URBAN MORPHOLOGY A Spatial Analysis of an Ethnic Enclave
URBAN MORPHOLOGY A Spatial Analysis of an Ethnic Enclave by Yang Hu A dissertation submitted to The Manchester School of Architecture in fulďŹ lment of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture The Manchester School of Architecture The University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University
April 2016
Author’s Declaration
No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other institute of learning.
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Abstract
This dissertation seeks to find strategies and links that are present in a morphological understanding of structure, space and society. Although there has been much research done into studies about ethnic boundaries, this dissertation aims to focus on the physical properties of ethnic enclaves and will try to forecast the physical aspects and social interactions. The analysis of the surrounding urban environment as one system will capture the spatial configurations for individuals as they use and understand their local environment; as well as linking the local environment with the context of an entire city. As a purpose of representation, analytical tools of space syntax, photographs and illustrative maps will interrogate the surrounding environment and LANZHOU
differentiate itself from other urban network analyses through how it can represent the bordering spaces and therefore seek to deeper understand the city structures.
FIG 0.1
Keywords:
Contextual map of GanSu Province
Space Syntax, Ethnic Enclave, Urban Morphology, Lanzhou
The geographical location of Gansu is bordering Mongolia, between Tibetan and Xinjiang & Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the South. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
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Acknowledgements
This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and help from many people. I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Deljana Iossifova, who has read and reread the materials in each chapter, when they were just unstructured sentences in a notebook. During the times of pressure and hardship, she always had faith in me and encouraged me to be better. I also wish to extend my thanks to my family and friends whom helped me gather the data that made this dissertation full of interesting photographs and insights. I am grateful that they stayed patient with me and tried to help inspire and guide me through the stressful times.
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Contents
Author’s Declaration Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Illustrations [Chapter 1] GENERAL OVERVIEW 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Research Problem Theoretical Background Research Basis Research Questions Aims & Objectives Dissertation Structure
[Chapter 2] LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Place-Related Identity Thick & Thin Principles of Pattern Language Enclaves Space Syntax as a Theory Conclusion
[Chapter 3] LANZHOU
v vii viii x xii 2 3 5 6 7 7 7 12 14 17 19 23 25 28
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3.3 The Study of Urban Hui Ethnic Minority Groups 3.4 The Hui Minority in Lanzhou
34 35
Population Living Patterns Religion
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4.1 Context / Scope 4.2 Research Design 4.3 Space Syntax as a Theory 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3
Axial Map Heat Map Limitations & Assumptions
4.4.1
Limitations & Assumptions
37 37 38 41
4.4 Photo Analysis
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4.5 Expected Outcomes & Contributions
48
[Chapter 5] RESULTS & FINDINGS
49 51 58 64
[Chapter 6] CONCLUSION
71
5.1 Study Site – one 5.2 Study Site – two 5.3 Study Site – three
Bibliography
30
3.1 Definition of the Ethnic Minority in the View of Distribution Pattern 3.2 A Brief Introduction of Hui Ethic Minority Group 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.2
[Chapter 4] RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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List of illustrations Chapter
[Chapter 1] [Chapter 2]
Fig. Description & Reference 0.1 1.0 2.0 2.1
Contextual map of GanSu Province, Illustrative Map
mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA
2.2 Traditional Hui Minzu Children, Photograph, https://
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2.3 Traditional Hui Minzu Wealthy Dwelling, Photograph,
16
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA
2.4 Aerial Shot of Old Lanzhou, Photograph, https://
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2.5 Traditional Prayer Service, Photograph, https://
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2.6 Typical Hui Minority Pagoda , Photograph, https://
18
mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA
[Chapter 4]
[Chapter 5]
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Districts in Lanzhou, Study Site, Illustrative Map 1 Citation Diagram for Literature Review, Illustrative Flowchart 11 Traditional Hui Minzu Man, Photograph, https:// 14 mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA
[Chapter 3]
Page
2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3.0
Pattern No.14 : Identifiable Neighbourhood
19
Pattern No.120 : Paths & Goals
21
Pattern No. 171 by Christopher Alexander
22
Pattern No. 171 reinterpreted
22
A Hui prayer gathering, Photograph, https://
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mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3NTEwMTIxOA
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.2
Hui men cooking, Photograph by Jie
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Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway, Photograph by Jie
33
Hui men cooking, Photograph by Jie
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Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway, Photograph by Jie
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5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7
Major Roads Adjacent to Study Site 1, Illustrative Map Buildings Adjacent to Study Site 1, Illustrative Map Figure Ground of Study Site 1, Plan Front Entrance of XiGuan Mosque, Photograph Back Entrance of XiGuan Mosque, Photograph Access Route Near Study Site 1, Photographic Collage Access Route Near Study Site 1, Photographic Collage
50 50 50 51 51 52 52
Panoramic of Study Site 1, Photographic Collage
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Inside Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway, Photograph by Jie 34 Current day Hui setting up food stall, Photograph by Jie
36
Current day Hui setting up food stall, Photograph by Jie
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Research diagram, Flowchart
39-40
Concepts of Space Syntax, Illustrative Diagrams
41
Blind men & Elephant Concept, Flowchart,
https://theanalogiesproject.org/the-analogies/elephantsix-blind-men-information-security-mean/
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Chapter
Fig. Description & Reference
Page
5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43
Axial Map of Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 1, Map Axial Map of Main Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 1, Map
53 53
Axial Map of Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 1, Map
54
Axial Map of Main Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 1, Map
54
Heat Map of Pedestrian & Vehicular Access, Study Site 1, Map 55 Combined Heat Maps, Study Site 1, Map
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Access Road Adjacent to Study Site 1, Photograph by Jie
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Narrow Alley Adjacent to Study Site 1, Photograph by Kuan
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Major Roads Adjacent to Study Site 2, Illustrative Map
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Buildings Adjacent to Study Site 2, Illustrative Map
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Figure Ground of Study Site 2, Plan
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Main Entrance to Baishu Mosque, Photograph by Kuan
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Iconic Gateway Into Baishu Alley, Photograph by Kuan
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Axial Map of Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 2, Map
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Axial Map of Main Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 2, Map
59
Axial Map of Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 2, Map
60
Axial Map of Main Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 2, Map
60
Heat Map of Pedestrian Access, Study Site 2, Map
61
Heat Map of Vehicular Access, Study Site 2, Map
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Combined Heat Maps, Study Site 2, Map
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Access Road Adjacent to Study Site 2, Photographic Collage
62
Narrow Alley Adjacent to Study Site 2, Photographic Collage
62
Gonglin Road leading up to Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie
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Major Roads Adjacent to Study Site 3, Illustrative Map
65
Buildings Adjacent to Study Site 3, Illustrative Map Figure Ground of Study Site 3, Plan
65 65
Axial Map of Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 3, Map
66
Axial Map of Main Vehicular Accesses, Study Site 3, Map
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Axial Map of Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 3, Map
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Axial Map of Main Pedestrian Accesses, Study Site 3, Map
67
Heat Map of Pedestrian Access, Study Site 3, Map
68
Heat Map of Vehicular Access, Study Site 3, Map
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Heat Map of Vehicular & Pedestrian Access, Study Site 3, Map 68 Derelict Shop Frontage, Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie
69
Residential Settlements, Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie
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Residential Compounds, Study Site 3, Photograph by Jie
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ‘At the deepest level of what all cultures share that is, of what is common spatially to humankind is geometric language that we all speak.’ Space is the machine – (Hillier 1999)
AnNing Area
ChengGuan Area
Through a series of importance concepts that construct
the level of interaction and social significance between people along boundaries and within borderlands, I aim to focus this dissertation on the spatial systems that surround the urban morphology of enclaves. By using the notions introduced in various literatures around enclaves and place-related communities, I will approach this by clearly defining a theoretical
QiLiHe Area
framework that is built specifically using core concepts, maps, illustrations and photographs. These methods will provide a critical window to questioning the spatial configurations that affect ethnically different but spatially adjacent neighbourhoods of people with the study sites of Lanzhou, China.
0
2 Km
The future application of this dissertation is to prove whether by understanding the spatial configurations of ethnically divided cities, apply this knowledge to examine the social interactions of
FIG 1.0
enclaves that construct an ethnically divided city and therefore
An illustrative map of 3 districts in Lanzhou
also be applicable to cities under-going transformation and
Figure 1.0 is an illustrative map to show the districts of Chenguan, Qilihe of which the study sites are located. Along side Anning, the neighbouring district.
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change in general.
