東亞泉志
2022.07 / Issue 45
中英雙語 - 電子季刊
25 th
No.27
THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 周年
Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly
三藩
市造 幣
廠 / Th e
克裏福德·赫威特 Clifford Hewitt
Sa n
Fr a n
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JEAN 1994-2019
SAN FRANCISCO o Mi
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席德懋 Hsi Demao
SAN FRANCISCO 1934 年（民國二十三年）孫中山像壹圓銅幣單面試打幣一套 2 枚，NGC MS62BN/NGC MS63BN，NC 收藏 1934 Sun Yat Sen One Dollar Uniface Copper Pattern Set (2), NGC MS62BN/NGC MS63BN, NC Collection
1934 年（民國二十三年）孫中山像壹圓銀幣，PCGS MS66 ，美國造幣廠製造 1934 Sun Yat Sen Silver Dollar, PCGS MS66, Made by the U.S. Mint
SAN FRANCISCO 『本期專題 | FEATURES 』 1949 年國民政府的最後銀元
The Last Silver Dollar of the Government of the Republic of China in 1949
耿愛德與中國泉幣學社（1940-1946）
Eduard Kann and the China Numismatic Society (1940-1946)
暹羅第一套紙鈔中少見的拼寫錯誤
Rare Spelling Errors Detected in Siamese First Series Banknote
1931 年蘇區鄂北農民銀行發行的蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣 Chinese Soviet Protrait Coin issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province in 1931
僅供内部使用
陳元和文化大學畢業 35 周年（1987-2022）紀念章 The Meda l for Chen Yua n Ho 35t h A nniversa r y of Graduation from Culture University 1987-2022
JEAN
《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學 專家史博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專
《東亞泉志》
業雜誌。旨在讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢 幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。
2022 免費訂閱
《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了
18期。2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東
中英雙語 - 電子季刊
亞泉志》，聘請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。
Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly
以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成 功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、 人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。
25 th
No. 27
周年
JEAN 1994-2019
2022. 07 / Issue 45
No. 18
7 No. 1
東亞泉志 東亞 泉 東亞 東 志 亞泉 東志 志 亞泉 志 泉志 泉 東 亞泉 亞 東志 東 志 亞 泉東 泉 志 亞 志亞 泉 東 泉 志 01 2020.
/
35 Issue
/ Issue 2020. 04
No. 19
36
2020. 07 / Issue
No. 20
37
2020. 10 / Issue 38
THE J S S E JOUR OUR No.22 TH ATICSTH MISMASIAN ISMATIC OF JOURNAL NUMISMATICS NAL OF NUEAST MATICNTHE M MISUR EAST A NAL OF EEA JOUR UJO Lth OFNUEAST ASIAN SIA NA N A No.2 4 T N S E th 1 SIAN NU ST A NAL TH A TH 3 . 5 OF E 5 th 5 S ASUTRANSAIA th L S 2 M C 2 5 IS 2 I No MATIIA 2 N ONFU EEA JOU AT L TH EEJO CS TH MISSM T ARSNA A thOF SUM I N R S M TIC IASNL O E JOU No.24 C HNEUJO I 5 th T 5 NFUM A IATN 2 2 EAIS RNA M IS AS h M T AT L O 古巴 UM ST 25t SIICAS F E 25 th N N AS No.25 NONF EA A I UM T A SAL A ISM SI N y rl TR 25 th rte U S ATI AN ua O A Q No al EJ CS NU E igit F H .26 D ) TO MI ese L in h A SM A -C N D sh li 2 5 th ATI A ng UR N l (E O A a CS u C ing S.A EJ Bil U. TH .A T . 15 No
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往期電子雜誌
THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS
Issu e 44
Reader are welcome to contribute articles. 歡迎投稿 ! Chinese / 中文 / jeanzg@163.com English / 英文 / championghka@gmail.com
Advisors
Chinese Editor
Che-lu Tseng
Yuan Shuiqing
顧問
中文主編
曾澤祿
袁水清
Hans-Henning Goehrum 漢斯 - 亨寧 · 格魯姆 Technical Advisor
Ma rket i ng Adv isor
US Correspondent
European Correspondent
Gu Jun
Mark Sutton
J. Matthew Brotherton
Oliver Strahl
技術顧問
市場顧問
顧軍
馬克·修頓
美國通訊員
馬修 · 布拉澤頓
Publisher & Editor in-Chief
Advertising & Circulation Manager
Michael H. Chou
Esther Zhao
Senior Editor
Design Director
出版人 & 總編輯
奧利弗·斯特拉爾
廣告與發行經理
周邁可
趙婷婷
高級編輯
美術設計
Bruce W. Smith
Steve Feller
史博祿
「 中英雙語 · 電子季刊
歐洲通訊員
史蒂夫·費勒
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（
FOREWORD Welcome to issue 27.
In this issue, one of the feature articles is The Last Silver Dollar of the Government of the Republic of China in 1949 by Stephen Tai ( 戴 學文 ). The article introduces the junk dollars minted by the US and Mexican mints for the Republic of the China government after the collapse of the gold yuan notes and the resumption of circulation of the nickel and silver dollars. Another feature article is Rare Spelling Errors Detected in Siamese First Series Banknotes by Jan Olav Aamlid. The article makes a detailed study of the different spellings and types of Siamese writing on Siamese banknotes. Yo-Ming Chang's article Chinese Soviet Portrait Coin issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province in 1931 introduces the Soviet coins issued in that particular period. We have two interesting articles related to two great collectors, Eduard Kann and Arthur Coole, respectively. One is the feature article Eduard Kann and the China Numismatic Society (1940-
1946) by Cheng Bin ( 成斌 ), which details the interaction between the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society that Eduard Kann attended and the Chinese Numismatic Society, as well as Kann's involvement in the activities of the Chinese Numismatic Society. The other article is Correspondence with Arthur Coole about the Far Eastern Coin Catalog originally published in the inaugural issue of Chuan Pi in July 1940, which is the compilation of the correspondence between Arthur Coole and Chang Kwun-peh, a great coin collector in the Republican period. This issue also contains the Origin of Hua Qian Coins written by Zhou Bian ( 周 邊 ), who also contributed two book reviews about two numismatic works of instrumental importance, that is, The Collecting of Coins and Selected Writings by Students of Mr. Dai Baoting and Coins of the DPRK Standard Catalogue . The 27th issue also contains a piece of news by Oliver Strahl for the World Money Fair 2022, Berlin. Another piece of news in this issue is about the opening of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History's new exhibition of the National Numismatic Collection, "Really Big Money". The obituary of the famous U.S. banknote dealer Gary Snover is also published in this issue. Also reposted in this issue are two articles from NGC, Coinage of Larissa by David Vagi and Weighing the Opportunities in Coin Collecting by Jeff Garrett. Another article originally published
on the Esylum website, Singapore Famous Banknote Designer Eng Siak Loy Profiled , features Singapore's longest practicing banknote designer, Ong Sik Lee. In addition, this issue includes An Introduction to Sycee by Bruce Smith and the second interview with me by Colin Gullberg. We are excited to be back at the 2022 ANA Chicago and The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) and Champion Auction will be at table 1546 from 8/16 to 8/19. Our journal is to sponsor three seminars at the American Numismatic Association International Coin Show, in Chicago on August 18. The first one will be a seminar on Chopmark Coins – A History by Colin Gullberg at 10:00 a.m. Mr. Gullberg will present an update on his book on chopmark coin collecting and the latest information in the field since its publication 10 years ago, as well as his recent editorial work for the Chopmark Newsletters . The second session was a presentation by Michael Corley, the former finalizer of NGC Shanghai, at 4:00 p.m. on the topic of Chinese panda commemorative coins and medals. The third session was the book launch of Mark Lovomo's Korean Coins in the Age of Development , which will be published by JEAN , at 5:00 p.m. For those who cannot come to the conference, we will provide a video after the show. Ron Guth and Michael Chou who edited another book published by the JEAN, the third edition of Top Chinese Coins , will both participate in the ANA International Coin Show, Chicago, and sign a limited number of copies. We look forward to seeing you at the seminar on August 18 or at our booth during the show. In July, a special first strike ceremony of a medal celebrating the 35th anniversary of graduation from Taiwan’s Chinese Culture University of my long-time friend and business colleague Howard Chen Yuan Ho ( 陈元和 ) at Shanghai New Century Mint Co., Ltd. This medal designed by COTY winner Yu Min celebrates Howard's interest in coin collecting and baseball. Howard was a great friend and business partner and will be sorely missed by all of us who have been in contact with him. We hope that each of our readers will find an article of interest in this issue. We look forward to seeing our readers again at the Chicago International Coin Show in 2022.
Michael Chou Publisher & Editor-in-Chief
CONTENTS 08
Correspondence with Arthur Coole about the Far Eastern Coin Catalog
20 24
World Money Fair #Digital Fair 2022
36
The Third Taiwan Special Edition of the JEAN will be Published in October 2022
38
The Chinese Numismatic Research Has Successors: The Collecting of Coins Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 and Selected Writings by Students of Mr. Dai Baoting
Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕
The National Numismatic Collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Champion〔Shanghai〕 American History Opens the Really Big Money Exhibition Champion〔Shanghai〕
A Tool for Collecting and Researching Modern Korean Commemorative Coins: Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 Coins of the DPRK Standard Catalogue
Colin Gullberg〔Taipei〕
The Interview
DEPARTMENTS
39 42 51 55 59
Chang Kwun-peh〔Shanghai〕
Bruce Smith〔USA〕
Introduction to Sycee
Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕
The Origin of Hua Qian Coins Gary Snover (1938-2022) Passed Away on June 14 from Cancer
The Last Silver Dollar of the Government of the Republic of China in 1949
77 107 119
Eduard Kann and the China Numismatic Society (1940-1946)
COLUMN
Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕
FEATURES
63
Wayne Homren〔USA〕
144 151 155
Coinage of Larissa
Rare Spelling Errors Detected in Siamese First Series Banknote
Cheng Bin〔Urumqi〕 Jan Olav Aamlid〔Norway〕
Chinese Soviet Protrait Coin issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Yo-Ming Chang〔Taipei〕 Province in 1931
Singapore Famous Banknote Designer Eng Siak Loy Profiled Weighing the Opportunities in Coin Collecting
David Vagi〔USA〕 Angela Teng〔Singapore〕 Jeff Garrett〔USA〕
前言 yan
（
qian
歡迎大家閱讀《東亞泉志》第27期。
本期的專題文章之一是戴學文先生的《1949 年國民政府的最後銀
元》。文章介紹了金圓券崩潰且恢復鎳幣與銀元流通之後，美墨造 幣廠代鑄船洋的相關事宜。另一專題文章是揚 · 奧拉夫 · 阿姆利德 先生（Jan Olav Aamlid）撰寫的《暹羅第一套紙鈔中少見的拼寫
錯誤》。文章着重對泰國紙鈔上暹羅文字不同拼寫及種類進行了詳 細研究。
陳佑銘先生的《1931年蘇區鄂北農民銀行發行的蘇維埃 馬克思、 列寧頭像銀幣》一文，則圖文並茂地對那一特殊時期發行的蘇維 埃貨幣進行了介紹。
在這一期，我們有兩篇文章分別與兩位大收藏家⸺ 耿愛德和邱
文明相關。一篇為專題文章中的《耿愛德與中國泉幣學社（1940-
1946）》。該文由成斌先生撰寫，詳細地介紹了耿愛德所在的上海西 人貨幣會與中國本土的泉幣學社之間的交往經歷，以及耿愛德本 人參與中國泉幣學社活動的經歷。另一篇則是“舊刊新載”欄目中
的《邱文明遠東泉譜考商榷書》。該文原刊載於1940 年7月出版的
《泉幣》創刊號，是由民國時期的泉壇大家張絅伯對其與邱文明通 信內容進行的整理。
本期還刊載了周邊先生撰寫的《花錢溯源》。周先生也為本期雜誌 貢獻了兩篇書評，即對《戴門弟子藏泉與文選》和《朝鮮現代紀念 幣標準目錄》這兩本錢幣著作作了介紹。
本期雜誌中還有奧利弗 · 斯特拉爾先生（Oliver Strahl）為2022
年柏林世界錢幣展覽會撰寫的新聞 ；冠軍研究室關於史密森尼美 國國家歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏“真正的大錢“展開展的資訊。另 外，美國紙幣商加裏 · 斯諾弗先生逝世的訃告也於本期發佈。
本 期 還 轉 載了 NGC 的 兩 篇 文 章， 分 別 是 大 衛 · 瓦 吉（David
Vagi）撰 寫 的《 拉 裏 薩 的 錢 幣 》和 傑 夫 · 加 勒 特（Jeff Garrett） 撰寫的《錢幣收 藏投資中的風險 把 控》。另有一篇原刊載 於 The
E-Sylum 網站的《新加坡著名紙幣設計師翁錫禮簡介》，文章對新
加坡從業最久的紙幣設計師翁錫禮進行了介紹。
另外，本期發刊了史博 祿 先 生 撰 寫《銀 錠簡介》，以 及高林先 生
（Colin Gullberg ）對本人的第二次專訪。
我們很高興能夠在 2022年回歸芝加哥美國錢幣協會國際錢幣展銷
會。 《東亞泉志》和冠軍拍賣將於8月16日至8月19日在1546號展位
參展。 《東亞泉志》計劃在8月18日的芝加哥美國錢幣協會國際錢
幣展銷會上幫助舉辦三場研討會。第一場是上午10 點關於高林先
生所著《戳記幣簡史》的研討會。作者將介紹他的書自10 年前出
版以來，有關戳記幣收藏的最新情況和該領域的最新資訊，以及 他最近為《戳記幣通訊》所做的編輯工作。第二場是下午4 點，原
NGC 上海 終 評 評 級 師麥 克 · 考 利先 生（Michael Corley）將以 中國熊貓紀念幣章為主題進行演講。第三場是在下午5點舉行的 馬克 · 洛沃莫著作《發展時代的韓國錢幣》的新書發佈，該書將由
愛秀集團的《東亞泉志》出版。對於那些不能蒞臨會議的人來說， 我們會在展銷會結束後提供視頻。由《東亞泉志》出版的另一本 書⸺ 《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第三版》，其主編周邁可和古富
都將參加這次芝加哥國際錢幣展銷會，並在展銷會上限量簽贈《中 國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第三版》。我們期望能夠在8月18日的研討 會現場或是展會期間在展位上與各位相見。
7月13日，我們為一直以來的好友和合作夥伴陳元和先生設計並製 作的“陳元和中國文化大學畢業 35周年”紀念章在上海新世紀紀
念幣製造有限公司舉行了一場特別的首打儀式。該紀念章由世界硬
幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主余敏先生設計，章上展現了陳先生錢幣 收藏和棒球的愛好。陳先生是一位很好的朋友和商業夥伴，我們 所有與之交往過的人都會深切的緬懷他。
希望我們的每位讀者都可以在本期找到自己感興趣的文章。我們 期待在 2022年的芝加哥國際錢幣展銷會活動中再次與讀者見面。
《東亞泉志》總編輯兼出版人
周邁可
目錄 mu
15 22 30
邱文明遠東泉譜考商榷書
37 40 41 47 53 57 60
《東亞泉志》第三次“臺灣特刊”將於 2022 年 10 月發佈印行
lu
張絅伯〔上海〕
2022 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會線上展會
奧利弗 · 斯特拉爾〔德國〕
史密森尼美國國家歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏——真正的大錢展覽開展 泉學傳承 後繼有人——《戴門弟子藏泉與文選》
冠軍研究室〔上海〕 冠軍研究室〔上海〕
當代朝鮮紀念幣集藏與研究的工具書——《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》 對周邁可先生的第二次專訪 銀錠簡介
周 邊〔上海〕 周 邊〔上海〕
高 林〔臺北〕
部 門
史博祿〔美國〕
花錢溯源
美國紙幣商加裏·斯諾弗因病於 2022 年 6 月 16 日去世
周 邊〔上海〕
韋恩·霍姆倫〔美國〕
專 題
72 94 113 133
1949 年國民政府的最後銀元
專 欄
148 153 157
拉裏薩的錢幣
耿愛德與中國泉幣學社（1940-1946） 暹羅第一套紙鈔中少見的拼寫錯誤
1931 年蘇區鄂北農民銀行發行之蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣
新加坡著名紙幣設計師翁錫禮簡介 錢幣收藏投資中的風險把控
戴學文〔臺北〕
成 斌〔烏魯木齊〕
揚·奧拉夫·阿姆利德〔 挪威 〕
張祐銘〔臺北〕
大衛 · 瓦吉〔美國〕
安琪拉·滕〔新加坡〕
傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕
DEPARTMENTS
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Republishment of Old Issues
Correspondence with Arthur Coole about the Far Eastern Coin Catalog ◎ Chang Kwun-peh〔Shanghai〕
Many coins are hard to identify due to the lack of historical records or unclear descriptions. However, coin inscriptions of different dynasties have their features, especially Western Han and Six Dynasties coins. As for the inscriptions that are not so exquisite as those on the coins of the Western Han and the Six Dynasties, they are the Eastern Han coins and the Tsin dynasty wu zhu [ 五 銖 ] coins. After examining this coin carefully, I found it is slightly thinner, the edge is broader, the inscription is flat, and the first stroke of the right part zhu [ 銖 ] in the character zhu [ 銖 ] is smooth. Its inscription style seems to be inferior to that of coins in the Guangwu Emperor's reign but superior to that of coins in the Lingwu Emperor's reign. I assume that it is made during the Minghuan Emperor's reign. The Eastern Han dynasty lasted 110 years and has 9 emperors from Mingdi Emperor to Huandi Emperor. Though there is no exact record of casting coins, it is known that Yanzhang Emperor and Hedi Emperor ordered to stop casting coins. Therefore, there were few coins cast during their reigns. As for coins unearthed from the mausoleum of the Andi Emperor which was built in 125 A.D., there is no doubt that they are all wu
zhu coins cast in the Minghuan Emperor's reign in the Eastern Han dynasty. The above is my opinion. What do you think? This spring, I was bedridden for a few months with a cold that turned into pneumonia. During my illness, I got a copy of the Far Eastern Coin Catalog sent by Arthur Coole in Peking. After reading, I was deeply impressed by the abundance of his collection and the excellence of the catalog's content. The catalog is properly arranged, and easy to refer to. It involves four parts, with Chinese numismatic writers and their writings in one part, and writings by Europeans and Americans in another. At the end of the catalog, all coins mentioned in the catalog are listed in Roman alphabetical order, which was not seen in any other catalog published before. The author of the catalog has been keen on coins for many years. When he published a book about the history of Chinese currencies in 1939 in Tianjin, I wrote a review for his book. Recently, he has made research even more diligently to produce a work for the reference of following researchers. Since last winter, we have written much correspondence to communicate. Though I am willing to co-author a book with him, it is difficult to realize due to the long distance and the hard times. How can I concentrate on writing when worrying about my livelihood? The recent correspondence between us is attached for readers' review.
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DEPARTMENTS
A Letter From Chang Kwun-Peh To Rev. Coole
April 27th1940 30, Ruo Molioro Shanghai Dear Rev. Coole, I must beg your pardon for the inexcusable long
that ought to be eliminated by burning, such ones as
delay in answering your letter of January 4.Since the
listed No's 145 and 246. I may say I have read most
middle of March, however, I fell a victim to the late
of those books in existence and found them generally
influenza with a serious attack of pneumonia. Only
contain nothing but rubbish, in other words, they are
recently could I get up but am still too weak. Thank
made up of fabrications, fakes, wrong quotations,
you so much for the present of your recent book
misrepresentations, imaginations, superstitions and
which I received only yesterday and which gave me a
terrible omissions. Furthermore, you will also find the
complete surprise of its much earlier publication than
same rubbish repeated again and again from one
expected. After a glance over the contents, I cannot
book to another just waste of time to go through one
but admire your splendid method of compilation
by one. Thus, it appears as if the past works supplied
rendering utmost facilities to the reader of whatever
us with vast resources of materials for our study and
he wants to find as to either the author or his work or
reference, whereas strictly speaking, they gave as
the date of the coin. It can be well imagined how much
but very little of real worth. But, of course, there are
pains you have taking in collecting these materials to
some very good ones especially those written by
fill the contents, and I may claim that only a fellow-
various authors after the reign of Chia Ching. To do
student of my standing who really understands the
justice, those authors like 初 渭 園 (Chu Wei-yuan),
amount of time and energy you have spent on this, so
翁 宜 泉 (Wen Yi-quan), 劉 燕 庭 (Liu Yan-ting) and
my appreciation of your studious work shall be taking
later on 鮑 子 年 (Bao Zi-nian), 胡 石 查 (Hu Shi-cha),
without reserve.
王 廉 生 (Wang Lian-sheng) had made several new discoveries and corrections. Their contributions to the numismatics world are considered to be considerable
Now you have gathered almost a complete list of
and praiseworthy.
the works on the Far Eastern numismatics covering the whole field from the Sung dynasty down to the present day, as well as the union index which
I have so many things to suggest to and to discuss
provides to find out the date of the coin, I might say
with you that I am at a loss what and where to
we must go a step further as to the sorting of the
start with, and it is impossible to be carried out in
existing materials by means of scientific methods. In
correspondence. I am afraid I may criticize too much
your list of 392 books in section B, under the title of
just as you say, "Critics there are in abundance, but
numismatic works in Chinese, after a hasty glance, I
constrictive, hardworking authors like Terrien de
found there is quite a number of duplication, several
Lacouperie are few and far between in the field of
only existed in name, some has nothing to do with
numismatics." I must confess, not to mention most
numismatics and to be strict, over seventy per cent of
of the past works, there are very few contemporary
the books among your list could be entirely discarded
authors that actually gave me satisfaction in their
without regret, a few of them being so preposterous
writings. I have not enough time to read through this
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new work of yours but after a rough glance, you have
of coins of round shape with round or square hole.
already won my admiration particularly as to the novel
Take for instance the modern coinage of the copper
method of compilation and your assiduous collection
coin, we used to call ( 銅幣 ) or ( 銅元 ) or even by a
of so great amount of materials. With regard to Dr.
more familiar term ( 銅 板 ) or ( 銅 子 ) but never ( 銅
Ting Fu Pao's works, especially his Encyclopedia, I
錢 ) to show the last term is exclusively applied to the
can't help criticizing again for though it looks rather
square hole cash alone.
voluminous yet after close examination, it is only a change of order with totally lack of new ideas as
With the arrival of several numismatists from different
what we call changing the bottle without changing the
parts of China recently, a proposition was made
medicine.
to issue a magazine and at a meeting $2000 was collected to serve as sinking fund. Everything was
During this period of transition in China, it is inevitable
done during my illness. Now they came for my
to have to types of scholars with different school
advice. I suggested, in the first place, that it is not
of thoughts in any field of knowledge, i.e. old and
difficult to make a start but the question is how to
new, and I trust you know well how to discriminate
make it last. In the second place, sound financial
between the two. Last spring, on the completion of the
condition is of course important, while the richness of
supplement to his encyclopedia, Dr. Ting asked me to
contents should be paid greater attention. Thirdly, this
write a preface which I did accordingly. In the preface,
magazine should be served as a medium to invite the
I tried to draw a distinction between the meaning
cooperation of the professors of various universities.
of, ( 泉 ) and ( 錢 ) by tracing to its very origin of the
It is now under organization and the first issue may
respective derivation. Unfortunately, it happened to
appear in June. It is not yet decided whether it is
be disagreeable to Dr. Ting, the whole paragraph was
going to be monthly or bymonthly. I was again asked
cut off without my knowledge and he also submitted
to write an introduction to manifest the main object of
the word ( 錢 ) for ( 泉 ) throughout the preface. So he
issuing this magazine. I have also contributed another
did even to the names of books as he changed ( 古
article dealing with the definitions of the various
泉匯 ) into ( 古 )( 錢匯 ) whenever he referred to in his
monetary terms at which I wish to invite your criticism
encyclopedia.
after perusal. I will surely send you the first copy as soon as it is out.
So far as no distinction has ever been drawn between these two terms. In Dr. Ting's supplement, some
As regards Section H, it is evident you tried hard so
definitions were made but most ambiguous and
as to make the index as complete as possible by
vague. You seem to be confounded as well at their
listing all the names of coins recorded in the various
meaning and think they are interchangeable. As a
works. The result is that you have unknowingly
matter of fact, sometimes they are and sometimes
included all fictitious coins, fakes, and those that have
not, because both have their independent derivations.
never been in existence, most likely to mislead or to
The word ( 泉 ) was adopted immediately after the
deceive the beginners and keen collectors. This is
invention of metallic coins to indicate the circulation
what I mentioned in my last letter not to spend your
of money as compared with the spring that goes
effort in vain. I will make more suggestions when I
wherever it flows. Undisputedly, this word was earlier
shall have time to carefully look through your book.
used to denote money. Besides, ( 泉 ) is a general
Thank you again.
term while ( 錢 ) is a special term. You may call metallic money of whatever shape and form either a
I am
spade-coin, a knife coin or a round coin by the term of
Yours faithfully
( 泉 ) but the term of ( 錢 ) is only limited to the scope
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A Letter From Rev. Coole To Chang Kwun-Peh Rev. Coole
Chang Kwun-Peh
May 2,1940 Dr. Chang Kwun-Peh 30Rue Moliere Shanghai Dear Dr. Chang: Thanks for your letter of April 27th. I was very sorry
like your help and that of other authorities in eliminating
to hear that you had been laid up with influenza and
these duplications in any future edition. However, with
pneumonia and hope that you are rapidly picking up
the information available in Peking I could not definitely
strength once more.
state that some of these were duplications, although I strongly believed them to be such.
I thoroughly enjoy your letters because they have a tang to them that is produced from a keen knowledge
Now, as to the matter of 70% of the books listed
of the subject. There seems to be some doubt in your
being rubbish. I am not so sure of the percentage,
mind about some questions that have been inserted
but undoubtedly many of these books listed are
in this book of mine. However, there are two types of
weak sisters and the world would have been better
bibliographies and both of them are scientific. The one
off without their stack of misrepresentations. But
is a selective bibliography and in your criticisms you
once more I claim that they should be inserted in a
are think of this type exclusively. But there is another
general bibliography because there are such books
type and it is the general bibliography and index. In
in existence and this is not a selective bibliography.
this type all materials are included that are available
When I come to a scientific study of any of the actual
and are in sorted whether or not the material is of
coins then it will be time enough to disregard this
the AA class or not. This work of mine is a general
rubbish heap.
bibliography and index, and should, therefore, include everything given, whether or not I as the author
Your remarks about Dr. Ting Fu-Pao's works are well
approve of it or not.
taken. To a great extent his book (240) is as you say, "changing the bottle without changing the medicine."
My preface starts with this paragraph, “This work has been prepared primarily as the foundation for a
You seem to think that I am puzzled about the terms
future scientific study.” At no place do I claim that this
ch'ien ( 錢 ) and ch'uan ( 泉 ), but I think not. On page
book is a selective bibliography, in which only the few
92 I said, "In some cases the word Ch'uan ( 泉 ) and
highest class works are to be included. And when it
Ch’ien ( 錢 ) have been used interchangeably in
comes to duplication I will admit that there probably are
titles, to wit:--" This does not say that I agree with
some. I have stated that clearly on page 92 and would
that idea. Again it is just stating a fact that is evident
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in what you say about Ting Fu-Pao. Of the English
and amulets, and commemorative issues of the Far
works Hopkins, Ramsden and Lockhart all claim
East from the standpoint of the numismatic field." I
that ch'ien ( 錢 ) originally was the term used for the
believe that if the fakes and others are not mentioned
round coins with square holes and they refer to the
that in the future some folks will find these mentioned
K'ang Hsi Dictionary as one of the sources of their
in some books and think they have a "find" and will
information. You will note that the Chinese title of my
once more think they are coins. Here we have them
book is the Yuan Yung Chu' an P'u K'ao ( 泉譜考 ) and
listed and from this vantage ground a future scientific
not "Ch'ien P'u K'ao". I have note this differentiation
study can knock out the fakes and charms. This work
for some years, and am glad that you are trying to
of mine presupposes that a genuine study of each
emphasize it. Of course, in recent usage, the word
item listed will be made the truth brought out of the
Ch'ien ( 錢 ) is used for all types of money since the
present fog of misunderstanding and doubt. I hope
"cash" have gone out of existence. In the north, at
that you will see the purpose of this new work of mine.
least, they speak of hsien ch'ien ( 現
錢 ) as coins
It is only a gathering together of all materials so far
and bank-notes in contradistinction to checks and
put out on the subject and lumps the good and bad,
drafts. But this development in the use of that term is
the genuine and false, the doubtful and the known
comparatively new historically.
in one GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AND GENERAL UNION INDEX (not selective) so that scholars will have a solid foundation on which to work. There it
Now as to your criticism of Section H being too all-
is. Now the task is to search out item and separate
inclusive. You state, "The result is that you have
the real metal from the dross. As far as I know such
unknowingly included all fictitious coins, fakes, and
a thing has never been done before. But now, as
those that have never been in existence. Most likely
fellow students of this interesting subject, let us set
to mislead or to deceive the beginners and keen
to work and produce something that will stand out as
collectors". I think this criticism is entirely beyond the
a monument to truth and knowledge. The foundation
point and shows a lack of appreciation on your part of
is laid. Now for the building of the superstructure and
what a general index is. Again you are thinking of a
the production of a beautiful edifice.
"selective index." Please note this paragraph on page 270 (paragraph) 4: "The author does not vouch for the fact that every item listed here is actually a coin and
Am sorry that I did not get your name spelled the
not a charm, or an amulet. All he does is record what
way you are used to spelling it, but in as much as
the individual book, or books, quoted list as a coin.
you never signed your full name I did not know the
In some cases one book lists a coin, while another
southern spelling. The Romanization given is the
book lists the same thing as an amulet. If it is given as
Wade system which is the most universally used at
a coin it is listed as such, and if listed as a charm or
the present time in the Kuo Yu.
amulet it is listed as such. Further research needs to be made to determine the accuracy of some of these
I am mailing you a special copy of my book which
cases."
has a blank leaf between each printed one and the next one. I had four copies bound like this and
12
In short, this index is bringing to a focal point all
have planned to loan you one copy, one to Mr. H.F.
pieces called coins by all of the authors, or only by
Bowker and one to Kozono and one I keep here for
one or two authors. It has chaff as well as grain. There
my own notes. The idea is to have you men write in
they stand-named one by one. And now let us refer to
any additional information you have, or suggested
the first sentence in the preface once: "This work has
corrections, and then before getting out another
been prepared primarily as the foundation for a future
edition I shall request you men to send me back the
scientific study of the coins, paper currency, charms
books with corrections and additions so that a future
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edition will be much better. Mr. Bowker has been
If I have made a Selective Bibliography and Index
deeply interested in such a study, and the same
it would have been selective. In short, items have
applies to Mr. H. Kozono. I would greatly appreciate
not been "unknowingly" inserted to "mislead" or to
any help you can give along this line. By seeking for
"deceive". American graduate schools teach one
the highest type of scholarship I believe that we can
to make a general index first and then after years
revolt against the old errors and bring in something
of study one is able to make a selective index or
new and vastly more worthwhile. Looking over the
bibliography.
whole field of scholars interested in this particular subject than the others. I am not kicking others, but
Thanks again for your letter. I enjoy them very much.
am looking for the best that there is to be found.
Sincerely
In closing may I once more repeat that the recent work is a General Bibliography and a General Index and thus includes everything-good, bad or indifferent.
A Letter From Chang Kwun-Peh To Rev. Coole
30 Rue Moliere, Shanghai, May 10th 1940 Dear Rev. Coole, Your letter of May 2nd and the separate mail of your
chaff among grain or metal from the dross. I would say
book have been duly received. Your explanation about
it resembles particles of gold in the midst of vast sand.
the difference between general and selective is so clear as to leave no room for misunderstanding. You
China having such a long history of coinage, with the
have, indeed, rendered a great service to the English
number of specimens running to tens of thousands
speaking numismatic circle by supplying with such
from knife and spade coins down to machine-made
a ground work for their future scientific study. In my
silver and copper pieces, you can well imagine how
opinion, a book of selective nature is, however, of
necessary it is to have a complete knowledge of
much greater importance but naturally ten times more
distinction as well as Chinese history so as to be
difficult and this responsibility seems again to fall on
able to tell genuine from false, the date and place
your shoulders. You compare the existing materials as
of any coin and to put each in its proper order by
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judging from its legend and shape. You say you will
not ( 鹽 錢 論 ), it consisting about sixty odd chapters,
disregard the rubbish heap when you come to the
discourse on salt and iron, a debate between the
scientific study of the actual coins, and I believe that
secretary of state and a number of literati in Han
no sooner have you acquired a fair knowledge of
dynasty. This a book dealing in question of state
actual specimens than you will be convinced that my
control of the said two commodities, having little to do
estimation of 70 per cent is rather conservative.
with currency. Refer to Journal of N.C. branch of Royal Asiatic Society Vol. LXIII and LXV.
Our predecessors had never made the study of numismatics on the basic principles of money, but
Your ultimate object of producing a beautiful edifice
used to treat it as a sideline of bronze ware, a kind of
on a solid foundation is admirable and I am ready to
antiques, laying over emphasis on the legends and
render you whatever assistance possible. I have been
shapes while ignoring the monetary value of the coin
dreaming to do it for the last twenty years but partly
with the result that ridiculous mistakes and terrible
adverse circumstances prevented me from carrying it
omissions were made here and there in the historical
out, and partly it really takes long, long time to gather
records. Some authors went so far as to give a
adequate materials from sources other than the rotten
fictitious coin to every emperor of the mythical ages.
old records and to collect the rubbings of genuine specimens. I also realize such a heavy task cannot be done singlehanded and so I am seeking from
What a job you have assigned me as to fill the four
time to time somebody whom I may cooperate with. I
hundred odd pages of your book with comments and
sincerely hope someday in the future, when the war is
suggestions! Well, I will do so with all my heart, but
over, we can sit together and work on it for a period of
you must allow me ample time as I have to go through
say a year or two, and then it is to my firm belief, we
page by page. I think I shall be able to give you some
shall be able to produce something that will stand out
additional information with the result of my thirty
as a monument to truth and knowledge just as you
years' experience and make some corrections of such
say. Where there is a will, there is a way. I am on the
conspicuous errors as on page 51, No.225, ( 宜泉比部 )
way of recovery, but I still have to be very careful.
is not the name of a book, ( 宜 泉 ) was a secondary name of ( 翁 樹 培 ), an official title addressed to him. On page 87, No.380, the name of the books is ( 鹽錢論 )
Yours sincerely
（Originally published in the first issue of Chuan Pi《泉幣》of the China Numismatic Society, in July 1940.）
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舊刊新載
邱文明遠東泉譜考商榷書 ◎ 張絅伯〔上海〕
史志失載，或記載失實與欠詳，致難能辨別與攷定者多矣。然錢之製作文字，各朝氣息神韻不同，西漢自有西漢 氣息，六朝亦有六朝神韻。凡前不能媲美西漢，後不能符合六朝者，皆東漢及兩晉五銖也。今細審此錢，肉稍薄， 緣較闊，文字平整，銖字朱頭圓折，其光武五銖之姿態而稍遜，同靈帝五銖之神韻而較勝，其非明桓間之五銖乎？ 東漢自明帝至桓帝，凡九帝，一百十年，史雖無鑄錢明文，但言章帝封錢，和帝罷鑄，曰封曰罷，其間之當鑄錢 也可知矣。且同地掘得有安帝延光四年慕磚，其為東漢明桓間所鑄之五銖，更無疑義。鄙見如此，質之丁衛二先 生以為如何？ 今春偶攖感冒，猝變肺炎，臥床匝月。病中，北平邱君文明寄贈近著《遠東泉幣攷》 ，展閱一過，見其搜集廣博， 內容豐富，排比得當，檢查簡便。大體分為四類，中國泉家及其著述為一類，日本泉家及其著述為一類，歐美人
士所著述者為又一類，末則臚列泉幣名目。凡譜錄所載，收羅靡遺。用羅馬拼音，排比並列，檢查各書頁數，洵
為泉幣別開生面。作者美人也，好泉有年，二十六年初，著《中國歷史錢幣》一書，在津門發行，余當為文評之。
近益孜孜研求，慨然有撰述傳世之意。余自去冬與之函牘往返，共相討論，雖有合作之志，而南北暌違，天各一方，
加之世變日亟，求生不惶，何有雍容閑暇，以閉戶著書耶。最近去函兩通，來函一通，錄登本悉以餉（饗）讀者。
張絅伯寫給邱文明的信
1940 年 4 月 27 日 寄自上海市 莫裏哀路 30 號 尊敬的邱文明先生： 請原諒遲至今日才回復您 1 月 4 日的來信。我自 3 月
編纂方法，這一方法為讀者提供了極大的便利，無論
中旬以來感染流感，引發了嚴重的肺炎，直到最近才
他想找尋哪位作者的作品或錢幣的紀年都可以很容易
能起身，但還是步履艱難。我昨天才收到您贈送的新
的找到。不難想像您在收集資料與豐富內容時花了多
書，非常感謝。這本書的出版時間比預期的要早得多，
少精力。我可以說，只有像我這樣的同道中人才能真
這讓我非常吃驚。通覽之後，我不由得佩服您出色的
正理解您在這方面所花費的時間和精力，所以我對您
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的研究工作報以毫無保留的讚賞。
言中通過追溯“泉”和“錢”兩字派生的源頭來對兩 者進行區分。遺憾的是，此舉不合丁先生之意，因此
現在您已經收集到幾乎完整的遠東錢幣著作目錄，涵
整個段落在我不知情的情況下被刪去了，他還在整個
蓋了從宋朝到現在的全部文獻，並提供了查找錢幣紀
序言中把“泉”字改為“錢”字。他甚至在他的《古
年的聯合索引。我想說的是，我們必須進一步用科學
錢大辭典》中，只要提到“古泉匯”之處，均將之改
方法對現有材料進行分類。我匆匆瀏覽了本書第二部
為了“古錢匯”。
分，即中文錢幣學著作部分提及的共計 392 本書的目錄， 發現有相當多的重複內容，有一些名存實亡，有一些
到目前為止，這兩個字之間的不同還沒有被區別開來。
與錢幣學無關。嚴格地說，您清單中超過 70% 的書目
丁先生在補充說明中，提出了一些定義，但大多數是
都是“垃圾”，可以毫無保留地刪除掉，其中一些書
含糊不清的。您似乎也對這兩個字的含義感到困惑，
的內容是如此荒謬，如所列的第 145 本和 246 本，以
認為它們是可以互換的。事實上，它們有時是，有時
至於都該被燒掉。我可以說，我讀過目錄中所列的大
不是，因為兩者都有其獨立的來源。“泉”字是在金
部分作品，發現它們通常一文不值，換句話說，它們
屬錢幣誕生後便被立即採用的，以表示貨幣之流通。
內容多為杜撰和偽造，進行了錯誤的引用、錯誤的陳述，
毋庸置疑，這個字早先是用來指代金錢。此外，“泉”
充滿了想像、迷信和可怕的疏漏。此外，您還會發現
字是一個泛指的術語，而“錢”字則是一個特指的術
同樣的錯誤內容在不同的書中反復出現，逐一翻閱實
語。您可以用“泉”這個術語來稱呼任何形狀和形式
在是浪費時間。因此，過去的作品似乎為我們提供了
的金屬貨幣，無論是布幣、刀幣還是圜錢，但“錢”
大量的內容供我們學習和參考，但嚴格來說，這些內
這個術語所指範圍只限於有圓形或方形孔的圓形錢幣。
容中真正有價值的東西卻很少。不過，其中當然也有
以現代銅幣為例，我們習慣於稱之為銅幣或銅元，或
一些非常好的作品，特別是嘉慶年間之後由不同作者
者甚至用更為熟悉的術語稱之為銅板或銅子，但從未
寫的那些作品。平心而論，初渭園、翁宜泉、劉燕庭，
用銅錢稱之，因為銅錢一詞只適用於方孔錢。
以及後來的鮑子年、胡石查、王廉生等人都有一些新 的發現和修正。他們對錢幣學界的貢獻是相當大的，
最近，中國各地的幾位錢幣學家來到上海，提出了發
值得稱讚。
行雜誌的建議，並在一次會議上籌集了 2 000 美元作 為啟動資金。這些都在我生病期間完成，現在他們來
我有很多地方要向您建議並與您討論，但不知從何開
徵求我的意見。首先，我提出創辦一本雜誌並不困難，
始，而且也無法在通信中進行。就像您說的那樣，“錢
問題是如何長久地辦好它。其次，良好的財務狀況當
幣 界 裏 的 批 評 家 很 多， 但 像 拉 克 伯 裏（Terrien de
然非常重要，然而我們更加應該注意雜誌內容的豐富
Lacouperie）這樣嚴格、努力工作的作者卻很少。" 我
性。第三，可將這本雜誌作為一個媒介，邀請各大學
必須承認，不要說大多數過去的作品，即便是當代作
的教授通力合作。現在，該雜誌的出版工作正在組織中，
者的作品，也很少有能夠真正讓我滿意的。我沒有足
第一期可能會在 6 月面世，目前尚未決定為月刊還是
夠的時間通讀您的這部新作，但在粗略瀏覽之後，您
雙月刊。我受邀為該雜誌寫一篇介紹，以示其主要發
已經贏得了我的欽佩，特別是您新穎的編纂方法和對
行目的。我還提供了另一篇文章，內容涉及各種貨幣
大量資料的辛勤收集。關於丁福保的作品，特別是他
術語的定義，我希望您在閱讀後提出批評意見。
的《古錢大辭典》，我不得不再次提出批評。因為儘 管該書內容看起來相當豐富，但仔細檢查之後發現它
至於第八部分，您無疑是為了使索引盡可能完整，因
只是改變了編撰順序，完全沒有創意，正如我們所常
此列出了各種作品中所載的所有錢幣名稱，結果卻在
說的“換湯不換藥”。
不知不覺中囊括了所有臆造幣、假幣，這很可能誤導 初學者和熱衷於收藏的人。這也就是我在上封信中提
中國正在面臨轉型期，任何知識領域都不可避免地有
到的“不要白費功夫”。當我有時間仔細閱讀您的書時，
不同類型的學者，即新舊兩派，我相信您很清楚如何
我會提出更多的建議。最後，我再次向您表示感謝。
區分這兩者。去年春天，丁先生在《古錢大辭典》增 刊完成後，請我寫一篇序言，我照做了。我試圖在序
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邱文明寫給張絅伯的信 邱文明
張絅伯
1940 年 5 月 2 日 上海市 莫裏哀路 30 號 張絅伯先生收
尊敬的張絅伯先生：
現在，讓我們來討論一下您提到的所列書目中有 70%
感謝您 4 月 27 日的來信。我很遺憾聽到您因流感和肺
都是“垃圾”的問題。我不太確定這種書目所占比例，
炎而臥床不起的消息，希望您能早日康復。
但毫無疑問，所列書目中有許多確實是“垃圾”，如 果沒有這些書或許會更好。但我再次聲明，這些書應
我非常欣賞您的來信，因為它傳遞這一氣息⸺ 一種
該被囊括在書目索引中，因為這不是一個經過精挑細
由於對某一主題的敏銳知識而產生的氣息。您對我這
選的書目索引，所以會有這樣的書存在。當我對任何
本書中的一些問題似乎有一些疑問。然而，有兩種類
錢幣實物進行科學的研究時，我也不會考慮參考這堆
型的索引，它們都是科學的。一種是您在批評意見中
“垃圾”。
提到的將書目精挑細選後做成的索引，而您只想到了 這種類型的索引。但還有另一種類型的索引，即概括
您對丁先生作品的評價很準確。他的書在很大程度上
性的索引。在概括性的索引中，所有可獲得的作品都
就像您說的那樣，“換湯不換藥”。
囊括在內，並被分類，無論其品質是否優良。我的這 部作品中所採用的便是概括性的索引。因此，它應該
您似乎認為我對“泉”和“錢”這兩個字感到困惑，
包括所有現有的圖書，無論我作為作者是否對其中的
但我認為沒有。在第 92 頁，我提到： “在某些情況下‘泉’
內容持贊同態度。
和‘錢’這兩個字在標題中被互換使用。”這並不是 說我同意這種做法，而只是在陳述一個事實，這一事
我的序言開頭寫到：“這部作品主要是為未來進行科
實也正明顯地體現在您關於丁福保的說法中。在金璋
學研究而準備的。”我沒有在任何地方聲稱這本書中 涉及的書目是經過挑選的，我認為只包括少數最為優
（Lionel Charles Hopkins）、亨利·拉姆斯登（Henry A. Ramsden）和駱克哈特（Sir James Haldane Stewart
質的作品。而您提到的書目有所重複的情況，我承認
Lockhart）的英文著作中，把《康熙字典》作為其資
可能是有一些這樣的情況。我已經在第 92 頁清楚地說
訊來源之一，都稱“錢”最初是用來稱呼有方孔的圓
明了這一點，並希望您和其他權威人士幫助我在之後
形錢幣。您會注意到，我的這本書的中文名稱是《泉
的版本中刪除這些重複的書目。然而，儘管我確信是
譜考》，而不是《錢譜考》。我注意到這個區別已經
有一些書目是重複的，但是根據我可以在北京查找到
有好幾年了，很高興您再次向我強調了這個區別。當
的現有資訊，我不能斷定其中哪一些是重複的。
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然，在最近的術語使用中，“錢”這個字已經被用於
為錢幣這項有趣主題的同好者，讓我們開始共同努力
所有類型的錢，因為銅錢已經不復存在。至少在北方，
創造出一些將會成為事實和知識的東西。現在，基礎
人們提到“現錢”時說的是硬幣和紙鈔，而不是支票
已經打好了，是開始建造上層建築，建造一座美麗的
和匯票。但“現錢”這一術語的使用在歷史上相對較
大樓的時候了。
為新穎。 我很抱歉，沒有按照您習慣的方式來拼寫您的名字， 至於您對本書第八部分過於包羅萬象的批評，您提到：
但由於您從未簽署過您的全名，我不知道您的名字在
“結果您在不知不覺中囊括了所有臆造幣、假幣，這
南方的拼法。因此，我採用了目前在國語中最普遍使
很可能誤導初學者和熱衷於收藏的人。”我認為這一
用的韋氏拼音進行拼寫。
批評有所過度，表明您對什麼是概括性的索引缺乏瞭 解，又在指經過挑選的索引。請注意第 270 頁（第 4 段）
我給您郵寄了一份我的書的特別副本，在兩張印刷頁
的這段話：“作者並不保證這裏列出的每一項都是錢幣，
之間有一個空白頁。我有四份這樣裝訂的副本，並計
而不是花錢。作者所做的只是記錄個別書籍或書籍所
劃 寄 給 您 一 份， 一 份 給 包 克 先 生（Howard Franklin
引用的錢幣。在某些情況下，一本書列出了一枚錢幣，
Bowker），一份給小園齊先生（Hitoshi Kozono），
而另一本書則把同樣的東西列為花錢。如果它在參考
還有一份我放在自己這裏做筆記。我的想法是，讓諸
書中被列為錢幣，那麼它在本書中就被列為錢幣，如
位在空白頁寫下閱讀後認為應增刪的內容，以及更正
果它在參考書中被列為花錢，那麼它在本書中就被列
建議，然後把帶有更正和補充的書寄還給我，以便在
為花錢。因此需要進一步研究以確定其中一些說法的
發行新版本之前完善之。包克先生對錢幣研究深感興
準確性。”
趣，小園齊先生也是如此。我將非常感謝各位在這方 面給予的幫助。我希望我們可以通過尋求最高水準的
簡而言之，書中的錢幣索引將被所有作者或僅被個別
學術研究為錢幣界帶來新的、更有價值的東西。縱觀
作者所稱的錢幣都涵蓋在一起，並被一一命名。現在
對錢幣領域感興趣的學者，我選擇了你們三位，因為
讓我們來看一下序言中的第一句話：“這部作品主要
比起其他人，你們更能為錢幣研究帶來啟示。我無意
是為將來從錢幣學的角度對遠東的錢幣、紙幣、花錢
貶低他人，只是希望尋找最優秀的錢幣研究者。
和紀念幣進行科學的研究而準備的基礎。”我相信， 如果不提及假幣和其他一些東西，將來有些人就會將
最後，請允許我再一次重申，我最近的這本書旨在編
一些書中的這類東西作為他們的“發現”，再次認定
撰概括性的書目索引和概括性的錢幣索引，因此包括
其為錢幣。我們在這裏列出了這些內容，有利於幫助
了所有的內容，無論好壞。如果我意圖編撰一本精選
未來進行科學的研究的學者淘汰這些假幣。我進行這
的書目和索引，那麼內容必將會是經過挑選的。簡而
項工作的前提是，對列出的各項進行真正的研究，使
言之，書中詞條並不是為了“誤導或欺騙”而“不知
真理從目前誤解和懷疑的迷霧中顯現出來。我希望您
不覺”地編入。美國的研究生院在教人們編撰索引的
能看到我這項新工作的目的。它只是把迄今為止關於
時候也會先教學生做一個概括性的索引，再經過多年
這個問題的所有材料彙集在一起，把好的和壞的、真
的研究，便可以再做精選的索引或參考書目。
的和假的、有疑問的和已知的放在一個概括性的書目 並做出概括性的索引（而不是經過挑選的索引），以
最後，再次感謝您的來信，我也非常喜歡您的來信。
便學者們有一個堅實的基礎來開展工作。現在的任務 是逐項搜索，並“從渣滓中將真正的金屬挑選出來”。
此致
據我所知，從未有人做過這樣的事情。但是現在，作
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張絅伯寫給邱文明的信
1940 年 5 月 10 日 寄自上海市 莫裏哀路 30 號
尊敬的邱文明先生：
我已經收到了您 5 月 2 日的來信和單獨寄送的書。您
滿評論和建議。我將全心全意地完成這項任務，但您
對概括性和選擇性索引之間的區別已經解釋得非常清
必須給我充足的時間，因為我必須一頁一頁地看下去。
楚，沒有留下任何誤解的餘地。您為英語國家對中國
我想我將能夠以我 30 年的經驗為您提供一些額外的資
錢幣的研究提供了這樣一本基礎性的著作，為他們未
訊，並對諸如第 51 頁，第 225 項處的一些錯誤進行糾
來科學的研究提供了巨大的服務。在我看來，一本經
正。此處書名不應是《宜泉比部》，因為宜泉是以作
過精選的書要重要得多，但成書工作自然也困難十倍，
者翁樹培的官銜稱呼他的別名。另有一處在第 87 頁，
這個責任似乎又落在了您的肩上。您把現有的材料比
第 380 項，該條所列書名應是《鹽鐵論》，而不是《鹽
作穀物中的糠，或金屬中的渣。我想說的是，這項工
錢論》，該書包括大約 60 多個章節，內容是一些文人
作就像從茫茫沙海中的淘出黃金。
之間關於鹽和鐵進行的辯論。書中涉及國家對上述兩 種商品的控制問題，與貨幣關係不大。具體可參考英
中國錢幣有着悠久的歷史，從刀幣、布幣到機製銀幣
國皇家亞洲學會北卡羅來納州分會雜誌第六十三和第
和銅幣，數量以萬計。不難想像，要想分辨真假、判
六十五卷。
斷鑄造時間地點，並通過判斷其故事和形狀將每種錢 幣安排在書中的適當位置，就必須具備完備的區別能
您的最終目標是在堅實的基礎上建造一座美麗的大樓，
力和淵博的中國歷史知識。您說，當您對錢幣實物進
這令人欽佩。我願意向您提供任何我所能提供的幫助。
行科學的研究時，會忽略掉那堆“垃圾”。我相信，
我在過去二十年裏一直夢想要實現這一目標，但時局
只要您對實物有一定的瞭解，就會相信我對其中有 70%
艱難，加之從腐朽的舊記錄以外的來源收集足夠的材
是“垃圾”的估計是相當保守的。
料和真正的錢幣拓印確實需要很長的時間，因此一直 無法實現。我也意識到這樣一項繁重的任務不可能單
我們的先人從來沒有基於貨幣的基本功能進行錢幣學
槍匹馬地完成，所以我不時地尋找可以合作的人。我
研究，而是把貨幣當作青銅器的副產品、一種古董來
真誠地希望將來戰爭結束的某一天，我們可以共事一
進行研究。這些研究不過分強調其產生背景和形狀，
年或兩年。我堅信我們將能夠做出一些成績，就像您
而忽視了錢幣的貨幣價值，結果在歷史記錄中出現了
說的那樣，讓我們開始共同努力創造出一些將會成為
荒謬的錯誤和可怕的遺漏。有些作者甚至給神話時代
事實和知識的東西。有志者事竟成。我正走在康復中，
的每一位皇帝時期都虛構了一種錢幣。
但還是要非常注意身體。
此致
您交給我的任務是把您書中附帶的四百多頁空白頁寫
原刊載於中國泉幣學社《泉幣》第一期 中華民國二十九年（1940 年）七月
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NEWS NEWS
World Money Fair #Digital Fair 2022 ◎ Oliver Strahl〔Germany〕 Welcome to the second digital World Money Fair 2022! As in the previous year, the world's largest coin fair was again held digitally on the Internet in 2022 due to the ongoing Corona pandemic. At the official homepage http://www.worldmoneyfair.de the fair could be visited. The digital coin fair opened at 10:00 a.m. on the 23rd of
△ Past exhibitions
February 2022 and ran until the 27th of February 2022. Just in time for the opening the links to the presentations were activated. In total 31 different virtual exhibitors could be visited. Among others, world-leading mints, auction houses and manufacturers of minting machines were represented here. On the respective exhibitor page, the entrepreneurs presented themselves with their company history. Visitors were able to explore current coin issuance
△ The kookaburra from the perth mint
programs and learn about services offered. The interested collector had the opportunity to order directly on the pages the newly released coins.
has a strict limited edition of 1,500 pieces. As in previous
There were discount vouchers for the fair and in addition
after a short time.
years, the coin was completely sold out in the online store
two special coin issues with the officially licensed logo of
20
the World Money Fair 2022.
A real highlight for numismatists was the release of the
The Perth Mint from Australia minted another colored fair
versions of the Show-Panda-Medal with the same motif,
show issue with the motif of the kookaburra native to that
one weighing one ounce and the other weighing 8 grams,
country. The silver coin with a fine weight of one ounce
both in fine silver.
2022 World Money Fair Berlin Panda. There were two
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△ The 2022 World Money Fair Berlin brass with gold plating panda medal, 40mm, 300 mintage
△ The 2022 World Money Fair Berlin Platinum Panda Medal, 32mm, 1 oz, 50 Mintage △ The 2022 World Money Fair Berlin silver panda medal, 40mm, 1 oz, 200 mintage
The larger Show-Panda-Medal with the weight of one ounce and a very small mintage of only 200 pieces was sold out in the Kuenker online store after only three hours. The smaller pendant, with a circulation of 300, followed the sellout just a few hours later. This extremely popular fair show issue is becoming more sought after each year and is turning into a true rarity. Some collectors had missed the release, but they could still buy their piece for a slightly higher price in the German
△ A 10g fine gold bar from the Agosi refinery
Panda-Facebook group. After this source also dried up, a veritable bidding war broke out on the secondary market. This resulted in almost breathtaking bids of up to $325,
numismatists in the digital fair was very limited and the
and an end to the increase in value does not yet seem to
exchange among collectors about the event fell almost
be in sight.
completely silent, in contrast to the previous year. The #Digital Fair 2022 was more like an advertising event
Of course, there was more to experience at the digital
for well-known companies. Offers from regular coin
World Money Fair.
dealers, such as older panda coins and thalers, as they are usually magnificently lined up on the dealers' tables,
In the Media Forum 2022, the leading mints presented this
were completely missing here. Unfortunately, a digital fair
year's news as a video file. The technology manufacturers
can't replace the special anticipation of a great show and
showed their latest innovations at the 18th Technology
the special events that take place at it, the rummaging for
Forum 2022. The collector could also sign up for a
treasures, the exploration of elaborately designed booths,
newsletter and thereby receive further detailed information
and the personal interaction. Due to these facts, now
from the exhibitors. The auction house Kuenker, the online
comes the best to the end! The organizer has reacted and
marketplace eBay and the Austrian Mint additionally
therefore announces on its homepage the International
provided their readers with a podcast. With a little luck and
Summer Fair of the World Money Fair 2022 in Berlin. An
the right answers, visitors of the digital World Money Fair
important background should be mentioned here, the
could win very valuable prizes in a raffle. These included
previously applicable Corona rules were almost completely
coin sets from Japan, various silver coins and even a 10gram fine gold bar from the Agosi refinery.
abolished in Berlin on the 1st of April 2022. We are excited
It remains to say, despite the many efforts, the interest of
first-time occasion.
to see if there will be new commemorative coins for this
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NEWS 新聞 NEWS
2022年柏林世界錢幣展覽會
線上展會
◎ 奧利弗 · 斯特拉爾〔德國〕
歡迎來到 2022 年第二屆線上柏林世界錢幣展覽會 ! 2022 年，世界上最大的錢幣展覽會⸺ 柏林世界錢幣展覽 會由於新冠肺炎大流行，如同 2021 年一樣，再次在線上舉行。 如 欲 參 觀 該 屆 展 覽 會 可 至 官 方 主 頁 http://www. worldmoneyfair.de。 此次線上柏林世界錢幣展覽會於 2022 年 2 月 23 日上午 10 點開幕，2 月 27 日閉幕。展會鏈接在開幕時準時啟動。觀 眾總共可以參觀 31 個不同的虛擬參展商，其中包括世界上
△ 往年的展會盛況
領先的鑄幣廠、拍賣行和造幣機製造商。參展商在各自的頁 面上介紹了自己的公司歷史。 參觀者能夠探索各國當前的錢幣發行計劃，並瞭解相關服務。 對這些錢幣感興趣的收藏家有機會直接在網上訂購新發行的 錢幣。 展會上發放了一些優惠券。此外，還有兩枚帶有 2022 年世 界錢幣展覽會官方授權標誌的特別錢幣。 此次展會期間，澳大利亞珀斯鑄幣廠推出了另一枚彩色展會 紀念幣，其圖案是該國原生的笑翠鳥。這種銀幣的重量為 1
△ 珀斯鑄幣廠笑翠鳥銀幣
盎司，限量發行 1 500 枚。與往年珀斯鑄幣廠所鑄展會紀念 幣一樣，這枚錢幣在短時間內就在網上商店售罄。
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△ 2022 年柏林世界展覽會鉑金紀念章 , 直徑 32 毫米，
△ 2022 年柏林世界展覽會紀念黃銅鍍金章
重 1 盎司，鑄造量 50 枚
直徑 40 毫米，鑄造量 300 枚
△ 2022 年柏林世界展覽會紀念銀章 , 直徑 40 毫米， 重 1 盎司，鑄造量 200 枚
對錢幣收藏家來說，此次展會真正的亮點是 2022 年世界錢 幣展覽會柏林熊貓紀念章的發佈。2022 年的兩版展會熊貓 紀念章圖案相同，皆為純銀材質，分別重 1 盎司和 8 克。 規格較大的 1 盎司展會熊貓紀念章發行量非常小，只有 200 枚。昆克拍賣的網上商店開售僅僅 3 個小時後就賣光了。 較小規格的展會熊貓紀念章發行量為 300 枚，幾小時後也 被搶購一空。這些極受歡迎的展會商品一年比一年搶手，正 在變成一種真正意義上的稀有品。 △ Agosi 公司 10 克精製金條
一些收藏家錯過了產品的發佈時間，但他們仍然可以在臉書 群“德國熊貓”內以稍高的價格買到他們想要的商品。臉書
不得不說，儘管做出了許多努力，但錢幣收藏家對線上展覽
群內也售罄之後，二級市場上爆發了名副其實的競價戰。出
會的興趣非常有限，收藏家之間關於該活動的交流幾乎完全
價令人歎為觀止，單枚最高價達 325 美元，而價格上漲的
沉寂，與前一年形成鮮明對比。2022 年的線上國際錢幣展
趨勢似乎離結束還遙遙無期。
覽會更像是一場知名企業的廣告活動。普通錢幣交易商提 供的錢幣，如早些年版的熊貓幣，它們往年通常會在交易商
當然，在線上柏林世界錢幣展覽會上還有更多的體驗。在
的桌子上整齊地排列，但在 2022 年線上展覽會上卻完全沒
2022 年媒體論壇上，主要的錢幣商以視頻的形式呈現了今
有。遺憾的是，線上展覽會無法取代人們對一場盛大的錢幣
年的新聞。錢幣技術製造商在第 18 屆 2022 年技術論壇上
展會的期待，因為現場展會會舉行特別活動，藏家們可以到
展示了他們最新的鑄造技術。收藏家也可以訂閱一份時事
處尋寶，光顧精心設計的展位，以及親自進行互動。因此，
通訊，以便從參展商那裏獲得更詳細的資訊。昆克拍賣、
到了激動人心的時刻，主辦方已作出反應，在其主頁上宣佈
eBay 和奧地利造幣廠還為他們的讀者提供了播客節目。此
即將舉行 2022 年柏林世界錢幣展覽會之國際夏季博覽會。
外，只要有一點運氣回答出了正確的答案，線上柏林世界錢
能夠舉辦夏季錢幣展覽會基於一個重要的背景，即柏林將自
幣展覽會的參觀者就可以在抽獎活動中贏得非常有價值的
2022 年 4 月 1 日起廢除此前適用的新冠防疫規則。我們很
獎品，其中包括整套日本錢幣、各種銀幣，甚至還有 Agosi
期待是否會有新的紀念幣在這場首次舉行的國際夏季錢幣
公司的 10 克精製金條。
展覽會上亮相。
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The National Numismatic Collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History Opens the Really Big Money Exhibition ◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕 The National Numismatic Collection (hereinafter refers
thousand years.
to as NNC) of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History is considered the largest numismatic
The NNC hosts a variety of exhibitions throughout the year,
collection in the world, encompassing approximately
including the exhibition "The Value of Money," in which
1.6 million items. The collection is so rich that it covers
the Bowker Collection from the Bowker family's donation
coins from all over the world and spans more than three
is a great highlight. Also, NNC has set up a gallery of the
▲ The Exhibition Hall of the Bowker Collection
▲ Representatives of the Bowker family view their donation at the National Numismatic Collection Vault in May 2017
▲ Jotun Bowker, Marilyn Dorman, Carolyn Bowker, and Michael Chou in front of the Howard Bowker Numismatic Research Fund Endowment plaque
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▲ 1933 U.S. $20 Double Eagle Gold Coin in the NNC Gallery
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Bowker Collection. This time, the NNC presents a new exhibition, Really Big Money, sponsored by the Howard Bowker Numismatic Research Fund and Michael Chou. The Really Big Money exhibition opened on Wednesday, June 8. Some of the coins on display are large in size, some are large in quantity, and some are large in denomination. Each exhibit allows visitors to learn about communities and culture, the environment, political leadership and communication. Through this exhibition, visitors can also explore the stories behind these largest coins in the world.
