槟 城 州 華人 公 會 STATE CHINESE PENANG ASSOCIATION METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS (
TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE ARC 1215 METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWING
STATE CHINESE PENANG ASSOCIATION GEORGE TOWN, PENANG JANUARY 2016
DECLARATION On behalf of all the group members of Group 10, I here by delcare that this report submission under the assignment entitiled Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings to Dr. Nor Hayati, is a record of an original work. Location: State Chinese Penang Association Address: 13, Jalan Perak, George Town, Penang Tutor: Ar. Prince Favis Isip Group Members: Aaron Tan Weng Ming Andrew Law Zi Hang Calvin Suah Jake Ginn
0322400 0322670 0313324
Nicholas Lee Ngang Kim Ong Eu Xuan Schani Bharat A/L Balasubramaniam
0320504 0319050 0318788
Darshiini A/P Vigneshwaran Pillai Egbert Chin HawHoong Eunice Chan Yu Ming Farah Akmal Binti Mohd Zamzuri Izzat Abdul Muhaymin Bin Jafri Lai Chi Mun Lai Jia Yi Lo Jia Woei Loh Khai Jhung Ng Ke Ning
0319359 0315115 0315729 0315884 0319437 0319463 0315957 0318585 0318908 0323015
Sim Jia Hui Song Sung Ho Tan Ree Han Tang Pei Kei Tan Wing Hoe Ting Jin Rong Too Mun Fai Wong Carol Yvonne Chin Yun Miin
0320386 0322100 0315978 0318545 0319333 0318269 0318214 0317742 0315662 2
ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude we would like to give to is our tutor, Ar. Prince Favis Isip, who contributed in boosting suggestions and encouragement, helped us to coordinate our project especially in writing this report. We sincerely thank the committees of the State Chinese Penang Association, the present President, Mr. Dato’ Tan Gin Soon, the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian Tong, and the Secretary, Mr. Khaw Bak Kooi, for giving us permission to do an interview upon the culture and history of the building, and allowing us to document the information for the report. On the other hand, we would like to express our thankfulness towards
I would also like to acknowledge with much gratitude the essential role of the staff of School of Architecture, Building and Design, who has given the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary material to complete the task. Next, many thanks goes to our module coodinator, Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain, who has invested full effort in guiding everyone in achieving the goal. A special thanks goes to all the teammates, who helped to assemble the parts and gave suggestion about the task of Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawing. Last but not least, we would like to thank the guidance given by other tutors especially in our project presentation that has improved our presentation skills, with the help of their comments and advices.
the Municipal Council of Penang Island, the Town Planning and Development Department, on helping us by providing some references of the building of the State Chinese Penang Association. We would also like to thank Mr. Micheal Cheah for sharing his background and knowledge of Baba Nyonyas culture in Penang with us. teammates,
2
This report is dedicated to the State Chinese Penang Association
Credits to Mr. Ch’ng Kiah Kiean
ABSTRACT The State Chinese Penang Association (SCPA) is a heritage building, formerly known as the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA). It is currently located at Jalan Perak, George Town, Penang. The building has been standing for 96 years since the day the association was founded in 1920, by the pioneer, Mr. Lim Eu Toh, who was voted as the first President on December 3rd, 1920. The association building which was originally a bungalow was sold to SCPA and they have attained their own premises in 1988.
In a group of 25 students, we divided our work as according to our respective teams to measure and collect information from the building itself and local departments and people from that area. In the end, our respective teams were able to produce a set of measured drawings, a report, a video, a photobook and a physical model to show our understanding towards our chosen building, at the same time promoting their culture and raising awareness to the public.
As the time passed, the pride and history of the association has slowly faded away and became not well-known to the younger generations. For that, we were chosen to conduct an exercise of documenting and measuring the heritage building for the assignment Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings for our short semester Practicum 1.
30
list of figures
research methodology
Figure 1.1 :
Research approach for the project source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.2 :
Interview with the President, Dato’ Tan Gin source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.3 :
Interview with the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.4 :
On site group discussion on measurement and sketches source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.5 :
Group discussion at the hotel YMCA Penang source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.6 :
Work Phase source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.7 :
Work Phase source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.8 :
Group discussion with tutor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.9 :
Group discussion at architectural studio source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.10 : Photographer in action source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
research methodology
Figure 1.11 : Eye level image taken using the camera ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.12 : Measurements done using measuring tape ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.13 : Measured the building structure with 30-meter nylon measuring tape ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.14 : The laser rangefinder is used to measure long range distance ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.15 :
wooden stick ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 1.16 : The ladder used to climb to higher level ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.17 : January Work Schedule source: easuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.18 : February Work Schedule ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 1.19 : March Work Schedule ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
background of site: penang
Figure 2.1 :
Pulo Pinaom source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/museum/historical-paintings
Figure 2.2 :
Statue of Francis Light source: https://penangphotolog.wordpress.com/2012/09/26/founding-father/
Figure 2.3 :
Prince of Wales Island and hoisting of Union Jack source: https://helenang.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/penangflag1.jpg
Figure 2.4 :
Fort Cornwallis source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/museum/historical-paintings
Figure 2.5 :
Penang Free Port source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/museum/historical-paintings
Figure 2.6 :
Map of Penang Island & Province Wellesley source: https://pathannay.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/map-of-province-wellesley-and-penang-1906.jpg
Figure 2.7 :
British Straits Settlement Flag & Coat of arms source: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/my-str.html http://datab.us/i/List%20of%20coats%20of%20arms%20used%20in%20Singapore
Figure 2.8 :
Glugor House & spice plantation source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/museum/historical-paintings
Figure 2.9 :
Penang Free School source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/street_scenes
Figure 2.10:
Town center electric farm source: http://www.penangmuseum.gov.my/museum/en/street_scenes
list of figures
background of site: penang
Figure 2.11:
Map of Perak Road source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4087608,100.2984887,14z?hl=en
Figure 2.12 : SCPA Building at Perak Road source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4087608,100.2984887,14z?hl=en Figure 2.13 : SCPA Building Compound source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 2.14 : Location of the SCPA Building in George Town source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4118369,100.3069859,14z?hl=en Figure 2.15 : Perak Road source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4118369,100.3069859,14z?hl=en Figure 2.16 : Burma Street source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4297073,100.3132704,19z?hl=en Figure 2.17 : Khaw Sim Bee Road source: https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.4297073,100.3132704,19z?hl=en Figure 2.18 : Chinese Recreation Club source: Timothy Tye, http://www.penang-traveltips.com/thumbnails/chinese-recreational-club.jpg Figure 2.19 : Woodville source: http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/8052209.jpg Figure 2.20:
Wawasan Open University source: Mau Horng, 2008
list of figures
background of site: penang
Figure 2.21:
KFC on Jalan Larut source: http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4144/5014208661_2a7effc2b8.jpg
Figure 2.22 : Macalister Mansion source: http://www.gopenang.my/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/macalister-mansion.jpg Figure 2.23 : SCPA Building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 2.24 : Neighboring building to the left of the SCPA Building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 2.25 : Neighboring building to the right of the SCPA Building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
historical background of the building: scpa Figure 3.1 :
The State Penang Chinese Association building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 3.2 :
Group photo of the committee members in the 1970s source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 3.3 :
Group photo of Management committe members in 1996 to 1998 source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 3.4 :
The primary committee board source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 3.5 :
Mr. Lim Eu Toh source: https://www.pccc.org.my/image/data/009%20010%20011%20Lim%20Eu%20Toh.jpg
Figure 3.6 :
The SCPA Golden Jubilee Dinner in year 1970 source: SCPA Handbook 2015
Figure 3.7 :
SCPA Modelling Competition in year 1973 source: SCPA Handbook 2015
Figure 3.8 :
Pot luck party at SCPA Jalan Bulcom in year 1984 source: SCPA Handbook 2015
Figure 3.9 :
Recipients of the SCPA Scholarship source: SCPA Handbook 2015
Figure 3.10
SCPA anniversary celebration source: SCPA Handbook 2015
list of figures
historical background of the building: scpa Figure 3.11 : Baba Nyonya Convention in Malacca in year 2001 source: SCPA Handbook 2015 Figure 3.12 : SCPA Peranakan Festival in year 2005 source: SCPA Handbook 2015 Figure 3.13 : Baba Nyonya Convention in Jakarta 2014 source: SCPA Handbook 2015 Figure 3.14 : Exhibition in Khoo Kongsi 2015 source: SCPA Handbook 2015 Figure 3.15 : SCPA Food Fair 2015 source: SCPA Handbook 2015 Figure 3.16 : Baba Nyonya Convention in Singapore in year 2015 source: SCPA Handbook 2015
list of figures
architectural style and elements
Figure 4.1 :
Building style of Straits Eclectic Style source:
Figure 4.2 :
Straits Eclectic shophouses characteristics source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 4.3 :
Straits Eclectic shophouses characteristics source:
Figure 4.4 :
Straits Eclectic bungalow characteristics source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 4.5 :
Group discussion at the hotel YMCA Penang source:
Figure 4.6 :
Straits settlement states in Malaysia where the Peranakan colonial bungalows were widely built
Figure 4.7 :
Anglo-Indian bungalow characteristics