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Problem
The issue that surround ethnic boundaries have been
the importance of geographic, in addition to social, perspectives
in an increasing debate over the recent years. Scholars in
for summarising the morphology of ethnic urban borderlands.
this field, such as Fredrick Barth since 1969, have addressed
‘Urban settings are definitely physical entities, although they
important questions that are fixated on the economic and
have been the background to many human activities’ (Alper
social explanations for the existence and persistence of ethnic
2009). This dissertation examines the physical properties of the
enclaves (Wang, Shangyi, et al. 2002). In this dissertation, I
spaces between adjacent Hui and Han enclaves in Lanzhou in
examine the minority enclave of the case study and its physical
order to understand if and how they are justified as borders,
entities through spatial analysis, implementing core ideas to
boundaries or borderlands. The analysis will focus on the
reflect the necessary divergent paths that enable different kinds
aspects of visual connectivity and typological structure of the
of coexistence. Despite the researched themes by Barth, Bretell
enclaves, which I believe have not been addressed adequately
and other scholars in ethnic boundaries and borderlands, their
by many scholars. It is part of this boarder picture, an approach
collective work has not yet fully explored the importance of
to conceptualising the physical complexities at various scales,
spatial configurations influencing the possible sustainment of
from individual plots, street blocks, street patterns and buildings
ethnic communities within a diverse urban developing city.
that make up the structure of the borderland help bridge the gap in engaging with the prospects of an enclave from a spatial
Therefore, the case study I have chosen is Lanzhou, the major
perspective.
city in the Gansu Province of China. This study will remedy this gap in the literature by examining the spatial make-up of
This knowledge helps us to apprise the hierarchy of change
the ethnic enclave of the predominant minority community
within urban features and in theory make clear that it would
in Lanzhou, in order to elucidate the heretofore-unrecognised
be both objective and inconceivable if borders were to dissolve
spatial relationship of the spatial configurations and the possible
altogether. Therefore, what is essentially highlighted in this
minority qualities in this patchwork context. Whilst other cities
dissertation is an accurate understanding of the big topic on
within the Gansu Province can also reflect the peculiarities of
boundaries and borderlands, but focusing on the spatial analysis
urban China’s ethnic geography, I argue that Lanzhou’s ethnic
of how these could contour the social connections of the existing
character is most distinct in expressing the major residential area
enclaves.
for the Hui people of Gansu province(Hu 2012) and underline
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Theoretical Background Borders
Boundaries Borderlands The terminologies covered in this dissertation will exchange where appropriate between borders, boundaries and borderlands. The difference of interpretation persists, but the different models of conceptualisation should be organised under border experience. In all cases, borders are a line that indicates boundaries between states and counties, whereas boundaries are markers in existing states (Weber 2012).
There are many theories that can be associated with the
1.3 Research Basis Borders
study of space. The following theoretical approaches will form
Boundaries
border and boundaries, from a social and culture angle. Instead, I
the backbone for hypothesising the patterns of relationship that
Borderlands
intend to respond to the urban phenomenon of enclaves through
occur within a configuration of spaces: -
The triad of concepts of perceived-conceived-lived
(spatial practice, representation of space, representational spaces) in Production of Space, are the realms of interconnectedness that are supposed by Lefebvre as the ‘qualities and attributes’ of the tight bond used to stress the correspondences in society (Lefebvre 1974). -
The concept of borders, boundaries and borderlands used in this dissertation reaches beyond being just a line of division between the ‘inside’ and ‘outside’. The introduction of theses terminologies are far from being an exchange of words, instead are thoughts of interaction, and integration (Comelli et al. 2007). The interesting natures of borders as boundaries and borderlands are the relations that simultaneously occur between people and geographically active spaces. In this case, it is about understanding a space in which identities are co-existing and flourishing. The highlight of these borders, boundaries and borderlands are between the real and imagined open characteristics.
Identification of the forces that govern a city through a
This dissertation moves beyond the current debate of
spatial analysis, which can give results that can support the case study of Lanzhou as a multi-layered context, by taking into consideration the dynamics that lead to the visual experience. Through an intuitive way of investigating the case study environment, I aim to apply space syntax and photographic analysis, to gain results of the morphological properties. The projections that ethnic borderlands are influenced by spatial composition of architecture ‘inside’ the enclave borders and the possible reciprocal reaction between individuals on both
study of spatial and social and configurations (Hillier 1996).
sides of the border Intrigues me. Therefore, through this questioning, I aim to set out a number of parameter objectives
-
The ideas of Pattern Language used for forming a focus
that systematically tackle the spatial areas of an enclave. The
on reproducible solutions to any design solution. In due process,
method discussed in length in the following chapters, include
categorising the influencing patterns that are associated with the
the main advantage and limitations used to interpret the rules
spatial analysis of urban patterns, structure, network and form to
that can contribute to governing cities as open unforeseen future
study connectivity among the patterns of an ethnic borderland
ecologies.
(C.Alexander, 1964).
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
1.4 Research Questions - How does the urban or spatial morphology of the enclave
certain points of significance, may it be buildings or open
contribute to connectivity of the space?
spaces and how this will affect the functioning and patterns of
- By focusing on the analysis of the enclave’s space, can we make
borderlands. In other words, I attempt to identify how the spatial
an assumption on the social interactions that exist within the
configurations of data will show whether buildings of particular
urban grain?
architectural significance within an enclave underlines the
- How have the Hui minority responded to the existing urban
potential and tangible aspects of connectivity, in relation to other
morphologies and how can we predict the variations on social
parts of the urban scape.
connections through the analysis of the spatial patterns of the urban context?
Beyond this general aim, this study aims to: -
terms of space syntax.
1.5 Aims & Objectives
Contribute to the understanding of urban morphology in
-
The focus of this dissertation is on the theories that
Demonstrate the physical and social characteristics of
urban space.
attempt to make systematic predictions about the interrelations
-
of architectural connectivity. This will be examined on Lanzhou’s
the topological relations and consider the application of this
ethnic borderlands. The use of space syntax will frame the initial
knowledge to deduce the social workings of cross enclave
method of spatial analysis. A study through multiple sets of
activities.
Study the properties of spaces, which encompass
parameters emphasises the different descriptive strategies that will further investigate the possible underlying social functioning
1.6 Dissertation Structure
of a highly concentrated ethnic enclave, in a multifaceted city.
In the introduction and literature review, the dissertation
provides an overview of theories and concepts. It then moves on
I use space syntax and photographic analytical strategies to gain
to present methods of spatial analysis in order to apply them to
a theoretical understanding of whether enclaves pivot around
the chosen case study site and arrive at conclusions. Chapter 1 will include a brief summary of the dissertation. It will highlight the theoretical background, the research basis and the questions that follow from this and finally what my aims and
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objectives are for this dissertation.
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 progress round the main topics that are related to this
qualitative evaluation of the results will reference to the research
subject of study. This literature review presents the fundamental
objectives, and outcomes and contributions discussed.
concepts introduced by Barth, Haselberger and Hillier. Prior to looking at the spatial patterns examined by Hillier and
Chapter 6 evaluates the concepts engaged with throughout this
Alexander, the former will be dominated by the analysis of Barth,
dissertation and according to the outcome of the results discuss
Haselberger and other researches for classifying the different
the benefits and drawback of this particular piece of research and
phenomenon associated with borders and boundaries.
suggestions for further research.
Chapter 3 involves the urban characteristics of the wider study areas of Lanzhou and the definition of the Hui minority. A deeper understanding of the Hui minority group in relation to population, living patter and religion. Chapter 4 breakdowns the methods that relate to the concepts when analysing spatial connectivity, tangibility and integration. Debates of space syntax, photographic analysis methods and discuss in terms of their techniques in framing a deeper understanding of the spatial breakdowns of enclave community. Chapter 5 integrates the syntactical methods to understanding the axial maps and photographs generated as an approach to analysing the urban form and structure, and the application of this method to three selected study sites in Lanzhou. A
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW ‘One is led to identify and distinguish ethnic groups by the morphological characteristics of the cultures of which they are the bearers. This entails a prejudged viewpoint both on 1) the nature of continuity in time of such units, and 2) the locus of the factors which determine the form of the units.’ - Fredrik Barth
The physical built environment can be seen to have many
characteristics that structure the image of cities, since ‘cities are often debated as agglomerations of clearly bounded spaces where everyday interactions with others supposedly diminish and public encounters occur exclusively within homogeneous groups.’ (Iossifova 2013, p.1) The studies around the topic of boundaries, borders and place-related identity mark a beginning of debates that applies to the generation of cities. As identified by Brunet-Jailly (2005, p.5), borders were ‘international agreements that are established by mutual understandings between states’ which we have come to understand at present as being a network of complex functions and policies that govern the boundaries of independent spaces.
FIG 2.0
A citation map of main concepts
Figure 2.0 shows the connection authors that have researched around the topics of this dissertation. Highlighting and summarising ideas.
