent, 18mm in diameter

Pic. 24 Anhwei Kuang Hsu 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

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Features 專題 Kuang Hsu 7 mace and 2 candareens copper coin (Pic.25-1 & Pic.25-2). These mistakes could be the result of designers and plate engravers unfamiliarity with the Manchurian and English languages. There are four types of “unqualified” copper coins. The first is coinage with both raised and incused inscriptions, like the Hupeh Kuang Hsu 10 cash (Pic.26), which is the product of wrong impressing process. The second is coinage with mismatched faces caused by using wrong dies, such as the combination of Kiangnan obverse and Kiangsu reverse, or the 1907 Tai Ching Ti Kuo 10 cash reverse and Kiangnan dragon obverse (Pic.27). The third is fantasy coin, such as Kiangnan Kuang Hsu flying dragon 10 cash (Pic.28). Most of these coins have same designs on both sides and were deliberately minted by workers just for fun. The last is caused by problems of working dies. The 1929 one cent of northeastern provinces of China with a lightly impressed “ 三 ”(three) is a

Pic. 27 1907 Tai Ching Ti Kuo 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

good example (Pic.29-1 & Pic.29-2).

Pic. 28 Kiangnan Kuang Hsu flying dragon 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

Pic. 25 Wrong version of Kirin Kuang Hsu 7 mace and 2 candareens cooper pattern

Pic. 26 Hupeh Kuang Hsu 10 cash, 28mm in diameter

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Pic. 29-1 1929 one cent of northeastern provinces of China with a lightly impressed “ 三 ”(three), 23.5mm in diameter

Pic. 29-2 Part of the coin

Features 專題 8. Identification is an essential part of copper coin collecting. We have to pay attention to authenticity, date and place, version, rarity and value. Can you introduce the forgery methods that have been found so far? Zhang Peilin: I have identified four methods of making fake copper coins: re-engraving; coin casting under pressure; heating and impressing dies; and, impressing by machine. The first method is to overlay the same kind of copper material on a coin and then re-engrave it. Take the fake 1911 Tai Ching 10 cash for example. Forgers first covered copper on the inscription “10 cash” and then engraved “1 cent” on the copper layer. Some forgeries, like inscriptions of “Ping” and “Jin” on 1936 one cent copper coins with images of the KMT emblem and the spade coin (Pic.30), were forged using precision instruments and can only be identified under high magnification. The second way is to (sand) cast a die using a real coin and then use the die to produce fake coins. Workers have to apply heavy pressure to make vivid and delicate images and inscriptions on coins in the casting process. You will find small sand pits on the coin surface when using a magnifying glass. Inscriptions and images on fake coins are flat and lack a three-dimensional effect. The fake 1939 5 li copper coin of the Manchukuo Kangde puppet regime (Pic.31) and 1903 Fungtien Kuang Hsu 20 cash are all made by this method. The third method first appeared in the 1990s. Forgers would select some well-preserved thick 10 cash copper coins and then heat and impress them into fake large 10 cash patterns. Coins made in this way, like the fake Hupei Kuang Hsu 10 cash (Pic.32), all have rugged surfaces, flat inscriptions and images, and irregular edges or small cracks. The most significant feature is light weight. The last method is making dies with same images of real coins or some fantasy designs by machine. In recent years, forgers have started to make dies with computers. The “Hangzhou” fake copper coins (Pic.33 & Pic.34) seized in the 1980s were made in this way. Except for inscriptions and the flat dragon image, pearl ring, and edge, these coins are extremely exquisite and almost identical to real coins in design, material and weight. In the 1990s, some fake Fungtien 10 cash copper coins were found in Shenyang. Although exquisitely manufactured, these coins still have rough cuts and edges (Pic.35 & Pic.36), as well as inscriptions and designs lacking three-dimensional features. But some coins

Pic. 30 1936 1 cent copper coin (re-engraved fake coin) with images of the party emblem of KMT and spade coin

Pic. 31 Fake 1939 5 li copper coin of Japanese puppet regime of Manchukuo, 20mm in diameter

Pic. 32 Fake Hupei Kuang Hsu 10 cash

Pic. 33 Fake Kiangsu Kuang Hsu 20 cash copper coin, 33mm in diameter

Pic. 34 Fake Anhwei Kuang Hsu 20 cash, 33mm in diameter

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Features 專題 that had been re-produced, trimmed, polished and coated with a patina by forgers (Pic.37) were very deceptive and had fooled many experienced collectors. 9. How can we identify forged rare coins by sound and the color of the corrosion? Zhang Peilin: More than 60 varieties of fake copper coins were produced in the biggest incident of forgery at the end of last century. Most were copies of rare coins. As these forgeries were as exquisite as real coins, we should observe three principles in identification:

Pic. 36 Another fake Fungtien Kuang Hsu 10 cash copper coin, 33mm in diameter

(1) Images and inscriptions on fake coins are flat and lack three-dimensional features, as they were made with computer-engraved dies. The crudely-made fake Fungtien 4 cents brass coin (Pic.38) with flat inscriptions and rough edges is a good example. We also doubt the authenticity of the 1945 Kangde copper pattern due to the flat inscriptions and new patina. (2) As forgeries hadn’t circulated for a long time like genuine coins, their edges are usually sharp. But some coins, like the exquisite fake Fungtien 10 cash copper coin (Pic.39) and some reproduced coins (Pic.40) are very deceptive and should be carefully examined and identified. (3) Even forgeries that were made to look like ancient coins still have new red corrosion and unevenly distributed spots as they were newly produced. As to the color of the corrosion, most real copper coins have a natural dark red (not strong red or green) color that is soft, old and difficult to remove in hot or lye water. But red and green corrosion on fake coins is either applied chemically and burned or blackened by smoke, or coated with oil and wax to look like a “time-honored patina”. Such a patina is shiny and easy to remove in hot and lye water. The sound made by tapping real coins differs from that of fake ones. The sound given off when real coins are tapped is rich and pure, while that of newly produced forgeries is clear and harsh.

Pic. 35 Fake Fungtien Kuang Hsu 10 cash copper coin, 33mm in diameter

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Pic. 37 Re-produced fake Fungtien Kuang Hsu 10 cash, 33mm in diameter

Pic. 38 Fake Fengtien 4 cents brass coin

Pic. 39 Fake Fengtien 10 cash copper coin

Pic. 40 Another fake Fengtien 10 cash copper coin (reproduced)

Features 專題 10. Quantity, condition, popularity and demand are factors in determining the price of copper coins. Recently, more and more machine-made coins have appeared at international auctions due to investors’ growing interest. Their prices are rising too. Can you discuss the price performance of rare copper coins at auctions since 1994?

A Fungtien 1 mace and 4.4 candareens copper coin from Tracey Woodward’s old collection was sold for RMB 115,000.

Zhang Peilin: The price of copper coins reached record high prices in the past 10 to 20 years. Extremely rare copper coins and patterns were sold at surreal prices, which changed attitudes of the public towards Chinese copper coins. For example:

A 1912 Yuan Shikai 10 cash pattern with chocolate toning was sold for RMB 207,000 at the 2011 Beijing Hua Xia Copper Coin Auction.

The Anhwei Kuang Hsu square hole 10 cash was sold at the price of USD 5,800 (about RMB 46,000) at the Hong Kong Auction of Huang Wenyuan’s Relics in 1994. A 1936 Sun Yat-sen Kwangtung 1 Sen copper coin was sold for USD 6,300. A 1903 Fungtien copper coin was auctioned for USD 1,800, about 60 times higher than its estimated price, at the 1995 Hong Kong Taisei Auction. Three different examples of the Shandong Kuang Hsu nine-pointed star 10 cash copper coin were sold for RMB 60,000 in 1996. The king of Chinese copper coins, a pair of Szechwan Kuang Hsu 30 cash coins (the water dragon and the flying dragon) and a Kwanghsi Kuang Hsu 10 cash were sold for NTD 1,500,000 (about RMB 500,000). One of the most representative Chinese copper coins, a Szechwan Kuang Hsu flying dragon 30 cash copper coin, sold for RMB 3,063,600 at the 2010 Hong Kong Autumn Auction of Wa She Wang’s Collection, breaking the record of Chinese copper coins in the past decades. The Beijing Hua Xia Copper Coin Auction once sold a Tai Ching character “Zhi” 2 cash copper coin for RMB 504,000, and a Kwangtung five goats copper coin for RMB 302,400 in the spring of 2011. At the 2011 Shanghai Chong Yuan Auction, a Tai Ching Ti Kuo copper sample coin with a dragon image on the reverse, uncirculated and rare, was sold for RMB 270,000 and a Honan 10 cash brass pattern with a mirror-like surface, rare, and completely uncirculated, produced by a New Jersey

company, was sold for RMB 207,000.

A 1911 20 cash copper pattern from Norman Jacobs’s old collection, was auctioned for RMB 340,500.

A Kiangnan Yi Tong Wan Nian 10 cash was sold for RMB 220,000 at the 2012 China Guardian Spring Auction. 11. Besides writing professional books, you have also delved deeply into some special copper coins. Can you share your research results of these coins with us? Zhang Peilin: I have comprehensively studied Chinese copper coins and have made detailed analyses of some special versions. For example, when discovering the 1901 Kirin 100 cash copper coin, I researched a lot of material and concluded: there are three versions of the 1901 Kirin copper coins (20 cash, 50 cash and 100 cash). In addition, they imitated Tsarist Russian coins minted between February and December of 1901, and there were only trial strikes and not coins for circulation. According to historical materials, provinces and mints that produced Birth of the Republic of China copper coins in 1911 include the following mints: Wuchang Mint (Hubei), Nanjing Mint (Jiangsu), Anqing Mint (Anhui), Changsha Mint (Hunan), Kaifeng Mint (Henan) and Taiyuan Mint (Shanxi). I found one type of Birth of the Republic of China copper coin, with 10 different versions. Its denomination was expressed as “one piece”, 27.8 mm in diameter, 1.5mm in thickness, and made from slightly yellow copper (Pic.41). These coins, which shared similar features with Shanxi coins (with multiple impurities, coarse inscriptions and images), were actually made by Yan Xishan (Shanxi) when the Shanxi copper coin plant was founded in 1918. This coin appeared before the horizontal “Shan Xi” coin. There were few made, in bad condition, and they are rare. Another example is the Three Northeastern Provinces of China 1 cent coin. Although classified as local coin in Chinese numismatic history, this coin with its innovate

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Features 專題 design, exquisite workmanship and noble birth is a special flower of modern Chinese copper coins. I found these coins could be divided into two categories, traditional-character 1 cent and simplified-character 1 cent. The former (traditional character) can be further classified into the large-character version (Pic.42) and the small-character version (Pic.43). These were all trial strikes, unofficially issued, and fewer than 10 pieces are known to exist. The latter were officially minted and issued by Zhang Xueliang, with various reverse designs. These can be divided into two categories, flower and half flower; and five subcategories: whole flower with reeded edge (Pic.44); whole flower with beaded edge; half flower with beads (Pic.45); half flower without beads; and, large petals. There is also another kind of brass pattern that is extremely rare (Pic.46). Only two pieces are known to exist. One is in my collection, while the other was owned first by Akitomo Akira, then by Shi Chengyi, and then sold at the 2013 Shanghai Chong Yuan Spring Auction.

Pic. 41 (Shanxi) “Birth of the Republic of China” copper coin, 27mm in diameter

After studying the Harbin warship 1 cent, one of the rarest Chinese copper coins, I concluded the warship design on this coin was based on the “Dong Yi” barge, produced by the Harbin Shipyard (Pic.47 & Pic.48). Only three pieces of this Harbin 1 cent copper coin are known to exist. They are in the collections of He Daishui, the China National Museum, and the Shanghai Museum.

Pic. 42 1929 Northeastern Provinces of China largecharacter 1 cent, 23.5mm in diameter

12. Outstanding achievements have been made in Chinese copper coin research. Till now, more than 10 academic books about Chinese copper coin have been published. Scholars are focusing on in-depth research of real copper coins, the chronological founding order of Chinese mints, the scale of every mint, and versions and identification of copper coins. They have made great breakthroughs and achievements. In your opinion, which areas still need to be further studied?

Pic. 43 1929 Northeastern Provinces of China smallcharacter 1 cent, 23.5mm in diameter

Zhang Peilin: I think we should strengthen our research in four areas. The first would be machine-made coinage with square holes, including the Xiao Ping coin and the 10 cash large coin. These coins appeared when traditional coins evolved into machine-made coins and some of them, like the Kuang Hsu Tong Bao (Pic.49) and the Fungtien 10 cash copper coin (with square hole), are rare. As a transitional product between ancient coins and modern copper coins, machine-made coins have long been marginalized and thus ignored by scholars and researchers.

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Pic. 44 1929 Northeastern Provinces of China whole flower 1 cent, reeded edge, 23.5mm in diameter

Features 專題 The second is private coinage. Unlike fantasies and forgeries, private coinage is another circulating currency that we can’t ignore. The third is revolutionary copper coinage, very rare, that had circulated in limited areas and has been regarded as “revolutionary heritage”. The last is over struck Korean coinage. This kind of coin is the “freak” of Chinese coins and should be further studied.

Pic. 45 1929 Northeastern Provinces of China half flower (with beads) 1 cent, 23.5mm in diameter

Pic. 46 1929 Northeastern Provinces of China half flower (with beads) 1-cent brass pattern, 23.5mm in diameter

Pic. 47 1930 Harbin warship 1 cent copper coin, 23.5mm in diameter

Pic. 49 Kuang Hsu Tong Bao, 22mm in diameter

Pic. 48 Master die of Harbin warship 1 cent (reverse)

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Features 專題

張培林談中國銅元收藏與探究

名家專訪

袁水清（西安）張培林，1952 年出生於山西臨猗。中國人民解放軍瀋陽軍區後勤部退休幹部。現係中國錢幣學會會員，遼寧省錢幣學會理事（圖 1）。1992 年被評為首批“遼寧錢幣收藏家”，發表過 50 多篇錢幣研究文章，著有《中國機製銅幣》（與吳振強、王守方合著，1991 年 9 月出版）、《銅元探究與收藏》（2015 年 8 月出版）（圖 2）。2016 年 7 月中旬，筆者就如何在銅元收藏與研究領域多出成果採訪了張培林先生。今整理如下，與愛好者分享。一

張先生，銅元是中國清朝末年出現的一種新

幣種，前後流通時間不過半個世紀。在中國貨幣歷史長河中僅為十分短暫的一瞬。但因其品類繁多、形制複雜，有許多問題至今仍有待進一步探討，有許多新的品類需進一步發掘。您是銅元界的元老級人物，30 多年來一直迷戀於中國銅元的收藏與研究，既有收藏，

圖 1 張培林近照 2016 年 7 月 12 日於辦公室

又懂鑒定，更能潛心研究。您對中國銅元收藏與研究的現狀及面臨的機遇有何看法？張培林：近多年來，中國銅元研究狀況很好，記得我剛開始收藏研究銅元時，單槍匹馬，在不多的人群中我是最年輕的，與我經常一起交換資料的、進行探討的，多是些老同志，有博物館的，也有金融機構的。和今天相比就大不同了，現在年輕人成了主力軍，而且研究的風氣也很濃，從研究成果上您就可以看出來。我於 1991 年出版《中國機製銅幣》一書，到 2000 年近 10 年時間，除吳蓉先生的後人將老先生的資料整理後出了一本《中國銅幣分類》，這方面的成果很少。 2000 年後就大不同了，許多年輕人參與，特別是高級知識份子的加入，使銅元研究呈現出勃勃生機，研究

圖 2 張培林著作

成果非常明顯，如廣西錢幣學會編的《中國十文銅元

跑圖書館、找專家，現在許多都可以在網上獲取，就包括購買

版式研究》，錢嶼、錢律編譯的《中國當十銅元》，

藏品，不一定總得去錢幣市場，想要高端的藏品可去拍賣會，

段洪剛編著的《中國銅元分類研究》和《中國銅元譜》，

普通的就可在錢幣網上、錢幣“群里”來完成，我平時參與的

臺灣鄭仁傑編著的《中國銅元鑒賞》，李曉萍編著的《中

幾個銅元群如銅元大講堂、山西銅元研究會等都很好，除探討

國銅元圖典》，戴曉波編的《中國銅元版式收藏目錄》，

銅元知識、介紹收藏經驗外，經常有小型的拍賣活動，可在競

周沁園、李平文編著的《中國機製銅元目錄》，何代水、

拍中得到您心儀的藏品，非常方便。

周沁園編著的《百年銅元》等，都是學術性、知識性很強的著作，這樣密集的、高質量的學術專著的出版

二我們知道，成為一個著名銅元收藏家不是一僦而就的，在光環的背後要走很長很長的路程。而不斷提升自己的藏品檔

就很能說明問題。

次，並有新的發現，是一位銅元收藏家的追求。請問您對自己隨着現代高科技的發展，銅元的收藏與研究與以往相比，發生了天翻地覆的變化，過去獲取資料要去

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

的收藏如何定位？您是怎樣發現“吉林省造辛丑光緒通寶當一百個”銅元的？

Features 專題張培林：在這裏我引用中國錢幣大家張絅伯先生的一段話：“學問之道，往往始於好玩。由好玩而生興味，由興味而起研究，由研究而成學問，以玩好始，以學問終。” 這應該就是我收藏、研究銅元的過程。我與許多泉友一樣，很早就對中國古文化、中國古錢幣喜愛，入門初期眼花繚亂，到了錢幣市場什麼都想買，古錢、紙幣、機製幣等，很快發現經濟實力不濟，後來請教一些學者、老前輩等，又經過一番總結，覺得在收藏與研究方面要有所突破，必須縮小範圍，總歸一個人的精力、財力是有限的，何況我這樣一個工薪階層的人，最終決定把收藏與研究的重點集中在中國銅元上。我在銅元方面談不上收藏，工薪階層搞收藏您可想而知其難度，我的長項還是在銅元研究方面做了點事，能經常的給同好提供一些經驗、資料，感到就很高興。在銅元新品的發現上，比較滿意的就是發現了“吉林省造辛丑光緒通寶當一百個銅元”，簡稱“吉林辛丑一百個銅元”（圖 3），這可以說是給中國銅元大家族中增添了一個重量級的品種。

圖 4 張培林 1995 年研究錢幣照，連同事蹟刊登於《中國青年報》《解放軍生活》雜誌、《前進報》名”，多數總是考慮“四川當三十”銅元，這可能是因為上海博物館將其印在“館藏錢幣”的封面緣故吧，其實“四川當三十”從鑄造時間、面值、直徑、重量以及存世量等，都排不到第一位，吉林辛丑任意一枚都應超過它，說白了它只能稱為“銅元之王”，而不是“銅元之帝”。不是因

圖 3 “吉林省造辛丑光緒通寶當一百個”銅元，直徑 38.2 毫米三《中國錢幣》雜誌 1988 年第 3 期發表了施新彪先

為我發現並收藏有“吉林辛丑一百個銅元”我就為它叫好，但許多排名能將吉林辛丑二十個、五十個列入，偏將“一百個”漏掉，我很不理解。其實這一枚才是真正的“銅元之帝”。

生的《銅元十珍》文章。冠軍拍賣在 2015 年 9 月濟南·第

它在中國銅元中確實比較特殊，在眾多明星中，它鑄造時間

十二屆中國銅元研討會期間，對可列入“中國銅元前 20 名

最早，是 1901 年造；面值最高，為當 100 文；直徑最大，

精品”作過調查。您認為“中國銅元二十珍”應包括哪些名

是 38.2 毫米；重量最重，達 31.1 克，即 1 兩；並且到目前

品？

為止為孤品。您說一說在目前中國銅元中，有哪一枚可以與之相比？“吉林辛丑一百個”銅元，唯一不足的是品相欠佳，張培林：中國銅元的評級、排位，多年前就有人在搞，

但作為孤品的話品相就是次要的了，最差的也是最好的。中

最早有施新彪先生在《中國錢幣》雜誌上發表的《銅元十珍》，

國銅元珍稀品真要評出座次的話，我倒建議評出“一帝”、

後來有搞“二十珍”“五十珍”等。中國銅元品類繁多，明

“十王”、“五十珍”，這樣才好哪！

星如雲，列出“十珍”“二十珍”甚至“五十珍”，很難囊括所有珍品，但我覺得給這些名品、精品、珍品排個座位還

四收藏與研究中國銅元，必須重視品種及版別，對收

是應該的。這裏面有一個重要問題要處理好，就是要有一個

到的一批銅元，通過仔細觀察、對比，以期有新的發現。為此，

“評選標準”，不能憑印象，比如：鑄造時間、面值、直徑、

應掌握區分銅元的基本知識。請您首先對中國銅元從內涵上

重量、存世數量、歷史上的作用、知名度等。珍品銅元排

作以區分。

名應以“枚”計，比如冠軍拍賣調查表上列的第一名是“四川當三十”，總不能“水龍”“飛龍”並列第一吧；第三名

張培林：我在銅元收藏中注重研究（圖 4）。我認為，

不能同時列兩枚；還有“己酉中心汴”“丙午中心寧”“開

中國銅元的種類之多、版式之雜，恐怕世界各國沒有能與

國紀念”等不能論“套”吧？因為你評的是“枚”銅元的珍

之相比的，但對其從類別上區分仍有規律可循。中國銅元從

稀程度，就要一枚一枚的評，這樣才科學。已知的幾個“排

內涵上區分有三個方面：1. 從銅質上區分有四種，一是紅

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

銅質，又稱紫銅，其成分為銅九五、鉛四、錫一。二是黃銅，顏色金黃色，其成分銅六鋅四。三是雜銅，也稱青銅，其成分主要為銅鉛等。四是白銅，主要成分銅六鎳四。2. 從文字和圖案上區分。在文字上，中文不僅有大字、小字之別，英文也有大小之分，而且一個漢字又有多種表現形式，如， “寶”字有“ 缶”寶、“爾”寶之別，位置有高低之分；大清銅幣正面中心紀地文字有陰文、陽文之別；在字體上還有楷書、隸書之別。從圖案上區分，僅龍圖就可分出幾十種，花紋裝飾更是豐美多姿。3. 從面值上區分，主要有六大類：以“文”分有五百文、二百文、一百文、五十文、三十文、

圖 6 天子萬年背江南試造當十制錢（機製方孔）直徑 38 毫米

二十文、十文、二文、一文九個等次；以“仙”分有五仙、二仙、一仙；以“分”分有五分、二分、一分、半分、五厘；以“枚”分有當一百個、當五十個、當二十個、當十個；還有與銀元掛鉤的市銀一分五厘、當銀元半分稱謂等。中國銅元面值種類如此之多，恐怕在世界貨幣史上也是獨一無二的。五那麼從形式上對中國銅元又如何歸類？張培林：主要可分為六類：1. 機製方孔銅幣。這是中

圖 7 安徽省造光緒元寶方孔十文銅元直徑 28 毫米

國傳統銅錢向機製銅元過渡時期的產物，除奉天機器局造紫銅當十重二錢四分銅幣較少見外，其餘均為稀見品，如廣東光緒重寶當十（圖 5）、江南試造天子萬年當十（圖 6）、安徽光緒元寶方孔十文銅元（圖 7）。2. 以政府名義發行，專以流通為目的的銅幣，或由政府認可的銅幣。包括光緒元寶、大清銅幣及民國政府和地方發行的銅幣等，數量特別多。 3.“民私”“洋私”和地方砂版銅元。此類銅元除天水砂版、四川劣質銅元和韓國五分改鑄十文銅幣較常見外，其餘版式均難得（圖 8、9）。4. 紀念幣章。5. 代用幣或籌碼幣。6. 銅

圖 8 江南省造光緒元寶十文背英文錯配銅元直徑 28 毫米

元的呈樣幣或試模幣。常見的銅元樣幣有銅元鎳樣、黃銅元紅銅樣（圖 10）、紅銅元黃銅樣，也有及少數的鎏金、鎏銀，民國時還出現極少數的簽字版呈樣幣。樣幣或試模幣由於製數極少，歷來都有較高的研究價值，是發掘和研究的重要板塊。有的銅元僅見試樣，這就顯得更為珍貴。

圖 9 湖南雙旗二十文改四川十五年“川”字一百文銅元直徑 32 毫米

圖 5（廣東）光緒重寶當十（機製方孔）直徑 28 毫米

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 10 湖南省造當十黃銅元（紅銅樣幣）直徑 28 毫米

Features 專題

六中國銅元大體經歷了哪幾個階段？張培林：大體上可分為六個階段：第一階段是機鑄當十方孔錢時期，始於清光緒十五年（1889 年）至光緒二十八年（1902 年）。主要有廣東光緒重寶當十機製錢、 “天子萬年”背江南試造當十機製錢、安徽方孔光緒元寶當十銅元及光緒通寶奉天機器局造當十紀重方孔銅錢（圖 11）等，它們帶有現代幣的特點，但還沒有完全脫離封建傳統製錢的痕跡，是傳統製錢向現代銅元過渡時期的產物。第二階段是光緒元寶時期，始於光緒二十六年（1900 年）至光緒三十年（1904 年）。這一時期各地鑄造的銅元，均有

圖 11 光緒通寶背奉天機器局造紫銅當十（機製方孔）直徑 33 毫米

“光緒元寶”字樣，總廠造幣在正面分列“戶部”二字（圖 12），各地均在正面上緣或左右分列省名或地名（圖 13）以示區別。第三階段是大清銅幣時期，始於光緒三十一年（1905 年）至宣統三年（1911 年）。幣面多有“大清銅幣” 字樣。總廠鑄幣均在正面左右分列“戶部”和干支紀年文字，後期鑄幣則去掉“戶部”僅留干支紀年文字（圖 14），各地鑄幣均在正面中央鑄一陰文單字省名，也有個別為陽文，以示區別。大清銅幣多係戶部頒發祖模，所以背面統一為蟠

圖 12 光緒元寶戶部十文銅元直徑 28 毫米

龍，又稱“部頒龍”“大清龍”，背面上緣文字前期為“光緒年造”，後期為“宣統年造”。宣統年間地方所鑄銅元，唯新疆一地正面中央鑄“宣統元寶”字樣（圖 15），直至終清一世，可謂獨樹一幟。第四階段是民國時期，即民國元年（1912 年）至民國十七年（1928 年）的銅幣。其種類有“民國開國紀念幣” “民國共和紀念幣”，新疆則鑄有“洪憲銅幣” （圖 16），山西、河北則鑄有“中華銅幣”（圖 17），還有部分地區鑄有省名的民國銅元等，這一時期新式銅元與舊式銅元混合流通，使銅元的混亂程度進一步惡化。第五