Figure 4.8 :
Indo-Malay bungalow characteristics
Figure 4.9 : Figure 4.10 :
source:
source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 source: source:
list of figures
architectural style and elements
Figure 4.11 : Location of elements on front elevation source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.12 : Location of porch on ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.13 : Front porch source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.14 : Location of columns on ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.15 : Types of columns in the building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.16 : Tuscan column source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.17 : Ionic column source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.18 : Location of verandahs on ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.19 : Ground floor verandah source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.20 : Location of verandahs on first floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
architectural style and elements
Figure 4.31 : DIamond and floral shaped air vents source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.32 : Location of windows on ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.33 : Examples of windows on ground floor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.34 : Location of windows on first floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.35 : Examples of windows on first floor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.36 : Casement window #1 source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.37 : Casement window #2 source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.38 : Circular fixed windows source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.39 : Iron work source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.40 : Location of extension on plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
architectural style and elements
Figure 4.41 : Outdoor covered space source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.42 : Courtyard source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.43 : Location of restaurant on plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 4.44 : Location of restaurant on plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
spatial organization
Figure 5.1 :
Shape of the plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016
Figure 5.2 :
Repetitive geometry on plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016
Figure 5.3 :
Zoning of ground plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016
Figure 5.4 :
Zoning of floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016
Figure 5.5 :
Spaces on the ground floor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016
Figure 5.6 :
Front entrance source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 5.7 :
Main hall source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 5.8 :
Verandah source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 5.9 :
Back corridor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 5.10 : Courtyard source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
spatial organization Figure 5.11 : Kitchen source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.12 : Dining room source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.13 : Office source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.14 : Library source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.15 : Corridor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.16 : Balcony source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.17 : Ang Hoay Loh source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.18 : Extended Courtyard source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.19 : Privacy level within courtyard source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 22 Feb 2016 Figure 5.20 : Main hall source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
spatial organization Figure 5.21 : Privacy level within main building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 12 Feb 2016 Figure 5.22 : Meeting room source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.23 : Secretary’s office source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.24 : Privacy level on first floor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 12 Feb 2016 Figure 5.25 : The SCPA Building source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.26 : Compound source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.27 : Location of corridor on main building ground plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 12 Feb 2016 Figure 5.28 : The corridor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.29 : Location of main hall and verandahs on main building ground plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 12 Feb 2016 Figure 5.30 : Main hall source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
spatial organization
Figure 5.31 : Location of kitchen, dining space and backyard on main building ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 12 Feb 2016 Figure 5.32 : Backyard area source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.33 : Location of corridor and balcony on first floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 25 Feb 2016 Figure 5.34 : First floor corridor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.35 : Exterior windows source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.36 : Moulded ornamentations source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.37 : Front exterior source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.38 : Arch from the kitchen source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.39 : Roof source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 5.40 : Main hall source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
spatial organization igure 5.41 :
ncestral altar ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 5.42 :
ncestral altar ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 5.43 :
ooden staircase with grills ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 5.44 :
indow with tinted glass panels ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 5.45 :
indows and iron work ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 5.46 :
orridor ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 5.47 :
orridor ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
structural component
Figure 6.1 :
Oblique approach source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.2 :
The perspective view of the building when entering the premises source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.3 :
Corridor with doors located by its sides source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.4 :
Linear circulation shown in first floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.5 :
Location of staircase on ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.6 :
Wooden staircase source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.7 :
Projected entrance source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.8 :
Flush entrance source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.9 :
Windows on ground floor plan source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 6.10 : Cross ventilation path source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
structural component
Figure 6.11 : Ornated floral air vent source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 6.12 : Diamond shaped air vent source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 6.13 : Mechanical systems used source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 6.14 : Sun Path source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
materials & construction methods
Figure 7.1 :
Use of reinforced concrete on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.2 :
Use of timber structure on site (roof structure) source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.3 :
Use of ceramic tiles on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.4 :
Use of wrought iron on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.5 :
Use of terracotta roof on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.6 :
Use of tinted translucent glass on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.7 :
Use of plaster on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.8 :
Brick wall construction source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.9 :
Installation of steel grills onto the window source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.10 : Brick wall structure source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures
materials & construction methods
Figure 7.11 : Added steel to the window on site source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 7.12 : Replaced wooden windows source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures building defects
Figure 8.1 :
Mold growth on column source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.2 :
Mold growth on exterior wall source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.3 :
Mold growth on ceiling source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 7.14 : Water leaking through ceiling source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 8.5 :
Protruding reinforcement bar source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.6 :
Uneven ground level source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.7 :
Slanting window panes source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.8 :
Slanting window panes source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.9 :
Main hall door source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
Figure 8.10 : Column plaster chipping source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures building defects
Figure 8.11 : Paint chipping and stains on pediment source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 8.12 : Cracks formed between timber and tiled floors source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 8.13 : Cracks formed on hardwood floor source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 8.14 : Broken windows source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016 Figure 8.15 : Broken window frame source: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
list of figures conclusion igure 9.1 :
roup photo (Group 10) ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 9.2 :
haracteristics of the SCPA Building ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 9.3 :
ource: SCPA Handbook 2015 ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 9.4 :
irculation ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 9.5:
entilation ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
igure 9.6
ighting ource: Measuring Praticum Penang Group 10 Jan 2016
table of content declaration of submission
2
acknowledgement
3
list of figures table of content introduction: abstract
4-27 28-29 30
1- research methodology
31-44
2- background of site: penang
45-57
3- historical background of building: scpa
58-63
4- architectural style & elements
64-87
5- spatial organization
88-111
6- structural components
112-121
7- materials & construction
122-129
8- building defects
130-137
table of content discussion + conclusion
138-145
photobook
146-196
glossary
197-198
references appendix
research methodology
1.1 aims & objectives aims
The aim of this module is to help us develop an understanding of the fundamental building preservation and the practice of recording it by using the documentation methods.