▲ The Opening Ceremony
▲ Jeff Garrett and his wife, Mary Ann Garrett, at the opening ceremony
▲ Exhibition
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For those who can't visit it in person, you can find out about the exhibition online at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History website. Website address: https://americanhistory.si.edu/ really-big-money.
In addition, the NNC will host a reception during the American Numismatic Association Annual Meeting in Chicago this year. The reception will begin at 6 p.m. on August 18. Champion CEO Michael Chou will visit the Smithsonian National Museum of American History on August 3 to visit the Really Big Money exhibit and the NNC vault with NNC Curator Ellen Feingold and her team, as well as Rick Amos, President of Amos Press, and the publisher of Coin
World , the world's leading numismatic publication.
▲ Exhibition Information
▲ Origins of the Collection
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Exhibits ● Quetzal Bird The longest tail feather of a male quetzal is 21 inches long. Quetzal tail feathers were once used by communities in Mexico and Central America to pay taxes to Aztec rulers, and the feathers were also made into headdresses and clothing for royalty and religious leaders. Locals will release the quetzal after catching it and pulling
▲ 20 quetzales coin, Guatemala, 1926
off its tail feathers, so the quetzal's tail feathers can grow back. In the early 16th century, each community would collect about 10,000 feathers per year. Since 1925, the quetzal has been used as the name of
▲ The hat, costume, bead string, shield and other items in the picture have the feathers of the quetzal bird on them
Guatemala's currency. The coin below features a quetzal bird with long tail feathers.
▲ Falun mine
▲ 8 daler plate money, Sweden, 1663
● Plate Money This Swedish coin is made of copper. When this copper
that it was worth 8 daler, or 8 Swedish dollars. At that time,
plate was made in 1663, there was a lot of copper in the
this copper plate money could have bought four pigs.
mines of Sweden, but very little silver, which made silver more valuable than copper. This huge copper plate is
Sweden's biggest copper mine is called the Falun (FA-loon)
worth about three small silver coins.
mine. People mined copper there for over 1,000 years (until 1992). It produced more copper than any other mine in
The design in the middle of the copper plate coin shows
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● Follis Coins This (left) head contains 165 ancient Roman coins. The ancient Romans made these bronze coins with portraits of Roman emperors on them. These emperors were among the first people in the world to have their portraits engraved on coins. As these coins circulated in ▲ Follis coins, Ancient Rome, around 1,700 years ago
the Roman Empire, people would see who was in charge of their government and economy.
Emperor Diocletianus, while the total number of Roman emperors on the Follis bronze coins in this exhibition is 10.
This (right) bronze coin shows the portrait of Roman
● Rai Stone Ring The stone ring on display, known as Rai by the Pacific
residents of Yap Island have also displayed their stone
Island of Yap, weighs 112 pounds. The size of stone rings
ring in their homes to highlight their family's place on the
used locally ranged from a few inches to the size of a large
island.
automobile. Before the NNC got this stone ring, it broke during its movement from one place to another. The stone ring is not used like the coins in our pockets, but is made only for special types of payments, such as wedding gifts. Because this stone ring is very heavy, it does not get moved around the island even after it has changed hands. The stone ring is made of stones from the Island of Palau, ▲ Rai stone ring, Island of Yap (Micronesia), 1900s
which is 280 miles from Yap Island. For centuries, the
● Large Value Banknotes How much can you buy with a banknote depends on
After World War I, the German government had very little
when and where you use it. And huge denominations of
money left. In 1923, Germans needed a wheelbarrow full
banknotes can be a testament to a country that is suffering.
of banknotes to buy a loaf of bread.
When basic items like a loaf of bread sometimes cost millions of dollars, people don't have enough banknotes to
In 1923, the value of German banknotes was so low that
buy these things they need, so they go hungry. Germany (in
parents would even let their children play with them.
1923), Zimbabwe (in 2008) and Venezuela (in 2018) have all experienced this situation.
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Venezuela experienced this same situation in 2018. At
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the time, Venezuela was facing an economic crisis, which made their paper money almost worthless. Many people left the country to find work. Some artists even used Venezuelan banknotes to make art and crafts to sell. In Venezuela, everyday foods like chicken or carrots cost millions of bolivares. It takes a long time to count out ▲10 billion mark note, Germany, 1923
enough Venezuelan banknotes, so many stores use scales to weigh them directly.
▲ 20 trillion mark note, Germany, 1924
● Tool-Shaped Coins
▲ Iron blade (liganda), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1800s
The coins of many communities took the shape of items that were important to them, such as tools and weapons. The inhabitants of the Congo region used iron blade (liganda) as wedding gifts or to purchase important items. The iron blade is 5.7 feet tall. Knife coins were also widely used in China. These coins are more than 2,000 years old, among the earliest
▲ Chinese knife money from the 5th century B.C. to 3st century B.C., from the Fang Yanyu/Howard Bowker Collection
currencies in the world.
Resources ● Online Learning Labs
● Interactive Games
In addition to the exhibition, an online learning lab
The exhibition also has online interactive games that can
is available online. The content covers background
entertain and educate visitors and allow them to know
knowledge on various aspects of the history, culture, and
these exhibits better.
geography of the exhibits. Visitors only need to enter the
● Videos
interface of an exhibit, there will be a detailed introduction.
NNC has also uploaded videos about the exhibits to its website.
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史密森尼美國國家歷史博物館國家錢幣收藏
真 正 的 大 錢 展 · 覽 · 開 · 展 ◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕
史 密 森 尼 美 國 國 家 歷 史 博 物 館 國 家 錢 幣 收 藏（National
NNC 常年舉辦豐富多樣的展覽，此前包克家族捐贈的包克
Numismatic Collection，以下簡稱 NNC）被認為是世界上
錢幣收藏便曾亮相 NNC 的“錢幣的價值”展（The Value
最大的錢幣收藏，囊括大約 160 萬件藏品。其藏品之豐富，
of Money），另外更是設有包克藏品展廳。
涵蓋了世界各地的錢幣，年代跨越了三千多年。
▲ 包克藏品展廳
▲ 2017 年 5 月，包克家族代表在美國國家錢幣藏集保險庫 查看自己的捐贈品
▲ 約頓·包克、馬瑞林·多曼、卡洛琳·包克、周邁可在
▲ NNC 錢幣展廳中的 1933 年美國 20 美元雙鷹金幣
霍華德·包克錢幣研究基金捐贈銘牌前合影
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此次 NNC 在霍華德·包克錢幣研究基金和周邁可先生的贊 助下，推出新的展覽⸺ “真正的大錢”展（Really Big Money）。 “真正的大錢”展於 2022 年 6 月 8 日（週三）開幕。 這次展名之所以謂“真正的大錢”展覽，是因為展出的錢 幣有些是尺寸很大，有些是數量很大，還有一些是面額很大。 每一件藏品都可以讓參觀者瞭解到使用這一錢幣的社群， 文化、環境背景，以及政治領導和交流方面的知識。通過 這次展覽，參觀者也可以探尋到這些世界上最大的錢幣背 後的故事。
▲ 開幕儀式
▲ 傑夫·加勒特（Jeff Garrett）偕同妻子瑪麗·安·加 勒特（Mary Ann Garrett）參加開幕儀式
▲ 展廳
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不能前往展覽現場的朋友也可以在史密森尼美國國 家歷史博物館網站線上瞭解相關內容。展覽網址： https://americanhistory.si.edu/really-big-money.
此外，NNC 將在芝加哥美國錢幣協會 2022 年年會期間舉 辦招待會。招待會將於 8 月 18 日下午 6 點開始。 冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可先生也將於 8 月 3 日前往史密森尼 美國國家歷史博物館，與 NNC 館長艾倫·費恩戈爾德女士 （Ellen Feingold）和她的團隊，以及阿莫斯出版社（Amos Press）董事長，即世界領先錢幣出版物《硬幣世界》（Coin World）的發行人瑞克·阿莫斯（Rick Amos）, 一起參觀“真 正的大錢”展和 NNC 保險庫。 ▲ 展覽信息
▲ 藏品來源地分佈
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展 · 品
● 格查爾鳥 雄性格查爾鳥最長的尾羽有 21 英寸長。墨西哥和中美洲地 區的社群曾經使用格查爾鳥尾羽向阿茲特克統治者納稅，羽 毛還被製成皇室和宗教領袖的頭飾和衣服。 ▲ 1926 年瓜地馬拉 20 格查爾硬幣
當地人會在抓住格查爾鳥並拔下它的尾羽之後將其放走，之 後，格查爾鳥的尾羽會長回來。16 世紀初，每個社群每年 會收集 10 000 根左右的羽毛。 自 1925 年以來，格查爾便被用作瓜地馬拉貨幣的名稱。右 圖錢幣上的圖案便是一只格查爾鳥及其長長的尾羽。
▲ 圖中的帽子、服裝、珠串、盾 牌等物品上都有格查爾鳥的羽毛
▲ 法龍銅礦
▲ 1663 年瑞典 8 達雷爾銅板錢
● 銅板錢 這枚瑞典貨幣是由銅金屬製成。1663 年製造這塊銅板錢時，
當時，這塊銅板錢可以買到 4 頭豬。
瑞典的礦山中有大量銅，但銀金屬很少，這使得銀比銅更有 瑞典最大的銅礦是法龍銅礦。人們在那裏開採銅已有 1000
價值。這個巨大的銅板的價值與三枚小銀幣差不多。
多年的歷史（開採一直到 1992 年才停止）。這裏開採出來 銅板錢中間的圖案顯示，它價值是 8 達雷爾，即 8 瑞典元。
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● 福利斯銅幣 右圖（1）的頭像由 165 枚古羅馬錢幣組成。 古羅馬人製造的這些銅幣上有羅馬皇帝的肖像。這些皇帝是 世界上最早把自己的肖像刻在錢幣上的人群之一。當這些錢 幣在羅馬帝國流通時，人們就會看到是誰在掌管着他們的政 府和經濟。 （1）
右圖（2）這枚銅幣上的主圖案是羅馬皇帝戴克裏先的肖像， 而此次展覽的福利斯銅幣上的羅馬皇帝肖像共計為 10 位。
（2）
▲ 福利斯銅幣，距今約 1 700 年
● 石環錢 此次展出的這枚被太平洋的雅普島仍稱為 Rai 的石環錢重 112 磅。當地所使用的石環錢的直徑大小從幾英寸到一輛大 型汽車的大小不等。在 NNC 得到這枚石環錢之前，它在從 一個地方移到另一個地方的過程中碎裂了。 石環錢不像我們口袋裏的錢幣那樣使用，而是僅用於特殊類 型的付款，如結婚禮物。由於這種石環錢非常沉重，所以即 使在其易主之後，也不會在島上被四處移動。 石環錢是由帕勞島上的石頭製成的，該島距離雅普島 280 英里。數百年來，雅普島上的居民也在家中陳列着自己的石 ▲ 1900 年雅普島（密克羅尼西亞）石環錢
環錢，因為這些石環錢彰顯了自己家庭在島上的地位。
● 大額紙鈔 你能用一張紙鈔買多少東西取決於你在何時何地使用它。而
漲，這些新印發的紙鈔幾乎一文不值。1923 年，德國人需
巨大面額的紙鈔可能是一個國家正在遭受苦難的證明。像一
要一手推車的紙鈔才能買來一個麵包。
個麵包這樣的基本物品有時要花費數百萬元，而人們並沒有 足夠的紙鈔來購買他們所需要的這些東西，因此就會挨餓。
1923 年時，德國紙幣的價值非常之低，父母甚至會讓孩子
德國（在 1923 年）、辛巴威（在 2008 年）和委內瑞拉（在
們玩這些紙鈔。
2018 年）都經歷過這種情況。 2018 年的委內瑞拉也經歷了這種情況。當時委內瑞拉面臨
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第一次世界大戰後，德國政府財政結餘所剩寥寥無幾。為了
經濟危機，這使他們的紙幣幾乎一文不值。許多人離開這個
支付賬單，德國印製了大量面額巨大的紙鈔，但因為物價飛
國家去找工作。一些藝術家甚至使用委內瑞拉紙幣製作藝術
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品和工藝品出售。 在委內瑞拉，像雞肉或胡蘿蔔這樣的日常食物要花費數百萬 波利瓦爾才能買到。要數出足夠的委內瑞拉鈔票需要很長時 間，所以許多商店都會用磅秤直接來稱重。
▲ 1923 年德國 100 億馬克紙幣
▲ 1924 年德國 20 萬億馬克紙幣
● 工具形狀的錢幣 ▲ 19 世紀時剛果長矛狀貨幣 許多地區的錢幣採用了對他們來說很重要的物品的形狀，如 工具和武器。 剛果地區的居民曾使用長矛狀貨幣作為結婚禮物或是用於 購買重要物品。這把長矛狀貨幣高 5.7 英尺。 中國也曾廣泛使用刀幣。這些錢幣有 2 000 多年的歷史，是 世界歷史上最早的金屬貨幣之一。 ▲ 公元前 5 世紀至公元前 3 世紀的中國刀 幣，出自方藥雨 / 霍華德·包克收藏
資 · 源 ● 線上學習室
● 互動遊戲
除了線下展覽之外，和展覽配套的線上學習室也已上線。內
展覽也有線上互動遊戲，可以寓教於樂，讓觀眾更好地瞭解
容涵蓋展品的歷史、文化、地理等各方面的背景知識。只需
這些展品。
進入相關展品介面，便會有詳細的介紹。
● 視頻 NNC 也上傳了展品相關視頻至網站。
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NEWS
The Third Taiwan Special Edition of the JEAN will be Published in October 2022 ◎ Champion〔Shanghai〕
After the launch of the first two Taiwan special editions in October 1995 and July 2008, we are excited to work with the Taipei Numismatic Society (TNS) again on a special edition of the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN) . The third Taiwan special edition of the JEAN will be published in October 2022. The Taiwan special edition will be released on October 2 at the TNS Annual Meeting in Taipei. We will also assist the TNS in holding a charity auction. The highlight coins of the Champion 2022 Macau Auction to be held on November 27, 2022 will also be available for review at the event. Taiwan's leading online numismatic auction platform Fuchin Online will help promote and distribute the journal to its customers. The Taiwan special edition will have many wonderful articles by Bruce Smith, Nelson Chang, Howard Franklin Bowkers, William Ho, Chinan Fan, Thomas Ulhmann, Tseng Tze-Lu, Chou Chien Fu, Stephen Tai, Colin Gullberg, Tseng Wen-hong, Kuo Yuzong, Michael Chou, James Chou and some other famous Taiwan numismatic researchers. Please stay tuned!
From Left: Colin Gullberg, the English editor of JEAN, Chou Chien Fu, the former president of the TNS, Michael Chou, collector Mr. Liu, James Chou, and Stanley Chou, the director of Fuchin Online
Companies, stores and numismatic amateurs in mainland, China, are welcome to publish advertisements. If you want to publish an advertisement, please contact the Champion Auction Shanghai Office. Tel.: 021-62130771 Email: jeanzg@163.com Price: 2,000 RMB/page or 1,200 RMB/half page
Kuo Yuzong, the president of the TNS, officially released the news of the Taiwan special edition.
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新聞 NEWS
《東亞泉志》第三次“臺灣特刊”將於 2022年10月發佈印行 ◎ 冠軍研究室〔上海〕
繼 1995 年 10 月、2008 年 7 月《東亞泉志》“臺灣特刊”先後推出後，我們將第三次與臺北市集幣協會合作，推出《東 亞泉志》2022 年 10 月“臺灣特刊”。 此期“臺灣特刊”計劃於 10 月 2 日臺北市集幣協會年會上發佈，同時我們將協助臺北市集幣協會舉辦慈善拍賣為其 籌款。活動現場還會有冠軍 2022 年 11 月 27 日澳門拍賣的亮點錢幣可供預覽。臺灣領先的線上錢幣拍賣平臺福君 錢幣將幫助推廣並向其客戶進行分享。 此期“臺灣特刊”將刊載史博祿（Bruce Smith）、張南琛、霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克（Howard Franklin Bowker）、何緯渝、 範治南、托馬斯·烏爾曼（Thomas Ulhmann）、曾澤祿、周建福、戴學文、高林（Colin Gullberg）、曾文鴻、郭育宗、 周邁可、周弟及其他臺灣著名錢幣研究者撰寫的精彩文章，敬請期待！
左起：《東亞泉志》英文編輯高林、原臺北市集幣協會理事 長周建福、周邁可、收藏家劉大師、周弟和“福君錢幣”負 責人周俊佑
歡迎內地公司、商家、同好業者刊登廣告共襄盛舉 , 如欲刊登廣告，可聯繫冠軍拍賣上海辦公室。 電話：021-62130771 郵箱：jeanzg@163.com 價格：2 000 元 / 頁或 1 200 元 / 半頁 廣告截止至 7 月 31 日。 臺北集幣協會理事長郭育宗先生正式發佈“臺灣特刊”消息
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The Chinese Numismatic Research Has Successors
The Collecting of Coins and Selected Writings by Students of Mr. Dai Baoting ◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕
As for the coin collection
The Collecting of Coins and Selected Writings by Students of Mr. Dai
pa r t of t he book , t he
Baoting is edited by Dai Zhiqiang, and was published by Zhonghua
ancient coins mentioned are
Book Company in January 2022. 787x1092mm, 1/16, 300,000
extremely rare and precious,
characters, 223 pages, 20 printing paper. Priced at RMB 318.
such as feng shi spade coin
ISBN978-7-101-15459-7.
with a denomination of 12
zhu [ 封氏十二朱 ], song zi three-hole spade coin with a denomination of 12 zhu [ 宋
A book titled The Collecting of Coins and Selected Writings
子十二朱 三孔布 ]; wei jin
by Students of Mr. Dai Baoting ( 戴 門 弟 子 藏 泉 與文 選 ),
spade coin [ 衛 釿 ], wei jin
edited by Mr. Dai Zhiqiang ( 戴 志 強 ), has been published
round coin [ 衛釿圜錢 ], da
and released. The book consists of three parts. The first part
xia zhen xing cash coin [ 大
showcases the coins collected by Dai Baoting's ( 戴 志 強 )
夏真興 ], ci quan nei hu a cash coin[ 茲泉內化 ], qian feng quan
students, the second part publishes selected articles by Dai's
bao cash coin with character tan on its reverse [ 乾 封 泉 寶 背 “ 潭 ”], ying sheng yuan bao cash coin with the denomination
students, and the third part introduces the great numismatist Dai Baoting.
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10 cash on its reverse [ 應 聖 元 寶 背 拾 ], qing li zhi shi cash
Ten of Dai's students have selected more than 170 of the most
coin with a moon on the top of its reverse [ 慶曆直十背上月 ],
precious coins in his collection according to their specialties,
yuan feng 10 cash coin [ 元 豐 當 十 ], sheng song tong bao 5
and the full-color photos of the actual size coins are used to
cash coin[ 聖宋通寶當五篆書 ], jing kang tong bao 1 cash coin
show the essence and elegance of these ancient coins. The
with Chinese characters in official writing style [ 靖康通寶纖
writings of Dai's students also have their characteristics and
字篆書小平 ], ying yun yuan bao cash coin [ 應運元寶 ], ying
features. Based on the ancient numismatics, they apply modern
gan tong bao cash coin [ 應感通寶 ], qian dao zhong bao cash
technology to make innovate ways in identifying coins and use
coin [ 乾道重寶 ], lin an fu xing yong 200 cash coin [ 臨安府
scientific and archaeological data to make research findings on
行用貳百文錢 ], 300 cash coin, 500 cash plate coin, huang tong
ancient coins from different perspectives. They have achieved
tong bao 1 cash coin with Chinese character in official writing
notable results and given people new inspiration. The coin
style [ 皇 統 通寶篆 書小平 ], fan guo bao qian cash coin with
collection of Dai Baoting and his influence on later scholars
Western Xia characters [ 番國寶錢西夏文 ], the cash coin used
is introduced in five articles included in the book. It gives the
by Zhang Xianzhong ( 張獻忠 ) for rewarding others, etc. It is
reader a different perspective of Dai's research results and
amazing to appreciate these coins. It is a book worth reading
collecting experience on coins.
for all ancient coin collectors and researchers.
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A Tool for Collecting and Researching Contemporary Korean Commemorative Coins
Coins of Dprk Standard Catalogue ◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕
Coins of the DPRK Standard Catalogue (《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》) was officially published by Chinese Documents Publish in July 2020. The author, Zhang Shaolong ( 張 紹 龍 ), made a further study of information after the book was completed, to supplement the deficiencies of the book and expand the coin varieties in the book. In less than a year, the second edition of the Coins of the DPRK Standard Catalogue was completed and published by the International Economic Press. The mainland edition will soon be published by Economic Daily Press. The first edition was published by International Economic Press in November 2021. Size: 140x210mm. ISBN: 978-75528-3-3. Price: HK$399.
Ancient Joseon coins were deeply influenced by the ancient
coins, compiled this book which is organized in a clear and
Chinese coins, but relatively few coins were minted in ancient
comprehensive manner. It is an indispensable tool for collectors
Korea. Modern coins issued in Korea have far surpassed ancient
of Korean commemorative coins and those interested in
Korean coins in terms of variety and quantity. They have also
the history of Korean culture. In particular, the additional
reached new levels in terms of materials, topics, technique,
commemorative coin varieties, as well as the information on
and design. There are many different types and varieties
pattern coins, error coins, and fantasy coins, are extremely
of coins, and there is a self-contained mode of pattern coin
valuable reference materials for collectors and researchers
issuance. Also, the Korean commemorative coin issuance lacks
specializing in Korean coins.
systematization. All these make the Korean commemorative
The publication of books on the topic of ancient and modern
coins full of a sense of mystery. Therefore, it is not easy for
coins of our neighboring countries, such as Coins of the DPRK Standard Catalogue and Catalog of Ancient Korean Coins ( 朝
collectors of Korean coins to get an accurate introduction on how to collect and to organize their research.
鮮 王 朝 古 錢 譜 ), shows the phenomenon that the domestic
Coins of the DPRK Standard Catalogue introduces and
numismatic community and collectors' focus and research have
describes the commemorative coins issued by the DPRK by
turned from a single direction of research and the collecting
denomination and year from 1959 to 2020. The book makes
of ancient and modern Chinese coins towards world coins. It
illustration by catalog of regular coins, pattern coins, error
represents a new starting point for our communication with the
coins, error pattern coins, counterfeit coins, counterfeit pattern
international coin community. This exchange and integration
coins, medals, non-precious metal coins, and precious metal
will also increase the domestic numismatic community's
coins. For those coins with different varieties, the variety is
understanding of the culture and history of the world, which is
marked with English letters.
a new step in coin research and collection.
The author of this book, Zhang Shaolong, who has long focused on the collection and research of modern commemorative
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書
RE V IE W S
B O O K
評
泉學傳承 後繼有人
《戴門弟子藏泉與文選》 ◎ 周 邊〔上海〕
《戴門弟子藏泉與文選》，主編 ：戴志強。中華書局2022年1月出版。787mmX1092mm, 1/16,300千字，223頁，20印張。 定價人民幣318元。國際標準書號 ：ISBN978-7-101-15459-7。
戴志強先生主編的《戴門弟子藏泉與文選》一書已出版發
行。全書由三部分組成，第一部分展示戴門弟子藏泉，第 二部分收錄戴門弟子文選，第三部分介紹戴門師祖泉學大 師戴葆庭先生。
閱覽全書，由戴門弟子十人根據各人所專所長，選藏泉中之
170多枚大珍，用全彩版影印照片與實物同樣大小的圖版，
展現古錢珍品的精華與風采。戴門弟子的撰文也各有特色 和特點，在基於傳統古泉學的基礎上，在一線實戰鑒別真
偽能力上，推陳出新，應用現代科技成分，科學考古資料 以及古代錢幣最新的研究成果，從不同側面與視角作了深
入研究，取得了不小的成果，給人以嶄新的啟發。戴門師
祖戴葆庭對泉學的貢獻以及他對後學的影響，可通過書中 收錄的5篇文章，瞭解戴先生的泉學研究成果和錢幣收藏 經歷。
書中的藏泉部分，古錢都是極為稀少的珍品，如封氏十二
小平、應運元寶、應感通寶、乾道重寶、臨安府行用貳百文、
泉內化 ；乾封泉寶背“潭”、應聖元寶背“拾”；慶曆直十背
西王賞功銅錢等，令人撫掌稱奇歎為觀止。所以這本新著
朱，宋子十二朱三孔布 ；衛釿、衛圜圜錢 ；大夏真興、茲
三百文、伍百文錢牌；皇統通寶篆書小平、番國寶錢西夏文、
上月、元豐當十、聖宋通寶當五篆書、靖康通寶纖字篆書
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當代朝鮮紀念幣集藏與研究的工具書
《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》 ◎ 周 邊〔上海〕
錯幣樣幣、臆 造幣、臆 造幣樣幣、紀 念 章，非貴金屬幣、 貴金屬幣分別予以分類介紹和敘述。對於同一種類錢幣有
《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》2020年7月由中華文獻出版社正
版別的則用英文字母進行版別標注。
式出版，作者張紹龍（錢幣司令）在成書後進一步收集資料， 補充書中之不足，完善書中之品種，不到一年時間，他的第二
本書作者張紹龍（錢幣司令），長期專注當代紀念幣的收集
版《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》業已完成，並由香港國際經濟
與研究，編撰的這本《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》，編排思
出版社出版，大陸版也即將由經濟日報出版社出版。香港國際 經濟出版社2021年11月第一版，140X210mm32開本，國際標準
路清晰，品種齊全，對於收藏朝鮮紀念幣的藏家，對朝鮮
書號 ISBN978-75528-3-3。定價 HK$399元。
民 族文化歷史感興趣的人員，是一本不可或缺的工具書。 尤其是增列的紀念幣版別，以及樣幣、錯幣、臆造幣等寶
貴資料，對於收藏者與專題錢幣研究人員，是極為珍貴的
古代朝鮮王朝鑄錢深受中國古錢文化的影響，但古代朝鮮
參考資料。
鑄錢相對較少。當代朝鮮的錢幣發行在種類與數量上，已
經遠遠超過了朝鮮歷史貨幣。在材質、題材、工藝、形制
《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》與《朝鮮王朝古錢譜》等書籍
一體的樣幣發行模式，紀念幣發行也缺乏系統性，從某種
代表了國內錢幣界與收藏家新的關注點與研究方向，從單
上也達到了一個新的高度。其種類與版別極多，而且有自成
的出版，是我國周邊國家歷史與當代錢幣專題研究的成果，
意義上來說充滿神秘感。因此使朝鮮錢幣收藏者在收藏時
一的對本國歷史與當代錢幣的研究與收藏，拓展到面向世
不易準確入門，不易整理研究。
界錢幣，這是一個極好的轉變。代表了我們與國際錢幣界
的交流有了一個新起點。這種交流與融合也會增加國內錢
《朝鮮現代紀念幣標準目錄》按年份從1959 年至 2020 年，
幣界瞭解世界各國的文化與歷史，使錢幣研究與收藏上一
將朝鮮發行的紀念幣按年份、面值，常規幣、樣幣、錯幣、
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The Interview ◎ Colin Gullberg〔Taipei〕
In this issue I interview Michael Chou, president of Champion Macau Auction and founder and editor-in-chief of The Journal
of East Asian Numismatics [JEAN ]. He was also the dealer who purchased the Rose collection after the death of Frank Rose. This is the second time I have interviewed Michael Chou. He was my first interviewee when I took over as editor of The CG - Colin Gullberg
Chopmark News in 2011. I interviewed him in his shop in
MC -Michael Chou
Taipei, Taiwan.
CG:
MC: And you're #3. Are you going to update your book? It
Hello Michael. It's good to see you again. I wanted to
has been sold out for several years.
interview you again since it's been eleven years since our last interview and you have done a lot since then.
MC:
CG:
Yes, it's good to talk to The Chopmark News again.
Yes. It's been selling for over $100 on eBay and yes I
As you know I've always been a strong supporter of
have been planning an update of the book. It's a long-
the CCC, the newsletter and the study of chopmarks.
term plan but maybe for 2025.
Remember, I funded your book. Anyway, let start with your publications. In addition to
The Journal of East Asian Numismatics [JEAN ], you've
CG:
done a wide variety of books over the past decade making you perhaps as well-known as a publisher as a
Yes, thank you very much for the help over the years.
dealer. Why did you restart JEAN ?
You're the #2 guy in chopmarks after Rose.
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DEPARTMENTS
coins; the Italia collection, the NC collection, and the Bowker collection. Two of the collectors, Nelson Chang
I wanted to promote cross cultural information between
and Howard Bowker, you wrote books on. Let's first talk
East and West. JEAN is published in both Chinese and
about the Italia collection as it was the smallest of the
English as lots of Chinese collectors don't have access
three.
to Western sources due to language barriers and few Westerns read Chinese. There is a lot of new research into Chinese numismatics, and I want to be in the
MC:
forefront of this new information. Like The Chopmark
News I'm always looking for material, articles and
The Italia collection was put together by a New York/
writers and JEAN is free for readers. Just email me and
Florida collector who was of Italian ancestry in the
I'll add you to the mailing list. We have been running
1970s and 80s. The collection was purchased by Steve
your entire Chopmarked Coins - A History book in JEAN
Eyer a Mt. Zion, Illinois dealer. The collection was
chapter by chapter. [Interested readers can subscribe
subsequently sold to another dealer, Lance Tchor of
to JEAN for free either here email: jeanzg@163.com or
Tampa, Florida. The collection had a number of nice
here: https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/the_twenty-
chopmarked coins, largely Mexican Cap & Rays 8
fifth_issue_of_jean ]
reales in high grade.
CG:
CG:
I should tell readers The Chopmark News is planning
Yes, I bought a few of them.
a collaboration with JEAN . We will be submitting very small articles for publication in JEAN . What other plans do you have for JEAN ?
MC:
MC:
Both Steve Eyer and the original collector have passed away, but Lance Tchor is still around.
Well, we're working on establishing a website and there will be a place where The Chopmark News will be
CG:
hosted. It should be ready by the summer. We've also been working Dr. Tseng to translate some of his articles
Let's talk about the NC collection. You published a book
on chopmarked Taiwanese coinage for the newsletter
on the NC collection, A Legacy of Collection - The NC
and JEAN .
Collection of Chinese Coins and have been selling off the collection. Tell me about that project.
CG: Sounds good. Let's talk about chopmarked coins. I've gone over your old catalogues and you seem to have handled three collections that had notable chopmarked
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MC:
CG:
Nelson Chang [Zhāng Nán-chēn, 張
南
琛 ] was a
Did you know Nelson?
Wall Street financier who amassed one of the finest collections of vintage Chinese coins. He came from a very wealthy family. His grandfather [Zhāng Shí-míng 張
MC:
石銘 ] founded the family fortune in salt and silk trading and started the family collection which also included
Yes, I met him at his house in Palo Alto and we
antiques, art, and books. The Chang family amassed
developed a relationship over the years. Bruce Smith
several important collections and collecting ran in the
was originally hired to document his collection in 1992. I
family's blood. The book looks at all aspects of Nelson's
met him in 2009-2010. He was involved in several of my
collecting: why and what he collected, the dealers
projects including my work with the Bowker collection
he used, his favorite coins, etc. Starting 2013, the
and my Top Chinese Coins book . I helped Nelson both
collection has been sold by Champion in both auction
buy coins for his collection and sell his collection after
and private transactions. Our last Macau sale realized
his passing. His collection was one of the greatest I
over US$20m with several records set for Chinese
have ever been associated with and it will be a long
coins.
time before another collection of this caliber will come up for sale again. However, what sticks with me most from my association with Nelson Chang is his six rules
CG:
of collecting. Notably, rule 6: "Deal with everyone in collecting circles with integrity and generosity." It's a
Yes, Several of the coins were chopped and sold
rule all of us should live by.
for astronomical prices including what is certainly the highest price ever paid for a chopmarked coin at
CG:
US$612,000. Did Nelson collect chopmarked coins?
Another interesting collection was the Howard Bowker
MC:
collection. Tell me about that. How did you get involved with the collection?
Not directly. He always held the finest example of whatever coin he could. Money wasn' t really an impediment. He would continually upgrade so the coins he held when he died at 93 were the finest he had found. Several of these were chopped. His father-inlaw, Hsi Turpin [Xí Dé-bǐng 席 德 柄 ] was the Central Mint Director and his father was the leading banker in China. The family had direct connections with the mints and various silver shops which the family controlled. His father, Zhāng Shū-xún [ 張 叔 馴 , also known as Zhāng Nǎi-jì 張
乃
驥 ], was known as the "King of Ancient
Coins".
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the Smithsonian. The Big Money exhibit will open June 8, 2022, just before the Baltimore show. It's an exhibit
Bruce Smith and I went to meet Ward Smith, the author
geared towards kids aged 6-12.
of Chinese Banknotes, but he had passed away. His widow gave me all his files and through these we were
What is especially important about Howard Bowker
able to locate Bowker's son. We found out that the son
was his excellent record keeping. He lived in China
had passed away but his wife, Nancy Bowker, was
in the 1920s and 1930s and was a regular visitor to
still alive and her daughter replied to us. After meeting
the Chinese Numismatic Society in Shanghai which
with the family I purchased all Howard Bowkers' old
was housed in the Royal Asiatic Society Building.
books and letters - 20 boxes in total. Howard Bowker
His letters include price details, details of the most
was an important Chinese collector who lived in China
valuable Chinese coins, rubbings and over 50 years of
in the early 20th century. He knew Kann, Woodward,
correspondence with Kann, Coole, Ros, Woodward, and
and many of the important collectors in China at the
others. One thing that is very interesting is that before
time. He also amassed a very large library. The library
1950 Chinese coins were the most valuable coins in the
included correspondence with Kann, Coole, Woodward,
world.
etc. and included the prices of coins sold privately in China in the early 20th century. With the family's help it took three years to scan and photograph all the coins
CG:
and correspondence.
Finally, let's talk about your final book, Top Chinese
CG:
Coins, 3rd edition.
What happened to the Bowker collection?
MC: The 3rd edition of Top Chinese Coins is a list of the
MC:
most important vintage Chinese coins as voted on in a survey we held of some of the most important people in
The Bowker family donated most of it to several
Chinese coins. The book includes pictures of the finest
museums in China, Germany and the United States.
known examples of the coins shown in enlarged, high
About 300 coins went to the museum in Shanghai, 84
resolution photos along with the history of the coin and
to Shenyang, 212 to Beijing, 300+ to the Smithsonian
pricing information going back to the Kann sale and
Institution [SI], which also got his stamp collection and
even earlier in some cases.
letters, and over 6,000 to the Mortizburg Museum in Halle, Germany. The total collection was over 10,000 coins and over 8,000 of these were Chinese.
CG:
Champion Auction sold off some of the duplicates and
Why do you have 60 entries and not 100?
donated the money to Howard Bowker Numismatic Fund. That money has funded eight projects in the past 5 years, including the Howard Bowker room at
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CG:
MC:
So what do you have planned for the future?
Because 6 is a lucky number in Chinese.
MC:
CG: I notice a few of the coins, especially the Taiwanese
I'm hoping the CCC will be able to have a meeting at
ones, are chopped.
the ANA World's Fair of Money this August in Chicago. I'll be there. I think you should make a presentation on chopmarks; it's been several years since your last talk.
CG:
MC: Yes, most Old Man dollars and Ration dollars are found
Sounds good. I'm going to try and make it. Thanks for
with chopmarks. Some of the chopmarked coins from
talking to us today.
the NC collection is in the book too.
CG:
MC:
You spend a lot of time in China. In my experience the
You're welcome.
Chinese shun chopmarked coins. Are the Chinese starting to get interested in chopmarked coins?
MC: Yes, I've noticed an increase in interest in chopmarked coins, especially ink chops. Previously dealers would repair the chopmarks, now there are collectors who want them chopped. Grading companies like NGC often give grades to coins with ink chops higher than nonchopped coins. The most expensive ink chopped [lot #9 in the May 30, 2021 Champion sale] coin in the NC collection has an ink chop and is considered the finest known. The increasing prices also mean fewer repairs are being made. The coin business in China is booming. There are more auction houses, more sales through WeChat, and more investors.
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對周邁可先生的第二次專訪 ◎ 高 林〔臺北〕
2020年5月，我对周邁可先生进行了採訪。周先生是冠軍拍賣公
司的總裁及《東亞泉志》的創辦人兼總編輯，也曾是幣商，於法 蘭克•羅斯逝世後收藏其戳記硬幣。
這是我第二次採訪周邁可先生，他是我在 2011年擔任《戳記幣通
訊》的編輯後，第一位採訪的對象。这次對周邁可先生的採訪 CG - 高林
於他台北的商店中進行。
MC - 周邁可
CG:
MC: 那你肯定是第三位專家。你有打算繼續更新你的書嗎？
周先生，您好，很高興再次見到您。距離上次採訪，已
它在多年前便銷售一空。
經過了11年，在那之後您又擁有不少成就，因此想再次 採訪您。
MC:
CG:
很高興能再次接受《戳記幣通訊》的採訪，如你所知，我
是呀，在億貝上售價超過一百美金，我也有打算更新這
一直是戳記幣俱樂部、 《戳記幣通訊》及戳記錢幣研究的
本書，這需要從長計議，但可能會在 2025年進行。
忠實支持者。對了，我也曾資助你的書出版。
下面，我們來聊聊您出版的作品。除了《東亞泉志》外， 您在過去十年也出版了多種書籍，成為了眾所周知的發行
CG:
人及幣商。為什麼會想要重啟《東亞泉志》？
是的，感謝您多年來的幫助。在戳記錢幣收藏研究領域 中，您是佼佼者，僅亞於羅斯。
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MC:
MC:
我想推廣東、西方之間的跨文化信息。 《東亞泉志》是包
意大利錢幣收藏是於1970到1980年代間，由祖先為意大
含中文、英文的雙語期刊，因為許多中國钱币收藏家礙
利人的紐約或佛羅里達收藏家集結而成。這系列收藏被
文。中國錢幣學中有許多新穎的研究课题，我想跻身這
被賣給了佛羅里達州坦帕的另一個幣商蘭斯 · 喬爾先生。
伊利諾伊州錫安山的幣商史蒂文 · 艾爾先生買下，接着又
於語言問題，無法得到西方資源，大部分西方人也不懂中
這系列收藏有很多相当不錯的戳記錢幣，絕大部分是高
些信息的最前線，发现最新成果。如同《戳記幣通訊》，
質量的墨西哥8瑞爾鷹洋。
我一直在尋找資料、文章、作家。重启《东亚泉志》，为 中国钱币研究在世界范围的传播搭建了理想的平台。 《東
亞泉志》是免費提拱給讀者的。只要傳郵件給我，我就 會將你加入發送名單中。 《戳記幣簡史》也是一章章的發
CG:
布在《東亞泉志》中。( 有興趣的讀者歡迎免費訂閱《東
是，我也買了一些。
jeanzg@163.com ， 或 亞 泉 志 》， 可 連 絡 此 郵 件 地 址 ： 點 擊 後 方 連 結 https://issuu.com/jeandigitala1/docs/
the_twenty-fifth_issue_of_ jean 。)
MC: CG:
原收藏家及史蒂文 · 艾爾先生都已離世，但蘭斯 · 喬爾先
生仍在世。
《戳記幣通訊》將與《東亞泉志》進行合作，我們會將
一些短篇文章推荐给《東亞泉志》发布。您在《東亞泉志》 還有哪些計劃呢？
CG: 那我們來談談 NC 中國機製幣收藏。您曾出版過一本關
MC:
於 NC 中國機製幣收藏的書《收藏傳奇⸺ 張南琛中國
錢幣收藏》，且轉賣過這個系列收藏，請說說這個項目。
我們打算建立一個網站，並設置一個“戳記幣通訊”專欄， 大概會在 2022年夏天左右準備好。我們也會與曾澤祿醫
生合作翻譯部分關於臺灣戳記貨幣的文章，並發布於《東
MC:
亞泉志》和“戳記幣通訊”。
張南琛先生是位華爾街金融家，收藏着大量完好的經典 中國錢幤。他來自一個富有的家庭，他祖父張石銘先生 創立絲綢、鹽業等家業，並開始收藏古物、藝術品及書
籍。張家積攢許多重要的收藏品，且收藏的基因也存在
CG:
於家族血統中。 《收藏傳奇⸺ 張南琛中國錢幣收藏》這
聽起來真不錯。那來聊聊戳記錢幣。我曾讀過您之前的
本書着重於張南琛先生收藏的各個層面 ：為何收藏、收
錢幣目錄，您似乎曾經手過三個著名的戳記 錢幣系列，
藏了些什麼、他接觸的幣商、他最喜愛的錢幣……等等。
分別是意大利錢幣收藏、NC 中國機製幣收藏及包克錢
自2013年起，這個系列收藏於冠軍拍賣公司的拍賣會及
幣收藏。其中兩位收藏家，張南琛先生及霍華德 · 包克
私人交易販售。我們上一場澳門拍賣中，有100多枚中国
先生，您曾於書中提及，不如我們先聊聊三個之中最不
機製幣拍品出自张南琛收藏貽贈，其中60多枚打破中國
常提到的意大利錢幣收藏。
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MC:
是的，許多戳記錢幣都以天價販售，包括目前戳記錢幣
我和史博祿先生去拜訪《中國紙幣》的作者沃德 · 史密斯
幣嗎？
我們，透過這些資料，我們找到包克先生的兒子。我們
的最高售價為 61萬美元。請問張南琛先生有收藏戳記錢
先生，但他已過世。他的遺孀將他所有的資料檔案給了 發現兒子已過世，但他妻子南西 · 包克還在世，她女兒
有回覆我們。在見過他們一家後，我買下了霍華德 · 包克
MC:
先生所有舊書籍和信件，總共20 箱。霍華德 · 包克先生
是非常重要的中國錢幣收藏家，他曾於20世紀早期居住
不是特地收集。他只是盡可能收集最好的錢幣，金錢對
在中國。他認識當時許多中國重要的錢幣收藏家，如耿
他來說真的不是阻礙，他會不斷地更新錢幣收藏，所以
愛德、伍德華等等。他也將收藏累積成了壯觀的圖書館，
當他93歲去世時，他擁有的都是他能找到最好的錢幣，
包括與耿愛德、邱文明、伍德華之間的信件，也包含 20
而其中許多是戳記錢幣。他岳父席德柄先生是民國中央
世紀早期中國私下販售錢幣的價格。在他們一家人的幫
造幣廠的廠長，他父親也是中國領銜的銀行家，他們一
助下，我花了三年时间將所有的錢幣及信件掃描和拍照記
家都與造幣廠及許多銀鋪有直接關係，甚至是他們管控
錄下來。
的。他父親張叔馴先生有着“古錢大王”之稱。
CG:
CG:
請問您認識張南琛先生嗎？
那包克先生的錢幣收藏後來怎麼了？
MC:
MC:
是的，我俩在他帕羅奧圖的家認識的，也成為了多年的
包克家族將大部分收藏捐給了數個中國、德國與美國的
錢幣收藏，我在 2009 年至 2010 年間認識他，他也經手了
捐至北京的印鈔造幣企業博物館，超過 300 枚錢幣、郵
好友。在1992年，史博祿先生一開始也被雇來記錄他的
博物館，約300 枚錢幣捐至上海，84 枚捐至瀋陽，212 枚
我不少的企劃，包括我關於包克錢幣收藏的書與《中國
票收藏與信件捐給了美國史密森尼學會，並有6 000 枚以
並在他逝世後賣出。他的收藏是我接觸過最多最棒的錢
有超過10 000 枚錢幣，其中8 000 枚以上是中國錢幣。
上的錢幣捐給德國哈勒的莫里茨堡博物館。整個收藏約
近代機製幣精品鑒賞》。我曾幫張南琛先生買進錢幣收藏， 幣收藏之一，可能還要好一段時間，才會再有如此水平
冠軍拍賣賣掉了一些複製品，把錢捐到霍華德 · 包克錢幣
的收藏出現在市場上。然而，在我和張南琛先生的接觸 中，最令我印象深刻的是他的六項收藏規則，尤其是第
基金會。在過去5年中，這筆錢資助了8個項目，包括史密
們都該銘記於心的潛規則。
於 2022 年 6月8日開幕，就在巴爾的摩展會之前，這是一
森尼學會的霍華德 · 包克藏品展室。Big Money 展會將
六點 ： “以正直大方的態度對待收藏界的每一個人”是我
個適合 6-12 歲兒童参观的展覽。
CG:
霍華德 · 包克最令人驚訝的是他傑出的收藏保持了很多紀 錄。他在1920 年代和1930 年代居住於中國，是上海中國
另一項有趣的收 藏便是霍華德 · 包克先 生的錢幣收 藏。
錢幣協會的常客，該協會位於亞洲文會大樓。他的信件
請和我聊聊您是如何接觸到這項收藏的？
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CG:
中包含了錢幣價格、最值錢的中國硬幣細節、拓版，以
您在大陸耗費了許多時間，但在我印象中，大陸人不太喜
及與耿愛德、邱文明、羅斯、伍德華等人50多年的通信
歡戳記錢幣。大陸人開始對戳記錢幣有興趣了嗎？
往來。非常有趣的是，在1950 年之前，中國錢幣是世界 上最值錢的錢幣。
MC:
CG:
是的。但我注意到現在越來越多人對 戳記錢幣感興趣， 尤其是墨戳。早期的幣商會特別修復戳記，如今的收藏
最後，來聊聊您主編的最新一本書《中國近代機製幣精
家卻想保存戳記。像硬幣認證公司等評級機構經常會給
。 品鑑賞 第三版》
予有墨水戳記的錢幣高於無戳記錢幣的評級。張南琛先 生收藏中最昂貴的墨水戳記錢幣 [2021年5月30日冠軍拍
賣會的 #9拍賣品 ]，便擁有墨水戳記，並以其聞名。不
MC:
斷上升的標價也意味着越來越少戳記進行修復，中國的
《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 第三版》記錄着我們通過
錢幣貿易正在蓬勃發展中，越來越多的拍賣會、微信交易
對此領域中重要人物進行問卷調查，評選出的最重要的
及投資客不断出現。
中國機製幣列表。書中也將出名、重要的錢幣，以放大、 高解析度的照片刊登出來，說明錢幣的歷史，及回溯到 耿愛德錢幣拍賣或更早以前的價格信息。
CG: 那您未來有哪些計劃？
CG: 為什麼入選這本書的是60 枚而非100 枚呢？
MC: 我期望戳記幣俱樂部有機會參與2020 年8月於芝加哥舉
MC:
行的美國國際錢幣展銷會。我會去參加，我覺得你也可
以分享關於戳記錢幣的想法，你上一次的演講距今已時
因為六在中文裡是個吉祥的數字。
隔多年。
CG:
CG:
我注意到有些錢幣是有戳記的，尤其是臺灣的錢幣。
您的建議真不錯。我會試試看的，謝謝您今日的分享。
MC:
MC:
大部分的壽星銀餅及餉銀是有戳記的。部分張南琛先生
不客氣。
收藏的戳記錢幣也出現在書中。
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Introduction to Sycee ◎ Bruce Smith〔USA〕
Silver in ingot form has been in use in China for more than a
three times with the same stamp(usually with 2 columns of
thousand years. Prior to Qing Dynasty, most sycee ingots were
characters), with one panel turned upside-down compared to the
used for hoarding and for transporting taxes to the capital.
other panels. The two outside panels were pressed down farther
There may have been some commercial use of sycee in Sung
than the center panel, which ended up being taller than the other
and Yuan times, but the widespread use of paper money during
two. This gave the ingot a shape similar to a packsaddle which
those dynasties reduced the need by merchants for sycee in
would have been carried by a pack animal such as a horse or
moving money over long dynasties. There is little data today to
mule. The space between the panels sometimes is stamped with
allow us to gauge how widespread the use of sycee was before
a different one line inscription naming public assayer. The main
Qing times and to know what percentage was used for hoarding,
inscription contains the name of the bank which made the ingot
what percentage for tax payments and what percentage for
and sometimes a month or even a year date. The earliest known
merchant use.
dates are in the 1870's, while the latest known is "min guo nian" (made during the Republic), which probably dates to the 1910’s
By Qing times, however, sycee was clearly being used in
or early 1920's. Most of the packsaddle sycees were made for
commerce and in large amounts, though much continued to be
commercial use, but a few are inscribed indicating they were
used for hoarding and tax payments. Most sycee seen today
to be used for making tax payments. Nearly 100 different
were made during the Qing Dynasty (especially after 1840) and
banks are named on these ingots, most of which range from 4
early Republic. The use of sycee was outlawed by the Chinese
to 6 taels in weight, resulting in nearly 300 varieties. This is
governments in 1933.Sycee from earlier dynasties do exist but
a fascinating series to collect. The type itself is common, but
are extremely rare.
with so many varieties, some of them must be rare. Those with year dates are particularly difficult to find.
Sycee are known by a number of names, both in Chinese and in English. The most common Chinese terms were "yuan bao"
The best known sycee, however, is the shoe or boat sycee. This
(yuan pao), "yin ding" (yin ting) and "wen yin". In English
type is shaped something like an hour glass, and has high thin
they were called an ingot or bar or, when referring to shape,
walls around a flat center. These walls are produced when the
were called shoe, boat, drum, loaf or packsaddle. The term
inscription is stamped into the semi-solid ingot. Applying a lot
"sycee" first appeared in English in 1711 (as sycee) and is a
of pressure to the stamp forces the silver to rise up the sides
pidgin English corruption of the Chinese term, xisi (hsi szu),
of the mold around the stamping device. Shoe sycee range
meaning "fine silk". This term was used because when silver of
in weight from 1 to 50 taels, the most widely used being 10
high purity is poked as it is cooling, small ripples appear on the
tael and 50 tael. This type was used in various parts of the
surface, like the folds of fine silk.
country, especially in eastern and northern China. These most commonly have 2, 3 or 4 panels of inscriptions, though some
The ingots come in a variety of shape, with different regions
are uninscribed. There are many varieties of this type, some
tending to prefer a specific shape. The most distinctive is the
made for tax purposes, some made by provincial bureaus, some
packsaddle sycee, used only in Yunnan province. This began
made for commercial purposes, and some, generally the very
as a f lat bar of silver, then while semi-solid was stamped
small ones, were made to be given as gifts and may contain
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auspicious words or phrases.
Zhigao. This work lists and illustrates with photographs1500 sycee of all types. All three of the books specifically on sycee
The drum-shaped ingots have spherical bottoms and flat tops,
have the listings arranged by province. The most thorough
usually with a single nipple in the center. This type, usually
study of sycee appeared in English in 1992.The book, entitled
in 5 or 10 tael weights, was used mainly in southern China,
"A Catalogue of Sycee in the British Museum" by Joe Cribb
especially in Sichuan province. Some have one or two panels
of the British Museum staff, records 1300 genuine sycee plus
of inscriptions, but uninscribed versions are also common.
54 fake or fantasy sycee. Not all of these sycee are actually in
Also commonly used in southern China were various types of
the British Museum collection. As the introduction notes, the
loaf-shaped sycee. This type of ingot is flat on top, with two
museum's collection contains 332 sycee, including the Eduard
sides curved slightly inward and the other two curved slightly
Kann collection of 199 pieces, obtained in 1978.
outward. The bottom is rounded like a rocker but not spherical. One version of this type, used in Guangdong and Guangxi
One pitfall to collecting sycee is the presence of fakes.
(Kwangtung and Kwangsi) provinces, usually weighting 10
Unfortunately, fake sycee ingots pretending to be from Sung,
taels, has 3 or more panels of inscriptions, one on the top and
Yuan and Ming times are readily available from coin dealers
another on the bottom of the face.
and in auctions in China today. Another problem appeared in the 1960's and early 1970's, when genuine old sycee which did
There is also a square loaf ingot with raised edges around
not have an inscription, were reheated and a fake inscription
the flat center, which was mainly used in Jiangxi (Kiangsi)
was stamped on in order to sell the ingot at a higher price.
province. These ingots, in 50 tael weights, usually have
At that time, shoe-shaped ingots and drum-shaped ingots,
inscriptions which relate to local taxes.
probably from Sichuan (Szechuan) province, were coming on the market through Thailand. It was apparently in Thailand
Collecting sycee has become much more popular since the
that the fake inscriptions were stamped on the sycee. The safest
publication in China and Taiwan and England of several books
way to collect sycee today is to carefully compare each piece
on the subject. The first two books appeared in Taiwan in 1988:
to those published before 1990 and especially those published
"Zhong Guo Yin Ding" (English title: Chinese Sycees) by
before 1960. Comparing suspected pieces to those published
Jang Huey-shinn (pinyin: Zhang Huixin), and "Shu Yin Ting
in Joe Cribb’s book, which is arranged by the type of ingot,
Shou Cang Yuan Bao Qian Zhong Tu Lu" (English title: 1000
is also important. Some of the fake sycee contain the wrong
Varieties of Chinese sycees: The Collection of Su Yin Tang) by
inscriptions for that type of sycee. Some contains dates which
H.P. Chen (pinyin: Chen Hongpin).The following year, a full
are too early for the type. Fake sycee intended to fool collectors
color catalog was published in China titled: "Yun Nan Li Shi
is usually made from real silver. There is another type of fake,
Huo Bi" (English title: The Historical Currencies of Yunnan),
made for sale to tourists, which does not contain any silver.
edited by Tang Guoyan. This work lists 1005 silver ingots made in or found in Yunnan province, as well as coins and notes
One further piece of information should be noted. The Peoples
issued in that province. In 1991 the first book specifically on
Bank of China has in its vaults thousands, maybe tens of
sycee published in China appeared under the title: "Yuan Bao
thousands of old sycee. If these should come on the market,
Tu Lu" (English title: The Pictorial Yuanbao), edited by Zhang
collectors will be delighted by this rich new source of sycee, but prices on some types might also decline due to a surplus. This information comes from reliable sources, some of whom have seen the bank's sycee. Sycee is a new and exciting field for collectors of Chinese historical cur rencies. With the proper reference works, collectors are now able to assemble collections of sycee by type or by province.