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Place-Related Identity Mutually forming communities are associated with creating this ‘patchwork’ (Iossifova 2014, p.17) of a city. I address the distinct
‘Identity manifests itself on many levels, one of which is place.’ -Ashild Lappegard Hauge
dynamics that encompass the theories behind a disjointed city and critically analyse its urban morphology by bringing attention to the spatial formation of these enclave communities. The
topics that are covered will focus on spatially understanding
proscriptions on social situations’ (Barth 1969, p.17) can bring
place as having a sense of identity that defines its connective
about the opportunity for confrontation and modification. This
characteristics. The notion of thick and thin borders can be
relates to the emphasis that Brettell highlights for identity can
interpreted using space syntax as a theory, with the support of
be used to distinguish aspects of boundaries and contrastingly
Pattern Language as a less mainstream method of approaching
define the differences which become the foundation for the
urban morphological studies. In this way, all these main concepts aim to shift the epistemological perspective from their economic and social explanations to the intricate web of relationships that construct these dimensions spatially.
The enclaves that have opened up to ‘a set of
construction of new borders between them (Brettell 2007). FIG 2.1
An image of a traditional Hui Minority man The concepts described in social identity theory and identity process theory show evidence that regard the relationship between identity and space. Hauge has stressed a very connotative idea highlighting place-related communities form when one is attached and affected to the physical environment in which they live. For example, people often refer to coming from a particular country or town that has some form of architectural or spatial identification.
By collating the information by boundary researchers, further analysis begs the question of the different processes that are also involved in creating and continuing borderlands (Barth 1969). Therefore this first section of my literature review points out that place matters and the term ‘place’ here will refer specifically to locality at the municipal scale (Zhou 1998). Social contact between persons of different cultures could be expected to dissolve the qualities of culture since it requests both groups to generate a congruence of values and community of culture. On the other hand, ethnic solidarity and therefore boundary maintenance of the ethnic community will be, according to Brettell (2007, p.243), encouraged if there are high ‘geographical concentrated ethnic communities’ of work or residence which in turn ‘promote close-knit ties and social capital’ within the preservation of the enclave.
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FIG 2.2 (Top)
Traditional Hui Minority children
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
The anthropological studies of borderlands respond to cultural
One example that has been used to foster the understanding
variation, historical boundaries and connections. Barth
of border studies, which can also give a sense of localisation of
furthermore points out the association of identities and value
social structures of borderlands, in combination with particular
standards, whereby ethnic enclaves persist with significance if
patterns of activity that result in trajectories of ethnic enclaves,
they imply ‘marked differences in behaviour’(Barth 1969, p.7).
is Chinatown. The use of this example demonstrates the term
This entails the criteria for signals of identification and also the structuring of interaction which allows the stable perseverance of cultural differences. Therefore, the questions that generates from this perception are more likely to focus on the principles of ethnic identity and this contributes to the understanding of the individual behaviour that stimulates the outputs of membership or exclusion. The logical idea that social relations are correlated with spatial relations and that social distances is also correlated with the physical context, is an idea generated by Wang (2002). It questions whether spatial analysis can be used to explore the architecture within a multi-layered borderland, by reflecting on the dynamics that lead to the visual impacts associated with
identity to locality at a spatial scale, as these enclaves are
FIG 2.3 (Top)
Traditional Hui Minority wealthy living dwelling Self-identity as is entrenched in all ways of life, place is constantly making a contribution to one’s self identity and brand. For example: the roles we play – teacher, student, father, child; the things we brand ourselves with – hairstyle, perfume, attire; the places that we visit or remember – home town, school, gym. Therefore, it is not wrong to assume an identity is given to communities and societies. The main concept to grasp is the contribution of place to self-identity, it is this that somewhat forms the meaning and principles symbolising a specific place or borderland. Hence, place-related communities, whether it is because of culture or architectural differences will be one of the main concepts that forms the start of this literature review (Hull IV et al. 1994).
place. Zhou (1998) captures the counter-argument and reasons that the spatial construction of place does not so much rely on the location itself. However, it is more important in grasping the interactive patterns between the social agents and processes used to investigate the territorial forms, which in turn capture the ability of local actors to exchange local identities.
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commonly defined as ‘highly visible geographically or spatially bounded ethnic enclaves’ (Ong 1993) within a metropolitan core. Chinatown can be used as a representative to unpacking the various types of spaces demarcated by the diverse boundaries. These places have served as Chinese immigrants’ initial destination functioning as a buffer zone which help ‘ease their adjustments, sources of social networks, bases for ethnic solidarity, and means of their livelihood’(Wang, Zhou, & Fan, 2002, p. 105).
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 Thick & Thin
FIG 2.4 (Top)
An old aerial view of Lanzhou, date unknown
The first objection is to make a study with a string
Physical borders do no separate cities, they instead co-exist
of connections associated with borders and boundaries as
as spaces with different characteristics. Although there is
constantly changing or evolving entities, since as each sector of
argument that borders have overlapping sets of boundaries with
the border is unique (Newman 2006). Therefore agreeing with
contradictory functions and roles, it is important to think of
Newman, this part of the literature review focuses on developing
multiple soft, fuzzy spaces in parallel. This perspective allows
an understanding of how different components joins to continuously de- and re-form boundaries. By using Haselberger’s
FIG 2.5 (Top)
A traditional prayer service, wearing traditional cultural clothing
(2014) concept of thick and thin, I intend to understand the
coordination of differing or conflicting interests and intention on both sides of the border to consequently expand the prospect of creating an intertwined network of spaces.
assumptions that borders and boundaries are sets of overlapping geopolitical, sociospatial and biophysical layers of interactions,
Agreeing with Haselsberger, the notion of ‘thin’ border can
that can be interpreted further as open and closed parts of space
be applied to define typological ethnic space, occupied by an
that reside on either sides of an enclave.
accumulation of different people and that this permeable flow of differing population will generate a lively hub of cross border
Thus thick borders are more rigid and less permeable, consisting
interactions. On the contrary, thin does not imply the border is
of more imposed functions that over time attempting to cross the
open for everything and everyone, instead it establishes a space
boundaries become more difficult, both physically and mentally.
that allows different forms of coexistence to emerge and flourish
On the contrary, thin boarders are made up of soft spaces that
irrespectively of enclave characteristics.
are able to transcend borders as supported by Haselberger (2014, p.517) that ‘every space, either virtual or physical is demarcated by a boundary and every boundary demarcates space’. It can
FIG 2.6 (Top)
A typical Hui Minority pagoda
thin border are what kind of implications there are related to the
be inferredthat borders, boundaries and borderlands are all
clashing of thick and thin borders and whether this results in the
central to both the maintenance of space and people within
emergence of spatial challenges. Thick and thin border thinking
the organised community. So therefore, by understanding the
will provide a more holistic way of investigating the interstitial
concepts of thick and thin borders, attention can be drawn to the
spaces that coexist with the physical demarcation functions and
spatial impacts of boundaries on ecological activities and vice
the spatial make up of enclaves.
versa.
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Therefore, the main questions around the notion of thick and
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 Principles of Pattern Language: with Henri Lefebvre’s production of space and the ideologies of space experienced as perceived, conceived, and lived. Henri
“Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem. In such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing the same way twice.”
Lefebvre portrays the triad concepts in spatial terms as spatial practice, representation of space and representational spaces.
- Christopher Alexander
1.
Spatial practice – perceived; is embracing the production
and reproduction of spatial characteristics in each formation.
2.
Pattern Language is an integrated tool related to the
tied to the production of a space with many signs and symbols.
analyses of space to physical urban forms. The basic principle of
3.
Christopher Alexander’s research participates in the thinking of Embedded in this thinking are 235 empirical design rules
The lived space balances the two end of Lefebvre’s theoretical
and solutions that generate a holistic guideline for creating
spectrum between idealism of conceived space and the
spaces(Park 2015). The abstractness of this design tool has been
materialistic of perceived space(Zhang 2006). This theory
in use to model the chemistry between design and the built environment domain. Although the original thinking behind
Figure 2.7 is a re-drawn version of the original pattern by Alexander to show that people need an identifiable spatial unit to belong to. This figure is an interpretation of Alexander’s original pattern portraying the concept of neighbourhood. It defines those small human groups which create the energy and character which can bring the larger community of 7000 (pattern no. 12) and the mosaic of subculture (pattern no. 08) to life.
pattern language has a very social nature (Wakkary 2002), this
Pattern No.14 : Identifiable Neighbourhood
suggested by Lefebvre suggest like that of Alexander’s Pattern Language, the habitable or lived space is subjective to human experiences of ‘people’s sense-making’ (Zhang 2006, p.3) with
dissertation aims to use the conceptual literature and produce
the space they encounter and embodying both the conceived and
and explicitly spatial analysis.
perceived. It is clear the relationship between space and society is a
Each pattern represents a rule governing one working piece of
reciprocal reaction and reasonable to assume that spatial practice,
a complex system and the application of pattern language will
representation of space and representational spaces all contribute
form the groundwork for an urban morphological approach.
to the different ways to the production of space (Lefebvre 1974).