objectives
learning outcomes Outcomes of this module are the collection of measured drawings with plans, sections, elevations, construction details and axonometric views, along with a report that documents the historical and architectural information of the building. Nonetheless, an introductory video of the building is to be produced for the videography documentation purpose.
The objective of the module is arranged to introduce the methods of documenting historical structures of the building so that we can preserve a definite record. Other than that, it is designed for us to produce basic preparation of measured drawings of the chosen building to prescribed standard.
31
research methodology
1.2 research approach introduction
In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is described. The concepts and theories which underlie the methods are included. The instrument used to collect the data, including methods implemented to maintain accuracy and reliability of the instrument, are
Data Collection
research approach
Drawings, Documents, Report
This project introduced us to the research methods and documentation of various information about heritage building, either through measured drawings, interviews, visual, discoveries and etc. Hence, assigning us with medium complexity site training is best for developing critical thinking and other self-achievement skills. Planning and timeframe have been designed to meet the learning essions within 8 weeks. All arrangements were also planned and made prior the site visit. Based on the research approach shown (Figure 1.2.1) jobs are distributed among the 25 members in the team.
Measuring
Site Survey
Analysis
Figure 1.1: Research approach for the project
32
research methodology
1.2 research approach Scopes of Work (On Site) Tutor Ar. Prince favis Isip
Scopes of Work (Off Site) Tutor
Ar. Prince favis Isip
Leader Lai Jia Yi Measurement Team Group A (Plan & Details)
Leader
Lai Jia Yi
Coordinator CAD Manager Members
Eu Xuan
Group B (Section & Elevation) Coordinator
Lai Chi Mun
Loh Khai Jhung CAD Manager Lancelot Ting Calvin Suah Members Sim Jia Hui Carol Wong
Izzat
Andrew Eunice Chan
Schani Jonathan Lo
Jack Too
Nicholas Lee
Ng Ke Ning
Aaron Tan Pei Kei
CAD Team
Report Team
Modelling Team
Lancelot Ting
Yvonne Chin
Jack Too
Loh Khai Jhung
Tan Ree Han
Jonathan Lo
Sim Jia Hui Tang Pei Kei
Eu Xuan Darshiini
Ng Ke Ning Song Sung Ho
Nicholas Lee Lai Jia Yi
Carol Wong Schani
Izzat Andrew
Eunice Chan
Aaron Tan
Egbert
Calvin Suah Lai Chi Mun
Farah Akmal
Song Sung Ho Report Team Members Yvonne Chin Tan Ree Han
Video Team Members
Ray Tan Farah Akmal
Darshiini Egbert Figure 1.2: Work distribution diagram
33
research methodology
1.3 working progress Organizing for this 8 weeks, we separated this project into three phases; the theoretical, the field work and the report CAD drawing and model preparation. For first 3 weeks, we have been thought for theoretical matters, which this including the theory parts of the site survey. Besides that, we had Auto CAD software learning session. In the same time, we started collect data about our building. Moving to the next phase, we were exposed to the fieldwork. During the fieldwork, each group were measuring their assigned area. Different equipment and instruments were used to measure the building and sketches been made to detail out every unique parts of the building.
Figure 1.3: Interview with the President, Dato’ Tan Gin
Obstacles occurred and we used creativity thinking and on-site discussion were made to solve the problems. Meanwhile, the report team interview the people in charge of this building and collect data from local authorities. Video group also started filming and editing the video.
Figure 1.4: Interview with the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian
34
research methodology
1.3 working progress
Figure 1.5: On site group discussion on measurement and sketches
This is the working progress on site and off site. The measurement team recorded the dimensions of the building structure by sketches. Different colours are used in the sketch for better reference in future discussion. Group discussion was held in the hotel lobby of YMCA Penang upon the information gathered at the site. The members gave suggestions and helped each other on the measurements and data collection.
Figure 1.6 Group discussion at the hotel YMCA Penang
35
research methodology
1.3 working progress
The final phase is when we came back from the site. We formed new groups according to the diagram prepared in Figure 1.2.2. Once everything has been gathered, all the data then were processed. From the on site sketches, digital drawings which are plans, elevations, sections and 3D digital model were produced, likewise from raw interview details to a history report were made and validate the accuracy of the history. Report was made based on our findings and observations. Finally, the model of the building was built when most of the issues were solved. The production took place in the studio where we meet up to discuss issues on related problems.
Phase 1
Course introduction 3 weeks lecture session AutoCAD learning session Gather data
Phase 2
1 week of survey works 1 week of data collection from local authorities/interview session with building owner 1 week of building measuring
Phase 3
4 weeks of report preparation 4 weeks of digital drawings of the building preparation 2 weeks of model preparation 1 week of video preparation
Figure 1.7: Work Phase
Figure 1.8: Group discussion with the tutor
Figure 1.9: Group discussion at Architecture Studio
36
research methodology
1.3 working progress
equipment and instruments used
We are required to fulfill our fieldwork through data collection, on-site investigation and measurement. Measurement of the building were carried out for five days from 25th of January to 29th of January. We used different equipment and instruments to help with our on-site measurement.
camera
Cameras were brought to take pictures of the building for report and documentation purpose so that we could use the pictures as reference. Besides, camera was necessary to fil the building because we were required to submit a video based on our site. For details or ornamentations that are too complicated, we took eye level images of it and traced them using the AutoCAD SPLINE tool.
Figure 1.10: Photographer in action
Figure 1.11: Eye level image taken using the camera
37
research methodology
1.3 working progress
equipment and instruments used
measuring tape
It was the most general tool that we used on site. Everyone of us brought our own measuring tape range from 3m to 8m. To measure length, distance or height of any elements or component of the building. It was usually used with a ruler to ensure that we get the most accurate measurement.