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銀錠簡介 ◎ 史博祿〔美國〕
為純銀被處理冷卻後表面會有像折疊的蠶絲那樣的細微條
在中國，用銀子鑄成銀錠有上千年的歷史。在清朝之前，
紋。
多數銀錠用於儲備或交稅到國庫。在宋朝和元朝年代，銀
錠也有不少用於商業，隨着紙鈔的廣泛使用，商家們減少 使用銀錠作為遠途的財務結賬。目前只有很少資料可以評
銀錠有許多不同的形狀，每個地區有自己的形狀。最特殊
交國庫和商業流通的比例。
造前，最初的是一塊扁平銀條，在尚未凝固之前用同一只
的是馬鞍形銀錠（牌坊錠），這種銀錠只有在雲南使用。製
估銀錠在清朝之前使用的廣泛程度，以及被用於儲存，上
鋼戳列印（中國大陸稱打印）三次（鋼戳通常有兩行文字）， 表面上兩邊槽面的文字相互顛倒。兩側的槽面上列印時要
在清代，儘管銀錠繼續被用於儲存和納稅，但大量的作為
比中間深，使得中間槽面幣比兩側高，而形成如同於牲畜，
商業用途。目前所見到的銀錠大部分是在清代（特別是在
1840年以後）以及民國早期所鑄造的。在1933年民國政府
如馬的馬鞍形狀。槽面之間的空間有時會刻上驗銀師的名
“廢兩改元”後開始禁止使用銀錠。早期古代銀錠在目前雖
字。在銀錠上的文字主要為製造銀錠商號，有時會刻上月
份或日期。目前所知道的最早的日期為1870 年，而最晚的
有存在，但相當少見。
為民國初期，估計有300多種類型。收藏這種銀錠的系列 是十分有趣的。雖然這種銀錠比較普遍，但如果要收藏整
無論在中文或英文，銀錠都有許多命名。在中文最普遍的
叫法為“元寶” “銀錠”或“紋銀”。而在英文有稱之“Ingot”
個系列的話並不容易，因為有些銀錠比較稀少，尤其是刻
（銀條），或根據其形狀則稱之為“ Shoe” （元 （銀錠）、 “Bar”
有日期的銀錠更為珍稀。
（ 馬 蹄 銀 ）、 “Drum” （ 圓 錠 ）、Loaf（ 銀 塊 ） 寶） 、 “Boat” （馬鞍銀）。1711年第一次出現了用英文字 或“Packsaddle”
然而，最為熟知的是元寶和馬蹄銀。很薄的周邊高於中心
（Fine Silk）中國的洋涇浜式英文發音。使用這個叫法是因
字時形成的。這種元寶錠重量有一兩至五十兩。最廣泛使
（發音為 “賽西”來表示銀錠。這個名字源於“細絲” “ Sycee”
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用的是十兩和五十兩。這種銀錠在很多地區使用，尤其是
The Collection of Su Yin Tang)。1989年， 一 本 由 湯
有文字的戳記，有的可能在槽面上沒有刻上文字。這種銀
Historical Currencies of Yunnan) 在中國大 陸出版。這
中國東部和北部地區。最常見的是在上面有2 、3或4個印
國 彥 寫 的 全 彩 色 的《 雲 南 歷 史 貨 幣 》( 英 文 書 名 ：The
本著作列出了1 005種在雲南製造或發現的銀錠，還列出了
錠有許多種類，有的是用於交稅 ；有的是省官錢局製造 ；
一些雲南發行的紙幣和硬幣。1991年，第一本有關銀錠的
有的是用於商業 ；有些用於禮品，此種銀錠一般重量較小， 並且上面刻有吉祥的字句。
專著《元寶圖錄》( 英文書名 ：The Pictorial Yuanbao) 在
圓錠底部呈球形，上部為平面，通常在中心有個小凸點。
本著作列出了所有種類共計1 500 種銀錠，並且都附有圖
中國出版，編著者張志高、和晉民、姚世鐸、姬志生。這
重量通常為五兩或十兩，主要在中國南部地區，特別是在
解。三本書的銀錠都是按照省份排列。文四立主編的《中
也十分常見。此外，在南方地區也經常使用不同類型的銀
存，全書圖片1 800多幅。對 銀錠研究最徹底的一本書是
兩側則往外凸。底部是像卵石似的圓形，但不是球狀。有
文書名 ：A Catalogue of Sycee in the British Museum)，
國銀錠圖錄》選編1 163枚銀錠，全部選用中國人民銀行庫
四川省使用。槽面通常有一個或兩個戳記，但沒列印記的
1992年在英國出版的《大英博物館藏中國元寶目錄》( 英
塊錠。這種銀錠上部為平面，兩側有微微往裏突，而另外
作者是大英博物館的研究員克力布 ( Joe Cribb)，書中記錄
一種在廣東和廣西省使用的（砝碼錠），重為十兩，有三個
了1 300 種銀錠真品，以及54種銀錠贗品或臆造品。書中
或更多戳記的銀錠，常用於關稅。另一種在河南省使用的，
記錄的銀錠並非都是大英博物館的藏品。正如簡介中所注
一般為十兩重，通常為兩個戳記，一個在表面的上方，另
明的，博物館只收藏了332 枚銀錠，其中包括了其在1978年
一個在表面的下方。
獲得的由耿愛德收藏的199枚銀錠。
另外有一種方塊錠（江西方寶），鼓起的周邊圍繞着中心的
收藏銀錠的一大遺憾是贗品的出現。不幸的是，今天的錢
平面，通常在江西流通。這種重量為五十兩銀錠，通常標
幣經銷商和拍賣會那裏總有一些仿冒宋、元、明時期的銀
有地方稅收的文字。
錠。另一 個問題出現在 20世 紀60 年代 及70 年代早 期，當
收 藏 銀 錠已 經變得越 來 越普遍。中國大陸、臺灣及 英國
時為了提高銀錠的價格，那些沒有文字的真銀錠被再加熱，
在 臺灣出版，一本是 張 惠信的《中國銀 錠 》( 英 文 書名 ：
的元寶形和圓碗形銀錠進入泰國市場。顯然這些銀錠都被
出版的好幾本書都與 收 藏銀 錠相關。前兩本書是1988年
然後再打上一個假的戳記。那個時候，很多可能是四川省
Chinese Sycees), 另一本是陳鴻彬的《樹蔭堂收藏元寶千種
打上假的戳記。現今收藏銀錠最安全的方法是將這些銀錠
圖 錄 》( 英 文 書 名 ：1000 Varieties of Chinese Sycees ：
與在1990 年尤其是1960 年前出版的書中的銀錠作比較。將 那些有疑問的銀錠與 Joe Cribb 書中按類型排列的銀錠作
比較同樣也很重要。一些假銀錠上會有錯誤的戳記，而一
些假銀錠上的日期則早於這類銀錠。那些試圖愚弄收藏家
的假銀錠通常都是由真銀所鑄。還有一種假銀錠用來售給 觀光客，其中不含一點白銀。
還有一點應注意的是在中國人民銀行保險庫裏有上千萬種
的老銀錠。如果這些銀錠被投放市場的話，對收藏家將會 是一件非常興奮的事情，但這也會導致某些種類的銀錠價 格下降。該消息來自可靠的管道，其中某些人曾親眼見到 這些銀錠。
銀錠的收藏對於中國歷史貨幣收藏家來說是一個新的令人 興奮的領域。有了合適的參考文獻，現在收藏家們就能按 種類或省份收藏銀錠了。
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The Origin of Hua Qian Coins ◎ Zhou Bian〔Shanghai〕 The hua qian coin [ 花 錢 ], also known as ya sheng qian [ 壓
兵 莫 當 去 凶 除 央 , which means to dispel the evil and the
勝 錢 ], hua qian [ 畫錢 ], and min su qian [ 民 俗 錢 ], is not a
disease]. Also, their shape was changed to be more wearable
circulating coin with monetary function. Such coins feature
with a hole at the top and bottom, or with hollowed flower,
folkloric patterns or characters to express some wishes and
star or moon patterns. Some large half tael hua qian coins in
purposes, which reflects the culture, thoughts, and concepts of
the Wendi Emperor and Wudi Emperor’s reign are inscribed
the society at that time.
with chang fu gui le wei yang , which means to have long-time prosperity and happiness. Some coins also have incised and
The hua qian coin is believed by academics to have originated
raised figures. As for those cast in the Qin and Hand dynasties,
in the Han dynasty and began to flourish during the Wendi
some features the stars, fishes, birds or beasts, while some
Emperor and Wudi Emperor’s reign. The early hua qian coin
feature flowers and columns. There is a half tael coin of 3-4
looks almost identical to the coin in circulation at that time in
millimeters in diameterunearthed from the mausoleum of the
terms of shape and the inscription, except that characteristic
Jingdi Emperor, which is an officially cast hua qian coin whose
patterns and symbols have been added. Similar to the half
inscription is even more delicate than circulating coins.
tael hua qian coins, most of the characters on the hua qian coins are cast differently according to the time and place, and there is
The wu zhu [ 五
銖 ] coin was mainly cast for praying for
no fixed pattern. For example, xiang si [ 相思 ], shang wen [ 上
blessings to avoid evil spirits, but it is much more diverse
問 ], tai chang [ 太常 ], ru yan [ 如言 ], yi [ 易 ], chang shou [ 長
in inscriptions and patterns. The auspicious inscriptions
壽 ], hu yu gong [ 胡羽公 ], chang xiang si [ 長相思 ], chang wu
include jun yi hou wang [ 君 宜 侯 王 ], da yi zi sun [ 大 宜 子
xiang wang [ 長 毋 相 忘 ], chang fu gui le wei yang [ 长 富贵
孫 ], chang le wei yang [ 長 樂 未 央 ], qian wan quan [ 千 萬
乐 未 央 ] and many other characters are inscribed on the hua
泉 ], yi guan zhi ji [ 宜 官 秩 吉 ], ji [ 吉 ], pi bing yi zi [ 辟
qian coins. (Fig.1) Subsequently, the hua qian coin cast for a
兵 宜 子 ], and da li yi zi sun [ 大 利 宜 子 孫 ]. Most of these
certain purpose arose. For instance, some coins are inscribed
inscriptions are engraved on the mould, with few customized
with ri ru qian jin chang wu xian wang [ 日入千金 長毋相忘 ,
patterns and inscriptions. The patterns are mainly Queen
which means that if you become rich and honored one day, don't
Mother of the West, attendants, fish, sacred animals, ring-
forget me] (Fig. 2)and pi bing mo dang qu xiong chu xiang [ 辟
headed swords, hooks, and constellations. In the early Eastern
Fig. 1 Half tael ya sheng coin inscribed with chang wu of the Western Han dynasty from Song Jie's collection. (From The Collection of Coins and Selected Writings by Students of Mr. Dai Baoting . Song Jie Collection)
Fig. 2 Ya sheng coin inscribed with chang wu xiang wang ri ru qian jin of the Han dynasty (Beijing Hanhai Autumn Auction 2011 Catalogue)
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Fig.3 Wu zhu coin of the Han dynasty with attendants and TL patterns
Fig. 4 Gilt wu zhu coin inscribed with pi bing yi zi of the Eastern Han dynasty from Song Jie's collectin (From The Collection of Coins and Selected Writings by Students of Mr. Dai Baoting . Song Jie Collection)
Han dynasty, coins with constellation patterns accounted for
官秩 ]. The other one is to pray for wealth, such as yi quan [ 宜
the majority of the wu zhu coins. In terms of such coins, their
泉 ], ri li [ 日利 ], qian wan quan [ 千萬泉 ], da li qian wan [ 大
obverses are inscribed with constellation-related characters
利千萬 ], da li bai wan nian [ 大利百萬年 ], da li yi quan [ 大
such as pi bing [ 辟
利 宜 泉 ], yi quan wan bei [ 宜 泉 萬 倍 ], wan bei ju wan [ 萬
兵 ] and yi zi [ 宜 子 ], and some are
inscribed with the name such as gong sun xian [ 公孫閑 ]. The
倍 巨 萬 ], da li ba qian wan [ 大 利 八千 萬 ], etc. Patterns are
constellation patterns are divided into several types, such as
divided into astronomical patterns such as compasses, the
the five stars, three stars of fortune, prosperity, and longevity,
moon with a star, four stars of orientation, etc.; tools such as
and four stars of orientation (which can also be represented by
hooks, swords, etc.; animals such as dragons, horses, deer, fish,
green dragon, white tiger, red bird, and black tortoise), and the
etc.; ornamental patterns such as curving lines and zigzagging
seven stars of the Big Dipper. There are also animal patterns
grids. Auspicious inscriptions, constellations, and animals are
such as dragon, tiger, crane, fish, bird, and dog. In addition,
all characteristic patterns of the hua qian coin. There are many
some coins feature four dragons on the upper, lower, left, and
variations of the auspicious inscription and patterns. Those
right, and all dragons are moving toward the left. Besides,
coins with mythical figures of si ling [ 四 靈 ], wang mu [ 王
some tools are used as the patterns, such as hooks and ring-
母 ], fang xiang [ 方相 ], and yu ren [ 羽人 ] from the myths of
headed knives. There are also some coins featuring ornamental
the Eastern Han dynasty are assumed to be cast in the Eastern
patter ns like characters jue [ 決 ], chu [ 出 ], jing [ 井 ],
Han dynasty. The main change in the middle and late Han
and wan [ 萬 ], compasses, rulers, beads, and auspicious clouds.
Dynasty is the emergence of money trees. The coins on the tree
As for incised and raised figures, they are not found in the wu
saw some changes in the inscriptions such as wu li hou [ 五利
zhu coins in the Western Han dynasty, but they came to be
後 ] and wu wu [ 五五 ].
popular among the wu zhu coins in the middle and late Eastern Han dynasty.
The hua qian coin of the Han dynasty imitated the shape of the half tael and wu zhu coins at the beginning, just with some
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Given the shape and pattern of the hua qian coin of the Western
simple patterns and auspicious inscriptions added. Then, its
Han period, it underwent a decline for a period of time due to
pattern and inscription came to be more diverse and elegant,
political and economic changes at the end of the Western Han
which reflected the spiritual needs of various social classes and
period. When it came to Wang Mang's reign, the hua qian coin
the belief in the gods of the universe. Therefore, the style of the
began to rise again, and its inscription and pattern had new
hua qian coin developed to give birth to a corresponding culture
content. The inscription on the da quan wu shi [ 大泉五十 ] hua
with rich folklore and spiritual connotations. The investigation
qian coins can be divided into two types. One is praying for
of the origin of the hua qian coin and the interpretation of
good fortune, such as chang le wei yang [ 長樂未央 ], da yi zi
its patterns and inscriptions enable us to understand the
sun [ 大宜子孫 ], chang yi zi sun [ 長宜子孫 ], ri ru zi kang [ 日
beliefs, religion, cosmology, the expectation of a peaceful life
入子 康 ], chang bao zi sun [ 長 葆子 孫 ], yi jun zi sun [ 宜 君
and a long healthy life of the ancients from the perspective
子 孫 ], yi zi sun fu gui chang le wei yang da ji yang ming yi
of the characteristic culture of the hua qian coin. The deep
chang [ 宜子孫 富貴昌 樂未央 大吉羊 命益長 ], pi bing
connotation behind its origin also has a profound influence on
wang quan [ 辟兵王泉 ], and yi zi sun yi guan zhi [ 宜子孫宜
the development of the hua qian coin in later years.
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花錢 溯 源 ◎ 周 邊〔上海〕
花錢即壓勝錢，又稱畫錢、民俗錢。它不是流通錢幣，沒
了文字圖案與符號。類似四銖半兩花錢中的文字，大都為
字，來表達實現某種意願與目的，進而反映當時社會的文
思”“上問”“太常”“如言”“易”“長壽”“胡羽公”“長相
有貨幣的職能。它是以錢幣為主要形制加上民俗圖案或文
鑄 壓 勝 錢者應時應地隨意為之，並無固定模式 ：如 ： “相 （圖1）其後為某種 思”“長毋相忘”“長富貴 樂未央”等。
化、思想和觀念。
壓勝錢被學術界認為起源於西漢（公元前206 - 公元 8年），
用途而專鑄的壓勝錢也產生了，在外形上也根據用途製作成
（圖2）， 可佩戴的、帶鈕印等形狀。如“ 長毋相忘 日入千金”
在文景時期開始興盛。早期的壓勝錢在形制和錢文上，與
“辟兵莫當 去凶除央”壓勝佩上下帶有環孔，菱花穿，字文
圖 1 西漢 長毋半兩花錢 宋捷藏 選自戴志強主編：《戴門 弟子藏泉與文選》15、19 頁。中華書局 2022 年 1 月第 1 版。
圖 2 漢代 “長毋相忘 日入千金”佩花 選自北京翰海 2011 秋季拍賣會“錫我百朋 - 錢幣”圖錄 圖錄號 3089
當時行用的錢幣看上去幾乎是一致的，只是在錢幣上增加
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圖 3 漢代五銖花錢 背穿左右兩位侍者，穿上帶鉤紋，穿 下 TL 紋
圖 4 東漢 鎏金“五銖”面星宿背“辟兵宜子”花錢 藏 出處同圖 1
未央”等。另有各種陰陽紋的數字。在秦漢鑄行的半兩中
宜子孫”“日入子康”“長葆子孫”“宜君子孫”“宜子孫 富
四柱等變化。漢景帝陽陵墓中出土直徑3-4毫米的半兩錢，
等；另一類為祈求財富： “宜泉” “日利” “千萬” “千萬泉” “大
貴昌 樂未央 大吉羊 命益長”“辟兵王泉”“宜子孫宜官秩”
發現有星紋，魚或鳥獸形等紋飾。形制裝飾有菱花穿，面 文字製作比流通錢更精緻，是官鑄瘞錢。
利千萬”“大利百萬年”“大利宜泉”“宜泉萬倍”“萬倍巨
萬”“大利八千萬”等。圖案紋飾可分為幾類⸺ 天文類 ：
“五銖“花錢上的文圖主要是除邪避災祈福內容，在形式文
如規矩紋（博局紋）、月孕星、面四出背四星、各種星宿紋
字圖案上則豐富了不少。吉語文字有： “君宜侯王 大宜子孫”
等 ；工具類 ：如帶鉤、兵劍、華勝等 ；動物紋 ：如龍、馬、
“長樂未央”“千萬泉”“宜官秩吉”“吉”“辟兵宜子”“大利
鹿、魚等 ；裝飾類 ：如背四曲、背井格、背八出紋等。 “貨
宜子孫”等。大都為在錢範上刻寫而成，很少有定制形制
泉”花錢可見吉語、星象與動物紋飾。吉語文字變化較多；
與文字版式。圖案人物以西王母、侍者、魚、神獸、環首刀、
另有帶鉤、華勝等用具紋 ；四靈、王母、方相、羽人等流
帶鉤、星座多見 ( 圖3）。東漢早期“五銖”花錢中星相錢占
行於東漢的神話圖案，推測這類“貨泉”花錢有一些可能
主流，花錢正面用文字與圖案將空間填滿，星宿加文字如：
是東漢時期鑄造的。東漢中後期壓勝錢的主要變化是出現
“公孫閑”。星 “辟兵宜子” （圖4）等，另有加人名的，如 ：
搖錢樹，樹上的錢幣從形制文字上有新變化，如背四出紋，
宿紋分為：五內星、參宿福祿壽三星，方位四星，暗喻青龍、
錢文“五利後”“五五”等。
白虎、朱雀、玄武，北斗七星。動物紋發現有：龍紋、虎紋、
仙鶴紋、魚紋、鳥紋、犬紋、雀紋；另有背上下左右四龍紋，
漢代的花錢開始時仿效“半兩”“五銖”行用錢的形制，從
裝飾類有決紋、出紋、珠點紋、井字紋 ；另有祥雲、博局
轉變，社會各種階層精神上的需求，對宇宙天神的信仰 ；
均向左行，順序環列。用具類如帶鉤、環首刀、華勝紋飾。
在錢幣上添加簡單的星紋吉語，到圖案精美文字多樣化的
紋、萬字紋。各種陰陽紋的數字，在西漢五銖錢中沒有發
使花錢在漢代逐步定型發展，其豐富的民俗精神文化內涵，
現，在東漢中晚期的五銖中則開始盛行。
漸而產生壓勝錢文化。
從發現的西漢時期的花錢製作形制上來分析，西漢末年由
對壓勝錢起源的探究，以及對其圖案文字的解讀，使我們
興起，並有了新的內容。新莽“大泉五十”花錢上的文字可
觀，對和平生活和健康長壽的期盼。由此產生出來的深刻
於政治經濟發生變化衰落了一段時間，至王莽時期又開始
從壓勝錢特色文化的角度來瞭解古人的信仰、宗教和宇宙
分兩類，一類為祈福吉語 ：如“常樂未央”“大宜子孫”“長
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Gary Snover (1938-2022) Passed Away on June 14 from Cancer Gary Snover
◎ Wayne Homren〔USA〕
On June 16, 2022, Lyn Knight published by email this remembrance of paper money dealer Gary Snover.
Dear Friends, It is with deep sadness that we report the death of Gary
important business lesson from Amon. For a young Joel
Snover; Gary passed away on June 14 from cancer. Even
Shafer (and assuredly many other young numismatists as
though he stopped doing shows in recent years, Gary
well), Gary was a familiar presence who always had time
was a respected colleague and friend in our numismatic
for encouragement, conversation, and a friendly word.
community for many decades.
Gary will be greatly missed by many.
Lyn recalls his first meeting and having transactions with
As International Bank Note Society (IBNS) Life Member
Gary at the LA In around 1972. As early as the mid-1960s,
#10, Gary was one of the first (perhaps even THE first)
at shows where Neil Shafer could not gain entry because he
world paper money dealers in the US. Early on, Gary
was behind the Whitman table located outside the bourse,
assisted the fledgling IBNS in various roles.
Neil had Gary enter the dealer area, buy whatever was there of world paper money, and run back to sell it to him.
Some may not be aware that Gary was an expert on Traveler's Checks and wrote the Check List of World's
The story goes that Amon Carter, Jr. was an important
Traveler's Checks back in 1986.
customer for Gary. Amon kept buying many pieces from Gary until one day he told Gary that occasionally a
Gary set up at many shows, particularly in California,
good customer appreciates a discount. Gary learned an
initially with his son John and later with first wife Lola.
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Gary and Lola collected paper money from Texas (where
their collections. Gary also served as a mentor for those
she was originally from [and Gary may also have originally
who later would start their own businesses in this same
been from there). Later, Gary worked with Stanley
area of new issues.
Gibbons. Gary and current wife Vali enjoyed paper money from Brazil.
Along with being one of the last dealers to send out mailing lists, Gary started a popular website where many
Gary must have learned the lesson from Amon well
different levels of collectors could purchase nice pieces at
because he was not perceived as a dealer who tried to
reasonable prices.
get every last dollar out of whatever he had in stock. Gary believed in offering high quality customer service (always
Although it is said that nobody is irreplaceable, that is hard
with a smile and laugh) and fresh, appealing merchandise.
to believe with Gary. RIP, Gary.
Many came to him first to acquire new issues to add to
Reply to the email John and Nancy Wilson write:
"He always had a smile on his face and never had a bad thing to say to anyone who crossed his path. He was also one of the most honest dealers we have ever known, and when you left his table you were happy about the purchase or sale you just made. He will be missed by the many hundreds of collectors and dealers who knew him. Prayers and thoughts to his family."
David Lisot writes:
"I remember Gary Snover being one of the first dealers of world paper money I met in the 1970's. He was a good friend of my father Larry "Grizz" Lisot as well. Gary lived in San Bernardino and was a regular attendee at the Long Beach Expo and well as other paper money conventions. He was a fair and honest individual sharing his knowledge and enthusiasm for the hobby of collecting with anyone. He also had an interest in vintage automobiles. Gary was part of the earliest generation of world paper money collectors. In spite of my best efforts he would never allow me to videotape him so I cannot share an interview with him. I will miss his smile and his laughter. May he rest in Peace."
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美國紙幣商加裏·斯諾弗 因病於 2022 年 6 月 16 日去世 加裏·斯諾弗
◎ 韋恩·霍姆倫〔美國〕
2022年6月16日，林 · 奈特（Lyn Knight）通過電子郵件的形式發表了這篇對紙幣商加裏 · 斯諾弗（Gary Snover）的回憶文章。
親愛的朋友們：
我們在此以非常悲痛的心情告知你們加裏·斯諾弗去世一
輕的謝弗（肯定也包括許多其他年輕的紙鈔藏家）來說，加
事。加裏生於 1938 年，於 2022 年 6 月 14 日因癌症去世，
裏是一位耳熟能詳的人物，他總是鼓勵大家、與大家交談，
享年 85 歲。儘管近年來加裏不再參加幣展活動，但他是我
言辭友善。許多人都非常懷念加裏。
們錢幣界人士近幾十年來備受尊敬的同事和朋友。 加裏·斯諾弗作為國際銀行紙幣協會（International Bank 林·奈特回憶起他於 1972 年左右在洛杉磯第一次見到加
Note Society，簡稱 IBNS）的終身會員，是美國最早的世
裏·斯諾弗並與之進行交易的情景。早在 20 世紀 60 年代中
界紙幣交易商之一。加裏早期為新生的國際銀行紙幣協會提
期，尼爾·謝弗（Neil Shafer）因要在錢幣展交會場外看
供了各種幫助。
顧展位而無法進入幣商展位區域，便讓加裏進入幣商展位區 有些人可能不知道，加裏·斯諾弗是旅行支票方面的專家，
域，買下那裏的紙幣，然後再回來賣給他。
早在 1986 年就寫了《世界旅行支票清單》。 據說，小阿蒙·卡特（Amon Carter, Jr.）是加裏的一個重 要客戶。加裏一直從他那裏購買許多紙鈔，直到有一天，他
加裏·斯諾弗在許多展會上都有展位，特別是在加利福尼
告訴加裏，偶爾有客戶會對他們所享受到的折扣表示感謝。
亞，最初是和他的兒子約翰（John）一同參展，後來同去的
這是加裏從小阿蒙那裏學到的關於商業的重要一課。對於年
是他的第一任妻子羅拉（Lola）。加裏和羅拉收集來自德克
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薩斯州的紙幣（羅拉最初來自德克薩斯州，而加裏可能最初
以獲得新的藏品加入自己的收藏。加裏還是那些後來在這個
也是來自那裏）。後來，加裏與斯坦利·吉本斯（Stanley
領域開始經營自己業務的幣商的導師。
Gibbons）一起參展。而加裏和現任妻子瓦莉（Vali）都喜 歡巴西的紙幣。
加裏·斯諾弗除了是最後一批還用郵件發送商品列表的幣商 之一，還創辦了一個廣受歡迎的網站，許多不同層次的收藏
加裏·斯諾弗一定從瓦莉那裏學到了一招，因為人們並不認
家可以在這個網站上以合理的價格購買好的紙幣。
為他是一個試圖從自己所有的貨品中榨取每一塊錢的商人。 加裏堅信要提高為客戶服務的品質（他的臉上總是帶着微
雖然有人說，沒有人是不可替代的，但對於加裏·斯諾弗來
笑），並且他總是帶來有吸引力的商品。許多人都來找他，
說，很難相信有人可以替代他。安息吧，加裏。
郵件回復 約翰和南希 · 威爾遜夫婦 （John and Nancy Wilson）寫道： “他的臉上總是帶着微笑，即便是對與他僅有一面之緣的人也沒有說過其他人一句壞 話。他也是我們所知道的最誠實的幣商之一。當你離開他的展位時，你會為你剛剛的 購買過程感到欣喜。成百上千認識他的收藏家和幣商都會想念他。在此也為他的家人 祈禱。”
大衛 · 利索特（David Lisot）寫道 ：
“我記得加裏·斯諾弗是我在 20 世紀 70 年代遇到的第一批世界紙幣商之一。他也是 我父親拉裏·格裏茲·利索特（Larry Grizz Lisot）的一個好朋友。加裏住在聖貝 納迪諾，是長灘錢幣展銷會和其他紙幣展會的常客。他為人公平誠實，願意與他人分 享他的知識和對收藏愛好的熱情。他還對復古汽車感興趣。加裏是最早的世界紙幣收 藏家之一。儘管我盡了最大努力，但他從不允許我對他進行錄影，所以我無法對他進 行採訪。我將懷念他的音容笑貌。願他安息。”
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The Last Silver Dollar of the Government of the Republic of China in 1949 ◎ Stephen Tai〔Taipei〕
In mid-November 1948, the Chinese gold yuan note ( 金
that time, the Chinese gold yuan note was rejected in
圓券 ) was on the brink of collapse. The government of the
circulation, while the nickel coins that were previously
Republic of China (ROC) used executive actions to force
used as the fiat currency and silver dollars resumed their
the public to exchange gold and silver for the Chinese
circulation in the market, and gold could also be used for
gold yuan note in an attempt to salvage the situation,
large purchases and sales.
which turned out to be a failure in just two months. From
Silver Dollars and Gold in Circulation after the Collapse of the Chinese Gold Yuan Note
The silver dollar, along with gold, became the main
States in exchange for US dollars and gold. Given the
currency in the Chinese market, and the monetary system
sharp decline of the number of silver dollars, the price of
had shifted from a gold standard to a bimetallic standard
silver dollars kept rising in China, even surpassing the
in China.
material resources and gold.
Gold, despite being the base of the gold yuan note policy
On May 23, 1949, Bank Weekly (《銀行週報》) published
and the center of the fiscal reserves, was too high in
its last issue before it changed banner in Shanghai,
value, and the silver dollar was relatively more suitable for
which left a record for the long-simmering trend of the
daily transactions, so that the demand for the silver dollar
resumption of the silver dollar.1
was far greater than that for gold. The silver dollar returned to the market after the outbreak There was a huge amount of silver dollars in circulation
of the Chinese Civil War, and its price kept rising due to a
in China, but they were withdrawn from the market at the
mismatch between supply and demand. In the beginning
end of November 1935 when the legal tender notes were
of 1946, the ratio of gold to silver dollar was 1:110, and
issued. After the 1937 Sino-American Bullion Agreement
flour was priced at 2.1 yuan per bag; by May 1949, the
was signed, the ROC government smelted the silver dollar
ratio of gold to silver dollar ranged from 1:30 to 1:40,
inventory into silver bars and shipped them to the United
and flour was about 1.1 yuan per bag. Due to the huge
Note： 1 Bank Weekly ,Vol. 33, No. 21, May 23, 1949.
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demand, the silver dollar rose nearly three times against
people's livelihood, almost doubled. In this situation, the
the value-preserved gold over the following three years,
price of silver dollar overrode all kinds of commodities.
and its purchasing power over flour, which is essential for
How Much Do You Know About the Gold and Silver Dollar of the ROC Government?
At the time of the issuance of the Chinese gold yuan note2,
September, the government had redeemed 16.83 million
there was more gold and less silver in the government
silver dollars, more than 29,000 factional silver coins, and
reverse, with few silver dollars left and very limited silver
8 million taels of silver.4 Yet, the actual figures could be
available for coinage.
larger.
As for the gold, there were about 2.7 million taels of pure gold deposited in domestic and foreign banks. In addition, it was conservatively estimated that about 1.67 million taels of miscellaneous gold were redeemed from the population with the Chinese gold yuan note.3 Therefore, a total of about 4 million taels of gold were under the control of the central bank. In terms of the silver dollar, the amount in the central bank's accounts is actually a little more than the indicated integer. There were fewer than 40 million ounces of silver in China, with a small amount, just over 1.6 million ounces,
Fig. 1 On September 29, 1948, the Guangdong Zhanjiang Bank issued a certificate of exchange for notes as a proof of redeeming 127 taels of silver bars with 365.76 Chinese gold yuan from Guo Rongbiao ( 郭榮標 ).
deposited overseas, respectively at the Chase Bank in New York and the Samuel Montagu & Co. in London. Later on, the government redeemed the gold from the public with the Chinese gold yuan note. By the end of
2 November 5, 1948, the Issuance Bureau of the Central Bank, Telegram No. 9275. Telegram about the adjustment of the reverse allocation for gold yuan notes. Original reserve of the Issuance Bureau Gold Silver
2,389,493.638 ounce 39,690,539.74 ounce
US dollar that the Business Bureau deposited in Bank of China, Bank of Communications, Agricultural Bank of China and China CITIC Bank
74,189,924.46 USD
Gold in Federal Bank of New York
345,282.661 ounce
Gold in Chase Bank, London Silver in Chase Bank, New York Silver in London Samuel Montagu & Co.
9,271.984 ounce 463,059.01 ounce 1,216,401.25 ounce
Gold in Guiyang Branch Bank
23,125,304 ounce
Source: Second Historical Archives of China, Compilation of Archival Data on the History of the Republic of China , Fifth Series, Part III, Finance and Economy (III) p. 897. 3 Shanghai Financial Weekly, November 17, 1948. The statistics are as of October 31 of the same year, but are clearly underestimated. See also: Stephen Tai, The Central Mint Minting Case and Mainland Gold Shipments to Taiwan, Chapter 5, pp. 204. Published by the Studio Potosi, November 2021. 4 Data source: Table of the amount of gold, silver, and foreign currency received and exchanged, from August 23 to September 30. Central bank file, cited from Data of the Monetary History of the Republic of China , Series 2. p. 863.
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Measures in Response to the Chinese Silver Yuan Note Policy
On July 2, 1949, the ROC government reformed the
Chinese silver yuan notes, was the lack of available silver
currency system once again by issuing silver yuan notes
dollars.
( 銀圓券 ). In response to the serious shortage of the silver dollar reserve, the Ministry of Finance took a series of
Taiwan was a region where the Chinese silver yuan note
measures ：
was not planned to be circulated, so the silver dollars previously shipped to Taiwan became military expenses
Allow to use both silver dollar and gold and have a
under the custody of the Budget and Finance Department
wider definition of the silver dollar
of the Ministry of National Defense and did not come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance. Under
First of all, the reserve for exchange is not only the silver dollar but also gold.
the efforts of Xu Kan, the Ministry of Finance lent 12
5
million dollars on June 28 as the first batch of reserve for exchange, and these silver dollars were shipped from
In addition, in order to increase the supply of silver dollars,
Taiwan to the mainland by sea and air. Among these silver
the definition of silver dollars was also widened. Seven
dollars, 9 million dollars were shipped to Guangzhou and
types of silver dollars previously used in transactions in
3 million dollars to Chongqing, and then distributed to
Shanghai, including the Sun Yat-Sen silver dollars, Yuan
Fuzhou, Hengyang, Guiyang, Lanzhou, Kunming, Guilin
Shih Kai silver dollars, dragon dollars, Mexican dollars,
and Chengdu from these two places.7
Australian dollars, and Szechuan dollars, could be used Another 3.5 million and 2.1 million silver dollars raised in
as long as their purity and weight meet the required standards.
6
Taiwan were purchased by the central bank from the air force headquarters in August and September respectively,
Shipped Silver Dollars from Taiwan Back to Mainland
and the payment was made by gold shipped to Taiwan from the U.S. These two batches of silver dollars were shipped to the mainland by the air force.8
The silver dollars under the custody of the central bank, along with gold and silver, were shipped to Taiwan before
Increase the production of silver dollars
late May 1949. The dilemma faced by Finance Minister Xu Kan ( 徐堪 ), who was responsible for the issuance of the
5 Article 1 of the Silver Dollar and the Measures for the Silver Dollar Exchange Certificate Issuance : "The currency of the Republic of China uses the dollar as the unit. A onedollar silver coin weighs 26.6971 grams, and the purity is .88, containing 23.493448 grams of pure silver"; Article 7: "When there are not enough silver dollars minted, the gold can be used to exchange at the rate announced by the central bank." 6 On July 2, 1949, the central bank announced: "All kinds of silver dollars (including Sun Yat Sen dollar, Yuan Shih Kai dollar, junk dollar, dragon dollar, Mexican silver dollars, Australian silver dollars and Sichuan silver dollars, etc.) should be examined. As long as their weight and purity meet the standard set by the Ministry of Finance, that is, a weight of 26.6971 grams and a purity of .88, the coins can be circulated at the same value, and shall not be depreciated. Any violation will be seriously looked into...... 7 Wu Songqing Diary (I) , 1947-1950, p. 328, 6/22 and 6/28, Institute of Taiwan History, China Institute, published in June 2016, July 7, 1949, Guangzhou Telegram No. 2060: "A total of 8.3 million dollars have been transported from Taiwan to Guangzhou by air (including those transported to branch banks in Guangdong). 11 planes have arrived in Chongqing with about 120,000 dollars on each plane (including those transported to branch banks). 300,000 dollars has been transported from Taiwan to Guilin (via Guangzhou), 150,000 dollars to Hengyang (via Guangzhou), 100,000 dollars to Fuzhou (via Guangzhou), 100,000 dollars to Guiyang (via Guangzhou), 150,000 dollars to Kunming (via Chongqing), 300,000 dollars to Chengdu (via Chongqing), and 300,000 dollars to Lanzhou (via Chongqing)". On September 24, 1949, Guangzhou Telegram No. 3940: "At the beginning of the issuance of silver dollar notes, the first batch of silver dollar reserves were shipped from Taiwan by the United Nations Ministry of Finance, and the total amount of silver dollars shipped from Taiwan to Guangzhou was 9 million dollars (including the deduction of freight costs of 700,000 dollars, the actual amount was 8.3 million dollars) and 3 million dollars to Chongqing, totally 12 million dollars.... After the officers of the bank and the escort opened and inspected the boxes, there was a difference in the number of silver dollars with forged and rusted silver dollars mixed in... The total shortage is 4,310 dollars and the forged and unusable coins amount to 84,610 dollars ...." Central Bank Archives, Bureau of Records. 8 August 24, 1949, Secretariat Telegram No. 1873. "... The sale of 3.5 million silver dollars (for safekeeping) by the air force headquarters is paid by discounting the gold shipped back from the U.S., and the silver dollars are transported by the aircraft from the air force headquarters to Guangzhou for the delivery and allowed to deduct the freight cost of 150,000 dollars (the air force originally proposed to handed over at Okayama) ...". The second purchase of 2.1 million silver dollars from the air force headquarters, still paid by the gold shipped from the U.S. to Taiwan, with the 25,609.75 taels of pure gold allocated to the air force headquarters.
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More than 20 million silver dollars returned from Taiwan
No. 20 Arms Factory, Hong Kong Zhicheng Company,
seem to be a drop in the bucket for all parts of the
Limin Metal Manufacturing Factor y, and Southwest
mainland, so the central bank must have raised more
Manufacturing Factory.9 However, because of the time-
silver for exchange. Then, it purposed to mint a large
consuming construction of the mint, the lack of machinery,
number of coins.
equipment, technology and silver, the limited capacity of minting, and the unurgent need for supply, it was
At this time, the government had already lost the largest-
difficult to produce such a huge number of silver dollars
scale mint in Shanghai, and many dies, machines and
to meet the demand in the domestic market in the short
equipment had been moved from Shanghai to Chengdu
term.10 Therefore, the central bank had to seek help from
and Taipei earlier to rebuild the production capacity. In
overseas mints to fill the gap. Later, the mints in the
addition, the government tried to gain the assistance of
United States and Mexico became the main foundry for
official and private institutions, such as the Chongqing
silver dollars during the Chinese Civil War.
The Junk Dollar Mint by the U.S. and Mexican Mints
There are few records about the process that the
of overseas silver purchases
government commissioned the oversea mints to mint
and minting.
silver dollars, and the relevant accounts are mainly derived from hearsay and foreign research. Until recent
June-July 1949: The U.S.
years, a large number of central bank files have been
Mints Struck Silver Dollars
made public, disproving many previous misconceptions
for the ROC Government
and claims, and the truth has gradually become clear. T h e f i r s t b a t c h o f s i l ve r The government purchased silver bars in the U.S.
dollars of 30 million pieces
and Mexico and commissioned the mints in these two
is all the junk dollar dated
countries to mint silver dollars via the Bank of China in
23rd year of the Republic of
New York. The silver dollars were shipped to Hong Kong
China. The U.S. silver bullion
after the completion of minting and then transported
were purchased to be struck into silver dollars by the San
to Guangzhou, Chongqing, and other mainland areas.
Francisco mint, Philadelphia mint, and Denver mint with
During this process, Hsi Demao ( 席 德 懋 ), the general
the original coin dies. The minting was completed in June
manager of the Bank of China in New York, shuttled
and all silver dollars were shipped to Hong Kong by the
between the U.S. and Mexican mints and the central
end of July.11
Fig. 2 Hsi Demao, the General Manager of the Bank of China in New York
bank, and his name can be seen in many of the records 9 August 23, 1949, Central Mint, Guangzhou Telegram No. 170. "The Guangzhou Telegram No. 1059 0726 from your office has instructed to send special personnel to Hong Kong to investigate the case of minting for the Southwest Manufacturing Factory... The chief technician Chen Wencan ( 陳文燦 ) has been sent to Hong Kong from Chongqing on the 18th of this month to handle the case..." September 7, 1949, Central Bank, Guangzhou Telegram No. 3582. "The two methods to be approved by the Taiwan Mint to deliver the coins and to charge the minting fee...The minting fee is NT$75 per thousand coins...The fee for the commission by the bank to the Chongqing Arsenal for the minting is NT$25 per thousand coins, and the minting fee of Hong Kong Zhicheng Company is 80 silver dollars per thousand coins." Central Bank file, Archives Administration. 10 July 19, 1949, Central Mint Director Wei Xianzhang ( 韋憲章 ), Guangzhou Telegram No. 2270. "The Taiwan mint will open in August, with an initial daily capacity of 30,000-50,000 pieces; the Sichuan Mint will open in July, with an initial daily capacity of 40,000 pieces; the No. 20 Arsenal, with a daily capacity of 20,000, may increase its capacity to 40,000...." Central Bank file, Archives Administration. 11 11.July 26, 1949, Guangzhou Telegram No. 1060. "Hong Kong Representative Office... According to the Bank of China in New York on June 23, the mint said that the silver received in Philadelphia and San Francisco could be used to mint 27,185,700 silver dollars, and that a total of 11,450,000 pieces could be shipped in four batches before July 9." Also, on July 28, the Bank of China: "The 30 million silver dollars made in the U.S. were entrusted by the State Bank to the Federal Bank as intermediator, and have been shipped out one after another by the bank, and the last batch of 2,675 boxes, totaling 5,350,000 coins, have been shipped today..." Central Bank file, Archives Administration.
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August-October 1949: The Mexican Mint Struck Silver
FEATURES
In August, the Bank of China in New York switched to
Dollars for the ROC Government
purchasing silver bars from Mexico and commissioned the Mexican mints to strike silver dollars. However, the production process was constantly delayed, and the minting did not begin until August 26. The silver dollars were shipped in batches to San Francisco and then to Hong Kong after completion. Finally, by the end of October, only about 13 million pieces of silver dollars arrived in Hong Kong.12 In total, about 43 million pieces of silver dollars were minted by the U.S. and Mexican mints, all of which were
Fig. 3 The junk dollar dated the 23rd Year of the Republic of China minted by the U.S. and Mexican mints in June and July 1949
junk dollars dated the 23rd year of the Republic of China with the Sun Yat-Sen bust.
About the Hearsay "The ROC Government Commissioned the Mexican Mint to Struck the 1898 Eagle Dollar"
An author with the username BrianRxm, published the
its republication by Wikipedia. However, it is not difficult
online article The 1949 San Francisco Mexico Peso
to find a number of discrepancies in the article when
Restrikes - Coins struck by the San Francisco and Mexico
compared with the central bank file.
City Mints For the Nationalist Republic of China . (Author's Note: The 1949 San Francisco Mexico Peso Restrikes 13
(brianrxm.com)).
The online article is summarized as follows.
The article cited the study result of
the Mexican numismatist Dr. Alberto Francisco Pradeau
"The American Numismatic Association (ANA) held its
that the ROC Government commissioned Mexico to mint
annual convention in San Francisco from August 21 to 24,
10,250,000 pieces of the 1898 eagle dollar in the second
1949. During the convention, some members were given
half of 1949 (2,000,000 pieces were subcontracted
tours of the San Francisco Mint where they watched coins
to the San Francisco Mint in June and August, and
being struck. Some recognized the design on the silver
8,250,000 were minted by the Mexican Mint in August and
coins of an eagle sitting on cactus holding a snake, which
November).
could be identified as Mexican eagle dollars.
The article has been widely spread on the Internet due to
Dr. Alberto Francisco Pradeau, a Mexican numismatist,
12 August 22, 1949, Hsi Demao, telegram (the telegram number is unclear): "The central bank of Mexico called to say that it had received the coin dies for the Chinese silver dollar, the mint can start work at any time, and the delivery can be made 20 days after the contract... If the contract cannot be signed before the end of the month, the contract will be terminated." September 2, 1949, Secretariat Telegram No. 3321: "The Mexican mint will start minting on August 26, with a capacity of 250,000 to 300,000 coins. According to the report of the Mexican Mint, the first batch will arrive in San Francisco on the 18th of this month." September 16, 1949, telegram. "First shipment of 250,000 coins from the Mexican Mint arrived in San Francisco, and 1.5 million will be sent from the Mexican Mint on September 15." September 21, 1949, telegram: "Received telegram from the Mexican Central Bank yesterday that the second shipment of 400,000 coins had arrived in San Francisco." September 23, 1949, Telegram No. 3869. "The first batch of 250,000 pieces can arrive in San Francisco today, the second batch of 400,000 pieces will arrive about the beginning of next week, and according to the present production, 400,000 pieces can be shipped every two days..." October 24, 1949, Central Bank, Chongqing Telegram No. 4292: "The silver dollars minted by the Bank in Mexico, about 13 million yuan or more, is being shipped to China one batch after another..." Central Bank file, Archives Administration. 13 Website address of the article: The 1949 San Francisco Mexico Peso Restrikes (brianrxm.com).
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was one of the visitors, and when he returned to Mexico,
were sent to Hermosillo, Sonora, in 1950 for melting, and
he researched the reasons for them being struck.
the remaining 2,022 were kept at the Bank of Mexico.
Prior to that, the three United States mints (Philadelphia,
A total of 2,000,000 coins minted by the San Francisco mint
Denver, and San Francisco) struck 30,000,000 pieces of
in June-August 1949 were sent to the neighboring Bank of
the 1934 junk dollar in June and July 1949 for circulation
America for shipment to China. Later, as the war in China
on the Chinese market. The United States mints used dies
was over, the Mexican silver eagle dollars were no longer
made from the original 1934 mother dies, so these dollars
needed. To avoid storage fees, they were all returned to
see no difference from the originals. Then, these dollars
the San Francisco Mint for minting U.S. coins after melting.
were shipped to Canton via Hong Kong.
Since the price of silver per ounce had risen from $0.50 to $0.75 at that time, the U.S. side made a profit.
Later, China made another deal with the Mexican Mint: it commissioned the Mexican Mint to strike 10,250,000
The fact that the U.S. Mint produced 30 million pieces of
Mexican silver eagle dollars. Due to the urgency of
the year 23 junk dollar in June and July 1949 is generally
the matter, the Mexican Mint commissioned the San
consistent with the Central Bank's records, and should
Francisco Mint to strike 2,000,000 pieces, and the
be unquestionably true. However, the article is mainly to
Mexican mint minted the remaining 8,250,000 pieces. The
explain that the San Francisco and Mexico mints minted
Mexican Mint prepared the dies for these Mexican silver
10,250,000 pieces of the 1898 Mexican silver eagle
eagle dollars by making slight modification on the original
dollars for the ROC Government jointly, which have
1898 coin die.
many contradictions with the records of the Central Bank documents.
The easiest way to identify the coin is the difference of the letter O in the inscription "Mo" which is the mint mark of
What is the basis for this claim? When did the two parties
the Mexican Mint.
sign the contract? No explanation has been given.
Alberto Francisco Pradeau's research revealed that the
From the description that 2 million pieces were minted
Mexican Mint produced 8,250,000 Mexican silver eagle
by the San Francisco Mint from June to August and the
dollars from August to November, of which 2,526,978
remaining 8,250,000 pieces by the Mexican Mint from
pieces were shipped to Guangzhou, China via Hong
August to November, it is clear that the alleged“minting
Kong, 1,942,000 were kept in the Mexican Mint, 3,779,000
for the ROC government”took place from June to
The restrike mint mark
The original mint mark
The restrike mint mark Fig. 5 The restrike and original 1898 Mexican silver eagle dollars have different characteristics of the mint mark “Mo”
Fig. 4 1898 Mexican silver eagle dollars (restrike)
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general manager Hsi Demao resigned.18 Therefore, the
November 1949.
financial situation of the ROC government did not allow it According to the records, the negotiations between Hsi
to commission the minting of Mexican silver dollars to the
Demao and the Mexican Mint for the minting began in
Mexican Mint.
August,
14
and the contract was signed at the end of
that month, followed by the minting on August 26. The silver dollar minted by the Mexican Mint was the Year 23 junk dollar, and the coin dies were provided by the San Francisco Mint.15 Before that, the Bank of China in New York had not commissioned the Mexican Mint to mint the coins. By the end of October, the Mexican mint had shipped more than 13 million coins to Hong Kong via San Francisco and then transferred them to mainland China. The records of the Mexican Mint striking silver dollars for the ROC government are the same, with no mention of the 1898 Mexican eagle silver dollars being commissioned. The government used a total of $7.15 million16 of the foreign exchange until mid-August to buy silver and mint silver dollars in the United States and Mexico. At that time, Fig. 6 On August 16, 1949, Hsi Demao resigned from the post of General Manager of the Bank of China in New York to Xu Kan, the president of the central bank, due to a foreign exchange depletion.
the Bank of China in New York and even the Chinese Central Bank had run out of their U.S. dollar reserves and had difficulty in operation.17 Against this backdrop, the
14 See Note 12. 15 August 22, 1949, Hsi Demao, telegram: "The Mexican Central Bank called to say that it had received the coin dies for the Chinese silver dollar, and the mint can start work at any time..." September 26, Telegram No. 4014: "Telegram No. 4014 from New York: Why the Mexican Mint did not deliver according to the original quantity ... According to the bank's telegram, the effect of the die made by the U.S. mints was slightly different due to the pressure of the machine, and the technicians of the U.S. mints were invited to make modifications, and the capacity could be increased to 1.5 million pieces per week from next Friday. The Hong Kong side had someone to buy from it at the price of silver, that is, 76 cents per ounce, now willing to sell to our government according to the price on the New York market, that is, 73. cents per ounce, or US$ 0.5781 each piece, handed over in San Francisco. I told the ROC government that I was afraid that it would not be convenient to purchase foreign silver coins for the issuance in China and that the value of the Mexican silver dollar was lower than that of the silver dollar in China. Therefore, the best policy was to mint and ship it in a hurry. Are the Mexican silver dollars worthy of purchasing? Is the price appropriate? It needs to be discussed after being submitted to the Financial Advisory Committee. Yang. September 29. "Central Bank file, Archives Administration. 16 August 18, 1949, Song Hanzhang ( 宋漢章 ), telegram: "Your bank transferred 4.6 million U.S. dollars deposit to the New York branch for payment to the Mexican Central Bank... The New York branch is doing its best to raise funds for the withdrawal, but there is no way to recover the foreign currency loaned to government agencies and staterun institutions. In addition to the British gold of £1,573,000, the US dollar amounted to another $22,581,000. As a result, the Bank's foreign exchange is now stretched to the limit and is becoming increasingly short. Song Hanzhang (director)". August 25, Hsi Demao, telegram:" the amount used to purchase silver will be allocated from the specialized account of the ROC government in the Bank of Mexico to the account in the U.S. Commercial Bank. The total amount of silver coins delivered in San Francisco to USD 7.15 million. Only $3,000,000 is available under the remaining funds of the Bank of New York, and at present only a maximum of $2,000,000 can be set aside for the purchase of silver, the remaining $1,000,000 must be kept as a security deposit to avoid the risk of liquidation by the New York State Department of Banking..." Central Bank files, Records Administration. 17 August 23, 1949, Central Bureau of Industry and Development Bureau, Guangzhou Zhong No. 3288 Telegram. "The reserve for the temporary deposit of silver yuan notes allocated by the Bureau of Industry and Development has been exhausted due to the frequent transfer from various branches. Besides, there is no gold or silver available for allocation under the domestic treasury, and it will take time to transport them from abroad to Hong Kong..." 18 On August 16, 1949, Hsi Demao telegrammed Xu Kan: "Because of the shortage of dollars in the New York branch due to the purchase of Mexican silver for $4.6 million, I have resigned as general manager." Central Bank File, Archives Administration.
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The Mexican Silver Eagle Dollars was Purchased by Someone Else
In this case, the silver eagle dollars struck by the San
In addition, it is notewor thy that the Mexican Mint
Francisco Mint seen by Alberto Francisco Pradeau and
mentioned that someone from Hong Kong had already
others in Mexico from August 21-24, 1949, as well as the
purchased these Mexican silver dollars earlier. This may
Mexican silver dollars minted by the Mexican Mint from
be true, as it seems that this batch of Mexican silver
August to November, as stated in the article, were not
dollars struck by the Mexican Mint and is related to the
commissioned by the ROC government. So, what is the
ROC government's issuance of silver yuan notes in early
real reason for this hearsay? In fact, Hsi Demao's report
July 1949 and its announcement that the seven types
about the Mexican Mint to the Ministry of Finance on
of silver dollars, including the Mexican silver dollars,
19
September 26th had already revealed the mystery.
would be allowed to circulate in equivalent value. Since China was in desperate need of silver dollars, the value
At the end of September, when questioned by the Bank of
of a silver dollar was much higher than that of the silver
China in New York about the late delivery of the agreed
contained in the coin. As the Mexican silver dollar was
quantity of Mexican silver dollars, the Mexican Mint
one of the seven eligible silver dollars, Mexico, which
changed the subject and marketed its Mexican silver
was rich in silver, restruck the 1898 Mexican silver dollars
dollar inventory to the Bank of China in New York instead.
with the intention of selling it to China for profit, which
Hsi Demao reported: "The Mexican Mint... has 5,779,000
may also be the reason why Alberto Francisco Pradeau
Mexican silver dollars in San Francisco and 1,900,000 in
believed that the Mexican silver dollar was minted for
Mexico, totaling to 7,769,000 pieces. Someone from Hong
the ROC government. However, the fact that they were
Kong has purchased these silver dollars from the Mexican
struck for the Chinese market and the fact that they were
Mint at the spot price of silver, namely, 70.6 cents per
commissioned by the ROC government are two different
ounce. He is willing to sell these silver dollars to our
things, and should not be confused with each other.
government at the New York market price, that is, 73.3 cents per ounce, each piece in the USD 0.5781, and the
Hsi Demao indicated in a telegram that he was not
silver dollars can be handed over in San Francisco. "
interested in the sale of the Mexican silver dollar from the Mexican Mint. After the Ministry of Finance was informed
This was the first time that the Mexican Mint talked about
of the report, it was only submitted to the Financial
the business of the Mexican silver dollars with the Bank
Advisory Committee for discussion, and nothing was
of China in New York, and the report clearly explains that
done afterward. However, a lot of the Mexican silver
the coins marketed by the Mexican Mint were the finished
dollars went to China afterward, and the article does not
Mexican silver dollars, not the coins being minted for the
make an explanation on the person who purchased these
ROC government. The selling price was calculated at the
coins. Given the information revealed by the Mexican
market price of silver in New York, at $ 0.5781 per coin.
Mint that "someone from Hong Kong has bought silver
According to the Mexican mint, there were 7,679,000
dollars", it is indicated that the purchaser is not from the
minted coins at that time, which were stored in San
central government, but someone from the political or
Francisco and Mexico.
commercial circle.
19
70
See Note 15, September 26, message from Hsi Demao.
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FEATURES
Some Eagle Dollars Flew into China
According to the aforementioned article, Dr. Alberto
Both sides were at a standstill.
Francisco Pradeau stated that 2,526,978 Mexican silver dollars were shipped to Guangzhou, China via Hong
Later, on October 1, Yunnan province made a public
Kong. The other 7 million were not delivered because
announcement and informed the central government 22
the ROC government no longer needed them due to the
that the Mexican silver dollars would circulate at the same
"finalization of the war" and they were shipped to other
value as the Yuan Shih Kai silver dollar and be exchanged
places or used for other purposes. However, in fact, as
for the local silver coin at a ratio of 1:2.25 from October
mentioned before, the Bank of China in New York was
1. Prior to this, Yunnan had apparently acquired a large
still questioning why the Mexican Mint did not deliver the
number of Mexican silver dollars on its own, enough to
silver dollars until the end of September, and the ROC
circulate in large quantities in the province, but from what
government still had an urgent need for the silver dollar.
source? No one knows for sure.
If the ROC government had intended to commission the minting of the Mexican silver dollars, it would have finished
More than 13 million silver coins commissioned by
delivering most of them by then. Therefore, the mentioned
the ROC government to be struck in Mexico arrived in
2.52 million pieces may be the number of Mexican silver
Hong Kong one after another by the end of October,
dollars sold to China through other channels.
awaiting instructions for domestic transportation. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China,
On the other hand, a large number of Mexican silver
the Sino-Hong Kong agreement was abandoned by
dollars did flow into China a little later; especially into
Britain, and Hong Kong could no longer play the role
Yunnan province.
of a transshipment station. Therefore, it was ordered to send a large number of silver dollars and silver bars to
The Yunnan authorities, who had been in disagreement
other places in advance, while the rest were temporarily
with the ROC government, once again fought over the
unloaded at the Manila Transportation Bank, and then
issuance of silver yuan notes. Yunnan insisted that the
transferred to Kunming and Chongqing.23 At the end of the
central government should first allocate 4 million silver
year, the ROC government lost its last stronghold on the
dollars as a reserve for exchange,
20
but the Ministry of
Finance was only willing to allocate 150,000 dollars.
mainland, and the extraordinary period of re-circulating
21
silver dollars came to an end.
20 July 6, 1949, Kunming Branch, Secretariat Telegram No. 1574. "Since the reserve has not arrived, the issue has not yet been made. The silver dollar minted in Yunnan has become the provincial currency, and the representatives of the public are considering the need for a full reserve before issuing it, otherwise please delay the issue... Please quickly allocate a reserve of 4 million dollars to be transported to Yunnan, so as not to hinder the issuance ..." July 11, Kunming Branch, Secretariat Telegram No. 1715. "Chairman Lu still thinks that the matter is of great importance. The issuance of the gold yuan note is a lesson from the past, and the local governors have a serious responsibility. The reverse which has arrived is of a very small amount and absolutely cannot meet the requirement for issuance. It is advocated that the issuance of silver yuan notes in Kunming must be stamped with the placename of Kunming. If issued elsewhere, the notes absolutely cannot be exchanged in Kunming ..." Central Bank file, Archives Administration. 21 See note 7. 22 October 1, 1949, the Kunming Telegram No. 5 sent from the Kunxing Bank for the Kunming government to Chongqing. "Message sent to the Yunnan provincial government announcement on the use of Mexico eagle silver dollar ... The Yunnan provincial government with No. 2363 (38) announcement indicates that Mexican eagle silver dollar from now on (October 1) is also allowed to be circulated at a prescribed rate of 2.25 to the Yuan Shi Kai dollar." Central Bank file, Archives Administration. 23 September 19, 1949, Hong Kong Representative Office, telegram: "Deposit of silver dollars in Hong Kong, will be transported to Chongqing, Hengyang, Guiyang, Guilin, Haikou, Dinghai (later reallocated to Taipei), Xiamen, Liuzhou (arrange for shipment later), Wanxian county by air ..." September 27, Telegram No. 3927. "...the 1 million silver dollar to Guangzhou will arrive today, the 420,000 dollars to Hengyan will arrive tomorrow. Silver bullion shipped to Taiwan has handed over to the Zhadian Company and will arrive Taiwan on September 28..." October 24, Chongqing Telegram No. 4292. "The silver dollars minted by the Mexican Mint, amounting to about 13 million dollars, have been shipped back to China one after another, and the agreement between China and Hong Kong has been abandoned. Therefore, the bank has been transferred to Manila for safekeeping by the Bank of Communications... If the cost is lower, it will be shipped to Haifang by the Bank of Communications in Manila and transferred to Kunming, then to Chongqing." Central Bank file, Archives Administration.