圖 13 光緒元寶北洋十文銅元直徑 28 毫米

階段是民國中期即民國十八年（1929 年）至民國二十四年（1935 年）的銅幣。這一時期國內銅元的混亂程度達到頂點，地區性分割使銅元流通呈現着明顯的區域性，市面上清代、民國銅元混合流通（圖 18）。個別地區還流通大面額銅元，如四川大部、湖北、河南局部流通當五十文至當二百文不等的大面額銅元，中國共產黨領導的革命根據地也發行有自己的銅元（圖 19），日偽政權則在他們控制的地區發行了偽銅幣（圖 20），因此，這一時期的銅元五花八門，極為混亂。第六階段是民國後期，即民國二十五年（1936 年）至民國

圖 14 宣統年造大清銅幣已酉十文銅元直徑 28 毫米

三十八年（1949 年）鑄行的銅幣。這一時期國民黨政府統一幣制，控制金融，主要發行紙幣，銅輔幣逐漸被鎳幣代替，發行的銅輔幣主要有黨徽布圖分幣。新中國成立前夕，貴州、綏遠還發行了地區性銅質輔幣（圖 21），但只是曇花一現。

圖 15 新疆通用宣統元寶紅錢十文銅元直徑 34 毫米

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

圖 16 新疆喀造洪憲十文銅幣直徑 33 毫米

圖 17 河北口北民國十三年造中華銅幣雙枚直徑 32 毫米

圖 18 民國十五年邊鑄“川”字背“生活過高”等十二字一百文銅元直徑 28 毫米

圖 19 中華蘇維埃共和國一分銅幣直徑 18 毫米

圖 20（偽）大滿洲國大同二年五釐銅幣直徑 21 毫米

圖 21 中華民國三十八年貴州省造“黔”字半分銅元直徑 37 毫米

七我們知道，錯版幣是設計、製版環節出現的錯誤，

背英文“省”字將“PROVINCE”誤為“LROVINCE”，

不合格幣發生在生產環節。請您談一下這兩類幣在中國銅

僅見品（圖 25），等等。這些錯誤是設計、製版人員不懂

元上的表現及其原因？

少數民族文字和英文所致。

張培林：中國銅元上的文字有漢文、滿文、英文，文字

不合格銅元有四種，一種是陰陽文版，係衝壓不慎形成。

錯版分別與之有關。其中，漢文錯誤僅見新疆民國銅元，多

如湖北光緒十文銅元等（圖 26）。第二種是銅元面背錯配，

為私鑄品，其圖文拙劣，舛錯百出，如民國新疆喀造十文等（圖

係更換幣模時錯拿所致。如江南面配江蘇背、大清丁未銅

22）；滿文或英文雕版錯誤較多，如四川官局光緒元寶銅元

元背配江南龍（圖 27）等。第三種是戲鑄品，主要是合背、

中心滿文為“寶福”（圖 23），安徽光緒元寶十文銅元背

合面幣，多為造幣工人戲鑄而成。如江南光緒飛龍十文銅元

紀地英文“A”為“v”、背英文紀值為“ONESEN”即“一

合背幣等（圖 28）。第四種是工作模出了問題所致。如中

仙”錯誤（圖 24），湖南光緒元寶十文銅元背紀地英文“U”

華民國十八年東三省一分“三”字弱打銅元等（圖 29-1、

倒書為“

29-2）。

”, 吉林光緒元寶七錢二分錯版銀元黃銅樣幣，

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圖 22 中華民國新疆喀造十文銅元（私鑄）直徑 32 毫米

圖 26 湖北省造光緒元寶十文銅元（陰陽版）直徑 28 毫米

圖 23 四川官局造光緒元寶（面寶福）二十文銅元直徑 32 毫米

圖 27 大清銅幣丁未十文背江南水龍直徑 28 毫米

圖 24 安徽省造光緒元寶十文背一仙銅元直徑 28 毫米

圖 28 江南光緒元寶飛龍十文銅元（合背）直徑 28 毫米

圖 29-1 中華民國十八年東三省一分銅元，面“三”字弱打直徑 23.5 毫米

圖 25 吉林省造光緒元寶中心花七錢二分錯版，銀幣銅樣直徑 39.2 毫米

圖 29-2 局部面“三”字弱打

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題八銅元鑒定是收藏研究銅元的必修課，其內容可分為銅元真偽的鑒定、銅元鑄地和製造時間的鑒定、銅元種類與版式的區分、銅元級別和價值的確定幾個方面。請您重點就目前發現的銅元作偽方法和出現的假銅元特徵作以揭露。張培林：我發現的銅元作偽法目前主要有改刻法、熔鑄加壓鑄造法、加熱壓延法和刻模機器壓製法。改刻法是將普通銅元經過焊接同類銅質後進行改刻。如將宣統三年造的十文大清銅幣在“十文”二字上加銅，然後改刻成“一分”；還有的改刻幾乎是採用精密儀器在顯微

圖 31 （偽）大滿洲國康德六年五釐精翻砂假幣直徑 20 毫米

鏡下操作的，如將民國二十五年黨徽布圖壹分銅元，在布圖平襠中加銅，改刻出“平”“津””等字（圖 30），需用高倍放大鏡才能看出破綻。熔鑄加壓法仍是採用原錢翻砂做模，熔鑄時給予一定的壓力，以便文字花紋較為逼真細膩。這種假銅元用放大鏡看，錢面光潔度不夠，能看到細微的砂痕，文字平庸，圖案沒有立體感。如偽滿洲國康德六年五釐（圖 31）、奉天光緒癸卯二十文假銅元。

圖 32 湖北省造光緒元寶十文壓延法大樣假幣直徑 31 毫米

加熱壓延法出現於 20 世紀 90 年代。作假時，先挑選一些品相較好且稍厚重的十文銅元，經過加熱滾壓延伸擴大，以此充作十文大樣。這種假幣文字、圖案都較平淺，沒有立體感，錢面不平，周邊不規整或有小裂紋，最突出的特點是重量較輕，如湖北光緒元寶十文假幣（圖 32）。雕模機器壓製法，是按照原錢用機械雕模或臆造圖案機械雕模，近幾年見有採用電腦刻模。如 20 世紀 80 年代後期杭州曾有人雕刻鋼模鑄造後被查封的“杭州版”假銅元

圖 33 江蘇省造光緒元寶二十文雕模新鑄假幣直徑 33 毫米

（圖 33、34），文圖、銅質、重量均按原幣製作，精美異常，唯在文字上顯得生硬，龍圖、珠圈及邊花立體感不強。再如 20 世紀 90 年代瀋陽曾出現的“奉天機器局紫銅當十”假銅元，雖製作較精，但文圖立體感不強，其中中方孔者切口及外緣粗糙（圖 35、36），但這種銅元有經過二次加工者，即經磨邊、修穿，然後進行人工打磨，再自然上包漿後欺騙性極大（圖 37），使許多老藏家也上當受騙。

圖 34 安徽省造光緒元寶二十文雕模新鑄假幣直徑 33 毫米

圖 30 中華民國二十五年黨徽布圖“平”字壹分銅幣（改刻假幣）直徑 26 毫米

圖 35 光緒通寶奉天機器局造當十雕模新鑄假幣直徑 33 毫米

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九對偽造的珍稀銅元如何鑒定？另外，從鏽色和聲音上如何區別真假銅元？張培林：20 世紀末最大的銅元造假中，多數模仿各種珍稀品，約有 60 多種版別。因作偽逼真，欺騙性很大。鑒別時應把握三點：1. 假銅元在文字及圖案上是仿照原真幣採用電腦刻模，神韻上很難達到原幣，圖文漫平浮淺，沒有立體感。如奉天機器局官板四分黃銅贗品（圖 38），與真錢相比文字生硬，製作粗糙，邊緣棱角明顯。再如前幾年出現的康德十二年“銅樣幣”字口銳利度不夠，包漿不老道，存疑。 2. 假銅元因未參與長期流通，在其表面邊緣處棱角突出，充

圖 36 光緒通寶奉天機器局造當十雕模新鑄假幣“滿穿” 直徑 33 毫米

滿火爆之氣。如奉天機器局紫銅當十假銅元（圖 39），雕模和壓製上較為精緻，欺騙性大。還有一種二次加工者（圖 40），與真錢非常逼真，購藏時需細心觀察。3. 由於鑄造時間短，雖進行了做舊處理，但新的包漿泛紅，斑痕點不均勻，也不自然。從鏽色上鑒別，真品銅元一般不會有太重的紅斑綠鏽，大多表現為自然的黑紅色包漿，目測顯得沉着、柔和，給人以熟舊感，用熱水或堿水侵泡不易脫落。而新做的假銅元，有的是用化學試劑處理後生成紅綠鏽，有的是用火燒熏黑，搽油打蠟做成類似於“傳世古”，但顯得漂浮、發亮，放入熱水或堿水中容易脫落。從聲音上鑒別，真品敲擊聲音

圖 37 光緒通寶奉天機器局造當十假幣（經過二次加工）直徑 33 毫米

深厚、純正，而新作的由於時間短、火氣盛，敲擊聲音清脆、刺耳，與真品迥然不同。十我們知道，決定銅元價格的主要因素是銅元的存世量、品相、知名度和市場需求。近幾年受人們投資意識的影響，國際錢幣拍賣會也多轉向機製幣，價格一直被看好。請您談談自 1994 年以來，珍稀品銅元在拍賣會上的價格表現。

圖 38 奉天機器局光緒元寶官板四分制錢假幣

張培林：銅元拍賣價及市場交易價近一二十年一再創新高，特別是存世數量極稀的正用品或樣幣拍出了以前想都不敢想的好價錢，快速刷新了人們對中國銅元的一貫思維。如，1994 年在香港的黃文元遺物拍賣會上，安徽光緒元寶方孔十文以 5800 美元成交，約合人民幣 4.6 萬元；民國二十五年孫中山像廣東一仙銅幣，以 6300 美元成交；1995 年香港泰星拍賣會，一枚奉天癸卯紅銅元，以 1800 美元成交，是估價的 60 倍。1996 年 3 枚互異的山東光緒元寶十文背“米字星”銅元，以 6 萬元人民幣成交；“中國銅元王”

圖 39 光緒通寶奉天機器局紫銅當十假錢（小光版）

四川光緒元寶當三十水龍、飛龍一對，外加廣西光緒元寶十文銅元一枚，以 150 萬元台幣成交，約合人民幣 50 萬元。而 2010 年秋香港黃華樞錢幣拍賣專場，最具代表的銅元當屬四川光緒元寶當三十紅銅飛龍，以 306.36 萬元人民幣成交，打破了近幾十年來中國銅元單枚成交價沒有過百萬元的紀錄。2011 年春，北京華夏國拍銅元專場，“直”字二文

圖 40 光緒通寶奉天機器局紫銅當十假錢（經過二次加工）

東亞泉志

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大清銅幣，成交價 50.4 萬元人民幣；廣東五羊銅幣成交價

另外對中國銅幣中的大珍品哈爾濱兵艦壹分銅幣研究

30.24 萬元人民幣。2011 年上海崇源拍賣會，清代度支部造

後認為，銅幣上的哈爾濱兵艦取材於“東乙”號鐵甲駁船，

幣總廠“銅幣一文”試鑄樣幣，背龍圖，未發行，存世罕見，

因為這艘船是哈爾濱船廠造的新船（圖 47、48），目前所

以 27 萬元人民幣的價格落槌；清代河南省光緒元寶當制錢

知，該幣存世僅 3 枚，現分別為何代水、中國國家博物館、

十文黃銅試鑄樣幣，鏡面效果，美國新澤西州造幣廠試鑄，

上海博物館珍藏。

罕見，完全未使用，以 20.7 萬元人民幣成交；清代“奉天當百”籌碼銅幣，伍德華舊藏，以 11.5 萬元人民幣成交；清代宣統三年二十文銅幣樣幣，諾曼亞格斯舊藏，最終以 34.05 萬元人民幣成交；民國元年袁世凱像共和紀念十文樣幣，小面相版，打製清晰，巧克力包漿，以 20.7 萬元人民幣成交。2012 年中國嘉德春拍，“江南試造當十制錢一統萬年”機製方孔錢，以 22 萬元人民幣的價格成交。十一您在銅元研究方面，既有系統性的專著，又有對個別品類的深入研究，請就後者舉幾個例子分享讀者。張培林：我對銅元除大面積研究外，也曾對個別品類

圖 41 （山西）中華民國開國紀念幣壹枚銅幣直徑 27 毫米

進行過較細緻的分析。例如，當發現吉林辛丑當一百個銅元後，查找資料，得出如下結論：吉林辛丑銅元有當二十個、當五十個、當一百個三個幣種，其鑄造的確切時間應在清光緒二十七年（1901 年）二月至十二月之間。是仿照沙俄銅幣鑄造的，屬試鑄性質，沒有正式發行流通。又如對山西開國紀念幣的研究，據史料記載，民國初年鑄造開國紀念銅幣的省份及廠家主要有：湖北的武昌造幣廠、江蘇的南京造幣廠、安徽的安慶造幣廠、湖南的長沙造幣廠、河南的開封造幣廠及山西的太原造幣廠。我發現有一類計值文字為“一枚”、直徑 27.8 毫米、厚 1.5 毫米、銅質略黃、且有數十種

圖 42 中華民國十八年東三省壹分大字版銅幣直徑 23.5 毫米

版別的中華民國開國紀念幣（圖 41），其特點與山西幣類同、雜質較多、文字及圖案較為拙劣，確系山西閻錫山所鑄，時間應在民國七年銅元廠設廠之初，在鑄背紀地橫“山西” 之前，屬小批量鑄造，品相普遍不佳，存世稀少。再如，東三省一分銅幣，在中國近代貨幣史中屬地方性鑄幣，但因出身名門，圖案新穎別致，鑄造精美雋秀，堪稱中國近代機製銅幣中璀璨的奇葩。我研究後發現，該幣形制上有“大寫壹分”和“小寫一分”兩大類。前者又分為大字版（圖 42）和小字版（圖 43），均屬試鑄，沒有正式發

圖 43 中華民國十八年東三省壹分小字版銅幣直徑 23.5 毫米

行，存世均不超過 10 枚。後者是張學良下令正式鑄造發行的，其背面圖案變化較多，大致分為兩類五種，即全花版和半花版兩類，全花版圖案又可分為全花邊馬齒（圖 44）、全花邊珠點兩種，半花版可分為半花花心有點（圖 45）、半花花心無點、大花瓣三種。“小寫一分”銅幣還有極稀少的黃銅樣幣（圖 46），目前所知存世 2 枚。一枚由我收藏，一枚原為日本藏家秋友晃收藏，後歸施誠一，又於 2013 年上海崇源春拍拍出。

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圖 44 中華民國十八年東三省壹分銅幣全花（邊馬齒）直徑 23.5 毫米

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圖 45 中華民國十八年東三省壹分銅幣半花花心有點（近距）直徑 23.5 毫米

圖 47 中華民國十九年哈爾濱兵艦壹分銅幣直徑 23.5 毫米

圖 46 中華民國十八年東三省壹分銅幣黃銅質樣幣半花有點（近距）直徑 23.5 毫米

圖 49 光緒通寶寶吉局機製錢直徑 22 毫米十二中國銅元近年研究風氣濃，成果突出，已有 10 多部知識性、學術性很強的專著問世。目前銅元研究以正版為主線，從中國各地設廠先後順序、設廠規模、所鑄銅元的種類及大版別的區分上研究，且深度和廣度都有一定突破，並經常有重大發現。您認為還應從哪些方面加強研究？張培林：我認為應從四個方面加強研究：第一，應重視對機製方孔錢的研究。這類錢幣包括機製小平錢和機製當十大錢，它們是中國錢幣由翻砂製造向機製銅元過渡時期的產物，其中不乏珍稀品，如機製光緒通寶錢（圖 49）、奉天機器局紫銅當十方孔錢等。其介於古錢幣和銅元之間，因被邊緣化未引起這兩類錢幣研究者的注意。第二，應重視銅元中所謂“私鑄幣”的研究。私鑄銅元不同於臆造品和贗品，

圖 48 哈爾濱兵艦壹分銅幣原模（背面）

是參與流通銅元的一部分，它不同於假紙幣，我們不能忽略它。第三，應重視革命根據地銅元的研究。這類銅元數量少，流通區域狹窄，能留下來的極為稀少，況且它已成為“革命文物”。第四，應把“韓改幣”也納入到銅元研究中來。這類銅元是中國銅元中的“怪胎”，應對其進一步研究。

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Remembering the Old Days James Warmus (USA) After a couple years dealing in U.S. coins, I got into world coins specializing in crowns. Living in Detroit and later St. Clair Shores, I remember going through the tunnel to Windsor, Canada. Windsor had a bank on every corner. I’d get a hundred silver dollars, look through them, keep the good ones, turn in the others, go to another bank and repeat the process till I could take home a hundred good ones. A lot of them in the 30s, no 48s, but many nice ones in high grade. I also remember going there in 1958 and getting rolls of the Totem “Death” dollars. In the same outing, for 1964 commemoratives, and in 1967 the “Goose” dollars. Somewhere along the line, I met up with a collector named Don Canapero who traveled the world looking for nice coins. At a Chicago ANA, we swung a big trade my Latin and South American crowns for his Chinese crowns. Most of them went off my list to Masamichi Oka (Pic 1) of Taisei Stamps & Coins Co. and later wound up photographed as the plate coins in John S. Davenport’s book, The Dollars of Africa, Pic. 1 Masamichi Oka from Asia and Oceania. Taisei (first from right)

I remember on another occasion making a bet with Sidney Smith of Miami, Florida at a Warrensville Heights, Ohio show to see who could come up with the most China Auto dollars by the next year’s show (Pic 2). I won the bet having six to his three. Those were the days. I also purchased many Annamese and Chinese “cash” coins from Colonel Cris of California who was stationed in China. I sold plastic pages full of them at my new table location up front across from the registration desk run by none other than Theresa Darling at the Long Beach show. Some of them went to Howard Daniel’s collection. Back then there was a mail order dealer named Randolph Zander from Virginia who put out a list on world coins. No sooner than I got the list in my hands, that I had my wife Shirley trying to get hold of him on the phone, as it was busy most of the time, while I scanned the list for goodies. Bingo! He had the 1860 4 Ticals (Pic 3) and 2 Ticals (Pic 4) from Siam. What a score!

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Over the years, I purchased from him the Isle de France1810 10 Livers, Sierra Leone 1791 Dollar, Zanzibar 1882 1 Ryal, Annam 1832 Piastre, Hong Kong 1866, 1867, 1868 Dollars (Pic 5), India and Mysore Crowns, German NewGuinea 1894 5 Marks (Pic 6), plus many Chinese Dollars and numerous “counter stamped” crowns. He was a very good source for coins. How I wish I had them all back now.

Pic. 2 CHINA-KWEICHOW 1928 Auto Dollar

Pic. 3 Thailand 1860 4 Baht

Pic. 4 Thailand 1860 2 Baht

Pic. 5 Hong Kong 1866 Dollars Pic. 6 German New Guinea 1894 5 Marks

Features 專題 Then in the 1960s there was a dealer named Joseph Goldberg who had an office in California. We made a deal that I would pay him one dollar extra for each crown I would pick out of his many bags and rolls of modern crowns. One of the bags produced a 50% off-center Thailand BE2514 50 BAHT, 20th year Buddhist Fellowship Commemorative. What a find! Pic. 7 SOUTH KOREA 1962 Bank of Korea 100 Hwan

A lot has been written up lately about the 1967Australia’s Goose (100 cents) Crown – a privately designed and minted fantasy. However, I’ve never seen anything written up about the one I had – a silver matte proof. And as I understand it, it was the only one made. I purchased it from a dealer who was a friend of the designer. I got it for a song and a few years later sold it for $350. Oh well! I got into world paper money because of a missionary who often went to Korea and brought back nice paper money with him. At first I didn’t want the stuff but he continued to bug me till finally I broke down at a slow show and said, okay, give me one each but only in uncirculated. It was mostly South Korea so with that I built a complete collection from 1958 to the middle 60s (Pic 7), all in uncirculated condition. Later, I was invited to exhibit it at an Israeli show in Los Angeles because they needed exhibits. As I was setting up, a man was observing me and asked if it was for sale. The night before, I thought I better put a price on it in case someone wanted to buy it. I told him $550, and he took it without even batting an eye. I was a bit shocked and asked why he wanted it. He simply said, because I married a South Korean gal! At the same show I began building a new South Korean collection. It took a few years to finish (mind you, I was doing at least two shows a month, one local and one out of state), and this time I socked it away in the bank safety deposit box until sometime later on. My good dealer friend Ted Uhl told me, now’s the time to sell because it’s getting real hot. I got it out of the bank and it was so nice I decided to add a zero to all the prices in the pick catalog. It doesn’t sound like a lot now but prices weren’t the same back then. It was still high for the time. I put it on my price list and immediately got a phone call from none other than Namchong Cho of Namchong Stamps from Chicago (Pic 8). Back in those days I wouldn’t even think of giving a discount. What was marked was the price. So, after going around and around with him for well over an hour, he begrudgingly bought most of them.

I think I was pretty smart as a youngster as I used to ask the Bourse Chairman at various shows to put me next to that guy-

Pic. 8 Namchong Cho at 2016 Macau Numismatic Society International Show (first from left)

Pic. 9 Amon Carter

Amon Carter – as I knew there would be lots of buyers coming his way (Pic 9). When things got slow he’d lean over my way and say, “What have you got for sale?” And I would reply, “World paper money Mr. Carter,” whereby he would usually say, “Ok, give me two of each” and to top it off he would pay me with United States Gold Backs. Our paths would cross often and we became friends. He eventually got me into the Admirals Club of American Airlines in which he was affiliated, I think on the Board of Governors.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 I can remember being at a Cathedral Hill show in San Francisco and making friends with Ward Smith and getting various notes on consignment all from his Smith- Matravers book, Chinese Banknotes (Pic 10). At the same show, a collector came to my table with two big suitcases full of notes and dropped then off for consignment. I went out and bought a duffle bag to pack them for my trip back Pic. 10 Chinese Banknotes, by Ward D. Smith, Brian to Burbank. Matravers Way back, I attended a blockbuster Christie’s auction in New York for a big world specimen auction. I still have the catalog (Pic 11) autographed “Best Wishes from Neil and Joel Shafer”(Pic 12), who helped prepare the catalog. Everyone was there: Ian Marshal, Fred Schwan, Mel Steinberg, Michael Morris, Lee Gordon, Gary Snover, Lyn Knight, Charlie Moore, Juan Coyone, Luis Hudson, Crapanzano (Italy), George Beach, Rick Pontaro, Arnoldo Effron, Cliff Mishler, Castanza (Cuba), Bill Pheat, Bill Rosenbloom, John Ford, Barnaby (England), Tony Pedrosa, Ron Gillio, plus many more. My catalog has all the results and who purchased which items. It was quite a sale.