Figure 1.12: Measurements done using measuring tape
38
research methodology
1.3 working progress
equipment and instruments used
30 meter nylon measuring tape The 30-meter nylon measuring tape is used to ensure curved surface such as columns, arches, curvy ornamentation and long distance (wall boundary) due to its flexibility. One unit of the tool was rented from our university.
laser rangefinder This used to measure the height or distance that is not easily reached such as height or length of roof trust. It is also used to measure extreme length with lesser effort compared to normal measuring tape. We rented two of this tool from our university before we depart to the fieldwork.
Figure 1.13: Measured the building structure with 30-meter nylon measuring tape
Figure 1.14: The laser rangefinder is used to measure long range distance
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research methodology
1.3 working progress
equipment and instruments used
diy wooden stick
To measure narrow area which we unable to reach. To measure narrow area we were unable to reach. Measurements were marked on the stick so that actual length could be taken using measuring tape.
ladder
The ladder that was brought by our teammate was used to reach to the higher area such as ceiling, roof ornamentations, second floor external faรงade and details (refer to Figure 1.2.18).
Figure 1.15: A wooden stick
Figure 1.16: The ladder used to climb to higher level
40
research methodology
1.3 research methods These are the general ways we have gathered information on Penang heritages and cultural background.
first hand resources: interviews
We have done a few interviews with the committee members of the State Chinese Penang Association, which are the President, Mr. Dato’ Tan Gin Soon, the Vice President, Mrs. Lillian Tong, and the Secretary, mr. Khaw Bak Kooi, for the background of the association and what was their intention in the future. We also interviewed Mr. Micheal Cheah, who sincerely shared his knowledge of the peranakan culture in Penang.
internet resources
The internet is a fascinating invention that helped us find information that we were looking for when there is not much information found with just books. We have found several internet resources that is relevant in our research.
organization
We also went to get some help from the Penang Island City Council on the information that we required about the association.
second hand resources: book references
We have found books in our university library that is helpful in our research. Other than books, there are also dissertations that are about Penang as a reference on how people did their research. Instead, we also went to the National Archive and National Library to retrieve information of Penang heritages.
41
research methodology
1.4 MONTHLY WORK SCHEDULE A monthly work schedule was made to record the working progress of the group and plan for the next task to be distributed to the members.
Figure 1.17: January Work Schedule
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research methodology
1.4 MONTHLY WORK SCHEDULE
Figure 1.18: February Work Schedule
43
research methodology
1.4 MONTHLY WORK SCHEDULE
Figure 1.19 March Work Schedule
44
background of site: penang
2.1 history of george town, penang Penang was an uninhabited island discovered by early 16th century Portugese traders. During that peroid, this small island was a place for them to replenish fresh water supplies in lang journey to the Far East in search for spices. This island was dubbed ‘Pulo Pinaom’.
In the 17th century, Penang was part of the Kedah Sultanate. In 1771, Captain Francis Light was offered the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah in return for protection from the Siamese and Burmese armies who were constantly threatening Kedah. This treaty never materialised as Francis Light's superiors refused to offer any aid. In 1786, Francis Light acted as a mediator in securing Penang from Sultan Abdullah of Kedah in return for a guarantee of British protection from his enemies. The Sultan of Kedah was not aware that Light had acted without the authorization of his superiors when making the deal.
Figure 2.1: Pulo Pinaom
The island is situated in a strategic loaction, at the northern entry of the Straits of Melaka. It is thus became a natural harbour during the monsoon months for Arabian, Chinese, European and Indian ships. Inevitably, it became a hunting ground for pirates and marauders.
Figure 2.2: Statue of Francis Light
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background of site: penang
2.1 history of george town, penang Light first arrive in Penang on July 17, 1786, at an area now known as the Esplanade. On August 11, 1786, the Union Jack was hoisted as Captain Francis Light, known as founder of Penang officially took possession of the island for the Crown. The island was named "The Prince of Wales Island” as the procurement date coincide on the prince’s birthday. The settlement in the Eastern Cape of the island was known as Georgetown named after the King of England, George III.
Prai (Province Wellesley) to reclaim Penang Island but was defeated by Captain Francis Light. The following year, Sultan Abdullah signed a treaty with the British, officially handing over Penang Island to the British. The Sultan of Kedah was paid 6,000 Spanish dollars annually as part of the treaty. Captain Francis Light was appointed Superintendent of Prince of Wales Island. The first settlement in Penang was at the present Esplanade area. At that time it was a swampy, malaria infected area. Fort Cornwallis, the island’s main defense was located at the same area (Figure 2.1.4). Light devised a plan to fire silver dollars using the ship’s cannons into the wilderness in order to expedite clearing of thick undergrowth around that area.
Figure 2.3: Prince of Wales Island & hoisting of Union Jack
n 1790, the Company failed to provide military assistance when Kedah was assaulted by Siam, Sultan Abdullah formed an army to dispose of the Dutch and English. The Sultan assembled his men at Seberang
Figure 2.4: Fort Conwallis
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background of site: penang
2.1 history of george town, penang The named George Town was bestowed upon the township, after King George III of Britain. Four original streets of George Town - Beach Street, Light Street, Pitt Street and Chulia Street were formed, all of which still serves as the primary avenues of the current city.
Captain Light's term as the first Superintendent of the Prince of Wales Island ended in 1794. He died of Malaria on October 21, 1794 at the age of 54 and was buried at the Protestant cemetery at the end of Northam Road (now known as Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah).
When Light first took control over the island, there were less than 1,000 Malay fishermen living on the island. Penang was introduced as a free port in order to attract traders and encourage settlers. As an incentive, new comers are allowed to claim as much land as they could clear.
Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Wellesley arrived in Penang as a replacement for Captain Light to oversee the defenses of the island. In 1800, Lieutenant-Governor Sir George Leith secured a strip of land across the channel from the island and named it Province Wellesley (Seberang Prai). This gave Penang control over the harbour and resources from the mainland. After the acquisition of Province Wellesly, the annual payment to Sultan of Kedah was increased to 10,000.
Figure 2.5: Penang free port
Figure 2.6: Map of Penang Island & Province Wellesley
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background of site: penang
2.1 history of george town, penang In 1805, Penang was elevated from a colonial status to that of a Residency. A new Governor, the honourable Philip Dundas was appointed into office. His assistant secretary was Thomas Stamford Raffles, future founder of Singapore in 1819. In 1832, under the British administration in India, the Straits Settlements comprising the states of Malacca, Singapore and Penang was formed. Penang became its capital but in 1935 Singapore took over as capital of the Straits Settlements.
a hub of traders. European planters and Chinese head businessmen profited in the plantations and mines in other northern states but built their properties in George Town just be near to their businesses. When the community starts to grow, they saw the need of education to further their businesses, especially the English language, thus sending their children to school in the city.