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1949 年國民政府的最後銀元 ◎ 戴學文〔臺北〕
1948年11月中旬，金圓券崩潰之際，國民政府實施金銀存
宣告失敗。此後，金圓券遭拒用，市面恢復流通法幣時期的
兌，釋出黃金、銀元藉以挽回局面，但實施僅短短兩個月即
鎳幣與更早之前的銀元，大型買賣則兼用黃金。
後金圓券時期流通的銀元與黃金
致使銀元從國內大量消失，價格不斷追漲，大幅超越民生物資
銀元與黃金，成為市場上的主要貨幣。實際上，中國已從金
1949年5月23日， 《銀行週報》在上海易幟前刊出最後一期，
本位轉變成一種金銀複本位的狀態。
為已醞釀多時的銀元風潮留下記錄1。
黃金，儘管是金圓券政策的主角、財政儲備的重心，但價值
內戰爆發以來，重回市場的銀元因供需失調價格不斷上漲。
太高，相對而言，銀元比較適合日常交易，所以市場對於銀
1946年初，黃金與銀元的比價為1:110，同期麵粉1袋2.1元；
元的需求遠大於黃金。
到了1949年5月，黃金與銀元的比價變成1:30-40，麵粉每
與黃金的價格指數。
袋則降到1.1元左右。由於龐大的需求，三年多來，銀元對保 中國原本流通着數量龐大的銀元，但1935年11月底國民政府發
值性佳的黃金比價，漲了將近3倍 ；與民生必需的麵粉比價，
行法幣後，銀元即退出市場。1937年中美金銀協議簽訂後，國
也上漲約1倍。銀元成為淩駕各種物價的天之驕子。
民政府又將銀元庫存鎔鑄為銀條，運往美國換取美元及黃金，
國民政府黃金、銀元知多少 盤點金圓券發行之際國民政府的庫存2，整體而言，金多銀 少，銀元早已所剩無幾，可供鑄幣的白銀數量亦非常有限。 黃金部分 ：存放國內外銀行約有純金270萬市兩，還有各地 央行以金圓券收兌自民間的雜金，保守估計約有167萬市兩3， 央行可管控黃金總量約在400萬兩之多。 圖 1 1948 年 9 月 29 日，廣東湛江銀行開立鈔券兌換證，作 為以 365.76 金圓收兌民眾郭榮標銀條 127 市兩之證明。
銀元部分 ：央行賬目竟是掛零。白銀在國內剩下不到4千萬 注釋：
1 《銀行週報》第 33 卷第 21 期，1949 月 5 月 23 日。 2 1948 年 11 月 5 日，中央銀行發行局，發電字第 9275 號。調整撥交金圓券現金準備應洽辦事項代電。 黃金 白銀 業務局分存中交農及中信郵區兩局美元 紐約聯邦銀行 黃金
2,389,493.638 盎司 39,690,539.74 盎司 74,189,924.46 美元 345,282.661 盎司
發監會原繳存現金準備金
倫敦大通銀行 黃金 紐約大通銀行 白銀
倫敦 Samuel Montagu & Co. 白銀 貴陽分行 黃金
來源：中國第二歷史檔案館編，《中華民國史檔案數據彙編》第五輯，第三編，財政經濟（三）頁 897。
9,271.984 盎司 463,059.01 盎司 1,216,401.25 盎司 23,125,304 盎司
3 上海《金融週報》，1948 年 11 月 17 日。統計數字截至同年 10 月 31 日，但，顯有低估之嫌。另，參閱：戴學文，《中央造幣廠鑄金案與大陸運臺黃金》，第五章 歷次運臺黃金， 頁 204 以下。波多西工作室出版，2021 年 11 月。
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盎司，另有少數寄存於海外，分別是紐約大通銀行、倫敦
金圓券從民間收兌（圖1） ，至9月底進賬銀元1 683萬枚，銀
Samuel Montagu & Co. 兩處，僅160多萬盎司。後來，以
角29 000多枚，以及白銀800萬兩4，而實際數字均應更多。
月28日財政部借出其中的1 200萬元，作為銀元券的第一批
銀元券政策的因應措施
兌現準備金。從臺灣再以海、空運回大陸。其中，廣州、重 慶各900萬元與300萬元，再由兩地分撥福州、衡陽、貴陽、 蘭州、昆明、桂林與成都7。
1949年7月2日，國民政府再次推行幣改，發行銀元券。為解 決手中銀元籌碼嚴重不足的問題，財政部採取了一系列措施：
在臺籌集的銀元，尚有8、9月間由央行兩度向空軍總部洽購 並用銀元黃金與放寬銀元定義
的軍費銀元350萬元與210萬元，價款以自美運臺黃金支付， 銀元則由空軍運往大陸8。
首先，兌換準備金不只有銀元，而是銀元、黃金一併使用5。 增加銀元產量 此外，為了增加銀元的供應量，也將銀元的定義加以放寬。 先前已在上海市面交易的孫像（銀元）、袁像（銀元）、船洋、
自臺灣回流的兩千多萬銀元，對於大陸各地而言，猶如杯水
龍洋、鷹洋、澳洋及川洋等七種銀元，只要成色重量符合規
車薪，央行必須籌集更多數量。權宜之計，就是大量鑄幣。
6
定標準，均可等值行使 。 在失去了最具規模的上海造幣廠之後，儘管許多模具、機器、 調回運臺銀元
設備等已早一步從上海遷往成都、臺北兩地，重建產能，此 外，也嘗試重慶二十兵工廠、香港志誠公司、利民金屬製造廠、
因央行保管下的銀元，已連同黃金、白銀，在1949年5月下
西南製造廠等官方及民營機構的協助9。但因建廠耗時，欠缺
旬前，先後運往臺灣。着手銀元券發行事宜的財政部長徐堪，
機器設備，技術不足與銀料短缺等因素，鑄數有限，供應不
首先面臨的是無銀元可用的窘境。
急，短期內難以滿足國內市場對於銀元的龐大需求10。在這種 局面下，央行只好尋求海外造幣廠填補缺口。後來，美國與
臺灣並非流通銀元券地區，因此運臺銀元成為國防部預算財
墨西哥兩地的造幣廠，就成為中國內戰期間銀元最主要的代
務署保管下的軍費，不歸財政部管轄。在徐堪的力爭下，6
鑄工廠。
逐漸分明。
美墨造幣廠代鑄船洋
國民政府主要是經由紐約中國銀行，調用大量美元外匯在美 國民政府在海外委鑄銀元的經過，國內罕見記錄，有關說
墨兩國購買銀條、委鑄銀元，鑄成後則運往香港，再轉運廣
法，主要來自傳述與國外的研究。直到近年，大量中央銀行
州、重慶等內地。過程中，紐約中行總經理席德懋穿梭於美
文件的公開，推翻了不少先前的錯誤認知與說法，真相自此
墨造幣廠與中央銀行之間，檔案之中有關海外購銀鑄幣的記
4 數據源：收兌金銀外幣數額表，自 8 月 23 日起至 9 月 30 日止。中央銀行文件，轉引自《中華民國貨幣史數據》，第二輯。頁 863。 5 《銀元及銀元兌換券發行辦法》第一條：“中華民國國幣以銀元為單位，銀元 1 元總重為 26．6971 公分，成色為千分之 880，含純銀 23.493448 公分”；第七條：“銀元鑄造未充 分時，銀元兌換券之兌現得以黃金為之，其兌換率由中央銀行掛牌公告。”
6 1949 年 7 月 2 日，中央銀行公告：“查各版銀元（包括孫像、袁像、船洋、龍洋、鷹洋、澳洋及川洋等七種），凡合於財政部規定重量及成色，即每枚總重 26.6971 公分，含銀千分之 880 者， 應一律同值行使，不得低折貼水，如違，嚴加究辦 ....。” 7 《吳嵩慶日記（一），1947-1950》，頁 328，6/22、6/28 條，中研院臺史所，2016 年 6 月出版、1949 年 7 月 7 日，穗中第 2060 號簽呈：“廣州由臺灣機運船運來穗，共 830 萬元（包 括轉運各分行數字）、重慶由臺飛運已到 11 架每架約 12 萬元（包括轉運各分行數字）、桂林 30 萬元（由穗行轉運）、衡陽 15 萬元（由穗行轉運）、福州 10 萬（由穗行轉運）、貴 陽 10 萬元（由穗行轉運）。在運送中者，昆明 15 萬元（由渝行轉運）、成都 30 萬元（由渝行轉運）、蘭州 30 萬元（由渝行轉運）。”及 1949 年 9 月 24 日，穗中第 3940 號簽呈： “查銀元券發行之始，第一批由臺運來銀元準備金系聯勤部代運，計由臺運穗 900 萬元（內扣運費 70 萬元，實為 830 萬元），運渝 300 萬元，共銀元 1200 萬元。... 經各該行主辦人 員會同押運員開箱點驗，內有差缺數目及攙入偽造啞版生銹等不能使用之銀元 ... 共計短少 4,310 元，偽造不可用者 84,610 元 ....”中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 8 1949 年 8 月 24 日，秘書處發電 1873 號。“... 本行商由空軍總部讓售銀元 350 萬元（保管款）一案，…，以由美回運黃金折付，銀元由總部飛機代運廣州點交並准扣除運費 15 萬元（空 軍原建議在岡山點交）…”。第二次向空軍總部洽購銀元 210 萬元一案，仍在由美運臺黃金項下撥付空軍總部純金 25609 市兩 7 錢 5 分厘總共撥付純金 662。中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 9 1949 年 8 月 23 日，中央造幣廠，穗鼎字第 170 號。“貴處廣秘字第 1059 號 0726 代電囑派專門人員赴港調查西南製造廠承代鑄幣一案，... 已派總技師陳文燦於本月 18 日由渝飛 港辦理 ..”。1949 年 9 月 7 日，中央銀行，穗中第 3582 號。“臺廠解送成幣及鑄費收取辦法兩項擬准照辦…鑄費每千枚收取新台幣 75 元…查本行委託渝廿兵工廠鑄幣鑄費每千枚 25
元，又香港志誠公司鑄費為每千枚銀元八十枚。”中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 10 1949 年 7 月 19 日，中央造幣廠韋憲章廠長，穗中第 2270 號簽呈。“臺廠 8 月開工，初期日產 3-5 萬枚，蓉廠 7 月開鑄，初期日產 4 萬枚，二十兵工廠，日產 2 萬，可增至 4 萬…。” 中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。
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專題
錄，其背後多可見其身影。 （圖 2） 1949年6-7月 ：美國造幣 廠代鑄 第一批銀元，3 000萬枚，均為 民國二十三年版船洋，系購買 圖 2 紐約中國銀行總經理
美國銀條，委由三藩市、費城、
圖 3 美國、墨西哥造幣廠於 1949 年 6-7 月間代鑄的民國
席德懋
丹佛三家造幣廠以原幣模翻製
二十三年版船洋
新模所代鑄。6月起陸續完成， 11
產過程不斷延誤，8月26日起開鑄，分批運往三藩市再轉香
並於7月底前全數運抵香港。
港。最後至10月底，僅運抵香港約1 300萬多枚。12 1949年8-10月墨西哥造幣廠代鑄 總計，美墨兩國造幣廠代鑄銀 元 約4 300萬枚，均為民國 8月，紐約中行改向墨西哥洽購銀條，委鑄銀元。不過，生
二十三年版船洋。 （圖3）
茲將該篇網文內容摘轉如下：
有關“國民政府向墨廠委鑄 1898 年版鷹洋”說法的辨正
1949年8月21至24日， 美 國 錢 幣 協 會（American Numismatic Association (ANA)）正好在三藩市舉辦年會。會議期間，部分 會員參訪三藩市造幣廠，目睹了廠內鑄幣實況，其中部分銀幣有
一 位 網 名 為 BrianRxm 的 作 者， 發 表 ”The 1949 San
老鷹站在仙人掌上抓着一條蛇的圖案，可辨識出為墨西哥鷹洋。
Francisco Mexico Peso Restrikes - Coins struck by the San Francisco and Mexico City Mints For the Nationalist
墨西哥籍錢幣專家埃布爾托弗朗西斯柯·普雷德博士是當時的
Republic of China” （筆者按 ：1949 年三藩市、墨西哥造幣
參訪者之一。回國後，他研究出這些鷹洋鑄造的原因。
廠為中華民國政府重鑄銀幣）一文（The 1949 San Francisco Mexico Peso Restrikes（brianrxm.com） ） 。13文 中 引 述 墨 西
在此之前，1949年6-7月，費城、丹佛、三藩市三家美國造幣廠
哥錢幣專家 埃 布爾 托 · 弗朗西斯柯 · 普雷德博士（Alberto
共鑄造了3 000萬枚1934年版帆船銀元，供作中國市面銀元流
Francisco Pradeau）的研究，謂國民政府在1949年下半年
通之用。這些銀元，都是美國造幣廠以1934年原幣模翻製的幣
曾委託墨西哥代鑄10 250 000枚1898年版鷹洋（2 000 000
模所鑄，與原版銀元並無差別。這些銀元，隨後經由香港被
枚系轉包美國三藩市造幣廠於6-8月完成，8 250 000枚由墨
運到廣州。
西哥廠於8-11月鑄造完畢） 。
後來，中國又與墨西哥造幣廠進行了另一交易：委鑄10 250 000
由於被維基百科轉載的關係，該篇文章已在網路廣為流傳。
枚墨西哥鷹洋。由於事出緊急，墨廠將其中2 000 000枚鷹洋轉
但，對照中央銀行文件相關內容後，不難發現其中有頗多悖
交三藩市造幣廠鑄造，墨廠鑄造其餘的8 250 000枚。這些鷹洋
離事實之處。
11 1949 年 7 月 26 日，廣秘字 1060 號。“香港代表處 ... 美造幣廠承鑄銀元，前據 6 月 23 日紐約中國銀行節轉，該廠稱費城、三藩市兩地已收到之白銀約可鑄銀元 27,185,700 枚， 7 月 9 日以前可分 4 批運出約共 11,450,000 枚，茲查 4 批中之最後一批（丹佛）亦將於本月 31 日到港 ...”。又，7 月 28 日，中國銀行：“查我國在美所造之 3 千萬枚銀幣，前經國 行委託聯邦銀行為經理人，業經該行陸續運出，末一批 2675 箱，計 535 萬枚，業於今日裝船 ...”。中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 121949 年 8 月 22 日，席德懋，電文（文號不清）： “墨國央行來電略稱我國銀幣模型已收到，廠方隨時可開工，簽約 20 日後即可交貨 ... 如月底以前不能簽約即行作罷。”9 月 2 日， 秘書處 3321 號：“墨廠業於 0826 開鑄，產量 25 萬至 30 萬枚，據墨廠報告第一批約在本月 18 日或可抵三藩市。”9 月 16 日，電文： “墨廠第一批 25 萬枚運抵三藩市，9/15 墨廠 運出 150 萬枚”。9 月 21 日，電文：“昨接墨央行電，第二批 40 萬枚已運三藩市。”9 月 23 日，來電 3869 號：“第一批 25 萬枚今日可到三藩市，第二批 40 萬枚，約下星期初可到， 照目前產量，每兩日可運到 40 萬枚 ...”10 月 24 日，央行，渝中字 4292 號：“查本行在墨西哥鑄造之銀元，約有 1 300 萬元以上，陸續啟運回國…”中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 13 該文網址：The 1949 San Francisco Mexico Peso Restrikes (brianrxm.com) 。
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（圖4），幣模由墨廠準備，是在1898版原模上微幅修改。
FEATURES
疑義。但該篇內容主要在於闡述三藩市與墨西哥造幣廠共同 為國民政府鑄造1898年版鷹洋10 250 000枚，此一說法與
最明顯的辨識方法，就在幣面上代表墨西哥造幣廠的廠記
中央銀行文件的記錄存在着諸多矛盾。
“Mo”，其中英文字母 O 的高低差別。 （圖5） 有關說法，其根據何在？雙方何時簽約？均未見交代。 從該篇略以事出緊急，其中200萬枚交由美國三藩市廠6-8月 代鑄完成，其餘8 250 000枚由墨廠於8-11月鑄畢的描述，可 知其所指稱“代鑄”的起訖期間約在1949年6月至11月之間。 根據記錄，席德懋與墨廠洽商委鑄事宜，是從8月開始，並 於當月底簽約，隨即於8月26日開鑄14。墨廠所鑄銀元，為 後鑄幣廠記
圖 4 1898 年鷹洋後鑄版
民國二十三年版船洋，幣模則是由三藩市廠提供15。除此之 外，在此之前，紐約中行未曾委託墨西哥廠鑄幣。 直至10月底為止，墨廠總共運交1 300萬多枚船洋，經三藩
後鑄幣廠記
市到香港，再轉運中國內地。有關墨西哥為國民政府代鑄銀
原版幣廠記
元經過的記錄，大致如此，未見有委鑄1898年版鷹洋一說。
圖 5 1898 年鷹洋後鑄版與原版，兩者的 Mo 廠記特徵不同 再 從 另一角 度 分析， 席 普雷德博士調查後發現，墨廠在8-11月間將8 250 000枚鷹洋鑄
德懋在與墨廠接洽之前，
造完畢。其中2 526 978枚經香港運往中國廣州，1 942 000枚保
紐 約中行 原有 英 鎊、 美
存在墨廠中，3 779 000枚在1950年送往赫莫席羅（Hermosillo），
元已奉令大批移交央行，
索諾拉（Sonora）鎔解，其餘2 022枚保存於墨西哥銀行（Bank
為了在美墨購銀鑄幣，至
of Mexico）。
8月中旬止，國民政府共 又動用該行外匯715萬美
三藩市廠2 000 000枚鑄造於1949年6-8月，完成後被送往鄰近
元16。當時，紐約中行乃
的美國銀行（Bank of America）等候運往中國。後來，由於中
至國內央行業已發現兩局
國戰事底定，不再需要鷹洋，為避免保管費，這些鷹洋全數被
美元準備相繼耗盡17，經
送回三藩市廠鎔解，改鑄美國錢幣。由於當時每盎司銀價已從
營困難，總 經 理 席德 懋
0.5漲至0.75美元，美方因此獲利。
（圖 為此甚至一度請辭18。 6）所以，國民政府不僅
其中，有關美國造幣廠在1949年6-7月間代鑄3 000萬枚民國
未向墨 廠 委 鑄鷹洋， 當
二十三年版船洋一事，與中央銀行文件所載大致相符，應無
時的財務狀況也不允許。
圖 6 1949 年 8 月 16 日 席 德 懋 因外匯枯竭呈文向央行總裁徐 堪請辭紐約中行總經理一職影 印件
14 見注 12。 15 1949 年 8 月 22 日，席德懋，電文：“墨國央行來電略稱我國銀幣模型已收到，廠方隨時可開工…”，又，9 月 26 日，來電第 4014 號：“38.9.26 紐約來電第 4014 號：墨廠 ... 何 以未能照原定數量交貨 ... 該行電略稱：美造幣廠所制模型對該廠機器壓力略有出入，經請美廠技師前往改正，下星期五起，產量可增至每星期 150 萬枚等語，又據該行稱，現有老鷹 洋 577 萬 9 千枚存在三藩市，並在墨西哥存有 190 萬枚，兩共 767 萬 9 千枚。香港方面曾有人向其購買，價案白銀計算，每盎司 7 角 6 分，現願照紐約市價售予我政府，每盎司 7 角 3 分半，每枚合美金 5 角 7 分 8 厘 1，三藩市交貨等語。弟告以我政府恐未便購買外國銀幣在國內發行，且鷹洋價值在中國較我國銀元為低，仍以趕鑄趕運為上策。鷹洋是否值得洽購？ 價格是否相宜？似應提交金融顧問委員會商討。楊 9.29。”中央文件，檔案管理局。 16 1949 年 8 月 18 日，宋漢章，電文：“貴行將所存敝國外部之美金 460 萬元劃轉紐約分行備付墨銀 ... 紐約分行盡力籌款備提，無如貸與政府機關及國營事業之外匯一時計無由收回， 而敝行移存於貴行之款，除英金 157 萬 3 千鎊外，美金又達 2258 萬 1 千元之巨，以致目下敝行外匯頭寸捉襟見肘，日趨短缺 ... 宋漢章（董事）。”8 月 25 日，席德懋，電文：“國 行墨銀採購戶內撥付美國商業銀行墨央行專戶。在三藩市交付之銀幣總數至美金 715 萬元。紐行剩餘資金項下僅存 300 萬美元，目前最多僅能撥出 200 萬美元備購白銀，其餘 100 萬 美元必須留作安全保證金以免受紐約州銀行業務部清算之虞 ...”中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 17 1949 年 8 月 23 日，央行業局、發局，穗中第 3288 號。“業局所撥發局之銀元券暫存準備金，進以各分行調券繁巨，已動用殆盡，國內業庫項下既無金銀可資撥充，而自國外運港 尚需時日 ...” 18 1949 年 8 月 16 日，席德懋電徐堪：“因 460 萬美元購墨銀以致紐約分行美元短缺，已辭總經理職。”中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。
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銀市價，每枚以5角7分8厘1計算。依據墨廠說法，當時已有
購買鷹洋，另有其人
鑄有成幣767.9萬枚，分存三藩市與墨西哥。
如此一來，1949年8月21-24日，墨西哥普雷德博士等人所
此外，值得注意的是，墨廠提到，先前，香港方面已有人購
目睹三藩市廠鑄造的鷹洋，以及該文所稱，墨西哥廠於8-11
買 ；此一說法，或許屬實。因從時機看來，墨廠鑄造這批鷹
月鑄造的鷹洋，均應非出自國民政府所委鑄。那麼，真正原
洋，理應與1949年7月初國民政府發行銀元券，宣佈准許包
因何在？其實，席德懋於9月26日向財政部的報告中所記錄
含鷹洋在內的七種銀元等值流通有關。正因中國急需銀元，
19
價格高出含銀量不少，而鷹洋名列七種合格銀元之一，盛產
墨廠的說法 ，已透露玄機！
白銀的墨西哥因此重鑄1898年版鷹洋，有意銷往中國牟利， 9月底，墨廠因未按時交付約定數量的船洋，受紐約中行質
這或有可能也是普雷德博士認定這批鷹洋是為中國政府而鑄
問時，轉移話題，改向紐約中行推銷其庫存的鷹洋成幣。席
的緣故。但為了中國市場所鑄，與受國民政府委鑄，應屬兩
德懋回報之“墨廠 ... 現有老鷹洋577.9萬枚存在三藩市，並在
回事，不能混為一談。
墨西哥存有190萬枚，兩共767.9萬枚。香港方面曾有人向其購買， 價按白銀計算，每盎司7角6分強，現願照紐約市價售予我政府，
席德懋於電文表示，對於墨廠之出售鷹洋，已回復並無興趣，
每盎司7角3分半，每枚合美金5角7分8厘1，三藩市交貨”等語
財政部獲報後，亦僅提交金融顧問委員會討論，事後已無下
即是證明。
文。但，事後，這批鷹洋卻有不少流入中國，至於售予何人？ 網文並無進一步說明。從墨廠透露的信息“香港方面曾有人 向其購買”可知，客戶並非中央政府，可能是其他政商人士。
這是墨廠首度向紐約中行談及鷹洋的生意，報告也已清楚交 代，墨廠所推銷的是鷹洋成幣，並非代鑄。售價是按紐約白
再度杠上。雲南堅持中央應先撥交400萬元銀元作為兌換準
部分鷹洋流入中國
備金20，但財政部仍只願分配15萬元21，雙方僵持不下。
根據前述網文，普雷德博士稱，有2 526 978枚鷹洋經香港
後來，雲南省於10月1日進行公告，同時知會中央22 ：自10月
運往中國廣州，其他的700多萬枚，因應“戰事底定”，國民
1日起，鷹洋與袁像銀元等值流通，並以1:2.25的比率兌換
政府已無需要，而未交貨，移往各處或改作他用。但，實際
當地半開銀幣。在此之前，雲南顯然已自行取得不少鷹洋，
上，前已提及，直至9月底紐約中行仍在質問墨廠何以未能
足以大量在省內流通，至於來源無人知曉。
交貨，國民政府對於銀元仍有迫切需求，若有意委鑄鷹洋， 也應已在此時大部交貨完畢。所以，252萬多枚，或許就是
國民政府委託墨西哥代鑄的1 300多萬枚船洋，到10月底前
代表着鷹洋成幣經由其他管道銷售到中國的數字。
已陸續運抵香港，等候內運指示。中華人民共和國成立後， 中港協議即遭英國廢棄，香港無法再扮演轉運站角色，所以
另一方面，有大批鷹洋也果真在稍後流入中國，特別是雲南
奉命提前將大批銀元、銀條分送各地，其餘則暫卸馬尼拉交
省。
通銀行，隨後又轉昆明、重慶等地23。年底，國民政府失去 在大陸最後據點，一段重新流通銀元的非常時期，隨之宣告 結束。
雲南省當局素與國民政府意見不合，為了發行銀元券之事，
19 見注 15 9 月 26 日，席德懋電文。 20 1949 年 7 月 6 日，昆明分行，秘書處來電第 1574 號。“因準備金未運到，暫未發行，滇鑄半開銀元，事實上已成為省內之本位幣，民意代表正醞釀需有十足準備金始可發行 , 否 則請緩發行 ... 請迅賜籌撥準備金四百萬元運滇，以免阻礙 ...”7 月 11 日，昆明分行，秘書處來電第 1715 號。“盧主席仍以此事關系重大，金圓券實為前車之鑒，各地方長官有嚴重 之責，目前運到之準備金為數甚微，絕對不可發行，如果總行不能運濟四五百萬元銀元或等值之黃金，則難以考慮 ... 且主張在昆明發行之銀元券，須加蓋昆明地名，他處發行者，絕對 不可在昆明兌現 ...”。中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 21 見注 7。 22 1949 年 10 月 1 日，昆行代電，發重慶，滇秘稽業電字第 5 號。“電送雲南省政府公告關於墨西哥飛鷹銀元使用辦理希察核由 ... 雲南省政府以（38）合財金字第 2363 號公告墨西 哥飛鷹銀元准自即日起（10 月 1 日）與半開銀幣亦照袁像銀元規定比率 2.25 流通行使”。中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。 23 1949 年 9 月 19 日，香港代表辦公處，電文：“存港銀元，空運重慶、衡陽、貴陽、桂林、海口、定海（後改臺北撥發）、廈門、柳州（緩運）、萬縣…”9 月 27 日，來電 3927 號。 “…運廣州銀元 100 萬元，本日運竣，運衡陽 42 萬元，明日可運竣。運臺灣銀條，已洽交渣甸公司永生輪 0928 運臺 ...”10 月 24 日，渝中字 4292 號。“查本行在墨西哥鑄造之銀元， 約有 1300 萬元以上，陸續啟運回國，中港協定既已廢棄，業經轉飭暫卸馬尼拉由交通銀行代為保管 .. 如果所需合算，則飭轉馬尼拉交通銀行裝運至海防陸續轉運昆明再圖轉運來渝。” 中央銀行文件，檔案管理局。
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Eduard Kann and the China Numismatic Society (1940-1946) ◎ Cheng Bin〔Urumqi〕
Abstract:
Eduard Kann (1880-1962) was a well-known
began to republish articles from old numismatic magazines in
expert on Chinese monetary and financial issues, as well as a
issue 25, featuring some of the most important articles from
great collector of Chinese vintage coins in the first half of the
the bound volume of the Chuan Pi from the Howard Bowker
20th century. During the existence of the Chinese Numismatic
collection. The previously published The History of the
Society ( 中國泉幣學社 ), from 1940 to 1946, Kann interacted
Chinese Numismatic Society ( 中華泉幣學會歷史 , in issue 23
extensively with fellow members of the society, purchased
of JEAN ) provides a brief history of the Chinese Numismatic
many coins, and wrote many articles. This article uses a
Society in Shanghai in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as profiles
combination of sources, such as the magazine Chuan Pi (
泉
of prominent figures who founded the society (including
幣 ) and the Minutes of the Regular Meetings of The Chinese
Eduard Kann). What was Eduard Kann's relationship with
Numismatic Societ y ( 中 國 泉 幣 學 社 例 會 記 錄 ), as well
his colleagues in the society? What was the communication
as English newspapers published in China, such as North
between the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society and the
China Daily News, China Press, and China Hong List, in an
Chinese Numismatic Society? How did Eduard Kann's coin
attempt to show his coin collecting experiences, and to record
collecting and communication during this period influence his
the communication and interactions between the Chinese and
later numismatic research? These questions have aroused the
Western numismatic communities in Shanghai. The article
author's great interest.
argues that Eduard Kann and his colleagues in the Chinese Numismatic Society in Shanghai were constrained by the
Through a review of the past academic research, I found that
times, so they had to shift their attention from business to coin
JEAN has devoted itself to Eduard Kann related research over
collecting and research, which led to great achievements in
the years1, and it has published the Howard F. Bowker ——
the field of Chinese vintage coin research. At this stage, Kann
Eduard Kann Correspondence 1939- 1949 (in the 10th issue)
also accumulated the knowledge in the process of Chinese
and Howard F. Bowker - Eduard Kann Letters Part II 1949
coin collecting, which laid the foundation for the subsequent
(in the 13th issue) from the Bowker Collection and other the
publication of Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (Including
valuable and systematic correspondences in English. However,
Silver, Gold, Nickel, and Aluminum Coins) ( 中國幣圖說匯考
it is unfortunate that there is no correspondence between
銀金鎳鋁 ).
Bowker and Eduard Kann from 1940 and 1942-1947, so the material from The Chinese Numismatic Society during the
Keywords: Eduard
period 1940-1946 can serve to fill the gap.
Kan n, the Chinese Nu mismatic
Society, Chuan Pi magazine, Regular Meeting of the Chinese
Numismatic Society, Shanghai, vintage coin collection
This article uses the information about Eduard Kann in the bound volume of Chuan Pi magazine 1-32, published by Shanghai Bookstore in 1988, as well as the annotated version
In 2022, the Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN)
Notes: 1 Another example is Kann Paper Money Collection Found by Bruce Smith (Issue 19 of JEAN), which reveals the previously little-known Kann's Chinese paper money collection and research. Kann is even one of the most frequently mentioned collectors in Collecting Legends - Nelson Chang's Chinese Coin Collection.
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of the Minutes of the Regular Meetings of The Chinese
Numismatic Society 1940-1946 , edited by the Ma Dingxian Chinese Numismatic Research Center, published in 1993. I will attempt to provide readers with Eduard Kann's experience in collecting Chinese coins based on the materials from the Chinese Numismatic Society, in the hope that readers can know about Eduard Kann more comprehensively.
Foreword Eduard Kann lived in China for nearly half a century from 1902 Figure 1 Eduard Kann
to 1949. According to the China Hong List , Eduard Kann was the deputy manager of Russo-Asiatic Bank, the deputy manager of Banque Industrielle de Chine, and the manager of the
collect coins from this period. Using the traditional Chinese
Shanghai branch of the Chinese American Bank of Commerce,
philosophy of "when you are poor, you should be good to
and he also assumed positions in many other banks. Kann also
yourself; when you are rich, you should be good to the world",
worked for Shanghai Leather Co., Ld., Olma Chemicals, Ld.
Eduard Kann can be said to "when he is in a rich environment,
and other industrial and commercial institutes, and he opened a
he is dedicated to studying finance; when he is in a poor
company Kann, E. in partnership with Mei Dong'ao ( 梅東奧 ).
environment, he is dedicated to collecting coins."
Edua rd Kan n had a wide range of i nterests i ncludi ng
In 1940, Eduard Kann (Figure 1) became the chairman of
numismatics philately, art, and many other fields. During
the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society. The Chinese
his stay in Shanghai, he served as chairman of the Shanghai
Numismatic Society was founded in the same year. Eduard
Westerner Numismatic Society, vice president of the Shanghai
Kann took the initiative to liaise with Luo Bozhao ( 羅 伯 昭 )
Philatelic Society, president of the Shanghai Art Club, and
and others to create the conditions for cooperation between the
president of the Czechoslovakian Association in China.
two societies in Shanghai.
Eduard Kann worked as an exchange broker for a long time
Despite the platform of the Royal Asiatic Society and the
and later became a highly regarded expert on financial issues.
resources such as the Shanghai Museum and the Royal Asiatic
Kann focused on government bonds, foreign exchange, gold
Society Library, the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society
and silver, paper notes, and many other issues. He was also an
seems to have faded away and out of the vision of the press
avid writer, authoring a treatise of The Currencies of China and
after the end of the "isolated island" period.
published hundreds of articles in newspapers such as the North-
China Daily News , the China Press , and Socio-Economic
In cont rast, the Chinese Numismatic Societ y, with the
Monthly ( 社會經濟月報 ), the Central Bank Monthly ( 中
advantage of liaising with a wide range of colleagues in the
央銀行月報 ), and the Bank Weekly ( 銀行週報 ).
numismatic community, had published the magazine Chuan
Pi on a regular basis, and held regular meetings and activities
78
From t he ch ronolog y of E du a rd K a n n's w r it i ngs, t he
for more than five years until the victory of the war. During
period 1921-1939 was a prolific period for his writings and
the five years, due to the continuous rise in prices, the society
publications, with a large number of works on financial issues
had difficulty funding its activities. To maintain its financial
and monetary history being published. From 1940 to 1946,
operation, the society took several measures, including raising
limited by the external environment of the "isolated island"
its membership fee, seeking sponsorship, and publishing
period and depression in Shanghai, Eduard Kann's financial
advertisements. The Chuan Pi magazine was also compressed
research entered the "hibernation" period, but he began to
from 91 pages (the first issue) and 60 pages (the second issue)
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to 10 pages in the later years, while the number of words on the
methods of cooperation between the two societies in Shanghai.
pages of the same size was increased.
After discussion, the members generally agreed to cooperate, and listed four rules for cooperation to welcome the Shanghai
During the second half of the Chinese Numismatic Society's
Westerner Numismatic Society to attend the regular meeting of
activities, Eduard Kann's involvement gradually deepened,
the Chinese Numismatic Society. In November, Eduard Kann
and he actively participated in regular meetings and collected
attended the 12th regular meeting of the Chinese Numismatic
a lot of coins, communicating and trading more with fellow
Society for the first time. The procedures for the cooperation
members of the society. Chuan Pi became Kann's main platform
between the two organizations were rolled out in half a year
for publishing articles during these years. The magazine
with the joint efforts of both sides.
Chuan Pi published Eduard Kann's English paper Errors in the Silver Coinage of Kirin Province . There are also seven short
In May 1940, Luo Bozhao, Ding Fubao (丁 福
articles that made brief introductions of some rare coins in his
Jiongbo ( 張炯伯 ), Nai-chi Chang ( 張 叔 馴 ), Zheng Jiaxiang
collection, including a Sinkiang 2 mace silver coin, a Kilin 20
( 鄭 家 相 ), Dai Baoting ( 戴 葆 庭 ), Wang Yinjia ( 王 蔭 嘉 ),
cent silver coin with incised characters, different varieties of
Zhang Jiliang ( 張
1908 Kilin 20 cent silver coin, a copper pattern of 1925 silver
Numismatic Society in Shanghai, with the purpose of "studying
half dollar, 1926 silver dollars, 1939 10 cent nickel coins, and
ancient and modern coins, communicating with Chinese and
gold coins under Mohammad Yaqub Begnd’s reign 2 . This
foreign scholars, exchanging knowledge, and liaising with those
content was mostly published in the later period when the space
who have the same interests." Ding Fubao assumed the role of
in the Chuan Pi magazine was very tight.
president, and Luo Bozhao was the vice president. The society
季
保 ), Zhang
量 ) and others launched the Chinese
is located in the residence of Luo Bozhao at No. 7, Dupleix Route (now Anfu Road) in Shanghai.3
Led by Eduard Kann, about ten expatriates became members of the Chinese Numismatic Society, most of whom were sponsor members, and Luo Bozhao, who was good at English, was the
In June 1940, the month after the founding of the Chinese
introducer of most of the expatriate members. The involvement
Numismatic Society, Eduard Kann assumed the chairmanship
of foreign members promoted the communication between
of the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society (Figures 2 and
Chinese and Western coin collectors in Shanghai effectively.
3).4 The Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society was officially named the Chinese Numismatic Society. Since the two societies
The following is a chronological overview of the activities of
had similar English names and were located in the same city,
Eduard Kann and the Chinese Numismatic Society from 1940
the Chinese Numismatic Society whose members were mainly
to 1946.
foreigners were also called the "Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society" in the numismatic community to make a distinction. In this paper, this appellation is inherited as we mainly use the
1940
information from the Chinese Numismatic Society.
Comment: Year 1940 was a crucial year for the cooperation
According to the China Hong List published in July 1940,
between the two numismatic societies in Shanghai. In May, the
Eduard Kann worked for the following organizations: foreign
Chinese Numismatic Society was established in Shanghai, and
exchange broker of Kann, E., vice chairman of the Shanghai
in June, Eduard Kann took over as the chairman of the Shanghai
Western Numismatic Society 5, vice president of Shanghai
Westerner Numismatic Society. In October, Eduard Kann sent
Philatelic Society6, Commercial Trading Co., Ld7 and National
a letter to the Chinese Numismatic Society, proposing four
2 Jin Deping ( 金德平 ), Zhou Yanjie ( 周豔傑 ), From Coin to the Study of Chinese Coins in the 1940s. Chinese Coins. 1998 (01). 19. 3 Ma Chengyuan ( 馬承源 ), Journal of Shanghai Heritage Museum. Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press. Jun. 1997. 458-459. 4 Numismatic Society Elects Officers Mr. E. Kann to Be Chairman For Coming Year, The North-China Daily News, June 19, 1940. Coin Collectors Hold Meeting Mr. E. Kann Elected Head of Numismatic Society; Mr. Sowerby Retires, The North-China Daily News, Jun. 21, 1940. 5 Chinese Numismatic Society. China Hong List. Jul. 1940. 88. 6 Shanghai Philatelic Society. China Hong List. Jul. 1940. 91. 7 Commercial Trading Co., Ld. Importers, Exporters, Commission Agents, Underwriters and Manufacturers. 48 North Honan Rd (now North Henan Rd). China Hong List, July 1940. 102.
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Engineering & Welding Corp8. At this time, the mailing address
first issue, the article On the Far Eastern Coin Catalog by
of Kann, E. was 501, Continental Bank Building, No. 113
Arthur Coole by Zhang Jiongbo was published, describing
9
Kiukiang Road, Shanghai. (Figure 4) And the China Hong List
the communication and correspondence about coins between
(January 1939 edition) records that Mr. and Mrs. Eduard Kann
Zhang Jiongbo and Arthur Coole (1900-1978). This may be the
lived at No. 941 Fuxu Road, Shanghai. The annual publication
origin of the communication between Chinese and Western
of the China Hong List provides us with reliable English and
coin collectors in the records of the Chinese Numismatic
Chinese translations of the names of foreign institutions in
Society, which is discussed in detail in my article, Research
China, and we can also gain insight into the changing identity
on the Transcripts of Illustrated Catalog of Sinkiang from the
of Eduard Kann from successive editions of the China Hong
Arthur Coole Collection (in the 25th issue of the JEAN ).
List, which is of great reference significance for the study of Eduard Kann's life.
On August 28, 1940, Zheng Jiaxiang, Wang Yinjia, and Luo Bozhao initiated and rolled out the constitution for the regular
In July 1940, the magazine Chuan Pi was launched. In the
meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society, agreeing to hold
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 2 The article Numismatic Society Elects Officers: Mr. E. Kann to Be Chairman for Coming Year , published in the North China Daily News on June 19, 1940.
Figure 4 Copy of the words related to Eduard Kann in the China Hong List 1940 (partial)
Figure 3 The article Coin Collectors Hold Meeting: Mr. Eduard Kann Elected Head of Numismatic Society, Mr. Sowerby Retires published in the North China Daily News on June 21, 1940.
8 National Engineering & Welding Corp. China Hong List, July 1940, p.234. National Engineering & Welding Corp. 1190 Connaught Rd. Tel: 23613. Manufacturers of Arc Welders, Electrodes, Accessories and Supplies. Ministry of Transportation and Communications: Idiom Code. Oct. 1948. 607. 9 Kann, E., Continental Bank Bldg, (Room 501) 113 Kiukiang Rd. The July 1940 edition of China Hong List. 171.
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regular meetings every Saturday from 4:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.,
impression of the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society and
starting from August 31, at the residence of Luo Bozhao at No. 7,
Eduard Kann left in the magazine Chuan Pi . The full text of the
Dupleix Route, Shanghai. The regular meeting was set for five
article is as follows:
purposes: "(a) to study the coins in public; (b) to discuss matters of publication; (c) to examine the coins together; (d) to pass on
“On June 21 of this year, the North China Daily News contained
the new book collection; and (e) to trade coins at will." Since
news about the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society. It is
then, the regular meeting has become an important platform
said that the society will hold an annual general meeting on
for the communication of ideas among fellow members of the
the 17th of this month to elect the chairman and officers. The
society, and the main form for the foreigners such as Eduard
progress of the meeting will be reported. The original news
Kann to participate in the activities of the society.
is attached. The society was established in the twenty-third year of the Republic of China12, Nai-chi Chang and I joined as
In the second issue published in September 194010, an article by
members from the beginning. At the time of the initial launch,
Zhang Jiongbo, a founding member of the Chinese Numismatic
there were only a dozen or so members, all of whom were from
Society, News about the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic
Europe and the United States, except for Nai-chi Chang and
Society
11
me. Six years have passed, and the world has changed so much
(Figure 5) was published, which was the f irst
that I have no time to ask about it. Recently, Eduard Kann was elected as the chairman. He is knowledgeable and experienced, living in China for many years, and has organized commercial and financial weekly newspapers. Kann usually studies finance and currency, and he has authored a book about Chinese currency in English, popular in China and abroad. I have no idea about the recent status of society. However, I think it is better to cooperate with the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society rather than go different ways. The society has a fixed address in a museum in Shanghai, and there is a library for reference. If we can combine two societies into one, it will be a win-win result. Academics have no borders, so if we can work together, we will get the best results.” On October 26, 1940, the Chinese Numismatic Society held its ninth regular meeting, and Luo Bozhao translated the letter from the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society, which proposed cooperation between the Chinese and Westerners. Luo Bozhao, who was good at English, replied to the letter after discussion with the society members. [3] (P397) The full text of the letter from the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society is as
Figure 5 The News about the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society in the second issue of Chuan Pi by Zhang Jiongbo
follows13:
10 The copyright page of the second issue of Chuan Pi shows the addition of Kirin Numismatic Society (inside the antique market at No.226, Guangdong Road, Shanghai) 11 Zhang Jiongbo, News of the Shanghai Westerners Numismatic Society. Chuan Pi. Sep. 1940 (2). 56. 12 Chinese Numismatic Society Started: Coin Collectors Getting Together To Promote Their Hobby. The China Press. Jun. 8, 1934. NUMISMATIC SOCIETY FORMED HERE: New Organization Invites Membership. The North China Daily News. Jun. 8, 1934. In the early days, the Chinese Numismatic Society held regular meetings once every two weeks at 5:30 p.m. in the reading room of the library of the Royal Asiatic Society (now the Bund Art Museum in Shanghai) at No.20 Museum Road (now Huqiu Road), and set out the method of trading coins. 13 Ma Feihai ( 馬飛海 ), Zhou Xiang ( 周祥 ), and Luo Jiong ( 羅炯 ), Luo Bozhao's Numismatic Anthology. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. Nov. 2004. 129.
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The Letter from the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society I am writing to you in the name of the chairman of our society. It has been five years since the establishment of our society. I would like to celebrate the establishment of your society and wish to cooperate with you. At our last monthly meeting, we proposed the following methods of cooperation between the two societies in Shanghai. (1) The two societies remain independent and each keeps its own constitution. (2) Members of your society are welcome to attend the meetings of the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society. When your society hold meetings, our members are also welcome to attend. There is no additional membership fee. The purpose is to exchange views and trade coins with each other. (3) Your magazine can be turned to a joint publication of the two societies. We can pay for the English section at our discretion. With English articles, they can sell well in foreign countries. As for the English section, we can be responsible for writing the articles. (4) The two societies can jointly hold coin auctions so that the public can increase their interest in collecting coins. In addition, I can find a suitable meeting room of low rental fee in the Sichuan Road for you. I would appreciate your consideration of the above proposals, and hope to receive your reply. The Chinese Numismatic Society Vice President Luo Bozhao The Chairman of Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society Eduard Kann October 19, 1940
On November 2, 1940, the tenth regular meeting of the Chinese
the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society into Chinese and
Numismatics Society was held, and members gathered at the
passed it on to other members.
Huibin Building, where Luo Bozhao translated the letter of
the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society is as follows14:
[3](P397)
The full text of Reply to
Reply to the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society I am writing to you in response to your letter dated October 19. After consulting with our president and members, I would like to reply as follows: We generally agree to the cooperation between the two societies proposed by your society. In the initial cooperation, we design four rules and regulations as follows. (1) You are welcome to join our society without paying any additional fee. (a) Every Saturday afternoon from 4:00 to 6:30 p.m., a meeting will be held at the Luo Bozhao's residence at No. 7, Dupleix Route to appreciate coins and make communication. Refreshments are available. (b) The regular monthly meeting is set on the first Wednesday and Sunday of the month with reception dinner. The location will be determined on an ad hoc basis. Members of the society must be notified in advance so that they can be seated. The expenses will be borne equally by the participants. (2) The English section of the February issue of Chuan Pi can be used exclusively for your society's publication. The expenses shall be assumed by your society. The return of the expenses shall be distributed equally by those who sponsor the magazine. The returned expense may also be used for marketing abroad or for distribution to your members. (3) Members of our society may also join your society without paying additional dues. (4) If you hold a coin auction, we will certainly assist you. We are a relatively new organization, and we hope that you will give us advice and help us at any time. At present, we do not need to rent a meeting room on Sichuan Road. If you are willing to cooperate with us, we will do our best to follow you. The Chairman of Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society Eduard Kann The Chinese Numismatic Society Vice President Luo Bozhao October 29, 1940
14 Ma Feihai ( 馬飛海 ), Zhou Xiang ( 周祥 ), and Luo Jiong ( 羅炯 ), Luo Bozhao's Numismatic Anthology. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. Nov. 2004. 128.
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Figure 6 The copy of the Letter from the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society and the Reply to the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society on the third issue of Chuan Pi
The third issue of Chuan Pi , published in November 1940, contained the full text of the Letter from the Shanghai Westerners
Numismatic Society and the Reply to the Shanghai Westerners Numismatic Society in English and Chinese (Figure 6). On November 16, 1940, Eduard Kann attended the twelfth regular meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society for the first time, marking the initial cooperation between the two societies in Shanghai.
1941 Comment: In 1941, two societies continued the cooperation. Eduard Kann and some foreigners became members of the Chinese Numismatic Society, and in May, the revised Brief Regulations of the Chinese Numismatic Society reflected the intention to develop members residing in Europe and the United States, and the society also added instructions for filling out the Chinese Numismatic Society Admission Form in English and Chinese. The back cover of the sixth issue of Chuan Pi
Figure 7 The Membership of the Chinese Numismatic Society published in the fourth issue of Chuan Pi shows that Eduard Kann became an ordinary member of the society
was printed in English, and the seventh issue was divided into three regions for distribution at home and abroad. The above initiatives reflect the intention of the society to communicate with those who are interested in the numismatics at home and abroad and to broaden the distribution channels of the magazine.
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In the fourth issue of the magazine Chuan Pi published
Asian, Europe and America, which shows the wide distribution
in January 1941, it is recorded that Eduard Kann and two
range of the magazine.
other foreigners, Dr. H. Hoene and W. Wicke, were ordinary members of the society, and Eduard Kann's mailing address
The copyright page of the eighth issue published in September
was 113 Sichuan Rd. Shanghai. (Figure 7)15
1941 shows that the distribution office of the magazine has been changed from the Medical Bookstore to the Chinese
In May 1941, the sixth issue of the Chuan Pi published the Brief
Numismatic Society (No. 7, Dupleix Route, Shanghai), and the
Regulations of the Chinese Numismatic Society , which was
original distribution office, the Medical Bookstore, is still the
revised on May 31. The section about the fees states: "However,
consignment office of the magazine.
members living in Europe and the United States must pay their membership fees in U.S. dollars. Annual membership fee for
In November 1941, the ninth issue was published.
Type A sponsor member is US$6, the fee for Type B special member is US$4, and the fee for Type C ordinary member C
In December 1941, the Japanese army entered the Shanghai
is US$2. The membership fee should be paid in francs and
concession after the outbreak of the Pacific War, and the
US dollars, and the name and address can be registered in
“isolated island” period of Shanghai came to an end. On
English or Chinese. From the list of the Staff of the Chinese
December 27, 1942, Eduard Kann attended the 70th regular
Numismatic Society in Shanghai (in 30 years of the Republic
meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society.[3](P397)
of China), Eduard Kann was not listed. In fact, from the information of the Chinese Numismatic Society , the publication cost of Chuan Pi has been increasing, and the society had to raise the membership fee several times in order to break even. It is noteworthy that the sixth issue of Chuan Pi also has a page in English (Figure 8), which is suspected to be the back cover of that issue. In the upper left corner of the page writes "Public Concession Police Office Publication Registration No. C 814" and "French Concession Police Office Registration No. 538" in Chinese. The English name of Chuan Pi is "THE CHINESE NUMISMATICS" and the English name of the society is "THE CHINESE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY", which reflects that Shanghai was an "isolated island" as a concession. Chuan
Pi was first published by the Medical Bookstore at No. 204, Myburgh Road, Shanghai, which also published the Ancient
Coin Series ( 古泉叢書 ) compiled by Ding Fubao and others. In July 1941, the seventh issue of Chuan Pi was published with advertising rates, which was another resolution to the funds. The pricing list sets the retail price and annual subscription price in three different areas: first, domestic and Japan; second, Figure 8 The English page of the sixth issue of Chuan Pi
Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou and Haifang; and third, South
15 A Record of Membership of the Chinese Numismatic Society. Chuan Pi. Jan. 1942(4). 50.
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1942
about Chinese fantasy gold coins, the one tael and 5 mace
Comment: According to Eduard Kann and His Numismatic
are two kinds of fantasy coins, which are said to be minted in
Masterpiece [in Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (Silver,
Sinkiang province in the Qing dynasty, that is, one tael gold
Gold, Nickel and Aluminum)]: “Around late February 1942,
coin and half tael gold coin. On the obverse, four characters
Eduard Kann was arrested by the Japanese army, who believed
which mean it is a 1 mace gold coin are inscribed in a circle.
that he had friendly relations with the Chinese. The Japanese
There are four concentric circles on this side, but there is no
imprisoned him in his apartment by the Huangpu River in
inscription between every two circles. The reverse side features
Shanghai (now the Bridge Building at No. 85 North Sichuan
a dragon surrounded by four Uighur words. Both of their
Road).” On May 2, Eduard Kann attended the 79th regular
designs are the same except for the denomination."
gold coins are mentioned. Eduard Kann mentioned that “there
meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society, indicating that he had been released. In the second half of that year, Eduard Kann
This record is very important. Although the statement that
attended three regular meetings of the society, showing no less
the year of Sinkiang gold coin dated "the 28th year of the
than six coins for appreciation, and Chuan Pi published the
Guangxu’s reign (1902)" and the purpose of issuance "was to
English paper Errors in the Silver Coinage of Kirin Province.
replace the pounds in Sinkiang" was different from the record
Kann also agreed to write an English manuscript about Chinese
in the Sinkiang Record ( 新 疆 圖 志 ) that the gold coin was
paper notes. All these indicate that Eduard Kann has shifted
minted in "the 33rd year of the Guangxu’s reign (1907)" and the
his focus from the study of financial issues to the collection and
purpose of issuance "was to prevent the Russians from taking
study of Chinese coins.
advantage of its gold coins and banknotes". However, Eduard Kann clearly pointed out that the one tael gold coin and 5 mace
In early 1942, Eduard Kann published an important article
gold coin with four concentric circles were counterfeit coins,
entitled The Coinage of Gold in China , which was translated
bringing forward the written records of these two coins to 1942.
from the seventh issue of the newspaper of the Chinese
This is a correction to the author's article Rare Gold Coins in
Numismatic Society. This article was published twenty years
the Late Qing Dynasty a Research on the 1907 China Sinkiang
before Eduard Kann's article China's Attempts At Coinage From
Gold Coin Also on the Anecdotes of Historical Coinage (the
Gold Never Succeeded (the 25th issue of the JEAN ),17 which
23rd issue of the JEAN ).
16
was originally published in the Coin World in 1962. The section about Chinese gold coins introduces the Sinkiang gold coins.
In January 1942, the tenth issue of Chuan Pi published the
First is the 2 mace gold coin. In the 28th year of Guangxu’s
Notice of the Regular Meeting of the Society , stating: "The
reign (1902), Sinkiang province minted 2 mace gold coin of
regular meeting of the society has lasted for seventy weeks
the size of the pound to replace the pound used in Sinkiang.
since it was initiated by Luo Bozhao, Wang Yinjia, and Zheng
On the obverse, the Chinese characters which indicate that it
Jiaxiang in August 1929, and has never been suspended. The
is a 2 mace gold coin are inscribed in a circle. On its reverse, a
date of the regular meeting is hereby changed to once every two
dragon is in the center, surrounded by the Uighur. As for the 1
weeks from 1942.” The date of the regular meeting in 1942 was
mace gold coin, it was issued in Sinkiang in 1902, and it was
also announced. H. Shoenfelder became an ordinary member of
intended to replace the half-pound coin, so the size was also
society.
equal to the half-pound coin. The reverse side has characters to indicate it is a 1 mace gold coin. The reverse side has a dragon
On February 19, 1942, the 74th regular meeting was held, and
in the center surrounded by the Uighur. The 2 mace and 1 mace
the twelve members attending the meeting took a group photo,
are referred to the weight, but not for their value. In the section
which is very precious (Figure 9).[3](P461-462)
16 Eduard Kann, translated by Ji Sheng ( 紀繩 ), Chinese Gold Coins. Zhonglian Bank Monthly,Vol. 3, No. 1. 1942. 211-219. Eduard Kann, translated by Ji Sheng, Chinese Gold Coins (continued): with photos. Zhonglian Bank Monthly,Vol.3, No. 1. 1942. 155-167. 17 Eduard Kann: China's Attempts At Coinage From Gold Never Succeeded. The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (25). 36-37.
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On May 2, 1942, Eduard Kann attended the 79th regular meeting. At this regular meeting, it was decided that Zheng Jiaxiang would add descriptions to the coins to be presented for appreciation in the magazine in the name of the society, with the collector’s name noted below the coins. Since then, Eduard Kann has shown a number of coins for appreciation. On June 13, 1942, Eduard Kann attended the 82nd regular meeting and showed four error varieties of Kilin half dollar and 10 cent coins, various Sichuan copper coins, and a Sinkiang 20 cent copper coin. At this regular meeting, the English article
Errors in the Silver Coinage of Kirin Province by Eduard Kann
Figure 9 Group photo of members of the 74th regular meeting
about the error variety of Kilin silver coins was agreed to be included in the fourteenth issue of Chuan Pi .[3](P424)
From the front of left ： Chang Kwun-peh、Zhuge Yunsheng、 Ding fubao、Zhang Yicheng、Zheng Jiaxiang From the back of left ： Yang Chengqi、Dai Baoting、Wang Yinjia、Zhang Jiliang、Chen laingsheng、Luo Bozhao、Ma Dingxiang
In July 1942, the thirteenth issue of Chuan Pi published A
Report on the Membership of the Society (X) . According to the report, three foreigners introduced by Luo Bozhao became full members, including D. Marshall (Electric Company, Nanjing Road, Shanghai), G. D. Raeburn (Jardine Matheson by the Bund, Shanghai), E. Zubler (Shengheng Foreign Firm, No. 255, Peking Road, Shanghai). In September 1942, the fourteenth issue of Chuan Pi published
Kann for the brief introduction to the coins in his collection in
the English paper Errors in the Silver Coinage of Kirin
the magazine and the attendant on the regular meeting record,
Province (Figure 9) written by Eduard Kann, and the author's
while the Chinese name “ 阚 恩 ” or “ 阚 君 ” is used for his
introduction at the end of the article noted that “The author of
articles.
this paper, Errors in the Silver Coinage of Kirin Province , is Kann of Austria, an expert in Chinese currency, and the current
On December 12, 1942, Eduard Kann attended the ninety-fifth
chairman of the Shanghai Westerner Numismatic Society.
regular meeting.[3] (P429) The regular meeting report in this issue
His masterpieces include The Currencies of China , Chinese
recorded that "Kann promised to write a manuscript in English
Machine Mintage, Earliest Chinese Silver Coins, Chinese Gold
about Chinese paper money and publish it in Chuan Pi ."18
Coins , etc. They are published in Chinese art magazines and
However, this article was not published in the following issues.
the monthly magazine of the Central Bank.” This is a formal
It is worth mentioning that Eduard Kann's collection of Chinese
introduction to Eduard Kann in Chuan Pi. According to my
banknotes is little known but valuable.
observation, Eduard Kann used the English name Kann or E.
18 Chuan Pi (16). 40.
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Figure 10 Copy of the first and last pages of the English article Errors in the Silver Coinage of Kirin Province by Edward Kann in the 14th issue of Chuan Pi
Figure 11 The rubbing of the 1901 Kirin half dollar silver coin in Eduard Kann's collection in the Collection of Rubbings for Commemorating the 100th Regular Meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society (《中國泉幣學社百次例 會紀念拓集》)
1943
Numismatic Society more and more frequently.On February 20, 1943, Eduard Kann attended the monumental 100th regular
Comment: In 1943, Eduard Kann attended f ive regular
meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society.[3](P430) For this
meetings of the Chinese Numismatic Society and showed
meeting, the society asked each member to rub a page of the
three coins for appreciation. In February, Eduard Kann
coin in his collection and then the rubbings were bounded
attended the monumental 100th regular meeting. He gifted
into a volume. Eduard Kann provided the rubbings of the
his The Currencies of China to the society and responded to
1901 Kirin half dollar silver coin in his collection. Different
the initiative of the organizers by providing rubbings of his
from photos, rubbing is a traditional Chinese technique for
collection.
the Chinese coin catalog to gain the image of coins. Eduard Kann's The Currencies of China was gifted to the society as
On February 20, 1943, Eduard Kann attended the monumental
a commemoration of its 100th regular meeting.19 Thereafter,
100th regular meeting of the Chinese Numismatic Society.[3]
Kann's participated in the regular meetings of the Chinese
(P430)
Numismatic Society more and more frequently.
For this meeting, the society asked each member to rub a
page of the coin in his collection and then the rubbings were bounded into a volume. Eduard Kann provided the rubbings of
On May 29, 1943, Eduard Kann and another foreigner Mr. A.
the 1901 Kirin half dollar silver coin in his collection. Different
Robert attended the 107th regular meeting, at which Eduard
from photos, rubbing is a traditional Chinese technique for
Kann showed 1935 Sun Yat-sen nickel coins featuring an
the Chinese coin catalog to gain the image of coins. Eduard
ancient coin pattern on its reverse (5 cent, 10 cent, and 20 cent
Kann's The Currencies of China was gifted to the society as
coins). Nickel coins are a coin category that Eduard Kann kept
a commemoration of its 100th regular meeting.19 Thereafter,
focusing on. In addition, he was also keen on silver coins from
Kann's participated in the regular meetings of the Chinese
Kilin and Sinkiang.