According to Tzonis’ (1992) each of the patterns can be organised
Therefore, not only do the people directly influence the space
into three categories of morphology; referring to the physical
they inhabit, the spatial system will also evolve with the society
form, operation; discussing how people use the space and lastly performance representing how well the space is used.. This links 19
Representational space – lived; the emergent of the direct
relation between spatial practices and representations of spaces.
the practice of design reflected through a network of patterns.
FIG 2.7
Representation of space – conceived; are the relations
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it encapsulates. Returning to the origins of Alexander et al, the
introduced by Alexander and theoretically address the wide
refined patterns are critical in creating a social process for design
variety of elements that are organised in perpetually co-evolving
that includes a piece by piece configuration of the individual patterns that focus on the relations of space to physical form (Jiaxiu Cai n.d.). Within the language, a statement seen as a hypothesis follows each pattern. What makes the language is the pattern’s performance as a collective and their implication in the design process. The application of Pattern Language will scrutinise the current
with the urban borders and enclaves.
FIG 2.9 (Top)
Pattern No. 171 by Alexander
FIG 2.10 (Bottom)
Pattern No.171 reinterpreted Both Figures 2.9 & 2.10 highlight the principles of Pattern no. 171 when trees are planted or pruned without regard for the special places they can create, they are as good as dead for the people who need them. The pattern even indicates that trees, along with houses and other people, constitute of the three most basic parts of the human environment.
tactics that underpin morphological research and provide another level of theory in a situation where border and enclave studies are being more diverse. As Alexander has pointed out, the importance is to understand the links and relationships that are present within the patterns. They reinforce the functions of one another, their essential foundations contribute to the process of planning, and implementing, however, using only the suggested patterns by Alexander will not create a unique vibe of a placerelated community.
FIG 2.8
Pattern No.120 : Paths & Goals
Figure 2.8 are sketches by Alexander that identifies, the layout of paths will seem right and comfortable only when it is compatible with the process of walking. And the process of walking is far more subtle than one might imagine. Therefore, from the original aims of C. Alexander, one should not only be able to use the patterns but also create their own patterns.
The major motive for looking into Pattern Language is to bring together the hierarchical natures of borders, both spatial and a-spatial aspects and characters (Newman 2006). The main limitation is not being able to use this abstract tool as an evaluative method, in the way space syntax is able to examine the relationship between geographical and spatial forms of place and ways of encounter. Therefore, the key aim is to reflect on the generative and indicative method suggested within the language
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Pattern Language codifies practical solutions develops over a long period of time. These are appropriate to local customs, societies and climate. - Christopher Alexander
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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.4 Enclaves help to explain that every type of space has its own dynamic. Henceforth, this supports that boundaries and their existence is
‘All types of fortified enclaves share some basic characteristics. They are private property for collective use; they are physically isolated, either by walls or empty spaces or other design devices; they are turned inwards and not to the street; and they are controlled by armed guards and security systems which enforce rules of inclusion and exclusion… they possess all that is needed within a private and autonomous space and can be situated almost anywhere, independent of the surroundings.’ (Cladeira, 1996,p.308)
parallel to the interactions that occur simultaneously. The broader terminology that has emerged from an increased interest on border studies defines boundary enclaves being not just visible lines in spatial terms nor visible markers on a map; instead, they are seen as complex impositions of social
Caldeira recognises the notion of enclaves in San Paulo
constructions with many different meanings and functions.
to be entrenched with architectural means of segregation. It
Spatial boundaries entrails cultural structures, complex
denotes the ideas of gated communities, representing a substitute
organisation of behaviour and social relations. Boundaries
life style for the urban middle to upper class population that
scholars such as Barth (1969) recognise within any ecology there
has been isolated by the use of walls and gates, as territorial
will be collections of personals who essentially share a common
makers. Newman (2006) and Paasi (2011) builds on a contrasting
culture. These groups have an interconnection of differences that
assumption and associates enclaves with being multifaceted,
distinguish each discrete culture from all others.
multilevel and multiple interpretations of both visible and invisible boundaries. They are processes transecting spaces in not only administrative but also cultural, economic and social terms. To uncover the complexities of enclaves as well as their changing and contested nature, Haselberger (2014, p.2) points out an obvious yet central point that borders ‘unify and divide, include and exclude, change over time and space’ which can
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2.5 Space Syntax as a Theory
The following section will introduce the ideas rooted
-
The theory of ‘centrality as a process’
Concerns the mechanism that generates the spatial characteristics of,
from Professor Bill Hillier in explaining the origins and
in this case, place-related enclave as areas that benefit from movement
usefulness of Space Syntax. The original driving force behind
variations. This theory can suggest the workings of an integrated urban
space syntax research was originally to analyse building form
grid and its functions within a close-knit community.
and settlement patterns, all in effort to forecast the relationship between urban space and society. Part of the model developed
-
so far by Hillier sees a ‘city as a spatial system’ (Hillier 2014).
Suggesting a generative approach to the process of examining a
Developments of space syntax are from a meta-theoretical
community spatially. The nature of different land-use shares the common denominator of spatial structure and therefore influenced by the micro
approach. It is suggesting that spatial organisation be seen at a
levels of movement with the macro system of a city structure.
‘morphic language’ level (Hillier 2014). Overall, the morphic language of space syntax is about the ordering of space in
In this final section of the literature review, I will investigate the
buildings and its relationship between people. This in turn can
main readings, in addition to Bill Hillier’s use of space syntax as
allow for social or cultural attributes to be articulated (Bafna
a theory to decode the spatial morphological properties of the
2003).
built environment. Furthermore, discover the significance of typologies that are placed within that boundary. As identified
A key concept in using the methods of spatial configuration
by Hillier, although space syntax commonly is used as a set of
is the systematically are as suggested by Hillier and split into
parameters that contributes to the evaluation of urban space and
categories of: -
The theory of ‘the city as object’
the predictions of future outcomes, it is also adopted as a strategy
The theory of ‘natural movement’
for understanding how spatial formations function, interpreted
The realisation that although urban grid is one of the major factors in
and how it is joint within the knowing of society.
effecting patterns of movement, it however, does not deny the probability that space parameters are bounded by the user and attractor.
The important theory that Hillier proposes is to see the -
The theory of ‘movement economy’
foundation of building blocks and cities as ‘configurations’
This is the association between strong connections of movement and
speaking from a spatial angle. It is from this angle the theory of
attractors. This theory creates the ‘multiplier effect’ whereby patterns of
space syntax is to appreciate these formations and treat these
movement are being influenced by positioned attractors and the levels of
connections as ‘relations that take into account other relations’
movement attracted to the urban grain.
(Hillier 2014, p.5). 25
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What sets this principle of space syntax apart from the others is
intelligent when critically applied in assessing the qualities and
the usefulness of being able to apply the methods and techniques,
characteristics of a space. In spite of this, it is possible to generate
from simple hand-made solid-void/figure-ground studies that
an in depth recognition that a ‘spatial configuration’ (Dursun
begin to conceptualise the complexity of the Hui physical form
2012) is able to generate a cradle-to-cradle cycle. Not only does
and thus the interconnections it may have when being associated
society create the spatial systems that it uses but a collective is
with Hui-Han cross-border social interactions. To a certain
vice-versa affected and influenced by the spaces they inhabit.
extent, the previous approaches, such as place-related identity, thick and thin, all ascribe, to a considerable extent the physical characteristics of the varying elements. However, space syntax theories will evolve the study of borders and boundaries to
2.6 Conclusion
appraise morphological studies that show the hierarchy of change within urban lineaments.
The concepts considered in the above literature review,
as a theoretical framework in the application of the study of The main interest in space syntax is much more than just
urban morphology, can help obtain a descriptive, explanative and
analysing the patterns of configuration, it is to understand
qualitative result for translating the spatial complexity of urban
the ‘relation between human beings and their inhibited
borderlands, boundaries and enclaves. The interrelated concepts’
spaces’(Dursun 2007) which distinctively outline the underlying
overall purpose is to contribute to the deduction of urban form;
social meanings that are enunciated.
from a physical structure, but more importantly, forecast a possible outcome for the social interactions that might occur.
One basic viewpoint to approaching space syntax analysis is by considering any city system composed of two parts; spatial objects and open space. Spatial objects are identified as buildings and settlement blocks whereas open space is the network of spaces between spatial objects (Shouyi Lin, Jianhua Xu, Qi Shen 2010). Although this technique applied in investigating and recognising is stagnant and rigid, the application is much more
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3 AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA There are 56 ethnic minorities or minzu (
) in China. Due to
the largest population of Han minzu, the rest of the 55 minzu are therefore referred as ethnic minority groups to distinguish from the Han ( ) majority.