Pic. 11 Christie’s auction in New York on Nov 28-29, 1990

Then there was my good friend Bill Judd. He wrote a book on Peruvian Crowns and a paper money book entitled, Emissions of the Central Bank of Ecuador 1928-1999, plus various articles for the IBNS. His place in North Ridge, California was destroyed by an earthquake, and he wound up in Ecuador with help from his sister-in-law. He worked six stories under the Central bank of Ecuador in their vaults cataloging the paper money and updating their world gold holdings. He later moved to Burbank, California, not far from me. One day he told Pic. 12 Neil Shafer me of a large group of world paper money being offered at a the Waldorf). One time at a New York show, I exhibited a nice non-numismatic shop. It turned out to be the largest cash deal I collection of Middle East paper money. I asked some dealer ever made. We went into the shop and there boxes all lined up friends how they liked my exhibit and they replied much to on top of 20 feet or more of display cases, all packed with paper my dismay, “It’s nice but we all have that stuff.” Well that got money. We loaded the boxes into two cars. For his efforts I told me riled up so I started building up the Middle East collection him he could pick out whatever he wanted. He chose a nice in specimen. It took me many years, and then I put that up for variety of Venezuelan specimens. He was a true friend till his exhibit. Then I asked the same dealers how they liked it only to dying days. hear them say, “It’s nice but nobody collects specimens.”How times have changed. Oh yes, don’t call me about those notes as I’ve been at Bourse tables at all the Los Angeles I’ve sold them too. I should have been a collector. International shows, all the Chicago International shows, and all the New York International shows (up to the time it moved to

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

回憶我的錢幣收藏舊時光詹姆斯·沃姆斯（美國）我做過幾年美國錢幣交易，後來對世界錢幣特別是克

多年來，我從藍道夫·贊德那裡買到的錢幣有：法蘭

朗產生了興趣。以前我住在底特律，後來搬到聖克雷爾海岸。

西島 1810 年 10 裡伏，塞拉利昂 1791 年 1 利昂，桑吉巴

我記得要穿過隧道才能抵達加拿大溫莎，那裡的每個角落都

1882 年 1 賴亞爾，安南 1832 年 1 皮阿斯特，香港 1866 年、

有銀行。我在一家銀行換到 100 枚銀元，挑選，然後保留

1867 年、1868 年港元（圖 5），印度和邁索爾克朗，德國

品相好的，退還其他的，再去另一家銀行，重複這個過程，

新幾內亞 1894 年 5 馬克（圖 6），還有許多的中國錢幣，

直到我帶回家的是 100 枚品相好的銀元。其中許多是 20 世

和數不清的“加蓋戳記”克朗。他給我提供了很好的錢幣來

紀 30 年代的，沒有 1948 年的，這些銀元的品相都很優質。

源。我現在想，當時若能把它們全部買回來多好。

1958 年我又去那邊的銀行，得到許多卷 1 元加拿大“死亡”圖騰幣；同樣的，我還得到了加拿大 1964 年的紀念幣， 1967 年的 1 加拿大元 “鵝”幣。沿途某處，我遇到了一位收藏家——唐卡羅柏格先生，他游遍全世界就為了尋找品相好的錢幣。在芝加圖 2 1928 年（民國十七年）貴州省政府造貴州銀幣壹圓，俗稱“汽車幣”

哥舉辦的美國錢幣協會展會上，我和唐卡羅柏格先生做了一樁大買賣——用我的拉丁美洲克朗換取了他的中國克朗。大部分克朗從我的錢幣清單上轉給日本泰星郵幣公司的總裁崗政道先生（圖 1），後來拍照用作約翰·達文波特的書《非洲、亞洲、大洋洲的錢幣》上的硬幣照片。

圖 1 日本泰星總裁崗正道先生（右）

圖 3 1860 年 4 泰銖銀幣

我記得還有一次，在俄亥俄州沃倫施維爾高地的展會上，我和來自佛羅里達州邁阿密的西德尼·史密斯先生打了一個賭，看明年的錢幣展上誰能拿出最多的中國汽車幣（圖2）。我以6:3賭贏了。這就是那些令人難忘的日子。克裡斯上校來自加州，曾在中國待過，我從他手裡購買了很多安南的和中國的古幣。在長灘展出時，我的攤位就在特雷莎·達林掌管的登記處正對面。我把錢幣裝滿塑膠套，擺在攤位上，賣出去了。霍華德·丹尼爾買了其中一些

圖 4 1860 年 2 泰銖銀幣

錢幣。那時有一個來自弗吉利亞州的郵購商，名叫藍道夫·贊德，他列出了一個世界錢幣名單。我讓我的妻子雪麗試着通過電話聯繫他，然後我就得到了這份名單。那時大部分時間都很忙，我只是掃了一眼名單上的藏品，瞧！他有 1860 年暹羅 4 泰銖（圖 3）和 2 泰銖（圖 4）。太好了！

圖 5 1866 年香港壹圓銀幣

圖 6 1894 年德國新幾內亞 5 馬克銀幣

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題在20世紀60年代，有一個叫約瑟夫·戈德堡的商人，他在加州有一間辦公室。我們做了一筆交易。他有成包成卷的現代克朗，我可以從中挑選，但每個克朗我要多付給他一美元。其中一個包裡有泰國佛曆 2514年打偏50%的50泰銖第二十屆佛教協會紀念幣。真是個大發現！近來有很多的描寫，關於 1967 年澳大利亞的 1 澳元（100 分）鵝

圖 7 1962 年韓國銀行 100 韓元券

幣——私人設計和鑄造的臆造幣。然而關於我所持有的——

一枚精製霧面銀幣，還未見到任何描寫。我覺得原因在於，它就是一個孤品。我從一個幣商那裡買來，這個幣商是這枚銀幣設計師的一個朋友。當時買入價格很便宜，幾年後我以 350 美元的價格賣掉了它。好極了！我對世界紙幣產生興趣，是因為一個傳教士，他常去韓國，並且隨身帶回很多漂亮的紙幣。一開始我並不想要它們，但他一直不斷地煩我。直到在他最後一次漫長的展示中，我被打敗了，好吧，給我一樣一張，但只要未經流通的。這些紙幣主要是韓國的，我用它們創建了從 1958 年到 60 年代中期完整的韓國紙幣收藏集（圖 7），全都是未經流通的。後來，我應邀參加洛杉磯的一場以色列展會，因為他們需要

圖 8 Namchong Cho 于 2016 年澳門錢幣學會年展（左 1）

展品。一開始就有人在關注我，問這些錢幣是不是出售的。就在前一天晚上，我想我最好給它們定個價，以防萬一有人要買。我告訴他售價 550 美元，他看都沒看就買走了。我感到有點震驚，問他為什麼如此着急的想要它們，他簡單地回答道：“因為我娶了一個韓國的女孩！” 在同一個展會上，我開始收集新的韓幣藏品。我花了好幾年才完成 ( 注意，那時我至少每個月參加兩次展會，一次在本地，一次在州外）。這回我把它們存進了銀行的保險櫃。直到一段時間以後，我的幣商朋友特德·尤爾告訴我，是出售的時候了，因為它們現在真的很搶手。我就把它們從銀行裡取出來，我決定在挑選目錄上給所有價格加一個零，當時感覺不錯。雖然現在看來加價不多，但那時的價格和現在不一樣。當時價格還算高的。我將它們列在我的價格單上，很快我就接到了一個電話，是芝加哥 Namchong 郵幣公折扣，就按這個標示價格。所以，他和我周旋了一個多小時，

圖 9 阿蒙·卡特

後來還是勉強地買下了大部分韓幣。

在展出閒暇的空隙，他會靠在我這邊說：“你賣什麼？”

司 Namchong Cho 打來的（圖 8）。那時我甚至都不想給他

我答道：“世界紙幣，卡特先生。”接着他通常說：“好，年輕的時候，我想我是相當聰明的。在多種錢幣的展

給我每樣兩張。”最後他支付給我美國金元券。我們時常相

會上，我常常讓交易會長把我安排到一個叫阿蒙·卡特（圖

遇，然後變成了朋友。他最後把我帶進了美國航空公司的貴

9）的傢伙旁邊——因為我知道有很多買家都會到他這裡來。

賓室，他是那裡的成員 , 我想是董事會成員。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

我記得在旧金山的一次教堂山展會上，我和沃德·史密斯成為了朋友。他有一本史密斯和馬特拉沃斯合著的《中國紙幣》（圖 10），我通過這本書搞到了許多委託寄售的錢幣。在同一個展會上，一個收藏家帶着兩個裝滿錢幣的大箱子，走到我的桌旁，放下托賣。我出去買了個行李袋把它們打包帶回伯班克。

圖 10 《中國紙幣》史密斯和馬特拉沃斯著

在回伯班克的路上，我參加了一場火爆的佳士得拍賣會，那是

圖 11 1990 年 11 月 28 -29 日紐約佳士得拍賣會圖錄

在紐約舉行的一場大型世界樣幣拍賣會。我現在還保存着那次拍賣的目錄（圖 11），上面有親筆簽名：“來自尼爾和喬爾·謝佛的美好的祝福”（圖 12），他們整理過目錄。所有玩錢的名家都來了：伊恩·馬歇爾、弗雷德·施萬、梅爾·斯坦伯格、邁克爾·莫里斯、李·戈登、加里·斯諾弗、林恩·奈特、查理·莫爾、朱昂·柯耀恩、路易士·郝德森、克拉潘紮諾（義大利）、喬治·比奇、瑞克·蓬塔羅、阿諾爾多·埃夫倫、克裡夫·米什勒、科斯坦薩（古巴）、比爾·菲特、比爾·羅森布魯姆、約翰·福特、巴納比 ( 英國 )、托尼·佩德羅薩、羅恩·吉利奧，還有很多。我的目錄裡有所有錢幣的成交記錄，比如誰拍了哪些拍品。賣的真不錯。然後是我的好朋友比爾·賈德。他寫了一本書，關於秘魯克朗，另一本書名為《1928-1999 年厄瓜多爾央行發行的錢幣》，還為世界紙幣協會寫了許多文章。由於地震，比爾在加州北脊的住處被毀，在他嫂子的幫助下重整旗鼓。在厄瓜多爾央行地下六層的金庫裡，他為紙幣編寫目錄、更新世界黃金儲備。後來比爾搬到美國加州的伯班克，離我不遠。一天他告訴我，有一家非錢幣店出售一大堆世界紙幣。這結果成了我做過的最大的紙幣交易。

圖 12 尼爾·謝弗會

我們走進商店，看到這些裝滿紙幣的箱子排着有 20 英尺高，

會上，我拿出了漂亮的中東紙幣藏品，問一些商人朋友覺

或許還有更多的展示櫃。我們將這些箱子裝進兩個車子。為

得我的藏品怎麼樣，他們的回答讓我大失所望，“這些紙

了感謝比爾的付出，我告訴他可以挑選任何他想要的。他選

幣的品相很好 , 但是我們都有”。我被激怒了，於是我開始

了多種漂亮的委內瑞拉樣幣。直到比爾生命最後的日子，他

收集中東樣幣。這花費了我很多年。然後我再拿出去展示，

都是我真正的朋友。

還是問同一些商人覺得怎樣，只聽到他們說：“品相很好，但沒有人收集樣幣。”時代變了。是的，不要打電話來問

我曾經參加過所有的洛杉磯國際展會、芝加哥國際展會、紐約國際展會（直到它搬到華爾道夫）。在一次紐約展

我那些錢幣啦，因為我已經把它們賣出去了。我本應成為一位收藏家。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題

The Panda - a fascinating numismatic ambassador for Chinese coins in Europe - Insights from a German perspective. Sebastian Wieschowski (Germany)

At the World Money Fair hundreds of thousands of numismatic treasures from past centuries and all parts of the world were up for grabs for ambitious collectors, but when the fair was opened to the public in the morning hours of 3rd February 2017, hundreds of visitors flocked directly towards a very specific place: the booth of the Fritz Rudolf Künker auction house. Buyers had to hurry in order to secure two special coin fair treasures: the traditional coin show Panda, weighing one ounce of silver, and a “mini Panda” medal with a troy weight of only eight grams. One thousand pieces were struck of each of the two medals but only one day later the Künker staff had to put a “sold out” sign on display and disappoint many World Money Fair guests who were just too late to obtain their personal World Money Fair souvenir – a situation that many collectors had faced in the previous year, when the 2016 Berlin Panda also quickly sold out its mintage of 2000 pieces. While this year’s World Money Fair was officially headlined by the 50th anniversary of the Krugerrand bullion coin from South Africa, Chinese coins still stood in the spotlight in Berlin. Mr. Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint received an honorary lifetime achievement award at the annual “Coin of the Year” ceremony. During the ceremony, an exotic trimetallic high relief version of the Berlin mini Panda medal was presented to attendants. With only 500 pieces struck, this remarkable numismatic experiment is one of the rarest Panda medals to date and another piece of art by Yu Min. He is considered to be the father of the Panda bullion coin series having created more Pandas than any other coin designer. Mr. Yu was also the mastermind behind the iconic designs of the Berlin show Pandas of 2016 and 2017. That’s why it is accurate to say that Yu has made an important contribution to Sino-German numismatic friendship. The stampede for the special show products of the Shanghai Mint honoring the World Money Fair makes clear a decisive trend in German numismatics: coins and medals from China are very popular in Germany with numismatic specialists. Right after the fair, some Berlin Pandas were sold on the German eBay platform at figures doubling or even tripling the initial retail price. But it became apparent that hardly anybody who was so fortunate to secure one of the Panda medals in Berlin was willing to sell his silver

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

2017 World Money Fair Berlin Commemorative Panda

2017 World Money Fair Berlin Tri-Metallic Commemorative Panda

piece. That’s why most of the Panda friends, who were not lucky in Berlin, took the next opportunity which emanated right after World Money Fair: for the first time since 1997, a show Panda was sold during the traditional international numismatic coin fair “Numismata” in the Bavarian capital of Munich. With a mintage of 2,017 pieces, this Panda was not as scarce as the Berlin one, but it became an instant treasure because of its special makeover: for the first time in history, a show Panda was sold in a set of four silver medals, ranging from one to a tenth of an ounce. It is because the vast majority of Pandas are being sold to domestic customers in Asia, only a small fraction of the yearly mintage of Chinese gold and silver coins finds its way to Europe. Those collectors in Germany, who could secure the past editions at the initial retail prices, might celebrate because past silver and gold Panda editions are sold at significantly higher prices compared to the buying prices paid by specialized retailers. The most coveted silver Panda from 2000 sells at around three hundred euros, and because most of the collectors would never even think of selling their panda collection, the completion of a Panda series in Germany becomes a tough business. Additionally, more and more people, who have never collected coins before, are exploring the new numismatic field of silver bullion coins.

Features 專題 Since expectations have risen and collectors would like to buy some rare pieces apart from the mass production coins, Chinese Pandas have become a focus for many German collectors. While younger collectors are right to explore Chinese coins, longtime veterans of numismatics still remember the fairly recent golden age of Chinese coins. “From 2008 to 2010, we witnessed a run for Chinese coins. All of a sudden, even modern pieces struck at low mintages were very popular and generated record results at auctions”, tells Dr. Josef Fischer, head of the numismatic branch at Emporium Coin Trading in Hamburg. Since then, demand has cooled down to a healthy level. “Chinese coins still sell very well, but only the very rare pieces still generate high prices”, Fischer states. The expert considers the focus on Asia to be a very clever choice: “China, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore are, in fact, markets of the future – and the future has already begun, even if some folks have still not realized this.” He witnesses many Chinese dealers to be regular and very active guests at German and European coin auctions and who might be responsible for many new record bids. “Chinese coins are very marketable at our auctions”, Dr. Fischer concludes. In fact, coins from China are frequently among the lots which cause price surprises at German auctions. In March 2014, a Chinese silver coin from 1896 sold for around ten times the estimate at the Künker auction house: the dollar coin from Pei-Yang province was sold for 140,000 euros, the estimate was 15,000 euros. Peter B. Feuser, head of the numismatics department at Felzmann Auction House in Dusseldorf, confirms the huge importance of Chinese coins in his auctions: “The demand for Chinese coins is still very high, and both Germany-based Chinese collectors and Chinese residents are participating in our auctions, but there are also many German collectors who are interested in Chinese coins.” All collectors are focused on the outstanding quality of the offered coins. This applies in particular to modern coins, where already light quality problems (‘clouds’) lead to price reductions. “Best quality as well as the complete accessories (certificate, original capsule, original box and possibly even the wrapping) lead to significantly higher results in our auctions”, Feuser says. Collecting Chinese coins has been passion shared by every generation and now a younger audience has discovered Panda coins. Oliver Strahl and Stefanie Orski, from Bavaria, are 34 and 25 years old. They are interested in Panda variants, rare issues and the special show Panda medals. “It began with the first silver Panda from 2011, which we bought

together”, says Oliver Strahl adding: “That was also the year we met each other.” Oliver started collecting circulation coins back in his childhood days, carried on with his hobby in the euro coin era and recently changed his focus towards the area of Chinese coins. Oliver and Stefanie are attracted by the sophisticated design of Chinese coins, but also the opportunity of price increases plays an important role for them. “In Germany, most Chinese coins are traded via eBay. You can get the new issues at very reasonable prices”, says Oliver. Beautiful, rare and precious pieces from China are spotted on the market from time to time after being sold by veteran collectors. Most of these collectors purchased their Chinese coins back in the eighties and nineties from MDM (Müenzhandelsgesellschaft Deutsche Müenze) Wholesale, who was the first wholesale partner of China Gold Coin Incorporated after the opening of China to the international market. After gaining mainstream collectors’ attention in the past decades, Panda coins still remain an exotic product on the precious metals market in Germany. “The Panda faces quite a low demand after the transfer from ounce to gram weight denominations”, states Benjamin Summa, spokesperson of Europe’s largest bullion retailer pro aurum in Munich. “Many retailers have pulled the Panda from their product range because they don’t want to confuse their customers”, Summa adds. This is confirmed by Henning Weichert, spokesperson of veteran bullion retailer MP Edelmetalle: “The Panda is considered an exotic product. When a new coin is introduced, our clients don’t buy more than one or two pieces. The Panda is definitely no mass appeal product. Our customers prefer Maple Leafs, Philharmonics, Australian Kangaroos and even the Mexican Libertad, because the low premiums on the spot price. We sell some Pandas as a gift. Of course, a panda is more interesting than the branch of a maple tree.” Chinese coins are not yet in the spotlight of mainstream collectors in Germany. It is worth noting that there was in fact a short renaissance period of numismatics in Germany following the introduction of the euro, the European single currency, with millions of citizens searching their change for coins from neighboring countries. But this boom has abated and the coin collecting community has shrunk in recent years. German collectors have tended to focus on their own country again: The federal government has gradually increased the variety of German commemorative coins, especially in the field of gold coins: Deemed unthinkable in the era of the German mark, German gold coins are now part of numismatic reality and attract collectors and investors

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題 alike. Nowadays, there are German gold coins available in every common denomination, ranging from small gold coins featuring German trees and birds, to the ½ ounce coins commemorating UNESCO world heritage sites throughout Germany. In recent years, Germany has moved from a rather conservative coin producer to one of the innovators of the numismatic landscape, with polymer coins featuring a plastic ring between two layers of metal that have created a buzz on the worldwide coin market. That’s why most German collectors are occupied with their domestic coinage, rather than exotic coins such as the Chinese Panda.

But the high amount of attention, which was caused by the innovative polymer coins in Germany, could be seen as promising evidence for the fact that the numismatic community in Germany is still open towards exotic coin creations. That’s why there is a high chance that Chinese coins will also attract more and more coin enthusiasts in the coming years. The massive hunt for the show Panda medals from Berlin and Munich could be seen as an early indicator for the birth of a new mainstream collecting trend. The time would be right for a sustainable renaissance of the SinoGerman numismatic friendship: This year marks the 35th

The joy and fascination for Panda coins is further diminished in Germany because of the high number of fake coins which are offered every day. It is apparent that many sellers on the German eBay platform sell large quantities of low-quality replica coins which they obtained on Chinese platforms such as AliExpress. Most of those offers come with

anniversary of the Panda coin and the 40th anniversary of the re-establishment of diplomatic collaboration between the People’s Republic of China and the Federal Republic of Germany. This special anniversary with be honored by a visit of Chinese president Xi Jinping to Berlin. General Secretary Xi will have a unique present for all the friends of China in Germany: two living pandas for the Berlin Zoo.

suspiciously low prices and article descriptions which are perfectly designed for confusion – with the one goal to foist fake coins on potential buyers at the price of original Panda coins. Sadly, most of the German collectors do not know how easy it is to distinguish a fake Panda from a genuine coin. The long-term damage, which is caused by the trade with maliciously described Panda fakes, is huge: In most cases, the fakes are detected several years later, destroying the confidence in numismatics for a lifetime. There is another attribute of the German coin market which could explain the reservation many German collectors have towards Chinese coins: the top rarities of this field of numismatics are, with only few exceptions, all graded and slabbed by the big coin grading institutions such as NGC or PCGS. However, this form of examining and conserving is still in an infant stage in Germany. NGC has recently opened a German office in Munich, but for grading purposes, Chinese coin treasures from Germany have to be sent from Germany to the United States, and the process from submitting the ungraded coins to receiving the graded items might take up to two months. At the moment, there is a high degree of skepticism towards grading and slabbing in Germany, with the slab being dubbed as a “plastic coffin” by many German collectors. German numismatic aficionados tend to have more confidence in the grading information of auction houses, or their very own expert knowledge – which often causes a gap between fact and fiction in the field of German coin quality estimations.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

About the author: Sebastian Wieschowski was born in March 1985 in Northern Germany. After receiving his practical editorial training from Cologne School of Financial and Political Journalism, he studied Journalism at a Masters Level at Eichstaett University in Bavaria. During his academic studies, he worked for most of the leading daily and weekly magazines and online newspapers in Germany, including Der Spiegel and Die Zeit, producing more than 1,000 articles. He has specialized in the field of numismatics and bullion since 2007 and has served as editor-in-chief of “Goldblatt”, Europe’s first bullion investing magazine, and reporter for Austria-based monthly numismatic magazine “Money Trend”. He is the author of “Ratgeber Edelmetall Investment”, a standard and best-selling introduction book to bullion investing. Sebastian has also supported numerous bullion wholesale retailers in the field of public relations. Since 2017, he works for Gietl Publishing and their flagship publications “MuenzenRevue” and “Muenzen & Sammeln”, Germany’s leading numismatic magazines. Sebastian will serve as the founding editor of a new Germanspeaking digital numismatic news source, in mid-2017. He is a passionate collector of Chinese coins, focusing on the Panda and specializing in fake coin detection. Sebastian has contributed many articles on Chinese coins for German numismatic media. A globe-trotter at heart, Sebastian is excited to draw the focus of the European collectors’ community towards the fascinating field of Asian numismatics. You can find more about his work at “http:// coinosseur.com”

Features 專題

德國人眼裏的紀念熊貓：歐洲迷人的中國錢幣使者塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基（德國）世界錢幣展歷來都是雄心勃勃的藏家們爭搶古代和現代世界錢幣珍品的地方。但當 2017 年 2 月 3 日早上世界錢幣展向公眾開放的時候，數百位參觀者卻徑直聚集到了一處非常特別的地方——弗裏茨·魯道夫·昆克拍賣公司的展櫃。他們爭先恐後地想要購買兩種特別的錢幣展會珍品——一種是傳統的銀質展會紀念熊貓，重 1 盎司；另一種是“迷你熊貓紀念章”，重量僅為 8 克（金衡制），兩種紀念熊貓的鑄造量均為 1000 枚。但是僅僅過去了一天，昆克公司就把“已售罄”的標誌掛了出來，這讓許多因來的太晚而未能買到紀念熊貓的客人倍感失望。許多藏家在去年也遇到過這種情況，當時 2016 柏林紀念熊

2017 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會 1 盎司銀質紀念熊貓

貓（總鑄造量為 2000 枚）也是如此次一樣迅速銷售一空。儘管今年世界錢幣展的官方主題是“南非克魯格金幣 50 周年”，但中國紀念幣在柏林依然備受矚目。上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在一年一度的“世界硬幣大獎”的頒獎典禮上獲得“世界硬幣大獎終身成就獎” 的三色高浮雕柏林迷你銅質紀念熊貓作為贈品。這枚非

2017 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅質紀念熊貓

同凡響的試鑄紀念熊貓僅打造了 500 枚，是目前最為珍

由於絕大多數的紀念熊貓都被賣給了亞洲本土顧客，

稀的熊貓紀念章之一。製作這種紀念章的設計師余敏被

每年能在歐洲出售的中國金銀紀念幣都只是很少一部分。

譽為熊貓貴金屬紀念幣之父，其所設計的紀念熊貓數量

從前以原價買到紀念熊貓的德國收藏家們或許會感到慶

之多，目前無人能出其右。2016 年和 2017 年柏林展會

倖，因為舊版金銀紀念熊貓現在的價格已經比當初零售

紀念熊貓的標誌性設計同樣出自他手。所以，說余敏為

商購入的價格高出了很多。2000 年之後最受歡迎的紀念

中德錢幣友好做出了突出貢獻一點都不為過。

熊貓的價格在 300 歐元左右，因為多數藏家並不打算將

這一殊榮。參加典禮的嘉賓都拿到了一枚具有異域風情

手中的熊貓藏品賣掉，所以想要在德國集齊一整套紀念上海造幣有限公司為世界錢展特製的展會紀念熊貓

熊貓並不是一件容易的事。另外，有越來越多以前未收

吸引了大批蜂擁而至的顧客，而這一現象也顯示了德國

藏過錢幣的人正加入到貴金屬銀幣這一新興錢幣領域的

錢幣界的一大關鍵性趨勢——即來自中國的紀念幣、章

探索中來。隨着預期值的提高，錢幣藏家們除批量生產

現在正受到德國錢幣專家們的熱烈追捧。錢展結束後不

的紀念幣之外也樂於購入一些稀有的錢幣，因此中國紀

久，就有一些柏林紀念熊貓以原始零售價兩倍甚至三倍

念熊貓就成了很多德國錢幣藏家競相追逐的焦點。

的高價在德國 eBay 上成交。但很顯然，那些有幸在柏林買到一枚紀念熊貓的顧客幾乎沒有人願意將手中的這枚

新的年輕收藏家們正準備探索中國錢幣，而多年的

出手。因此，大多數未能在柏林買到紀念熊貓的愛好者

老藏家們也沒有忘記剛過去不久的中國錢幣的黃金年

在世界錢幣展剛一結束，就馬上抓住了另一次在巴伐利

代。漢堡硬幣貿易商場錢幣分部負責人——約瑟夫·費舍

亞州首府慕尼黑“Numismata”國際錢幣展上購買紀念

爾博士介紹說：“2008 -2010 年間，我們見證了一陣追

熊貓的機會，這也是自 1997 年以來展會紀念熊貓首次在

逐中國錢幣的浪潮。即使是鑄造量很少的現代幣也在突

這一傳統錢幣展會上出售。慕尼黑紀念熊貓的鑄造量為

然之間變得非常熱門，並在拍賣會上拍出了創紀錄的價

2017 枚，雖然稀有度不及柏林熊貓，但由於是首次以套

格。”“雖然現在中國錢幣的銷量依然不錯，但還能賣

幣的形式出售（重量從 1/10 盎司 -1 盎司不等），這種展

出高價的就只有非常稀有的錢幣了。”這位錢幣行家認

會熊貓還是迅速受到了追捧。

為把重點放在亞洲錢幣上的做法是明智的：“雖然有些

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題人沒有意識到這一點，但其實中國大陸、日本、香港和

外來品。當引入新產品時，我們的客戶只會買一兩枚。

新加坡是未來錢幣市場的所在地，而這個未來現在已經

而且熊貓幣也絕非需求很大的產品。由於現貨價格溢價

開啟。”他見過很多活躍在德國和歐洲錢幣拍賣會上的

低的原因，我們的顧客更願意購買楓葉幣、愛樂樂團幣、

中國幣商，很多新的成交價記錄可能就是他們取得的。 “中

澳大利亞袋鼠幣以及墨西哥自由女神幣。一些熊貓幣被

國錢幣在我們的拍賣會上非常暢銷”，費舍爾最後總結

作為禮物買走。當然，一只熊貓要比一截楓樹樹枝有意

道。實際上，來自中國的錢幣經常能在德國拍賣會上拍

思的多。”