Figure 2.8: Glugor House & spice plantation Figure 2.7: Biritish Straits Settlement Flag & Coat of arms
Towards the end of the 19th century, Penang’s trade economy was booming as the Industrial Revolution in Britain created a relentless demand for natural resources and spices. Plus, rich deposits of tin from neighbouring states created an influx of traders and businesses. Trading of various resources contibuted to this economic uprise. In time, Penang’s property attracted settlers from various parts of the globe, especially those from Europe, China and India, as Penang has became
Figure 2.9: Penang Free School
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background of site: penang
2.1 history of george town, penang In 1905, the first hydro-electric plan in Penang was completed, providing the island with the first electricity. The following year, the first electric tramway in Penang began operations. By mid 20th century, manual transportation such as rickshaws, bullock carts and horse-carts gradually disappeared from the roads of Penang.
By the 1930s, Penang had turned into a bustling port with sea liners and coastal steamers docking at Swettenham Pier or mooring in the waters of the channel. Penang became an entertainment centre, with cabarets, cinemas, amusement parks and gambling establishments. When Wall Street crashed, the economy of Penang suffered badly. The Second World War broke out on December 8, 1941 before Penang could recover from the depression. Penang was atacked by the Japanese while the British fled to Singapore living the island defenceless. The general populationof Penang lived in fear and fled to the inner parts of the island to escape the ruthless Japanese army. The days of the Japanese Kempettai were the days of horror, torture and executions. On September 4, 1945, the Japanese surrendered to the British Forces. Remarkably, many of George Town’s historic building were undamaged by the allied bombings.
Figure 2.10: Town center electric farm
After World War II, the Straight Settlements were dissolved and Penang became part of Malayan Union, later Federation of Malaya in 1948. Malaya gained independence in August 31, 1957 and Penang being one of it’s 13 states. Penang was formally known as Negeri Pulau Pinang. Plus,George Town, which maintained the oldest municipal history in the country, was accorded City status by Queen Elizabeth II on 1st January 1957. 50
background of site: penang
2.2 perak road
Figure 2.12: SCPA Building at Perak Road Figure 2.11: Map of Perak Road
Perak Road is one of the longest street in George Town, Penang. It acts as the first ring road of the city. George Town's one-way road system has fragmented Perak Road into various parts, some of which today are one-way streets. On its long course through the city, Perak Road passes from the working class neighbourhoods to the south, through the Malay settlements in the middle, and then to the affluent neighbourhoods to the north. Our site State Penang Chinses Association (SCPA) is located at the end and top of Perak Road in the affluent district.
Figure 2.13: SCPA Building compound
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background of site: penang
2.3 genius loci site location
Figure 2.12: Location of the SCPA Building in George Town
Figure 2.13: Perak Road
George Town that embraces modernity while retaining its colonial traditions, has developed over 500 years of trading and cultural exchanges between East and West in the Straits of Malacca. It features both residential and commercial buildings, as well as represents the British era from the end of 18th century. (UNESCO, 2008)
The State Chinese Penang Association building is located on Perak Road, one of the longest streets in Georgetown. It acts as the first ring road of the city. Georgetown's one-way road system has fragmented Perak Road into many parts, some of which are today one-way streets.
The city known as home to many British colonial buildings of the Straits Chinese, houses the SCPA building that is located up north of Georgetown. Like many colonial buildings of George Town, the SCPA
On Perak Road's long course through the city, it passes from the working class neighborhoods to the south, through the Malay settlements in the middle, and then to the affluent neighborhoods to the north, where the State Chinese Penang Association building is located.
building radiates elegance from the east, with terracotta roof and Plastered columns that grace the main entrance to the building.
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background of site: penang
2.3 genius loci streetscapes
Figure 2.15: Khaw Sim Bee Road
The Kaw Sim Bee road (located less than 100m away from the SCPA building), houses several other British colonial buildings from the colonial era, mostly from the early 1900s.
Figure 2.14: Burma Street
Burma Street, located off Perak Street (approximately 200m from the SCPA building), shows the peculiar idiosyncrasy and characteristics of Straits Chinese Peranakan architectural style. Red terracotta roofs and rectangular transoms. The peranakan culture left a huge influence on architecture of George Town. 53
background of site: penang
2.3 genius loci
architecture (within 200m radius)
The SCPA Building, located north of Georgetown, amongst rich neighborhoods of Penang. Georgetown, which exemplifies the country's colonial past and mixed-heritage future, houses buildings of all types; idiosyncratic Chinese shop lots, narrow roads, old-fashioned colonial-era mansions, clan houses, numerous schools and ornate temples. Several prominent buildings (some of the similar British colonial building style) within 200 meter radius of the SCPA building include:
Figure 2.19: Woodville
Figure 2.18: The Chinese Recreation Club
Figure 2.20: Wawasan Open University
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background of site: penang
2.3 genius loci
architecture (within 200m radius) Many of these colonial buildings on George Town used to be mansions that belong to the affluent residents of Penang. Many were transformed and refurbished into buildings of different purposes. For instance, Disted-Stamford College and Wawasan Open University was once the residence to Yeap Chor Ee, who ended up donating his grounds for educational purposes.
Figure 2.19: KFC on Jalan Larut
Macalister Mansion has been renovated and turned into a high-end hotel, while one of the colonial bungalows on Jalan Larut has been transformed into a Kentucky Fried Chicken outlet.
Figure 2.20: Macalister Mansion
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background of site: penang
2.3 genius loci
immediate neighboring buildings
Throughout our investigation we have identify many characteristics in our chosen structure which includes structural elements such as masonry structure with plaster decor, continuous rows of windows and a symmetrical form, which are shared amongst other buildings in the near vicinity. These are all due to the cultural links which all these places share.
Figure 2.24: Neighboring building to the left of the SCPA Building
Figure 2.23: SCPA Building
Figure 2.25: Neighboring building to the right of the SCPA Building
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background of site: penang
2.3 genius loci
imediate neighboring building
he Penang Chr
PCC is a charismatic church along Khaw Sim Bee Road in Penang. It traces its history back to 1981, when the first service was held in the hall of the Penang Chinese Girls' school, attended by 15 believers. It was recognised as a Home Mission Church by the Assemblies of God, Malaysia, on 1 February, 1982. Services were held at Rasa Sayang otel and Dewan Sri Pinang. In 1987, the Penang Christian Centre started its Hokkien worship service. The youth ministry was also started at the end of that same year catering to secondary school students. In 1989, the church purchased the 6th floor of Canton Square, holding its first service there he following year.
Figure 2.24: The SCPA compound
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historical background of building: state chinese penang association
3.1 historical background
Back in the 15th and 16th centuries, despite staying within the confines of their own community to practice their own culture, these Peranakan descendants co-existed with the dominant races peacefully. They have a strong bond, and their fraternity is worthy of mention in Penang history.
Figure 3.1: The State Chinese Penang Association building
The State Chinese (Penang) Association was made up of descendants of the Chinese migrants who ventured over to Malaya to seek their fortune for a better life from their motherland, China. Throughout these years, through intermarriages with the locals and assimilations into the local community, they adopted a fusion of languages, food, culture, mannerism. Being neither Chinese nor Malay, the descendants were aptly called Baba and Nyonya, the monikers then given to them by the local community to describe their identity.