With a population of 10.64 million according to the
Chinese census in 2000, Chinese ethnic minority groups are mainly scattered in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Guangxi, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, Taiwan and other provinces and autonomous regions.
3.1 Definition of Ethnic Minority Group in the View of Distribution Pattern
A typical minority distribution pattern has been formed
along with the Chinese historical and economic development, and the continuous interaction between Han and minorities. This specific pattern can be commonly interpreted as sparse scattering of population and compact small habiting communities (
)According to their inhabiting location, ethnic
minorities can also be classified as ‘JuJu minority’( and ‘SanZaJu minority’ (
)
). JuJu minority tend
to indicate those minorities, who are concentrated living in autonomous regions. For example, most Tibetan minorities
FIG 3.0 (Top)
are living in Tibet autonomous regions of China. It is the same
A Hui prayer gathering
case of Huis, most commonly inhabiting in NinXia autonomous regions. On the contrast, ethnic minorities widely distributed all over the country, mixing up with both Han and other minorities,
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are defined as SanZaJu minority.
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA
As (Yang 2014) reported there are around 3.5million minorities
Since Huis are descendants of Muslim ancestors, it is not
distributed all over the country, accounting for nearly one-third
uncommon to find different physical characteristic from Han
of China’s total minority population and around 1.6million are
majority. For example, Huis have light-coloured hair, hazel-green
living within urban cities. As China is economically growing
eyes and high-bridged nose.
and cities continues to develop, more ethnic minorities will be migrating from traditional autonomous regions towards urbanised and opportunity prone cities.
3.2.2 Living Pattern
3.2 A Brief Introduction of Hui Ethnic Minority Group
The Hui minority are present in each province, even each city of China, which reflects the special feature of SanZaJu minority’s sparse distribution of population. Meanwhile, Hui’s
The Hui minzu, as one of the largest ethnic minorities,
typical traditional living pattern, living around mosques or
is most likely to be considered as the best representative of
qinzhensi (
SanZaJu minority. Therefore, the study of Hui minority can be
minority , namely, living in compact small communities. In
an important subject of anthropology, ethnology, sociology and
order to retain religious purity and group identity, the Huis
therefore also its impact on urban morphology.
always isolate themselves socially from other people, in enclaves.
3.2.1 Population
In particular the Huis in the Northwest part of China are more culturally and religiously conservative.
With a sizable population of 9.8 million (the 5th Chinese
From the point view of Huis, the mosque is an architectural
census report, 2000), the Hui minority is one of China’s largest and most widely distributed ethnic minorities. Most Hui Chinese are living in NingXia Hui Autonomous Region in Northwest of
gathering point, playing a religious symbol. Importantly, it is
FIG 3.1 (Top) Hui minority men cooking a delicacy
regarded, as self-awareness when challenging with distinct
China, while there are many concentrated Hui communities in
cultural groups and therefore pivoting around mosques has
other provinces, such as GanSu, XingJiang, QinHai, Yunan, etc.
become an important symbol to maintaining the Hui ethnic
In Chinese, Hui ( Huihui minzu ( and Huizu (
31
), actually implies another feature of SanZaJu
) can be understood as HuiHui (
enclave’s interests.
),
)(Huihui people or huihui nationality) )(a contraction of Hui minzu).
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AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA
Minority
3.3 The Study of Urban Hui Ethnic Minority Groups
Han Sparse scattering of population, compact small communities Minorities inhabiting location
Concentrated living in autonomous regions
the most representative of SanZaJu minority, the study of Hui
Hui
minority has become more and more concerned. The focus
Hui Hui
tends to be placed on the traditional social structure of urban
Hui Hui Minority
Hui enclaves and challenges facing urban Hui minority within
Hui Minority Mosque
the rapidly developing Chinese economy. It is believed the study FIG 3.3 (Top)
Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway
3.2.3 Religion
As one of the largest population Chinese minority, and
of urban Hui minority aims to assist in constructing a proper interaction between Huis and their Han neighbour, importantly contributing to an urban ecology’s expansion.
There is a closed relationship between the formation
of the Hui and the development of Islamic culture in China. In
Therefore, a large number of academic papers or research
other words, the formation of the Hui is not only a representative
reports started to emphasise the study of urban Hui minorities
of an enclave living in a certain area. It tends to express a
from areas such as population historic distribution, economic,
basic cultural identity feature. In fact, Muslim community
cultural and religious developments, to more specific studies
is undoubtedly the Islamic culture carrier, it is the historical
focusing on living patterns, interrelationships, facing challenges
starting point and the logical starting point for the Hui’s formation and development.
in urban reformation and development. For example, Hu (2005)
FIG 3.4 (Top) Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway
Therefore, although the Huis are often called ‘Chinese Muslims’
claimed that the traditional Hui’s living pattern of situating around the mosque has started to disappear due to Beijing city’s development and reconstruction.
they should be regarded as a national minority rather than a FIG 3.2 (Top)
Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway
religious community.
In addition, Zhang (2014) summarises the feature of Huis in ZhaoTong, YuNan by illustrating its sparsely distributed population and compact small habiting communities. Furthermore, American researcher, Gillett (2000) spent 18 months in a Hui community in LianHu district of XiAn, to explore the challenges facing the Huis. In hope to report back FIG 3.5 (Top)
Inside Qilihe District Hui Mosque gateway
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on their response to traditional and modern, maintenance of
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
AN OVERVIEW OF THE HUI ETHNIC GROUP IN CHINA
ethnic identity after urban reconstruction, and how to deal
living structure can be considered as a setting, a variable factor to
with the effects. In fact, studies of urban Hui minority have
observe and adjust an ethnic minority’s communication (Zhang
been penetrated into even more specific areas and research
2014). Therefore, classification of living structure of Lanzhou
achievements have been applied into improvement life within the
Hui minority can be briefly summarised as the following
enclave.
configurations (Tang, 2004): The traditional Hui living pattern evolve round the location of
3.4 The Hui Minority in Lanzhou
the mosque. This specific type of living are mainly habitations in
As the provincial capital city, Lanzhou is regarded as
bungalows and low-rise housings, which remain little effected by
the most important city in the whole Northwest part of China.
Lanzhou’s modernisation. These Huis are traditionally situated
It is not only the fortress of the ancient Silk Road but also an
close to the mosque, as they live, work and socialise around
important transportation hub to connect the Northwest part
this important point. On the other hand, the transformed
to the rest of China. In addition to its essential geographical
living pattern is identified from clustering of small, dense
position, Lanzhou is a densely Hui populated city in Northwest
communities to mixed or, scattered living structure. Due to
of China.
the city’s reconstruction, most of original Huis had to leave to other areas, while Hans together with other minorities started to
Geographically, Lanzhou is constituted with three counties,
move in due to various economic and social reasons. This kind
which are YuZhong, YongDeng and GaoLan, and five districts
of urban ethnic living structure is becoming a trend of future
including ChengGuan, QiLiHe, AnNing, XiGua and HongGu. The population of Hui minority in Lanzhou is 10.95million, occupying 3.03% of Lanzhou’s total population, and 68.72% of
FIG 3.6 (Upper Top) FIG 3.7 (Top)
Both images show current day Hui Chinese setting up a traditional delicacy food stall.
minority group’s population based on the 6th Chinese census report (2010). According to Ma (2015), the term of residential living structure refers to a spatial permutations and combination for different minorities in a certain area. A further explanation points out that
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urbanisations.