出驚人的高價。 2014 年 3 月，一枚 1896 年的中國銀幣以約 10 倍於估價的價格由昆克拍賣售出：這枚估價為 1.5

中國錢幣目前尚不是德國主流收藏界關注的焦點。

萬歐元的北洋銀幣最終的成交價達到了 14 萬歐元之多。

但值得注意的是，在歐洲統一貨幣——歐元引入的時候，

位於杜塞爾多夫的費爾曼拍賣公司錢幣部門的負責人彼

德國曾經出現過一段短暫的錢幣復興時期，數百萬民眾

得·B·福伊澤證實了中國錢幣在其拍賣會上的重要性：“中

將自己手中的零錢兌換成鄰國的錢幣。現在這股熱潮已

國錢幣的需求量現在依然旺盛，參加我們拍賣的除中國

經降溫，錢幣收藏團體在近幾年也已經縮減。德國藏家

人和德國華僑之外，還有很多對中國錢幣感興趣的的德

又將焦點轉移回了國內：聯邦政府逐漸增加了德國紀念

國藏家。”錢幣藏家關注的重點都在錢幣的優良品質上，

幣尤其是金幣的種類。除德國馬克外，德國金幣現在已

這一點在現代幣方面尤為適用，即便是輕微的品質問題

經成為現實通用貨幣的一部分，並吸引了收藏家和投資

（如霧斑）也會降低錢幣的價格。 “絕佳的品質和完備

者的注意力。現在德國境內可以買到各種普通面值的德

的配件（證書、原套、原盒甚至是原包裝）都是這些錢

國金幣，既有刻有德國國樹和國鳥的小型金幣，也有聯

幣在拍賣會上拍得高價的原因”，福伊澤介紹說。

合國教科文組織世界遺產地 1/2 盎司紀念幣。近幾年，德國由一個相當保守的錢幣生產者轉變成為了一個錢幣

歷代藏家都熱衷收藏中國錢幣，現在年輕人也發現

革新者，其在兩層金屬之間鑲嵌塑膠環所製造出的聚合

了紀念熊貓這一收藏領域。巴伐利亞 34 歲的奧利弗·施特

物錢幣更是在國際錢幣市場引發了一陣轟動。這也是為

拉爾和 25 歲的斯蒂芬妮·奧斯基就是喜歡稀有和特製展

什麼大多德國藏家更專注於本國錢幣而非中國紀念熊貓

會熊貓及熊貓相關產品的年輕人之一。“2011 年，我們

這種外來錢幣的原因。

兩人一起購買了第一枚熊貓銀章，”34 歲的奧利弗·施特拉爾說，“我們兩人也是在那一年相遇的。”奧利弗從

德國無處不在的假幣進一步降低了熊貓幣的魅力。

小就開始收集流通幣，現在仍保持着收集歐洲錢幣的習

顯然，現在很多幣商從阿裏巴巴等中國銷售平臺上購買

慣。最近，他把關注的焦點轉到了中國錢幣上。除了為

了大量品質低劣的仿冒品，然後將其放在德國 eBay 上出

中國錢幣複雜的設計所吸引這一因素之外，升值空間也

售。這些假幣進價大都極為低廉，而為了能和真品熊貓

是奧利弗和斯蒂芬妮收集中國錢幣的重要因素。 “在德國，

幣賣出同樣的價格，錢幣的銘文圖案設計又極為精美，

大多數中國錢幣都是在 ebay 上售出的。你可以以非常合

難辨真假。遺憾的是，大多數德國藏家都不知道只要用

適的價格買到新發行的產品”，奧利弗介紹說。老藏家

非常簡單的方法就可以甄別出這些錢幣的真偽。長期銷

將手中的藏品出手後，市面上時不時就可以見到精美且

售這種備受惡評的假幣所造成的損害是巨大的。假幣一

稀有的中國錢幣的身影。大多數錢幣藏家的中國錢幣，

般幾年之後就會被發現，而這會對錢幣收藏信心造成終

都是八十和九十年代中國改革開放之後從中國金幣總公

生性的破壞。

司首家合作批發商 MDM 公司（Müenzhandelsgesellschaft Deutsche Müenze) 購入的。雖然在過去的幾十年間引起了主流收藏界的注意，

德國錢幣市場的另一種情況——即除極個別特例外，特別稀有的中國幣一般會由 NGC 和 PCGS 這種大型錢幣評級公司進行評級和打盒，也是德國藏家對中國錢幣持

但紀念熊貓在德國貴金屬市場上仍然是一個外來品。“紀

觀望態度的原因。這種錢幣檢測和保存方法在德國才剛

重單位由盎司改為克之後，熊貓紀念章的需求量就非常

剛起步。NGC 最近才在德國慕尼黑成立了一間辦公室，

低了”，歐洲最大的貴金屬零售商——慕尼黑寶螯公司

但如果需要對中國錢幣進行評級的話，還需要將錢幣從

發言人本傑明·蘇馬介紹說。 “因為不想讓顧客混淆，很

德國運往美國。從提交未評級幣到拿到評完級的成品整

多零售商都將熊貓幣章從他們的產品範圍中排除出去”，

個過程大概會花費兩個多月的時間。當前，德國人對評

蘇馬補充道。這一點得到了亨寧·韋查特——老牌貴金屬

級和打盒仍然持高度懷疑態度，很多錢幣藏家將錢幣盒

零售商 MP 貴金屬公司發言人的證實：“熊貓幣被視為

稱為“塑膠棺材”。相較之下，德國錢幣愛好者們更願

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Features 專題意相信拍賣公司的評級資訊或者自己的專業經驗——而

碩士。學習期間，曾為《明鏡週刊》《時代週刊》等多

這又經常會造成德國錢幣的評估品質與實際品質之間存

家德國一流日報、週刊及網路報紙工作過，發表了 1000

在出入。

多篇文章。從 2007 年開始，塞巴斯蒂安專注於錢幣及

貴金屬領域的報道和研究，成為歐洲首家貴金屬投資雜

但是，創新性的聚合物錢幣在德國引發大量關注這

誌《金箔》的主編，並擔任澳大利亞錢幣月刊《錢幣動向》

一現象證明了德國錢幣團體的大門目前仍然向外來錢幣

的通訊員。最暢銷的貴金屬投資標準指南《貴金屬投資

產品敞開。因此中國錢幣很有可能會在未來吸引更多錢

指南》一書也是他編著的。此外，他還為許多貴金屬批

幣愛好者。柏林和慕尼黑紀念熊貓的大量需求可以被視

發公司提供公共關係方面的支持。從 2017 年起，他開

為新收藏主流誕生的風向標。現在正是中德錢幣友好復興的恰當時機：2017 年是熊貓紀念幣鑄造 35 周年，也是中華人民共和國同德意志聯邦共和國重新建交 40 周年。在這一特殊的年份裏，中華人民共和國主席習近平出訪了柏林，並為所有熱愛中國的德國友人帶來了一份特殊的禮物——一對中國熊貓（將被贈送給柏林動物園）。關於作者：塞巴斯蒂安·威斯霍夫斯基 1985 年 3 月

生於德國北部。曾在科隆金融與政治新聞學院接受實用編輯訓練，後進入巴伐利亞艾希施泰特大學攻讀新聞學

始為 Gietl 出版社及其旗下的兩本王牌雜誌——《錢幣評

論》和《硬幣收藏》（均為德國一流錢幣期刊）長期供稿。從 2017 年年中，塞巴斯蒂安將作為創刊主編為一家新

設立的德語電子錢幣新聞網站工作。他熱衷於中國錢幣尤其是熊貓幣的收藏，精於檢測和識別贗品，為德國各大錢幣媒體貢獻了多篇中國錢幣方面的文章。作為一個喜歡環球旅行的人，塞巴斯蒂安樂於將歐洲錢幣收藏界關注的焦點吸引到迷人的亞洲錢幣上來。更多關於塞巴斯蒂安作品的内容，请访问：作品的內容，請訪問： “http:// coinosseur.com”。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

Japanese Coins of Indonesia Howard Frankin Bowker (USA)

The Republic of Indonesia is very much in the news

in Kanji characters above with large Arabic figures of

of late, and doubtless a few notes on the little-known series

denomination at the center, and the date 2603 or 2604 at

of coins issued during the Japanese occupation of that area

the bottom. The figure 1 is superimposed on an ornamental

during World War II, which appear to have passed unnoticed

background, while the 5 and 10 are on plain fields with

and unrecorded by the numismatic press, may be of Interest.

ornaments at the right and left. The reverses have no inscriptions. The 1 denomination has only the head of

One of the measures taken by the Japanese armies

the same figure shown on the two higher denominations,

after the overthrow of the Dutch administration in Indonesia

believed to be that of Bhlma, a character from the Hindu

was the issue of the well-known series of paper currency of

epic Mahabharata, in the form of a marionette for a shadow

eight varieties of seven denominations ranging from 1 cent

drama, a very popular form of entertainment in Indonesia.

to 10 guldens and three 10,100, and 1,000 roepiah. But it is

(Editor's Note: The 1 and 5 sen are struck in aluminum, but

not so well known that they also prepared a special series

the 10 sen is a zinc or tin alloy. Both dates of the 1 and 10

of aluminum coins of 1, 5, and 10 units for circulation In

sen are known today, but the 5 sen is only known with date

this area. These were first issued in 1943 and bear that date

2603.) The rods attached to the hands and feet by which the

in the style of the Japanese dynastic chronology which was

figure is manipulated In the puppet show can be seen. Two

introduced by the chauvinistic military administration then

conventional Japanese cherry blossoms are at the right and

in power “2603.”

left.

It is reported that all of the two lowest denomination

It is not known whether the denominations of these

shipped from Japan were lost at sea by the sinking of their

coins are expressed in cents or sen, but It is believed that

carriers by American submarines, and that only the 10

they were the latter, the fractional unit of the roepiah that was

denomination reached Indonesia and were circulated there.

introduced by the Japanese to supercede the gulden.

Later mintings of all denominations dated 2604 were also The following recapitulation indicates the forms in

struck, but it is not known that they ever reached Indonesia.

which specimens have been seen by the writer: These coins are all inscribed Dal Ni Hon (Japan)

date

1 sen

2603

2604

* specimens seen

1 sen

O rubbings seen

5 sen

R reported

10 sen

Editor’s Note: In 1958, Howard Franklin Bowker wrote this article.

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

印尼的日本錢幣霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克（美國）近日，關於印尼共和國的消息屢見報端，想必是一

這些錢幣上面均刻有“大日本”三個漢字，中間是

些關於二戰時期的印尼幣的訊息引發了人們的興趣。這

大寫阿拉伯數字標識的面值，底部刻有年份，2603 或者

些鮮為人知的印尼幣是二戰時期日本佔領印尼時發行的

2604。面值為 1 的硬幣背景無裝飾，而面值為 5 和 10 的

錢幣，不過似乎一直以來都很少出現在相關的錢幣報刊

錢幣背景為光面，左右皆有裝飾。錢幣背面皆無銘文。

上。

三種硬幣上均刻有印度史詩《摩訶婆羅多》中的人物—— 怖軍的提線木偶像（面值為 1 的硬幣上只有頭部），這種提線木偶是印尼一種非常流行的娛樂活動——影子戲

知名的印尼紙幣就是在日軍取代荷蘭佔領印尼之後發行的，一共分為八大類，面額有 1 分、10 荷蘭盾，

中所使用的道具，由演員通過一根棍子操縱傀儡娃娃的

10、100、1000 印尼盾等共 7 種。除紙幣外，日軍還準

四肢進行表演。怖軍像的左右兩側均裝飾有日本傳統的

備了一種並不為人所知的鋁制硬幣，面額有 1、5、10 三

櫻花圖案。（編者注： 1 仙和 5 仙為鋁幣，10 仙錢幣的

種。這種鋁幣的初次發行時間為 1943 年，硬幣上面按

鑄造材料為鋅或錫合金。這兩個年份的 1 仙和 10 仙硬

照由當時掌權的沙文主義軍政府引進的一種日本王朝統

幣均有發現，而 5 仙硬幣現僅發現 2603 年鑄造的一種。）

治紀年法，將發行年份標記為 2603。关于这些钱币的面值单位究竟是“分”还是“仙” 據報道 , 載有較低面值兩種鋁幣的船隻在從日本駛

至今尚未有定论，但后者这一由日本人引进用来取代荷

往印尼的途中被美國潛艇擊沉，船上的硬幣就此沉入海

兰盾的小面额印尼盾单位是目前比较令人信服的一种假

底，下落不明。正因如此，最終被運到印尼流通使用的

设。

就只有面額為 10 的硬幣。雖然之後日本又鑄造了這三種面額的 2604 年鋁幣，但這些錢幣究竟有沒有被運往印尼我們目前仍不得而知。下面這組數字標示了作者所見過的幾種印尼樣幣形式：

日期

1仙

2603

2604

1仙

O 所见为拓本

5仙

R 见诸报道

10 仙

* 所见为样币

（編者注：此文是包克先生 1958 年撰寫的文章。）

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

The Taiwan Dragon Coins Bruce W. Smith (USA)

During the Ch'ing Dynasty, the province of Taiwan produced only five modern style coins – that is, coins struck with dies powered by machinery, rather than cast in the traditional method. Two of these coins have never been seen by anyone living today and might not actually exist. Eduard Kann's 1954 Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins is still the most comprehensive work, in any language, on China's modern silver and gold coins, but most of his information about the origin of the Taiwan dragon coins is incorrect. These coins were not made in Foochow, but were struck in Taiwan in what was actually China's second modern mint. Thanks to research published in the 1970's by British numismatist, Richard N. J. Wright, using Chinese newspapers and British consular reports, we now know the true story of these elusive coins. The coins themselves fall into two series according to the Chinese inscription at the top of the obverse (Chinese side). The coins are similar to, and in fact, copied from the Kwangtung coins made at the Canton Mint. Four Chinese characters, giving the regnal title of the emperor, surrounded by a dotted circle appear in the center. Above this are four characters giving the name of the province, and below are characters giving the denomination of the coin. In the very center there is a small dot. Unlike the Kwangtung coins and nearly every other Ch'ing dynasty silver coin, these coins have no Manchu inscription. The reverse (dragon side) shows a coiled, side-view dragon with a fireball below its chin, and a four-point rosette with hollow center to the left and right. Below the dragon is the denomination in English, and above, in English: TAI-WAN PROVINCE. One series gives the name of the province as "T'ai Wan Chih Tsao" (Made in Taiwan Province)(Pic. 1-1, Pic. 1-2), while the other has "T'ai Sheng Chih Tsao" (Made in Tai Province)(Pic. 2). In the first series, a 5 cents (Kann 135; L/M 329) and a 10 cents (K 134; L/M 328) are known, including quite a few die varieties of the 10 cents coin. In the second series, only a 10 cents (K 137; L/M 327) is known. A 20 cents coin is said to exist in both series, but only rubbings of these coins have been seen. Kann shows a rubbing of a 20 cents labeled K 133, but the coin shown is actually Kann 136 (L/M 326), from the second series, not the first. Dr. Che-lu Tseng's book, The Spirit and Culture of Taiwan Coinage, (Taiwan 2004) has a rubbing of the real Kann 133, but no one has ever seen either coin. No one knows why two series of coins were made, though it is

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Large

Pic. 1-1 1890 Taiwan 5 Cents Silver, made in Taiwan

Large

Pic. 1-2 1890 Taiwan 10 Cents Silver, made in Taiwan, tail ending in 7 spines

Large

Pic. 2 1892 Taiwan 10 Cents Silver, made in Tai Province

Column 專欄 possible the second series was issued to emphasize Taiwan's recent elevation from a prefecture to a province. It is also unknown why the Manchu wording was omitted on these coins. According to Kann, the Taiwan dragon coins were made about 1890 at the Foochow mint, though he does mention that a Chinese catalog dates them to 1887. Both dates are wrong. Taiwan, known to westerners as Formosa, was added to the Chinese empire in the 1680's and for two hundred years was a prefecture of Fukien province. Following the Sino-French War of 1884-1885, amid fears that France or Japan might seize the island, Taiwan became a separate province in 1887 and Liu Ming-ch'uan was appointed governor. Two years earlier, an arsenal was established at Taipei, just outside the north gate of the city As a 1975 paper by Richard Wright points out , the Foochow mint did not begin operations until 1896, yet the British Museum received a donation of both types of Taiwan 10 cents dragon coins in 1893, from W. S. Ayrton, British consul at Tamsui, Taiwan. Those coins could not have been made at Foochow. And because the Taiwan coins are too poorly made, they could not be the work of the Canton mint. The answer is found in newspapers published in China at the time. The North China Herald and the North China Daily News published the same account in their June 30, 1893 papers: The new mint at Formosa turned out for the first time a large quantity of ten and twenty cent[s] pieces on the 20th inst., the Canton mint being unable to supply the amount yearly required by the Formosa government. In design the new Formosa money is like its Canton prototype, with the exception that the name of his majesty the Emperor Kwang Hsu is omitted. The omission of the emperor's name clearly refers to the lack of Manchu inscriptions, which contain the regnal title of the emperor. The account is probably also mistaken about the denominations struck at the mint, which should be five cents and ten cents coins. This is made clearer by the report from Acting British Consul at Tamsui, Hopkins:

however, has been done without any minting machinery properly so called, but the coins have been struck by cartridge making machines, slightly altered, which answers well, though only five cent[s] and ten cent[s] pieces can be issued, as the press is not strong enough to coin the heavier 20 cent[s] pieces. The intrinsic value of these coins is, I believe, not so great as those minted at Canton. Cartridge-making machines, common in every arsenal, were normally used to make bullets. Newspaper accounts from 1890 through 1893 report that both Foochow and Taiwan imported small silver coins from the Canton mint. When the amount which could be supplied proved insufficient, Taiwan officials planned a mint of their own. It is possible that the phantom Taiwan 20 cents coins are patterns made at Canton for a denomination which was never made in Taiwan due to its inadequate machinery. An idea of when the Taiwan mint opened is suggested by an article in the North China Herald, October 27, 1893, page 648: The Hupao [newspaper] states that the authorities of the Formosa mint, which has been coining money of the smaller denominations such as twenty, ten and five cent[s] pieces, for the last six months, having now turned out enough for the use of the island, contemplate petitioning the governor, H.E. Shao Yu-lien, to allow them to stop work for a while. It is not yet known what the governor's reply will be to this request. This suggests that the Taiwan mint began production in the spring of 1893. Dr. Tseng provides us with a map showing the location of the Taiwan arsenal mint, right at the northwest corner of the city wall, just outside the north gate of the city. Unfortunately the Taiwan mint didn't last long. The SinoJapanaese War of 1894-1895 resulted in the loss of Taiwan to Japan for fifty years. Following the collapse of the short-lived Taiwan Republic in June 1895, the provincial treasury and the arsenal were both thoroughly looted. After the Japanese occupied the island, the circulation of the Taiwan dragon coins was prohibited. As a result, many are said to have been made into buttons and ornaments, and those on the market today sometimes exhibit damage or traces of solder near the center of the Chinese side.

During the year the government has turned out a considerable amount of subsidiary silver coinage. This,

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

臺灣龍銀史博録（美國）清朝年間，臺灣省一共製造過五種現代風格的錢幣——也就是說，使用機器動力打製而成，非傳統翻砂在眾多有關中國現代機製金銀幣的著作中，耿愛德 1954

放大

熔鑄的方法。其中有兩種至今無人見過，或許根本不存在。版的《中國幣圖說彙考》依舊是一本最具全面性的著作，然而，書中大部分有關臺灣龍銀來源的資訊卻是錯誤的。這些臺灣龍銀並非在福州製造，而是在臺灣（这也可稱是中國的第二家現代造幣廠）。關於這些難以捉摸的錢幣，我們現在已經知道其來龍去脈，這要感謝英國錢幣學家萊特（Richard N. J. Wright）在 1970 年代利用中文報紙及英國領事館報告中得到的資訊而發表的一份研究報告。根據錢幣正面（中文面）頂部的中文字，這些錢幣

圖 1-1 1890 年臺灣製造光緒元寶庫平三分六釐銀幣

本身可分為兩個系列。這些錢幣與廣州造幣廠所造的廣東錢幣很相似，事實上是仿造了它們。幣的中間是表明皇帝年號的四個中文字“光緒元寶”，由珠圈圍繞。上小圓點。與廣東錢幣及幾乎所有清代錢幣有所不同的是，

放大

方是四個字標明省份，下方是面值。錢幣最中心處有一這些臺灣龍銀都沒有滿文。錢幣背面（龍面）是一条盤繞側視之蟠龍 , 其下巴下有一火球，左右各有一中間空心的四點花星。龍的下方是英文面值，上方是英文 TAIWAN PROVINCE。其中一個系列的名字是“臺灣省造” （圖 1-1，圖 1-2），另一個系列是“臺省製造”（圖 2）。在第一個系列中，目前僅知三分六釐（Kann 135，L/M 329）和七分二釐（K 134，L/M 328），其中七分二釐的種類繁多。而在第二個系列中，僅知七分二釐（K 137， L/M 327）。據說在這兩個系列中都存在一種面值為一錢四分四釐的銀幣，但僅見拓圖。耿愛德在書中展示了一

圖 1-2 1890 年臺灣製造光緒元寶庫平七分二釐銀幣，龍尾 7 根尾鰭

枚一錢四分四釐銀幣的拓圖，編號 K133，但這枚錢幣實際應是 Kann136（L/M 326），屬第二個系列，非第一個年臺灣出版）中有一張真正的 K133 的拓圖，但是真幣

放大

系列。曾澤祿博士的著作《臺灣貨幣的精神與文化》（2004 無人見過。雖然第二個系列可能是為了強調臺灣已從一個轄區升級為一個行省，但是沒有人知道為何這些錢幣要製成兩個系列，也無人知道這些錢幣為何沒有滿文。根據耿愛德所說，臺灣龍銀是 1890 年左右在福州造幣廠製造，雖然他確實提到有一本中國圖錄將製造日期定為 1887 年。這兩個日期都是錯誤的。臺灣，西方人

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 2 1892 年臺省製造光緒元寶庫平七分二釐銀幣

Column 專欄稱之為福尔摩沙，在 17 世紀 80 年代歸入清政府版圖，

壓印機不夠強大只能製造三分六釐銀幣和七分二釐銀幣，

之後的兩百年中都隸屬福建省。1884-1885 年中法戰爭後，

而無法製造更重一些的一錢四分四釐銀幣。至於這些錢

因害怕法國或日本佔領該島，臺灣在 1887 年被設為行省，

幣的真實價值，我相信，應該不如廣州造幣廠所製的錢幣。

劉銘傳任臺灣巡撫。其實早在兩年前，臺北就已建立兵工機械局，就在該市北門外。

造子彈筒用的機器在兵工廠內很常見。在 18901893 年的報紙上都有報道過福州和臺灣都是由廣州造幣

萊特（Richard Wright）在 1975 年的一份報告中指

廠供應小銀幣。當供應量無法滿足需求的時候，臺灣官

出，福州造幣廠直到 1896 年才開工，而大英博物館卻在

員決定自行鑄幣。至今無法證實的一錢四分四釐銀幣可

1893 年就收到駐臺灣淡水領事 W. S. Ayrton 捐贈的兩種

能是在廣州造幣廠製造的樣幣，因設備所限，臺灣是不

臺灣七分二釐龍銀。因此這些銀幣不可能是在福州造幣

可能自己製造出這種錢幣的。有關臺灣造幣廠的成立時

廠製造。另外，臺灣錢幣製作粗劣，因此也不可能是廣

間，可在 1893 年 10 月 27 日的《北華捷報》第 648 頁上

州造幣廠所製。真正的答案可在當時的中國報紙上找到。

找到線索：

《北華捷報》和《字林西報》在 1893 年 6 月 30 日刊登了同一篇文章：

據《滬報》載，臺灣造幣廠在过去的 6 個月中製造諸如一錢四分四釐、七分二釐和三分六釐等小銀幣，其

臺灣的新造幣廠在本月 20 日首次製造了大量的七

數量今已足夠島內所需，現考慮奏請臺灣巡撫邵友濂讓

分二釐和一錢四分四釐銀幣，廣東造幣廠無法供應臺灣

造幣廠停工一段時間。至於巡撫對這一請求的回復，我

政府一年所需的所有銀幣。新製的臺灣銀幣與它的原型

們無法知道。

廣東銀幣很相似，但不同的是幣上省略了光緒皇帝的名從中我們可以看出，臺灣造幣廠在 1893 年春季即

字。

開始造幣。曾博士提供了一份地圖向我們展示了臺灣機皇帝名字的省略很明顯指的是沒有滿文，因滿文中

器局的位置，就在城牆的西北角，該市的北門外。不幸

含有皇帝的年號。文章中可能也把錢幣的面值弄錯了，

的是，臺灣造幣廠沒有持續很長時間。1894-1895 年的中

正確的應是三分六釐 [ 五分 ] 和七分二釐 [ 一角 ]。這在

日戰爭使臺灣淪為日本殖民地達 50 年。继短暫的“臺灣

駐淡水的代理英國領事 Hopkins 的報告中寫得很清楚：

民主國”潰敗後，省庫和機器局被洗劫一空。日本佔領該島後，臺灣龍銀的流通即被禁止。因此，據說很多銀

在這一年，政府製造了數量可觀的小銀幣。然而，這些錢幣並非使用所謂的專業造幣設備製成，而是使用

幣最後被製成紐扣和裝飾品，今天在市場上出售的那些臺灣龍銀上，字面有時候可以看到這種損傷或焊接痕跡。

造子彈筒用的機器製造，稍作了一些改動，結果是，因

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Fake Countermarks on Sichuan Rupees, Yuan Shikai Dollars and Tibetan Coins Wolfgang Bertsch (Germany)

Many Sichuan Rupees are known which bear genuine

2. I had the opportunity to spend several days in Lhasa

countermarks, probably applied to them by local authorities

at different occasions between 1986 and 2001 and saw

in eastern Tibet. The best known are those marks which

many Sichuan Rupees bearing the above mentioned genuine

represent the western figures 3,4,5, and 6, the English word

countermarks, and some others, but never one with the

"one", the mark consisting in a small Tibetan letter "sa"

countermarks which appear on the coins which I illustrate in

within an incuse cinquefoil area, and the mark which has

this article.

two syllables in Chinese and one syllable in Tibetan script which has been read as "li yong lam" and has tentatively

3. The major Chinese publications by Yin Zhengmin

been attributed to the monastery of Litang in Eastern Tibet,

(2004), Zhang Chengguang (2011) and Wang Chunli (2012)

now located in Sichuan Province. Most of these marks were

which include pictures of countermarked Sichuan Rupees

published by Karl Gabrisch and the present author (1991) and

do not include any coin which bears countermarks like those

more recently in the Chinese publications by Yin Zhengmin

which I consider as being modern products. Yin Zhengmin,

(2004), Zhang Chengguang (2011) and Wang Chunli

probably the foremost Chinese expert in Tibetan coins, spent

(2012). In the article by Gabrisch and myself we voiced

many years in Lhasa and would certainly have mentioned

some suspicion regarding certain countermarks, but we did

Sichuan rupees with fake countermarks in his catalogue if

not distinguish clearly enough between genuine and fake

they had been available the Lhasa´s antique market.

countermarks; this can now be done with more confidence. In the 1970s silver smiths and antique dealers in

4. The fact that Yuan Shikai dollars exist which were countermarked with Tibetan iron seals with the Tibetan

Northern India and in Kathmandu offered Sichuan Rupees

syllables "rnam" or "rgyal" must inspire immediate suspicion,

and other Chinese and Tibetan coins which bear counter

as Yuan Shikai Dollars, both original strikes and official

marks punched with genuine Tibetan iron seals, either in

restrikes, dated 3rd year of the Republic, were widely used in

Tibetan or in Chinese script. For the following reasons we

Tibet only after 1950, a long time after the countermarking of

know that these countermarks are fabrications of that time,

Sichuan rupees must have ceased to be practiced in the mid

made in northern India, probably in Kalimpong or Gangtok,

1930s.

and that none of them are of Tibetan origin1: 1. The foremost collector of Tibetan coins in

The Indian forgers were clever enough as to not flood the collector’s market with coins bearing their invented

Kathmandu, the late Bhupendra Narayan Shrestha mentioned

countermarks in order to avoid suspicion, resulting in the

more than once to me that coins with these counter marks

fact that nowadays coins with fake countermarks are much

were never offered to him by Tibetan refugees or by persons

more difficult to find than Sichuan rupees with genuine

who had visited Tibet.

countermarks.