19 Chuan Pi (17), p. 25.
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In July 1943, the nineteenth issue of Chuan Pi published A
Report on the Membership of the Society (XVI). A. Robert introduced by Luo Baozhao became a full member of the society, and his address is at the Swiss Consulate, No. 9 by the Bund in the French Concession in Shanghai. On September 18, 1943, Eduard Kann attended the 115th regular meeting.[3](P435) On October 30, 1943, Eduard Kann attended the 110th regular meeting.[3](P436) On December 11, 1943, Eduard Kann attended the 121st regular meeting.[3](P437) Figure 12 The Shanxi 20 cent coin (with a different English inscription on the reverse) showed by Eduard Kann on the 131st regular meeting
1944 Comment: Eduard Kann participated in the activities of the Chinese Numismatic Society most frequently in 1944. Eduard
meeting.[3](P439)
Kann attended 25 regular meetings and presented 20 coins, being absent only once. Chuan Pi published five short articles
On April 15, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 130th regular
to introduce coins in his collection.
meeting and showed a Guangdong 20 cent coin with an extra stroke on the character guang ( 光 , the ordinary variety does
On January 8, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 123rd regular
not have an extra stroke) and a coin for commemorating
meeting.[3](P437)
the Chuan Kang Army entering Tibet. 20 The 26th issue of
Chuan Pi published on September 1 introduces the coin for commemorating the Chuan Kang Army entering Tibet, and
On January 29, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 124th regular
it says that "this coin has never been seen before, and it may
[3](P438)
meeting.
be gifted to Eduard Kann by a parishioner in Xikang". A. E. On February 5, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 125th regular
Pogrebetzky-Menezes21 also attended this meeting and showed
meeting and showed a 1911 short-whisker dragon silver dollar.
a variety of banknotes.[3](P440) In the 24th issue of Chuan Pi , published on May 1, 1944, page 12, there was A Report on
[3](P438)
the Membership of the Society (XX) in which Pogrebetzky Menezes was listed as a sponsor member, and his address was
On February 19, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 126th regular meeting and showed a Fujian silver dollar.
at Apartment G, No. 253, Wuyuan Road, Shanghai.
On March 18, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 128th regular
On April 29, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 131st regular
[3](P438)
meeting [3](P440), and presented a Shanxi 20 cent coin with
[3](P439)
meeting.
different a English inscription on the reverse for appreciation (Figure 12).22
On April 1, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 129th regular
20 A Coin for Commemorating the Chuan Kang Army Entering Tibet. Chuan Pi (24). 20. 21 Alexander Pogrebetsky (A.I.ПОГРЕБЕЦКИЙ), a Russian collector, Currency and Finance of China (Денежное обращение и финансы Китая). 1929. The Harbin Institute. 22 Eduard Kann presented two types of Shanxi 20 cent silver coins. Chuan Pi (24). 20.
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On May 13, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 132nd regular
20 cent Coin with Incised Inscription (with image) translated by
meeting and showed a small nickel coin with the bust of the
Luo Bozhao to introduce this coin collected by Eduard Kann.
Prime Minister on the obverse and a plain reverse. Alexander Pogrebetzky was also present.[3](P441)
On September 30, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 142nd regular meeting.[3](P444)
On May 27, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 133rd regular meeting and showed a Kangding silver coin. 23 Alexander
On October 14, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 143rd regular
Pogrebetzky was present with his representative work Chinese
meeting and showed a Chekiang one-dollar coin.[3](P445)
[3](P441)
Coinage and Modern Finance .
On October 28, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 144th regular On June 10, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 134th regular
meeting.
[3](P441)
[3](P445)
Another foreigner F. A. Frisk also attended the
meeting.
meeting and showed three stone coins.
On June 24, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 135th regular
On November 11, 1944, Eduard Kann and other four foreigners,
meeting. Alexander Pogrebetzky was present and showed a 1923
including Louis Piendivalla, J. R. Bossuet, and Po, attended
Russian gold coin.[3](P442)
the 145th regular meeting[3](P446). Frisk showed a zhong bao da
quan [ 重寶大泉 ] cash coin. Bossuet showed three xuan tong bao zang [ 宣 統 寶 藏 ] cash coins, a Guangxu 1/4 face Ruble,
On July 8, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 136th regular 24
meeting and presented two Zhangzhou military ration silver
and many kinds of Tibetan coins. Eduard Kann showed two
dollars issued by Zeng Guofan ( 曾國藩 ) and Zuo Zongtang ( 左
types of 1914 Yuan Shi Kai silver dollar with L.G signature
宗棠 ), respective, a 1915 5 cent nickel coin, a 1929 Sun Yat-sen
and a 1908 Kilin 20 cent coin without Manchu characters on
[3](P442)
the reverse. At that time, the 27th issue of Chuan Pi of only
20 cent silver coin and a 1911 big tail dragon silver dollar.
14 pages was published, with a total cost of 9,600 dollars for On July 22, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 137th regular
printing and more than 4,000 dollars for making printing
meeting and presented a 1922 Chekiang 20 cent coin and a
plates, excluding the expense for paper. It was decided that
Yuan Shikai silver dollar. The minutes of this regular meeting
the collectors who presented the coin would be responsible
use Eduard Kann's Chinese name “ 阚恩 ”.
for the expense of the printing plate of the related section. The
[3](P443)
28th issue of Chuan Pi showed the different varieties of the 1908 Kilin 20 cent coins, stating that “the last issue of Chuan
August 5, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 138th regular meeting.
Pi had published Kann's collection of Kirin pattern coin with
3](P443)
incised inscriptions, and in this issue, Kann showed different varieties of 1908 Kilin 20 cent coins, which are even rarer than
On August 19, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 139th regular meeting.[3](P443)
the previous type. …… there was only one known. This one
On September 2, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 140th regular
purchased by Ma Dingxiang ( 馬定祥 ) .”25
in the collection of Kann should be the one in a batch of coins
meeting, and Alexander Pogrebetzky also attended.[3](P444)
On November 24, 1944, Eduard Kann and Frisk attended the 146th regular meeting, and Eduard Kann showed a Kashgar 5
On September 16, 1944, Eduard Kann attended the 141st regular
mace coin.[3](P446)
meeting and showed a Kirin 20 cent silver coin with incised inscription.[3](P444) The 27th issue of Chuan Pi published Kirin
23 The Regular Meeting Report writes Eduard Kann showed a silver coin with the Tibetan characters on the reverse. Chuan Pi (25). 20. 24 The Regular Meeting Report writes that Eduard Kann showed a Shanxi five-cent nickel coin. Chuan Pi (26). 14. 25 Eduard Kann, Different Varieties of 1908 Kilin 20 Cent Silver Coin, Chuan Pi (28). 11.
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On December 9, 1944, Eduard Kann, Bossuet, and Piendivalla
January 20, 1945, Eduard Kann, Piendivalla, and Frisk attended
attended the 147th regular meeting, where Eduard Kann
the 150th regular meeting, and Eduard Kann showed a 1929
showed a 1935 Sun Yat Sen junk half dollar copper pattern
Sun Yat-sen dollar with A. Motti signature and R. signature on
(unique).[3](P446) The 29th issue of Chuan Pi presented Eduard
its reverse.[3](P448)
Kann's collection of a 1935 half dollar copper pattern which is unique, and the description writes "the denominations of the
On February 3, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 151st regular
1935 Republic nickel coins only have 5 cent, 10 cent, and 20
meeting.[3](P448)
cent. According to Kann, it was made by a mint in Philadelphia, USA. Only eleven sets were sent back to China. Therefore, it is
On February 17, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 152nd regular
difficult to see, and the silver coins have never been heard of .”
meeting of the Chinese Numismatics Society during the Spring Festival. Zheng Jiaxiang ( 鄭家相 ) brought two ancient coins
On December 23, 1944, Eduard Kann, Frisk and Piendivalla
for auction.[3](P449)
attended the 148th regular meeting. Frisk presented four Mongolian silver coins and three copper coins.[3](P447)
On March 3, 1945, Eduard Kann and Frisk attended the 153rd regular meeting. Eduard Kann presented two Chekiang 10 cent
1945
silver coins of 1896 and 1897 respectively.[3](P449)
Commenr: In 1945, Eduard Kann attended 24 regular meetings
On March 17, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 154th regular
of the Chinese Numismatics Society and was absent only once,
meeting and showed an 1896 Chekiang 20 cent silver coin.[3](P449)
presenting 14 coins and publishing two short articles about the coins in his collection in Chuan Pi. In August and September
On March 31, 1945, Eduard Kann, Piendivalla and Bossuet
of this year, China won the war and Shanghai was restored. In
attended the 155th regular meeting, and Bossuet showed a one
September, the 32nd issue of the magazine was published. In
tael silver coin, a Kashgar five mace silver coin, a five mace
October, the Chinese Numismatics Society held its second staff
rational silver coin, a Kashgar Republican five mace coin and
election, and Eduard Kann was elected as the reviewer.
many other kinds of Sinkiang coins.[3](P450)
In the 28th issue of Chuan Pi , published on January 1, 1945,
On April 14, 1945, Eduard Kann, Piendivalla and Bossuet
it was recorded in A Report of the Membership of the Society
attended the 156th regular meeting. Eduard Kann showed a
(XXIV) that F. A. Frisk became a sponsor member, and
1940 10 cent nickel coin with a Chinese character shou [ 壽 ]
his address was No. 83 Apartment, No. 303, Beidang Rd,
which means longevity on its reverse, and Bossuet showed a
Shanghai; Louis Piendivalla became a sponsor member and his
variety of ancient Chinese coins.[3](P450)
address was No.61 Apartment, No.30, Longhua Rd, Shanghai; J.R.Bossuet became a sponsor member and his address was
On April 28, 1945, Eduard Kann, B. Piendivalla and Bossuet
No.702 Apartment, No.210, Guilin Rd, Shanghai.26
attended the 157th regular meeting and Eduard Kann showed a Hubei dollar.[3](P450)
On January 6, 1945, Eduard Kann, Frisk and Piendivalla attended the 149th regular meeting[3](P448). Piendivalla presented
The 30th issue of Chuan Pi published on May 1, 1945 has an
a 1936 constitutional commemorative silver coin, and Eduard
article 1940 10 Cent Nickel Coin ( 華 北廿九年拾分 鎳幣 )
Kann showed a 1936 spade dollar, a 1936 spade half dollar, a
to introduce this coin from Eduard Kann's collection. In the
junk dollar and a junk half dollar, all of which were in perfect
same issue, 1907 Kilin 10 Cent Coin about Chen Liangsheng's
condition.
( 陳 亮 聲 ) collection was published, stating: "Kann has many
26 A Report on the Membership of the Society (XXIV). Chuan Pi (28). 14.
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different varieties of Kilin coins in his collection, with a long
side. This is the first time for a Sinkiang coin to use the English
reputation. The only one missing from his collection was the
inscription".28
1907 Kilin 10 cent coin , which has been unavailable for several years. Recently, Chang Huang ( 張 璜 ) got one of this kind in
On August 4, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 164th regular
inferior condition when traveling north, and this one went to
meeting.[3](P452) Yu Chengzhi's ( 俞
Eduard Kann.”
27
誠
之 ) ingot of the Han
dynasty went to Eduard Kann at a high price.29
On May 12, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 158th regular
On August 18, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 165th regular
meeting.[3](P451)
meeting.[3](P454)
On May 26, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 159th regular
On September 1, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 166th regular
[3](P451)
meeting.
meeting and showed a Kirin five mace coin. After the meeting, eleven members of the society had a dinner to celebrate the 5th anniversary of the society.[3](P453) Luo Bozhao proposed to re-
On June 23, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 161st regular [3](P452)
meeting.
elect the staff. Yet, Zhang Jiongbo and others advocated that they should keep the original staff for the time being, and that
The 31st issue of Chuan Pi , published on July 1, 1945, has
if Luo Bozhao was traveling far, then Zhang Jiongbo and others
an article Kashgar 3 Mace Coin (
) about Gu
would do the work for him. The 32nd issue of Chuan Pi , which
Bingyuan's ( 顧 炳 元 ) collection, saying: "In the last issue
is named the "Issue of Victory", was published on the same day.
of this magazine, Gu Bingyuan got a new Kashgar 3 mace.
It was planned that the 33rd issue, which is named the "Issue
Recently, he got another one on which the Chinese character
of Recovery", would feature Taiwan, Annan, Korean, and
san [ 三 ] is simplified, and this one is not covered in Jiang
Northeast China coins, but not made to be published.
喀 什三 錢
Zhongchuan's ( 蔣 仲 川 ) catalog. It is also inscribed with year 1325 of Muslim calendar (year 1898) written in Uyghur
In the 32nd issue of Chuan Pi , A Dedication to the Victory
characters, which has never been seen before. There are really
( 勝利號獻詞 ), written by Luo Bozhao, was published. The
many rare coins from Kashgar."
article reviewed the work of the Chinese Numismatics Society
On July 7, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 162nd regular
Pi . It reads as follows:
in the past five years since its founding and the launch of Chuan meeting.[3](P452)
Since the July 7 Incident of 1937, China has been fighting hard for eight years. On August 10 of this year, Japan declared its
On July 21, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 163rd regular The 32nd
surrender and an armistice on the 15th. The victory finally
issue of Chuan Pi , published on September 1, 1945, introduces
belongs to China. Once the war comes to an end, the world will
a Sin kiang 2 mace and a gold coins under Mohammad
come to peace, and all my compatriots exult. The society was
Yaqub Begnd’s reign (translated by Luo Baozhao), and both
founded in May 1941 during the war, and we were just engaged
coins were from the collection of Kann. In the one about the
in this hobby to relieve the tedium. Since the launch of the first
Sinkiang 2 mace coin, it writes "the coin from the collection
issue in July, we have been fortunate to have President Ding
of Eduard Kann has a shallow strike on the obverse and sharp
Fubao's guidance, Chief Editor Zheng Jiaxiang's dedication,
on the reverse. The reverse side features a seated dragon, with
and Dai Baoting's hard work as an accountant, as well as the
'Sungarei' inscribed on the upper side and '2 Mace' on the lower
efforts of members Zhang Jiongbo, Zhang Jiliang, Wang Yinjia
[3](P452)
meeting and showed a Sinkiang two mace coin.
27 Chuan Pi (30). The Chinese Numismatic Society. May 1945. 8. 28 The origin of the Sinkiang silver coins can be found in my article, Study of the German Schuler Company's Delivery of Chinese Minting Machines in the Late Qing Dynasty (1895-1905). The Journal of East Numismatics (26). 29 Regular Meeting Report of the 162nd Meeting on [1945] July 7. Chuan Pi (32). 10.
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and other members across the nation so that the magazine has
Shanghai Road from the next time, with the time scheduled one
been able to tide over the difficulties and has been released
hour earlier than usual, that is, from 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
continuously for five and a half years. The accomplishments of the magazine are owing to all our members, and I am honored
On November 10, 1945, Eduard Kann and D. O. Pogrebetzky-
to work with all of you. Since the foundation has been laid, and
Menezes attended the 170th regular meeting, and Eduard Kann
life is unpredictable, it is hopeful that we can work together
showed a half dollar of the Peking Min.[3](P455)
to carry forward and make expansion. On the occasion of the publication of the 32nd issue, which coincides with the
On November 24, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 171st
unprecedented national celebration, I would like to name it the
regular meeting.[3](P455)
"issue of victory" and the congratulation as follows: On December 8, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 172nd regular
As the price of goods is getting higher, the most difficult is to
meeting and showed two 1936 10 cent nickel coins, with a
raise funds for the magazine. For example, the budget for the
Chinese character ping [ 平 ] and jin [ 津 ] respectively.[3](P455)
31st issue was 100,000 dollars, but the bill came to 390,000 dollars. Given this situation, Luo Bozhao and Dai Baoting
1946
agreed to pay a total of 600,000 dollars (400,000 dollars from Luo Bozhao and 200,000 dollars from Dai Baoting). The
Comment: In 1946, as the main organizers of the Chinese
publication of the "issue of victory" is owing to the efforts of
Numismatics Society left Shanghai, the regular meeting
both of them. I would like to express my appreciation for their
activities ceased, and the magazine Chuan Pi was also
help!
discontinued. In the same year, Eduard Kann attended the regular meeting of the Chinese Numismatics Society one time
Editors
only. According to the third edition of Top Chinese Coins, Eduard Kann went on a tour of the United States in 1946, and
On September 15, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 167th
in 1948 he returned to China and arrived in Shanghai on June
regular meeting, and showed the 1940 one cent pattern issued
30 30.
[3](P453)
by the Shanghai Huaxing Bank.
On January 19, 1946, Eduard Kann attended the 175th regular
On September 29, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 168th
meeting. At the meeting, it was resolved to postpone the regular
regular meeting.[3](P454)
meeting until four weeks later and to continue publishing the magazine.[3](P456)
On October 13, 1945, Eduard Kann attended the 168th regular meeting (which should be the 169th regular meeting). On that
On March 15, 1946, the Chinese Numismatics Society held its
day, Eduard Kann was elected to be the reviewer among the
178th regular meeting, which is the last regular meeting of the
second Board of Directors.[3](P454)
society. After that, because Chen Rentao ( 陳 仁 濤 ) took his family to Hong Kong, none can support holding the regular
On October 27, 1945, Eduard Kann and D.O. Pogrebetzky-
meeting any longer. Other members suggested that the meeting
Menezes attended the 169th regular meeting, and Pogrebetzky
should still be held at the Luo Bozhao's residence. Since Luo
showed dozens of notes issued in North China. The regular
Bozhao went to Chongqing, it was suggested to decide the date
meeting is scheduled to hold in the office of President Chen of
of the next meeting once Luo Bozhao returned to Shanghai.[3](P457)
Yongxing Real Estate Company on the 6th floor of No.160, Da
30 Howard F. Bowker – Eduard Kann Correspondence 1939 – 1949. The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (10). 42. Aug.4, 1948. Letter from Eduard Kann to Bowker, one page, written in Shanghai.
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Conclusion On September 7, 1948, Eduard Kann's The Letter from
If The Currencies of China (1926) is a concentrated achievement
31
"Currency Reform" To the Editor was probably the last report
of Kann's research on financial issues, then Illustrated Catalog
on Eduard Kann in the North China Daily News and the China
of Chinese Coins (Silver, Gold, Nickel and Aluminum) (1954)
Press . On November 1, 1948, an article entitled The Wonder
is undoubtedly a masterpiece of his research on Chinese coin
of Coins ( 錢 幣 的 奧 妙 ) was published in the newspaper
collecting, as one of the most important reference books for the
Shun Pao (
). The reporter interviewed numismatic
collection and study of modern Chinese vintage coins. The five
researcher and collector Chang Huang. Chang pointed out that
years or so that Eduard Kann participated in the activities of
collectors hope that ancient coins can be well preserved, and
the Chinese Numismatic Society was an important time in the
"coin collectors recently worried about the reform of the coin
accumulation of his coin collection, and some of the important
system, and the government has not explicitly allowed people to
contents of the Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (Silver,
collect the ancient coins. If the ancient coins should be turned
Gold, Nickel and Aluminum) can be found in the materials of
over as other gold and silver coins, then these antiques would
the Chinese Numismatic Society. Through the integration and
disappear. If we still keep these coins, we fear of violating the
deepening of these related research results, we hope to present
law. Therefore, the Chinese Numismatic Society has submitted
readers with a more comprehensive result about the past of the
申 報
32
a petition to the Ministry of Finance." This seems to be the
numismatic research.
last news report about the Chinese Numismatic Society.
References: [1] by Eduard Kann; translated by Shoubai Cai.A Treatise on Chinese Currency [M]. Shanghai: The Commercial Press;1929.11. [2] China Numismatic Society,ed. Chuan pi 1-32 issues in one volume [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore,1988.04. [3] Ma Dingxian Chinese Numismatic Research Center, ed. Minutes of the regular meetings of the China Numismatics Society 1940-1946 [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Calligraphy and Painting Press, 1993.03. [4] Eduard Kann and the Shanghai China Numismatics Society // by Weiqun Fu.Illustrating Chinese coins [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000.11. p. 224. [5] Hao Sun. A brief biography of Eduard Kann, a modern Chinese master of vintage coinage - a short biography of foreigners in China(5)[J]. China Numismatics, 2006(03): pp. 89-90+96. [6] The earliest foreigner's work on modern Chinese mechanism coins - Eduard Kann's Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (Silver, Gold, Nickel and Aluminum)// edited by Yuan Shuiqing; edited by Shaanxi Numismatic Society. The best of Chinese monetary history [M]. Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 2012.05. p. 550. [7] By Eduard Kann;translated by Qian Yu;translated by Qian Wei.Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins (Silver, Gold, Nickel and Aluminum)[M].Beijing: Jincheng Publishing House, 2014.03. [8] Edited by Ding Nie.The China Numismatic Society: Gleanings from the Past, Reading the Coin Tan [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Press,2016.09. [9] Zhang Xuan. Research on Eduard Kann's Financial Thought [D]. Hebei Normal University, 2020. [10] Zhou Erzhi.Eduard Kann:The financial and collecting life of a Czech Slavic expatriate leader in Shanghai［EB/OL］Shanghai Historical Society.https:// mp.weixin.qq.com/s/XFfy7za_0DY-LhFSn3ao5Q.2022-01-19.
31 E. KANN."CURRENCY REFORM:To the Editor of the 'NORTH-CHINA DAILY NEWS' "，The North-China Daily News，September 7, 1948 32 The Wonder of Coins, Shun Pao November 1, 1948, p. 4.
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耿愛德與中國泉幣學社 （1940-1946） ◎ 成 斌〔烏魯木齊〕
摘 要 ：耿 愛 德 (Eduard Kann,1880-1962, 又 譯 闞 恩 )，
通過對相關研究的學術史進行回顧，筆者注意到，多年來
是 20世紀上半葉著名的中國貨幣金融問題專家、中國機製
《東亞泉志》致力於耿愛德相關研究1，先後刊布包克收藏
泉幣學社同人交往廣泛，泉幣出品甚多，撰文亦不少。文
信》 （載於《東亞泉志》第10期）和《霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包
幣收藏家。1940-1946年中國泉幣學社存續期間，耿氏與
《霍華德 · 佛蘭克林 · 包克與耿愛德 1939-1949年間往來書
（載於《東亞泉志》第13期） 克與耿愛德 1949年往來書信》
章綜合運用《泉幣》雜誌、 《中國泉幣學社例會記錄》等連
續性資料，並結合《字林西報》 《大陸報》 《字林西報行名錄》
等珍貴的、成體系的英文書信資料。不過可惜的是1940年
壇交遊經歷，並記錄上海中西泉幣二社的交流與互動點滴。
中國泉幣學社1940-1946年間的資料正好可以起到填補空
及1942-1947年間包克與耿愛德往來書信空缺，如此一來
等在華出版的英文報刊資料，力圖還原耿氏錢幣收藏與泉 文章認為，身處上海的耿愛德與中國泉幣學社同人受時局
白的作用。
國近代機製幣研究領域取得不少成果。耿氏亦在此階段進
本文主要運用1988年上海書店出版的《泉幣》雜誌1-32期
銀金鎳鋁》的問世奠定了基礎。
國泉幣學社例會記錄1940-1946》校注本，析出耿愛德相
所限，將其注意力從實業轉向錢幣收藏與研究，進而在中
合訂本，以及1993年出版的馬定祥中國錢幣研究中心編《中
行了必要的中國錢幣收藏積累，也為此後《中國幣圖說匯考
關鍵字 ：耿愛德
關材料。試圖為讀者提供並分析中國泉幣學社資料視野下 的耿愛德中國錢幣收藏經歷之記載，希望讀者能夠較為清
中國泉幣學社《泉幣》雜誌 泉幣學社
例會 上海 機製幣收藏
晰地瞭解一枚硬幣背後的歷史。
2022年， 《東亞泉志》從第25期起開闢“舊刊新載”欄目，
前言
章。而此前刊出的《中華泉幣學會歷史》 （載於《東亞泉志》
耿愛德於1902年至1949 年間僑居中國近半個世紀之久。據
刊出霍華德 · 包克制作的《泉幣》雜誌合集中的一些重要文 第23期）為讀者梳理了20世紀 30、40 年代上海西人貨幣會
《字林西報行名錄》記載，耿氏曾在多家銀行供職，擔任華
物簡介（包括耿愛德）。那麼，耿愛德與中國泉幣學社同人
行 (Banque Industrielle de Chine) 副經理、中華懋業銀
(Numismatic Society of China) 歷史沿革簡況和知名人
俄 道 勝 銀 行 (Russo-Asiatic Bank) 副 經 理、中 法 實 業 銀 行 (The Chinese American Bank of Commerce) 上海分
交往如何？同處上海的西人貨幣會和泉幣學社又有着怎樣
行經理等，還供職於上海制革廠 (Shanghai Leather Co.,
的交流？耿愛德在此時期的錢幣收藏與交流對其後期錢幣
Ld.)、敖利馬 (Olma Chemicals, Ld.) 等多家工商業機構，
研究有何影響？這一系列問題引發了筆者的研究興趣。
注釋：
1 另如史博祿著《耿愛德紙幣收藏發現 &1991 年 6 月印象⸺ 最精彩的中國錢幣拍賣周》（《東亞泉志》第 19 期），揭示了此前鮮為人知的耿愛德中國紙幣收藏及研究。耿愛德更是《收 藏傳奇⸺ 張南琛中國錢幣收藏》中最常被提及的收藏家之一。
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開辦 闞恩洋行 (Kann, E.\Kann, E.; Mayaudon, E. 闞恩
中國泉幣學社創立之初。耿愛德主動與羅伯昭等人聯絡，
耿氏興趣廣泛，涉足錢幣收 藏、集郵、藝術等諸多領域，
上海西人貨幣會依託亞洲文會的平臺，擁有上海博物館和
China) 會長、上海集 郵會 (Shanghai Philatelic Society)
了新聞報刊的視野。
曾一度與梅東奧合夥 )。
為促成上海中西泉幣二會的合作創造了條件。
旅滬期間曾擔任上海西人貨幣會 (Numismatic Society of
亞洲文會圖書館等資源，孤島時期結束後，該會似乎淡出
副會長、上海藝術俱樂部 (Shanghai Art Club) 會長、在
華 捷 克 斯 洛 伐 克 協 會 (Czechoslovakian Association in
China) 會長。
而中國泉幣學社則有廣泛聯絡泉界同人的優勢，按期出版
《泉幣》雜誌、舉行泉幣學社例會，活動規範有序，堅持五
年有餘，直至抗戰勝利後。五年間，由於 物價持續上漲，
耿氏長期擔任匯兌經紀人，後來成為受人矚目的金融問題
泉幣學社經費困難，因而在發展社員的同時，採取多次提
專家，他持續關注公債、外匯、金 銀、紙幣 等諸多話題，
高社費，謀求贊助，刊載廣告等措施維持資金運轉。 《泉幣》 雜誌也從起初第一期的91頁、第二期 60頁篇幅，逐步壓縮
並熱衷於寫作，著有《中國貨幣論》，另在《字林西報》(The
《 大 陸 報 》(The China North-China Daily News)、
至後期的10頁篇幅，並且在保持開本不變的前提下，加密
Press) 和《社會經濟月報》《中央銀行月報》《銀行週報》等
了版面字數。
報刊發表文章上百篇。
中國泉幣學社活動的後半期，耿愛德介入程度逐漸加深，
從耿愛德著述年表來看，1921-1939 年間是其寫作發表的
不僅積極參加例會活動，出品頗多，而且與泉幣學社同人
豐產期，有大量金融問題和貨幣史著述問世。1940-1946
交流、交易緊密。 《泉幣》雜誌成為耿氏這幾年間發表文章
年間，受到上海“孤島”時期及淪陷時期的外部環境所限，
的主要媒體。 《泉幣》雜誌刊發耿愛德英文論文《吉林銀幣
耿愛德似乎進入金融研究的“蟄伏期”，但卻進入了錢幣收
之錯版》一篇，耿氏藏品簡介《新疆省造光緒二錢》《陰文
藏的“發軔期”。用中國人傳統的“窮則獨善其身，達則兼
吉字宣統二角》《吉林戊申二角異版》《民國二十四年中圓
濟天下”的處世哲學來看，耿氏可謂是進則研究金融，退
銅樣》 《說民國二十五年之銀幣》 《華北廿九年拾分鎳幣》 《安 古柏金錢》等 7篇2 ，這 7篇短文所介紹的錢幣頗為珍罕，且
則收藏泉幣。
多是在後期《泉幣》雜誌版面十分緊張的情況下刊載的。
1940年耿愛德（圖1）擔任上海西人貨幣會會長之時，恰逢
在耿愛德的帶動下，有10名左右的外僑成為中國泉幣學社
社員，其中以贊助社員居多，外僑社員的入社介紹人多為
擅長英文的羅伯昭。這有效促進了上海中西錢幣收藏者的 交流。
以下筆者以時間為序，從1940 年至1946年，逐年度梳理耿 愛德與中國泉幣學社的相關活動情況。
1940年 按 ：1940年是上海中西泉幣兩會建立合作的關鍵之年。同年5月 中國泉幣學社在上海成立，6月耿愛德接任上海西人貨幣會會 圖 1 耿愛德
長，10月耿愛德致函中國泉幣學社，提出上海中西泉幣二社四 條合作方法。泉幣學社同人經商議後原則上同意合作事宜，並
2 金德平、周豔傑：《從〈泉幣〉談中國四十年代之錢幣研究》，《中國錢幣》1998（01），第 19 頁。
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任 上 海 西 人 貨 幣 會 (Numismatic Society of China) 會
列出初步合作的四條細則，歡迎西人貨幣會會員參加泉幣學社
長 一 職（ 圖2 、 圖3）。4由 於 中 國 泉 幣 學 社 (The China
例會活動。11月，耿愛德首度出席泉幣學社第十二次例會。半
Numismatic Society) 與 上 海 西 人 貨 幣 會 (Numismatic
年間在雙方的共同努力下，完成了兩會合作的必要程式。
Society of China) 名稱相仿，且處同埠，為作區分，泉幣
1940年5月，羅伯昭、丁福保、張絅伯、張叔馴、鄭家相、 學社同人將以外僑為主的後者稱之為“上海西人貨幣會”。 戴葆庭、王蔭嘉、張季量等人在上海發起籌建中國泉幣學
本文由於主要採用泉幣學社資料，故承襲這一說法。
溝通中外學界，交換知識，聯絡同志為宗旨”。社長丁福保，
據1940 年7月出 版 的《 字 林 西 報 行 名 錄 》 記 載， 耿 愛 德
的羅伯昭宅邸。
5
在 中 國 泉 幣 學 社 成 立 的 次 月， 即1940 年 6月， 耿 愛 德 接
公 司 (Commercial Trading Co.，Ld.)7和 萬 方 工 程 公 司
社 (The China Numismatic Society)，以“研究古今泉幣， 副社長羅伯昭。社址設在上海巨潑來斯路（今安福路）7號
供 職 的 機 構 包 括 ：闞 恩 洋 行 匯 兌 經 紀 人， 西 人 貨 幣 會
3
(Numismatic Society of China) 副 會 長， 上 海 集 郵 會
(Shanghai Philatelic Society)6副 主 席、 普 華 貿 易 有 限
图2
图3
圖 2 1940 年 6 月 19 日出版的《字林西報》刊文《錢幣學會 選舉官員：接下來一年耿愛德先生將擔任會長》
圖 4 1940 年 7 月版《字林西報行名錄》中與耿愛德相關詞 條的書影局部
圖 3 1940 年 6 月 21 日出版的《字林西報》刊文《錢幣收 藏者召開會議：耿愛德先生當選錢幣學會會長：蘇柯仁先 生卸任》 3 馬承源主編：《上海文物博物館志》，上海社會科學院出版社，1997.06，第 458-459 頁。 4 《錢幣學會選舉官員 接下來一年 E. Kann 先生將擔任會長》，《字林西報》，1940 年 6 月 19 日，參見“Numismatic Society Elects Officers Mr. E. Kann to Be Chairman For Coming Year，”The North-China Daily News，June 19，1940。另《錢幣收藏者召開會議耿愛德先生當選錢幣學會會長：蘇柯仁先生卸任》，《字林西報》，1940 年 6 月 21 日， 參見“Coin Collectors Hold Meeting Mr. E. Kann Elected Head Of Numismatic Society；Mr. Sowerby Retires，”The North-China Daily News，June 21，1940。 5 Numismatic Society of China（西人貨幣會），《字林西報行名錄》，1940 年 7 月，第 88 頁。 6 Shanghai Philatelic Society（上海集郵會），《字林西報行名錄》，1940 年 7 月，第 91 頁。 7 Commercial Trading Co.，Ld.（普華貿易有限公司），進口商、出口商、傭金代理、承銷商和製造商，位於上海北河南路 48 號（今河南北路），參見《字林西報行名錄》1940 年 7 月，第 102 頁。
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(National Engineering & Welding Corp.)8 。此時闞恩洋
流之濫觴，筆者另在專文《邱文明舊藏〈新疆圖志〉抄本考
而《字林西報行名錄》(1939 年1月版 ) 記載耿愛德夫婦居住
第25期）有詳述。
（圖4） 行通訊地址為上海九江路113號大陸銀行大廈501室。
論⸺ 兼述邱文明生平及其泉學研究》（載於《東亞泉志》
9
《字林西報行名錄》年刊為我們提供 於上海福煦路941號。
了可靠的外國在華機構名稱的中英文對譯，我們還可以從
1940年8月28日，鄭家相、王蔭嘉、羅伯昭發起並制訂《泉
這對研究耿愛德生平有着參考意義。
時至六時半，在上海巨潑來斯路七號（羅伯昭宅邸）舉行
1940年7月， 《泉幣》雜誌創刊。 《泉幣》第一期即刊出張絅
討論出版事宜 ； （三）共同審定出品 ； （四）傳觀新書珍藏 ；
幣社社友談話會章程》，約定從8月31日起，每週六午後四
連續出版的《字林西報行名錄》中洞悉耿愛德身份的變化，
伯所撰《邱文明遠東泉譜考商榷書》，記述了張絅伯與邱文 明 (Coole, Arthur Braddan, 1900-1978) 的泉學交流及往
泉幣學社例會。例會目的有四 ： “（一）公開研究泉學 ； （二） （五）自由交易泉幣。”此後，例會成為了泉幣學社同人交 流的重要平臺，也是耿愛德等外僑參與泉幣學社活動的主
來書信。這或許是泉幣學社資料所載的中西錢幣收藏家交
要形式。
1940年9月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第二期10，刊載了西人貨幣
會的創始會員張絅伯的文章《本埠西人泉幣會消息》11（圖
5），這是西人貨幣會和耿愛德在《泉幣》雜誌中的初印象。
文章全文如下 ：
本年六月二十一日字林西報載，西人泉幣會消息一則。據稱是 月十七日開常年大會，改選會長幹事，及報告會務進步情形， 原文附錄。查該會於民國二十三年成立12，餘與張君叔馴自始 即加入為會員。初發起時不過十餘人，除吾二人外，悉為歐美 人士。光陰荏苒，轉瞬六載，世事萬變，無暇及此，自後與會 不相問聞。近諗耿君愛德被舉為會長，耿君主辦商業金融週報， 學識淵博，經驗宏富，旅居吾國有年，平時研究財政貨幣，尤 有心得，著有英文中國貨幣一書，風行海內。該會近況，餘茫 然無所知。然鄙意以為本社與其分道揚鑣，何若通力合作，該 會有固定地址，即在本埠博物館內，且有圖書館可資參考。若 能合而為一，實為兩得。學術無國界，共相切磋，必收相得益 彰之效也。
1940年10月26日，泉幣學社舉行第九次例會，由羅伯昭將
西人貨幣會來函譯出，該函提議中西兩會合作，經與會同
人討論由擅長英文的羅伯昭復函。[3](P397)《上海西人貨幣會
圖 5 《泉幣》第二期張絅伯著《本埠西人泉幣會消息》部 分書影
來函》全文13如下 ：
8 National Engineering & Welding Corp.（萬方工程公司），《字林西報行名錄》1940 年 7 月，第 234 頁。萬方工程公司：地址上海四川中路三二〇號二〇三室，電話一四一五八號， 承包：有線及無線電建設工程，經售：國外名廠出品無線電話配件暨材料，參見交通部編：《成語電碼》，1948 年 10 月，第 607 頁。 9 Kann,E.（闞恩洋行），Continental Bank Bldg，(Room 501) 113 Kiukiang-rd，參見《字林西報行名錄》1940 年 7 月版，第 171 頁。 10 《泉幣》雜誌第二期版權頁顯示，增加麒麟泉幣社（上海廣東路二二六號古玩市場內）為寄售處。 11 張絅伯：《本埠西人泉幣會消息》，《泉幣》第二期，1940 年 9 月，第 56 頁。 12 1934 年 6 月 8 日出版的《大陸報》刊發《中國硬幣協會成立：硬幣收藏家聚會以提高其業餘愛好的興趣》。參見“Numismatic Society Of China Started :Coin Collectors Getting Together To Promote Interest In Their Hobby，”The China Press，June 8，1934。同日出版的《字林西報》刊發《當地成立貨幣協會：新組織召集成員》，參見“NUMISMATIC SOCIETY FORMED HERE：New Organization Invites Membership，”The North-China Daily News，June 8，1934。成立初期，西人貨幣協會每兩周舉行例會一次，例會 於下午 5 點半在位於博物館路 20 號（今虎丘路）的亞洲文會大樓（今上海外灘美術館）圖書館閱覽室召開，並規定有關交換錢幣的方法。 13 參見馬飛海、周祥、羅炯主編：《羅伯昭錢幣學文集》，上海古籍出版社，2004.11，第 129 頁。
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上海西人貨幣會來函
徑啟者，鄙人以敝會會長之名義，敬致書於貴社。敝會成立已五年於茲。今特竭誠慶祝貴社創立，並願互相合作。 在上次月會時，敝會臨時動議，擬將上海中西泉幣二社合作方法，提出如下： （一）中西二會，仍各保持獨立狀態，各守自定章程。 （二）西人貨幣會開會時，歡迎貴社社員參加。而貴社開會時，敝會會員亦得參加。均不另付會費。蓋為彼此連 絡交換意見，並可交換泉幣。 （三）貴社雜誌，亦可改為二會連合刊。其英文部分之費用，敝會可酌量擔認。因有英文稿，當可暢銷於外洋。 至於英文部分，敝會可負責撰稿。 （四）二會可連合舉行拍賣泉幣，使社會人士，增加集泉興趣。此外鄙人可代貴會覓一適中之集會室於四川路大樓， 其租費可低廉。上列提議，敬請貴社考慮，並希賜複。 此致 中國泉幣社 副社長羅伯昭先生 上海西人貨幣會主席 伊坎（簽字） 一九四〇年十月十九日
1940年11月2日，泉幣學社舉行第十次例會，同人聚餐於會
人傳觀。[3](P397)《複西人貨幣會書》全文14如下 ：
賓樓，羅伯昭君將複西人貨幣社之信底，譯成中文，由同
複西人貨幣會書
謹複者，奉貴會十月十九日函開，經商敝社社長及同人後，特複如次 ：貴會所提出中西二會合作之辦法，在原則 上認為同意。在初步合作時，其細則四條，特規定如後 ： （一）歡迎貴會參加敝社，不另出會費。 （甲）每星期六午後四時至六時半，開談話會於巨潑來斯路七號羅宅。其 事務為泉幣出品，及關於泉幣之討論，備有茶點。 （乙）每月常會定為每月最先之星期三日。其式為晚餐。其地點臨時 定之。貴會會員參加者，必先通知，以便留坐。其費用則由參加者，平均擔負之。 （二）《泉幣》二月刊之英文部分可專供貴會出版之用。其費用當由貴會擔負。其歸還此款之方，系以出版之雜誌 平均攤派之。用以推銷外洋，或分派貴會會員。 （三）敝社社員亦得參加貴會，不另出會費。 （四）如貴會舉行泉幣拍賣時，敝會當然襄助之。 敝社為一較幼稚之組織，尚希貴會隨時賜教，並與以提攜。現時敝社尚無需租開會室於四川路之必要。諸承厚 意示以合作之方，敝社當盡力追隨之。 此致 上海西人貨幣會主席 伊坎先生此致 中國泉幣社 副社長羅伯昭 啟 一九四〇年十月廿九日
14 參見馬飛海，周祥，羅炯主編：《羅伯昭錢幣學文集》，第 128 頁。
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圖6 《泉幣》第三期《上海西人貨幣會來函》和《複西人貨幣會書》書影
1940年11月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第三期刊載了《上海西人貨
幣會來函》和《複西人貨幣會書》中英文全文（圖6）。
1940年11月16日，耿愛德首次出席泉幣學社第十二次例會， 是為上海中西泉幣二會達成初步合作的標誌。
1941年 按 ：1941年，在延續前一年度上海泉幣二會合作的基礎上，耿 愛德與部分外僑成為泉幣學社會員。5月重修的《泉幣學社簡章》 體現了發展居住歐美社員的意圖，並在《泉幣學社入社書》增 設中英文填寫說明。 《泉幣》第六期雜誌封底印製英文版封面， 《泉幣》雜誌第七期將發行區域劃分為海內外三個區域。以上 舉措反映了泉幣學社有意廣泛結交海內外同好、拓寬雜誌發行 管道的策略。
1941年1月出版 的《 泉幣》雜 誌第四期 刊出的《 泉幣 學 社
社 員 錄 》 記 載 ：耿 愛 德 與 另 兩 位 外 僑 Dr.H.Hoene 和
W.Wicke 為普通社員，耿氏通訊地址為上海四川路113號
圖7 《泉幣》雜誌第四期《泉幣學社社員錄》耿愛德為泉幣學 社普通會員
(113 Szechuan Rd. Shanghai)。 （圖7）15
15 《泉幣學社社員錄》，《泉幣》雜誌第四期，1942 年 1 月，第 50 頁。
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1941年5月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第六期，刊出5月31日重修的
《泉幣學社簡章》，簡章“社費”部分規定 ： “但居住歐美社
員社費須以美金交納，甲種贊助會員年納社費美金六元 ； 乙種特別社員年納社費美金四元 ；丙種普通社員年納社費
美金二元。” 《泉幣學社入社書》社費分列法幣、美金兩種， 姓名、通訊處可使用中文英文登記。從《上海泉幣學社職
員表》（民國卅年）來看，耿愛德並不在其列。其實，從泉 幣學社資料來看， 《泉幣》雜誌的出版成本不斷增加，泉幣 學社只得多次調高社費標準，以實現收支平衡。
《泉幣》雜誌第六期還有一頁英文版頁面（圖8），疑為當期
雜誌的封底，值得關注。頁面左上角為中文“公共租界警務
處刊物登記 C 字八一四號”“法租界公董局警務處登記證
第五三八號”。由此頁面可知《泉幣》雜誌英文名稱為 “ THE
CHINESE NUMISMATICS”，中國泉幣學社的英文名
稱為“ THE CHINA NUMISMATIC SOCIETY”。其
中折射出上海租界的“孤島”文化。 《泉幣》雜誌前期由上 海梅白格路二〇四號醫學書局發行，該書局還發行丁福保
圖8 《泉幣》雜誌第六期英文頁面
等人編纂的“古泉叢書”。
1941年7月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第七期，刊出《廣告刊例》， 按：據《耿愛德及其錢幣學巨著〈中國幣圖說匯考〉》（載於《中 明確廣告費用，實為解決經費問題的又一策略。 《定價表》
國幣圖說匯考 ：金銀鎳鋁）》介紹 ： “約在1942年 2 月下旬，耿
劃分為三類 ：一為國內及日本，二為香港澳門廣州灣海防，
人把他關押在上海黃浦江畔的公寓（今四川北路85號大橋大
分區域設定《泉幣》雜誌零售價和全年預定價，銷售區域
愛德被日軍拘捕，日軍認為他與中國人有着友好關係。日本
三為南洋歐美， 《泉幣》雜誌的發行範圍由此可見一斑。
樓）。”5月2日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第七十九次例會，表明其 已獲釋。當年下半年耿氏參加泉幣學社例會3次，出品錢幣不少
《泉幣》雜誌刊發其英文論文《吉林銀幣之錯版》，耿 1941年9月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第八期版權頁顯示， 《泉幣》 於6品，
雜誌的發行所已由醫學書局變更為泉幣學社（地址上海巨
氏還應允撰寫一英文稿，述我國之紙幣。從以上種種跡象或可
售處。
錢幣的收藏與研究。
潑來斯路七號），原發行所醫學書局仍然為《泉幣》雜誌寄
表明，耿氏已將其關注的重點從金融問題研究，轉移至對中國
1941年11月， 《泉幣》雜誌第九期出版。
1942年初，耿愛德發表了一篇重要的文章，題為《中國鑄
1941年12月，太平洋戰爭爆發後，日軍進入上海租界，上
自中國錢幣學會會報（筆者按 ：即前文所稱上海西人貨幣會）
再次出席泉幣學社第七十次例會。[3](P397)
國用黃金鑄幣的嘗試從未成功過》 （《東亞泉志》第25期）17
造金幣史》(The Coinage of Gold in China)，該文章譯
海“孤島”時期隨之結束。12月27日，時隔一年，耿愛德
第七種。16此文比耿愛德1962年刊載於《錢幣世界》的《中
一文要早問世足足 20 年。 《中國鑄造金幣史》文章“中國之 清光緒 金幣”部分介紹了新疆餉金金幣， “餉金二錢”金幣 ：
1942年
二十八年（一九〇二年），新疆省鑄造一種金幣，標價二錢，大
16 參見耿愛德著，紀繩譯：《中國鑄造金幣史》，《中聯銀行月刊》，1942 年第 3 卷第 1 期，第 211-219 頁。耿愛德著，紀繩譯：《中國鑄造金幣史（續）：附照片》，《中聯銀行月刊》 1942 年第 3 卷第 2 期，第 155-167 頁。 17 耿愛德：《中國用黃金鑄幣的嘗試從未成功過》，《東亞泉志》第 25 期，第 36-37 頁。
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小如英鎊，意即在代替新疆之英鎊也。正面內圈鐫文“餉金二 錢”。其背面，中為龍形，四周為回文。 “餉金一錢”金幣 ：其 年（一九〇二年），新疆復發行一錢之金幣，意在代替英國之 半鎊幣，故大小亦與相等。正面鐫文“餉金一錢”。反面中為龍 形，環以回文刻銘。此二種金幣上之鐫文二錢及一錢，皆指重
量言，而非為其價值也。並在“中國之贗造金幣”部分指明了
“餉金一兩”及“餉金五錢”金幣，耿氏說“此外複有兩種贗幣， 據稱為清時新疆省所鑄，即一兩幣及半兩幣是也。正面內圈中鐫
‘餉金一兩’四字。此面共有四平行之圈，惟各圈之間並無銘刻。 反面雕龍形，其周有回文四字。半兩者除單位名稱外，餘均與 此同。 ”這段記載十分重要，雖然對新疆餉金金幣鑄造年份
“清光緒二十八年（一九〇二年）”說和發行目的“意即在代
圖9 中國泉幣學社第七十四次例會社友合影照 （前排左起 ：張絅伯、諸葛韻笙、丁福保、張翼成、鄭家相， 後排左起 ：楊成麒、戴葆庭、王蔭嘉、張季量、陳亮聲、羅伯 昭、馬定祥）
替新疆之英鎊”說，異於《新疆圖志》所載鑄造年份“清光
緒三十三年（一九〇七年）”和發行目的為抵制“俄人乘間以
其金圓、銀票重價居奇”說。但耿氏明確指出“四平行之圈” 特徵的“餉金一兩”“餉金五錢”金幣為贗幣，使這兩種金
幣的文字記載提前至1942年。誠為對筆者拙文《晚清金幣
1942年7月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第十三期刊出《社員入會報
幣史料的輯佚與辨偽》 （載於《東亞泉志》第23期）之補正。
D.Marshall（上海南京路電力公司），G.D.Raeburn（上海
告（十）》，三名外僑成為正社員，均系羅伯昭介紹，他們是
大珍 ：中國新疆餉金金幣品種考辨⸺ 兼論中國近代機製
外灘怡和洋行），E.zubler（上海北京路二五五號盛亨洋行）。
1942年1月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第十期刊出《本社例會啟事》
稱： “本社例會，自廿九年八月間，由羅伯昭、王蔭嘉、鄭家相
1942年9月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第十四期刊出耿愛德所著英
遵公議特改訂例會日期為每二周舉行一次。 ”並將1942年之例
《吉林銀幣之錯版》作者，闞恩君，奧國人，中國貨幣專家，
三君發起成立，至今已曆七十周，從未中斷。茲從三十一年起， 會日期進行預告。 《社員入社報告（七）》H.Shoenfelder 成
文論文《吉林銀幣之錯版》（圖10），文末作者簡介稱“本文
現任上海西人貨幣研究會會長。其名著有 《中國之通貨》 （別
發洋行）， 《中國機器造幣史》， 《中國最早之銀幣》， 《中國之
為普通會員。
金幣》等，散見於中國美術雜誌，中央銀行月刊等刊。”這
是《泉幣》雜誌對耿愛德較為正式的介紹。據筆者觀察， 《泉
1942年2月19日，泉幣 學會舉 行 第七十四次例會，與會的
幣》雜誌對耿愛德署名的規律如下 ： 《泉幣》雜誌所刊論文
十二位攝影曾攝有合影一幀，甚為珍貴（圖9）
[3](P461-462)。
或藏品簡介短文的署名和《例會記錄》出席人、出品人署名
使用西文名 Kann 或 E.Kann，在文章中行文時則寫作中
1942年5月2日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第七十九次例會，此
文名闞恩或闞君。
次例會議定以後“出品門”由鄭家相加說明，用本社口吻批 評，下注某人藏泉。
[3](P423)
此後耿愛德出品錢幣數量不少。
1942 年12月12日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第九十五次例會 [3]
1942年6月13日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第八十二次例會，出
(P429)
。當期《例會 簡報 》記載“闞恩君允撰一英文稿，述
我國之紙幣，以寶泉幣。”18 然此文未見後期《泉幣》雜誌
品吉林半元、一角銀幣四種錯範 ；四川銅幣各種 ；新疆二十
刊載。值得一提的是，耿愛德的中國紙幣收藏鮮為人知但
文紅銅幣。在此次例會上，耿愛德所著《吉林銀幣之錯版》
頗具價值。
的英文論文，述吉林銀幣之錯範，獲准載入《泉幣》雜誌 第十四期。
[3](P424)
18 《泉幣》第十六期，第 40 頁。
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圖10 《泉幣》雜誌第十四期刊出耿愛德所著英文論文《吉林銀 幣之錯版》首末頁書影
圖11 耿愛德所藏光緒辛醜吉林半圓銀幣拓片（見於《中國泉幣 學社百次例會紀念拓集》）
1943年
1943 年9月18日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百十五次例會。 [3](P435)
按 ：1943年耿愛德出席泉幣學社例會5次，出品錢幣3品。2月耿
1943年10月30日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百十八次例會。
愛德出席了具有紀念意義的泉幣學社第一百次例會，贈送專著
[3](P436)
《中國通貨史》，並回應主辦方倡議提供藏品拓片。
1943年2月20日，耿愛德出席了具有紀念意義的泉幣學社第
一百次例會。
[3](P430)
1943年12月11日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百二十一次例
泉幣學社百次例會徵求社員各拓藏泉一
會。[3](P437)
幅（圖11），以資紀念，並編目黏冊，耿愛德提供的光緒辛
醜吉林半圓銀幣藏品拓片入冊。與攝影術所得之照片不同，
1944年
拓片是中國傳統泉譜獲得錢幣圖片的技術。耿愛德自著之
《中國通貨史》贈社作百次例會紀念。19
按 ：1944年是耿愛德參加中國泉幣學社活動最為頻繁的一年， 耿愛德共出席泉幣學社例會25次，僅缺席1次，出品泉幣20品，
1943年5月29日，耿愛德和另一位外僑 Mr.Robert 出席了 《泉幣》雜誌刊出耿氏藏品短文5篇。
泉幣學社第一百〇七次例會，耿愛德出品二十四年孫像背
古幣鎳幣三品（伍分、拾分、廿分）。[3](P432) 鎳幣是耿愛德持
1944 年1月8日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百二十三次例會。
續關注的一個硬幣類別，此外耿氏還十分關注吉林、新疆
[3](P437)
等省份發行的銀幣。
1944年1月29日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百二十四次例會。
1943年7月出版的《泉幣》雜誌第十九期刊出《社員入社報
[3](P438)
告（十六）》A.Robert 成為正社員，其工作單位地址在上
1944 年2月5日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百二十五次例會，
海法租界外灘九號瑞士領事館，為羅伯昭介紹。
19 《泉幣》第十七期，第 25 頁。
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1944 年 4月29日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十一次例會 ，並出品宣統山西二角，背英文異（圖12）。22
[3](P440)
1944 年5月13日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十二次例會，
並出品總理遺像小鎳幣，素背。亞曆山大 · 波革列別次基亦 出席。[3](P441)
1944 年5月27日，耿愛 德出席泉幣 學社 第一百三十三次例
會，並出品打箭爐銀幣。23亞曆山大 · 波革列別次基亦出席， 並出品其代表性著作《中國幣制考與近代金融》 。[3](P441)
1944年6月10日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十四次例會。 [3](P441)
圖12 泉幣學社第一百三十一次例會耿愛德出品宣統山西二角 （背 英文異）
1944 年6月24日，耿愛 德出席泉幣 學社第一百三十五次例
會。亞曆山大 · 波革列別次基亦出席，並出品一九二三年俄
金幣。[3](P442)
並出品宣統三年短須龍銀幣。[3](P438)
1944 年7月8日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十六次例會
1944 年2月19日，耿 愛 德出席泉幣 學社 第一百二十六次例
24
，並出品漳州餉銀曾左各一 ；民十四五分鎳幣 ；民十八孫
像貳角 ；宣統三年大尾龍銀幣。[3](P442)
會，並出品福建官局七錢二分（壹圓）銀幣。
[3](P438)
1944 年3月18日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百二十八次例會。 1944 年7月22日，耿愛 德出席泉幣 學社第一百三十七次例 會，並出品浙江廿二年二角、袁像一元高冠二品。此次例會
[3](P439)
記錄中使用耿氏另一中文名闞恩。[3](P443)
[3] 1944 年 4月1日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百二十九次例會。
1944 年8月5日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十八次例會
(P439)
[3](P443)
1944 年 4月15日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十次例會，
1944年8月19日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百三十九次例會。
並出品光緒廣東雙角“挑光” （普通者不挑）；川康軍禦藏 紀念幣 。9月1日出版的第26 期《泉幣》出品門刊出《川康
[3](P443)
20
軍禦藏紀念幣》，稱“此幣從來未見，西康某教友得以贈闞
1944 年9月2日，耿 愛 德出席泉幣 學社 第一百四十次例會，
君者”。出席此次例會的外僑還有亞曆山大 · 波革列別次基
亞曆山大 · 波革列別次基亦出席。[3](P444)
(A.E.Pogrebetzky.Menezes) ，A.E.P 出 品 鈔 票 多 種。 21
(P440)
[3]
在1944 年5月1日出版的第二十四期《泉幣》第12頁刊出
1944 年9月16日，耿愛 德出席泉幣 學社第一百四十一次例
《社員入社報告（二十）》Pogrebetzky-Menezes 在列，為
會，並出品造幣分廠宣統二角陰文吉字。[3](P444) 第27期《泉
贊助會員，其地址上海五原路二五三號 G 公寓。
20 《泉幣》雜誌寫作出品：川康軍禦藏二角紀念幣，參見《泉幣》第二十四期，第 20 頁。 21 亞曆山大·波革列別次基 (А.И.ПОГРЕБЕЦКИЙ)，俄裔收藏家，1929 年於哈爾濱經濟研究所出版《中國幣制考與近代金融》俄文書名“Денежное обращение и финансы Китая”，英文書名“Currency and Finance of China”。 22 《泉幣》雜誌載，耿愛德出品山西宣統二角二種，參見《泉幣》雜誌第二十四期，第 20 頁。 23 《泉幣》雜誌《例會簡報》載，耿愛德出品爐關銀幣背藏文，參見《泉幣》第二十五期，第 20 頁。 24 《泉幣》雜誌《例會簡報》載，耿愛德還出品山西伍分鎳幣，參見《泉幣》雜誌第二十六期，第 14 頁。
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幣》刊出耿愛德藏、沐園（羅伯昭）譯《出品門 ：陰文吉字
1945年
宣統二角（附圖）》。
按 ：1945年耿愛德出席中國泉幣學社例會24次，僅缺席1次，出
1944年9月30日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百四十二次例會。 品錢幣14品，《泉幣》雜誌刊出耿氏藏品短文2篇。是年8月間 [3](P444)
抗戰勝利，上海光復。9月《泉幣》雜誌第三十二期（勝利號） 出版，10月泉幣學社舉行第二屆職員選舉，耿愛德被選為評議。
1944 年10月14日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百四十三次例
1945年1月1日出版的第28期《泉幣》刊出《社員入社報告（廿
會，並出品光緒浙江一元幣。[3](P445)
四）》記載 ：F.A.Frisk 成為贊助社員，其地址上海貝當路
1944 年10月28日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百四十四次例
會。
[3](P445)
三種。
303號83號公寓 ；Louis Piendivalla 成 為贊助社員，其地
此次例會另一位外僑 F.A.Frisk 出席並出品磐幣
址上海龍華路30號61號公寓 ；J.R.Bossuet 成為贊助社員，
地址上海桂林路210號 702公寓。26
1944 年11月11日， 耿 愛 德 和 Louis Piendivalla、 1945年1月6日，耿 愛 德 和 Frisk、Piendivalla 出席泉幣 學 J.R.Bossuet、Po 等四名外僑出席泉幣學社第一百四十五
社第一百四十九次例會，[3](P448)Piendivalla 出品民廿五憲政
出品宣 統 寶 藏 三品 ；光 緒像四分之一“盧 布”；西藏幣多
壹圓、中圓銀幣，均完美品。
次例會 [3](P446)。Frisk 出品崇寧重 寶大 泉，鏇背。Bossuet
紀念銀幣，耿愛德出品民廿五古布式壹圓、中圓，又帆船
種。耿愛德出品民三年袁像 L.G 二種 ；吉林戊申二角，背
1945年1月20日，耿愛德和 Piendivalla、Frisk 出席泉幣學
無滿文。是時《泉幣》廿七期出版，薄薄十四頁共付印費
社第一百五十次例會，耿愛德出品十八年孫像壹圓 A.Mott
九千六百元，製版費四千餘元，紙張費不在內。決議以後
簽字，背浪上 R. 簽字。[3](P448)
出品的製版費，由出品人擔負之。第二十八期《泉幣》出品 門《吉林戊申二角異版》稱， “上期本刊曾刊載闞君所藏陰文
1945年2月3日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百五十一次例會。
吉字宣統樣幣，此期闞君出品吉林戊申二角異版，更較前品為
[3](P448)
稀。……傳世僅見一枚，馬定祥購幣一批，中有是品，闞君勤 治吉林版別，因以歸之。 ”25
1945年2月17日（農曆元月五日），耿愛德出席泉幣學社第
1944 年11月24日， 耿 愛 德 和 Frisk 出 席 泉 幣 學 社 第
一百五十二次例會，是日春節團拜，鄭家相備有古泉二版，
1944 年12月9日， 耿 愛 德 和 Bossuet、Piendivalla 出 席 泉
1945年3月3日，耿愛德、Frisk 出席泉幣學社第一百五十三
一百四十六次例會，耿愛德出品喀造五錢。
拍賣助興。[3](P449)
[3](P446)
幣學社第一百四十七次例會，耿愛德出品民二十四年孫像 帆船中圓銅樣（孤品）。
次例會。耿愛德出品浙江光緒廿二年、廿三年壹角銀幣各一。
《泉幣》第二十九期刊出耿愛
[3](P446)
[3](P449)
德藏《民國二十四年中圓銅樣》，文中稱 ： “我國二十四年幣， 僅見伍分拾分廿分鎳幣。據闞君雲，系美國費城某廠打樣。寄
1945年3月17日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百五十四次例會，
1944 年12月23日，耿愛德和 Frisk、Piendivalla 出席泉幣
1945年3月31日，耿愛德和 Piendivalla、Bossuet 出席泉幣學
並出品光緒廿二年浙江二角銀幣。[3](P449)
回中國，僅有十一套，故難經見，銀幣則從來未聞。 ”。
學社第一百四十八次例會，Frisk 出品蒙古銀幣四種、銅幣
社第一百五十五次例會，Bossuet 出品壬子一兩、喀什五錢、 餉銀五錢、喀造民國五錢及 [ 其他 ] 新疆幣多種。[3](P450)
三種。
[3](P447)
25 耿愛德藏：《吉林戊申二角異版》，《泉幣》第 28 期，第 11 頁。 26 《社員入社報告（廿四）》，《泉幣》第 28 期，第 14 頁。
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1945年 4月14日， 耿 愛 德 和 Piendivalla、Bossuet 出 席 泉
FEATURES
1945年8月4日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十四次例會。
幣學社第一百五十六次例會，耿愛德出品二十九年十分鎳幣
[3](P452)
背文壽字，Bossuet 出品中國古錢多種。[3](P450)
俞誠之之漢鋌，當場歸諸耿愛德君，得價甚高。29
1945年8月18日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十五次例會。
1945年 4月28日， 耿 愛 德 和 B.Piendivalla、Bossuet 出 席
[3](P454)
泉幣學社第一百五十七次例會，耿愛德出品湖北宣統壹圓 銀幣。[3](P450)
1945年9月1日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十六次例會，
1945年5月1日出版的第30期《泉幣》出品門刊載耿愛德藏
本社五周年紀事。[3](P453) 羅君提議改選職員，絅伯等主張暫
並出品廠平五錢。會後社友十一人舉行就餐，慶祝勝利及
《華北廿九年拾分鎳幣》。同期刊出陳亮聲藏《吉林丁未一
行如舊，如羅君遠行，則由絅伯等代其勞。 《泉幣》卅二期“勝
惟缺丁未一角，求之數年不得。近張璜君北遊，亦得一品，視
同“專”）考臺灣、安南、高麗、東三省等幣，但未能出版。
角》述及： “耿愛德（Kann）君治此最勤，種別亦多，久有聲譽。
利號”當日出版。並計劃將卅三期定名光復號，耑（zhuan,
此較遜，聞已歸耿雲。 ”
27
《泉幣》雜誌三十二期刊出羅沐園（伯昭）所撰《勝利號獻
1945年5月12日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百五十八次例會。 詞》，文章回顧了中國泉幣學社創建和《泉幣》雜誌創刊五 年來的工作，全文如下 ：
[3](P451)
1945年5月26日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百五十九次例會。 七七事變以還，我國苦戰者八年有奇，迄今年八月十日，日本宣 [3](P451)
告投降，十五日停戰，勝利終屬於我。從茲烽煙一掃，天下昇平， 凡我同胞，莫不雀躍三百。溯本社創始於二十九年五月，原以
1945年6月23日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十一次例會。 我等身居非地，骨鯁在喉，聊事雕蟲，藉消積磊。自七月發行 [3](P452)
創刊號以來，幸得丁社長秉導有方，鄭總編輯恪盡厥守，葆庭 以一身兼會計庶務，任勞任苦，又絅伯、季量、蔭嘉諸先進，
1945年7月1日出版的第三十一期《泉幣》刊出顧炳元藏《喀
時錫嘉猷，南北諸社員垂加愛護，致本刊得以穩渡難關，發行
什三錢》稱 ： “上期本刊會載顧君新得喀什三錢，近顧君又得
至今不斷，蓋五年又半已。同人雖自慶倖，抑諸公維護之力為多。
一品，三字小寫作“三”，亦蔣氏圖說所不載，喀什珍異，可謂
鄙人濫竽其間，愧無寸補，亦引為殊榮焉。此後基礎已奠，而
層出不窮矣。其面文之回回文，耿愛德君識為回曆一三二五年，
人生聚散無常，發揚而光大之，是所望於諸賢也。今逢三十二
即光緒三十三年也，刊之以新耳目。 ”
期出版之際，適值國家空前大慶，謹定名勝利號，為獻辭如下：
1945年7月7日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十二次例會。 比年物價高漲，本刊經費籌措，最為難事。如卅一期本預計為 [3](P452)
十萬元，殊人文來帳，竟達三十九萬元。羅沐園君有鑒於此， 特商葆庭共墊六十萬元 ( 羅四十萬，戴二十萬 )，預付人文，勝
1945年7月21日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十三次例會， 利號得以出版，皆二君之力也。
並出品新疆省造光緒二錢。[3](P452)1945年9月1日出版的第32
期《泉幣》（勝利號）刊出耿愛德藏並撰寫的《新疆省造光
謹為致謝！
緒二錢》和《安古柏金錢》（沐園譯），其《新疆省造光緒二
編者
錢》文稱“耿君此品，面文淺而背文深，背文坐龍，上環
Sungarei，下環 2Mace，新疆省幣之採用英文，當以此為
1945年9月15日，耿愛 德出席泉幣 學社 第一百六十七次例
嚆矢”。
會，並出品上海華興銀行二十九年壹分樣幣。[3](P453)
28
27 《泉幣》第 30 期，中國泉幣學社，1945.05，第 8 頁。 28 關於新疆省造光緒銀幣的來歷可參見筆者拙文《清末德國舒勒公司交付中國造幣機研究（1895-1905 年）》，載於《東亞泉志》第 26 期。 29 《例會簡報》一百六十二次 [1945 年 ] 七月七日，《泉幣》第 32 期，第 10 頁。
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1945年9月29日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十八次例會。 1946年1月19日，耿 愛 德出席泉幣 學社 第一百七十五次例 [3](P454)
會，決議例會延至四星期再聚，並可繼續出版雜誌。[3](P456)
1945年10月13日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百六十八次例會
1946年3月15日，泉幣學社舉行第一百七十八次例會，至此
愛德被選為評議。
港，泉幣社無人支持，同人建議仍回羅宅舉行，而羅君又
（按應為第一百六十九次例會）。當日公舉第二屆職員，耿
泉幣學會例會告一段落。此後由於陳仁濤君以事率眷去香
[3](P454)
因事去重慶，一俟羅君回上海時，再決定復會日期。[3](P457)
1945年10月27日， 耿 愛 德 和 D.O.Pogrebetzky-Menezes 出席泉幣學社第一百六十九次例會，Po 氏出品華北聯合鈔
結語
地產公司陳社長辦公室，時間照舊訂提前一小時，即下午三
1948年9月7日，耿愛德就《“貨幣改革”致編輯的信》31見刊，
數十張。例會議定下屆起開會在大上海路160號六樓永興
可能是《字林西報》和《大陸報》關於耿氏的最後一條報道。
時至五時。
1945年11月10日， 耿 愛 德 和 D.O.Pogrebetzky-Menezes 出席泉幣學社第一百七十次例會，耿愛德出品京局半 圓。
[3]
(P455)
1948年11月1日， 《申報》刊出文章《錢幣的奧妙》 ，記者採
訪錢幣研究和收藏家張璜，指出收藏家希望古幣應保存，稱
“錢幣收藏家最近所擔心不安的事是改革幣制以來，政府對
於希見古幣未有明令准予持有，若亦如普通金銀一樣必須
繳兌，則古物淪亡，至堪痛惜，若仍保有，又恐觸犯法令，
1945年11月24日，耿愛德出席泉幣學社第一百七十一次例
所以中國泉幣學社已呈文財政部。”32這似乎是以“中國泉幣
會。[3](P455)
學社”名義見諸於新聞報道的尾聲。
1945年12月8日，耿 愛 德出席泉幣 學社 第一百七十二次例
如果說《中國貨幣論》（1926年）是耿氏金融問題研究的集
中成果，那麼《中國幣圖說匯考（金銀鎳鋁） 》（1954 年）無
會，並出品廿五年拾分鎳幣，平、津各一品。
[3](P455)
疑是耿愛德中國錢幣收藏的集大成之作，時至今日仍是中
國近代機製幣收藏與研究最為重要的參考書之一。而耿愛
1946年
德參與中國泉幣學社活動的5年多時間，是其錢幣收藏積澱
的重要時段， 《中國幣圖說匯考（金銀鎳鋁）》中的一些重要
按 ：1946年中國泉幣學社因主要承辦人遷居外地，例會活動遂
內容，可以在泉幣學社連續性資料中找到端倪。希望通過
告停止， 《泉幣》雜誌亦告停刊。是年耿愛德參加泉幣學社例
對這些相關研究成果的集成和深化，能夠為讀者呈現出更
會1次。耿愛德於1946年赴美國遊歷，後於1948年6月30日返回
為全面立體的錢幣研究往事。
30
上海 。
參考文獻： [1] 耿愛德著、蔡受百譯 :《中國貨幣論》[M]. 上海：商務印書館，1929.11. [2] 中國泉幣學社編 :《泉幣》1-32 期合訂本 [M]. 上海：上海書店，1988.04. [3] 馬定祥中國錢幣研究中心編，中國泉幣學社例會記錄 1940-1946 校注本 [M]. 上海：上海書畫出版社，1993.03. [4] 耿愛德與上海中國泉幣學社，傅為群著 :《圖說中國錢幣》[M]. 上海：上海古籍出版社 , 2000.11. 第 224 頁 . [5] 孫浩：《中國近代機製幣大師耿愛德生平簡介⸺ 在華外籍人士小傳 ( 五 )》[J]. 中國錢幣 ,2006(03): 第 89-90+96 頁 . [6] 外國人最早介紹中國近代機製幣的著作⸺ 耿愛德《中國幣圖說匯考（銀金鎳鋁）》// 袁水清編著；陝西省錢幣學會編 . 中國貨幣史之最 [M]. 西安：三秦出版社 , 2012.05. 第 550 頁 . [7] 耿愛德著，錢嶼、錢衛譯 :《中國幣圖說匯考（金銀鎳鋁）》[M]. 北京：金城出版社，2014.03. [8] 丁蘖編著 :《中國泉幣學社往事拾遺 （照讀樓泉譚）》[M]. 上海：上海書店出版社， 2016.09. [9] 張弦 , 耿愛德金融思想研究 [D]. 河北師範大學，2020. [10] 周而執、耿愛德：一位旅滬捷克斯拉夫僑領的金融和收藏人生［EB/OL］上海歷史社 .https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/XFfy7za_0DY-LhFSn3ao5Q.2022-01-19. References.