In the year 1920, on the 3rd December, a handful of Straits Chinese decided to form an association to protect their interests due to them being mainly English educated, and spoke a spattering of Chinese dialects and Malay words. This decision heralds in the birth of The State Chinese Penang Association which has been active for the past 97 years. The association started up with only a handful of members. Applicants for membership into the association had to prove their Baba Nyonya lineage. The activities organized by the association were very modest and were purely for interaction with members and to catch up on the latest news. But throughout these years, the members of the association increased. They organize bigger events, and ocassionally invite outsiders to attend and participate in their activities. 58
historical background of building: state chinese penang association
3.1 historical background
The association started up with only a handful of members. Applicants for membership into the association had to prove their Baba Nyonya lineage. The activities organized by the association were very modest and were purely for interaction with members and to catch up on the latest news. But throughout these years, more members were recruited, and bigger events and programmes were held. They would ocassionally invite outsiders to attend and participate in their activities. The State Chinese Penang Association has flourished steadily and successfully to uphold the Baba Nyonya heritage, culture and traditions. They continue to recruit more members from Penang, as well as organize more events regarding the Peranakan heritage to retain and preserve the Peranakan culture.
Figure 3.2: Group photo of the committee members in the 1970s.
Figure 3.3: Group photo of Management Committee members 1996-1998
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historical background of building: state chinese penang association
3.2 founder
The association was formerly known as the Straits Chinese British Association (SCBA), Penang. The SCBA was founding in 1920, with Lim Eu Toh as the first president, who was elected on 3rd December 1920. The SCBA finally acquired its own premises in 1988 at 13, Perak Road in Penang until now.
Figure 3.5: Mr. Lim Eu Toh
Figure 3.4: The primary founders and the committee board
Lim Eu Toh was born a Penang Hokkien in year 1872. Straits-born and English-educated, he was educated in Penang Free School and St. Xavier’s Institution, then became an established businessman. Apart from the SCBA, he also served as the president of the Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce.
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historical background of building: state chinese penang association
3.3 intension in the past
Soon after its establishment, the association became more sophisticated and as an added attraction to the members with diversified interests, many other activities and events were held.
Figure 3.6: SCPA Modeling competition in year 1973.
Figure 3.5: The SCPA Golden Jubilee Dinner in year 1970.
Figure 3.7: Pot luck at the SCPA Jalan Bulcom in year 1984.
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historical background of building: state chinese penang association
3.3 intension in the past
Figure 3.9: Recipients of the SCPA Scholarship
Figure 3.11: Baba Nyonya Convention in Malacca in year 2001.
Figure 3.10: SCPA Anniversary celebrations in year 1986
Figure 3.12: SCPA Peranakan Festival in year 2005.
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historical background of building: state chinese penang association
3.4 recent events
Figure 3.13 Baba Nyonya Convention in Jakarta 2014
Figure 3.15: SCPA Food Fair 2015
Figure 3.14: Exhibition at Khoo Kongsi 2015
Figure 3.16: Baba Nyonya Convention in Singapore 2015
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architectural style & elements
4.1 architectural style straits eclectic style
During the Dutch and British colonisation, the Peranakan Cina began to embrace the European style and allied themselves with the foreigners. This style combines Eastern and Western elements which in the early 20th century introduced ceramic artwork and elaborate plaster renderings. Such architecture include shophouses, temples, clan or association buildings, villas or bungalows. These Peranakan Cina came to be identified as an urban white-collar community with high social class noble lifestyle and living in colonial bungalows or verandahed Anglo-Indian villas. Those who are into business live in highly decorated shophouses of the Straits Eclectic Style. These types of buildings relect more significantly on the social life of the Peranakan Cina in Malaysia. Thus,the number of shophouses and bungalows is greater compared to the Chinese temples and association or clan buildings.
Figure 4.1: Building Types of Straits Eclectic Style
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architectural style & elements
4.1 architectural style straits eclectic style: shophouses
Shophouses began to adopt Western architectural styles with an emphasis on full length French windows with a pair of full-length timber shutters, an arched or rectangular transom over the window opening, pilasters of classical orders; and plaster renderings. Reinforced concrete used in the early 1900s to allow wider roof overhangs and more elaborate brackets which sprung from above the pilasters.
Unlike the early and traditional shophouses which have a continuous row of windows, the Strait Eclectic style developed with the breaking of the facade into two or three moulded openings. Such style became popular among the Peranakan Cina community in Penang. Some shophouses are heavily decorated with plaster renderings. In addition, some of the window or door panels were beautifully carved. These decorations reflect not only wealth of the owners or tenants, but also their status or position in the local community.
Figure 4.2: Straits Eclectic Shophouses characteristics
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architectural style & elements
4.1 architectural style straits eclectic style: shophouses
One of the main differences between a Peranakan Cina shophouse and a pure Chinese shophouse is the presence of these highly intricate ornaments and carvings. The Peranakan Cina shophouses reached its richest phase with the addition of coloured tiles on either walls or floors. These ceramic tiles are usually placed on walls below the front windows on the ground floor facing the street. Flowers and geometrical designs are usually painted on the tiles. Furthermore, colored floor tiles made of terra-cotta are commonly seen in the Straits Eclectic style.
Figure 4.3: Straits Eclectic Shophouses characteristics
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architectural style & elements
4.1 architectural style straits eclectic style: bungalows
During the golden age of the Peranakan Cina in Penang, most were westernised and many preferred living in European-style villas or colonial bungalows. Generally, a colonial bungalow is a two-storey residential building which expresses the Western and local architectural traditions modified by the use of local methods of building construction and building materials. These buildings often respond. to the local climate.
This can be seen from the introduction of verandah (balcony), front porch, internal courtyard, ventilation grilles, big openings and high ceilings. The term bungalow was originated in the 17th Century Bengal of India which means indigenous hut or bangala, which was constructed of mud-walled structure raised a foot or two above the ground, enclosing by a verandah and with a roof curved at the ridge. The Europeans, mostly the British adapted the bangala hut and modified it to suit their needs by adding more bedrooms and bathrooms but retaining the front and rear verandahs for natural ventilation.