However, the iron seals which served as punches, are genuine items from Tibet.

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Column 專欄 1. Fake Countermarks on Sichuan Rupees

Pic. 1 Sichuan rupee with two Tibetan countermarks on obverse. The one on the left represents the Tibetan personal name "nor bu" which means "jewel", the one on the right consists of two syllables which are probably "lha" and "bod" or "rgya". The latter countermark has also been recorded for a half Sichuan rupee which was in the collection of Wesley Halpert (Spink, New York, lot 217).

Pic. 3 Sichuan rupee with two Chinese countermarks on obverse, the one on the left representing the word "shou", meaning "long life".

Pic. 4 Sichuan rupee with Tibetan countermark of uncertain meaning on obverse. Pic. 2 Sichuan rupee (type with large head, probably struck in Kangding) with Tibetan countermark "nor bu" on obverse.

Pic. 5 Sichuan rupee with Chinese countermark on obverse.

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Pic. 6 Sichuan rupee with countermark "rnam" on obverse. Source: webpage "zeno.ru".

Pic. 7 Half Sichuan rupee, punched with figure "2" on obverse. Probably the forger was aware of the fact that Sichuan Rupees bearing genuine countermarks of the figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 exist and intended to extend the series by inventing the countermark "2".

2. Fake Countermarks on Yuan Shikai Dollars

Pic. 8 Sichuan rupee with engraved countermarks in Tibetan script on obverse. These marks do not necessarily go back to the same source of northern India to which the fake punched countermarks can be attributed. The left mark can be read as "bod" ("Tibet"). Note that this early type of Sichuan Rupee does not exist with genuine countermarks. Collection Nicholas G. Rhodes (Spink China, Hong Kong, 2013, lot 248).

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Pic. 9 Yuan Shikai dollar, dated third year of the Republic with Tibetan countermark “rnam” on obverse. The syllable “rnam” may be short for “rnam rgyal” which means “victorious” and probably refers to the personal name of the seal´s owner. On the collar of the bust of Yuan Shikai one can observe a Chinese countermark which may have been applied long time before the Tibetan mark was punched on to the coin.

Column 專欄

Pic. 10 Yuan Shikai dollar, dated to the third year of the Republic with Tibetan countermark "nor bu" on obverse. Formerly in the collection of the late Wesley Halpert (Spink New York, 2000, lot 217). A photograph of the reverse is not available. In the description of lot 217 Nicholas Rhodes states the following: <<dollar of Yuan Shikai, Yr. 3, with "Norbu" in Tibetan, this coin was illustrated by Gabrisch & Bertsch , Fig. 27, but did not comment that this variety of dollar was struck in c1955, so the chop must be recent.>> . Rhodes refers to the reverse of the coin which must be of the variety with a "closed" triangle in the upper part of the character "yuan", a variety which Rhodes has identified as the one which represents the Yuan Shikai dollar official restrikes, which were probably produced in Chengdu in the 1950s for use in Tibet (Rhodes, 1975).

Pic. 12 Sino-Tibetan one sho silver coin of the Xuan Tong era with Chinese countermark "shou" on obverse. Apparently the countermark was applied to "upgrade" a damaged coin which would not have found a buyer without the countermark.

3. Fake Countermarks on Tibetan Coins

Pic. 13 Sino-Tibetan one skar copper coin of the Xuan Tong era with Chinese countermark on obverse. This is the only copper coin bearing a modern countermark, obviously applied to "upgrade" a damaged coin.

Pic. 11 Sino-Tibetan coin, dated to the 58th year of the Qian Long era, bearing the Tibetan countermark "nor bu" on reverse. Collection of the late Nicholas G. Rhodes (Spink China, Hong Kong, 2013, lot 26). Formerly in the collection the late Wesley Halpert (Spink New York, 2000, lot 218).

Pic. 14 Tibetan 5 sho coin, dated 15-48 with Chinese “shou” countermark on obverse.

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Pic. 15 Tibetan 5 sho coin, dated 15-49 with Tibetan countermark "gya" and Chinese countermark on reverse. Collection Nicholas G. Rhodes (Spink China, Hong Kong, 2013, lot 353).

Pic. 17 Three srang coin, dated 16-7 with Chinese (?) countermark in the centre of reverse. Collection Nicholas Rhodes (Spink Hong Kong, 2013, lot 373. Formerly in the collection of Wesley Halpert (Spink, New York, 2000, lot 218).

4. Fake Countermark on Indian Rupee

Pic. 16 Tibetan 5 sho coin, dated 15-50 with countermark in Tibetan seal script on reverse. From the collection of the late Nicholas G. Rhodes who acquired this coin in Kalimpong in 1999.

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Pic. 18 British Indian rupee with crowned bust of Queen Victoria, dated 1862, with Tibetan countermark “nor bu” on obverse.

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四川盧比、袁世凱像銀元和西藏幣上的假戳記沃爾夫岡·伯奇（德國）眾所周知，很多四川盧比都帶有可能是西藏東部

代——四川盧比停止打戳記的時間。

地方政權所鑄的真實戳記，其中最著名的戳記有數字 “3”“4”“5”“6”；英文“one”以及打在五瓣花圖

偽造戳記的印度人非常聰明，為了不引起懷疑，他

案中的藏文字母“sa”。這個戳記在中文中為兩個音節，

們並沒有大批量地把帶有偽造戳記的錢幣投入市場。因

藏文中為一個音節，讀作“li yong lam”，初步被認為是

此，現在帶有假戳記的錢幣比打有真戳記的四川盧比更

“理塘寺”（西藏東部，現位於四川境內）的意思。大

加少見。

多數戳記的解釋可以在筆者和卡爾·蓋布裡斯基合著的書籍（1991 年版），以及尹正民（2004 年版）、張承光（2011

一

四川盧比上的假戳記

年版）、王春利（2012 年版）等人最近出版的中文書籍中查到。雖然我和卡爾·蓋布裡斯基在書中對一些戳記的真偽提出了質疑，但我們當時並未明確區分真假戳記。而現在，我已經有了足夠的信心能將偽造的戳記辨別出來。 20 世紀 70 年代，印度北部、加德滿都的銀匠和古董商會出售一些四川盧比以及其他帶有西藏鐵印所打漢字或藏文戳記的中國和西藏硬幣（圖 1 至圖 18）。我們認為這些戳記都不是出自西藏，而是當時在印度北部—— 或許是噶倫堡或者甘托克偽造的①，其原因如下： 1. 加德滿都已故的最著名西藏幣藏家布彭德拉·納拉楊·施雷斯塔曾經不止一次提到過自己從未從西藏難民或曾經造訪過西藏的人那裡得到過帶這些戳記的錢幣。 2. 1986-2001 年間，我曾幾次到訪拉薩，並在那裡待了一段時間。期間，我見到了很多帶真正戳記的錢幣及其他硬幣，但從未遇到過一枚帶有本文提到的幾種偽造

圖 1 正面打有兩個藏文戳記的四川盧比。左邊的戳記為藏語名字“nor bu”，意思是“珍寶”，右邊的戳記有兩個音節，可能是“lha”和“bod”或者“rgya”。第二個戳記在衛斯理·哈爾佩特收藏的四川盧比中也有發現（斯賓克拍賣，紐約，lot 217）。

戳記的錢幣。 3. 尹正民（2004 年版）、張承光（2011 年版）和王春利（2012 年版）等人收錄有四川戳記盧比圖片的中文書籍中並未提及任何帶有我所認為是現在假戳記的錢幣。中國最權威的西藏幣錢幣專家尹正民曾在拉薩待了很多年，如果他曾經在拉薩古玩市場上見到過這種帶有假戳記的錢幣，那他一定會將其收錄到自己的目錄中的。 4. 實際上，帶有藏文 "rnam" 或 "rgyal" 戳記（西藏鐵印所打）的袁世凱像銀元一出現就會馬上引起懷疑。因為西藏在 1950 年之後才開始大規模使用初鑄版和民國三年官方重鑄版袁世凱像銀幣，這遠晚於 20 世紀 30 年

①

圖 2 四川盧比（大頭版，可能鑄造於康定），正面打有藏文戳記“nor bu”。

但是，作為沖頭的鐵質印章是真正來自西藏。

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圖 3 四川盧比，正面打有兩個中文戳記，左邊的戳記為 “壽”，即“長壽”之意。

圖 6 四川盧比，正面打有“rnam”戳記。（圖片來源網址： zeno.ru）

圖 4 正面打有藏文戳記的四川盧比，戳記意思不明。

圖 7 四川半盧比，正面打有戳記“2”。造假者可能是因為知道真正的戳記有“3”“4”“5”“6”，為了擴展這一系列，所以發明了“2”這個戳記。

圖 5 四川盧比，正面有一個中文戳記。

圖 8 正面打有藏文戳記的四川盧比。這種戳記並非和偽造的戳記一樣來自印度北部。左邊的戳記為“bod” （西藏）。需要注意的是，這種早期四川盧比上並沒有任何戳記。尼古拉斯·G·羅茲藏品（斯賓克拍賣，中國香港，2013 年， lot 248）。

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Column 專欄二袁世凱像銀幣上的假戳記

圖 9 民國三年袁世凱像銀幣，正面打有戳記“rnam”， “rnam”或許是“rnam rgyal”（意為勝利）縮短的發音，有可能是打戳印章所有者的名字。袁世凱半身像的衣領處有一個中文戳記，使用這種戳記的時間要遠早於在這枚錢幣上打上另一種西藏戳記的時間。

三西藏币上的假戳记

圖 11 乾隆五十八年的漢藏錢幣，背面打有藏文戳記“nor bu”。已故尼古拉斯·G·羅茲藏品（斯賓克拍賣，中國香港， 2013，lot 26）。之前為衛斯理·哈爾佩特（已故）藏品（斯賓克拍賣，紐約，2000 年，lot 218）。

圖 12 宣統寶藏 1sho 銀幣，正面打有中文“壽”字戳記。顯然，打上這種戳記是為了提陞檔次，否則這種壞幣很難找到買家。圖 10 民國三年的袁世凱像銀元，正面打有藏文戳記“nor bu”。之前為衛斯理·哈爾佩特（已故）的藏品（紐約斯賓克拍賣，2000 年，lot 217）。無背面圖片。對這枚尼古拉斯·羅茲 217 號拍品的描述如下：“袁世凱銀元， Yr3, 打有藏文戳記 Norbu。圖片為 27，由蓋布裡斯基和伯奇提供，但並沒有提及這枚錢幣是鑄造於 1955 年，因此，這個戳記應該是最近才打上去的。”羅茲提到這枚錢幣正面的“圓”字上面的部分是一個閉合的三角形，他認為這代表此枚錢幣是官方重壓的袁世凱像銀幣，可能是 20 世紀 50 年代為了在西藏使用而在成都鑄造的（羅茲，1975）（這批銀幣由原瀋陽造幣廠生產——編者注）。圖 13 宣統寶藏 1 skar 銅幣，正面打有中文戳記。這是唯一一枚帶現代戳記的銅幣，明顯是為提陞壞幣檔次所打。

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圖 14 15-48 西藏 5 sho 錢幣，正面打有“壽”字中文戳記

圖 17 16-7 西藏 3 srang 幣，背面中文打有中文戳記。已故尼古拉斯·G·羅茲藏品（斯賓克拍賣，香港，2013 年， lot 373）。曾為衛斯理·哈爾佩特所收藏（斯賓克拍賣，紐約，2000 年，lot 218）

四印度盧比上的假戳記

圖 15 15-49 西藏 5 sho 錢幣，背面打有“gya”藏文戳記和中文戳記。尼古拉斯·G·羅茲藏品（斯賓克拍賣，中國香港，2013，lot 353）圖 18 1862 年英屬印度盧比，維多利亞女王（戴皇冠）半身像，正面打有藏文戳記“nor bu”。

圖 16 15-50 西藏 5 sho 錢幣，背面打有藏文小篆戳記。已故尼古拉斯·G·羅茲藏品，1999 年得於噶倫堡

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Different Versions of Silver Coins Issued by Chinese Soviet National Bank Feng Xinchen, Feng Mingjie (Shaanxi) The First Congress of the Chinese Soviet Government

According to the number of grains, Hong classified the 1932

was held from November 7 to November 20, 1931, in Yeping,

two-dime silver coins into 39 versions, including four versions of “21

Ruijin County, Jiangxi Province. The Chinese Soviet Temporary

rice grains on the left, 21 wheat grains on the right”; one version

Government was established during the congress. In the same

of “21 rice grains on the left and 22 wheat grains on the right”;

month, the Central Mint was founded in Yangxi Village, Ruijin

three versions of “22 rice grains on the left and 20 wheat grains on

County. On February 1, 1932, the Chinese Soviet Republic National

the right”; two versions of “22 rice grains on the left and 21 wheat

Bank was established in Yeping, Ruijin County and formally opened

grains on the right”; one version of “22 rice grains on the left and

a month later in March.

22 wheat grains on the right”; two versions of “23 rice grains on the left and 21 wheat grains on the right”; thirteen versions of “23 rice

The National Bank started to issue cloth and paper notes and

grains on the left and 22 wheat grains on the right”; two versions

a certain amount of silver and copper coins which then circulated in

of “24 rice grains on the left and 21 wheat grains on the right” and

21 central soviet counties (Ruijin County was the center) from July

eleven versions of “24 rice grains on the left and 22 wheat grains on

1932.

the right”. He also analyzed and illustrated the characters and other

In January, 1935, the Chinese Red Army arrived in Zunyi and had a short rest here. For logistical supply reasons, the National

aspects of these 39 versions in his book. It is a particularly detailed

Bank which was marching with the Red Army organized the issue

and impressive volume.

of currencies. Next, I will present four new versions according to the size According to materials and real coins found so far, the National Bank only released one kind of two-dime silver coin.

of inscription, design and characters of these 1932 two-dime silver coins.

According to different producing dates (1932 and 1933), these twodime silver coins can be classified into several versions.

First, the “no head Su, half leg Nian and double dots He” version

1. The 1932 two-dime silver coin Obverse: 8 Chinese Characters, Zhong Hua Su Wei Ai Gong He Guo (Chinese Soviet Republic) on the top (from right to left, in an arc); the date of production (1932) at the bottom (from right to left, in an arc); two stars separately on left and right sides and two vertical characters “Er Jiao” indicating the face value (two dimes) in the center. Reverse: wheat ears, the earth and a sickle and hammer surrounded by a wreath of grain. “Five pieces equal one dollar” is engraved at top center (from right to left, in an arc) with a star under it. There are 7 or 8 lines of longitude on the Earth. The 1932 two-dime silver coin can be classified into additional versions. One of the most authoritative books examining the series is The Red Currency written by my old friend, Hong Rongchang (Wuping, Fujian Province) who is the moderator of Coinsky and the deputy director and the first deputy secretary general of the Red Collection Committee of the China Association of Collectors, is to classify these coins into different versions according to their “date”, “grain”, “inscription”, “design” and “edge”.

Rare. This coin was bought at an auction hosted by a coin company after the New Year’s Day in 2015. As the auction was held during the New Year holiday, and there were not many attendees. I was lucky enough to buy it at a very reasonable price. But the coin company refused to give me the coin after I won giving me many excuses. They proposed paying me a few hundred yuan to break the contract. After several arguments with the website and appraisal company I finally got the coin, but felt very bad. During that time, my friend Hong Rongchang heard about this matter. He called me many times to ascertain the progress and suggested that I could resell it to him for a higher price. This coin has four characteristics: First, “no head Su”, meaning the character “Su” “蘇” on this coin lacks its grass head. Second, “half-leg Nian”, meaning the last stroke of “Nian” “年” is very short and doesn’t exceed the vertical stroke it connects. Thus I call it “half leg”. Third, “double dots He”, which means the last stroke of “He” “和” is composed of two dots, instead of one. Fourth, “open mouth Jiu” “九”, meaning the first and the last stroke of “Jiu” is “open-mouthed”. (Pic 1)

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Column 專欄 Second, the “different distances, connected ‘Mei’ and a wheat grain” version Rare. This coin came from a Coinsky auction hosted in late January, 2015. Its patina seemed to have been cleaned or damaged by some ignorant collector. Characteristics: Three characters, “Ai”, “Gong” and “He” “埃” “共” “和” are arranged very closely, almost connected with each other; “Hua” tightly connects with “Su”. The distances between characters on the obverse are different. The character “Mei” “每” on the reverse is connected with a wheat grain. (Pic 2)

Pic. 1 The "no head 'Su' 蘇 , half leg 'Nian' and double dots 'He' 和 "version

Third, the “two crescents, double-pointed star” version Also rare. Another coin I bought at a cheap price at an “Red Collection” WeChat auction on July 10, 2015. This coin is pitted and covered with green rust. Its obverse was cleaned, while the reverse is still very attractive and preserves many original characters. If one is not careful enough, one would hardly be able to distinguish this unique coin from other “red” coins. This coin has three characteristics: First, the top of the star on the reverse has two points. Second, there is a crescent near the cloud on the left and right sides of the globe hidden under the patina. Third, the awn of the wheat under the character “Mei” “每”on the reverse is long, while another awn in the middle is short. No similar

Pic. 2 The "different distances, connected 'Mei' 每 and a wheat grain" version

version has ever been found. (Pic 3) Fourth, the “double crescents, two-half Earth” version Also rare. The coin is from the old collection of Yu Tangzhen (Jiangxi), the leader of the Chinese Red Collection Auction WeChat group. Its first-rate light yellow wrapped slurry is extremely beautiful and charming. This coin has four characteristics: First, there is a clear crescent near the cloud on left and right sides of the globe (reverse). Second, “Wu” and “Mei”(“五” and “枚”) are very close together. The three characters, “Mei Wu Mei” “每五枚” take up half the globe while “Dang Yi Yuan” “當一圓” takes up the other half. Third, the top of the star on the reverse has one not two points (different from the version mentioned above). Fourth, the awn under “Mei” on the reverse is short, while the awn in the middle is long. This coin is unique. (Pic 4)

2. The 1933 two-dime silver coin Obverse: The characters “Zhong Hua Su Wei Ai Gong He Guo” (The Chinese Soviet Republic) are arranged from right to left in an arc on the top. The production date of 1933 is located at

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Pic. 3 The "two crescents, double-pointed star" version

Column 專欄 the bottom (from right to left, in an arc), two stars on left and right sides and two vertical characters (Er Jiao“貳角”) indicating the denomination in the center. Wheat ears, the Earth and the sickle and hammer are surrounded by a wreath of grain on the reverse. “Five pieces are equal to one dollar” is engraved at the top center (from right to left, in an arc) with a star under it. There are 7 or 8 lines of longitude on the Earth. According to subtle differences between characters and the number of longitude lines, the 1933 two-dime coin can be subdivided into several versions. Next I will introduce ten versions. In his book, Hong classified the 1933 two-dime into 62 types according to the amount of their grains, including: two versions of “21 rice grains on the left, 22 wheat grains on the right”; one version of “22 rice grains on the left, 20 wheat grains on the right”; two versions of “22 rice grains on the left, 22 wheat grains on the right”; eight versions of “23 rice grains on the left, 21 wheat grains on the right”; 33 versions of “23 rice grains on the left, 22 wheat grains on the right”; four versions of “24 rice grains on the left, 21 wheat grains on the right” and twelve versions of “24 rice grains on the left, 22 wheat grains on the right”. He introduced characteristics and data of all 61 versions in detail.

Pic. 4 The "double crescents, two-half Earth" version

Next, I will present several versions according to the size of inscription, design and characters of these 1933 two-dime silver coins. First: the “Mei composed of Nu, center dot” version Rare. This coin used to belong to a collector from Putian, Fujian Province. I bought it in 2007. This is the second piece that has ever been found. The first one is in good condition and was reported in A Newly Found Special Version of the Soviet Two-Dime Silver Coin on Collecting Express on November 19, 2014. The obverse had been cleaned while the reverse still had its original condition. Although not perfect, this piece is still very precious. Comparing with other silver coins minted in 1933, the coin has some unique characteristics: First, the second stroke of “Mei” “每” extends to the bottom of the character and connects with the lower part of the second stroke of “Mei” (a part of “Mei”, the front vertical stroke is missing). Second, unlike other center dot between “Er” “貳” and “Jiao” “角”, this dot is located on the left of the second stroke of “Jiao” (the dot on the reported coin is in the middle). Third, the vertical stroke of “Zhong” “中”on the obverse looks like a “7”. Such writing style has appeared on a few other coins too. Fourth, the reported coin also has another feature this coin does not have: the character “Nian” “年” has two dots, a big one and a small one. These two coins should belong to another rare version, with these different features that other coin does not have. (Pic 5)

Pic. 5 The "Mei 每 composed of Nu 女 , center dot" version

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄 Second, the “H Dang” version The number of this version is very small. This coin was an item of the Fifth Red Collection WeChat Auction hosted in August, 2015. After a fierce bidding war, this coin finally became part of my collection. Features: Unlike other coins, the middle part of “Dang” on this coin is a lying “H” not “Kou”. It is very rare, and peculiar in the eyes of “red” coin collectors. (Pic 6)

Third, the “out Bei, incomplete Wei, awn connecting Mei” version This coin was a present from Pei Du Yin Bi, a fellow from Yubei district, Chongqing in February, 2012. It is in good condition, covered with light yellow patina, and is very attractive. Features: First, two horizontal strokes of “Bei” extend out of the character. Second, the third stroke of “Wei” is missing (which is common). Third, “Mei” connects with the awn under it on the reverse. This is a standard 1933 Soviet two-dime silver coin with beautiful patina. All collectors should own one. (Pic 7)

Pic. 6 The "H Dang 當 " version

Fourth, the “characters of different sizes” version Rare and interesting, it is from the old collection of Genghu, a friend from Fujian; bought by me later. This is the first version that I have found in these years of collecting. Characters on this coin are of three sizes. This is unreasonable and abnormal and has never been found on other versions. This coin has mainly three features: First, ten characters, “Hua” “Su” “Wei” “Ai” “Gong” “Er” “Jiao” “Mei” “Wu” and “Yuan” “華” “蘇” “維” “埃” “共” “貳” “角” “每” “五” “圓”are bold and large. Second, eight characters, “Zhong” “He” “Guo” “Gong” “Li” “Mei” “Dang” “Yi” “中” “和” “國” “公” “曆” “枚”

Pic. 7 The "out Bei 貝 , incomplete Wei 維 , awn connecting Mei 每 " version

“當” “一” are in medium size. Third, “Yi Jiu San San Nian” (“一九三三年”, the year 1933) are small and thin. Such phenomenon is not common. The styles of these characters do not seem to belong to the same engraver. Thus I suppose the die of this coin was inscribed by many people. The production was stopped after they found these characters were of different sizes. This explains why only a few pieces exist. (Pic 8) Fifth, the “Nian with a ‘T’ part, thin characters” version Popular, with orange patina, this coin used to be owned by Mr. Xie, a red collector from Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province. I

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Pic. 8 The "characters of different sizes" version

Column 專欄 bought this coin in early December, 2012. “Red” collectors call it “Nian with a ‘T’ part” coin. Characteristics: First, the fourth stroke of “Nian” on the obverse looks like a “T”. Second, the characters are thin but of appropriate size. Very charming and nice looking writing style. It’s not easy to find such coins. (Pic 9) Sixth, the “Nian with a ‘T’ part, Mei far from Dang, thin characters” version Also popular, from the old collection of Long Gong Dian Zhu (a collector from Ningdu County, Jiangxi Province), bought by me

Pic. 9 The "Nian 年 with a 'T' part, thin characters" version

during the 2015 New Year festival. Characters on this coin are thin but but of appropriate size. Its dark green patina is unusual. Four characteristics: First, the fourth stroke of “Nian” “年” on the obverse looks like a “T”. Second, the distance between “Mei” “枚” and “Dang” “當” is large. Third, all characters are thin but appropriate. Fourth, the character “Mei” on the reverse connects with a wheat awn. (Pic 10) Seventh, the “lower dot, upward first strokes, Dang far from star” version

Pic. 10 The "Nian 年 with a 'T' part, Mei 枚 far from Dang 當 , thin characters" version

This coin used to be in the collection of Tou Lai Ban Ri Xian and was bought by “Si Ge Jie Mei” in March, 2007, emitting blue background light. Four main characteristics: First, unlike other coins (the center dots of which are in the center of “Er Jiao” “貳角”) the center dot of this coin is located on the outside of the upper part of “Jiao”. Second, the beginning of the first strokes of “Yi” “Jiu” “San” “Er” and others is upward. Third, the five-pointed star on the reverse is far from “Dang”. Fourth, the third stroke of “Ai” on the obverse connects with the last but two strokes of the character. (Pic 11)

Eighth, the “close Kou and Tian, Dang near star” version

Pic. 11 The "lower dot, upward first strokes, Dang 当 far from star" version

From collector Yang Shenzhen’s old collection, bought by “Si Ge Jie Mei” in March 2007, with bright background light. Main features: First, the “Kou” “口” part of “Dang” “當” is closely arranged with the “Tian” “田” part. Second, Dang “當” is close to the five-pointed star on the reverse. (Pic 12)

Ninth, the “Xi dot, two dots Wei, vertical stroke extends out of Tian” version From Shenzhen collector, Mr Yang’s, and is the third coin bought by Si Ge Jie Mei in March, 2007. It might be uncirculated,

Pic. 12 The "close Kou 口 and Tian 田 , Dang 當 near star" version

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄 as it is almost without any trace of wear. Four characteristics: First, the center dot is in the upper part of “Jiao” “角”, making the part look like “Xi” “夕”. Second, normally the character “Wei” “維” should have four dots. On most Soviet coins, there are three dots. But there are only two dots in “Wei” “維”on this coin which is not common. Third, one vertical stroke of the “Tian” “田” part of “Dang” “當” on the reverse extends out of the part, making it look like “You” “由”. Fourth, the fourth stroke of the part “He” “禾” of “Su” “蘇” is missing. (Pic 13)

Tenth, the bold version

Pic. 13 The "Xi ' 夕 ' dot, two dots Wei ' 維 ', vertical stroke extends out of Tian" " 田 " version

Another coin used to belong to Mr. Yang from Shenzhen and bought by “Si Ge Jie Mei” in March, 2007. It still has a shiny lustre. Main features: bold characters; big hammer and sickle; full grains. (Pic 14)

Silver plated copper coin To defeat the Central Red Army, KMT and other reactionary forces which had tried every means to destroy the economic construction in Soviets areas, while fighting for land with the Red Army on the battlefield. One method they used was to produce fake

Pic. 14 The bold version the Red Army, such fake coins are rarer and more valuable than real

coins with inferior materials. Fake two-dime coins have been found

Soviet 1932 two-dime silver coins. Nice ones are hard to be found

which were made of copper, aluminum and other cheap metals and

and very popular among “red” coin collectors.

plated with silver. Such coins are called “Silver-plated two-dime copper coins” by collectors.