30 參見《霍華德·佛蘭克林·包克與耿愛德 1939-1949 年間往來書信》，《東亞泉志》第 10 期，第 42 頁。1948 年 8 月 4 日，耿愛德寫給包克，一頁，耿愛德在上海。 31 E. KANN.“CURRENCY REFORM:To the Editor of the ‘NORTH-CHINA DAILY NEWS’”，The North-China Daily News，1948 年 9 月 7 日。 32 《錢幣的奧妙》，《申報》1948 年 11 月 1 日，第 4 頁。
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■ Bank of England Banknote
·Truly amazing article on a very detailed study of the different spelling and different styles of Siamese writing. A tribute to Jan Olav Aamlid who knows little of the Thai language and yet manages to be able to point out the differences and the timeline of changes with physical proofs of TdlR Official Specimen notes and documents. ·I am sure most collectors will have to dig deep in their pockets and try to find and add a few more banknotes into their collections, all due to this historical discovery by a truly passionate banknote connoisseur. —— Vitoon Eurtivong CEO Eur-Seree Collecting Co., Ltd.
Rare Spelling Errors Detected in First Series Banknote Siam ◎ Jan Olav Aamlid〔 Norway 〕
From 1725 the Bank of England printed banknotes on one
banknotes on both the left and right side of the note
side only. They were known as uniface banknotes. The
by the Minister of the Royal Siamese Treasure. The
last uniface banknote that the Bank of England printed
Chargé d' affaires at the Siamese Legation in London,
was the £5 note. It was first issued in 1945 and ceased
Phya Sanpaktich Preecha was of the opinion that some
to be legal tender on 13th March 1961. The First Series
letters in the designations were not correct. This spelling
Thai Banknotes were also uniface as recommended by
had been used on the First Series from when they
Thomas de la Rue & Company Limited London (TdlR) the
were announced on 7th September 1902 and the first
bank note printer.
banknotes were dated 1st April 1902.
On 22nd December 1917, the Siamese Minister in
This spelling was probably sent to TdlR in 1901 or early
London, H.E. Phya Sudham Maitri, approved the first
1902 where handwritten "tails" were often added. TdlR
specimen One Tical/Baht dated 22nd February 1918.
engraved these "tails" into the plates while making them
On 1st December 1922 the Secretary of the Siamese
for printing. This error was not noticed nor commented on
Legation invited a representative of TdlR for a meeting
until 1922.
on the following Monday between 11:00 and 12:30. This was to be in three days' time. The purpose of the meeting
In my collection I have a specimen of a One Tical/
was to discuss small errors in the Siamese spelling on the
Baht First Series dated 8th December 1922. The word
First Series banknotes.
"CANCELLED" is per forated into the note. On the designations there are some spelling corrections written
Authorized bank officials signed the First Series Siamese
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On the reverse side there are also pencil written letters,
To the r ight on the Fir st Ser ies banknotes is the
notably vowels that needed corrections. The letters " "
designation and signature of the Ministers of the Royal Tr
por parn (tray) and the vowel sara "
easure,
" e with long and "
"short tail.
that reads Sae-
Na-Bo-Dee-Kra-Suang-Pra-Klang. Here the Chargé d' affaires wanted " " with the long tail corrected to short tail " " and the " " long extension of the upper tail should be
On the lef t of the First Series banknotes was the
corrected to " " without the extended upper tail version.
designation and signature of the Authorized Bank Officials,
that reads Chao-Fa-Nag-Gnan. Here
the Chargé d'affaires wanted the letter " ", F o r F u n
Long and shor t tails on letters were also used on
(tooth), to be changed from long tail to " ", Po r Par n,
p o s t m a r k s . T h e s e s t a m p s a r e b o t h p o s t m a r ke d
(tray) short tail version.
"KRUNGTHEP", one-postmarked 1888, the other 1889. On the blue stamp, (Value) 1 Solut, the letter " " in the postmark doesn't have the upper longer extension, while on the red stamp, (Value) 1 Att, the letter "
" in the
postmark has the extended upper tail.
■ Designation for The Bank Official and Minister of the
■ One Tical/Baht dated 22nd February 1918
Royal Treasury
■ One Baht/Tical dated 8th December 1922 and a close up of letters on the reverse
■ Changed designation for the Authorized Bank Official
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■ Changed designation for the Minister of Royal Treasure
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There are two types of the One Baht ND coin (1876-1900).
tail, the other with the long tail. The one with the long tail
On the reverse side to the right of the coat-of-arms the
is rarer than the one with the short tail and sells for more
tex t re ads
than double the price.
Rachakarn Tee 5 (Reign of Rama
V) and a Thai number 5. On one type the 5 is with short
■ Postmarks with different spellings
■ 1 Baht ND (1876-1900)
Spelling Reform of 1917 the Chargé d´affaires asked for proof of the note before printing the new series. On the 14th of December 1922, TdlR sent a letter enclosing 3 specimens of the One Tical/Baht similar to those already printed and 3 specimens with the altered Siamese lettering as had been verbally discussed. TdlR would print the balance of the order according to the specimen which the Chargé d'affaires will decide upon. TdlR mentioned that the alteration of the printing plate would be made free of charge and would not cause any delay in the dispatch of the banknotes.
The reason why the Chargé d'af faires wanted the changes might be that on the 1st June 1917 (2460 ) King Vajiravudh, Rama VI, had ordered some major changes between the Siamese language old spelling and the new spelling. The meaning would still be the same but using different letters could be confusing. On the 4th of October 1922 the Chargé d'affaires in London, Phra Sanpakitch Preencha, placed an order on behalf of the Ministry of Finance for 5 million One Tical/ Baht banknotes with the serial number "V" corresponding
■ One Baht/Tical dated 3 December 1920 similar to
to the Siamese letter " " . On the 8th of December, just
those already printed.
after the meeting concerning the change of the lettering,
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■ 1 Tical/Baht dated 20th December 1922 with the altered spelling. Reverse initialed “Approved P.S. 14th December 1922”
■ One Tical/Baht dated 27th June 1924, approved by Siamese Minister to the United Kingdom H.E. Phya Prabha Karavongse 12th December 1924
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After examining the specimen notes, the Charge d’ affaires Phya Sanpaktich Preecha, initialed them as approved and returned the specimen notes on the very same day. This was one of the three notes with the altered spelling. All notes printed after this were to be printed with the new spelling. This is actually a different type than the ones printed before. This type is not mentioned in any of the catalogues I have seen. The change of the lettering took place sometime on notes dated 8th December 1922 with serial number V/3 and notes dated 18th December 1922 with serial number V/7.
■ 5 Tical/Baht dated 15th January 1920
Second last order for One Tical/Baht banknote was made on February 4, 1924. The order was for five million pieces
■ Hand executed artwork for the Second Series and specimen Second Series
■ 10 Tical/Baht specimen dated 15th December 1923 and initials as approved 11th February 1924
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with the letter "U" in the serial number. The last order
The last date of the 20 Tical/Baht was in 1919. The last
of One Tical/Baht First Series banknotes was made on
date of the 100 Tical/Baht was also in 1919, while all the
October 21, 1924. The order was for 3 million banknotes.
1000 Tical/Baht banknotes were all dated 7th September 1902, even though they were printed later, as the date did not change before the number had reached 99,999
The serial numbers to be used were for U/51 dated 27th
printed banknotes.
June 1924 and serial number U/80 was to be used for the last banknote dated 29th September 1924. The paper to be used for the order was approved on 4th December
Hand-executed artwork for the Second Series One Baht
1924. On 12th December, the first One Tical banknote for
is dated 18th September 1924. The artwork has serial
this order was approved. The first order of 200,000 pieces
number C/7 and the number 12345. The specimen of
or if possible 400,000 pieces would be shipped on the SS
the banknote for circulation dated 22nd June 1924 with
Atsuta Maru on 3rd January 1925.
serial number C/49 and number 91224. The first One Baht Second Series had the prefix A/1 and was dated 1st April 1925. The serial numbers and dates were approved 6th
In the book "Centenary of Thai Banknote: 1902-2000"
January 1925. On 11th March, 1925, the Siamese Minister
published by the Bank of Thailand, it says that the last
of Finance instructed TdlR to expedite the delivery of all
serial numbers for the One Tical/Baht First Series were
the One Tical/Baht of the First Series before the next
U/1 to U/50. According to Somchai Saeng-ngern's book
consignment of the Second Series of the same value
"Thai Banknotes Catalogue" the last prefix was U/100.
but of the new design was sent. TdlR confirmed on 12th
The last specimen note was initialed as approved by
March that the completion of the order for the One Tical/
the Siamese Minister to the United Kingdom H.E. Phya
Baht Currency Notes, First Series, would be dispatched
Prabha Karavongse on 12th December 1924. The last
early next month. The first order for One Baht currency
issued One Tical/Baht First Series banknote I have
notes, Second Series, were placed 1st December 1923
seen does have serial number U/77 and is dated 15th
and announced on 21st July 1925.
September 1924. In my opinion the last One Tical/Baht First Series does have serial number U/80.
The change of lettering took place only on the One Tical/ Baht banknote dated sometime from 8th December to
On 21st November 1923, H.E. Phya Prabha Karavongse
18th December 1922. No changes took place on the 5-,
the Siamese Minister to the United Kingdom placed an
20-, 100- and 1000 Baht Tical Banknotes because they
order on behalf of the Siamese Minister of Finance for
were all printed before the change of the lettering took
500,000 Ten Tical/Baht banknotes. They were to have the
place with the One Tical/Baht. A10 Tical/Baht was initialed
prefix B/71 to B/75. The last 10 Tical/Baht with prefix B/75
as approved by Minister Phya Prabha Karavongse on 11th
was dated 29th January 1924. This is the last order for Siamese Banknotes First Series received by TdlR.
February 1924 and returned to TdlR with no comments.
The last 5 Tical/Baht banknote had the date 15th January
Baht banknotes even though they were printed after the
No changes took place on the lettering on the 10 Tical/ change took place on the One Tical/Baht in 1922.
1920; prefix A/45 and the number 100000.
Acknowledgements: Pratheep S. Malhotra Vitoon Eurtivong Suthamma Thana References: -The archives of Thomas de la Rue & Company, Limited, London -Bank of Thailand, “Centenary of Thai Banknotes: 1902 – 2002” -Somchai Saeng-ngern, “Thai Banknotes Catalogue, Complete and Updated Edition” -Illustrations of Siamese banknotes from Jan Olav Aamlid collection Copyright © 2021 All rights reserved by Jan Olav Aamlid
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■ 英格蘭銀行紙幣
這是一篇令人歎為觀止的文章，着重於暹羅書寫上不同拼寫及種類的詳細研究。在此向懂得泰文並設法用 TdlR 公司的官方 紙鈔樣本及數據作為佐證改革前後差異及時間線的揚·奧洛夫·阿姆利德致敬。 我確信這項來自於真心熱愛紙幣的行家的歷史發現，將使大部分收藏家都願意自掏腰包，試圖尋找更多紙幣並加入其收藏。
暹 羅
—— Eur-Seree 收集有限責任公司總裁 Vitoon Eurtivong
第一套紙鈔中 少見的拼寫錯誤 ◎ 揚·奧拉夫·阿姆利德〔 挪威 〕
自1725年起，英格蘭銀行只在紙鈔的一面印製圖案，稱之
構駐倫敦的代辦人員，他表示職務名稱中的部分字母有誤。
為單面紙鈔。英國銀行最後印製的單面紙鈔是5英鎊的紙鈔，
這些拼寫錯誤可見於紀年日期為1902年4月1日，並於1902
於1945年發行，1961年3月13日停止將之作為法定貨幣。如
年9月7日發佈的第一版紙幣上。
托馬斯 · 德納羅及德納羅印鈔 公司（Thomas de la Rue & Company Limited London，以下簡稱 TdlR 公司）所說，第
這些職務名稱的拼寫於1901或1902年初寄發至 TdlR 公司，
一套泰銖紙幣也是單面紙鈔。
當時手寫字母常會加上“尾巴”，托馬斯 · 德納羅在刻制印刷 版的時候把這些“尾巴”也刻了上去，而這些錯誤在1922年
1917年12月22日， 暹 羅 駐 倫 敦 H.E. 大 臣 Phya Sudham
之前無人發現。
Maitri 批准了設計的第一版1泰銖紙鈔樣品，並於1918年2月 22日發行。1922年12月1日（星期五），暹羅立法機關部長邀
在我的收藏中，有張發行於1922年12月8日的1泰銖紙鈔樣
請 TdlR 公司於第三天即下周的週一11:00至12:30 進行會談。
本。這張被打孔的紙鈔有“CANCELLED”字樣，在職位名
此會議的目的在於討論第一版紙鈔中暹羅文字拼寫上的小
稱的地方，還有用鉛筆對拼寫進行校正的筆跡。
錯誤。 背面也有許多鉛筆留下的字母，特別是標出母音字母需要修 暹羅財政部長及經授權的銀行官員曾於第一版暹羅紙幣的左
正。如字母“ ”（英語轉寫 por parn）及帶有長尾的母音
右兩側簽上署名。Phya Sanpaktich Preecha 是暹羅立法機
“ ”（英語轉寫 e）和有短尾巴的母音“ ”（英語轉寫 e）。
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在第一版紙幣的左側是授權銀行官員的職位名稱及署名，
郵 戳 上 的 字 母 也 有 長 尾 和 短 尾。 這 兩 枚 郵 票 皆 有 的
讀作 Chao-Fa-Nag-Gnan，代辦人員想將長尾
“KRUNGTHEP”字樣的郵戳，一枚為1888年的，另一枚則
的 字 母“ ”（英文轉寫 For Fun ）改作短尾的“ ” （英
是1889年的。在面值為1 Solut 的藍色郵票上，郵戳中的字
文轉寫 Por Parn）。
母 “ ”並沒有向上延伸的長尾，但在面值為 1 Att 的紅色 郵票上，郵戳中的字母“ ”有向上延伸的長尾。
第 一 版 紙 幣 的 右 側 是 財 政 部 長 的 職 位 名 稱 以 及 署 名， 讀作 Sae-Na-Bo-Dee-Kra-Suang-
無日期的1泰銖硬幣 (1876-1900) 有兩種款式。右邊的紋章
Pra-Klang。代辦人員想將長尾的“ ”修正為短尾的“ ”，
背面文字
而向上延伸的長尾“ ”則改作沒長尾的“ ” 。
世時期，並標注泰文數字5。一種5是短尾的，另一種則是長
讀作 Rachakarn Tee 5 ，意為拉瑪五
尾。有長尾的錢幣比短尾的稀少，價錢往往高於兩倍。
■ 銀行官員及財政部長的職務名稱
■ 日期為 1918 年 2 月 22 日的 1 泰銖紙幣
■ 發行於 1922 年 12 月 8 日的 1 泰銖紙幣及背面的字母特寫
■ 對經授權的銀行官員職位名稱拼寫的修改
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■ 對財政大臣職位名稱拼寫的修改
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■ 不同拼寫的郵戳
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■ 1 泰銖硬幣 (1876-1900)
1917年的拼寫改革
代辦人員想修改拼寫是由於1917年6月1日 ( 泰曆2460年 ) 拉
於紙幣上署名以表證明，並在同天寄回。圖片便是其中一張
瑪六世的瓦棲拉兀國王於暹羅文的舊拼寫與新拼寫上做了許
拼寫修正過的紙幣，在此之後所有的紙幣都是以新拼寫方式
多改變。雖然意義不變，但使用不同字母容易搞混。
印製，這一款確實與過去的有所不同，且並無收錄於任何一 本我見過的目錄中。
1922年10月4日， 駐 倫 敦 的 代 辦 人 員 Phra Sanpakitch Preencha 代表財政大臣將有序列號 V 的5百萬份的1泰銖紙 幣上的字母更改為暹羅字母“ ”。12月8日，在討 論字母修 正的會議不久後，代辦人員要求在印製新一版紙幣前先校正 檢查紙幣。 1922年12月14日，TdlR 公司隨信附上3份與已印製鈔票相似 的1泰銖紙幣樣本，以及3份口頭討論過的暹羅字母修正版的 紙幣樣本，寄給代辦人員讓其確定1份樣本。TdlR 公司將按 照代辦人員確定的樣本款式進行印製，並表示更正後的印刷 版不收取費用，且不會對紙幣派發造成延遲。
■ 日期為 1920 年 12 月 3 日的 1 泰銖紙鈔樣本與已印製 的紙幣設計相似
在檢查過紙幣樣本後，代辦人員 Phya Sanpaktich Preecha
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■ 拼寫修正過的 1 泰銖紙幣，日期為 1922 年 12 月 20 日。背面有“於 1922 年 12 月 14 日批准”之筆跡。
■ 日期為 1924 年 6 月 27 日的 1 泰銖紙幣，於 1924 年 12 月 12 日由暹羅駐英大使 H.E. Phya Prabha Karavongse 簽名批准
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於1922年12月8日發行印有序列號為 V/3的紙幣，及於1922 年12月18日發行印有序列號為 V/7的紙幣均偶有字母更改的 狀況。 倒數第二批的1泰銖紙幣於1924年2月4日印製，這批序列號 中有500萬張有字母“U”的紙幣。最後一批第一版1泰銖紙 幣於1924年10月21日印製，印數300萬張。 序 列 號 U/51用 於 日 期 為1924年6月27日 的 紙 幣， 序 列 號 U/80則用於最後一批日期為1924年9月29日的紙幣。這批用
■ 日期為 1920 年 1 月 15 日的 5 泰銖紙幣
來印鈔的紙張於1924年12月4日通過批准。12月12日，第一 版1泰銖紙幣通過批准，其中第一批20萬張，也可能是40萬
■ 第二版紙幣的手繪稿及樣本
■ 日期為 1923 年 12 月 15 日的 10 泰銖紙幣樣本並於 1924 年 2 月 11 日署名通過
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7日的1000泰銖紙幣後印製，因為日期仍不會在印鈔數量達
張於1925年1月3日由日本郵船株式會社熱田丸號輪船運送。
到99 999前更改。 《 泰 國 紙 幣 百 年 史 ：1902-2000》（Centenary of Thai Banknote: 1902-2000） 一書由 泰 國銀 行 發 行， 並表 示 第
第二版1泰銖紙幣的手繪稿上紀年為1924年9月18日，手繪稿
一 版1泰 銖 紙幣 的 最後 一批 序 列 號 為 U/1 到 U/50。 根 據
的序列號為 C/7，編號為12345。用於流通的紙幣樣本日期為
Somchai Saeng-ngern 的《泰國紙幣目錄》，最後的序列號
1924年6月22日，序列號 C/49，編號91224。第一批第二版的
開頭為 U/100。最後的紙幣樣本由暹羅駐英大使 H.E. Phya
1泰銖紙幣序列號開頭為 A/1，日期為1925年4月1日。序列號
Prabha Karavongse 於1924年12月12日簽 署通過。我所見
及日期於1925年1月6日通過批准。1925年3月11日，財政大臣
過最後發行的1泰銖紙幣序列號為 U/77，且日期為1924年9
要求 TdlR 公司加快所有第一版1泰銖紙幣的運送，需在有着
月15日，但我認為最後一批的1泰銖紙幣中肯定有序列號為
同面額不同設計的第二版紙幣委託到達之前完成。TdlR 公司
U/80的紙幣。
於3月12日確認第一版1泰銖紙幣將於下個月初完成發放。第 一批第二版1泰銖紙幣將於1923年12月1日印製，並於1925年7
1923年11月21日 暹 羅 駐 英 大 使 H.E. Phya Prabha
月21日發佈。
Karavongse 代表 暹羅 第一財政 大臣要求印刷50萬張10泰 銖紙幣，序列號開頭為 B/71 到 B/75。最後一批序列號為
只有日期為1922年12月8日至12月18日的1泰銖紙幣有字母拼
B/75的10泰銖紙幣於1924年1月29日發行。這便 是 TdlR 公
寫更正的情形。由於在1泰銖紙幣修正拼寫前已印製，5、20、
司收到最後的第一版暹羅紙幣訂單。
100及1000泰銖紙幣皆無修改。有一張10泰銖由大使 Phya Prabha Karavongse 於1924年2月11日署名通過，並在沒有提
最後一批5泰銖紙幣的日期為1920年1月15日，序列號開頭為
出任何建議的情況下就寄回給 TldR 公司。即使是於1922年1
A/45，編號為100000。
泰銖紙幣字母修正後發行的10泰銖紙幣也沒有發生此狀況。
最後的20泰銖紙幣於1919年發行，而最後的100泰銖紙幣同 樣於1919年發行。雖然這些紙幣是在所有日期為1902年9月
致謝： Pratheep S. Malhotra Vitoon Eurtivong Suthamma Thana 參考資料： -倫敦TdlR公司檔案 -泰國銀行， 《泰國紙幣百年史：1902-2000》 -Somchai Saeng-ngern， 《泰國紙鈔目錄：完整及更新版》 -揚·奧洛夫·阿姆利德（Jan Olav Aamlid）收藏中的《泰國紙鈔圖錄》 版權所有© 2021年 所有版權歸揚·奧洛夫·阿姆利德所有
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Chinese Soviet Protrait Coin issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province in 1931 ◎ Yo-Ming Chang〔Taipei 〕
Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Soviet area of Northern Hubei Farmers Bank in 1931 were first recorded with their pictures (Figure 1) in the article "Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes" written by Mr. Duncan Raeburn in March 1937. Another famous coin collector Mr. E. Kann's "Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins" in 1966 also contains pictures of this type of silver coins in his book (Figure 2), it is obvious that the fact of existence of Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins have been proved in history. According to Mr. Duncan Raeburn's article, it was quite dangerous and extremely diff icult to take the currency of the Soviet area out of the Soviet area at that time, because if violated, it would be severely punished by the death penalty by the Kuomintang government. As a result, there are few records, reports and pictures of the Soviet areas currency in the past. Until 1991, with the support of the People's Bank of Hubei Province, the Hubei Province Numismatic Association, and the Hunan Province Numismatic Association, 6 comrades were divided into 3 investigation groups, which lasted more than two months and went to more than ten counties and cities in Hubei and Hunan. Conducted two largescale investigations and interviews and collected more than 800,000 words of relevant materials, documents and oral materials. In September 1992, the first edition of the "Monetar y Histor y of the Hsiang- O-Hsi Revolutionary Base Area" was completed. The history of the issuance of the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Soviet area of Northern Hubei Farmers Bank in 1931 finally has a complete data and pictures record.
Figure 1 1937 Mr. Duncan Raeburn Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes catalog
Figure 2 1966 Mr. E. Kann Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins catalog
In the autumn coin auction of Beijing Chengxuan Auction Co., Ltd. on November 16, 2011, among the many silver coins of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China auctioned, there was an extremely rare one-dollar silver coin "Lenin Portrait coin of Chinese Soviet Republic issued by the Northwestern Hubei Revolutionary Base in 1931". After reading a large number of documents and reports, the author found that this soviet Lenin portrait silver coin, in terms of its historical importance and coin rarity, should surpass most of the rare silver coins displayed in the auction at that time. It is a hidden rare treasure.
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Shanghai in 1921. After the breakup of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in 1927, the Communist Part y organized workers and peasants in var ious controlled areas and established a Soviet government. In the process of the establishment and development of the base area (known as the Second Civil Revolutionary War in history), due to its location in an economically backward area and often be blocked and surrounded by nationalist troops, in order to maintain and stabilize the base area's finances for normal economic activities, the Red Army in the Soviet area opened their own banks and issued their own currencies. The silver coins issued
can be divided into two categories, one is the silver coins that imitated the Sun Yat-sencoin, Yuan Shi-kai statue coin (Figure 3) and Mexican Eagle statue coin (Figure 4) that can be used in the area under the rule of the Nationalist Government (White Zone), and the other is Soviet silver coins that only circulated in the base area (Soviet area).
Figure 3 Soviet Yuan Shikai statue coin (picture source: HK auction of Spink & Son on July 11, 2021.”)
Figure 4 Soviet Mexican coin with a “工” chop
During the Second Civil Revolutionar y War, the governments of various Soviet areas issued six types of Soviet silver coins circulating in the Soviet areas (Table 1) in total, which are as follows:
The Sov iet A rea si lver coin of Hsiang- OHsi, minted in 1931 by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei, with the portrait of Marx or Lenin on the front, engraved with "Minted by the Chinese Soviets", "Minted by the Chinese 1 Soviet Republic" or "National Currency of Chinese Soviet Republic" on the obverse top of coin. The reverse has Chinese characters for "One Dollar" with a sickle and hammer in the middle of the coin.
The Soviet Area silver coin of Hsiang-O-Kan, minted in 1931 by the Soviet government of Pingjiang County and the Soviet government of Hunan Province. The obverse of coin has a fivepointed star, sickle and hammer, and the reverse 2 has Chinese characters for "One Dollar" with an open wreath of barley design.
The silver coin of O-Yu-Yuan (Hupeh, Honan and Anhuei) Soviet government, minted by the O-Yu-Yuan Soviet Bank in 1932, The obverse of coin has Chinese characters for "One Dollar" 3 and the bottom of coin has Russian or Chinese two kind of wording version. The reverse of the coin has a surrounding design with the Chinese exhortation "Rise and unite the proletariat of the whole world".
The twenty cents silver coin of the Chinese Soviet Republic was minted by the Chinese Soviet Republic from 1932 to 1934. Engraved with the "Chinese Soviet Republic" on the 4 obverse top of coin and a five-pointed star on the left and right sides.
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The Northern Shaanxi Province Soviet Silver Coin was minted by the Soviet government of Northern Shaanxi Province in 1935. The obverse of coin has Chinese characters for "One Dollar" and the upper part of coin has "Chinese Soviet" in Chinese. The bottom of coin has "Made by 6 the Republic Five- Year" also in Chinese. The reverse has a hammer and sickle in the middle of the coin and the surrounding area has "The Proletariat of the whole world unites against the oppressed nations" in Chinese.
The Chuan-Shaan Provincial Soviet Silver Coin was minted by the Chuan-Shaan Provincial Soviet Government from 1933 to 1934. The obverse of coin has Chinese characters for "One Dollar" and the upper part of coin has "Chinese Soviet Republic" in Chinese. The bottom of coin 5 has "Made by the Chuan-Shaan Provincial Mint", also in Chinese. The reverse has a hemisphere with crossed hammer and sickle superimposed in the middle of the coin. The upper ring has "Rise and unite the proletariat of the whole world" in Chinese.
Table 1 List of Minting and Issuing of Soviet Silver Coins in the Soviet Area Currency name Silver coin of Farmer Bank of North Hubei
Currency Main Coin denomination Version
Casting unit
Casting location
Casting In-Charge
Issuer
Circulation time
Circulation area
One dollar
Five
Mint of Farmer Bank of North Hubei
Guanxi Street, Fang County
Wang Shouxun
Farmer Bank of North Hubei
1931.7~1931.9
Fang County
One dollar
One
Mint of Pingjiang County
Pingjiang Lutou
Li Kejia
Soviet government of Pingjiang County
1931.1~1931.10
Pingjiang Soviet Area
One dollar
One
Mint of Hunan Province
Xu Qun Gao’ house , Zhoufang Village, Yongsheng Town
-
Soviet government of Hunan Province
1931.8~1931.10
The border area of Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi
The silver coin of O-Yu-Yuan Soviet government
One dollar
Two
Bank of Soviet O-Yu-Yuan mint
Qiliping, Huang’an County
-
O-Yu-Yuan Soviet government
1932~1932.10
Dabie Mountain area at the junction of Hubei, Henan and Anhui
Silver coin of the Chinese Soviet Republic
Twenty Cents
One
Central Mint of the Chinese Soviet Republic
Ruijin Yeping
Mao Zemin
National Bank of the Chinese Soviet Republic
1932.7~1934.10
Central Soviet Area
Chuan-Shaan Provincial Soviet Silver Coin
One Dollar, Twenty Cents
One for each
Mint of the Peasants and Workers Bank of ChuanShaan Province
Tongjiang County
Zheng Yizhai
1934~1935.10
Chuan-Shaan Soviet Area
Northern Shaanxi Province Soviet Silver Coin
One dollar
Three
Metal Manufacturing Plant of the Ministry of Finance of the Soviet Government of Northern Shaanxi Province
Zhongshan Street, Anding County (now Zichang County)
Ai Chunan
1935.1~1935.11
Northern Shaanxi Soviet Area
Silver Coin of Soviet government of Pingjiang County Silver Coin of Soviet government of Hunan Province
"ChuanShaan Provincial Soviet Government" Ministry of Finance of the Soviet Government of Northern Shaanxi Province
Source: The author's data collection and compilation
understanding of these currencies that have become cultural relics at that time, all the recalled silver dollars were nationalized and destroyed in a unified manner (see 15). Therefore, the remaining Soviet Area Soviet silver coins are very rare today. Compared with the various old silver coins issued at the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the number of surviving silver coins can easily be seen in the millions. Relatively speaking, the silver coins issued by the Soviet area, a cultural relic of the modern revolution, are extremely rare and difficult to obtain. Therefore, the Soviet area silver coin is really precious.
After 1935, with the transfer and withdrawal of the Red Army, Soviet silver coins gradually ceased to be m inted. W hen the Red A r my w ithdrew, the Kuomintang reoccupied the Soviet area and searched for the silver coins and banknotes minted by the Red Army and destroyed all of them. There were only a few silver coins which were collected by the local people. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to activate the national economy, the government implemented the policy of swapping one dollar for new banknotes of one silver dollar, and further recalled the remaining part of the silver dollars and banknotes from the Soviet area. Due to insufficient
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The dazzling ruby in the crown - Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province
during the Second Civil Revolutionary War of the Communist Party of China, Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins, which were minted by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province, had the most special status and its historical status is also the most important. The reasons are as follows:
Among all the silver coins minted in the Soviet area
1
3
It is the first time that the protrait of Marx and Lenin were used on Chinese currency. It first mint the portrait of Marx and Lenin on silver coins. Thereby creating a precedent for using coins to promote Marxism and Leninism, and inf luencing the subsequent currency issuance in the Soviet area, there are features of revolutionary slogans and appeals, and this feature has indeed played a major role in the communist party's appeal and propaganda of Marxism and Leninism.
2
It is the first silver coin to use the national title of the Communist Party of China's red regime. It first cast the words "Chinese Soviet Republic" on the silver coin. Therefore, after the Red Army was evacuated from Fang County in September 1931, it was conceivable that this coin would be scrapped and destroyed by the Nationalist Army. Afterwards, the Communist Party of China's red regime finally officially established the Chinese Sov iet Republ ic on November 7, 1931, in Ruijin County, Central Soviet District, Jiangxi Province, and the name of the Communist Party of China's red regime was thus established.
4
The style of silver coins is quite different from other silver coins in the Soviet area. As Fang County is located in a remote mountainous area, there is a serious shortage and backwardness of casting resources and talents. The silver coins with the portrait of Soviet Marx and Lenin were 5 almost entirely hand-made by 12 silversmiths with enthusiasm and their own experience, by using casting and forging techniques respectively. Therefore, its style is simpler, more restrained and richer in cultural ambience than other Soviet silver coins at that time.
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It is the f irst self-designed silver coin of the Communist Party of China's red regime. It first incorporated the concept of belief in MarxismLeninism and the welfare of workers and peasants into the silver coin design. It is fundamentally different from the earlier issue of using the chop on the old silver coins. The subsequent issue of the Soviet area silver coin basically continues this design concept to design the silver coin.
It is the shortest issuance period among the silver coins in the Soviet area. Silver coins minted in the Soviet area, due to the continuous relocation of the revolutionary army, their issuance time was not long, only a few months to one or two years. However, the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province were only issued for about 3 months, which is the shortest time and the rarest of all silver coins in the Soviet area.
It is the Soviet area silver coin with the most varieties. A total of five versions of Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Northern Hubei Farmers Bank have been found. There are the Marx portrait, the Lenin portrait, in frontal, in profile, and the words "Minted by Chinese 6 Soviet", "Minted by Chinese Soviet Republic", "National minted by Chinese Soviet Republic", "Chinese Soviet Republic national currency", etc. The richness of the varieties is the greatest in the Soviet area.
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Because the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Northern Hubei Farmers Bank has the abovementioned special status and conditions, it occupies a very important position among the many rare silver coins from the Soviet area, and it can be called they were the first silver coins in the Soviet area.
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Long served as the commander of the army. He led his troops to f ight in Jingmen, Dangyang, Yuan'an and other areas. In June, he captured Fang County and created the Northwestern Hubei Soviet District. At that time, the currency market in the Soviet area in Northwest Hubei was extremely chaotic, miscellaneous banknotes and copper coins circulating left over by the old regime, warlords, and local trading companies. Most of the silver coins were hoarded by businessmen and sent to Wuhan and Shanghai to purchase goods, seriously affecting the life and economic development of the base area. Therefore, in order to strengthen the leadership of the base area, the Central Branch of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Hsiang-O-Hsi decided to establish a temporary special committee in the northwest of Hubei, with Liu Keming as the secretary and secretary of the Fang County Party Committee. At the same time, the Fang County Soviet Government was established. After the establishment of the government, in order to activate the economy of the Soviet area, facilitate transactions, unify the currency, and earn income, it was stipulated that "the Kuomintang legal currency and the miscellaneous notes issued by the warlord or local trading companies should be stopped." In midJuly, the temporary special committee in the northwest of Hubei decided to establish the North Hubei Farmers Bank on West Street of Fang County and issue its own currency. Initially, it printed and issued f ifty cents notes (Figure 6) and one dollar credit notes (Figure 7/ Figure 8). However, the bank notes and credit notes issued by the Soviet government at that time had not yet fully established credit in the hearts of the Soviet Area people. Metal currency was still needed as a backing. Therefore, in order to ensure the stability of the bank notes in the Soviet Area, it was decided to manufacture and issue silver coins. Hence, Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins were born.
The whole story of issuance Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei Province I. The history
In August 1927, the Agrarian Revolutionar y War began. The Chinese Communist Party shifted its focus from cities to rural areas, established base areas in rural areas, carried out the agrarian revolution, established revolutionary armed forces and set up a worker and peasant government. In 1929, under the leadership of He Long1(Figure 5), Zhou Yiqun, Deng Zhongxia, Duan Dechang, He Jinzhai and others, they established the Hunan-Hubei border Revolutionary Base Area, and in 1930, they created the Honghu Revolutionary Base. The two revolutionary base areas were united to form a famous red area in the history of Chinese revolution-the "Hsiang-O-Hsi Revolutionary Base". In July 1930, He Long led the troops eastward and joined the Sixth Red Army created by Zhou Yiqun, and served as the commander-in-chief of the Red Second Army, and successfully captured Qianjiang and other places. In March 1931, the Second Red Army was reorganized into the Red Third Army. He
Farmers Bank of North Hubei is located in West Street, Fang County. The president of Farmers Bank wasserved by Hu Suli, concurrently director of the Political Department of the Red 7th Division and secretary of the county Soviet government. Wang
Figure 5 He Long, Commander of the Red Third Army
Note: 1 He Long (Chinese: 賀龍; March 22, 1896 – June 9, 1969) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and one of the ten marshals of the People’s Liberation Army.
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Figure 9 Fang County Soviet Government
Figure 6 Fifty cents banknotes printed and issued in Fang County in 1931 by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei
Figure 10 San Jiachun, employee at the Mint of North Hubei Farmers Bank
coins, the Fang County Soviet government seized a large number of silver dollars, silver ingots, and silver jewelry conf iscated from the battlef ield. The Red Army attacked Jun County and seized 7 jin 2 taels of gold confiscated by a big landlord and the attack on Fang County led to the conf iscation of 4-cylinder silver ingots and silver products seized from a rich man, Mr. Zhang from Zhang jiawan, as well as the silver ingots accumulated from catching economic criminals, as reserves, and handed them over to the Farmers Bank of North Hubei to make silver coins. Figure 7/8 One dollar credit notes printed and issued in Fang County in 1931 by the Farmers Bank of North Hubei
2. The design of silver coins: The casting of silver coins was a major event in the base area at that time. The Fang Count y Soviet g ove r n ment wa s ve r y foc u s e d on t h i s m a t t e r. T herefore, M r. Wa n g Shou x u n , t he econom ic committee member of the Soviet government who was in charge of the work of the Northern Hubei Farmers Bank at the time, was specifically responsible for this matter. Wang Shouxun first gathered 12 silversmiths (Luo Zhengtai, Zhang Tengfeng, Feng Mingliu, Yang Weidong, Ding Wensheng, Xu Hongqing, Yue Depei, Li Jinghua, Li Shunxin, Nie Hongshan, San Jiachun) specializing in silver making in Fang County to gather opinions and draw up the silver coin manufacturing process and technology to use, collect equipment and buy tools, and set up a mint at Dai Xiangquan's house on West Street, Chengguan Town, Fang County. In addition, Wang Shouxun also began to look for people who could make molds and thought about the design of the silver coin patterns. Soon Wang Shouxun
Shouxun, member of the County Soviet Economic Committee, was responsible for the specific work of the bank, and the Mint was located in the house of Dai Xiangquan on Guanxi Street in Fang County, across the street from the Catholic Church where the Soviet Government of Fang County (Figure 9) was located. The house was a brick and wood structure, with several skylights.
II. The Minting and Issuing Process of Marx and Lenin Portrait Silver Coins 1. The raw material source of silver coins: After the Farmers Bank of North Hubei decided to manufacture and issue silver coins, in order to raise enough silver materials for the manufacture of the
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invited Zhou Yuanzhong from Xiguan County, who knew a little about mold carving techniques, and gave him the responsibility of making steel molds. At the same time, Wang Shouxun and other comrades of the Fang County Soviet government jointly studied the patterns of silver coins. They believed that the patterns of silver coins must have the distinctive representation and ideological promotion of the Communist Party of China. He considered that the Communist Party of China believes in Marxism-Leninism and serves the welfare of workers and peasants as their purpose. In this way, it is determined that the obverse pattern of silver coin should have the portrait of Marx or Lenin, and the reverse would be dominated by the sickle and hammer. Zhou Yuanzhong made 5 steel molds according to this design plan. However, when Zhou Yuanzhong was designing the steel mold, according to the si lver sm ith Sa n Jiachun ( Fig ure 10) who participated in the manufacture of silver coins, they did not know what Marx and Lenin looked like at that time. Therefore, they created it entirely based on their imagination of foreigners (long beard, suit, tie), so the protrait of Marx and Lenin on the silver coins are not similar to the real persons.
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3. Method of minting silver coins The process of casting silver coins at the Farmers Bank of North Hubei is a bit complicated, with about seven or eight processes (car ving mold → casting steel mold → ma k ing sand mold → boi l ing si lver water → m a k i n g bl a n k s i lver coi n → f l at ten i n g and chiseling the edge → put into the steel mold and str uck with a stone weight → tr im m ing and shaping → Complete). First, according to the design of the silver coin pattern, the engraver Zhou Yuanzhong used pear trees to carve the front and back wooden molds, then according to the wooden molds to cast the front and the back steel molds. At the beginning of casting, he f irst used the silver coin template to make a sand mold, then put the miscellaneous silver, copper and antimony into a self-made iron furnace in proportion to boil it into liquid silver by using charcoal. Using borax to remove the residue, and finally pouring the liquid silver into the sand mold. After cooling, it will become a blank silver coin. Then it is f lattened, filed out, and the edges are chiseled. Then the silver blank is heated to a red color and put into the steel mold and hit with a stone weight. This will produce
Figure 11 Simulation model of the production process of Soviet Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins
Place where blanks are placed
Figure 12 The stone weight used to make silver coins in the Soviet area
Figure 13 The steel mold used in the production of silver coins in the Soviet area
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the designed silver coin patterns. Finally, the pattern is trimmed and shaped with a small file. In this way, a qualified silver coin is completed (Figure 11).
120 silver coins a day for three months ( July 1931 ~ September 1931), and a total of about 10,000 silver dollars were made. After the silver coins were minted, each silversmith would get one silver coin every day as wages, and the rest will be handed over to the North Hubei Farmers Bank for issuance and exchange for silver from the public to supplement the source of silver coins. As soon as the Soviet area silver coins were issued, they were quickly welcomed by the people and traders in Fang County. The people used grain, medicinal materials, and cotton to exchange for the silver coins in the Soviet-run shops. Traders also sold out goods in exchange for silver coins of Soviet area because of those silver coins has enough weight and high purity, which played a great role in the economy of the Soviet area of Fang County at that time.
However, since the silver coin is made entirely by hand, in a mass production process, the each blank cannot be made very f lat, so that the surface of the blank often has unevenness, or it cannot fully meet the size and height of the steel mold. After being hammered with the stone weight (Figure 12), the lower part of the silver coin surface cannot be pressed by the steel mold, so the pattern cannot be pressed. Therefore, the original rough silver surface of the blank is retained. In addition, due to the lack of weight of the stone weights and uneven focus points, they often need to be struck many times. In addition, the obverse and reverse steel molds (Figure 13) are unstable, which often causes the silver surface image and text to be doubled and shifted.
In September 1931, the main forces of the Red third Army were ordered to withdraw from Fang County and returned east to the Honghu Soviet area. Due to the lack of Red Army protection, the Farmers Bank of Northern Hubei ceased operations, and the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coin also ceased to be minted. After the Red Third Army evacuated the Fang County base area, the Kuomintang army made a comeback, the Fang County Soviet government was forced to move, and the party organization moved into underground activities. When Wang Shouxun evacuated Fang Cou nt y w it h t he Red A r my g uer r i l l a s, he wa s unfortunately arrested during guerrilla warfare with the enemy in the area of Panshuihe River in Nanshan. In prison, he was tortured by the enemy but kept the secrets of the party and the Soviet government. He was brutally killed by the enemy by guillotine in Zhushan County in early 1932. He was only 40 years old at that time. Although Wang Shouxun, a loyal party member, had sacrificed his hard working spirit for the Chinese Communist Party and the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins minted under his leadership will remain in the world as his legacy.
4. Issuance of silver coins: In the early stage of the construction of the Hubei Numismatic Museum, the staff of the museum found one silver coin for each of the portraits of Marx and Lenin in the bank coffers. In order to learn the story behind them, Mr. Yang Feng 2 from the Hubei branch of the People's Bank of China inquired around, and finally found silversmith San Jiachun who was involved in the manufacture of silver coins in Qujiawan, Honghu County, the center of the Hsiang-O-Hsi Revolutionar y Base. He learned the stor y behind making silver coins and the names of eleven other silversmiths. San Jiachun recalled that when the silver coins were being made, the surroundings were heavily guarded. There were Red Army soldiers standing guard inside and outside the house. No unauthorized personnel were allowed to enter the house. Twelve silversmiths had to stay in the house, even to eat. At that time, the Mint had more than 30 employees. There were also more than ten guards with guns who were responsible for the safety and security of the Mint. According to San Jiachun's recollections, at that time, silversmiths could make more than
2 Yang Feng is a well-known coin expert and the chief editor of “Monetary History of Hsiang-O-Hsi Revolutionary Bases”, “Currency History of O-Yu-Yuan Revolutionary Bases”, and “Currency History of Hsiang-O-Kan Revolutionary Bases”. Designer and executor of the Numismatic Museum of Wuhan Branch of the People’s Bank of China; Vice President of Hubei Numismatic Association.
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The different versions of the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Farmers Bank of Northern Hubei According to the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming and the "Silver & Gold Coins of China" edited by Mr. Sun Hao, there are five varities of the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Farmers Bank of Northern Hubei:
Figure 14 The catalogue of the spring auction of Beijing Huachen Auctions Co., Ltd. on April 23, 2002, It is also the original coin of "Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes" by Mr. Duncan Raeburn and the "Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins" by Mr. E. Kann in 1966
I. "Minted by the Chinese Soviets'' Marx in profile portrait silver coin:
The main design is a profile portrait of Marx, with a short beard, wearing a suit, with the words " Made in Chinese Soviet " on the upper part of the obverse. The reverse side features the characters "one dollar" displayed vertically surrounded by the hammer and sickle. A border of vines completes the design with a f lower added to the top border. The coin edge has a tooth pattern.
Figure 15 Collected by an overseas collector, the originally owned by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming (This picture also included in the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming)
There are cur rently t wo known versions of this coin. The first one (Figure 14) was first published in "Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes" by Mr. Duncan Raeburn in March 1937. Later, the book "Illustrated Cata log of Chinese Coins" by Mr. E. Kann was published again in 1966. The most recent appearance of one of these coins was in the spring auction of Beijing Huachen Auction Co., Ltd. on April 23, 2002, but don't know who owns it at present. The second one (Figure 15) was originally owned by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming and is currently in the collection of an overseas collector. The picture of this silver coin was published in the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming.
Figure 16 This picture is included in the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming
According to the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming, only one of this variety (Figure 16) has been found so far, but the quality of this coin is very poor. The silver font pattern is diff icult to recognize and we do not know who owns it at present.
II. "Minted by the nation of the Chinese Soviet Republic'' Marx frontal portrait silver coin:
The main design is the frontal portrait of Marx, with a short beard wearing a suit. The reverse side's main design is the hammer and sickle. The outer border is engraved with the legend "Minted by the Chinese Soviet Republic". Unusually, this version does not have the words "One Yuan" and the surrounding vines.
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III. "Minted by the Chinese Soviet Republic'' Marx frontal portrait silver coin:
The main design is the frontal portrait of Marx, with
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Figure 17 From the collection of the Hubei Coin Museum
Figure 18 Collection of an overseas collector, the originally owned by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming
Figure 19 Picture published in the "Fang County Financial Chronicle"
Figure 20 Picture show on the Singapore Coin Auction – Spink-Taisei Catalogue 8 P.41
Figure 22 Collection of the Hubei Numismatic Association
Fig. 21 Collection of the Hubei Coin Museum
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Figure 23 Collection of the China Coin Museum
Figure 24 Collection of the Fang County Museum
Figure 25 This picture was published in the "A General Survey of Chinese Gold and Silver Currency-Modern Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Dong Wenchao. The coin is now is the collection of the Shanghai Museum
Figure 26 Collection of an overseas collector the was originally owned by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming
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FEATURES
IV.“National Currency of Chinese Soviet Republic ''Lenin frontal portrait silver coin:
a short beard wearing a suit. Engraved with "Minted by the Chinese Soviet Republic" above the portrait. The reverse side features the characters "one dollar" displayed vertically surrounded by the hammer and sickle. A border of vines completes the design with a star add to the top border. The coin edge has a tooth pattern.
The main design is the frontal portrait of Lenin, with a short beard wearing a suit. Engraved with "National Currency of Chinese Soviet Republic" above the portrait, with "Year 1931" in Chinese characters below. The reverse side features the characters "one dollar" displayed vertically surrounded by the hammer and sickle. A border of vines completes the design with a hollow star added to the top border. The coin's edge has a tooth pattern. There is a special features of this version coin is the Chinese word " 蘇 " above the portrait. The " 魚 " and " 禾 " under the " 艹 " are written inversely.
At present, the author has found four coins of this version in total. The first one (Figure 17) is currently in the collection of the Hubei Coin Museum and is most important treasure of the museum. The second one (Figure 18) was originally owned by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming and is currently the collection of an overseas collector. The third one (Figure 19) was featured in the "Fang County Financial Chronicle", but this one coin is obviously damaged. The fourth one (Figure 20) appeared in a Singapore Coin Auction-Spink-Taisei Catalogue 8 P.41, but this one was made by using Yuan Shi-kai portrait silver coin as the blank and the coin still has the original Yuan Shi-kai pattern visible. This version should be a trial type, but the whereabouts of these two abovementioned varieties are currently unknown.
At present, the author has found a total of eleven of this version. The f irst (Figure 21) is now in the collection of the Hubei Numismatic Museum. The coin first appeared in the spring auction of Guardian International Auction Co., Ltd. on April 22, 2002. Later, it appeared again in the autumn auction of Beijing Chengxuan Auction Co., Ltd. on November 16, 2011. The second one (Figure 22) is now in the
Figure 27 Picture from the autumn auction of Beijing Chengxuan Auction Co., Ltd., November 8, 2008
Figure 28 From the collection of senior Taiwanese collector Mr. Zhang Mingquan
Figure 29 The picture in "THE MONEY OF COMMUNIST CHINA (1927 – 1949) Part I" by Mr. John E. Sandrock
Figure 30 From the collection of an overseas collector
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How to distinguish the genuine Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins of Northern Hubei Farmers Bank from the fake
collection of the Hubei Numismatic Association. The third one (Figure 23) is now in the collection of the China Coin Museum. The fourth one (Figure 24) was originally in the collection of the Fang County Civil Affairs Bureau and was transferred to the Fang County Museum on May 18, 2021. It is currently in the collection of the Fang County Museum. The fifth one (Figure 25) published in "A General Survey of Chinese Gold and Silver Currency-Modern Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Dong Wenchao is now in the collection of the Shanghai Museum. The sixth one (Figure 26), originally owned by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming is currently the collection of an overseas collector. The seventh coin (Figure 27) appeared in the autumn auction of Beijing Chengxuan Auction Co., Ltd. coins on November 8, 2008, but its current location is unknown at present. The eighth one (Figure 28) is now in the collection of senior Taiwan collector Zhang Mingquan. The ninth one (Figure 29) appeared in "THE MONEY OF COMMUNIST CHINA (1927 – 1949) Part I" by Mr. John E. Sandrock, but I don't know who owns it at present. The tenth one (Figure 30) is now in the collection of an overseas collector. The eleventh one (Figure 31) is now in the collection of a Hubei collector.