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4 METHODOLOGY
4.2 Research Design
There is a great importance to designing a research
The original plan was to use the empirical techniques
methodology in order for the reader to understand your chosen
of observation and grounded theory as the main method to
problem. It is a systematic way to solving a problem (Kothari
conduct research into the importance of borderlands and
2012; Uusitalo 2014) because they are a series of planned,
enclaves. By carefully studying the two poly-ethnic social systems
experimental and theoretical procedures to achieve new
of Han-Hui spatially adjacent neighbourhoods within Lanzhou, I
insights into the identified problem. There are many different
had aimed to use the selected research methods to quantitatively
types of research, however, this dissertation will be focusing on
deconstruct the working relationships between the two differing
fundamental research where the central aim is fixed towards
sides of the border, through defining the actions that occurred
finding information that has a wide-ranging base of applications
across borders. The aim of carrying out this type of research
and thus, adding to the already existing organised body of
was to support the hypothesis that is characterised by personal
scientific knowledge.
experience. However due to unforeseen family circumstances and time constraints, I shifted the research strategy to primarily theoretical and methodological in nature. The methodology implemented
4.1 Context / Scope
is altered to spatially deconstruct and further understand the
The city of Lanzhou in the Gansu Province of China
working of borders and boundaries from a purely architectural
is selected for testing the conceptual research methodology.
point of view, in hope that this will help to forecast the social
There will be three plots of study sites chosen to understanding
interactions of cross bordering activities. This conceptual and
the concepts highlighted in the literature review and will be
fundamental method is justified on the basis of providing a more
located in the districts of Chengguan and Qilihe, where major
rigorous framework for moving from an abstract idea to thinking
quarters of Hui settlements are situated. These three study sites
and designing spaces. This informative tool helps develop
in particular will trace the patterns of the architectural shifts that
knowledge for spatial complexity of urban ecologies and the
originate around the mosque, to highlight the typical traditional
requirements of urban morphology. However, this needs a more
living patterns being adjacent to the urbanised vertical living
grounded research methodology in future to review and further
compounds. I aim to explore these spatial configurations of the
development will make the research into a tool to conceive and
urban form and structure through using a set of parameters that
criticise the space in design education.
collectively aid the analysis of these Hui minority settlement clusters. 37
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
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FIG 4.0 (Top)
Research diagram to show the thinking behind the aim and methodology for the research questions
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4.3 Space Syntax as a Method whole configuration in mind, I will adopt the methods of space syntax, photographic analysis both simultaneously recognising patterns and trends that describe the built environment as a set
‘Space syntax best described as a research program that investigates the relationship between human societies and space from the perspective of a general theory of the structure of inhabited space in all its diverse forms: buildings, settlements, cities, nor even landscapes.’ (Bafna 2003, p.17)
of networks. In this perspective, the methods are inter-related techniques that work hand in hand to understanding enclaves as not a collection of building blocks that may have geometrical regularities, but a network of interconnected spaces that created
these spatial grains (Hillier 1999).
An active group led by Professor Bill Hillier in the early
1970s initiated the original drive for the family of techniques
There are predominantly five steps in using space syntax as a
and theories concerning society’s relationship with space. The
method. These include identifying a study area of significance,
theories coined the logic behind the space into configurations
dividing the space, establishing connectivity lines within the
that symbolised continuous space into a series of connected
infrastructure, calculating and there forth understand the
discrete units. The model of space syntax denies the linear
borderland through graphs, convex polygons and visual zones.
application that ‘space-as-objects’ and ‘society-as-subjects’ (Yang
Traditionally, there are three main space syntax techniques of
& Hillier 2007) division. Instead, it converts the space with
analysis, being axial mapping, Isovist fields and convex spaces.
associated configurations that carry out a specific figurative or
I will be using a combination of axial lines and heat mapping to
unique charge.
focus on the spatial configurations of the study sites that are used to represent the clustering of the Hui minzu in Chenguan and
Space syntax is a method to detect the patterns of social logic,
Qilihe district.
by grounding the relations of society to space, with identified configurations that describe and analyse the basic characteristics
Below will highlight the precise methods of space syntax I have
of the urban layout. With the structural properties of the
interpreted from understanding the traditional rules of space syntax, to conduct a desktop study in breaking down the spaces
FIG 4.1 (Top)
of the study areas.
The diagrams show concepts in order: 1) Axial Lines 2) Isovist Fields 3) Convex Spaces
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4.3.1 Axial Maps
Under one of the categories of space syntax, there
not only just one point of connectivity; instead, it will take into
is potential to understand the distribution of an urban
account both types of access around and within the enclave.
environment’s existing connectivity seen from a systematic and
This method in highlighting the morphological characters
topological perspective (Dhanani et al. 2012). Axial mapping
of the streets themselves will unfold cities’ underlying spatial
exists to reveal the spatial sense of societies and the logic of
organisation and trace a connection between space and society.
architectural space at varying scales. Since space syntax is
In other words, the process of representing connectivity through
an essential tool to understanding the morphological and
axial lines will show an urban environment’s street network
typological enquiry into an urban ecology’s flow of spatial
through accessibility and visibility.
distribution, axial mapping looks further at identifying the more likely used infrastructure.
Such studies will begin to help me understand the morphological properties of Lanzhou’s ethnic enclaves and future application
By using the chosen study sites in Lanzhou, I conducted
of this system of thinking to any physical and visual urban
an exercise that mapped out all the axial lines of the street
environment, whereby people are stationary or moving.
configurations within the urban fabric adjacent to the mosque, which is considered the central point of the ethnic enclave.
4.3.2 Heat Maps Analysis
This step of analysis I have split into identifying the pedestrian
and vehicle access with axial lines separately. By undertaking
I have after following on from examining the city with
axial lines of pedestrian and vehicle access identified the more
this task, I hope to identify the major routes that construct
prominent roads with a thicker line weight to emphasis its
or separate the ethnic enclave and therefore come to a pre-
multiple connections and intersections. For further analysis,
judgement of whether there are positive levels of permeability
I have overlaid both maps to find the access points that are
along the borderlands.
most dominant within the surrounding area of the mosque. I will finally collate all the information through an abstract and
The actual achieving of an axial map is done by using a map of
illustrative heat map, therefore holistically making a conclusion
the plot site and identifying all the longest straight line possible
about the area that capture the most permeable parts to the study
of unobstructed movement that crosses and interconnects the
site.
area’s built environment. By analysing both the pedestrian and vehicle access routes, I can justify that this mapping exercise has
This method of spatial analysis is a very literal way to concentrate on the basic principles of space syntax, because initial plot
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4.4 Photo Analysis sizes and building properties all work as a whole to accumulate the relations of the locale. It is from these initial relations that ‘Think of a camera as a machine that records and communicates much as a typewriter does.’ (Becker 2013)
prosper the morphological reasoning behind the socio-spatial denominators that are visible in a space, which is defined by as either thick or thin boundaries.
4.3.3 Limitations & Assumptions
I have after following on from examining the city with
axial lines of pedestrian and vehicle access identified the more prominent roads with a thicker line weight to emphasis its multiple connections and intersections. For further analysis, I have overlaid both maps to find the access points that are
FIG 4.2 (Top)
Ethnicity within Lanzhou is, in its slightest sense, a
feeling of the Hui minzu maintaining one’s self-definition (Hu
Blind men and the elephant I have used blindness is a metaphor to pause and consider the conception of what is the normal or true range of the perceptual. As quoted by Henri Lefebvre, ‘we see things incompletely’ and it is this coexistence with notions of the real, unreal and unseen, which we are battling with constantly.
2012). Through a series of photographs, I intend to trace the architectural configurations of the borderlands that surround the identified ethnic enclave that may serve as forms of identification for the Hui minzu. However, due to a family complication, I was unable to conduct the empirical research personally on site. In light of this inconvenience, I will analyse the conceptual
most dominant within the surrounding area of the mosque. I
reflections attached to the photos taken by Kuan & Jie, whom
will finally collate all the information through an abstract and
have not been informed with the details of the hypothesis.
illustrative heat map, therefore holistically making a conclusion
With this intention, I aim to create a set of instructions that pin
about the area that capture the most permeable parts to the study
point the locations of where the photos will be taken, in hope to
site.
visually understand the information highlighted in the axial and heat maps.
This method of spatial analysis is a very literal way to concentrate on the basic principles of space syntax, because initial plot
This second methodology will take into consideration the
sizes and building properties all work as a whole to accumulate
visual experiences of the Hui enclave and through this process
the relations of the locale. It is from these initial relations that
of photographic analysis of separating spaces; it will generate a
prosper the morphological reasoning behind the socio-spatial
series of inceptions. This will allow me to develop a visual image
denominators that are visible in a space, which is defined by as
of the enclave as an object consisting of an infrastructural web
either thick or thin boundaries.
that influences the organising of the whole network, other than the immediate locality.
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4.4.1 Limitations & Assumptions The set hypothesis of predicting the variations on social
Although throughout this dissertation there will a running
connections through analysis of spatial patterns is justified by the
theme of concepts, syntactical strategies and photographs to help
use of thoughtfully selected visual images, derived from pervious
support the understanding of spatial configurations in effecting
bodily experiences in the city and literature influenced concepts.
the social interactions between the two ethnically diverse people.