Features: an irregular center dot locates between “Er” “貳” and “Jiao” “角” on the obverse. Dang “當” on the reverse is far

The Soviet government destroyed fake coins they found and

from the five-pointed star on the top. (Pic 15)

severely punished forgers. Now, fake coins are fewer in number and more expensive than real ones in the market. I expect these

Attention: The center dot is on the obverse while the center

coins will have a great potential to appreciate in value. Here, I will

dot of the other second version which will be introduced next, is on

introduce five less common varities.

the reverse.

First, the “center dot, star far away from Dang, silverplated copper” version This is a silver-plated copper coin. Once collected by a Jiangxi collector, Shi Song Hong Jun, then bought by Mu Ma Da Shu, and later Mr. Qian from Lianyungang. It entered my collection at an auction in July 2016. This coin has natural red patina. It witnessed the economic war between CPC and hostile forces eighty years ago, and was branded with the mark of history witnessing the historical changes of the time. Although it did not play a good role in the history of “red” finance it still reflects history. Since they were forbidden by

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Pic. 15 The "center dot, star far away from Dang 當 , silver-plated copper" version

Column 專欄 Second, the “center dot, star far away from Dang” version Silver-plated copper coin. I bought it at the Ninth Red Collection Auction after fierce bidding in November 2015. The past eighty years has covered this coin with a layer of dark red patina. With clear inscription and complete edge, this coin has become one of my favorites in my collection. (Pic 16) Third, the “center dot, two layers of cloud” version Made of silver-plated copper, this coin is from the old collection of Genghu (Shashi, Fujian Province). I bought it at a

Pic. 16 The "center dot, star far away from Dang 當 " version

very high price in April 2008. This coin is one of the best in my collection. It is uncirculated, with a complete edge, almost in perfect condition. Such high condition coins are hard to find. Characteristics: It is the most convincing Red Army imitation coin and has the most complete edge, three dimensional inscriptions and designs and no defects. There are two layers of cloud on the left of its reverse. A center dot is located between the right cloud and the axe. (Pic 17) Fourth, the “unnamed” version (rare)

Pic. 17 The "center dot, two layers of cloud" version

From the old collection of Genghu (Fujian), sold to an anonymous collector in March, 2009. This is also the only 1933 silver-plated copper coin ever to have been sold by Coinsky. Very good condition, rare. As long as silver-plated copper fake coins issued to destroy the economy of Soviet areas appeared, the Red Army took measures to fight counterfeiting. Another version of the 1933 two-dime silverplated copper coin reproduced from a Kuang Hsu Yuan Bao” was recorded by Hong Rongchang in his book, Red Currency. Both these two versions are very rare. (Pic 18)

Pic. 18 The "unnamed" version (rare)

This silver-plated copper coin has no name as there are too few 1933 two-dimes for comparison. Fifth, the rare “silver-plated aluminum” version Silver-plated aluminum, from the old collection of Genghu from Fujian Province. This coin has survived many vicissitudes and was covered with a layer of natural patina. I once found a similar fake aluminum coin in my early collecting days. Like this silver-plated aluminum coin, it was produced to destroy the economy of Soviet areas (Pic

Pic. 19 The rare "silver-plated aluminum" version

19).

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行銀幣版別賞析馮馨郴馮明傑（陝西） 1931 年 11 月 7 日至 20 日，中華蘇維埃第一次全

並且對 39 個版別的特徵、數據，圖文並茂地進行

國代表大會在江西瑞金葉坪召開，成立了蘇維埃臨時中

了科學分版，筆者欽佩洪先生不虧是紅色收藏大家，是

央政府。同月，中央造幣廠在瑞金縣洋溪村正式建立。

紅色收藏圈子的領軍人物，有大家的風範，在此不再贅述。

1932 年 2 月 1 日，中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行在瑞金葉坪成立，同年 3 月正式營業。

本文從另外一個角度，即從幣的面背文字的大小，圖案的不同形狀和特徵，對新發現的版別列舉四例，拋

中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行從 1932 年 7 月開始發

磚引玉。

行布鈔、紙幣和一定數量的銀、銅幣，流通於中央蘇區以瑞金為中心的 21 個縣。 1935 年 1 月，中國工農紅軍長征進駐遵義後，部隊

版別 1“無頭蘇半腿年雙點和”版此版罕見。此品來源於一家錢幣公司 2015 年元旦

獲得了短暫的休整。為了補給後勤，隨紅軍長征的蘇維

過後的一場拍賣，這枚幣由於是節日拍賣，出門的人多，

埃國家銀行在遵義組織發行貨幣。

參拍者少，竟然讓筆者撿了實實在在的一個漏。中標後

中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行鑄行的銀幣，從目前發現的資料和實物看，僅見貳角面值一種。貳角銀幣，從時間劃分，有 1932 年和 1933 年 2 個品種多個版別。

一 1932 年貳角銀幣品種正面主圖：上緣從右至左弧形排列“中華蘇維埃共和國”，下緣從右至左弧形排列製造時間“公曆一九三二年”，上、下緣兩邊各置一五角星，中間豎排面值“貳角”。背面內圈鐫麥穗、地球、鐮刀和錘頭，內圈外嘉禾環繞，中上方從右至左弧形排列換算單位“每五枚當一圓”，稍下位置中央置一五角星，地球經緯線有 7 條和 8 條線版別之分。

對方以種種理由和藉口以及不誠信的手段做手腳，就是不履行交割，並多次提出加價賠付我幾百元了事。經過與網站及鑒定公司多回合舌戰，最終落入懷抱，讓人心情極為不好。在發生舌戰的一段時間裏，好友洪榮昌先生得到消息，多次打來電話關心此幣情況，讓我想辦法購下此幣，然後他提出加價再轉讓給他。此幣有四個特徵：1. 無頭“蘇”，即“蘇”字缺少草字頭。2. 半腿“年”，即“年”字的最後一豎筆很短，僅在倒數第 2 筆一橫處收筆，沒有延伸到橫畫的下邊，即一橫下邊無腿，筆者戲稱半截腿“年”。3. 雙點“和”，即禾部的最後一筆是兩個點，多出一個點。4. 張嘴“九”，即“九”字的第一筆和最後一筆都是張開嘴的。（圖 1）

該年版貳角銀幣從不同的角度可細分為多種有趣版別。目前最有權威的科學分版是，曾和我一起共事多年的好友錢幣天堂紅色版主——中國收藏家協會紅色收藏委員會副主任兼第一副秘書長福建武平洪榮昌先生所著《紅色貨幣》一書，從“年”“穗”“字”“圖”和“齒” 等五個不同角度進行了周密細緻的科學分類，這樣能夠派生出眾多的版別。洪著中從“穗”的角度發現有 39 種版別，分別為：左 21 穀粒右 21 麥粒 4 個版別；左 21 穀粒右 22 麥粒 1 個版別；左 22 穀粒右 20 麥粒 3 個版別；左 22 穀粒右 21 麥粒 2 個版別；左 22 穀粒右 22 麥粒 1 個版別；左 23 穀粒右 21 麥粒 2 個版別；左 23 穀粒右 22 麥粒 13 個版別；左 24 穀粒右 21 麥粒 2 個版別；左 24 穀粒右 22 麥粒 11 個版別。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 1 “無頭蘇半腿年雙點和”版版別 2 “字距異每芒連”版此版別稀見。來源於錢幣天堂 2015 年元月底的一場拍賣。感覺包漿被人無知的洗過。

Column 專欄其特徵：“埃” “共” “和”三字排列緊密，幾乎連在一起，“華”和“蘇”緊相連。幣正面上排的文字間距寬窄不一，背面麥芒與“每”字緊相連。（圖 2）版別 3 “雙側月雙尖星”版此版別罕見。來源於紅色收藏圈 2015 年 7 月 10 日的一場微拍，這是筆者參拍的又一次撿漏幣，由於一些朋友謙讓最終收入囊中。此幣生坑綠鏽，正面被人洗臉，背部保持出土時的特徵，仍惹人喜愛。如果不細心辨別，

圖 2 “字距異每芒連”版

很難從紅軍幣隊伍中發現其與其他幣不一樣的獨有特徵。此幣有三個特徵：1. 背部五角星上邊的“尖”是雙 “尖”。2. 背面地球上半部分雲層的兩邊各有一個側月，隱藏在包漿的下邊，隱隱約約漏出了月亮害羞的笑臉。 3. 背部“每”字下邊麥芒長，中間麥芒短。此版暫時沒有發現它的姊妹版。（圖 3）版別 4 “雙側月兩半球”版

雙“尖”

此版別罕見。為中国紅色收藏拍卖微信群群主江西玉堂珍先生的藏品。此幣乳黃色的一流包漿，迷人、醉人、吸引人，光彩照人，漂亮程度達到了極致，惹人喜愛。此幣有四個特徵：1. 背面地球上半部分雲層的兩邊各有一個十分明顯的側月，漏出月亮燦爛的笑臉。 2.“五”“枚”二字緊密相連，粗看“每五枚”與“當一圓” 平分天下，各占地球一半。3. 背部五角星上邊的“尖” 不是雙“尖” （注意：與上面一版別有差異）。4. 背部“每” 字下邊的麥芒短，中間麥芒長。此版別沒有發現第二枚。

兩邊各有側月圖 3 “雙側月雙尖星”版

（圖 4）

二 1933 年貳角銀幣品種正面主圖：上緣從右至左弧形排列“中華蘇維埃共和國”，下緣從右至左弧形排列製造時間“公曆一九三三年”，上、下緣兩邊各置一五角星，中間豎排面值“貳角”。背面內圈鐫麥穗、地球、鐮刀和錘頭，內圈外嘉禾環繞，中上方從右至左弧形排列換算單位“每五枚當一圓”，稍下位置中央置一五角星，地球經緯線有 7 條和 8 條線之分。因文字微妙差異和背面的地圖上的赤道線的多少不同，可細分多個版別。現介紹 10 個版別。

兩邊各有側月圖 4 “雙側月兩半球”版

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THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄洪著中從“穗”的角度劃分了 62 種版別。其版別為：左 21 穀粒右 22 麥粒 2 個版別；左 22 穀粒右 20 麥粒 1 個版別；左 22 穀粒右 22 麥粒 2 個版別；左 23 穀粒右 21 麥粒 8 個版別；左 23 穀粒右 22 麥粒 33 個版別；左 24 穀粒右 21 麥粒 4 個版別；左 24 穀粒右 22 麥粒 12 個版別。詳盡地介紹了 61 個版別的細微特徵及數據。本文從另外一個角度，即幣上文字的大、小、韻味風格不同，以及圖案形狀微小差異等其他特徵，列舉數例，拋磚引玉。

版別 1 “女字每中心點”版此版罕見。來源於福建莆田市一泉友舊藏。2007 年底易主筆者，這是發現的第二枚，前一枚品相好，在 2014 年 11 月 19 日《收藏快報》曾以《新見一枚蘇維埃

“7”字“中”

二角銀毫特別版》進行過報道。此枚面部被人“洗臉”，背部保持出土時的特徵，雖然成為陰陽臉，有不完美之處，但仍為難得一見的珍品。此枚貳角銀幣與 1933 年鑄造的其他銀毫相比，主要有以下幾個不同特徵：1. 錢幣背部圖中的“每”字第

圖 5 “女字每中心點”版

二筆畫一直延伸到字體的最下端，與“每”字的下半部分“母”字的第二筆畫（前半部分橫畫缺筆）後半部分豎筆相連，十分明顯，側面為一“女”字。2. 中心帶一個“點”，與其他幣的中心點位置不一樣，其他幣是在“貳” 和“角”字中間位置，中心點幣相對較少，這個幣“點” 的位置在“角”字的第一筆左側（報道的幣在中段）。3. 正面圖“中”字豎筆為一個“7”字，帶了一橫筆，這個現象在其他少數幣中也出現過。4. 報道的幣還有第四個特點：年中的“點”不是一個“點”，而是出現了“雙點”年，即一個長點和一個並排的短點，此幣不具備第四個特徵。其他幣不具備這三個特點，應為另外一個特別少的珍稀版別。( 圖 5) 版別 2 “H 當”版此版數量甚少。此幣為 2015 年 8 月紅色收藏圈第 5 期微拍拍品，經過數次激烈競拍，最終落入筆者手中。 “H 當”

此幣特徵：為橫“H”“當”版別，一般“當”字中間為“口”字，此幣為橫躺下的“H”，特別稀少，是紅色藏友的獵奇之物。（圖 6）

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 6 “H 當”版

“每”字筆畫相連

Column 專欄版別 3 “貝出頭維缺筆每芒連”版此幣為重慶市渝北區泉友“陪都銀幣”2012 年 2 月易手筆者生日時的禮物。品相相當不錯，乳黃色的包漿覆蓋整個“臉面”，讓人一見鍾情愛不釋手。此幣特徵：其一，大寫“貳”中的“貝”雙橫出頭。其二，“維”字缺少第三筆畫（常見）。其三，背部的“每” 字與下邊的麥芒相連。此幣為 1933 年蘇維埃貳角銀幣標準器。包漿生美，寧可食無肉，不可失其物。（圖 7）

圖 7 “貝出頭維缺筆每芒連”版

版別 4 “字體大中小不協調”版此版罕見。原為福建好友庚虎舊藏，後易主筆者。此版既罕見又有趣，也是收藏紅色錢幣以來第一次發現的品種。此幣整個字體大小不一，可以劃分三種型號字體，在其他版別中，沒有發現一幣上多種字體風格的不合常理的非正常現象。此幣主要有以下三個不同特徵。特徵一， “華”“蘇”

圖 8 “字體大中小不協調”版

“維”“埃”“共”“貳”“角”“每”“五”“圓” 這 10 個字體特別粗大。特徵二，“中”“和”“國”“公” “曆” “枚” “當” “一”這 8 個字適中。特徵三， “一九三三年”字體特別的身瘦且細小。在一個幣面中出現字體差異很大，極不協調的現象很罕見，違背常理，感覺不是一個人的刻字風格，韻味不同，落差太大，推測這個幣模在開模時沒有一氣呵成，疑是經過多人手筆雕刻成範本，後來發現字體不協調停止製造，因而數量罕見。（圖 8）

圖 9 “T 字年細字”版

版別 5 “T 字年細字”版此版名譽品。此幣系江西興國縣紅色泉友老謝舊藏， 2012 年 12 月上旬落入笔者囊中。此币带橘紅色包漿，紅色泉友稱“T”字年版。此幣特徵：1. 面部“年”字的第四筆豎點為“T”。2. 各個字體特別細，但很協調。品相很有魅力，觀之很舒服，不易得到。（圖 9）版別 6 “T 字年枚當遠細字”版

圖 10 “T 字年枚當遠細字”版此幣主要有 4 個特徵：1. 面部“年”字的第四筆豎

此版名譽品。此幣系江西寧都縣紅色泉友“龍宮店

點為“T”。 2.“枚”字與“當”字間距相距較遠。3. 各

主”舊藏，2013 年新年過後落入筆者手中。字體很細很

個字體特別細，但很協調。4. 背部“每”字與麥芒相連。

協調很舒服，青綠色包漿很是罕见。

（圖 10）

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄版別 7 “點下移起筆挑星當遠”版此幣來源於深圳“偷來半日閑”泉友舊藏，2007 年 3 月易主“四個姐妹”，整體發出青色底光。此幣主要有 4 個特徵： 1. 中心點下移在“角”字的上半部分外側，與其他幣的中心點在“貳角”的中心位置不一樣。2.“一”“九”“三”“貳”等字，首筆帶挑。3. 背部五角星離“當”字間距較遠。4. 正面“埃”字中的“土” 部第三筆畫與“埃”中倒數第三筆畫相連。（圖 11）

圖 11 “點下移起筆挑星當遠”版

版別 8 “口田吻星當近”版此幣為深圳泉友杨先生舊藏，2007 年 3 月易主泉友 “四個姐妹”，整體發出燦爛底光。此幣主要特徵：1.“當”字中的“口”與“當”字下邊“田”間距很緊密，像似漂亮美女在接吻。2. 背部五角星離“當”字間距較近。（圖 12）

版別 9 “夕角點兩點維田出頭”版

圖 12 “口田吻星當近”版

此幣為深圳泉友杨先生舊藏，2007 年 3 月易主下嫁泉友“四個姐妹”之三。整體發出誘人的青色底光，感覺沒有進入流通環節，幾乎沒有磨損痕迹。此幣主要有 4 個特徵：1. 中心點下移，在“角”的上半部分內側，形成了“夕”角，與其同幣的中心點在“貳角”的中心位置不一樣。2. 正常的“維”字應該是四點，在蘇維埃錢幣中多數是三點，此幣為兩點“維”，較少見。 3. 背部“當”字中的“田”出頭，變成了“由”。4.“蘇” 字的“禾”部缺少第四筆畫。（圖 13）

圖 13 “夕角點兩點維田出頭”版

版別 10 粗壯版此幣為深圳泉友杨先生舊藏，2007 年 3 月同前三版的“三姐妹美女”一同下嫁泉友“四個姐妹”之四。整體原光依然存在，發出誘人的熠熠底光。此幣主要特徵：字體壯而肥大，背面鐮刀斧頭碩大粗壯，嘉禾顆粒顆顆飽滿，預兆蘇區紅色金融經濟蒸蒸日上。（圖 14）

東亞泉志

圖 14 粗壯版

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄三銅鍍銀、鋁鍍鎳幣國民黨及其他一切反動勢力為了徹底打垮中央紅軍，除在陣地爭奪地盤外，想盡一切辦法破壞蘇區經濟建設，特別是在蘇區錢幣上用低質量的材料製造偽幣來達到消滅紅軍的目的。今發現有銅質、鋁質的非銀低成本材料仿造，然後在表層鍍一層銀質，偽造蘇維埃貳角銀幣，來充當中央蘇區的貳角銀毫，企圖徹底破壞蘇區經濟 , 泉界把這種銅上或鋁上鍍一層銀的幣，稱作“銅鍍銀”或“鋁鍍銀”幣。

圖 15 “中心點當星遠”銅鍍銀版

這種幣被蘇區政府發現後，當時就予以銷毀，並對偽造者進行了嚴厲打擊。時至今日，由於發現數量比紅軍製造的量更少，市場上的價格比同版別的蘇區紅軍幣價格高，預測未來有極大的收藏升值空間，會和蘇區紅軍幣一起比翼騰飛。現介紹不常見的五種版別。版別 1 “中心點星當遠”銅鍍銀版材質為銅質品，外鍍一層銀。此幣幾經易手，原為

圖 16 “ 中心點當星遠”銅鍍銀版

江西藏友“十送紅軍”收藏，後易主江蘇連雲港“牧馬大叔” 钱先生，經過拍賣，2016 年 7 月落入筆者手中。此幣紅色包漿自然，原汁原味，其滄桑感見證了 80 多年前一切敵對勢力和共產黨在經濟領域鬥爭的縮影，留下了當時的歷史烙印，承載了歷史的變遷。它雖然在紅色金融方面充當了不光彩的角色，但反映了歷史的真 1932 年同版銀幣更加稀少，價格因而更高，品相好的可

圖 17 “中心點雙層雲”銅鍍銀版

遇不可求，是紅色貨幣收藏圈中的搶手貨。

角星離“當”字間距較遠，其工藝優於紅軍製造的同類

實性。此幣由於紅軍及時發現制止，數量比紅軍製造的

此幣特徵：面部在“貳”字和“角”字中間有一不規則中心點。背部的“當”和上邊的五角星距離較遠。（圖 15）

此幣特徵：背部在斧頭和雲層之間有一中心點，五

版別。（圖 16）注意：此版与前面介绍的“版别 1”的中心点不一样，版别 1 中心点在面部。

注意：此版與下邊介紹的版別 2 的“中心點”不一樣，版別 2 中心點在背部。

版別 3 “中心點雙層雲”銅鍍銀版材質為銅質品外鍍一層銀。來源於福建沙市庚虎泉

版別 2“中心點星當遠”銅鍍銀版

友舊藏，2008 年 4 月易主筆者，當時交易價格很高，也是筆者藏品中品相最中意的一枚好品。此幣沒有流通，

材質為銅質品外鍍一層銀。此幣來源於 2015 年 11 月紅色收藏圈第 9 期微拍，經過數次激烈競拍，最終落

品相非常完美，它的邊齒很齊全完整，精美到無以倫比的地步，現在市場已經見不到這種好品相幣的蹤影。

入筆者手中。其特徵：這是蘇區中敵對勢力仿照紅軍幣而製造的此銅鍍銀幣經過 80 多年的風雨侵蝕，幣面有包漿，

最規整，邊齒最齊全、完整，字體、圖案立體感最強的

但字跡清晰，邊齒完整，黑紅色包漿更加令人愛不釋手，

無瑕疵品種。此幣背面左邊是雙層雲，靠右的單層雲和

也成為筆者的心愛之物。

斧頭之間置有一中心點。（圖 17）

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄版別 4 “待起名”罕見版此幣是 2009 年 3 月福建庚虎泉友舊藏，後易主下落不明，這也是錢幣天堂唯一一枚 1933 年版銅鍍銀，品相極好，存世量稀少。（圖 18）當時蘇區發現有破壞蘇區經濟的銅鍍銀幣出現，紅軍及時地進行了嚴厲查處和打擊。在洪榮昌《紅色貨幣》書中 10-2 有一枚用“光緒元寶”改製的 1933 年銅鍍銀貳角，當屬發現的另一版別，這兩種版別都非常罕見。材質為銅質品外鍍一層銀。由於 1933 年版貳角銅鍍銀幣數量極少，無法對比其不同點，故未起名。

圖 18“待起名”罕見版

版別 5 “鋁鍍銀”罕見版材質為鋁質品外鍍一層銀。源自福建庚虎泉友舊藏。此品歷經滄桑，包漿自然。早年在古泉園地發現過一次鋁質的貳角幣。在性質上跟銅鍍銀角色一樣，充當蘇區銀毫。起到了破壞蘇區經濟的作用，現在已經成為歷史的見證者。（圖 19）上述蘇維埃國家銀行銀幣是非常珍貴的革命文物，

圖 19“鋁鍍銀”罕見版多，時間很短，鑄幣發行的數量也不多。紅軍北上後，

是中國人民革命戰爭的歷史見證。1934 年 10 月中央紅

國民黨對中央蘇區進行多次清剿，蘇區貨幣大部分被毀，

軍主力撤離根據地開始長征，中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀

老區百姓尊稱“紅軍幣”，藏在房梁上、牆縫裏或用油布、

行隨紅軍長征，1935 年 1 月，隨紅軍長征的蘇維埃國家

羊皮包好，夾在用泥土做成的磚胚里保留下來，也有的

銀行在遵義組織發行貨幣，離開遵義後即停止發行貨幣

怕遭無故受連累而自行銷毀，經過數十年的滄桑歲月，

和回收，中央造幣廠也停止鑄造。鑄造和流通只有兩年

磨損消耗，能夠有幸保存下來的已寥寥無幾。

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

How Many Notes did the National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic Release? Hong Rongchang (Fujian)

The National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic issued five different notes (5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents, 50 cents and 1 dollar) between July 1932 and October 1934, when the Long March began. Eighty years have passed, but questions still remain unanswered such as how many such Soviet notes were released, how many prefix codes were used, and what kinds of Soviet notes are the rarest. I had a conversation in 2010 with Dai Zhiqiang, the famous Chinese numismatist, on these questions (Pic 1). History of Central Revolutionary Base Area Numismatics (China Finance Publishing House) edited by Luo Huasu and Liao Pingzhi recorded a single no-prefix 5 cents note with the number of 072917. Based on this note, the author concluded there existed six versions of 5 cents: the no-prefix, and prefix letters A, B, C, D and E. In order to collect a complete set of 5 cents notes, I have put a

Pic. 1 Photo of the well-known Chinese numismatist Dai Zhiqiang (left) and me, taken at his home in September 2010 after our conversation about banknotes issued by the Chinese Soviet Republic National Bank

great deal of effort since 1998 into finding a no-prefix note. I have

me several years to realize this. Luo Huasu borrowed my picture

traveled from western Fujian to southern Jiangxi, from Ganzhou to

when he wrote his History of Central Revolutionary Base Area

Nanchang, and from Shanghai to Beijing. I have phoned relevant

Numismatics”.

collectors and numismatists and searched on the Internet but still I found nothing. This is a description of my attempts.