Because of the revolutionary base area was blocked and surrounded by the National Government at that time, and the subjected to strong search and destruction after the Red Army evacuated, Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Farmers Bank of Northern Hubei have very little surviving historical data and existing numbers of the coins are very limited. In addition, they are completely handmade, and the production methods and conditions were tota l ly different from the tools, equipment and processes used in the production of ordinary silver coins. Many silver coin appraisal experts lack the historical information of the coin and cannot confirm what the real coins looks like, which increases the difficulty of appraising them. The author hopes to use this time data collection and investigation for the Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins to systematically summarize and organize the historical data, coins mintage, coins issuance, and coins survival rates. I would also like to confirm the existence of all Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins and to let this revolutionary war period coin story to be better known in Chinese coin history.
V. "National Currency of Chinese Soviet Republic'' Lenin with beard frontal portrait silver coin:
I. Standard instruments of determining a genuine coin
The main design is the frontal portrait of Lenin, with a goatee wearing a suit. Engraved with "National Currency of Chinese Soviet Republic" above the portrait, with "Year 1931" in Chinese characters below. The reverse side features the characters "one dollar" displayed vertically surrounded by the hammer and sickle. A border of vines completes the design with a hollow star add to the top border. The coin's edge has a tooth pattern.
The easiest way to distinguish the genuine or fake of a silver coin is to compare it with genuine coin. Therefore, to distinguish the genuine or fake of the Marx and Lenin protrait silver coins, we must first find the standard instrument of genuine coin. In the 1991 "Chinese Coins" journal, the author found that the article "Two Subjects about Soviet Currency" written by Yang Feng has mentioned, in the large inspection of the standardized management of coffers in the Hubei province People's Bank in June 1989, two soviet silver coins previously exchanged by local farmers were found in the coffers of the People's Bank of Fang County. One is Marx portrait silver coin(Version 3), the other is Lenin portrait silver coin(Version 4). And published the rubbings of the two silver coins (Figure 33) in the article at the same time. And Mr. Yang Feng was later as an incharger of government
At present, the author has found only one of this va r iet y ( Fig ure 32). The pict ure of th is coin is published in the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming. Its current location is unknown.
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The Chinese word "蘇" is different from version IV. "魚" and "禾" are not written in reverse
Fig. 32 This picture was published in the "Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Gold and Silver Coins" edited by Mr. Lin Gwo Ming
Fig. 31 From the collection of a Hubei collector
Figure 33 The rubbings of a Marx portrait silver coin (version 3) and a Lenin portrait silver coin (version 4) that were found in the coffers of the People's Bank of Fangxian County
Figure 34 Genuine coin of version 3 found in the coffers of the People's Bank of Fangxian County. It is currently in the collection of the Hubei Coin Museum. (Figure 33 rubbing of the original coin)
Figure 35 Genuine coin of version 4 (found in the coffers of the People's Bank of Fangxian County and is currently the collection of the Hubei Numismatic Association (figure 33 rubbing of the original coin)
Figure 36 Genuine coin standard instrument of version 1 (the original coin in "Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes" by 1937 Mr. Duncan Raeburn)
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collecting off ice for this Marx portrait silver coins collecting also he is the designer and executor of the Hubei Coin Museum. At present, this Marx portrait silver coin (Figure 34/Figure 17) is stored in the Hubei Coin Museum and is most important treasure of the museum. The other Lenin portrait silver coin (Figure 35/Figure 22) is currently the collection of the Hubei Numismatic Society. And as early as March 1937, the article "Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes" by Mr. Duncan Raeburn has recorded Marx's profile portrait silver coin (version 1) (Figure 36/Figure 14). Because the Soviet area still existed at that time, and the Kuomintang government army strictly prohibited the carrying and use of Soviet area silver coins, it was impossible to have fake Marx portrait silver coins at that time. Hence, the Marx portrait silver coins in Mr. Duncan Raeburn's catalogue (version 1) can be confirmed as a genuine coin. Therefore, these three Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins can be regarded as the genuine coin standard instruments of version 1,
version 3 and version 4. II. Comparison
With the genuine coin standard you may compare whether the font and pattern st yle of the coin is consistent with the genuine coin. To feel whether the silver coin minting process and the traces of stone weight hammering are the same as a genuine coin, compare whether the silver quality and oxidation are different from a genuine coin. After the comparison of the above steps, the difficulty in identifying genuine and fake coins will be greatly reduced. Basically, the number of silver coins with the portrait of Marx and Lenin [from the North of Hubei Farmers Bank] is extremely rare. It is diff icult for counterfeiters to obtain real objects to imitate, especially when the genuine coin standard has been established. It will be much easier to distinguish the genuine or fake Marx and Lenin portrait coins.
Conclusion According to the author's detailed search, at least 19 Marx and Lenin portrait silver coins issued by the Soviet area of Northern Hubei Farmers Bank have been found so far. Among them, 7 are Marx portrait silver coins and 12 are Lenin portrait silver coins. Those are historical witnesses, left to promote revolutionar y thinking, implement land reforms, launch armed struggles, and improve the base area's economy under the control and were surrounded by the Nationalist Government in the Hsiang-O-Hsi revolutionary base area led by the Communist Party
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of China. However, the past history will not return. Looking at the vivid f igures of Marx and Lenin on the coins, the simple and powerful writing, the strong revolutionary patterns and the traces of stone striking causes an inexplicable feeling and excitement arising from my heart. At that time, Mao and the people in the Soviet areas worked hard for their dreams under an extremely difficult environment are shown in front of my eyes. It is really a very special coin, and this ruby in the crown will always shine in Chinese numismatic history.
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1931 年蘇區鄂北農民銀行發的 蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣 ◎ 張祐銘〔臺北〕 著名錢幣收藏家 Mr. E. Kann 於1966年所著的《中國幣圖
說匯考 (Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins)》亦 有收 錄此種類型的銀幣圖片於其書中 ( 圖2)，顯見鄂北農民銀
行蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣存在的歷史事實。依 Mr.
Duncan Raeburn 文中 說明，當時 要將 蘇區 通行 貨幣 帶
離蘇區是相當危險且極其困難的事，因為如果違反，將遭 受到國民黨軍事法庭判處死刑的嚴厲懲罰，以致於過去歷
史上鮮少有對蘇區貨幣的紀錄、報道與圖片留存。一直到
1991年，在湖北省人民銀行、湖北省錢幣學會和湖南省錢
图1 1937年Mr. Raeburn《中國蘇維埃硬幣和紙幣》圖錄
幣學會支援下，在6位同志分3個調查組，歷時兩個多月時
間，分別到湖北、湖南十餘個縣市進行兩次大規模調查採
訪和搜集相關資料、文獻和口述資料 80 餘萬字，在1992年
9月完成第一版《湘顎西革命根據地貨幣史》一書，才終將 1931年蘇區鄂北農民銀行蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣之 發行始末有完整的記載與資料圖片保存下來。
一 蘇區蘇維埃銀幣
图2 1966年Mr. E. Kann《中國幣圖說彙考》圖錄
在 2011
1921年中國共產黨在上海成立，1927年國共決裂後，於各
年11月16日北京誠軒拍賣有限公司秋季錢幣拍
地控制區域內組織工農，建立蘇維埃政府。在根據地的建
為罕見的“1931年鄂西北革命根據地蘇維埃共和國列寧像
經濟落後地區，時常受到封鎖及包圍。為維護與穩定根據
維埃列寧頭像銀幣就其歷史重要性與錢幣稀有性，應超越
行，發行了自己的貨幣。其所發行銀幣可分為兩種，一種是
立與發展的過程中 ( 史稱第二次國內革命戰爭 )，由於地處
賣會上，眾多競拍的清朝與民國時期銀幣中，出現了一枚極
地的金融，進行正常的經濟活動，各蘇區紅軍自己開辦銀
壹圓銀幣”，經筆者翻閱大量文獻與報道資料發現，此枚蘇
可以到國民政府統治區（白區）使用的仿孫中山像、袁世凱
絕大多數當次拍賣會中所展示的稀有銀幣，為一枚隱藏版
像 ( 圖3) 及墨西哥鷹洋 ( 圖4) 銀幣，一種則是只在蘇區流
的稀世珍寶。
通的蘇維埃銀幣。
1931年蘇區鄂北農民銀行所發行之蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭
像 銀 幣 最 早 在1937年3月由 Mr. Duncan Raeburn 所 著
在此第二次國內革命戰爭時期，各蘇區政府於其控制區域
Notes)》一文中即有記載此種類型銀幣與其圖片 ( 圖1)，另
如下 :
內先後打制發行過6 種蘇區流通的蘇維埃銀幣 ( 表1)，分別
的《中國 蘇 維 埃 硬 幣 和 紙 幣 (Chinese Soviet Coins and
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圖3 蘇維埃袁世凱像壹圆銀幣 (圖片來源: 2021年7月11日Spink & Son香港-資深藏家專場拍 賣會)
1
圖4 蘇維埃墨西哥鷹洋工字銀幣
湘鄂西蘇區 銀幣，由鄂 北 農民 銀 行於1931年鑄 行，
正面有馬克思或列寧頭像，上方鐫刻“中國蘇維埃
2
造”“中國蘇維埃共和國造”或“中國蘇維埃共和國
國幣”，背面中間有鐮刀斧頭圖案的壹圓銀幣。
3 1932年鑄行，正面“壹圓”字樣 ( 分俄文版和中文版 )，
共和國”，左右兩側各鐫刻五角星的貳角銀幣。
川陝省蘇維埃銀幣，由川陝省蘇維埃政府於1933年
陝北省蘇維埃銀幣，陝北省蘇維埃政府於1935年鑄
至1934年鑄行，正面“壹圓”字樣，週邊上環“中華
6
蘇維埃共和國”八字，下環“川陝省造幣廠造”七字， 背面圖案 ：中央是地球，地球正中有鐮刀、斧頭，週 邊上環是“全世界無產階級聯合起來”的壹圓銀幣。
貨幣面額 貨幣版別
顎北農民銀行銀 壹圓 幣
案，而背面為嘉禾圖案的壹圓銀幣。
4 1932年至1934年鑄行，正面上方鐫刻“中華蘇維埃
背面有“全世界無產階級聯合起來啊”字樣壹圓銀幣。
貨幣名稱
維埃政府於1931年鑄行，正面五角星、鐮刀斧頭圖
中華 蘇 維 埃 共和國 銀幣，由中華 蘇 維 埃 共和國 於
鄂豫 皖 蘇 維埃 政 府 銀幣，由鄂豫 皖 蘇 維埃 銀 行於
5
湘鄂贛蘇區銀幣，由平江縣蘇維埃政府與湖南省蘇
行，正面中央鐫“壹圓”字樣，週邊上環是“中華蘇
維埃” ，下環是“共和國五年制”六字，反面正中有
鐮刀、斧頭，週 邊是“全世界無產階級及被壓迫民 族聯合起來”十七字。
表1 蘇區蘇維埃銀幣鑄造與發行一覽表
印鑄單位
印鑄地點
印鑄單位 負責人
發行單位
流通時間
流通地區
五種
顎北農民銀行造幣廠
房縣城關西街
王守訓
顎北農民銀行
1931.7~1931.9
湖南省蘇維埃政 壹圓 府銀幣
一種
平江縣蘇維埃造幣廠
平江蘆頭
李克家
平江縣蘇維埃政府
1931 初 ~1931.10 平江蘇區
一種
湖南省蘇維埃造幣廠
湖南省蘇維埃政府
1931.8~1931.10
中華蘇維埃共和 貳角 國銀幣
二種
顎豫皖蘇維埃銀行造幣廠
顎豫皖蘇維埃政府
1932~1932.10
一種
中華蘇維埃共和國中央造幣廠 瑞金葉坪
平江縣蘇維埃政 壹圓 府銀幣
顎豫皖蘇維埃政 壹圓 府銀幣
川 陝 省 蘇 維 埃 銀 壹 圓、 貳 各一種 幣 角
陝北省蘇維埃銀 壹圓 幣
三種
詠生鄉周坊村 徐群高家
－ －
黃安縣七裏坪
川陝省蘇維埃政府工農銀行造 通江縣 幣廠
毛澤民 鄭義齋
陝北省蘇維埃政府財政部金屬 安 定 縣（ 今 子 艾楚南 製造廠 長縣）中山街
中華蘇維埃共和國國 1932.7~1934.10 家銀行
川陝省蘇維埃政府
1934~1935.10
陝北省蘇維埃政府財 1935.1~1935.11 政部
房縣
湘顎贛邊境地區
顎豫皖交界大別 山地區
中央蘇區 川陝蘇區 陝北蘇區
資料來源: 筆者資料彙整
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1935年後，隨着紅軍的轉移和撤離，蘇區蘇維埃銀幣亦逐
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是蘇區銀幣中鑄期最短的。蘇區所鑄行的銀幣，因
步停止鑄行。當紅軍一撤走，國民黨重新佔領蘇區並大肆 搜刮紅軍所鑄造的銀幣、紙幣，並全部銷毀，只有少數的
4
銀幣和紙幣被老百姓收藏起來。另中華人民共和國成立後，
為了活躍國民經濟，實行了新紙幣一元換一枚銀元的政策，
革命軍不時移動遷移，其發行時間均不長，僅數個 月到一兩年，而鄂北農民銀行所鑄行的馬克思、列
寧頭像銀幣只鑄行約3個月，為所有蘇區銀幣發行時
間最短，也最為稀有。
又收回僅剩少部分留存的蘇區銀元和紙幣。由於當時對這
些已成文物的貨幣認識不足，收到後把銀元貨幣一律上繳
是銀幣風格與其他蘇區銀幣有較大差異。由於房縣
國庫，並統一銷毀，因此現今留存的蘇區蘇維埃銀幣，已
如鳳毛麟角般的稀少。與我國近代清末民初所發行的各種
5
老銀幣，其存世數量動輒數以百萬計相較，作為近代革命文
物的蘇區所發行的銀幣，存世可以說極其稀少且極難收集， 任何一枚蘇區銀幣就如同皇冠上的珠寶般顯得十分珍貴了。
地處偏遠山區，鑄幣資源與人才嚴重缺乏與落後，
蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣幾乎完全由12位銀匠 憑熱情依自有經驗手工製作，分別採用鑄與鍛等工
藝，因此在風格上比當時其他蘇區銀幣更樸質、內
斂且極富人文氣息。
是發行最多大版別的蘇區銀幣。鄂北農民銀行所 鑄
二 皇冠上耀眼的紅寶石 ——鄂北農民銀行 鑄行的馬克思、列寧頭像壹圓銀幣
6
在第二次國內革命戰爭時期所有蘇區鑄行的銀幣中，當屬
行的馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣總計發現有5種版式，有
馬克思頭像，有列寧頭像，有正面頭像，有側面頭像， 文字上則有“中國蘇維埃造”, 有“中國蘇維埃共和
國造”, 有“中國蘇維埃共和國國造”，有“中國蘇維
埃共和國國幣”等，版式之豐富為蘇區銀幣之最。
鄂北農民銀行所鑄行的馬克思、列寧頭像壹圓銀幣最為特 殊，其歷史地位也最重要，其原因如下 :
是首創馬克思、列寧頭像用於中國貨幣的先河。其首
1
先將馬克思、列寧頭像鍛鑄在銀幣上，從而創造使
由於鄂北農民銀行所鑄行的馬克思、列寧頭像壹圓銀幣在
用錢幣來宣傳馬列主義的先例，並影響後續蘇區發
上述眾多特殊地位與條件下誕生，使其在蘇區眾多珍稀銀
行貨幣上有革命口號與標語的特點，而此種特點後
幣中佔有最舉足輕重的地位，堪稱蘇區銀幣之首。
來也確實對中國共產黨的號召與馬、列思想宣傳起 到了重大的作用。
是中國共產黨紅色政權第一枚自主設計的銀幣。其首
2
三 鄂北農民銀行發行馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣始 末
先將信仰馬列主義以及為工農大眾謀福利的概念融
入銀幣設計中，與早先所發行使用舊版銀幣加蓋戳 印有着根本區別，後續發行的蘇區銀幣基本上也是 延續此設計理念來設計的。
(一) 歷史由來
是最早出現有中國共產黨紅色政權國號的銀幣。其
首先將“中國蘇維埃共和國”字樣鑄造在銀幣幣面，
3
也因此當紅三軍於1931年9月撤離房縣後，可想而知 必定遭受國民政府軍強烈搜刮銷毀。而後中國共產
黨紅色政權終於在1931年11月7日於江西中央蘇區瑞
金縣正式成立中華蘇維埃共和國，中國共產黨紅色 政權國號就此確立。
圖5 紅三軍軍長 賀龍像
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圖6 1931年鄂北農民銀行在房縣印刷發行的伍角紙幣
圖9 房縣蘇維埃政府
圖10 鄂北農民銀行造幣廠 員工散家春像
分特委，由柳克明任書記兼房縣縣委書記，同時成立“房 縣蘇維埃政府”。政府成立後為了活躍蘇區經濟，利於交
易，統一貨幣，爭取收益，規定國民黨法幣及軍閥土商號 發行的雜鈔等一律停止使用，於7月中旬，中共鄂西臨時分
特委決定，在房縣西街設立鄂北農民銀行，併發行自己的 貨幣，最初印製和發行了伍角紙幣 ( 圖6) 及壹圓信用券 ( 圖
7/ 圖8)，然而當時蘇維埃政府發行的紙幣、信用券在蘇區
人民心中尚未完全建立信用，還是需要金屬貨幣作為後盾，
因此為了保證蘇區紙幣的幣值穩定，決定製造與發行銀幣， 而馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣也因此誕生了。
圖7/8 1931年鄂北農民銀行在房縣印刷發行的壹圓信用券
鄂北農民銀行行址設在房縣城內西街，行長由紅七師政治
1927年8月 第 二 次 國 內 革 命 戰 爭 開 始 ( 英 文 : Agrarian
部主任、縣蘇維埃政府秘書胡蘇黎兼任，縣蘇維埃經濟委
Revolutionary War)，中國共產黨工作重點由城市轉入農
員會委員王守訓則負責銀行具體工作，而造幣廠則設在房
村，在農村建立根據地，開展土地革命，建立革命武裝和
縣城關西街戴香泉家，與房縣蘇維埃政府 ( 圖9) 所在的天
工農政權。1929 年賀龍 （圖5)、周逸群、鄧中夏、段德昌、
主教堂隔街相望，房屋為磚木結構，有幾重天井。
1
賀錦齋等人領導，在開創湘鄂邊革命根據地後，於1930 年
又開創了洪湖革命根據地，也因此湘鄂邊、洪湖兩個革命
( 二 ) 馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣的鑄造與發行過程
根據地聯成一片，形成中國革命史上的著名紅色區域⸺
“湘鄂西革命根據地”。是年7月賀龍率領部隊東進與周逸群
1. 銀幣原料來源
所創建的紅六軍會合，並任合編後的紅二軍團總指揮，接
着成功攻佔 潛 江等地。1931年3月，紅二軍團改 編為紅 三
鄂北農民銀行決定製造與發行銀幣後，為了籌集製造銀幣
並於6月攻佔房縣，創建鄂西北蘇區。而當時鄂西北蘇區貨
元寶、銀飾品以及紅三軍攻打均縣抓住一個大地主所沒收
軍，賀龍擔任軍長，率部隊轉戰荊門、當陽、遠安等地區，
的銀料，房縣蘇維埃政府將戰場繳獲歸公的一大批銀元、
幣市場極為混亂，流通舊政權、軍閥和商號等遺留下來的
的 7斤2兩黃金，和打房縣沒收張家灣張員外繳獲的4 缸銀
雜鈔與銅幣，而銀幣多數被生意人囤積拿到武漢、上海辦
元寶、銀製品，以及偵破經濟案件積存下來的銀元寶作為
貨去了，嚴重影響根據地生活與經濟發展。因此為加強對
準備金，交由鄂北農民銀行制造銀幣。
根據地的領導，中共湘鄂西中央分局決定成立鄂西北臨時
1 賀龍原名賀文常，字雲卿，湖南省桑植縣人。中國共產黨領導的武裝力量中國工農紅軍、八路軍、中國人民解放軍的主要創始人、締造者和領導人之一。中華人民共和國十大元帥之一。
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圖11 蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣製作流程模擬圖
粗胚銀元放置處
圖13 蘇區銀幣製作所使用的鋼模
圖12 蘇區製作銀幣當時使用的石錐
2. 銀幣的設計
道馬克思、列寧是長的什麼樣子，因此完全是憑自己對外
由於鑄造銀幣是當時根據地的一件重大事情，房縣蘇維埃
銀幣上馬克思、列寧頭像與真實本人並不太相像。
國人模樣 ( 長鬍鬚，穿西裝，系領帶 ) 的想像來創作，所以
政府對此事極為重視，因此委由當時負責鄂北農民銀行工
作的蘇維埃政府經濟委員王守訓先生具體負責此事。王守
3. 銀幣的鑄造方法
豐、豐明六、楊維棟、丁文生、許洪慶、趙德沛、李景華、
鄂 北 農民 銀 行 鑄造 銀幣的過程有些繁複，約有七八 道 工
辦法，擬定銀幣製 造流程與採用技術，湊設備、買工具，
元粗胚→打平鑿邊→放入鋼模由石錐捶打→修邊整形→完
訓亦開始尋找能製作模具的人，並思考銀幣圖案的設計，
雕刻出正面與反面木模，再依此木模鑄造出正面與反面鋼
人名叫周遠忠，並將製作鋼模的技術交由他負責。另王守
銅、銻按比例投入自製的化鐵爐中用木炭煮成銀水，用硼
訓先找來房縣城12位專門打制銀器的銀匠 ( 羅正太、張勝
序 ( 刻模→鑄鋼模→製作粗胚合面砂模→煮銀水→製成銀
豐遠盛、李順新、聶洪山、散家春 ) 一起集中智慧，商討
成 )，首先由雕刻人員周遠忠用梨樹木按照銀幣圖案設計，
並在房縣城關鎮西街的戴香泉家建立起造幣廠 。另外王守
模二塊。開始鑄造時，先用銀元樣板製成合面砂模，把雜銀、
不久王守訓就從縣城西關請來了一位略懂模具雕刻技術的
砂去渣，最後把銀水倒入砂模，待冷卻後成銀元粗胚，然
訓與房縣蘇維埃政府其他同志共同研擬銀幣圖案，認為銀
後打平、銼光、鑿邊，再把粗胚銀元燒紅，最後再將銀胚
幣的圖案必須有中國共產黨鮮明的代表性與思想宣導，在
放入鋼模裏，用石錐捶打，鑄壓出所設計銀幣圖案與花紋，
考量中國共產黨是信奉馬列主義並為工農大眾謀福利為其
最後用小銼刀經過精心修邊整形，這樣才完成一枚合格的
宗旨，這樣就確定了銀幣的正面圖案為馬克思或列寧頭像，
銀幣 ( 圖11)。
背面以鐮刀斧頭為主景，而周遠忠就按照這樣的設計方案
製作了5種鋼模版式。惟周遠忠設計鋼模時，根據當時參加
由於製造此銀幣為全手工製作，因此在批量生產過程中，銀
製造銀幣的銀匠散家春先生 ( 圖10) 回憶，當時他們並不知
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頭像銀幣將永留於世。
元粗胚無法打制的非常平整，以致銀元粗胚表面經常有高
低不平現象，或是無法完全符合鋼模的尺寸與高度，在經 過石錐 ( 圖12) 捶打後，銀幣表面較低的部分 鋼模 壓制不
到，因而無法壓制出圖案或花紋，而保留粗胚的粗粗銀面。
再 者因石錐重量不足，着力點不均勻，經常需捶打多次，
四 鄂北農民銀行馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣的版 式
加上正反鋼模 ( 圖13) 固定不穩，因而造成銀面圖文經常有
複打移位的情形。
根據林國明編著的《中國金銀幣目錄》以及孫浩編著的《百
年銀元 ：中國近代機製幣珍賞（1838-1849）》，鄂北農民銀
4. 銀幣的發行
行發行的馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣總計有五種不同版式 :
湖北錢幣博物館建館初期，博物館的工作人員在銀行庫存
裏找到馬克思頭像銀幣及列寧頭像銀幣各一枚後，為獲知
( 一 )“中國蘇維埃造”馬克思側面頭像銀幣
四處打聽，最後在湘鄂西革命根據地的中心⸺ 洪湖縣瞿
其正面主圖案為馬克思側面頭像，短鬍鬚，穿西裝，頭像
造銀幣背後的故事以及其他11位工匠的名字。散家春回想
頭和壹圓字樣，頂部刻有一朵花，邊緣環繞着裝飾花紋，
其背後的故事，當時中國人民銀行湖北分行楊楓先生 曾經 2
上部鑄有“中國蘇維埃造”字樣。背面主圖案有鐮刀、斧
家灣找到了當時參加製造銀幣的銀匠散家春，並獲知了製
外輪有齒。
製作銀幣當時，四周戒備森嚴，屋裏屋外均有紅軍戰士站
崗，不允許閒雜人員入內，12 名銀匠連吃飯都必須待在屋
內。當時造幣廠有30多名職工，另配10 餘名手槍隊員，負
該 版 式目前 發 現 有 二 枚 ：第一 枚 ( 圖14) 最早 被 刊 載 在
銀匠每天可以做出120多枚銀幣，共計做了三個月 (1931年7
埃 硬 幣 和 紙 幣 (Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes)》 中，
後，除每位銀匠每天發1枚銀幣作為工錢以外，其餘全部上
(Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins)》書中又被刊載一
1937年3月 由 Mr. Duncan Raeburn 所 著 的《 中 國 蘇 維
責造幣廠的安全保衛工作。根據散家春先生回憶，那時，
後 來 Mr. E. Kann 於1966年 所 著 的《 中 國 幣 圖 說 匯 考
月 ~1931年9月 )，一共造出銀元約1萬枚。銀幣鑄造出來以 交給鄂北農民銀行發行，向社會兌換銀子，以補充銀幣的
次，最近一次是在 2002年 4月23日北京華辰拍賣有限公司
的歡迎，老百姓用糧食、藥材、棉花到蘇維埃辦的商店兌
枚 ( 圖15) 為林國明先生舊藏，目前為一海外藏家所收藏 ；
春季拍賣會中亮相，但目前為何人所藏不得而知 ；而第二
材料來源。蘇區銀幣一發行，很快受到房縣老百姓和商家
該枚銀幣圖片亦著錄於林國明編著的《中國金銀幣目錄》中。
換銀幣，商家也因為蘇區銀幣足色、足秤而大肆拋出貨物 來換取銀元，對當時房縣蘇區發展經濟起了很大的作用。
1931年9月，紅三軍主力奉命撤離房縣，東返洪湖蘇區，因
缺乏紅軍保護，鄂北農民銀行也停止了營運，蘇維埃馬克 思、列寧頭像銀幣也停止鑄造。而紅三軍全部撤離房縣根 據地後，國民黨軍隊捲土重來，而房縣蘇維埃政府被迫轉
移，黨組織轉入地下活動。當時王守訓隨紅三軍遊擊隊撤 離房縣城時，在南山泮水河一帶與敵人開展遊擊戰時不幸 被捕。在獄中，他受盡酷刑但始終保守黨和蘇維埃政府的
圖14 2002年4月23日北京華辰拍賣有限公司春季拍賣會圖 錄，亦為Mr. Duncan Raeburn所著的《中國蘇維埃硬幣和紙幣 (Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes)》及Mr. E. Kann於1966年所著的 《中國幣圖說匯考 (Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins)》書中圖 錄原物
秘密，於1932年初被敵人殘忍地用鍘刀殺死在竹山縣，時
年 40歲。忠貞黨員王守訓雖已犧牲，但其為中國共產黨努
力奮鬥的精神，以及其所主導鑄造的蘇維埃馬克思、列寧
2 楊楓是知名的錢幣專家，《湘鄂西革命根據地貨幣史》《鄂豫皖革命根據地貨幣史》《湘鄂贛革命根據地貨幣史》主要編撰者。 中國人民銀行武漢分行錢幣博物館的設計者與執行者 ; 湖北省錢幣學會副會長。
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圖15 海外藏家收藏，為林國明先生舊藏 (亦著錄在林國明編 著的《中國金銀幣目錄》中)
FEATURES
圖16 林國明先生編著的《中國金銀幣目錄》書中圖錄
圖17 湖北錢幣博物館館藏
圖18 海外藏家收藏，為林國明先生舊藏
圖19 圖片收錄在《房縣金融志》
圖20 圖片收錄在新加坡錢幣拍賣目錄中(Singapore Coin Auction – Spink-Taisei Catalogue 8 P.41)
( 二 )“中國蘇維埃共和國國造”馬克思正面頭像銀幣
( 三 )“中国苏维埃共和国造”马克思正面头像银币
其正面主圖案為馬克思正面頭像，短鬍鬚，穿西裝 ；背面主
其正面主圖案為馬克思正面頭像，短鬍鬚，穿西裝，頭像
樣。比較特殊的是此版式銀幣並無“壹圓”字樣與環繞裝
斧頭和“壹圓”字樣，頂部刻有一五角星，邊緣環繞着裝
圖案有鐮刀、斧頭，環邊鑄有“中國蘇維埃共和國國造”字
上部鑄有“中國蘇維埃共和國造”字樣 ；背面主圖案有鐮刀、
飾花紋。
飾花紋，外輪有齒。
根據林國明編著的《中國金銀幣目錄》，該銀幣 ( 圖16) 至
目前筆者總計發現有4 枚，第一枚 ( 圖17) 目前為湖北錢幣
博物館所藏，為該館鎮館之寶 ；第二枚 ( 圖18) 為林國明先
今僅見一枚，惟該枚打製品質非常差，銀面字體圖案很難
生舊藏，目前為一海外藏家所收藏 ；第三枚 ( 圖19) 收錄在
辨識，目前並不知為何人所收藏。
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圖21 湖北錢幣博物館館藏
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圖22 湖北省錢幣學會收藏
圖23 中國錢幣博物館館藏
圖24 房縣博物館館藏
圖25 董文超編著的《中國歷代金銀貨幣通覽 – 近代金銀幣 章卷》書中圖錄，現為上海博物館館藏
圖26 海外藏家收藏，為林國明先生舊藏
圖27 2008年11月8日北京誠軒拍賣有限公司錢幣秋季拍賣會 圖錄
圖28 臺灣資深錢幣收藏家張明泉收藏
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圖29 Mr. John E. Sandrock所著的《THE MONEY OF COMMUNIST CHINA (1927 – 1949) Part I》文中圖錄
FEATURES
圖30 海外藏家收藏
“蘇”字與版式四不同，“魚”與“禾”沒寫反
圖31 湖北私人藏家收藏
圖32 林國明編著的《中國金銀幣目錄》書中圖錄
《房縣金融志》 ，惟該枚已明顯破損 ；第四枚 ( 圖20) 出現
北京誠軒拍賣有限公司錢幣秋季拍賣會上再次出現。第二
– Spink-Taisei Catalogue 8 P.41)，但該枚系用袁世凱像
為中國錢幣博物館館藏。第四枚 ( 圖24) 原為房縣民政局
枚 ( 圖22 ) 現為湖北省錢幣學會所藏。第三枚 ( 圖23) 現
在一家新加坡 錢幣拍賣目錄中 (Singapore Coin Auction
所藏，於2021年5月18日移交 房縣博物館，目前為房縣博
舊幣打制，因此銀幣表面尚留有舊幣原有圖案，應屬試打
物館館藏。第五枚 ( 圖25) 著錄在董文超編著的《中國歷代
性質。惟上述第三、第四枚銀幣目前不知為何人所收藏。
金銀貨幣通覽 – 近代金銀幣章卷》中，現為上海博物館館
( 四 )“中國蘇維埃共和國國幣”列寧正面頭像銀幣
藏。第六枚 ( 圖26) 為林國明先生舊藏，目前為一海外藏
家所收藏。第七枚 ( 圖27) 曾在 2008年11月8日北京誠軒拍
其 正面圖案 為 列寧 正面頭 像，短 鬍 鬚，穿西裝，頭 像 上
賣有限公司錢幣秋季拍賣會上出現，但現今不知為何人所
部 鑄 有“中國 蘇 維 埃 共和國 國幣”字 樣，頭 像下 部 鑄 有
藏。第八枚 ( 圖28) 現為臺灣資深藏家張明泉所藏。第九枚
( 圖29) 被刊載在由 Mr. John E. Sandrock 所著的《THE
“一九三一年”字樣 ；背面主圖案有鐮刀、斧頭和“壹圓” 字樣，頂部刻有一空心五角星，邊緣環繞着裝飾花紋，外
MONEY OF COMMUNIST CHINA (1927 – 1949)
字“艸”字頭下方的“魚”與“禾”是左右相反的。
海外藏家所藏。第十一枚 ( 圖31) 現為一湖北藏家所藏。
目前筆者總計發現有11枚，第一枚 ( 圖21) 現為湖北錢幣
( 五 )“中國蘇維埃共和國國幣”列寧正面有鬍鬚頭像
Part I》中，目前不知為何人所藏。第十枚 ( 圖30) 現為一
輪有齒。此版最特別之處在於銀幣正面的“蘇”字，此“蘇”
銀幣
博物館館藏，該枚錢幣最早出現在中國嘉德國際拍賣有限
公司2002年 4月22日春 季 拍賣會，後 來 在 2011年11月16日
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其正面主圖案為列寧正面頭像，長山羊胡，穿西裝，頭像
由 Mr. Duncan Raeburn 所著的《中國蘇維埃硬幣和紙幣
“一九三一年”字樣 ；背面主圖案有鐮刀、斧頭和“壹圓”
思側面頭像銀幣 ( 版式一 ) ( 圖36/ 圖14)，因當時蘇區尚存，
(Chinese Soviet Coins and Notes)》一文中即有記載馬克
上部鑄有“中國蘇維埃共和國國幣”字樣，頭像下部鑄有
且國民黨政府軍嚴禁攜帶與使用蘇區銀幣，所以當時不可
字樣，頂部刻有一空心五角星，邊緣環繞着裝飾花紋，外
能存在 馬克 思 頭像假幣，而 Mr. Duncan Raeburn 圖錄
輪有齒。
之馬克思側面頭像銀幣 ( 版式一 ) 即可確定為真幣，因此該
筆者目前僅發現一枚 ( 圖32)，其著錄在林國明編著的《中
三枚蘇維埃馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣可認定為版式一、版式
國金銀幣目錄》中，惟目前並不知為何人所藏。
三及版式四的真錢標準器。
( 二 ) 對比
五 如何辨別鄂北農民銀行馬克思、列寧頭像 銀幣的真假
有了真錢標準器後，即可比對錢幣書寫字體與圖案風格是
命根據地受到國民政府的封鎖與包圍，以及紅軍撤離後遭
基本上鄂北農民銀行馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣存世數量極為
否與真錢標準器一致，感受銀幣製作工藝與石錐捶打痕跡
是否與真錢一樣，銀質與包漿是否與真錢標準器有所不同。
鄂北農民銀行所發行的馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣，因當時革
經過以上步驟的比對，將可大幅降低辨別真假錢的難度。
受強力的搜刮與銷毀，其所留存的歷史資料與存世數量均
稀少，造假者很難取得真實實物加以模仿。在真錢標準器
非常稀少。加上它是純手工製作，其製作方式與條件均與
已確立的情況下，要辨別真假馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣將容
一般老銀幣製作時所使用之工具、設備與流程不同，致使
易許多了。
許多銀幣鑒定專家對之望而卻步，難以確定真偽。筆者希 望，藉由此次的資料搜集與調查，將鄂北農民銀行所發行 的馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣之相關歷史資料，製作、發行與
留存進行系統的匯總與整理，並使鄂北農民銀行發行的該
種銀幣的存在得以確認，使這一烽火歲月中誕生的錢幣能 在中國錢幣史上佔有一席之地。
( 一 ) 真錢標準器 要辨別一枚銀幣的真假，最簡單的方式就是與真錢比對，
因此要辨別鄂北農民銀行馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣的真假， 首先 就 必須找到真錢標準 器。筆者在1991年《中國錢幣》
期刊中，找到由楊楓撰寫的《蘇維埃貨幣二題》一文，文 中提到，其於1989 年 6月湖北省人民銀行組織的全省金庫
規範化管理大檢查中，從房縣人民銀行金庫內發現了當地
農民以往交兌的馬克思頭像 ( 版式三 ) 、列寧頭像 ( 版式
四 ) 兩枚銀幣，並將該兩枚銀幣之拓印圖 ( 圖33) 同時發
表在文章中。而楊楓先生後來為此馬克思頭像銀幣之徵集
圖33 房縣人民銀行金庫內發現的馬克思頭像 (版式三) 、列 寧頭像 (版式四 )銀幣拓圖
人，並為湖北錢幣博物館的設計者與執行者。目前該馬克
思頭像銀幣 ( 圖34/ 圖17 ) 存放於湖北錢幣博物館中，並 為 該 館 之 鎮 館 之 寶。 而另一枚 列 寧 頭 像 銀 幣 ( 圖35/ 圖
22) 目前則為湖北省錢幣 學會所收 藏。另早 在1937年3月
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圖34 版式三 真錢標準器 (房縣人民銀行金庫內發現，目前 存於湖北錢幣博物館，圖33拓圖原物)
圖36 版式一 真錢標準器 (1937年3月Mr. Duncan Raeburn所著 的《中國蘇維埃硬幣和紙幣》圖錄原物)
圖35 版式四 真錢標準器 (房縣人民銀行金庫內發現，目前 為湖北省錢幣學會收藏，圖33拓圖原物)
總結 鄂北農民銀行所發行的馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣存世數量，
會再重來，看着馬克思、列寧頭像銀幣上生動的人像、樸質
馬克思頭像銀幣有7枚，列寧頭像銀幣有12枚。這些革命文
股莫名的感受與激動由內心揚。當時毛主席與蘇區人民在
根據筆者詳細搜尋的結果，目前總計發現至少19枚，其中
堅毅的文字、強而有力的革命圖案與石錐敲打的痕跡，一
物是中國共產黨領導的湘鄂西革命根據地，在國民政府封
極為艱難的環境下，努力為共產主義的理想奮鬥的情景，立
鎖與包圍下，為傳遞革命種子，實行土地改革，展開武裝鬥
刻湧現在我的眼前，它真的是一種非常特別的錢幣，而這顆
爭，改善根據地經濟而留下的歷史見証物。然而歷史過去不
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Originally published at ngc.com, all photos provided by CNG.
Coinage of Larissa ◎ David Vagi〔USA〕
Coins of the Greek city of Larissa (fig.1) are among the
time, it has been one of the most important cities in the
most beautiful of the ancient world.
region of Thessaly. Despite its long history, Larissa only minted coins as an independent city-state for around three
Located in central Greece, the site of Larissa has been
hundred years. Its coinage is known for its beautiful style
inhabited for thousands of years. Through much of this
and is beloved by modern collectors.
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Larissa lost its independence around 344 B.C. when
Jason was a hero in Greek mythology. In legend he was
Philip II (359-336 B.C.), King of Macedon and father of
revealed to be the true king of Thessaly by wearing one
Alexander III‘the Great,’annexed the city. After their
sandal as he walked into the city Iolcus. Hence, his sandal
reigns the area was taken over by various kings, including
is used to represent him.
Demetrius Poliorcetes (306-283 B.C.) of Macedon and Antiochus III (222-197 B.C.) of the Seleucid Empire.
Made c.450-420 B.C., the drachm above shows a young
Despite the city changing hands so many times, it kept
man wrestling a leaping bull by its horns (fig. 3). The
producing coins until the 3rd century B.C.
reverse has a bridled horse leaping to the right. The identity of the young man is nowhere stated, but it is
In 196 B.C., Larissa became an ally of Rome and was
thought he is Thessalus.
one of the main cities in the Thessalian league until it was disbanded in 146 B.C.
There are differing accounts of who Thessalus was. One claims that he was the son of Jason and king of Iolcus.
The city was an important agricultural center in ancient
Another story states that he was the son of Haemon, who
times and was especially famous for its horses-a feature
was said to have discovered Thessaly.
strongly reflected on its coinage. In addition to horses, an equally common design element is the facing head of the
In a rather playful scene, the nymph Larissa is shown
local nymph Larissa.
bouncing a ball on the reverse of this tiny silver obol of c.460-400 B.C. Larissa is often portrayed holding or
Despite the scuffs on the reverse, the drachm above is
playing with a ball when she's featured on the minor coins
an amazing coin with excellent strike and design details.
of the city (fig. 4).
Minted c.479-460 B.C., the obverse hosts a horse grazing with a cicada above. The reverse features a labrys over
Equally charming (but in a more advanced artistic style)
the sandal of Jason (fig. 2 ).
is the depiction of Larissa sitting on a hydria, kicking a
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8
9
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15
ball away from her (fig. 5). It was minted during the same
The above obol (fig. 7) from c.460-400 B.C. has a lion's
period as the previous coin.
head above a horse on the obverse. The reverse has the nymph Larissa holding an oinochoe, a one-handled jug
This small silver trihemiobol (fig. 6) from c.460-400 B.C.
that could hold enough liquid for a few people. Behind is a
features a horseman holding two spears and the nymph
spouting fountain in the shape of a lion head.
Larissa gazing at herself in a mirror .
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Made c.420-400 B.C., (fig. 8) this obol has a prancing
B.C. features Aleuas, a mythical king of Thessaly and an
horse and the nymph Larissa holding a ball in an almost
ancestor of Larissan nobility. The reverse shows an eagle
contemplative pose. The reverse die is well struck and
standing on a thunderbolt.
exceptionally detailed. Minted around the middle of the fourth century B.C., the This silver trihemiobol (fig. 9) from c.420 - 400 B.C.
drachm above (fig. 14) has the familiar facing head of
features interesting designs that deviate from the usual
Larissa, along with a cavalryman bounding on his steed.
types. The obverse has a bull hoof upon a shield while the
Both dies are engraved in exceptionally fine detail.
reverse has a remarkably artistic bust of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine. With him is his animal-familiar, a
The drachm above (fig. 15), from c.370-360 B.C., is of
snake.
exceptional style and strike, with a design that deviates from the usual types. The obverse has a bull leaping to
This drachm (fig. 10) from c.380-365 B.C. has a beautiful
the right while the reverse has a Thessalian cavalryman
facing head of Larissa on the obverse. The reverse has a
charging. The warrior is well detailed with his tunic
mare and her foal - a charming scene which differs from
billowing out behind.
the single horse normally found on the drachm. Made in the 3rd century B.C., (fig. 15) the above 14mm The 18mm bronze (fig. 11) above, from c.380-337 B.C.,
bronze is among the last coins issued by Larissa in its
has the facing head of Larissa and a bridled horse
own name. The obverse bears a profile of the nymph
prancing.
Larissa while the reverse shows a cavalryman charging with couched spear.
Minted c.356 -342 B.C., (fig. 12) the above drachm highlights one of the more common design combinations for the series. The obverse hosts the facing head of Larissa, while the reverse shows a horse preparing to roll on the ground. Scholars generally believe the facing head of Larissa was inspired by tetradrachms of faraway Syracuse struck with dies engraved by the artist Kimon. His coins featured the facing head of the fountain-nymph Arethusa. The obverse (fig. 13) of this silver drachm from c.370-360
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原刊載於 NGC，本文所有照片由 CNG 提供。
拉裏薩的錢幣 ◎ 大衛 · 瓦吉〔美國〕
希臘城市拉裏薩的錢幣（圖1）是古代世界最美麗的錢幣之一。
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拉裏薩位於希臘中部，幾千年來一直有人居住。在這一歷史
長河中，它一直是塞薩利地區最重要的城市之一。儘管歷史 悠久，但拉裏薩作為一個獨立的城邦只鑄造了大約三百年的 錢幣。它的錢幣以其美麗的風格而聞名，受到現代收藏家的 喜愛。
公元前344年左 右，當時的馬其 頓國王，即“大帝”亞 曆
拉裏薩錢幣，鑄於公元前 4 世紀中葉
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3
和設計細節仍令人驚歎。圖2這枚幣約在公元前479- 前460
山 大 三世（Alexander III‘the Great’ ） 的 父 親 腓 力二世
（Philip II，公元前359- 前336年）吞併了拉裏薩，使其喪
年鑄造，正面圖案中心是一匹正在吃草的馬，上面有一只蟬。
失了獨立性。在他們統治之後，該地區被不同的國王接管，
背面的圖案是“傑森的涼鞋” ，上面還有一把雙刃斧。
包括馬其 頓的德 米 特裏 烏 斯 - 波利奧塞 梯斯（Demetrius
Poliorcetes，公元前306- 前283年）和塞琉古帝國的安提
傑森是希臘神話中的一位英雄。在傳說中，他莫名其妙的丟
這座城市曾多次易手，但它一直在生產錢幣，直到公元前3
這座城市時，被發現是塞薩利的真正國王。因此，人們用他
了一只涼鞋，因此腳上只穿着一只涼鞋。在他走進愛俄克斯
。儘管 阿庫斯三世（Antiochus III，公元前222- 前197年）
世紀。
的涼鞋來指代他。
公元前196年，拉裏薩成為羅馬的盟友，是塞薩利亞聯盟的
圖3這枚德拉克馬銀幣約在公元前450- 前420年製造，正面
主要城市之一，直到公元前146年被解體。
圖案是一個年輕人與一頭躍起的公牛搏鬥。背面圖案有一
這座城市在古代是一個重要的農業中心，尤其以養馬而聞
。 明，但人們認為他是特薩魯斯（Thessalus）
匹帶着韁繩的馬向右躍起。這個年輕人的身份沒有任何說
名⸺ 這一特徵強烈地反映在它的鑄幣上。除了馬圖之外，
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一個同樣常見的設計元素是希臘神話中的女神的正面頭像。
關於特薩魯斯是誰，有不同的說法。一種說法他是傑森的兒
儘管這枚德拉克馬銀幣背面有磨損，但其出色的鑄打效果
的兒子，據說是他發現了塞薩利。
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圖4這枚大約公元前460- 前400年鑄造的小銀幣背面圖案，
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將球踢開的畫面。圖5這枚硬幣與前一枚硬幣是同一時期鑄
是仙女拉裏薩正在玩一個球，這是一個相當俏皮的場景。
造的。
同樣迷人（但藝術風格更高級）的是描繪拉裏薩坐在水車上，
這枚銀幣具有同樣迷人（但藝術風格更高級）的設計，它描
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繪拉裏薩坐在提水罐上將球踢開的畫面。這枚硬幣與前一
以沉思的姿態展現在這枚幣上的。該幣背面的模子打制得很
圖6這枚小銀幣大約生產於公元前460- 前400年，正面主圖
圖9這枚約公元前420- 前400年的銀幣的設計頗為有趣，與
枚是同一時期鑄造的。
好，特別細緻。
案是一個騎兵手持兩支長矛，背面圖案則是仙女拉裏薩凝視
一般類型的銀幣不同。正面的盾牌圖案上有一只牛蹄，背面
着鏡子中的自己。
圖案是希臘藥神阿斯克勒庇俄斯的半身像，非常有藝術感。 與他在一起的是一條與之息息相關的蛇。
圖7這枚約公元前460- 前400年製造的銀幣的正面圖案是一
個獅頭和一匹馬。背面圖案是仙女拉裏薩拿着一個單把手
圖10這枚約公元前380- 前365年的德拉克馬銀幣，正面圖
個獅子頭形狀的噴泉。
克馬銀幣上的單匹馬不同，是一匹母馬和她的小馬駒⸺ 真
案是美麗的拉裏薩的正面頭像。背面圖案與通常出現在德拉
的壺，這把壺可以容納的東西足夠給幾個人飲用 ；後面是一
是一幅迷人的場景。
圖8這枚銀幣大約在公元前420- 前400年製造，正反面的圖
圖11這 枚 直徑18毫 米 的青 銅 鑄 幣，大 約是 公 元前380- 前
案分別是一匹奔跑的馬和手裏拿着球的仙女拉裏薩，她是
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337年的作品，有拉裏薩的正面頭像和一匹帶着韁繩在蹦跑
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的馬圖。
約在公元前356- 前342年鑄造的圖12這枚德拉克馬銀幣採用
了該系列中較為常見的設計組合之一。正面圖案是拉裏薩的 頭像，而背面圖案是一匹準備在地上打滾的馬。
學者們普遍認為，拉裏薩的正面頭像是受到遙遠的錫拉庫紮
地區的4克拉馬銀幣設計的啟發。錫拉庫紮地區的4克拉馬銀
模子都刻得特別精細。
瑞圖薩的正面頭像。
圖15這枚約公元前370- 前360年的德拉克馬銀幣具有特殊的
幣是用藝術家基蒙雕刻的模具鑄造的，上有一個噴泉女郎阿
風格，其設計偏離了通常的類型。正面圖案是一頭向右跳躍
圖13這枚約公元前370- 前360年的德拉克馬銀幣的正面圖案
的公牛，而背面圖案是一個正在衝鋒的塞薩利亞騎兵，其細
，他是拉裏薩貴 是塞薩利神話中的國王阿萊烏斯（Aleuas）
節雕刻得很好，身上的披風飄動。
族的祖先。背面圖案是一只站在雷電上的雄鷹。
圖16這枚14毫米的青銅幣制造於公元前3世紀，是拉裏薩以
自己這座城市的名義發行的最後一批鑄幣之一。正面圖案是
圖14這枚銀幣大約在公元前4世紀中期鑄成，上面有我們熟
仙女拉裏薩的側面像，背面圖案是一個手持長矛衝鋒的騎兵。
悉的拉裏薩的頭像，還有一個騎兵騎着他的駿馬奔跑。兩個
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SINGAPORE Famous Banknote Designer Eng Siak Loy Profiled ◎ Angela Teng〔Singapore〕
Here is an excerpt from an article published June 10, 2017 about the designer of Singapore’s longest-running banknotes. ⸺Editor As the first and only Singaporean to date to design an
of the design to ensure the political, racial and many other
entire series of the Republic's currency notes, artist Eng
aspects were carefully thought out."
Siak Loy, 76, beamed with pride as he spoke about the
There are a total of four series in Singapore's currency
work spanning five years and some 530 sketches.
history - the portrait series was preceded by the ship,
While it was very hard work, it was well worth it, Mr Eng
bird and orchid series. This year marks the 50th year of
said in an interview last week with TODAY. "As an artist,
circulation for the Singapore currency, with the first notes
what is most important is that we can do something for
introduced on June 12, 1967.
the country," he said, noting that the notes which he
Prior to the portrait series, the printers for the previous
designed would be seen the world over and recognised
note series were based in England. Bradbury, Wilkinson
for generations to come.
& Co printed the S$1, S$5 and S$100 notes for the orchid
His creation, the potrait series bearing the image of
and bird series, while Thomas De La Rue & Co was
Singapore's first president Yusof Ishak, was introduced
commissioned for the S$10, S$25, S$50, S$500, S$1,000
in 1999. Having been in circulation for the past 18 years
and S$10,000 notes, as well as the entire ship series.
and counting, it is the longest-running currency series
Elaborating on his design, Mr Eng said the back of each
here. "From around 1994, I had already begun the work.
note denomination features a unique theme - education,
There were a total of seven denominations for the series
garden city, sports, arts, youth, government or economics
from S$2 to S$10,000. I had to learn it all from the start,"
- related to Mr Yusof's biography, which was launched in
he said. "There was a lot of editing and changes...... as
conjunction with the potrait series.
we had to think of details such as the security needs, the needs for the visually handicapped, the layout of the
While Mr Eng had to adhere to the themes set by
design. I had to think through carefully in every element
the design committee, he had free rein on the details
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and elements to include. For example, the S$5 green
Institution which Mr Yusof had attended in his youth.
banknote featured the garden city theme, and Mr Eng
Mr Eng's ar t career began with his training at the
incorporated in the design an image of a Tembusu tree
Singapore Academy of Art in the 1960s. The award-
from the Singapore Botanic Gardens. In the background,
winning artist, who has staged many art exhibitions at
he included a waterfront and a skyline of buildings.
home and abroad, is also a prolific designer of Singapore
On the back of the S$2 violet banknote which had the
stamps and coins.
education theme, he drew the old buildings of Victoria Originally published in The E-Sylum
Bridge School (now known as Victoria School) and Raffles
At my request Owen W. Linzmayer (Publisher of The Banknote Book) provided these images of the 10,000 dollar note. Thanks! ⸺Editor
For more information on The Banknote Book , see: http://www.banknotenews.com/banknote_book/ To read the complete article, see: Meet the man who designed S'pore's longest-running currency series(http:// m.todayonline.com/singapore/meet-man-who-designed-spores-longest-running-currency-series) ⸺ 11 June 2017
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新加 坡
著名紙幣 設計師翁錫禮簡介 以下是2017年6月10日發表的一篇關
◎ 安琪拉·滕〔新加坡〕
於新加坡歷史最悠久的紙幣設計者
作為迄今為止第一個也是唯一一個設計整個共和國紙幣系列
一個元素中仔細思考，以確保政治、種族和其他許多方面都
的新加坡人，76歲的藝術家翁錫禮 (Eng Siak Loy) 在談到
被考慮到。”
的文章節選。 ⸺編者按
這項跨越5年的工作時，臉上洋溢着自豪之情。他為此畫了
在新加坡的貨幣歷史上總共有四個系列⸺ 在肖像系列之前
約530幅草圖。
有船舶、鳥和蘭花系列。今年是新加坡貨幣流通的第50年，
雖然這是一項非常艱苦的工作，但這是非常值得的，翁先生
第一批紙幣於1967年6月12日推出。
上周在接受採訪時說 ： “作為一名藝術家，最重要的是我們
在推出肖像系列之前，以前的紙幣系列的印刷商都在英國。
能夠為國家做一些事情。”他指出，他設計的紙幣將被全世
Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co 為蘭花和鳥類系列印刷了1新元、
界看到，並為後代所認可。
5新元和100新元的鈔票，而 Thomas De La Rue & Co 則被
他的創作，即印有新加坡首任總統尤索夫·賓· 伊薩克 (Yusof
委託印刷10新元、25新元、50新元、500新元、1 000新元
Ishak) 形象的肖像系列，於1999年推出。在過去的18年裏，
和10 000新元的鈔票，以及整個船舶系列的鈔票。
它一直在 流通，是新加坡 流通時間最長的貨幣系列。 “從
翁先生在闡述他的設計時說，每張紙幣面額的背面都有一個
1994年左右，我已經開始了這項工作。該系列共有七種面值，
獨特的主題⸺ 教育、花園城市、體育、藝術、青年、政府
從2新元到10 000新元。我必須從頭開始學起”，他說。 “期
或經濟⸺ 與尤索夫 · 賓 · 伊薩克的傳記有關，與肖像系列
間做了很多修改 ...... 因為我們必須考慮到一些細節，如安全
一起推出。
需要、視力障礙者的需要、設計的佈局。我必須在設計的每
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雖然翁先生必須遵守設計委員會設定的主題，但他可以自
翁先生的藝術生涯始於20世紀60年代他在新加坡藝術學院
由選擇加入的細節和元素。例如，5新元綠鈔以花園城市為
的培訓。這位獲獎的藝術家在國內外舉辦了許多藝術展覽，
主題，翁先生在設計中加入了新加坡植物園的一棵騰布蘇樹
他也是一位新加坡郵票和硬幣的設計師，他還是一位多產的
[Tembusu tree]( 音譯）的圖像。在背景中，他加入了海岸線
設計師。
和一個建築物的天際線。
應我的要求，林茨邁爾（Owen W. Linzmayer） （《鈔票大全》 的出版商）提供了這些10 000新加坡元紙幣的圖片。謝謝 !
在 以 教 育 為 主 題 的2新 元 紙 幣 的 背 面， 他 畫 出 了 尤 索 夫 · 賓 · 伊薩克先生年輕時曾就讀的維多利亞橋學校（現稱
（本文原刊載於 The E-Sylum 網站）
維多利亞學校）和萊佛士書院的古老建築。
關於《鈔票大全》的更多信息，請參見 ： http://www.banknotenews.com/banknote_book/ 閱讀完整文章，請參見 ：認識一下設計了新加坡流通時間最長的貨幣系列的設計師 (http://m.todayonline.com/singapore/meet-man-who-designed-spores-longest-running-currency-series) ⸺ 2017/6/11
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Originally published on ngc.com
Weighing the Opportunities in Coin Collecting ◎ Jeff Garrett〔USA〕
Understanding risk tolerance can help you make wise decisions when purchasing rare coinage.
Whenever someone sits down
opening their monthly statements.
with a financial consultant to make
This was actually a good idea for
determinations for investing, one of
many, because if they had studied
the first questions that might be asked
the results of their investments, they
is: "What is your tolerance for risk?"
might have panicked and sold at the
This question is crucial for several
bottom. The recent correction in the
reasons and can be applied to your
stock market has many feeling the
numismatic purchases.
same way.
Assessing the risk should be a priority before purchasing a coin.
The fact is, most people are very
The market recovered to new highs
and make investment suggestions
conservative when it comes to
until falling sharply recently. Once
based on your answers. All investors
investing. The financial consultant
again, investors' patience and
hate to lose money. It has been said
will gauge your ability to handle risk
resolve are being tested as many are
that the joy of potential profits is far
and make investment suggestions
experiencing losses reminiscent of
outweighed by the fear of losing
based on your answers. All investors
the great financial crisis.
money by most people. That is why
hate to lose money. It has been said
investors generally choose mixed
that the joy of potential profits is far
Whenever someone sits down
investments that will spread risk and
outweighed by the fear of losing
with a financial consultant to make
avoid a sharp decline in portfolio
money by most people. That is why
determinations for investing, one of
balances.
investors generally choose mixed
the first questions that might be asked
investments that will spread risk and
is: "What is your tolerance for risk?"
During the height of the 2008-2009
avoid a sharp decline in portfolio
This question is crucial for several
financial crisis, there was virtually
balances.
reasons and can be applied to your
nowhere to hide for investors.
numismatic purchases. During the height of the 2008-2009
rather pass on the opportunity of
financial crisis, there was virtually
The fact is, most people are very
making the $2,000 profit. Much of
nowhere to hide for investors.
conservative when it comes to
this also has to do with confidence in
Most sustained heavy losses and
investing. The financial consultant
one's ability to determine the risk. I
could not stand the thought of even
will gauge your ability to handle risk
believe that is the key ingredient for
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any successful rare coin dealer or
If you can buy a great coin, you
For collectors buying over a
collector.
can almost be certain that another
period of years, price drops can
collector in the future will also want
be an advantageous time to make
With the stock market retreating so
that great coin. The key words are:
purchases. This sort of cost averaging
much in the last month or two, many
in the future. Never stretch to buy a
generally works out in the long term.
are concerned that the "negative
great coin that you might need to sell
Many of the greatest collections
wealth effect" will eventually impact
relatively soon. You might not quickly
took decades to assemble, and
find someone who is willing to stretch
the resulting returns for each were
as you have, and you could be faced
spectacular.
rare coin prices. Now may be a good time to consider your tolerance for risk when buying coins. The market for top-end coins has been shockingly strong in the last few years. A pullback for some areas of the market would be understandable. As I have stated many times in these articles, knowledge is the most useful
with a substantial loss. This comes back to your risk tolerance.
Collecting rare coins can be a passion, but nearly every buyer is
In general, collectors should make
concerned with the financial results
an effort to assess their tolerance for
of their pursuit. As with your other
risk when making an investment in
investments, consider all factors when
rare coins. As with other investments,
making a purchase decision. Your
your timeline for investing is also
long-term results will hopefully bring
extremely important. A stock advisor
you years of enjoyable collecting that
tool when making a buying decision.
will ask if you are investing money
also turns into a great investment!