Ethical differences can be a source of considerable conflict since
There is the main limitation of not having first-hand experience
in many instances ethnic groups are un-fixed by a stratified
of the study sites to deduct the line of activities that occur across
system. To use the perspective of Fredrik Barth, I think the socio-
borders.
spatial relations should not be how and why boundaries are
4.5 Expected Outcomes & Contributions
maintained through a social and economic perspective. It should be a perspective more dedicated to the architectural and spatial
capture of an enclave, which is constantly evolving and adapting
physical structure of an idiosyncratic neighbourhood dictated
to its border activities, which make the analysis beyond trying to
by social differences. Development of urban form will be using
understand enclaves as only culturally separate groups but also as
principles from morphological measures to analyse important
spatially different entities.
vantage points’ connectivity of streets and block patterns. These
The outcome of this dissertation will be to analyse the
tools and techniques will define spatial characteristics that Although the act of photography may appear to be a naĂŻve way of
specialise in the Hui enclave of Lanzhou. The aim of undertaking
presentation, this is due to the misconception that observers see
this methodological approach is to on the one hand spatially
it as only a caption of what is in front of it at one specific moment
breakdown the different urban grains that define a borderland
in time. A still image. Nevertheless, this research method will
and to appreciate the separation of enclaves from a purely spatial
explore the spatial features of any location, just as the functions
perspective. On the other hand, using the knowledge gained
of a typewriter is able to record and analysis as; descriptive,
from studying types of spatial configurative patterns as an asset
narrative and in all ways informative, of the surrounding
for understanding the coexistence of multiple identities, within
atmosphere.
an urban environment for future design references.
The use of visual methods will be instigated a lot more literally in this dissertation. The study sites will be located with intersections that are able to support the concepts highlighted in the literature review and provide another level of evidence for the spatial information extracted from the use of syntactic strategies. 47
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RESULTS & FINDINGS
5 RESULTS & FINDINGS FIG 5.0
A map illustrating the major roads that are adjacent to the XiGuan Mosque
‘If we define an urban street as a system of lines linking some set of origins and destinations, and to the extent that movement along the lines making up the network will be substantially determined by extrinsic measures of those lines.’ Hillier 1998
Figure 5.0 is outlining the major and minor roads that run throughout study site one. BaiYin Road separates the study site into two halves.
XiGuan Mosque
BaiYin Road
The representation of street networks is one of the
N
fundamental premise that space syntax has been built. Therefore, the question of how to represent an enclave and ultimately a city through mapping is of equal importance to the question of how to analyse them. The three study sites in this chapter will highlight the settlement patterns of the specifics of the Hui enclave and show how the interaction of society and space can be
FIG 5.1
XiGuan Mosque
A map to illustrate the buildings most adjacent to the XiGuan Mosque
Architectural grain around urbanised area
Figure 5.1 is simply a diagrammatic plan to identify the positive and negative spaces that are clearly divided as the left and right of the study site.
Architectural grain around a more traditional area
analysed simultaneously. The breakdown of the analysis will to highlight the road networks reflecting dominant vehicle access
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and street network identifying the main pedestrian led access routes all within the parameters of the study sites. FIG 5.2
Figure ground map highlighting study area one Figure 5.2 is a figure ground map that highlights the architectural grain and major roads adjacent to the XiGuan Mosque.
Map Scale: 1:10000@A3
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XiGuan Mosque
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
RESULTS & FINDINGS
5.1 Study Site - One
Xiguan mosque is located as a piece of architectural
gateway to Baiyin Road and Xijin East Road of Chenguan district. There are distinct differences of urban grain on the left and right hand side of Baiying road, that can be seen as the central divider between the old and new halves of the overall area surrounding the mosque. In this axial map, there are large numbers of longer and thicker lines highlighting the road networks present in the more urbanised area that is adjacent in the Eastern area of the enclave. On the other hand, towards the southwest quadrant of the study site there are clusters of shorter and thicker lines representing FIG 5.3 (Top)
The front entrance of XiGuan Mosque
FIG 5.4 (Bottom)
The back entrance of XiGuan Mosque
the street networks, which are showing the many routes accessed by pedestrians. Due to this descriptive contingency, this representation identifies a clear distinction in the structural properties between the different sides of the urban grid. As the article Decoding the Urban Grid (Figueiredo & Amorim n.d.)states, the hierarchy of axial maps are based on the simple idea that the longer the lines are the more important it is in the
FIG 5.5
FIG 5.6
Figure 5.5 shows this pedestrian only access road being very narrow and view restricted. The derelict buildings on both sides of the access route show little to no activity.
Figure 5.6 is a one way route serving both vehicular and pedestrian access. From this photograph it is also visible that the street remains to be very narrow with economic based activity along the side.
A pedestrian only access route to the left of the Mosque
system. However, I disagree with this opinion and consider that despite the length of the line, its importance is shown via how well each line is in connection with other axial lines. This would show a cluster of lines that exhibit a high degree of connectivity at a small scale. It is evident from figures 5.9 and 5.11 there are more axial lines to represent the different pedestrian crossing than there are compared to road networks for vehicle access. 51
FIG 5.7
A panoramic view of the East and West areas adjacent t Xiguan Mosque
Figure 5.7 shows a very clear street scape of the areas that are either side of the enclave surrounding Xiguan Mosque. It is evident from the photo that there is two distinctive urban grains that divide the enclave. There is a clear difference in height between the traditional settlement compared to the urbanised area.
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A one way side street located at the front of the Mosque
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
RESULTS & FINDINGS
FIG 5.8 (Left)
FIG 5.10 (Left)
FIG 5.9 (Down)
FIG 5.11 (Down)
A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the vehicular accesses
A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the pedestrian routes
A map showing the more connected vehicular routes
A map showing the more connected pedestrian routes Compared to axial maps showing the vehicular accesses, figures 5.9 & 5.10 show that on both sides of Baiyin Road, there are more pedestrian marked routes. However, what is surprising is that there seem to be equal numbers of thick axial lines on both sides of the enclave.
Figure 5.9 has picked out the more connected vehicular routes with a thicker axial line to indicate where cross-border activity might occur within the enclave due to the increased vehicular accesses. Figure 5.8 prior to indicating the more connected routes, it is visible that there are more axial lines in the urbanised and more regimented part of the enclave.
Map Scale: 1:10000@A3
Map Scale: 1:10000@A3
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RESULTS & FINDINGS
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FIG 5.12 (Left)
Heat map of pedestrian and vehicular axial lines
At the first sight, the tighter, denser packed spatial orderings on the left is more connected at a pedestrian level and the more structured and less dense urban grain towards the right of the mosque is much better connected vehicle wise. From the figure ground, however, it is also apparent the connecting infrastructure is much narrower on the left of Baiyin road than compared to
Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
the more planned and regimented connective paths on the right. Such a correlation is discussed in order to understand what is likely to influence the shape and interactions of the enclaves and therefore deduct the enclave’s configurational value of urban paths. FIG 5.14 (Top)
Both vehicular and pedestrian access route adjacent to the Xiuan Mosque
FIG 5.15 (Bottom)
A narrow alley that is adjacent to a school that is close to Xiguan Mosque
Figure 5.12 shows there are specific points of mutual connection and captures the significant properties of the urban fabric that discriminates between the individual street segments that are on either side of the main artery. By undertaking this approach to understanding the morphological measures of street connectivity and using photographic analysis, it can provide new information
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about the street shape and spatial alignment of the enclave. From a spatial point of view, I can deduct that the intersecting axial lines and the spatial character of this study site implies the reduction of ethnic potential on the right and increases of the smaller interaction between the routines of everyday life because street scape are in a sense forcing the connectivity of people
FIG 5.13
within the enclave.
Heat maps of pedestrian and vehicular axial lines that surround the Xiguan Mosque Figure 5.4 is a heat map that overlaps both the pedestrian and vehicular axial lines and show the more pedestrian axial lines dominate both sides of the enclave settlement.
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Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
5.2 Study Site - Two
FIG 5.16
A map illustrating the major roads that are adjacent to Baishu Mosque
of Lanzhou city. It is situated not far from Xiguan mosque and is
XiJin East Road
Figure 5.16 is outlining the major and minor roads that run throughout study site two. Xijin East Road is the major road that outlines the North of the site.
Baishu alley mosque is located within the Qilihe district
located around the centre strip of Xijin Road. The same approach has been used to depict the general characteristics of this enclave.
BaiShu Mosque
From this point of view, both axial maps set the stage for a systematic development and these will be the theoretical basis FIG 5.19 (Top)
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The main entrance to Baishu Mosque
FIG 5.20 (Bottom)
An iconic symbol that is at the gateway leading into Baishu Alley
FIG 5.17
A map to illustrate the buildings most adjacent to the Baishu Mosque
theory, the natural movement theory prioritises pedestrian movement and justifies that this theory will be dependent on the
The overlap in the connecting axial lines identified in the heat
BaiShu Mosque
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patterns. Just as identified in figure X.X and according to Hillier’s
morphological characteristics of the streets itself.
XiJin East Road
Figure 5.1 is simply a diagrammatic plan to identify the positive and negative spaces of the study site.