I finally realized that the note I sought for so many years turned out to be unique. No wonder I couldn’t find any piece

During the May Day holiday in 2005, I went to Jiangxi to

anywhere. Even so, I didn’t give up and continued to look for no-

look for rare notes with several friends. We traveled from Longyan

prefix 5 cents and expected to find it someday. Nothing has yet been

city (Fujian) to Ganzhou (Jiangxi), and then to Ji’an (Jiangxi) and

found. I have talked with friends who are familiar with banknotes of

also planned to set off to Nanchang. We visited Mr. Long Jichang,

the National Bank, including Mr. Long Jichang, several times. We

a retired veteran cadre of Ji’an Intermediate People’s Court, after

agreed that the no-prefix 5 cents might be an error note. Therefore,

arriving in Ji’an. Mr Long is a numismatist and cultured old-timer

the National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic only released five

who published two books, Illustrated Catalog of Jiangxi Coins

series of 5 cents (prefix letters A, B, C, D and E) and didn’t issue a

and Rare Currencies in the early 1990s. He lived in a small house

no-prefix 5 cents note.

distributed by his work unit and had a good spirit and an optimistic attitude.

Prefix numbers were also used by the National Bank. Two prefix numbers are less known to the collecting public. One is the

Mr. Long took out two heavy manuscripts of the book

1932 20 cents with numbers at the bottom. This version has always

Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Soviet Republic Currencies also

been misidentified as the same as the top number note, which

written at the beginning of 1990s after knowing our purpose. This

happened to be printed with numbers at the bottom. But there are

book (more than 600 pages) recorded all versions of notes issued by

notes with top numbers smaller than bottom numbers on other

National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic and Red Army bonds.

notes. No 1933 20 cents note or 1934 20 cents note has numbers at

Holding these manuscripts, I couldn’t wait to look for pictures of

the bottom. Thus, we may conclude the 1932 20 cents with numbers

notes issued by the National Bank, especially for the no-prefix 5

at the bottom is another kind of prefix number, which was adopted

cents. But I only found one piece of no-prefix 5 cents. I was very

after notes with the approved top numbers were all printed. Notes

confused and asked Mr Long for an answer. He seemed to know

with such prefix numbers might then be changed into 1934 version

what I was going to say and told me: “This piece is unique. It took

of 20 cents. 322573 is the biggest bottom number that has ever been

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄 Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic, some notes, including E prefix 5

found.

cents, D prefix 10 cents, 1934 10 cents, F prefix 50 cents, 1934 A The other version with less-known prefix numbers is the 1932 note with double blue A on the reverse. There are debates the note: First, as counterfeiters can easily forge such notes with an A-shaped wood printing type, is it real or not?

prefix one dollar and others, were not completely numbered from 000001 to 999999. It’s not easy to collect B prefix 5 cents. People may ask why it’s that rare while A, C, D and E prefix notes are easy to find. Is it possible that someone hoarded B prefix 5 cents for hiking prices?

Second, is this the first version or another version numbered after prefix numbers for 1932 notes were used up?

After years of effort, I have collected 13 B prefix 5 cents with numbers of 002416, 018132, 026467, 030640, 031871, 032987, 033761, 040811, 041985, 054147, 064576, 064936, and 065292.

Third, how many double blue A notes had been issued?

From these notes we can infer the quantity of B prefix 5 cents is less than 100,000. Why hadn’t B prefix 5 cents been completely

I have spent ten years collecting double blue A notes since

numbered? It might have something to do with the AB (Anti-

the late 1990s. Prefix numbers in my collection include: 000119,

Bolshevik) Regiment Incident. This elimination campaign was

000162, 000275, 001202, 001903, 002093, 003289, 004722,

expanded after the Futian Incident. People had to be very cautious to

006061, 006074, 006574, 007101, 008080, 008680, 009629,

avoid being accused as a member of the AB Regiment at that time.

010675, 011526, 011614, 012069, 013034, 013125, 013656, and

Maybe workers stopped numbering B prefix notes out of fear. Or,

015124. Since the highest number is 015124, there may be fewer

workers then were not careful enough and changed the prefix into C

than 20,000 printed. Only double blue A notes with numbers smaller

after forgetting how many B prefix notes had been numbered. But

than 015124 have been found till now. Thus this note should be real.

all these are just speculations. The real reason remains to be found.

But is such a note the first version or another kind of 1932

Wang Taihua and Liu Guokun at the Second Annual

note? I analyzed 18 pictures of 23 notes and found that the reverse

Conference of Jiangxi Numismatic Society first released the quantity

sides of 21 pieces were yellow and obscure, while reverses of the

of banknotes issued by the National Bank of Chinese Soviet

remaining 2 pieces were green and clear. If these were from the first

Republic. They revealed that the National Bank had issued 4,100,000

edition, their colors should all be the same because printers would

pieces of 5 cents, 5,800,000 pieces of 10 cents, 2,100,000 pieces of

work consistently at the beginning. I received a 1932 0ne dollar

20 cents, 7,500,000 pieces of 50 cents and 2,900,000 pieces of one

note, yellow reverse, number 996186, on August 18, 2008, showing

dollar notes (page 37, Numismatic Research Vol 2, 2001, Jiangxi

the double blue A note was issued in late 1932. We can infer from

Numismatic Society). This quantity is almost certainly right.

this that the 1932 double blue A note is a later version of the 1932 note and might have been objected to by someone and changed to

As the National Bank used six-digit figures to number

the 1933 edition not long after they were released. Anyway, such

its notes, there would be 999,999 total notes if all notes were

note does exist.

completely numbered. Except for B prefix note (fewer than 100,000 pieces), there should be a total of 4,100,000 pieces of 5 cents with 5

I thus conclude that: there are A prefix, B prefix, C prefix, D prefix and E prefix, five versions of prefix numbers on the 5 cents

types of prefix. The highest number found on letter E prefix 5 cents notes is 965976.

issued by National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic; 10 cents has no prefix on the obverse, no prefix on the reverse, A prefix, B

There should be over 5,900,000 pieces of 10 cents notes with

prefix, C prefix, D prefix, six kinds of prefix numbers; 20 cents

six prefixes. The highest number of letter D prefix 10 cents found is

has 1932 top number, 1932 bottom number and 1934 edition, three

940813.

versions of prefix numbers; 50 cents has eight versions of prefix numbers, including double rows of numbers without prefix, one row

The 20 cents note only has three prefixes. There exist 300,000

of numbers without prefix, A prefix, B prefix, C prefix, D prefix, E

pieces of 1932 20 cents note, and the highest number found on the

prefix and F prefix; one dollar note has 1932, 1932 with double blue

1934 version is 769133. Thus, the quantity of 2,100,000 is correct.

A on the reverse, 1933, 1934 and A1934 five versions of numbers. There are 27 versions of prefix numbers in total.

Likewise, there should be 7,900,000 pieces of 50 cents notes with 8 different prefixes. The highest number of the last F prefix 50

As is known to all, studying prefix numbers is for counting

cents is 889149. Ignoring less than 20,000 pieces of 1932 note with

the number of notes that have been issued. Although 27 kinds of

double blue A on the reverse and considering the largest number of

prefix numbers have been found on notes released by the National

the A1934 version is 434066, the quantity of one dollar should be

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄 3,500,000, as five types of prefixes were used on these notes, which is quite different from the conclusion mentioned above. Thus, the actual quantity of banknotes issued by the National Bank of Chinese Soviet Republic from July 1932 to October 1934 should be: 5 cents, 4,100,000; 10 cents, 5,900,000; 20 cents, 2,100,000; 50 cents, 7,900,000; one dollar, 3,500,000. The National Bank didn’t print massive numbers of banknotes. The remaining quantity became smaller after the Red Army left (they took some notes when the Long March began) and the “suppression” launched by the KMT. The people’s government exchanged RMB

Pic. 2 1932 one dollar with double blue A on the reverse, 120mmx66mm

for these notes after the liberation of the whole county. Therefore, very few banknotes of Chinese Soviet Republic National Bank are available on the market now; the public preserved most in wall cracks. Every note is quite precious. Just as Cao Juru, the former governor of People’s Bank of China, had said, “any such note kept by people can be regarded as a valuable cultural relic (page 18 of Cao Juru’s article)”. As for overall rarity, the rarest note (less than 20,000 pieces) is the 1932 one dollar note with double blue A on the reverse (Pic 2), with less than 2 percent that of similar versions (like the 1933 edition). It is known

Pic. 3 B prefix 5 cents, 85mmx51mm

as the King of notes issued by the National Bank. The second rarest is the letter B prefix 5 cents note (Pic 3), with fewer than 100,000 pieces. The third is A 1934 one dollar (Pic 4) which was the last version issued by the bank and also the shortest circulating one. The Red Army might have taken most of these notes with them, as they were the latest printed. Seldom can the A1934 note be found in the market and its price is extremely high. The three notes mentioned above are the “Three Rarest Notes” released by Chinese Soviet Republic National Bank.

Pic. 4 A1934 version, 116mmx67mm

(The author is deputy director of Red Collecting Committee of Chinese Collectors Association and researcher of Longyan University Central Soviet Base Research Institute).

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄

中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣究竟發行了多少？洪榮昌（福建）中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行從 1932 年 7 月至 1934 年 10 月紅軍長征，共發行過伍分、壹角、貳角、伍角、壹圓五種面值的紙幣。從發行到現在已經 80 多年了，這五種面值的紙幣究竟使用了多少冠字，發行了多少數量？哪些是這套紙幣的珍品？筆者 2010 年曾與中國著名錢幣學家戴志強老師做過探討（圖 1），目前並沒有一個明確的結論。由羅華素、廖平之主編的《中央革命根據地貨幣史》（中國金融出版社）介紹了一張無冠字伍分券，編號為 072917，並以此為依據說伍分券有無冠、 A、B、C、D、E 六種冠字系列。我因較早就收集到 A、B、C、D、E 五種冠字券，想收集齊全套伍分冠字券，從 1998 年開

圖 1 2010 年 9 月作者與中國著名錢幣學家戴志強老師（左）探討中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行發行貨幣版別分類時在其家中合影

始，為尋找伍分無冠字紙幣算是花費了極大的精力。從

老幹部那裏拍來的相片。”這時我才恍然大悟，原來我

閩西到贛南，從贛州到南昌，從上海到北京。打電話詢

眾裏尋她千百度的紙幣竟是一張孤品，難怪到處都找不

問有關收藏愛好者和專家，上互聯網查找，都毫無結果。

到它的身影。此後，我仍然不死心，繼續尋找這種無冠

2005 年“五一”期間，我和幾個朋友再次前往江西淘寶，

字伍分券，總想有偶然的發現。但時至今日毫無收穫。

由福建龍岩到江西贛州，由贛州到江西吉安，還準備去

我曾經多次與熟悉蘇維埃國家銀行紙幣收藏的朋友探討

南昌市。到吉安後，我們去拜訪了吉安市中級人民法院

此事，包括龍吉昌老同志，比較一致的觀點是：這張無

離休幹部龍吉昌老同志，他是錢幣收藏家，在 20 世紀

冠字伍分券應該是一張一時漏印冠字的錯版幣，中華蘇

90 年代初就出版過《江西歷代錢幣圖錄》和《珍稀奇趣

維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣伍分券不存在無冠字這個系列

錢幣博覽》。龍老是一個非常有文化修養的耆宿，住在

編號，只有 A、B、C、D、E 五種冠字系列。

單位當時分配的並不寬敞的房子裏，精神極其好，心態樂觀。他知道我們的來意後，從書櫃拿出兩本厚厚的書稿，

其他冠號大家可能都沒有什麼大的爭議，其中有

也是 20 世紀 90 年代初編寫的，書名是《中華蘇維埃共

兩種冠號版別比較少人知道，並未引起人們的重視。一

和國貨幣圖錄》，介紹了各種版別的中華蘇維埃共和國

種是貳角券 1932 年下邊編號版，這種版別常常被誤認

國家銀行紙幣和紅軍時期的各種債券，有 600 多個頁面。

為與上邊編號是一樣的，只不過是蓋章的人不小心往下

拿著沉甸甸的書稿，我迫不及待地翻看國家銀行紙幣圖

邊蓋了。這裏有三種情況很值得研究：一是上邊編號有

片，尤其是無冠字伍分券。當我看完書稿才發現，其他

小於下邊編號的紙幣；二是 1933 年沒有發行貳角券；

伍分券的冠字都有多個版別，唯獨無冠字伍分券只有一

三是 1934 年貳角券沒有一張下邊編號的紙幣。所以可

張。我問他這種紙幣怎麼才一張時，他好像知道我想瞭

推定下邊編號也是一種冠號，是上邊編號編滿後採取的

解什麼似的，主動跟我說：“你別看就這一張，那是孤品，

另外一種編號，從收藏實踐看下邊編號並沒有編滿，

我也找了好幾年才發現這個事，羅華素編《中央革命根

目前發現最大號碼為 322573，可能編號不到一半就改

據地貨幣史》還拿去用了呢。”我把事先從書上抄下來

為 1934 年版了。另一種是 1932 年背加蓋兩個藍色 A 字

的號碼一對，果然就是這一張。我問他能不能讓我看看

版。這種版別的紙幣容易引起人們三種疑問：一是這種

原票，他卻說：“那是不可能的，我是從杭州一個離休

加蓋版極容易做假，用小木頭雕一個 “A”字自己蓋上

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄去就行了，是不是臆造的？二是這種版別的紙幣是最初

角的 1934 年版；伍角的“F”冠；壹圓的 A1934 年版沒

的頭版票還是 1932 年版編號編滿後另外一種編號形式的

有編滿全部號碼外，還有一些冠字也是有沒編滿全部號

紙幣，就像 1932 年貳角券下邊編號紙幣一樣？三是這

碼的現象。

種紙幣究竟發行了多少？帶着這些問題，我從 20 世紀 90 年代後期就開始關注。十多年的辛勞看來沒有白費，

在收藏實踐中，要找到一張伍分“B”冠字紙幣是

到目前我收集到這種紙幣號碼如下：000119、000162、

非常難的。很多人可能要問伍分券的 A、C、D、E 冠字

000275、001202、001903、002093、003289、004722、

紙幣都容易找到，為什麼“B”冠字紙幣找不到，會不

006061、006074、006574、007101、008080、008680、

會有人為因素，即為了炒作有人把這種冠字紙幣囤積起

009629、010675、011526、011614、012069、013034、

來了？我還是從查找紙幣號碼入手力求破解這個謎團。

013125、013656、015124。從這 23 張號碼看，最大號碼

通過多年努力，伍分“B”冠紙幣收集到如下號碼：

是 015124。從發行量估計，當時發行量可能就沒有超過

002416、018132、026467、030640、031871、032987、

2 萬張。從是否做假方面觀察，到目前為止，只有小於

033761、040811、041985、054147、064576、064936、

015124 號的紙幣有加蓋，其餘紙幣均未發現加蓋現象，

065292，共 13 張。從這 13 張紙幣號碼可以推定，伍分“B”

因此，有加蓋版紙幣的結論應當是正確的。那麼這種加

冠紙幣當時印發就沒有超過 10 萬張。那麼，究竟什麼原

蓋版紙幣是最初的頭版票還是 1932 年版編號編滿後另外

因造成“B”冠紙幣當時沒有編滿所有號碼呢？有人說可

一種編號形式的紙幣呢？我將這 18 張紙幣的相片再次進

能與當時 AB 團事件有關。“富田事件”後，肅反進一

行了分析：這 23 張紙幣中有 21 張的背面是黃色的，且

步擴大化，那段時期，人人自危，生怕沾上 AB 團分子

都較模糊，只有兩張是綠色的，且比較清晰。如果是最

的邊。所以我推測：前面有了“A ”字冠，“B”字冠編

初的頭版紙幣，顏色應該是統一的，什麼事剛開始做的

了一點就有人提醒不要再編了，免得被懷疑是 AB 團分子。

時候都是比較認真的，不可能產生這樣兩種顏色的現象。

也有人說可能是當時工人素質較低，忘記編完這種冠字

2008 年 8 月 18 日，我收到一張 1932 年壹圓券，背面就

的號碼就改成“C”字冠了。究竟是什麼原因造成“B”

是黃色的，且編號是 996186，說明加蓋版紙幣是 1932

字冠紙幣只有這麼一點點，目前仍然在探索。

年後期的紙幣。由此可以推斷，1932 年加蓋兩個藍色 A 字版紙幣是 1932 年版編號編滿後採取的另外一種編號，

第一次公佈中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣發行數

只不過可能剛發行不久就遭到一些人反對而改為 1933 年

量的是王太華、劉國昆先生。他們在江西省錢幣學會第

版了。所以此種版別紙幣是客觀存在的。

二次年會上介紹，中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行共發行伍分券 410 萬張、壹角券 580 萬張、貳角券 210 萬張、伍

由此可以得出這樣一個結論：中華蘇維埃共和國國

角券 790 萬張、壹圓券 290 萬張（江西省錢幣學會《錢

家銀行紙幣伍分券有 A、B、C、D、E 五種冠字系列；

幣研究》2001 年第 2 期第 37 頁）。這個結論基本上是

壹角券有正面無冠、背面無冠、A、B、C、D 六種冠字

正確的。國家銀行紙幣編碼使用的是六位數，一種冠字

系列；貳角券有 1932 年上邊編號、1932 年下邊編號和

編滿號碼差一張就是 100 萬張。伍分券共有五種冠字系

1934 年版三種冠字系列；伍角券有無冠雙排號、無冠

列，除了“B”冠字不滿 10 萬張外，其他冠字都編滿，

單排號、A、B、C、D、E、F 八種冠字系列；壹圓券有

最後一個“E”冠字已經發現其最大的號碼是“965976”，

1932 年版、1932 年背加蓋兩個藍色 A 字版、1933 年版、

共發行 410 萬張的結論應該是正確的。壹角券共有六種

1934 年版、A1934 年版五種冠字系列。全套共有 27 種

冠字系列，最後一個“D”冠字已經發現其最大的號碼是

冠號系列。

“940813”，發行數量應該是 590 萬張以上。貳角券只有三種編號系列，1932 年下編號只有 30 多萬張，1934

眾所周知，研究紙幣冠字的使用情況是為研究紙幣

年版最大號碼是“769133”，共發行 210 萬張的結論也

發行量服務的。我們雖然知道，中華蘇維埃共和國國家

是正確的。伍角券使用了八種冠號編碼系列，最後一個

銀行紙幣全套共有 27 種冠號系列，但由於複雜的社會歷

“F”冠字已經發現其最大的號碼是“889149”，790 萬

史原因，中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣的發行編號並

張的結論也是正確的。壹圓券使用了五種冠號編碼系列，

不是每種冠字都從 000001 到 999999 的，除了每種面值

其中 1932 年背面加蓋兩個藍色“A”字版不到 2 萬張，

最後一種冠字，即伍分的“E”冠；壹角的“D”冠；貳

可以忽略不計，“A1934”年版已經發現其最大的號碼

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

Column 專欄是“434066”，應該發行了 350 萬張，這個數字可能出入大了點。綜上所述，中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣從 1932 年 7 月至 1934 年 10 月共發行了伍分券 410 萬張、壹角券 590 萬張、貳角券 210 萬張、伍角券 790 萬張、壹圓券 350 萬張。從上述情況可以看出，中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣本來發行量就不大；紅軍長征時又帶走了一部分；紅軍長征後國民黨軍隊對國家銀行紙幣進行過“清剿”；全國解放後，人民政府為

圖 2 1932 年壹圓券背加蓋藍色“AA”版，票幅 120mmx66mm

維護革命群眾利益進行了兌換人民幣。所以現在市面上的中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣，是群眾隱藏在牆縫裏保存下來的極其有限的紙幣。應該說每一張都很珍貴，正如原中國人民銀行行長曹菊如所說：“現在群眾中如果還存有這種紙幣，也就成為珍貴的文物了”。（曹菊如文稿，第 18 頁）。從發行數量看，壹圓券 1932 年背面加蓋兩個藍色“A” 字版沒有超過 2 萬張（圖 2），是國家銀行紙幣中發行量最少的，不到同類年版（如 1933 年版）的 1/50，被稱之為中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣中的

圖 3 伍分 B 冠版，票幅 85mmx51mm

“幣王”。第二是伍分“B”冠字券（圖 3），發行量沒有超過 10 萬張。第三是 “A1934” 壹圓券（圖 4）。這是國家銀行最後印刷的紙幣，發行流通時間也最短，因為是新幣，紅軍長征時可能帶走最多，目前市場上很難看到，交流價格極其昂貴。這三種紙幣是中華蘇維埃共和國國家銀行紙幣中的三大珍品。（本文作者現為中國收藏家協會紅色收藏委員會副主任，龍岩學院中央蘇區研究院研究員）

東亞泉志

THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS

圖 4 “A1934”年版壹圓券，票幅 116mmx67mm

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由於頁面所限，第二版刊載60枚中國銀幣精品的重要資訊，在第一版的基礎上有多方面改進和加強。《銀幣鑒賞》在最受歡迎和好評的照片拍攝和排版下更多功

儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和

夫，並提供更多詳細、準確和豐富的近期拍賣成交價格

錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印

記錄、歷史評估、珍稀度和譜係說明。所有內容均為中

刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資

英雙語，彩色精裝印刷。第一版中有關錢幣背景的“故

深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一

事閱讀”部分將以附件方式另行印刷成冊。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請與我們聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel:021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Chopmarked Coins - A History 《戳記幣簡史》 Colin Gullberg 高林

Price ( 售價 ): US $50 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.

愛秀集團贊助出版發行的戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm，四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清圖片。本書是1990年之後的第一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專著。

Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光

Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.

该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊，平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述的著作。

If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), edited by Wang Shihong, a famous Chinese gold and silver coins collector has been issued recently. This series of books were published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House (ECPH), supervised by Coin Collection Committee, the branch of China Association of Collectors(CAC), and printed by Shanghai Artron Graphic Arts Company Limited. Ma Delun, former deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, wrote the forward, and Dai Zhiqiang, the first curator of China Numismatic Museum, wrote a report for this series. When it comes to the main purpose of this book, the chief editor Wang Shihong says, “It is hoped that this series of books can provide relevant knowledge of modern gold and silver coins in China comprehensively and systematically and carry forward the excellent culture of our motherland, so that readers can have a more particular knowledge of the history and connotations of gold and silver coins, and better appreciate their artistic value.” He also hopes to attract more enthusiasts to participate in the investment and collection of gold and silver coins, gradually expand the size of collecting team, improve the brand effect of Chinese gold and silver coins and enhance their influence at home and abroad in order to realize a faster development of Chinese gold and silver coin industry.” Writing this series of books, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5), is a systematic project, so we set up the expert advisory committee and the editorial board. It took the Chinese professional elite team more than five years to compile these books. This series of books reveal the development of modern precious metal coins in China through the exclusive interviews with the decision-makers, designers, carvers, and coin collectors, as well as a large number of firsthand information rarely known by the people. This series of books is an encyclopedia of modern precious metal coins in China. With unique academic perspective and simple words, this series gives a full explanation of processes of project selection, design, production and so on, and also

Contact Information (for purchasing purposes): Domestic

Shanghai Hong’an Culture Communication Co. Ltd. Pay before delivery. Payment should be remitted to Hongkou subbranch of Shanghai branch of the Bank of Communications. The post office remittance is also acceptable. Account Number: 310066030018170238495 Contact Person & Phone Number: Luo Fei, 17717536767

International Price: 160USD (without postage)

Contact Person:Wang Yue Phone Number: 15000120957; 021-62130772 Email: 3071867176@qq.com

Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China (Volume 1-5)

Wang Shihong, chief editor of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China

make an intensive study of their cultural value, collectiing characteristics of precious metal coins. As a combination of authority, historical events, groovy knowledge, artistry, technicality, and readability, Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China, not only serves as references for academic researchers and financial workers, but also as a standard work showing modern precious metal coins in China from an overall perspective for collectors of gold or silver coins. This series is 235mm X 290mm in size, octavo, with, composed of 5 volumes, containing about 2.5 million words and 2,000 pictures which are all exquisitely printed according to the original drawings. All the Chinese modern precious metal coins issued by People’s Bank of China from 1979 to 2014 are included in these books. Besides, related materials, such as the development history of modern precious metal coins in China, comparison table of classified catalog of modern precious metal coins in China, and materials about gold or silver coins, are also recorded in appendix. In order to promote the spread and popularization of professional knowledge of gold or silver coins and to release the readers’ economic burden, the chief editor, Wang Shihong takes the compilation, publication of this series of books as a public welfare undertaking. Expenses, such as compiling and management expenses, all come from selfless devotees who are interested in Chinese gold or silver coins. Therefore, the price of these 5 books is 160 USD (without postage), containing only costs of publication, printing, and issue. At the same time, the brass commemorative medal designed by the famous designer Luo Yonghui for the issue of Appreciation of Modern Precious Metal Coins in China will also be issued at the price of 450RMB for each.