Figure 4.4: Straits Eclectic Bungalow elements and characteristics
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architectural style & elements
4.1 architectural style straits eclectic style: Bungalows
These bungalows are usually distinguishable from the European residences in terms of their architectural details and uses of the internal spaces reflecting the social customs. For example, the sign hung above the entrance door, security bars to windows, and the pintu pagar or ence door. The size and number of rooms are also distinguished. Some of these bungalows have internal courtyards, stables, circular riveways, ample gardens and servants' quarters. The upper floors were usually constructed of timber including Chengal and Jati while the ground floors were made of either brick, concrete or cement finished with red Malacca clay floor tiles. In some bungalows, arble slabs or patterned mosaic tiles were laid. Walls were made of brick were rendered with lime plaster prior to lime-wash painting of white, pale yellow or light green colour. Before reinforced concrete was introduced, many bungalows had timber staircases with timber handrails and cast-iron or timber balustrades. Balusters of green glazed earthenware were usually found on the first loor verandahs. Figure 4.5: Straits Eclectic Bungalow characteristics
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architectural style & elements
4.2 architectural styles comparison anglo-indian style
Colonial bungalows or villas were built in many parts of the British Empire including India, Jamaica, Australia, Singapore and Malaysia. These buildings combined the architectural styles of the Anglo-Indian, Straits Eclectic and Malay. The architectural styles, grandiose scale, decorative building elements and lavish interiors of the bungalows became very much the distinctive characteristics of the rich and elite Straits Chinese communities including the Peranakan Cina. In the early 1900, some of the Straits Chinese elite gave up living in their shophouses and moved in to these ostentatious bungalows.
Figure 4.6: Straits settlement states in Malaysia where the Peranakan colonial bungalows were widely built
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architectural style & elements
4.2 architectural styles comparison anglo-indian style
Anglo-Indian bungalows were prevalent in George Town from the 18th to the 19th century. They concur with a period when the South Indian community had a dominant presence in the settlement before it was gradually eroded by the increasing influence of the ethnic Chinese. Some of its characteristics and distinct elements made it into the Straits Eclectic style.
Figure 4.7: Anglo-Indian bungalow characteristics
indo malay style
Indo-Malay bungalows used to be homes of the Malay elites in George Town, and as of today, many were demolished and are seldom seen in Penang. In the 20th century, certain elements are incorporated into the Straits Eclectic style, which the SCPA Building eventually adapted.
Figure 4.8: Indo-Malay bungalow characteristics
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architectural style & elements
4.2 architectural styles comparison chinese temple style
The SCPA Building, adapted certain spaces and their planning from the Chinese architecture into the building. The use of courtyard and the spatial planning of spaces such as the large main hall, courtyard, kitchen and dining room. Some of these are heavily influenced by Feng Shui.
western style
The SCPA Building, despite its function of using it to preserve the local Straits Chinese community, its building is slightly westernized, adpating certain styles of the European architectural style. Its layout within the building, on both floors are based on European buildings, as well as the use of portico and car way by the entrance of the building.
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements The SCPA Building is a British colonial bungalow of Straits Eclectic style. Its architectural elements are fairly distinguishable. Some of its most significant elements that represent its architectural style and the Peranakan culture would be its projecting porches, classical columns, high ceilings, verandahs, French windows and short-ridged hipped roofs.
Figure 4.11: Location of elements on front elevation
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements front porch
The front porch of the building is located by the main projected entrance of the building. It has a roof over the porch, with a wide verandah sitting on top of it. The roof is supported by square and ionic columns.
Figure 4.12: Location of porch on ground floor plan
Figure 4.13: Front porch
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements columns
There are two kinds of columns, square columns used throughout the building, and cylindrical classical order used only for the front porch of the building.
Figure 4.15: Types of columns in the building
The building is partially influenced by the European style. The cylindrical columns located by the front porch are of ionic and square tuscan order. These columns are decorated with lime moulding, broken by a stringcourse to emphasize the first floor and roof lines. On the other hand, the square columns are widely used throughout the entire building. It is used as a main support for the whole structure, providing support between walls.
Figure 4.14: Location of columns on ground floor plan
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements columns
Figure 4.16: Squar tuscan column
Figure 4.17: Ionic column
These square columns is used throughout the entire building. It is used for support, with walls built by its side to form the structure of the building.
These ionic columns with square Tuscan base are located on the front porch. They are decorated with volutes and flutings. 76
architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements ground floor verandah
Small verandahs are located at both side of the main hall. These roofed, open-air porch is enclosed with ornamentated, molded plaster railings that extend across the front and sides of the structure.
Figure 4.19: Ground floor verandah
Figure 4.18: Location of verandahs on ground floor plan
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements first floor verandah
A wide, spacious verandah sits right atop of the front porch of the front porch of the building. It is located at the end of the first floor corridor, and has French windows with shutters lining its three sides.
Figure 4.21: First floor verandah
Figure 4.20: Location of verandahs on first floor plan
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements floor tiles
Two different types of flooring is used. Originally paved with the ceramic floor tiles, the floor of the main hall is then replaced with timber floor.
Figure 4.23: Timber flooring
The main hall is often used for dancing activities. Due to the original ceramic tiles being too slippery to dance on, they were replaced by wooden flooring. They are arranged in a Herringbone pattern, zig-zagging, creating a dynamic effect.
Figure 4.24: Ceramic floor tiles
The corridor, verandahs and the tiny store room located by the side of the main hall, are paved with these patterned ceramic floor tiles. Nyonya tiles often include geometric shapes and quirky colors. These tiles paved some of the columns too. Figure 4.22 Floor tiles of choice for each space on ground floor plan
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements floor tiles
Figure 4.25: Herringbone timber tiles
Figure 4.26: Peranakan ceramic tiles
Figure 4.27: Running-bond timber tiles
These timber tiles replaced the original ceramic tiles in the main hall.
These tiles were the original tiles throughout the building.
These timber tiles are used most on the first floor of the building, from the corridor to the administration rooms.
They are arranged in a zig-zag pattern, resembling the bones of a fish. The main hall is widely used for dancing, and its material works better for the dance floor.
Peranakan style tiles usually consist of floral, fruits, geometrical, mythological creatures. These patterned tiles are colorful and exotic.
They are arranged in an alternating stretch, in a basic running bond pattern.
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements staircase
The one staircase in the building is located by the end of the long and narrow corridor. It is a dog-legged staircase, two flights of stairs running in opposite directions, with a mid-landing halfway.
Figure 4.29: Wooden staircase & ballusters
The wooden staircase has handrail and ballustrades with little ornamentation. It has a simple and elegant design, but striking visual impact due to the sleek surface.
Figure 4.28 Location of staircase on ground plan
Its design matches with the ambience of the building. 81
architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements Air vents
Air vents are widely built and used within the building to get rid of still air, and provide good ventilation. These air vents also double as an opening that allow natural sunlight to penetrate through to illuminate the spaces in the building.
Figure 4.30: Floral-shaped vent Figure 4.31: DIamond and floral shaped air vents
These air vents are of many different shapes. Most of them are located on the ground floor of the building. Their unusual patterned shapes may cast a uniquely patterned shadow during afternoons.
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architectural style & elements
4.3 architectural elements windows: ground floor
Windows are widely used in the building to illuminate the interior spaces. Windows of all kinds and styles are used, most of which are wooden-framed windows with often colored or patterned glass panels.
Figure 4.32 Location of windows on ground floor plan
Figure 4.33: Examples of windows on ground floor
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4.3 architectural elements windows: first floor
Most windows on the first floor are of the same style. Casement windows and many are framed with patterned metal grills for safety and aesthetic purposes.
