Protected Organinc Acids and Essential oils
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Michel Noirrit DVM Florence Philippe Jefo Europe
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Salmonella in swine • At farm level : •
usually yellowish diarrhea in fatteners with fever
•
sometimes abortions of pregnant sows
• More than 1600 serotypes : Salmonella typhymurium and Salmonella derby most frequent in swine • After primo-infection : • Shedding of bacterias by feces, temporary or intermittent (healthy or chronical carriers) • Seroconversion after 2 weeks (duration of positivity 5 to 6 months)
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Human food borne toxi-infections : • 93,8 millions cases of samonellosis globally with 155000 fatalities (Majowicz 2010) • in EU 56.8% of cases related to pigs, 30,2% to poultry (EFSA) • control in poultry has pushed pork in first row : 73,7% of human cases of pig origin in Belgium 2006-2009 (DeRidder, 2014)
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
European rules and applications • European directive 2003/99/CE and european regulation 2003/2160/CE impose a common control of zoonosis, including salmonellosis, for all european countries members of EU • First protocol initiated by Danemark, then Germany and Nederland, with penalties for farms with a high serological prevalence on meat juice • High prevalence pigs are slaughtered separately at the end of the week: logistical cost and lowest commercial value of meat induce a reduced price paid to farmers • Dead line 2009. Delayed application in France on price payed, but controls on carcasses. Breeding herds stay involved in control of salmonella infection • Biosecurity is not sufficient to control infection. Antibiotics are inefficient and more and more banned. Alternative protocols are needfull.
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Two questions where unsolved : 1. How to bring back a farm from a bad level to the first class level and avoid penalties on the value of their product? 2. How to explain that breeding herds with the highest biosecurity measures have a higher bacteriological prevalence on sows than production herds ? P(OA+EO) a selected formula of protected organic acids and essential oils was a good candidate for this challenge
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Protocol •Farrow to finish farm 280 sows, 7 batches, weaning at 4 weeks •Large contamination by Salmonella infantis after a breakdown of water sanitation system •3 consecutive batches involved in the trial •
P(OA+EO) incorporated at 3kg/t in sow lactation feed from entrance in farrowing room to weaning
• P(OA+EO) incorporated at 3kg/t in second age piglet feed (between 6 and 10 weeks of age)
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Protocole Evaluation of bacteriological prevalence on sows and serological prevalence on finishers Bacteriology on feces of 12 sows per batch at entrance of farrowing room and at weaning after treatment; three parity classes : 4 primiparous, 4 second or third farrowing, 4 fourth farrowing or more: evaluation of Salmonella sp excretion by sows before and after treatment with P(OA+EO), regarding parity. •
•Salmonella serology (Idexx swine salmonella) on 20 sera per batch of 5 months finishers of 4 different pens ( 2 batches before trial and 3 batches after treatment): positivity of kit Elisa Idexx salmo : optical density (OD) over 40%
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Results : Typing of salmonellas
Number of sows
Made on 12 samples from sows of the first batch in test
Salmonella infantis was perviously isolated in feces and drinking water. Not isolated on theses samples
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine Results : bacteriological prevalence on sows (4 sows per parity) 4 sows per class
Parity 1 entrance
Parity 1 weaning
Parity 2.3 entrance
Parity 2.3 weaning
Parity 4 et+ Parity 4 et+ entrance weaning
Batch 1
3
1
4
0
2
0
Batch 2
4
0
3
1
4
0
Batch 3
3
2
1
0
0
1
% positives
83.3%
25%
66.6%
8.3%
50%
8.3%
Out of 36 sows 66,6% (24) are shedding before farrowing 18,7% (5) are shedding after treatment with P(OA+EO) 83.3% of primiparous are shedding before farrowing, and are three times more numerous to stay shedding at weaning than multiparous : gilts are a high risk population
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine Results : serological prévalence at 5 months of age (2 control groups C/ 3 trial groups T)
•
Lots
C1
C2
T1
T2
T3
% positive
35
40
5
10
20
mean OD %
37,8
a
52,9
a
20,1
b
16,9 b
23,9
ab
p < 0,001
Mean percentage of positive samples (OD% > 40) decreases from 37,5% to 11,7% on batches treated with P(OA+EO) (sows and piglets) - Target class 1 in Germany : < 20% positive samples (QS label : Qualität Sicherheit)
•
Decrease of mean OD with P(OA+EO) - Target class 1 in Nederland : mean OD <20% (average on 3 controls)
Clinical observations No clinical case of salmonellosis was observed during the trial
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Discussion : why breeding herds have a high bacteriological prevalence on sows •
In 2008 a official survey on salmonella in swine has shown a bacteriological prevalence on sows of - 50,3% in breeding herds - 38,7% in production herds à Reverse to applicated biosecurity measures
•
In this trial gilts have a higher bacteriological prevalence at farrowing and a higher remanence after treatment à Breeding herd have a higher gilt percentage for a faster genetic progress
•
Use of lactation feed for gilts in quarantine and for sows in lactation is in test to have an early control of primo-infection in quarantine
•
Level and duration of shedding are in proportion with the level of primo-infection (Fravalo,2003)
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Discussion : what animals have to be treated ? •
In good biosecurity conditions (especially disinfection of rooms and corridors, rodents control), sows carry the main responsibility in perenisation of infection (slow turn over, bad immunity of gilts) à Choice to treat sows in priority with P(OA+EO)
•
Litter mixing after weaning afford a high risk of contamination between piglets à Early use of P(OA+EO) in piglet feed instead of fattener feed
•
With an average of 12 weaned piglets per litter, only 40 kg of feed per pig are treated compared to 240 kg if fattener’s feed is treated
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Discussion Versus concurrent fatteners protocols (DeRidder, 2014, Belgium) à Mix of organic acids in drinking water : 1,6 € to 2,9 € per pig (but corrosive for pipes and inducing obturation of drinkers ) à Coated calcium butyrate in feed : 4 € per pig à Vaccination : interference with meat juice serology P(OA+EO) is a good candidate for high prevalence farms wanting to return to first class status with a good cost/efficiency ratio.
P(OA+EO) Control of high salmonella prevalence in swine
Conclusion • Production of pigs without salmonellas is illusive, but decrease of prevalence induce • less digestive and reproduction problems at farm level • less food borne toxi-infections for human consumers • P(OA+EO) (3 kg/t in lactation feed and piglet feed) has reduced bacteriological prevalence on sows and serological prevalence on slaughter pigs, without use of antibiotics • Different protocols depending on farm situation can be used: • Nursing sows and piglets in farms with high prevalence • Gilts in quarantine and nursing sows on a long term protocol of prevention (in test) • Pre-harvest and post-harvest protocols are usually combined in protocols applied
Thank you for your attention