Architectural grain around a more traditional area
used to understand the measure of route simplicity in movement
map is the preliminary information that has been collated to understanding the urban fabric that is likely to be the potential
Architectural grain around urbanised area
for activity prone, open ended bordering spaces (Peponis et al. 2007). It indicates that with more overlaps in both road and street networks, a set of systematic development of routes that link different destinations to the borderland has brought about
FIG 5.18
and thus promoted both cross-border activity and routines of
Figure ground map highlighting study area two
everyday life within the Baishu alley enclave.
Figure 5.18 is a figure ground map that highlights the architectural grain and major roads adjacent to the Baishu Mosque.
XiJin East Road
BaiShu Mosque
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
RESULTS & FINDINGS
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FIG 5.21 (Top)
Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
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A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the vehicular accesses in study site two
A map showing the more connected vehicular routes Figure 22 indicates that the major connecting vehicular routes are those that line the perimeter of the enclave. To indicate that Baishu Mosque is connected to other areas of the city via these two vehicular roads.
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A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the pedestrian routes
Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
FIG 5.22 (Top)
FIG 5.23 (Top)
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FIG 5.24 (Top)
A map showing the more connected pedestrian axial lines From figure 5.24 it is clear that the tighter settle grain that is within close proximity show more connection to other areas of the enclave via pedestrian access. This could suggest increased levels of interaction via pedestrian routes between differing spaces and people in the enclave.
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
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RESULTS & FINDINGS
FIG 5.25 Heat map of vehicular axial lines
FIG 5.26 Heat map of pedestrian axial lines
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FIG 5.27 (Top)
Heat maps of overlaid pedestrian and vehicular axial lines that surround the Baishu Mosque Figure 5.27 show the major Xijin East Road, creating the darkest gradient, being both pedestrian and vehicular more connected to the Baishu Mosque.
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FIG 5.28 (Opposite Top) FIG 5.29 (Opposite Bottom)
Figure 5.28 is taken towards the Southeast of the Baishu Mosque, there is a completely different urban infrastructure and also building heights are greatly different within a close proximity. However, cross border interactions can be seen suggest that the border is relatively permeable. Figure 5.29 reflect the poor visibility of the roads throughout the enclave. The road is very narrow but from the photograph we can interpret there are cross-culture economic interaction.
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RESULTS & FINDINGS
5.3 Study Site - Three The heat map has highlighted in the darkest gradients of purple,
The last study site is located in Qilihe district, Gonglin
the overlapping axial lines are the intertwined pedestrian and
Road mosque. The pedestrian route axial map has created a long
vehicle access between the boundaries of the enclave. When
span of connectivity from east to west of the study site. Through
translated into street segments and building block characteristics
the overlapping of both axial maps, the generated heat map
in relation to land use, the apparent divergence between the
indicates that there is a greater degree of interaction movement
different street alignments is strikingly different. Thus, this
towards the areas where there are more urban compounds
can imply that there is a co-presence of potentially different
compared the traditional tight enclave grain.
interactions between people that exist beyond the boundaries and those inside the enclave.
As Gonglin Road is spatially separating the enclave from the wider areas towards the south, it’s shown as an important arterial
The photographs combined with the spatial analysis through understanding the figure ground maps, pick out the fine details of small local routes and piece together a bigger image of the global network that potentially reduces the distinction between
road that is strongly linked to the network as a whole and is also interconnected to elements and paths identified as being within
FIG 5.30 Gonglin Road leading up to the Mosque
the differing sides of the enclaves.
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the enclave. The result again clearly shows that the increase of density of routes around the road and within the enclave, create a more integrated network.
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RESULTS & FINDINGS
Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
Map Scale: 1:10000@A3
FIG 5.34 (Left)
A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the vehicular accesses around the study site
FIG 5.31
Gonglin Mosque
A map illustrating the major roads that are located nearby GongLin Mosque Figure 5.31 is outlining the major and minor roads that run throughout study site three. Gonglin Road is the main artery that connects the Mosque to the rest of Lanzhou.
Gonglin Road
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Architectural grain around urbanised area
FIG 5.32
A map to illustrate the buildings most adjacent to the Gonglin Road Mosque Figure 5.32 is simply a diagrammatic plan to identify the positive and negative spaces of the study site.
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Gonglin Mosque Architectural grain around a more traditional area
FIG 5.35 (Top)
A map showing the more connected vehicular routes
FIG 5.33
Gonglin Mosque
Figure ground map highlighting study area three Figure 5.33 is a figure ground map that highlights the architectural grain and major roads adjacent to the Gonglin Road Mosque.
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Gonglin Road
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It is evident from figure 5.35 that many of the more connected axial lines align the perimeter of the enclave. There are less vehicular axial to the East of Gonglin Mosque, where there is an architectural shift in the urban grain. Compared to the East of Gonglin Mosque, the West, there are more axials that surround the better planned settlement, indicating this part of the enclave is better connected via vehicle access. This can lead one to deduce that the more traditional urban grain is not easily directly accessible via other part of the city.
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URBAN MORPHOLOGY
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FIG 5.36 (Left)
RESULTS & FINDINGS
Map Scale: 1:10000@A3
A map showing the axial lines that highlight all the pedestrian routes around the study site
FIG 5.38 (Top)
Heat map of pedestrian axial lines
Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
Map Scale: 1:5000@A3
FIG 5.37 (Top)
FIG 5.40 (Top)
A map showing the more connected pedestrian routes in thick axial lines
Heat map of vehicular and pedestrian access
From the perspective of figure 5.37, there is a strong pedestrian link splitting the northern section of the study site. Besides this strong link, to the East of Gonglin Mosque is also very strongly pedestrianised, with many axial lines running through the many streets and alleys of the more traditional settlement areas.
From the overall heat map shows a general trend of most connectivity being the main Gonglin Road. The other secondary roads are also show high levels of connectivity. However, it is evident that the to East of Gonglin Road, there is hardly any dominating vehicular access.
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FIG 5.39 (Top)
Heat map of vehicular axial lines
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
RESULTS & FINDINGS
The holistic representation of this network of axials that have been summarised in figure XX and photographs show the spaces that people will move through as much as the cars will. This might indicate that there is no single hierarchy amongst the roads that surround these enclaves. They are made from of a string of junctions of major roads that all highlight the importance of the local area; this makes sense spatially, as each major intersection, axial lines can be access points for the wider network of social interactions. From the analysis, the results show that the underlying structure of the urban grid is in fact not a perfect grid, but FIG 5.43 (top)
An image of the congested residential compounds units that are amongst the traditional low-rise settlements
a series of hierarchical systems. Therefore, the morphology does differentiate between the main spaces that connect all the extensions and controls the movement between them. This kind of geometric order of system, creates a well-defined underlying structure (Hillier 1996) in which journeys converge to meet important points of interest. Hence, the emergence of cities as
FIG 5.41 (Opposite Top)
An old derelict shop frontage
FIG 5.42 (Opposite Down)
Difference in residential configurations Figure 5.40 captures the image of a convenience store that is located in the heart of the enclave. In the back drop are midi-rise residential compounds that serve the Hui minority. This settlement is also highlighted in figure 5.41 where the is a dramatic difference between high-rise residential compound and 2-3 storey houses. From these two images, it could suggest that place related identity is very much polarised by these very different styles of living.
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hierarchy systems thus promote social and practical processes to develop.
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
6 CONCLUSION groups and therefore different ethnic urban layouts and spaces differ quite dramatically. The limitations of this dissertation suggest further ways research can be undertaken. Nevertheless,
‘If we define an urban street as a system of lines linking some set of origins and destinations, and to the extent that movement along the lines making up the network will be substantially determined by extrinsic measures of those lines.’ Hillier 1998
the limitations do not undermine the results and findings within this study; however, an additional layer of fieldwork is able to quantitatively measure the urban morphology and social relations that exists. Whilst we can create and analysis cities with
syntactical strategies and photographic evidence, it however does
The aim of this dissertation as stated at the very
not seek to be a replicate of reality but instead serve as a unique
beginning is to develop and understand a theoretical framework
angle to understanding the different structures of an urban space.
and methodology to describe and analyse the urban morphology of an urban enclave. The objective was to identify the spatial qualities and the main elements that had influenced the spatial configuration of the spaces. Throughout this dissertation, there have been key concepts highlighting the critical thinking behind borders and boundaries. Simultaneously, morphological analysis evaluated three plots within Lanzhou city, which all shared a commonality of being a centre for Hui settlement locations. Therefore, the question that continues to be intriguing is how the spatial configurations of an urban environment effect those that live and interact across the borders of an enclave. This question is important to understanding how and why cities function, and significant to understanding the fundamentals that change the social interaction that occur between people. This dissertation contributed to understanding how the spatial structure could affect natural interaction, since different ethnic 71
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