That is why many collectors do much
that you might need sometime soon.
better when they pick a series and
Obviously, if you might need the funds
focus their energy on understanding
in the near future, you should avoid
the factors that determine the value
risky investments that might drop
of the coins they collect. With the
sharply and will take years to recover.
proper knowledge, you can have an understanding of the risks involved in
Investing in coins should also be for collectors who think long term.
rare coin purchases. If you have a low tolerance for risk, as most do, you should make your purchases based on facts that you f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d . O c c a s i o n a l l y, collectors will have to get out of their comfort zone when something comes up that is rarely offered. When I have the chance to purchase a rare coin that rarely comes to market, I am willing to handle more risk. I know that someone else will probably appreciate this rare opportunity and offer me a profit. Collectors are in a similar situation.
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Knowledge is the key when making coin purchases.
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原刊載於 ngc.com
錢幣收藏投資中的風險把控 ◎ 傑夫·加勒特〔美國〕
瞭解自己的風險承受能力可以幫助你在購買稀有錢幣時做出明智的決定。
每當有人與財務顧問坐下來做投資決 定時，可能會被問到的第一個問題便 是：“你對風險的承受力有多少？” 這個問題因為一些原因被認為是至關 重要的。而這個問題同樣適用於錢幣 購買時的決策。 事實上，大多數人在投資方面是非常 保守的。財務顧問會衡量你處理風險 的能力，並根據你的回答提出投資建 議。所有投資者都擔心損失。有人說， 大多數人對潛在利潤的喜悅遠遠超過 對賠錢的恐懼。這就是為什麼投資者
在購買錢幣之前，應該優先評估風險。
一般選擇混合投資，以分散風險，避 免投資組合的餘額急劇下降。 在 2008-2009 年金融危機達到頂峰時，
劇下降。投資者的耐心和決心再次受
大多數專業的稀有錢幣幣商每年都會
投資者幾乎無處安身。大多數人損失
到考驗，因為這讓許多人聯想到了金
購買成千上萬的錢幣。從長遠來看，
慘重，甚至連自己的投資月報都不想
融危機時的巨大損失。
我們購買的大多數錢幣都能賺錢；然
打開。其實不在這時翻看自己的投資
而，損失也是不可避免的一部分。當
月報對許多人來說的確是個好主意，
稀有錢幣買家有時會低估評估風險的
我面對一枚欲購的昂貴錢幣時，我會
因為如果他們研究了自己的投資結果，
重要性。與任何投資一樣，錢幣收藏
通過一個基本的數學方程來判斷這枚
便可能會驚慌失措，將投資品在底部
者應該權衡任何購買行為的優勢和劣
錢幣是否值得購買。
價位賣出。最近股市的調整讓許多人
勢。每當我購買一枚錢幣時，我都會
有同樣的感覺。
仔細決定該錢幣的可能利潤。潛在的
例如，假設賣家為某枚錢幣向我開價
利潤是很重要的，但同樣重要的是該
10 000 美元，我將查看其當前的參考
購買行為可能帶來的負面效應。
價格、受歡迎程度和最近的拍賣紀錄。
市場恢復到了新的高點，直到最近急
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經過仔細研究，我可能會確定，這枚
的機會，並為我提供利潤。收藏家們
是一個有利的時機。從長遠來看，通
錢幣在最壞的情況下可以以 9 500 美
的情況也是如此。
過這種方式平均成本通常是有效的。 許多最珍貴的藏品花了幾十年的時間
元的價格賣出；而如果行情比較好的 話，這枚錢幣可以賣到 12 000 美元。
如果你能買到一枚非常好的錢幣，你
才彙集起來，每一件藏品的回報都是
潛在的 2000 美元利潤超過了潛在的
幾乎可以肯定，未來會有另一位收藏
驚人的。
500 美元損失。
家也會想要得到這枚幣。而這句話中 的關鍵字是：未來。千萬不要伸手去
收集稀有錢幣可以是一種愛好，但幾
換句話說，我願意為這次可能的購買
買一個你可能很快就需要賣掉的好錢
乎每個買家都關心他們追求的財務結
行為承受 500 美元的風險。一些珍稀
幣。你可能不會很快找到像你這樣願
果。就像你的其他投資一樣，在作出
錢幣買家無法忍受在投資上賠錢，寧
意接受的人，因而可能會面臨巨大的
購買決定時要考慮所有因素。你的長
願放棄賺取 2 000 美元的機會。這在
損失。這又涉及到你的風險承受能力。
期持有結果不只有望為您帶來多年的 愉快收藏經歷，同時也會變成一項偉
很大程度上也與他們對自己判斷風險 能力的信心有關。我相信這是任何稀
一般來說，收藏家在進行稀有錢幣投
有錢幣幣商或收藏家成功的關鍵因素。
資時，應努力評估自己的風險承受能
大的投資 !
力。與其他投資一樣，你的投資時間 隨着股市行情在過去一兩個月內的大
表也極為重要。例如股票顧問會問你，
幅回撤，許多人擔心“負財富效應”
你投資的資金是否可能在不久的某個
最終會影響稀有錢幣的價格。現在可
時候被你所需要。顯然，如果你可能
能是考慮你在購買錢幣時對風險的承
在不久的將來需要這些資金，你應該
受能力的好時機。在過去的幾年裏，
避免那些可能大幅下跌並需要多年才
高端錢幣的市場行情一直走強的令人
能恢復的風險投資。投資錢幣也應該
震驚。市場的某些領域出現回調也是
是為那些有長遠考慮的收藏家準備的。
可以理解的。 對於長線投資的藏家來說，價格下跌 正如我在這些文章中多次提到的，知 識是做出購買決定時最有用的工具。 這就是為什麼許多收藏家在選擇一個 系列進行收藏，並集中精力瞭解決定 他們收藏錢幣價值的因素時，會做得 更好。具備了適當的知識，你就可以 對購買稀有錢幣的風險有所瞭解。 如果你像大多數人一樣，對風險的容 忍度很低，就應該基於自己完全瞭解 的一些事實來進行購買。但當一些很 少有人提供的東西偶爾出現時，收藏 家不得不走出他們的舒適區。當我有 機會購買很少出現在市場上的稀有錢 幣時，我願意承擔更多的風險。因為 我知道以後別人可能會珍惜這個難得
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在進行錢幣購買時，擁有知識是關鍵。
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中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞 ( 第三版 ) TOP CHINESE COINS (Third Edition)
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開本：258mm × 315mm
重量 / 本：2.4Kg
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電話：021-62130771
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地址：上海市常德路寶華大廈 1808 室
《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版 正式啟動 2020 年 7 月 17 日（週五），冠軍拍賣組織來自上海、浙江、四川等地的 20 名藏家前往上海造幣有限公司參觀了上 海造幣博物館及其包克錢幣展示廳，午餐期間宣佈開始啟動第三版《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》編撰工作。《東亞泉志》 出版人周邁可及中文主編袁水清於 8 月 16 日至 20 日前往北京，開展第三版的問卷策劃和評委會構建工作。問卷調查 工作已於 9 月正式啟動，12 月評選出新一版的十大精選硬幣。第三版預計於 2021 年秋面世。
藏家參觀上海造幣博物館
參觀者親自鑄打參觀紀念章
藏家交流
冠軍拍賣總裁周邁可宣佈開始啟動
2009 中國近代機製幣競選活動 弘揚中國錢幣文化
推動市場健康發展
TOP 10 of the Greatest Chinese Struck Coins Survey 評選結果
前十名中國近代機製幣如下：
1903 年（癸卯）奉天省造光緒元寶庫平一兩銀質樣幣 1900 年（庚子）京局製造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1904 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平重一兩銀質樣幣，背鑄字 1910 年 ( 庚戍春季）雲南造宣統元寶庫平七錢二分銀質樣幣 1896 年四川楷書（缶寶 ) 光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 1890 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分、七錢三分反版銀質樣幣 1911 年（宣統三年）大清銀幣壹元銀質樣幣，長須龍、短須龍、大尾龍、 反 龍、曲須龍
1906 年（丙午）和 1907 年（丁未）大清金幣庫平一兩樣幣 (1904-1905 年）四川省造光緒元寶當三十銅幣，試鑄幣
組織機構
2009 年 12 月 18 日，上海精選結果發佈會上，周邁可向林青禾頒獎 Michael Hans Chou awards certificate to George Lim at the Top Chinese Coins Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009
主辦：愛秀集團
協辦：美國 MGC 冠軍拍資公司
廣州國標錢幣收藏鑒定評估有限公司 上海申泉工貿總公司組委會 主任委員：孫浩 資深錢幣收藏界專家學者
副主任委員 : 周邁可 愛秀集團董事長暨冠軍拍賣董事長
顧問委員會主任委員 : 戴志強 中國錢幣學會副理事長 顧問：
周 祥 上海博物館研究員中國文物鑒定委員會委員 沈鳴鏑 上海錢幣學會副秘書長
甄偉剛 廣東集幣協會理事
張明泉 中華錢幣協會理事長
周建福 臺北市錢幣協會理事長 郭俊勝
理事
瀋陽金融博物館及張氏帥府博物館館長，遼寧省錢幣學會常務
曾澤祿 美國著名中國錢幣收藏家
媒體宣傳
2009 年 12 月 18 日，上海精選結果發佈會上，甄偉向陳吉茂頒獎 Zhen Weigang awards certificate to Chen Chi Mao at the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009
上海電視臺、新浪網、新民晚報、新聞晨報、錢幣報、新聞晚報、上海 熱線、東方網等媒體均對精選活動及結果進行了隆重報道，引起熱烈的 關注。
2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選活動嘉賓參觀上海造幣博物館 Guests of the Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference visited the Shanghai Mint Museum on December the 18th, 2009
2009 年 12 月 18 日，精選結果發佈會在上海舉行 The Top Chinese Coin Survey Conference in Shanghai on December the 18th, 2009
TOP CHINESE COINS 3nd Edition 《中國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第三版 Price( 售價 )：US $150 Plus Postage( 加郵費 ) Coins Survey, a landmark event held in the winter 2009 to search for the 10 most valuable Chinese struck coins. Coins submitted for review were judged by their rarity, historical importance, artistic appeal, condition, market value and group identity. The deluxe bound book offered details on the Top Chinese Coins Survey as well as high-quality pictures, price trends, degrees of rarity and historical context of the 60 top Modern Chinese Coins.
In June 2010, Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 was published by iAsure Group and the The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 offers an in-depth summary of the final results from the Top Chinese 2010年6月，愛秀集團和《東亞泉志》出版了《中 國近代機製幣精品鑒賞》第一版。該書對60枚中國最頂 級的近代機製幣進行了全面、深入、系統的研究與展 現。其內容涵蓋高清錢幣圖像、流傳脈絡、拍賣紀錄、 市場趨勢、珍稀度解析和背景故事等，在錢幣業界引起 巨大的轟動和反響，備受讚譽，被譽為“全景式展現中 國珍稀機製幣的重要鑒賞書籍”。 儘管因時間蒼促、經驗不足，書中存在一些缺陷和 錯誤，但仍得到讀者的肯定和欣賞。由於該書僅限量印 刷1000本，無法滿足廣大錢幣愛好者的需求。經多位資 深錢幣專家、學者、收藏家建議，愛秀集團決定在第一 版的基礎上出版第二版。第二版於2011年6月發行，相
Top Chinese Coins , Vol. 1 had a limited print run of 1000, leaving many numismatists and enthusiasts unable to purchase a copy of their own. In response to high demand, iAsure has made certain that the second volume which was released in June 2011 will be available to a much wider audience. While Top Chinese Coins Vol. 1 included gold, silver and copper coins, the second volume highlights the great range of silver coins. Because 2010 is ancient history in numismatics and because so much has happened in the Chinese coin market in the past eleven years, it is high time for a revision. The third edition will be the same as the first edition to include gold, silver and copper coins. In addition, the new edition covers the information of top coin museums, the most expensive coin in the world, etc. This bilingual third edition will have the same beneficial effect on the market that the second edition had. 比第一版60枚錢幣囊括金幣、銀幣和銅元，第二版專注 於60枚中國近代機製銀幣，定名為《中國近代機製銀幣 精品鑒賞·銀幣版》 (簡稱《銀幣鑒賞》)。 由於2010年距離現在時間上已經非常久遠，對近代 機製幣收藏研究成果披露有限，而且中國錢幣市場在過 去11年發生了很多變化，現在有必要對這本書再次進行 更新。第三版將與第二版一樣採用雙語形式，而內容則 將和第一版一樣包括近代機製幣及其樣幣的金銀銅三大 類別，此外還增加了世界頂級錢幣博物館、世界上最昂 貴的錢幣等內容。相信該書第三版的出版將對讀者有所 助益。
If interested, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com
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Original Package：
RMB 2388 NGC PF 70：
RMB 2628 2oz
45mm
.999Ag
real rose.
◎ Naturally grown roses are cut in full bloom. This silver coin features
a real rose processed through a special preservation process and finished with 24k gold plating on the edge of each petal. ◎ The coin is designed by Mr. Yu Min, the winner of the Lifetime Achievement Award for the Coin of the Year Award and former senior designer of Shanghai Mint Co. The coin is manufactured by Shanghai New Century Commemorative Coin Manufacturing Co., Ltd, one of the world's most technologically advanced mints.
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Building, No.1211, Changde Road, Putuo District, Shanghai
NGC Holder with Yu Min Signature Label ◎ Obverse: It is based on one of the greatest Chinese love stories, Butterfly Lovers.
The rose coin features an everlasting rose with the two main characters in the story of Butterfly Lovers in high relief. They look away from each other with a Chinese plum tree separating them, and two butterflies flying together showing the final scene of the story.The plum flower, the plum tree, and the background use a finish silver effect. For the butterflies and the window, blasting and mirror effects are used while the face and clothes of the characters employ a blasting effect. ◎ Reverse：It shows Romeo and Juliet. The two stand on the balcony dressed in classical European dresses, the rose below is overall flat and convex, but a prism allows for different colors to be seen from different angles. Behind are the characteristic Venetian dome windows and faded bricks. The text inside the window is the classic line of Romeo and Juliet. The white brick seam lines on the walls are white blasting, and the walls are blasted with a gradual change of brighter top and whiter bottom. The balcony, windows and brick wall replicate the actual location where the story takes place.
紐埃群島 永恆之愛 & 永生玫瑰純銀紀念幣 紀/念/幣/預/定
◎ 這是一朵可以賞玩一生的玫瑰，每一朵玫瑰都是真實的玫瑰。 ◎ 自然生長的玫瑰花剪切於盛放之時。這枚銀幣將鮮活的玫瑰通過特殊手 工保存工藝進行處理，最後在每片花瓣的邊緣鍍以24k 金。
原包裝：¥2388 NGC 打盒：¥2628
◎ 紀念幣由克勞斯世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主，原上海造幣有限公司 高級工藝美術師余敏先生操刀設計，由世界技術最領先的造幣廠之一的上 海新世紀紀念幣製造有限公司製造。
一一錢幣網購買鏈接 ：
https://m.tb.cn/h.feujECq?sm=ec41ca 2 盎司
直徑 45 毫米 .999 銀 鑄造量600枚
永生玫瑰
◎ 正面 ：以中國古代著名愛情故事梁山伯與祝英臺為主題。幣上超高浮雕 的梁山伯與祝英臺人物肖像相互背離，被一顆桃樹分開。樹上兩只蝴蝶翩 翩飛舞，應和了梁祝故事的結局。桃花、桃樹和背景均採用了古銀效果， 蝴蝶與窗格呈現了噴砂和鏡面的效果，人物面部和衣服則採用了漸變鐳射 砂工藝。
余敏簽名
◎ 背面 ：著名的羅密歐與朱麗葉的故事。二人身著歐洲古典禮服站在陽臺 上，下方的玫瑰整體平凸但白色亮丸實現了灰色鐳射幻彩效果，隨著角度 的變換會呈現出紅、藍、綠、黃等各種不同的顏色。背後是威尼斯特色的 穹頂窗戶和褪色的磚塊。窗內的文字為《羅密歐與朱麗葉》的經典對白。 牆上的白色磚縫線為白砂，牆面則採用了上亮下白的漸變噴砂。陽臺、窗 戶和磚牆均複刻了故事所發生的實際地點。
NGC 打 盒 限量100枚
精/美/手/繪/圖
電話 ：021-62130771 郵箱 ：jeanzg@163.com 地址 ：上海市普陀區常德路 1211號寶華大廈1808室
See us 8/16 -8/20 at ANA Chicago Table 1546
South Korea Coins In the Era of Development Book Signing and Release at ANA Chicago, Free Delivery at the Show
US $50 (Plus Shipping)
● Presentation and book release by Mark Lovmo at Room 4, ANA Chicago, 17:00 - 18:00 on 8/18.
● ● ● ● ●
Release Day : July 1, 2022 Author: Mark Lovmo Page: 400 Size: 210mm × 297mm Copy: 500
Please Contact Mark Lovmo : ● Email: mlovmo@hotmail.com
● Email: jeanzg@163.com
ANA 芝加哥展會：8/60-20 桌號：1546
《發展時代的韓國錢幣》 將於芝加哥美國錢幣協會國際錢幣展銷會發行並在簽售 （展會現場免費寄送）
50 美元 ( 不包含郵費 )
● 8 月 18 日 17:00-18:00， 馬克·洛沃莫將在芝加哥美國錢 幣協會國際錢幣展銷會 4 號會 議室進行演講併發行新書。
● 發行日期：2022/7/1 ● 作者 : 馬克·洛沃莫 ● 頁數：400 頁 ● 尺寸：210mm×297mm ● 發行量：500 本
如若需要，請您與我們聯繫 地址：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室 電話：86-21-62130771 郵箱：jeanzg@163.com
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高價收購買賣、專業送評鑑定 龍銀、袁大頭、船洋、銀錠、古錢、金銀幣 各國套幣、各國紙鈔、郵票、字畫、古董 老酒、人參、金銀飾、金銀條 A：100臺灣台北市中正區牯嶺街41-1號 T：+886-2-23515430；+886-956-191-919 F：+886-2-23512177 E：silverhouse88@gmail.com Line&WeChat：yinchiacoin
Mish International Monetary Inc. Mish国际钱币公司 Specialists in 专营
Pandas since 1982 1982年起发行的熊猫币 China Modern since 1979 1979年起发行的中国现代金银币 World Coins since 1964 1964年起专营世界钱币
Looking To Buy?想买？ Our inventory and knowledge has been available to both our colleagues and collector clients since coins of the People’s Republic of China first reached the world market in 1979. 自1979年中国现代金银币首次进入国际市场后，Mish 国际的员工及其藏家客户积累了丰富的库存和专业 的钱币知识。
If you are looking for a particular China coin, chances are we have it, or may be able to recover it from an original buyer we sold it to years ago at first distribution. 想买中国币？我们或许恰好有；也许多年前我们卖过，现在或许还能从原始买家手中买回来。
Looking To Sell?想卖？ In this world of instant experts and brokers, Mish International is still your best choice to handle the purchase of your prized coins in this fast-changing market. Well-capitalized, truly knowledgeable and accommodating, we buy both single pieces and major collections at fair value with no delay, no limits and no excuses. 瞬息万变的市场环境，Mish 国际仍是助您销售钱币的最佳选择。雄厚的资金实力，专业的钱币知识，出 色的协调能力，我们同时收购单枚币和大型收藏，价格合理，快速付款。
Since 1964 始于1964
Here today. Here tomorrow 携手今日 共赢明天 Mish International Monetary Inc Mish国际钱币公司 1154 University Drive Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA 美国加州门罗帕克大学路1154号，邮编94025 Phone(电话):(650) 324-9110 Email(邮箱):robert@mishinternational.com
Featured Highlights from the
Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio October 2022 Hong Kong Auction October 3-6 & 7-11, 2022
CHINA. Hunan. Tael, ND (1906). Changsha Mint. Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS MS-62.
CHINA. Silver Mace Pattern Restrike, “CD (1906)”. Tientsin Mint. Kuang-hsu (Guangxu). PCGS SPECIMEN-62.
CHINA. Tibet. Gold Presentation Tangka, ND (1910). Dode Mint. PCGS MS-63.
CHINA. Dollar, ND (1912). Nanjing Mint. NGC MS-65.
CHINA. Dollar, 1912. Wuchang Mint. NGC MS-64.
CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 3 (1914). Tientsin Mint. NGC MS-61.
CHINA. Silver Medallic Dollar, Year 10 (1921). Tientsin Mint. NGC MS-64.
CHINA. Silver Dollar Pattern, Year 12 (1923). Tientsin Mint. PCGS MS-64 Prooflike.
CHINA. Kweichow. Auto Dollar (7 Mace 2 Candareens), Year 17 (1928). NGC AU-55.
Contact Us For More Information Today! CALIFORNIA OFFICE Email: Info@StacksBowers.com Tel: +01.949.253.0916 Website: www.StacksBowers.com 1550 Scenic Avenue, Suite 150 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 SBP JEAN Online Issue 220629
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精彩纷呈的世界钱币展览会，欢迎您的加入 我们期待重逢老友，并结识新的朋友。多年来，世界钱币展览会为常到的330位 展商与16,000位观众提供了特别的机遇。 展览会有大约1万平方米的展览空间，是世界钱币交易和铸币事业最重要的平 台。和其他同类公司一样，我们的客户对技术发展和最新趋势这方面的信息需求甚 高。 我们期待在即将开幕的柏林世界钱币展览会上看到多元化的内容，并利用展览会 完善的配套体系，与国际造币厂的代表们、供应行业的行家以及数百个投资金币界的 专家和币商们沟通交流。 例如，在年度的坤克拍卖会上，不仅有国际币商对拍品感兴趣，还有热忱的钱币 收藏家和投资者。或在星期五举办的媒体论坛上，那些国际运营的造币厂获得了向国 际行业和国际行业媒体展示他们最新年度项目的平台。 世界钱币展览会的技术论坛将在周四举行，这是特别为与铸币技术有关的所有专 业人士设计的。 目前我们拥有的出色的演讲者和学识渊博的专业观众已超过400人。这些业界精 英以及关于技术革新话题的深讨将首次登陆展览会的技术论坛，这不仅使论坛成为界 内的大事件，还使它成为过去几年中世界铸币行业里最重要的会议。 我们期待和你相遇，并见证我们共创的成功。世界钱币展览会——钱币学界的脉 搏，在这里你可以和世界钱币界的专业人士建立联系。
联系方式 地址：World Money Fair Berlin GmbH Ollenhauerstr. 97 13403 BERLIN GERMANY 电话：+49 30 32 76 44 01 电邮：Info@worldmoneyfair.de
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齊心協力 共同振興 中國金銀幣二級市場 易金線上APP成立於2013年10月，是中國最大的貴金屬投資領域紀念金銀幣二級市場社區電商拍賣交易平臺，積聚9年的服 務體系、以完善的技術創新和信任背書的發展勢能。易金線上建立了線上競拍、金幣百科、易金大數據、認知傳播、評級保養5 大品牌方向。構建行業上下游聯動，建立行業信任體系，推動供需增長，50+創新專利，推動行業數位化變革，高效協同的完整 產業鏈條。
拍賣時間 01
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特種金銀幣場
02
週一 19：00 綜合場
熊貓金銀幣場
05
周四 19：00
周二 19：00 郵票幣場
03
06
周四 20 ：00
精選金銀幣場 周三 20：00 紀念金銀幣場 周日 19：00
平臺優勢 ★ 線上拍賣
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地址：北京市西城區德勝置業大廈6號樓 電話：4006906001 地址：上海市黃浦區局門路600號盧工郵幣市場二樓B054 電話：021-63167939
◎ 熊貓金幣特許經銷商
將您的硬幣 委託給NGC
NGC成立於1987年，是全球大型、 廣受信賴的第三方硬幣、代幣和獎 章評級機構，提供鑒定、評級並封 裝服務。NGC憑著其精準、一致並且 不偏不倚的評級服務，與行內領先的 保證，備受世界各地的收藏家和經銷 商的信賴。
了解更多，請瀏覽 NGCcoin.hk/about
經驗：
NGC評級師均是訓練有素，經驗豐富的專業人 員，並在錢幣學研究領域處於前沿。每一枚硬幣 均由多名專業評級師進行檢驗，以保證準確性與 一致性。
參考：
診斷：
我們的綜合研究圖書館 為NGC評級師提供最相 關的參考資料。他們同時 也向全世界的專家進行 咨詢。
評級師參考我們數據 庫中數百萬的真假幣 圖像，包括非常詳細 的診斷圖像。
科技：
X射線熒光光譜分析，結合特定的重力 與顯微鏡評估，幫助判定硬幣表面成分 與鑄造工藝。
專業硬幣評級的要素
每一次NGC評級背後都是一整套高度複雜，經過時間考驗的過 程。依憑于我們行業領先的專業技術，超過5300萬枚硬幣被委託 給NGC,其中甚至包括許多來自世界各地的頂級硬幣。
了解更多，敬請浏覽 NGCcoin.hk/expertise
紙幣交給PMG鑑定， 最放心
PMG成立於2005年，為紙幣提供獨立公正的專業真品鑑定、評級並封裝的服務。 PMG被世界各地的收藏家和經銷商所認可。因其專業、精準和一致的評級， 對公正的承諾以及全面的真品和等級保證而被全球信賴， 也因此成為全球最大的第三方紙幣評級服務機構。
了解更多？ 請瀏覽 PMGnotes.hk/about
亚 洲 藏 品 拍 卖
Collectibles Auction Asia 101 Upper Cross Street, #03‐78A, People’s Park Centre, Singapore 058357
Accepting consignments throughout the year
Jeffrey Wai +65 9638‐7225 (WhatsApp) cauctionasia@gmail.com
www.CAA.auction
“母愛永恆與永生玫瑰”純銀熊貓紀念幣 開始陸續寄出
2022 年“母愛永恆與永生玫瑰”1 盎司純銀熊貓紀念幣
余敏先生為紀念幣收藏證書簽名
“母愛永恆與永生玫瑰”1 盎司純銀熊貓紀念幣
規格
2022年“母愛永恆與永生玫瑰”1盎司純銀熊貓紀念幣（簡稱母親
重量
1盎司
成色
.999銀
公司高級工藝美術師余敏先生設計。
直徑
40毫米
設計師余敏先生應邀已於6月8日來到冠軍拍賣上海辦公室，為收藏
品質
精製
發行國家
坦桑尼亞
發行年份
2022年
面值
1000先令
發行量
1000枚
節紀念幣）由坦桑尼亞銀行批准鑄造，為坦桑尼亞法定貨幣。
紀念幣由克勞斯世界硬幣大獎賽終身成就獎得主，原上海造幣有限
證書簽名。購買裸幣的客人將收到帶有余敏先生手簽的收藏證書。
紀念幣主景圖案 ：正面為象徵“永恆之愛”的永生玫瑰 ；背面為母 子熊貓、峨眉山金頂及遠山佛光。 該紀念幣的 NGC 認證版本使用了 NGC 專門開發的保護盒，可使 之置於桌上或掛於牆上。
每枚售價（人民幣） 日期
1盎司銀幣裸幣（僅5枚可售）
1盎司銀幣 NGC PR70余敏簽名標籤（僅10枚可售）
6月30日前
888元
1 088元
7月1日起
999元
1 188元
此外，還有少量的金質、銀質和黃銅鍍金樣幣可供出售。
之後開始寄出。存量不多，欲購從速。
如欲訂購，可致電021-62130771或添加微信1026841006詳詢。
我們還將向那些長期以來支持冠軍拍賣和《東亞泉志》的朋友贈送
裸幣紀念幣將於6月10日開始寄出，NGC 打盒紀念幣將於6月15日
母親節紀念幣並附贈感謝卡。
母親節紀念幣包裝
NGC PF70 的 1 盎司母親節紀念幣銀質樣幣
NGC PF70 的 1 盎司母親節紀念幣 銅鍍金樣幣
50克金幣樣幣 NGC PR70余敏簽名標籤 （鑄造量僅6枚，1枚可售）
1盎司銀質樣幣 NGC PR70余敏簽名標籤 （鑄造量僅30枚，5枚可售）
黃銅鍍金樣幣 NGC PR70余敏簽名標籤 （鑄造量180枚，5枚可售）
30 000元
3 888元
1 388元
其他母親節紀念幣章 2017 年母親節熊貓紀念章同樣由余敏先生設計，正背面以熊貓母 子圖、峨眉山聖地為主景，是為紀念冠軍拍賣公司成立20周年而鑄 造的，並贈予與公司有業務往來的客人。NGC 為此章製造了60個 評級盒，贈送給出席霍華德 · 包克家族舉辦的美國國家錢幣收藏錢
每枚售價（人民幣） 50克銀 NGC PR70
1 688元 （鑄造量300，3枚可售）
30克銀 NGC PR70
888元 （鑄造量800，5枚可售）
幣捐贈活動的嘉賓。
2017 年母親節紀念章
冠軍拍賣有限公司 地址 ：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室 電話 ：86-21-62130771 傳真 ：86-21-62130773 郵箱 ：championghka@gmail.com
冠軍上海微拍 【直播】 7 月 23 日（周六）下午 1 點至 3 點 【預展】 時間：7 月 23 日（周六）下午 3:30-6:00 地點：上海市徐匯區大木橋路 88 號雲州古玩城 5 樓棟 11 【拍賣】 時間：2022.07.24/13：00
掃一掃，觀看直播
掃一掃，關註我們
拍賣亮點 /Highlights
1944 年（民國三十三年）中央銀行大業 版肆佰圓 （BA101625），Pick 263，Printer：TYPC，PMG Choice UNC64，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：1000（人民幣）
1945 年（民國三十四年）中央銀行華南版貳仟伍佰 圓（AN965957），Pick 304，Printer：HNPA，PMG Choice UNC64，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：1000（人民幣）
1949 年（民國三十八年）中國人民銀行拾圓「農民與 工人」 （10233845-Block 123），優良紙張，無水印， Pick 816a，PMG Choice UNC64 EPQ，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：3000（人民幣）
1949 年 （民國三十八年） 中國人民銀行伍拾圓 「壓路機」 1949 年（民國三十八年）中國人民銀行貳佰圓「長 （415001-Block 465），Pick 828a，PMG AU50， 城 」（26240635-Block 142），Pick 842a，PMG H.F.Bowker 藏品 AU55，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：1000（人民幣） 起拍價：3000（人民幣）
1951 年中國人民銀行第一套人民幣壹仟圓「馬飲 水」樣票，一套 2 面： （1）正面（0000000 0003560 Block 123-People's Bank of China），Pick 857As， PMG UNC62 NET； （2）背 面（0003563-People's Bank of China），Pick 857As，PMG UNC62 NET。 起拍價：60000（人民幣）
1951 年中國人民銀行第一套人民幣牧羊伍仟圓樣 1953 年 中 國 人 民 銀 行 黑 色 拾 圓「 農 場 夫 婦」 票，一套 2 面： （1）正面（0000000 0005714 Block （1090065-Block 534）， 修補， Pick 870， 水印：國徽， 123-People's Bank of China），Pick：857Cs1， PMG VF30 NET PMG AU53； （2）背面（0005714 People's Bank of 起拍價：60000（人民幣） China），Pick：857Cs2，PMG Choice UNC63。 起拍價：20000（人民幣）
聯系我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室
1948 年（民國三十七年）中國人民銀行伍圓「牧羊」 （03292427-Block 213），優良紙張，Pick 802a， PMG Gem UNC65 EPQ，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：3000（人民幣）
電話 : 86-21-62130771
郵箱 : jeanzg@163.com
【直播】 7 月 23 日（周六）下午 1 點至 3 點 【預展】 時間：7 月 23 日（周六）下午 3:30-6:00 地點：上海市徐匯區大木橋路 88 號雲州古玩城 5 樓棟 11 【拍賣】 時間：2022.07.24/13：00
掃一掃，觀看直播
掃一掃，關註我們
1911 年大 清銅幣一文，Y-25，NGC MS64，華 人家族藏品 起拍價：1000（人民幣）
1912 年黎元洪像開國紀念銀幣壹圓，L&M45， NGC MS63 上海老收藏家藏品 起拍價：100000（人民幣）
1914 年（民國三年）袁世 凱像 共和紀念壹圓 銀 幣，1918 年 再 打，L&M858，NGC UNC DETAILS Cleaned，上海老收藏家藏品 起拍價：60000（人民幣）
1844 年福建省造漳州軍餉壹圓，足紋通行，臆 造 幣，KANN-5，L&M290，NGC AU50，華 人 家族藏品 起拍價：3000（人民幣）
1905 年河 南省 造 光 緒 元寶當製 錢 十文 黃 銅 樣 品，漢 立 克 納 浦 廠，CCC-520，NGC UNC DETAILS Cleaned 起拍價：30000（人民幣）
1928 年（民國十七年）貴州省政 府造貴州銀 幣汽車幣壹圓，L&M609，NGC XF DETAILS Cleaned，華人家族藏品 起拍價：60000（人民幣）
1894 年（AH1311）新疆阿城光緒銀圓三錢， 臆造幣，L&M786，NGC MS62，Ex.Kann/ H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：10000（人民幣）
1898-1908 年四川省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 銀幣，L&M347，NGC AU DETAILS Cleaned， 華人家族藏品 起拍價：10000（人民幣）
1917 年雲南省造唐繼堯像擁護共和紀念庫平 三錢六分銀幣，L&M863，左側旗 幟 有圓圈， NGC AU DETAILS Cleaned，華人家族收藏 起拍價：3000（人民幣）
1929 年英國馬丁·科爾斯·哈曼像 Lundy 島角嘴海 雀紀念章，NGC MS63 BN，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：300（人民幣）
1870 年（ 明 治 三 年）日 本 一 圓 銀 幣，NGC MS64，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：3000（人民幣）
1915 年 墨 西 哥 2 比 紹 銀 幣，KM644，NGC AU53，華人家族藏品 起拍價：1000（人民幣）
聯系我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室
電話 : 86-21-62130771
郵箱 : jeanzg@163.com
2021.6.27 冠軍上海 VIP 精品微拍 微拍成交亮點 /Highlights
1916 年中華帝國袁世凱像洪憲紀元飛龍銀幣 沖天冠版，NGC MS63, 曾亮相於 1996 年冠軍 拍賣及 2010 年 Ultima 收藏專場拍賣 起拍價：300 000 元 成交價：1 859 000 元
1927 年十六年造中華民國國民政府孫中山像 陵墓紀念銀幣 NNC MS64，Richard Wright 收藏 起拍價：300 000 元 成交價：1 386 000 元
1898 年（光緒二十四年）安徽省造光緒元寶 庫平七錢二分銀幣，扁四，小星花版 NGC MS64，席德柄 / 張南琛收藏 起拍價：300 000 元 成交價：1 331 000 元
1923 年中華民國十二年造龍鳳壹圓銀幣 NGC MS65，Su Z. 收藏 起拍價：300 000 元 成交價：1 111 000 元
1903 年光緒元寶戶部庫平一兩金幣 NGC PF65 起拍價：300 000 元 成交價：891 000 元
1906 年（丙午）戶部“中”字 大清銀幣貳錢，NGC MS66，張南琛收藏 起拍價：100 000 元 成交價：594 000 元
1889 年廣東省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分五厘 銀幣，NGC AU55，包克收藏 起拍價：300 000 元 成交價：550 000 元
1906 年光緒年造大清銀幣戶部貳錢銀幣 PCGS MS65，W.L./ 黃華樞收藏 起拍價：100 000 元 成交價：363 000 元
1912 年中華民國黎元洪像開國紀念幣壹圓銀幣 NGC MS64，張南琛收藏 起拍價：100 000 元 成交價：330 000 元
1912 年中華民國袁世凱像共和紀念十文銅幣 小面版，NGC AU55，張南琛收藏 起拍價：30 000 元 成交價：239 800 元
1895-1905 年湖北省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 銀幣，NGC MS64，華人家族藏品。原味包漿， 鑄打深峻 起拍價：30 000 元 成交價：231 000 元
1919 年雲南省造唐繼堯像擁護共和紀念拾圓金 幣，反面帶數字“1”，NGC MS62，1991 年美國 錢幣學會複製品 起拍價：30 000 元 成交價：231 000 元
1898 年吉林省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC XF40，張南琛收藏 起拍價：30 000 元 成交價：187 000 元
1911 年（宣統三年）大清銀幣壹圓 NGC MS64 起拍價：30 000 元 成交價：165 000 元
1924 年（民 國 十三年）中 華 銅 幣 背 嘉 禾 十文 NGC XF45 BN，NC 藏品 起拍價：10 000 元 成交價：154 000 元
聯繫我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室
電話 : 86-21-62130771
郵箱 : jeanzg@163.com
2020 年 11 月 19 日 冠軍澳門拍賣會 掃一掃，關注我們
地點：澳門十六浦索菲特酒店六樓會議室
郵箱：jeanzg@163.com
電話：021-62130771
拍賣成交亮點 /Highlights
1898 年湖南省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分樣幣 PCGS SP66+，華人家族收藏 起拍價：USD 230000 成交價：USD 540000
1911 年大清長須龍壹元銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 30000 成交價：USD 312000
1911 年宣統三年大清銀幣伍角 NGC MS62，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 132000
1910 年宣統年造大清壹元銀幣 NGC MS64，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 105600
1852 年臺灣老公銀壹圓 NGC AU55，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 91200
1896 年 黑 龍 江省 造 光 緒 元 寶 庫 平三 錢 六 分 NGC AU55，奧托·拜赫德製中國樣幣 起拍價：USD 20000 成交價：USD 67500
1907 年東三省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 NGC AU58，NC 藏品 起拍價：USD 38000 成交價：USD 67200
庚子京局製造一錢四分原鑄幣 NGC MS60，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 10000 成交價：USD 62400
1904 年光緒三十年湖北省造大清銀幣庫平一兩 小字版，NGC AU53，包克藏品 起拍價：USD 5000 成交價：USD 62400
1907 年（丁未）大清伍角銀幣 NGC MS65，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 5000 成交價：USD 57200
1853 年臺灣如意軍餉 NGC AU Details，NC 藏品 起拍價：USD 20000 成交價：USD 40800
1920 年中華民國九年鄂造貳角每五枚當一圓銀 幣，NGC MS61，包克收藏 起拍價：USD 3000 成交價：USD 36000
聯繫我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室
電話 : 86-21-62130771
郵箱 : championghka@gmail.com
2020.8.23
冠軍上海 VIP 微拍Ⅱ 拍賣成交亮點 /Highlights
1903 年戶部光緒元寶庫平 5 錢銀幣，L&M2， K928，華人家族藏品 起拍價：200000（人民幣） 成交價：1243000（人民幣）
1909-1911 年湖北省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分 銀幣，L&M187，NGC MS65，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：60000（人民幣） 成交價：319500（人民幣）
1922 年（民國十一年）湖北武昌造幣廠長郭銅 質紀念牌，NGC AU58 BN，NC 藏品 起拍價：100000（人民幣） 成交價：291500（人民幣）
天津黎元洪像中華民國五族共和紀念銅章， NGC AU55 BN，NC 藏品 起拍價：100000（人民幣） 成交價：275000（人民幣）
1908 年造幣總廠光緒元寶庫平七分二厘銀幣， L&M13，NGC MS64，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：60000（人民幣） 成交價：176000（人民幣）
1895-1905 年湖北省造光緒元寶庫平三錢六分 銀幣，L&M183，NGC MS62，H.F.Bowker 藏 品 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：148500（人民幣）
1932 民國二十一年孫中山像壹元，三鳥 LM108 PCGS MS 63 金盾品相完整，狀態佳。 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：132000（人民幣）
清·太平天國背聖寶·當百 宋體 尺寸：直徑 56mm 42.21g 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：103400（人民幣）
1894 年德屬新幾內亞 5 馬克銀幣，KM7， PCGS PR62，華人家族藏品 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：83600（人民幣）
1914 年福建福建袁世凱福州海運局鎳幣，反面 福州海運局雙打，NGC AU55，華人家族藏品 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：61600（人民幣）
臺灣老公銀足紋銀餅庫平柒弍，臆造幣， KANN-F1，NGC MS63，Ex.Kann/H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：52800（人民幣）
1904-1905 年江蘇省造光緒元寶當十，方龍， NGC AU58 BN，H.F.Bowker 藏品 起拍價：30000（人民幣） 成交價：13750（人民幣）
聯繫我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室
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Chopmarked Coins - A History Sold Out 《戳記幣簡史》完售 Colin Gullberg 高林
Price ( 售價 ): US $100 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) The book Chopmarked Coins- A History by Colin Gullberg is funded by iAsure Group. The softcover book is 187 pages in length, 210mm×285mm, fourcolor printing. It covers the history of foreign silver coins that circulated in China from 1600 to 1935 and contains images of some 150 coins. Gullberg includes firstperson accounts, summaries of all modern sources of knowledge on the subject and scans from a shroff’s handbook (circa 1890). It is the first English- language book on the subject since 1990 and only the second English language book on the subject.
愛秀集團贊助出版發行的 戳記幣英文專著《戳記幣簡 史》為軟裝本，正文內容187 頁，開本210mm×285mm， 四色印刷，闡述了1600年至 1935年間中國流通的外國戳記 銀幣概況，作者高林先生採用 第一人稱敘述，總結了現代有 關戳記幣的詳盡知識，並配有 某錢莊的手冊（約1890年）掃 描插圖和150多張戳記幣高清 圖片。本書是1990年之後的第 一本戳記幣英文專著，也是有 史以來的第二本戳記幣英文專 著。
Chinese And Foreign Papermoney Errors 《華洋怪鈔—中外錯體紙幣賞析圖鉴》 David Chio 趙康池 Aguang Chan 陳耀光
Price ( 售價 )：MOP $300; RMB 240; US $30 Plus Postage ( 不含郵費 ) In December 2015, this book was released by Macau Numismatic Society and edited by David Chio and Aguang Chan. A total of 1,000 copies was printed, 200 in hard cover and 800 soft cover. The book is 323 pages of full color A4 size 210×285 mm and features over 300 error notes and 800 photos. Notes from Chin dynasty to modern times and more than 10 countries and region is covered. The books also cover causes of errors, background information on the printing process and authenticity of errors. This is the first book in Chinese to feature this type of information on error notes and its collection.
该书由澳門錢幣學會於2015年 12月出版，趙康池、陳耀光編著。 印行1000冊，其中精裝本200冊， 平裝本800冊。是書全彩精印，小 A4开本，210mm×285mm，323 頁，選錄了中外錯體紙幣300多 種，圖片800多張，涵蓋中國自清 末到現今使用的紙幣，涉及中外十 多個國家和地區。本書對中外錯 體、錯版、變體等紙幣的成因、歷 史背景和辨偽，實事求是地作了係 統的、科學的分析與歸納，並介紹 了印鈔基本步驟和印鈔過程中所產 生的“另類”紙幣，補充了不少紙 幣收藏的基礎知識。可以說，本書 是首本對錯體紙幣進行全方位論述 的著作。
If required, please contact Champion Auction 如果需要請聯繫冠軍拍賣公司 Tel: 021-6213 0771 Email: jeanzg@163.com
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B.H. Mayer´s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH
Minted in Germany 德国铸造
1盎司 999纯银 硬币
Nano technology applied to the surface of this unique coin 这枚独一无二的硬币表面，采用了纳米技术 Exclusive limited mintage 1000 独家限量发行 1000枚 2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings 2019年 坦桑尼亚 1000 先令
2019 Tanzania 1000 Shillings
Coin Designed by: Yu Min
CBPMC Senior designer Winner of 2017 COTY “Lifetime” Achievement Award in Design
设计师： 余敏
中国印钞造币总公司高级工艺美术师 曾获得“2017年克劳斯世界硬币大奖赛年度终身成就奖”
Magnico
Room 1808, Baohua Mansion, No. 1211, Changde Rd., Putuo District, Shanghai Tel:0086(21)-62130772 www.magnico.cn
上海冠坤文化发展有限公司
上海市普陀区常德路宝华大厦1211号1808室 电话：0086(21)-62130772 网址：www.magnico.cn
德国铸造 德国梅耶造币厂
《東亞泉志》
免費 訂閱 2022
簡介
電子季刊 中英雙語 出版人 周邁可
《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史
物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛大學、耶魯大
博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在讓廣
學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國錢幣學會、美國錢
大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地的讀者
幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章，如托馬斯 · 烏爾曼寫
更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。
的《1886-1888年間朝鮮首鑄機製幣⸺ 德國專家相助創建現代造幣
雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市，
廠》 、史博祿寫的《袁世凱像大鬍子開國紀念幣》 、範治南與何緯渝寫的
為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。1974-1977
《欽差大臣驚世之旅，記李鴻章訪美破冰之行》 、湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897
年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世界硬幣標準
年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤
目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987年全職進行錢幣
祿寫的《明代天啟通寶和崇禎通寶銅錢加蓋戳印 VOC/C 探析》等。
交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修中國研究課程。1991-
2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘
1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998年任《東亞泉志》總編。史
請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電
博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞
子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功
泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。
人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回
《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。
顧、重要信息等。
雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發行，廣 受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美國國家博
從2017年起， 《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽 會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。
閱讀
東亞泉志
25 周年紀念章
No.26
2022.04 / Issue 44
THE JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN NUMISMATICS 中英雙語 - 電子季刊
Bilingual (English - Chinese) Digital Quarterly
Chinese Show Panda CATALOGUE
1984—2019
25 th
周年
JEAN 1994-2019
19世紀的山東青島 /Tsingtao, Shuntung, Province in the 19th Century
Tsingtao
青島大德國寶伍分鎳幣；青島大德國寶壹角鎳幣 /Tsingtao Da De Guo Bao 5 Cent Nickel Coin；Tsingtao Da De Guo Bao 10 Cent Nickel Coin
民國十六年（1927 年）張作霖像壹圓陸海軍大元帥紀念銀幣，NGC MS62，耿愛德舊藏 /1927 Chang Tso Lin Silver Dollar with Dragon and Phoenix, NGC MS62, Kann Collection
Tsingtao 『本期專題 | FEATURES 』 鑄地存疑的中國金幣偽品
Chinese Gold Coins of Doubtful Origin and Bogus Concoctions
耿愛德舊藏張作霖像背龍鳳壹圓等紀念銀幣即將亮相泰星拍賣
The Chang Tso Lin Silver Pattern with Dragon and Phoenix from the Kann Collection will be Auctioned by Taisei
為青島發行的德國貨幣
German Dollars for Tsingtao
2022 年坦桑尼亞母親節永生玫瑰 1000 先令熊貓紀念銀章 2022 Tanzania Mother's Day Forever Rose Panda 1000 Shillings Commemorative Coin
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The Journal of East Asian Numismatics Bilingual (English-Chinese) Digital Quarterly In 1994, The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN ) was founded by Michael Chou, the CEO of Champion Auction and Bruce Smith, a noted numismatist. It is a professional numismatic academic journal whose mission is to educate collectors and researchers on the subjects of Chinese numismatics, culture and history. Bruce Smith, the chief editor of JEAN, was born in 1951 in St. Louis, MO. He received his BA in history from the University of Missouri St. Louis; and his MA in China studies from Harvard University. In 19741977, he worked for Krause Publications as Editorial Assistant on World Coin News and as cataloger for Standard Catalog of World Coins and Standard Catalog of World Paper Money. He was a full time coin dealer 1977-1987. In 1988-1989, he studied in China as a student of China Studies in Chengchow (Zhengzhou) University, Henan province. In 19911993, Mr. Smith was a graduate student at Harvard University. In 19941998, he was the editor of The Journal of East Asian Numismatics (JEAN). Bruce Smith has been a collector and researcher of Chinese coins for over 30 years. His published research in JEAN has added immensely to the body of knowledge for Chinese coins. The first issue of JEAN was released in July 1994, and the last issue (18th issue) in 1998. Most articles were written in English, the remainder in Chinese. The journal was distributed in over 20 countries, and remained a mainstay on many important library shelves, including the Smithsonian Institution, the British Museum, the Harvard Yenching Library, Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University, Stanford University, Cornell University, the ANS (American Numismatic Society), and the ANA (American Numismatic Association). The journal enjoyed great popularit y and many impor tant ar ticles were published in JEAN, including “Peking Coins of 1900” by James Sweeny, “More on the Hsu Shih-Chang Pavillion Medals with engraved names” and “The true story of China’s 1936 and 1937 Silver Dollars” by Bruce Smith, “The Apparent Relationship between 1897 Chekiang 5 Cents Pattern and 1899 Anhwei
JEAN Online Links 《東亞泉志》在線閱讀
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5-Cents Circulation Strike” by Tom Keener, and “A Forgery of Taiwan’s Old Man Dollar” by Dr. Che-lu Tseng. In May 2015, Michael Chou decided to start issuing the journal again star ting in Januar y 2016. The famous numismatic researcher Mr. Yuan Shuiqing will be chinese chief editor. He is a member of China Numismatic Societ y, ser ving as executive director of the Shenxi Numismatic Society and executive vice president of the Xi’an Collectors Association. As a numismatic researcher, he was chief editor of Collections and China Numismatics. He has published over 100 numismatic research articles and the masterpiece The Elite of Monetary History of China. Other distinguished contributors from home and abroad are numismatists, collectors and coin dealers, including Bruce Smith (author of Howard Franklin Bowker-Numismatic Pioneer), Colin Gullberg (Canada, author of Chopmarked Coins-A History), Chinese American senior numismatist Dr. Che-lu Tseng, Steve Feller former international banknote society editor, senior numismatic scholar of China modern gold and silver commemorative coins King L. Chan (Hong Kong), senior numismatist Chien Fu Chou (Taiwan) and CEO of Beijing Coins website Richard Guo. It will be a quarterly, bilingual e-journal, covering the latest numismatic research, interviews with famous collectors, auction reviews, and general news. The Journal's distribution is now over 1,000, including over 3,000 in Greater China region. Starting in 2017, Journal of East Asian Numismatics is a co-sponsor of Krause's Coin of the Year Award Ceremony in Berlin with World Money Fair. You are welcome to subscribe, submit articles for publication, and advertise in the upcoming JEAN. The 2022 subscription is free of charge. Please send your email to jeanzg@163.com.
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東亞泉志 電子季刊 · 中英雙語 《東亞泉志》為冠軍拍賣公司總裁周邁可先生和著名錢幣學專家史 博祿先生於1994年創辦，是一本學術性錢幣研究專業雜誌。旨在 讓廣大錢幣收藏家、研究學者更深入地瞭解錢幣知識，讓世界各地 的讀者更好地瞭解中國深厚的錢幣文化。 雜誌高級編輯史博祿先生 1951年生於美國密蘇裏州聖路易斯市， 為密蘇裏大學歷史系學士，哈佛大學中國研究專業碩士。19741977年在克勞斯出版社任《世界錢幣新聞》助理編輯，參與《世 界硬幣標準目錄》與《世界紙鈔標準目錄》編輯工作。1977-1987 年全職進行錢幣交易。1988-1989年在中國鄭州大學留學，主修 中國研究課程。1991-1993年在哈佛大學攻讀碩士。1994-1998 年任《東亞泉志》總編。史博祿先生擁有30多年的收藏和研究中 國錢幣的豐富經驗。他在《東亞泉志》上發表的研究文獻極大地豐 富了中國錢幣的知識內涵。
2015年5月，周邁可先生決定於2016年1月復刊《東亞泉志》，聘 請著名錢幣研究學者袁水清先生擔任主編。袁水清，1948年生， 大學金融專科畢業，從事銀行工作30多年。中國錢幣學會會員，澳 門錢幣學會學術顧問，陝西省錢幣學會第六屆常務理事，西安市收 藏協會常務副會長。退休後，歷任《收藏》 《古泉園地》 《西部金融 · 錢 幣研究》雜誌的責任編輯，《中國錢幣界》雜誌主編。多年來他傾 力於中國貨幣史和錢幣學的研究，發表過近百篇錢幣研究文章 ； 2012年，出版了彙集中國古今錢幣的鴻篇巨制《中國貨幣史之最》。 同時聘請國內外知名的錢幣學者、收藏家及專業人士加入，如《霍 華德 · 富蘭克林 · 包克―錢幣學研究先驅者》作者史博祿先生、《戳 記幣簡史》作者高林先生、美國華人資深錢幣學者曾澤祿先生、國 際紙鈔收藏協會前任總編輯 Steve Feller、香港中國現代金銀幣資 深研究學者陳景林先生、臺灣資深錢幣學者周建福先生、美國東南 亞錢幣專家亞當 · 比亞吉先生以及北京錢幣網總裁郭嘉華先生等。
《東亞泉志》於1994年7月份問世，1999年停刊，發行了18期。 復刊後的《東亞泉志》為電子季刊，中英雙語。內容以披露最新錢 雜誌中大部分文章是英文，只有少部分是中文，在20多個國家發 幣收藏研究成果、推介泉界成功人士的事蹟為主。主要欄目有學術 行，廣受歡迎，長期佔據許多重要圖書館書架的顯著位置，包括美 研究、人物專訪、鑒賞爭鳴、拍賣回顧、重要信息等。 國國家博物館史密森尼學會、大英博物館、哈佛燕京圖書館、哈佛 從2017年起，《東亞泉志》加盟由克勞斯在德國柏林世界錢幣展覽 大學、耶魯大學、哥倫比亞大學、斯坦福大學、康奈爾大學和美國 錢幣學會、美國錢幣協會。雜誌刊發過不少有重要學術價值的文章， 會期間舉辦的“世界硬幣大獎”頒獎活動。 如詹姆斯 · 史威尼寫的《1900年京局銀元》、史博祿寫的《徐世昌 刻字紀念章》和《民國二十五年和民國二十六年之中國銀元故事》、 《東亞泉志》2022年免費訂閱，如果需要，請把您的郵箱發到 jeanzg@163.com ！ 湯姆 · 基納寫的《1897年浙江三分六厘樣幣和1899年安徽三分六 厘流通幣的關係》以及曾澤祿寫的《臺灣老公銀偽品》等。
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1911 年（宣統三年）長須龍大清銀幣 NGC MS64，陽葉版，已知品相較好的一枚， 原耿愛德收藏 起拍價：US 150 000 成交價：US 1 344 000
1911 年 （宣統三年） 長須龍大清銀幣壹圓， 陽葉版， PCGS SP61，WL 收藏 起拍價：US 150 000 成交價：US 1 164 000
1907 年（光緒三十三年）北洋造光緒元寶庫平一 兩銀質樣幣 火球上三個小圓點成一條直線，NGC MS63 起拍價：US 200 000 成交價：US 1 104 000
1898 年（戊戌）江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二 分銀幣，凹眼龍，珍珠龍，龍尾 6 根尾鰭 NGC MS65，已知品相較好的一枚，原 Hsi 收藏 起拍價：US 100 000 成交價：US 996 000
1904 年（光緒三十年）湖北省造大清銀幣庫平 一兩樣幣 , 可能是僅見的一套，分別為一枚黃銅、 兩枚紅銅。①黃銅，大字版，NGC MS64；②紅 銅，大字版 , NGC MS62 BN; ③紅銅，小字版， NGC AU50 BN 起拍價：US 200 000 成交價：US 912 000
1916 年中華帝國袁世凱像洪憲紀元飛龍銀幣 L. GIORGI 簽字版，NGC MS64， 已知品相較好的一枚，可能為原耿愛德收藏 起拍價：US 200 000 成交價：US 672 000
1897 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 老江南，人字邊，NGC UNC DETAILS，品相較 好的一枚，席德柄 /NC 收藏 起拍價：US 50 000 成交價：US 612 000
1914 年（中華民國三年）袁世凱像壹圓銀幣 L.GIORGI 簽字版，NGC SP65， 已知品相較好的一枚 起拍價：US 150 000 成交價：US 504 000
1916 年中華帝國袁世凱像洪憲紀元飛龍銀幣 沖天冠版，NGC MS64，已知品相較好的一枚 起拍價：US 60 000 成交價：US 504 000
1898 年江南省造光緒元寶庫平七錢二分銀幣 齒邊，NGC UNC DETAILS，原光，好味道。該 幣好品相者非常少，已知僅兩枚為未流通等級 起拍價：US 60 000 成交價：US 468 000
1906 年丙午大清金幣庫平一兩光邊大雲版 NGC MS64，已知品相較好的一枚 起拍價：US 100 000 成交價：US 462 000
1912 年中華民國袁世凱像（舊譜稱程德全）大 鬍子壹圓開國紀念幣黃銅試打幣 NGC UNC DETAILS，原耿愛德收藏，非常稀少 起拍價：US 60 000 成交價：US 462 000
聯繫我們：上海市常德路 1211 號寶華大廈 1808 室
電話 : 86-21-62130771
郵箱 : championghka@gmail.com
2022.11.27 Champion Macau Auction Address: 6F Promenade, Sofitel Hotel Macau at Ponte 16
ANA Chicago: 8/16 -8/20 Table 1546
Consignment Deadline: 9/30
www.cghka.cn
TNS Annual meeting ：10/02
2021.5.30 NC Collection Auction Highlights
(100 NC Lots Setting Over 60 Auction Records And USD 18 Million Sold )
CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 One Dollar Silver, Long-Whiskered Dragon, NGC MS64, Incused Leaf, Finest Known Starting: US $150,000 Realized: US $1,344,000
CHINA-EMPIRE 1911 (Year 3) Long Whisker Dragon Dollar Silver, Pointed Petals, PCGS SP61, WL Collection Starting: US $200,000 Realized: US $1,164,000
CHINA-CHIHLI 1907 One Tael Silver Pattern, 3 Tiny Dots On Flame-Ball Arranged in A Straight Line, NGC MS63 Starting: US $200,000 Realized: US $1,104,000
CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Circlet-like Scales, NGC MS65, NC Collection, Finest Known Starting: US $100,000 Realized: US $996,000
CHINA-HUPEH 1904 One Tael Set of Three Patterns in Copper and Brass, Possibly Unique, NC Collection. ( ① Brass, Large Character, NGC MS64;
CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1916) Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, with L.GIORGI, NGC MS64, Ex. Kann Collection, Finest Known Starting: US $200,000 Realized: US $672,000
② Copper, Large Character, NGC MS62 BN; ③ Copper, Small Character,NGC AU50 BN)
Starting: US $200,000 Realized: US $912,000
CHINA-KIANGNAN 1897 One Dollar Silver, herring bone edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, superb example, Hsi/NC Collection Starting: US $50,000 Realized: US $612,000
CHINA-REPUBLIC 1914 Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Signature L.GIORGI, NGC SP65, Finest Known Starting: US $150,000 Realized: US $504,000
CHINA-REPUBLIC ND (1916) Yuan Shi Kai One Dollar Silver with Flying Dragon, hat touching rim, NGC MS64, Finest Known example, Kann/NC Collection Starting: US $60,000 Realized: US $504,000
CHINA-KIANGNAN 1898 One Dollar Silver, Reeded Edge, NGC UNC DETAILS, One of Two in Uncirculated, NC Collection Starting: US $60,000 Realized: US $468,000
CHINA-EMPIRE 1906 One Tael Gold, large Clouds, Plain Edge NGC MS64, Finest Known Starting: US $100,000 Realized: US $462,000
CHINA-REPUBLIC ND(1912) Yuan Shi Kai (Named Chin The Chuen before) One Dollar Brass Trial, NGC UNC Details, Ex. Kann Collection, Unique Starting: US $60,000 Realized: US $462,000
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