學術性和可讀性於一體，不僅是學術研究者和金融工作者完整的參考資料，也是金銀幣收藏者全面瞭解中國現代貴金屬幣全貌的權威著作。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》叢書的尺寸為 235mm X 290mm，8 開，全套共 5 本，約 250 萬字，累計有近兩千餘幅圖片 ( 所有金銀紀念幣圖譜均按原大精印 )。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》收錄了 1979——2014 年中國人民銀行發行的所有中國現代貴金屬紀念幣，而且還在附錄部分刊載了“中國現代貴金屬幣發展簡史”、中國現代貴金屬幣分類目錄對照表及金銀帀相關資料等。

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主編王世宏先生由中國大百科全書出版社出版，中國收藏家協會錢幣收藏委員會監製，上海雅昌藝術印刷有限公司承印，中國人民銀行讀後感，中國著名金銀幣收藏家王世宏主編的《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》( 第 1—5 冊 ) 已經出版發行。

負擔，王世宏主編把該書的編寫與發行當作一項公益事業來做，所有編寫費用、管理費用等，全部由熱心中國金銀幣事業的無私奉獻者捐贈解決，書價只含出版、印刷、發行等費用，全書五冊定價僅 950 元（國際售價 160 美金，不含郵費）。同時，還發行由著名設計大師羅永輝設計的《中國現代貴金屬帀賞析》發行紀念大銅章，每枚定價 450 元。

王世宏主編在談及組織編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》主要目的時表示：希望通過本書全面、系統地介紹中國現代金銀幣的相關知識，弘揚祖國優秀文化，使廣大讀者能進一步瞭解金銀幣的歷史和內涵，提高大家對其藝術價值的賞析能力，以吸引更多的愛好者參與金銀幣的投資與收藏，逐步擴大金銀幣的集藏隊伍，提高中國金銀幣的品牌效應和海內外影響力，促進中國金銀幣事業的更快發展。編寫《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》是一項系統工程，為此，成立了專家顧問委員會、編輯委員會，由中國專業精英團隊耗時 5 年多時間精心編著。全書通過對決策者、設計師、雕刻師、以及錢幣收藏家們的專訪，以大量鮮為人知的第一手資料，揭示了中國現代貴金屬幣的發展脈絡與軌跡。《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》以其獨特的學術視角，樸素的敘述文字，多角度、全方位地展示了中國現代貴金屬幣的選題立項、設計雕刻、工藝製作等過程，同時在文化價值、收藏屬性等方面做了較為深入的探討，是中國現代貴金屬幣資訊資料的百科大全。

國內欲購者請與上海宏盎文化傳播有限公司聯繫，款到發貨書款請匯交通銀行上海分行虹口支行或郵局匯付賬號 310066030018170238495 聯絡人：駱飛電話：17717536767 國外

售價：160 美元（不包含郵費）欲購者請與冠軍拍賣上海辦事處聯繫聯絡人：王月電話：15000120957 郵箱：3071867176@qq.com

冊）發行 1—5

原副行長馬德倫作序，中國錢幣博物館首任館長戴志強撰寫

為了利於金銀帀專業知識的傳播和普及，降低廣大讀者經濟

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》第 (

《中國現代貴金屬幣賞析》集權威性、史料性、知識性、藝術性、

Shanxi Sycee 《陝西銀錠》 By Li Jiong

作者：李炯 Price (售價)：RMB ￥398

Shanxi Sycee was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. It was written by Mr. Li Jiong, a collector and researcher of Shanxi sycee from Yulin, Shanxi. Mr. Li collected 600 varieties of Shanxi sycee over a ten–year period and after comparing and analyzing many collections of Shanxi sycee, he decided that there was a need for a professionally researched book on the subject.

the silver currency of Shanxi Province. Mr. Dai remarked that “This book is a professional work of research of Shanxi sycee. Mr. Li has taken advantage of local sources in his research and has made a great achievement in numismatic research. It covers all development stages of Shanxi sycee including its infancy, development, widespread adoption and its final discontinuation.”

Mr. Li has classified Shanxi sycee into six categories: 50 taels boat-shaped ingots, officially minted sycee, commercially minted sycee, Shanxi stamp remittance ingots from other provinces, odd-shaped sycee, and a sixth ‘other’ group of sycee. This book comprehensively shows the conditions of the circulation of Shanxi silver currency in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic Period. This book also examines the social conditions including politics, economics, culture, and customs of that period. The president of the Xi’an Branch of The People’s Bank China Guo Xinming and prominent collector Dai Zhiqiang both wrote prefaces for this book. They remarked that this book was a masterpiece of Shanxi numismatics and filled a space in the research of

The book is A4 size and is 260 pages long with two additional trifold pages. It is printed in full-color and is illustrated with good quality graphics of Shanxi sycee. It was published by Shanxi Media Group’s Sanqin Press in July 2015. Buy from website: www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show. cgi?id=1648 (Note: the book is signed by the author) Contact: Mr. Li Jiong Cell Phone: 15529990006; 15667811786 Email: 1327978511@qq.com 五十兩船形銀錠、官鑄銀錠、商鑄銀錠、外省陝槽、陝西異形銀錠、存疑待考銀錠六大類，全面展示了清末民國時期陝西省白銀貨幣的通行現狀，側面反映了這一時期政治、經濟、文化、民俗等方面的社會面貌。本書由中國人民銀行西安分行行長郭新明、著名錢幣學家戴志強先生並序。郭序指出：《陝西銀錠》的出版，恰逢我國 “一路一帶”戰略構想提出之際，是陝西錢幣研究的又一力作，填補了陝西白銀貨幣研究的空白。戴序認為《陝西銀錠》是一部有關陝西地方銀錠的專譜、專著，李炯先生立足本鄉本土，充分利用和發揮地域優勢，十年磨一劍，揚長避短，求實務實，走了一條錢幣集藏研究的“捷徑”，一條成功之路。全書採用以文為主，以圖為輔的串聯方式，揭示陝西銀錠產生、發展、興盛、衰落的全過程。该書大 16 開本，126 克雅粉全彩精印，幣圖清晰逼真，共計 26 萬字，260 余頁，亦附三折拉圖兩幀。作者首次在銀錠圖片旁附陜槽銘文複原印章一方。圖文並茂，值得珍藏。

2015 年 7 月《陝西銀錠》由陝西出版傳媒集團三秦出版社正式出版發行。作者李炯先生是陝西榆林本鄉本土的銀錠收藏、研究者，他用十年時間，收藏了 600 餘種陝西銀錠。通過大量實物藏品的比對分析，作者首次提出建構陝西銀錠分類學研究，將陝西銀錠分類為：

錢幣天堂網發售登錄 www.coinsky.com/htm/shop/show.cgi?id=1648 可獲得作者簽名書聯絡人：李炯購書電話：15529990006；15667811786 郵箱：1327978511@qq.com

Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province By Xu Anmin Price ：RMB ￥298 Unofficial Banknotes Issued in Jiangxi Province was written by prominent paper money collector Xu Anmin, and was published in December 2014 by Jiangxi People’s Press, with the support and planning of the Jiang Xi Banking Industry. The unofficial banknotes cataloged in this book were issued by local administrative agencies, banks and organizations (such as local armed forces, cooperatives) etc. The face value of these paper notes was the same as that of the national legal currency which was circulated in some defined regions. The book is illustrated with pictures of 185 of the banknotes issued in Jiangxi Province, of which 25 were issued in the Qing Dynasty, 11 by local administrative agencies, 15 by local armed forces, 19 by chambers of commerce, and 88 by money houses and business houses. In addition, there are 21 local gold dollar coupons, 4 silver coupons, and 2 special money. Additionally, there are about 30 printing blocks and anticounterfeiting seals. The 200 physical coupons are from the author’s collection. This is the first time these precious coupons, some of which are unique, have been published.

comments were mainly on the collectors’ errors, value,

The book is divided into the following sections:

star-rating, collection methods, current existing condition and personal target.The postscript presents author ’s 20

the foreword, brief introduction, catalog, comments,

years collecting experience, his star-rating and calculating

references and postscript.The guide defines the scope

method, which will help collectors.The references include

and the time of the research and collecting and the

the relative historical resources, monographs and research

definition of unofficial banknotes. This is the first time

articles from modern times.In additional, the author

these banknotes have been categorized according to their

verified the authenticity of physical bonds which need to

different features. A brief introduction was also given

be proved. He also wrote another two articles about the paper money: “The Research of Banknotes Issued by Wu

to each chapter of the book.The General Introduction includes features, the development of unofficial banknotes, the rise of collecting these notes and the research achievements for unofficial banknotes. The pictures of the banknotes, local gold coupons ( 金圆券 ), local silver coupons ( 银圆券 ), special money, printing blocks and anti-counterfeiting seals are illustrated in the book. The book comprehensively describes each physical coupon of the banknotes. Many ancient stories were discovered such as the words of celebrities, family rules, poetry and prose from the script and pattern of the banknotes.The

Zheng-Yuan Private Bank of JianYi (Feng Cheng City) ”, and “Remark on 1896 Banknotes Issued by Kiangsi Official Silver Bank Again ”. This book is 281 pages long and has more than 300 colorful pictures of the banknotes. It is printed in A4 size on colorful bronze paper with a fine binding. It is a professional book for collecting and researching the unofficial banknotes issued in Jiangxi. It is sold by Xinhua Book Stores all over the country at a price of 298 yuan.

《江西民間鈔票》作者：徐安民售價：RMB ￥298

在江西省銀行業的精心策劃和組織下，由國內著名

特點、發展階段、民間鈔票收藏的興起及研究成果；圖

纸币收藏家徐安民先生撰寫的《江西民間鈔票》2014

錄，囊括清代錢莊鈔票、行政機構鈔票、地方武裝鈔票、

年 12 月由江西人民出版社出版發行。該書收集的實物

商會鈔票、錢莊商號鈔票、地方金圓券、地方銀元券、

函括清代至民國時期江西省境內地方行政機構、團體組

特殊幣、鈔版及印章等實物。本章節還對各不同時期民

織及各錢莊商號等發行的紙幣。主要包括錢莊、地方基

間鈔票進行了扼要綜述，對收錄的每張實物券進行了專

層行政機構、地方武裝組織、合作社、商會、商號及其

業點評，并根據鈔票上的各類文字圖案挖掘出大量中國

他機構組織發行的紙幣，且在一定社會區域與國家法定

古代名人格言、家訓及詩賦等歷史典故；收藏感悟，梳

貨幣等值流通的鈔票。全書共收集到江西民間鈔票圖片

理了民間鈔票收藏者的誤區、民間鈔票的收藏價值、星

185 張，其中清代鈔票 25 張，基層行政機構鈔票 11 張，

級評定、收藏模式與現狀及個人定位。收藏感悟係作者

地方武裝鈔票 15 張，商會鈔票 19 張，錢莊商號鈔票

20 多年收藏實踐經驗的親身感悟和思想提煉，并創造

88 張，地方金圓券 21 張，地方銀元券 4 張，特殊幣 2 枚。

性的提出了“星級別評定”的方法和計算方式，對收藏

另有，鈔版及防偽印章 30 余件。書中所錄選的 200 多

愛好者有着極大的啟發和幫助；參考文獻，主要收錄近

件實物券，均來自作者 20 多年的私人收藏品。在這些

代江西民間鈔票相關的史料、專著以及研究文章等。此

紙幣實物券中絕大多數為首次披露，極其珍貴，有些實

外，作者對收藏圈里頗有爭議和影響的實物券進行詳細

物券屬孤品或僅見品。

考證，并專門撰寫《劍邑吳正元錢號票考略》和《光緒丙申年“江西官銀號”銀錢票再議》等文章，提出作者

全書主要由凡例、概述、圖錄、收藏感悟、參考文

觀點，供讀者參閱。該書圖文并茂，大 16 開本，全彩

獻及後記等構成。凡例，確定了本書收集和研究的範圍

銅牌紙印刷，精裝幀，281 頁，300 多幅實物原大彩圖，

及上下年限，完整地闡述了民間鈔票的科學定義，首次

是一本集史料性、實物性、知識性、專業性為一體的近

按照民間鈔票的不同性質進行分門歸類，并對各章節進

代江西民間鈔票收藏與研究的工具書。該書由全國新華

行了簡要介紹和說明；概述，包括江西民間鈔票的主要

書店經銷，定價 298 元。

PRESS RELEASE:

Artist Yu Min Was Given the Lifetime Achievement Award by Krause Publication Coin of the Year Award Committee

Editor of World Coin News David C. Harper (L.) and Chinese Embassy Culture Department Secretary Dr. Li Gang

Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd senior designer Yu Min is watching CCTV News live

A Lifetime Achievement Award in Coin Design was given to Yu Min of the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd., Feb. 4 at the Coin of the Year Award ceremony at the World Money Fair in Berlin, Germany.

He began designing and engraving coins in 1980 and participated in the entire development process of gold and silver Pandas as a designer and engraver since the frst gold panda coin was issued in 1982.

The trophy was accepted by Dr. Li Gang, Secretary of the Culture Department of Embassy of Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of China to the Federal Republic of Germany.

His 1983 silver Panda won the Best Silver Coin award in the 1985 Coin of the Year competition. He has designed and engraved over 200 Modern Chinese coins including over 40 commemorative Panda coins, including the 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2013 gold and silver commemorative Panda coins, over the years. Mr Yu Min may hold the world record for the number of coins designed/engraved by a artist for a modern mint.

Yu Min is the first Asian Designer to win the award , the previous three edition of the award went to Herbert Wahner of Austria, Maria Carmela Colaneri of Italy, and Heinz Hoyer and Sneschana Russewa-Hoyer of Germany. Giving the award was David C. Harper, editor of World Coin News, founding sponsor of the award. The award is also sponsored by the World Money Fair. The publisher of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics, Michael Chou, introduced Dr. Li. His publication is the third sponsor of the Coin of the Year Awards and it prepared a biography of Yu Min. Yu Min graduated from Shanghai Arts and Crafts School inAugust 1980 and entered the Shanghai Mint (now known as the Shanghai Mint Co., Ltd) to design and to engrave coins in the design and pattern shop at the same year. From February to June 1996 he went to Russia and studied in the Sculpture Department of Repin Academy of Fine Arts. He was enrolled as a member of the China Sculpture Institute in July 2004.

The 2009 Panda coin designed by Yu Min was named the Best Commemorative Coin by a German magazine. Among commemorative coins, he designed and engraved the portrait of Chairman Mao on the circulating coin to Mark the 100th birthday of Mao Tse-tung. It was very diffcult to engrave a raised image of the chairman to be struck on a very hard nickelclad steel coin. Yu Min accomplished this after repeated trials. In the selection process of the 2008 Beijing Olympic coins, Yu Minâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design was one of the finalists and his four joint engraving designs (the fencing, pentathlon, archery and soccer coins) were adopted by the head offce of Bank of China.

Champion Auction at Long Beach Coin Exposition 6/8-10 Table 866 For Consignments, please contact Michael Chou championghka@gmail.com Phone:86-13701793363 1-6462709988 86-21-62130771 Fax:852-3007-4311

Mother’s Day Panda Designed by Yu Min Shanghai Mint’s First Heart Shape Panda Special Collectors Piedfort Edition (50g) 300 mintage

50g, Budda’s rays on Golden Summit

30g

50g 30g, no Budda's rays

Yu Min’s Mother’s Day Panda was the Shanghai Mint’s first heart shape panda. With a mintage of 1,000 for the regular 30 grams silver and 100 for the 8 gram gold versions. There is also a special collector’s Piedfort version of the Mother’s Day Panda in 50 grams silver with a mintage of 300. Each of the Mother’s Day Special Collector’s version will have individual number on each panda. The Obverse features Mother panda and its two baby pandas and carnations for Mother’s Day. The reverse depicts Budda’s rays on Golden Summit of Mountain Emei in Szechuan province the home of the Pandas. Emei Mountain is one of China’s four major Buddhist mountains. Each Mother’s Day Panda is numbered individually and with its special Shanghai Mint Custom Box. This Mother’s Panda is released by Champion designed by Shanghai Mint Senior

2016 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Expo Commemorative Panda

2017 World Money Fair Berlin Commemorative Panda

Designer Yu Min and produced by China’s Shanghai Mint. Customers can reserve this special collector’s Piedfort Mother’s Day Panda (NGC 69) at the Price of USD 499 with original box and certifcate, limit one per customer. You can contact Champion’s US distributor Jerica at 941 952 0100 or email jericainternational@gmail.com. Estate Coin and Jewelry Galleria 1650 Main Street Sarasota Florida 34236. Champion Auction's previous show pandas designed by Shanghai Mint Yu Min, released at the 2014-6 Macau Numismatic Society Annual Show, 2016-7 World Money Fair Berlin and 2016 American Numismatic Association were a great success.

2016 ANA World's Fair of Money Anaheim Commemorative Panda

2017 World Money Fair Berlin Tri-Metallic Commemorative Panda

Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish國際錢幣公司 Specialists in 專營 Pandas since 1982 1982年起發行的熊貓幣 China Modern since 1979 1979年起發行的中國現代金銀幣 World Coins since 1964 1964年起專營世界錢幣

Looking To Buy?想買？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中國現代金銀幣首次進入國際市場后，Mish 國際的員工及其藏家客戶積累了豐富的庫存和專業的錢幣知識。

If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想買中國幣？我們或許恰好有；也許多年前我們賣過，現在或許還能從原始買家手中買回來。

Looking To Sell?想賣？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息萬變的市場環境，Mish 國際仍是助您銷售錢幣的最佳選擇。雄厚的資金實力，專業的錢幣知識，出色的協調能力，我們同時收購單枚幣和大型收藏，價格合理，快速付款。

Since 1964 始於1964

Here today. Here tomorrow 攜手今日共贏明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish國際錢幣公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美國加州門羅帕克大學路1154號，郵編94025 Phone(電話):(650) 324-9110 Email(電郵):robert@mishinternational.com

East Asia Journal 1984 Issue 《東亞通寶》第 1 期 1984 年發行

First Issue of JEAN digital edition January 2016 Issue 《東亞泉志》電子雜誌第 1 期 2016 年 1 月發行

《東亞泉志》電子雜誌第 1 期在線閱讀：http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_first_issue_of_jean 第 2 期在線閱讀：https://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_second_issue_of_jean 第 3 期在線閱讀：http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_third_issue_of_jean 第 4 期在線閱讀：http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fourth_issue_of_jean 第 5 期在線閱讀：http://issuu.com/jean388/docs/the_fifth_issue_of_jean

入會申請表 Application Form 申請日期 Application date：申請會員類別：

本地會員 Macau Member

Membership applied for:

外地會員 Non Macau Member

姓名 Name：

性別 Gender：

證件號碼 ID No.：

出生日期 Date of Birth：

（中文及外文）

住址 Add.：

職業 Occupation：

錢幣收集範圍 Interst：

聯絡電話 Phone Number：

繳納會費：

會費新會員需交付：入會費 MOP500.00 New membership fee: MOP 500.00

本會宗旨：團結錢幣愛好者，推動錢幣之收藏及研究介紹人 Referee：（需我會兩位成員推薦 two members of the Society）會員姓名編號 Member No：會員姓名編號 Member No：此欄由澳門錢幣學會填寫 (Filled by the Society only)：新會員入會日期：新會員編號： 1）新會員需認同本會宗旨。 New members should comply with the Society regulations. 2）入會申請人需填妥本申請表、交 1 張相片及繳納相關入會費用。 Please attach one photo and pay the membership fee. Add: AV. DR. RODRIGO RODRIGUES. 600E-P105 FIRST INTERNATIONAL COM. CENTER, MACAU Tel: (853)2833 4556 Fax: (853)2830 4772 Email: dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

地址：澳門羅理基博士大馬路 600E-1 樓 P105 室電話：(853)2833 4556 傳真：(853)2830 4772 Email：dcdesign@macau.ctm.net

余敏榮獲克勞斯出版社世界硬幣大獎評委會頒發的終身成就獎

《世界錢幣新聞》主編 David C. Harper（左）和中國駐德國大使館文化部秘書李剛

上海造幣有限公司高級工藝美術師余敏在觀看 CCTV 新聞頻道

本屆世界硬幣大獎頒獎典禮於 2 月 4 日在德國柏林的世界錢

1993 年獲工藝美術師任職資格，並被聘為工藝美術師。2004

幣展上舉行。本屆的世界硬幣大獎錢幣設計終身成就獎的獲

年 7 月，被中國雕塑學會吸收為會員。

得者是上海造幣有限公司的設計雕刻師——餘敏。余敏從 1980 年從事錢幣設計雕刻至今已 30 年，從 1993 年聘中華人民共和國駐德意志聯邦共和國大使館文化部秘書——

為工藝美術師至今也已 23 年。從 1982 年發行第一枚熊貓金

李剛代表獲獎者領獎並發表獲獎感言。

幣起，至今已有近三十年歷史。余敏作為設計雕刻人員參與並見證了熊貓金銀幣發展的整個過程。

余敏是首位獲得這項大獎的亞洲錢幣設計師，前三屆終身成就獎的獲得者分別是：奧地利的赫爾伯特 • 韋納、義大利的瑪

由余敏設計雕刻的 1983 版熊貓銀幣獲得了 1985 年世界硬幣

利亞 • 卡梅拉 • 柯蘭納瑞以及德國的 Heinz Hoyer 和 Sneschana

大獎最佳銀幣獎，這些年，餘敏一共設計和雕刻了 40 多枚紀

Russewa-Hoyer 夫婦二人。

念熊貓，包括 2005、2006、2008、2009、2010、2012 和 2013 熊貓金銀幣。余敏為現代造幣廠設計和雕刻的錢幣數量之多，

獎項由《世界硬幣新聞》主編及世界硬幣大獎的發起人之一

很可能在當今世界範圍內也無出其右。

的大衛 •C• 哈珀負責頒發，而世界錢幣展也是本屆獎項的贊助商之一。

他所設計的 2009 版熊貓幣被德國錢幣雜誌評為最佳紀念幣。

《東亞泉志》出版人周邁可先生為李博士做了一下介紹。周

紀念幣方面，余敏設計並雕刻了毛澤東誕辰 100 周年流通紀

先生的《東亞泉志》不僅贊助本次的世界硬幣大獎，同時也

念幣中的毛澤東頭像一面。在非常堅硬的鎳包鋼產品上製作

準備了一篇余敏的生平簡介。

浮雕是一個近乎苛刻的任務，經過多次實驗之後，余敏最終圓滿完成任務。

余敏 1980 年 8 月畢業於上海工藝美術學校（中專）。同年進上海造幣廠（上海造幣有限公司前身）設計製模車間從事錢

在 2008 北京奧運幣的競標中，余敏的設計成為了入圍了最終

幣設計雕刻工作。

的決賽圈。余敏與他人合作的設計（擊劍、五項全能、射箭、足球）也在競標被中國銀行選中。

1996 年 2 月至 6 月期間，赴俄羅斯列賓美術學院雕塑系進修。

6 月 8-10 日冠軍拍賣參展長灘錢幣展銷會展位 866 如有疑問，請與周邁可先生聯繫，郵箱： championghka@gmail.com 電話：86-13701793363 1-6462709988 86-21-62130771 傳真：52-3007-4311

由余敏負責設計、上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心形紀念熊貓母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念熊貓（50g），鑄造量 300 枚

50 克的峨眉山面有金頂佛光

30 克

30 克的峨眉山面沒有金頂佛光

50 克

余敏此次設計的母親節紀念熊貓是上海造幣廠生產的第一枚心形

原包裝盒及證書，每人限購一枚。購買事宜請聯繫冠軍公司美國

紀念熊貓。其中銀質熊貓共生產 1000 枚，品質為 30 克；金質熊

經銷商 Jerica，電話：941 952 0100；郵箱：jericainternational@

貓為 100 枚，重 8 克，另外還有特別收藏版 50 加厚克銀質熊貓，

gmail.com。

鑄造量為 300 枚，每枚熊貓上均打有編號。正面圖案為母親節康乃馨、熊貓母親和倆個熊貓寶寶；背面圖案為熊貓故鄉——四川

地址：佛羅里達薩拉索塔 34236，1650 大道，Estate Coin and

峨嵋山金頂及佛光。峨眉山是中國四大佛教聖山之一。

Jewelry Galleria 公司。

每枚母親節熊貓均有單獨編號，並附有上海造幣有限公司特製包

此前由冠軍公司出品、上海造幣有限公司工藝美術師余敏設計的

裝盒。紀念熊貓由冠軍拍賣出品，上海造幣廠資深工藝美術師餘

展會熊貓曾在 2014 年 6 月的澳門錢幣學會年展、2016 年 7 月的

敏負責設計，並由上海造幣有限公司負責生產。有意購買者可以

柏林世界錢幣展以及 2016 年美國錢幣協會展覽上取得過巨大的

499 美元的價格購得這種母親節特別收藏加厚版紀念熊貓，附帶

成功。

2016 年澳門錢幣學會國際年展紀念熊貓

2017 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

2016 年美國錢幣協會安娜海年會紀念熊貓

2017 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會三色銅紀念熊貓

The Journal of East Asian Numismatics In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history. Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 1974-1977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 1991-1993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 1994-1998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularity and many important articles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-chang Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship between

1897 Chekiang 5-Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei 5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again starting in January 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Society, serving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker – Numismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins – A History), Wang Chunli (China, author of Illustrated Catalog of China’s Jilin Province Silver Coins and Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Gold & Silver Coins), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 5,000, including over 2,000 in Greater China region. Starting in 2017 , Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2017 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.

2017 JEAN Advertising Rate 2017 Issue

Issue Date

Ad Required

Full Page/Issue

Full Page/Year

1/2 Page/Issue

1/2 Page/Year

Issue 3

7/31

7/1

$375

$1,250

$250

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Issue 4

10/31

10/1

$375

$1,250

$250

$800

* PX: 300 * full page (A4): 210×297mm *1/2 page: 210×148mm

Contact JEAN Shanghai Office Tel: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg@163.com

東亞泉志《東亞泉志》電子雜誌簡介《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢

亞泉誌》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。

幣學專家史博祿先生于 1994 年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研

袁水清，1948 年生，大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作 30

文化。

《西部金融 • 錢幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》

究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地了

解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地了解中國深厚的錢幣

多年。中國錢幣學會會員，陝西省錢幣學會常務理事，西安

市收藏協會常務副會長。退休后，歷任《收藏》《古泉園地》雜誌主編。多年來他傾力于中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發

雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951 年生於美國密蘇里州聖

表過近百篇錢幣研究文章；2012 年，出版了匯集中國古今

路易斯市，為密蘇里大學歷史係學士，哈佛大學中國研究專

錢幣的鴻篇巨製《中國貨幣史之最》。同時聘請國內外知

業碩士。1974-1977 年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》

名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍华德 • 富兰

助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。19881989 年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-

1993 年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有 30 多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐

富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。

《東亞泉志》于 1994 年 7 月份問世，1999 年停刊，

發行了 18 期。雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在 20 多個國家發行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館

克林 • 包克——錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳記幣简史》作者高林先生、《熊貓金銀幣收藏指南》作者皮

特 • 安東尼先生、《中國吉林銀圓圖譜》和《中國金銀幣目錄》作者王春利先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、

香港中国现代金银币资深研究学者陳景林先生、台灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國現代金銀幣資深經销商羅伯特 •

米什先生、美國東南亞錢幣專家亞當 • 比亞吉先生以及北京

錢幣網总裁郭嘉華先生等。從 2017 年起，《東亞泉志》加盟贊助由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”。

書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英

復刊后的《東亞泉誌》為電子季刊，中英双语。內容以

博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞

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史威尼寫的《1900 年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故

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