Portfolio Unit 2
Jessie MejĂa Key: #6 6th Bilingual
Index
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Index………………………………………………………………………………………..…,.2
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My Learning Process……………………………………………………………………..….,3
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Modals to express degrees of necessity(ranging from obligation to no obligation) …4,5
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Grammar Notes………………………………………………………………………….….6-7
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Modals to express degrees of certainty…………………………………………………8-10
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Reading Comprehension………………………………………………………………..11-12
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Writing…………………………………………………………………………………..…… 13
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Proofread Document…………………………………………………………………….….14
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Final Test………………………………………………………………………………….….15
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Pictionary…………………………………………………………………………………….16
Modals to express degrees of necessity Obligation (Necessity)
You
Must Have to Have got to
call
Had to
call
them. You them.
Must not Can’t Are not allowed to
call
them.
Weren’t allowed to
call
them.
Advice
You
Had bettter Should Ought to
leave
early.
Should have Ought to have
leave
early
You
Had better not Shouldn’t
leave
early.
shouln’t have
left
early.
Expectation
You
are supposed to are to
take
a gift
were supposed to were to
take
a gift
You
Suggestion
You
are not supposed to are not
do
this.
were not supposed to were not to
do
this
No Obligation (No necessity
could might
give
food.
could have might have
given
food.
You
don’t have to
take
them
didn’t have to
take
them
GRAMMAR NOTES Modals are auxiliary verbs. The modals are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to and had better. Each modal has only one form for all persons.
I Could speak English today, but I don't want to. We should go to New York with Tim.
Use simple modals (modal + base form) to show degrees of necesssity in the present and the future.
1
We shoud have left earlier. Now we are going to be late.
Use perfect modals (modal + have + past participle) to show degrees of necessity in the past. Modals show speakers’ attitudes toward the actions they are describing. Modals are used to talk about obligations,advice, expectations, and suggestions.
Some modal-like expressions have meanings equivalent to or smililar to meanings of modals:
2
Must Should May
have to, have got to ought to be allowed to
I must have caught a cold, possibly tomorrow I could not be present at the weekly meeting. You should take some cups of coffee for the shareholders. He may have missed the train, he probably will loose his job interview.
Use must, have to, and have got to to show strong necessity. They are similar in meaning. USAGE NOTES Use must in more formal English to show a very strong obligation that can’t be escaped. Use have to in alll forms and situations, formal and informal.
You have to/must/have got to be on time for every event that the company has during this week. The manager isn't here, he must be on Rome because of a business emergency. I have to be at the company tomorrow at 8 a.m.?
Use have got to in conversation and informal writing. It is rarely used in the negative. Use don’t have to instead.
3
Use will have to to show future necessity. BE CAREFUL! Use had to + base form to show past necessity. Don't use must have + past participle.
Yes, you have to. People have got to be on time if they want to get a seat in the crowded theater, that the company has paid. It’s half past five. The secretary will have finished work.
4
Use must not to say that it is necessary not to do something (that it is prohibited).
You must not smoke in the office.
Use don’t/doesn’t have to + base form to say that something is not necessary.
You don’t have to get a new quotation.
In the past, use didn’t have to + base form to say that something was not necessary. BE CAREFUL! Although must and have to have similar meanings, must not and don’t have to have very different meanings.
5
Use should or ought to to offer advice. They mean “it would be a good idea if…” or “it’s the right thing to do! And are basically the same in most situations. We normally use should, not ought to, in questions and negatives.
Should I invite her to the office party? Yes, you should.
Use should have/ought to have + past participle to express advice about past situations. Should have and ought to have suggest that the action did not happen. Shouldn’t have and ought not to have suggest that it did.
You ought to have done the report for the first time.
NOTE: We sometimes use shall in questions to ask for advice or direction. In his meaning, shall is used only with I or we. When it is used with we, it is often followed by a sentence with let’s
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7
Shall we get them some desserts for the interview?
Had better is like should and ought to but stronger.
We had better get going, or the boss will be angry.
Use had better to give a warning that something bad or negative will happen if advice isn’t followed.
Hadn’t you better avoid talking about religion during family dinner?
Use be supposed to to show an expectation. Use it only in the present and the past. In the past, the affirmative suggests that the action didn’t happen. The negative suggests that the action did happen.
We were supposed to bring notepads. We weren’t supposed to bring cellphones.
You can use be to +base form in more formal English to express a strong expectation. Use could or might + base form to make polite, not-too-strong suggestions about the present or future. 8
I didn’t have to bring my presentation, for the shareholders.
Use could have/might have + past participle to make polite suggestions about a past opportunity. In this meaning, might have and could have mean that the action didn`t happen.
All employees are to attend the company office party at Holiday Inn. She could/might take them some desserts. You could have taken some flowers for her office.
Modals to express degrees of certainty Speculations about the Present
It
Must Has (got) to
be
true.
It
Can’t/couldn’t
be
true.
It
May/might
be
true.
It
May not Might not
be
true.
Speculations about the Past It
Must have Had to have
been
true.
It
Can’t have Couldn`t have Must not have
been
true.
It
May have Might have Could have
been
true.
It
May not have Might not have
been
true.
1 We use modals and modal-like expressions to express different degrees of
The gossip of John Lock, the Human Resources Manager must be true.
Remember that we use modals with progressive as well as simple forms. When we want to state a fact we are absolutely-100 percent-sure of, we don’t use modals.
She may be planning another weekly meeting.
certainty. With these modals we speculate based on logic and facts.
2
The gossip of John Lock, the Human Resources Manager is true.
Use must/have to/have got to + base form when you are speculating about the present and are almost certain. To make a negative speculation use can’t/couldn’t+ base form Use must not + base form when you are slightly less certain.
That meeting can’t be right now. It must not be right now.
NOTE: We normally don’t contract must not in his meaning of must. In questions, use could/couldn’t + base form.
3
Use may/might/could + base form when you are speculating about the present and are less certain. Use may not/ might not + base form in the negative. BE CAREFUL! We usually do not contract might not, and we never contract may not. In questions, use could/might + base form.
Could that be the reason? We might know the answer in the office party. We might not go to the office party. Could the gossip of Mr. John Loch is true?
4
Use must have/ had to have + past participle when you are speculating about the past and are almost certain. In the negative, use can’t have /couldn’t have + past participle to suggest impossibility.
They had to have visited our branch in Montevideo.
Use must not have + past participle when you are slightly less certain.
He must no have made the office party.
That couldn’t have happened to Laura.
In questions, use can have/could have + past participle.
5
When you are speculating about the past and are less cetain (about 90 percent), use may have/might have/could have + past participle. BE CAREFUL! Could have + past participle has two meanings. In the negative, use may not have/might not have + past participle. In questions, use might have/could have + past participle.
6
Use should/ought to + base form when you are almost certain about a future action or event.
Henry could have gone. Could Anastasia have trouble with the photocopy? They may have found the truth about the gossip. Continued listening should get us closer to the truth. You should ask him to help you to get the right answer.
7
Use may/might/could + base form when you are less certain about a future action or event. In the negative, use may/might +not/ never + base form
We may know the answer promptly. However, she might never know the true. Justin might know the answer.
Writings
Proofread Documents
Final Test
Pictionary ∗ Monasteries: Religious Residences ∗ Monks: Members of an all-male religious group. ∗ Cohorts: A companion ∗ Debris: An accumulation of loose fragments of rock. ∗ Hush: To be silent or quiet ∗ Robber: To take something by unlawful force ∗ Speculation: a supposition, theory. ∗ Weary: Physically or mentally exhausted ∗ Supper: The evening meal