Figure 4.34: Location of windows on first floor plan
Figure 4.35: Examples of windows on first floor
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4.3 architectural elements windows: first floor
Figure 4.36: Casement window #1
Figure 4.37: Casement window #2
Figure 4.38: Circular fixed windows
Figure 4.39: Iron work
These windows are often seen on the ground floor.
These windows are often seen on the first floor.
These iron work are placed over most windows on the first floor.
French windows with tinted patterned glass panel jalousie as transoms.
These casement windows have fixed tinted glass transoms and metal grills across.
These circular windows can be seen by the sides of the main hall and beside the wooden staircase.
These patterned metal grills The glass panels are fixed in place in its circular frame.
are installed for both aesthetic and safety purposes. 85
architectural style & elements
4.4 refurbishment & extensions court extension
The space behind the building is used as a courtyard. A metal canopy is added as shade. The base of the small columns are decorated with patterned ceramic tiles. The space is open and relaxing. Chairs and tables are added to the space for visitors and tenants to sit back and relax. The weather during afternoons are hot and stuffy despite the shade provided at the space. Figure 4.41: Outdoor covered space
Figure 4.40: Location of extension on plan
Figure 4.42: Courtyard
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4.4 refurbishment & extensions
RESTAURANT: ANG HOAY LOH
By the other side of the mansion, within the boundary, an extension is built to accommodate one of the well-known Hokkien Chinese restauant in George Town, Ang Hoay Loh. ts compound includes the restaurant itself and a small kitchen behind.
Figure 4.4.2: Temporary Shelter
Figure 4.43: Location of restaurant on plan
Figure 4.44: Ang Hoay Loh
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5.3 properties of space first floor spaces
On the upper floor, most spaces are semi-private, due to the fact that only committee members are allowed to enter the first floor.
Figure 5.13: Library
Figure 5.14: Office
Figure 5.12: Spaces on the first floor
Smaller rooms line the sides of the upper floor corridor, filled with books and documents. Most rooms receive no natural lighting. While most rooms are smaller in size, the conference room is wide and spacious, with open bathrooms. 96
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5.3 properties of space first floor spaces
Figure 5.15: Corridor
Figure 5.16: Balcony
The corridor is long and wide. It has good natural lighting due to the strategic location of the balcony at the end of the corridor, with half-length French windows lining its three sides.
Naturally, the balcony has good ventilation, the space is the focus point of the upper floor because of its location at the end of the first floor corridor and architectural style.
The floor and walls are painted light brown to match the wooden staircase. The choice of color and material add a sense of harmony to the space.
The space is cooling and comforting, encouraging people to stay and unwind.
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5.4 privacy of building building compound
The compound of the SCPA Building is open to public. Within the compound, there sits the main association building, and well-known Hokkien restaurant (Ang Hoay Loh) and its kitchens.
Figure 5.17: Ang Hoay Loh
The restaurant itself is open to public. The kitchens, both dry and wet are used for cooking and food preparation. They are usually only allow staffs to enter, thus they are semi-private.
Figure 5.18 Extended courtyard
The courtyard is part of the SCPA Building. It is often locked to avoid outsiders from entering. It can be accessed through the building.
Figure 5.19: Privacy levels within compound
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5.5 spatial experience building ambience
Based on its outlook, the building radiates magnificence. Located in such a prime spot in George Town, its unique fusion of eastern and western architecture stands out beautifully amongst others. According to Feng Shui, it is necessary to build the main entrance facing the the road. The main entrance lead to front hall (thia besar) which serves as a visitors reception hall. Unmarried nyonyas are not allowed to enter the reception hall. This arrangement is borrowed from Chinese culture. Its spacious environment is to accumulate positive energy(Chi) into the space.
Figure 5.25: The SCPA Building
Its front elevation is symmetrical, shows a strong sense of balance and stability. The space has a peaceful and calming ambience, keeping the visitors of the building at ease.
Figure 5.26: Front compound
Its quiet on most days, even with the traffic beyond the boundary of the compound. Theres a restaurant located within the compound of the building. The combination gives off a delightful atmosphere. 101
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5.4 privacy of building ground floor
Most spaces on the ground floor of the SCPA Building are semi-private. These spaces are only open to the members and visitors of the State Chinese Penang Association.
Figure 5.20: Main hall
The main space on the ground floor is the main hall that holds activities and events for the members. Toilets are accessible via the side entrance, through the long corridor. They are open to the public, which includes the customers of Ang Hoay Loh. Figure 5.21: Privacy levels within main building
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5.4 privacy of building first floor
The first floor consists of the smaller rooms located by the sides of the long corridor.
Figure 5.22: Meeting room
Figure 5.23: Secretary’s office
These rooms are mainly used for administrative work and discussions. They are usually occupied by the committee members of the association.
Figure 5.24: Privacy levels on the first floor
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5.5 spatial experience ground floor corridor
Via the side entrance, visitors would be entering a long and narrow corridor. Decorated with beautiful French windows for both lighting and aesthetic purposes, the space looks poetic, with the hint of a little sunlight.
Figure 5.28: The corridor
Upon entering the corridor, visitors would be greeted with paved exotic colored tiles, engaged columns rendered with lime plaster with decorations of doric capital and plinth. Figure 5.27: Location of corridor on main building ground plan
The fusion of eastern and western elements complement one another, creating a harmonic and exotic Peranakan style. 102
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5.5 spatial experience main hall (major spaces)
The main hall of the building is wide and spacious, it is mostly used for events and activities.
Figure 5.30: Main hall
Within the wide and spacious hall, there are many half length French windows and diamond-shaped air vents, allowing natural ventilation and sunlight to penetrate through, leaving the space breezy and cooling.
Figure 5.29: Location of main hall and verandahs on main building ground plan
These vents are employed with an elegance of economy, architectural composition as squares or diamond between windows. The main entrance door is made of wood and patterned glass panels are introduced into the door panels, allowing sunlight to seep in through the colored glass panels. 104
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5.5 spatial experience kitchen & backyard
The back of the building is the kitchen and dining area, a space where miscellaneous activities is being held. The walls are lined with various different types of doors and windows.
Figure 5.32: Backyard area
The backyard area can be accessed via the courtyard. Due to its low density in circulation, the space is very quiet and peaceful. The sun provides natural lighting, without leaving the place hot and stuffy. Its a nice spot to sit and unwind during the day. Despite the building’s irregular, disordered corners, the space nevertheless gives out a balanced, calming feeling. Figure 5.31: Location of kitchen, dining space and backyard on ground floor plan
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5.3 properties of space ground floor spaces
Figure 5.11: Kitchen
Figure 5.12: Dining room
The kitchen is on of the most spacious in the building. Chinese beliefs of the kitchen being the heart of the home is practiced widely till today, thus its emphasis on space. It is partially exposed, thus providing good ventilation.
The dining area has a curved wall section and a long rectangular like space. It proved to be an area of spotlight on most activity nights. It’s the central gathering spot among guests in the building.
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5.5 spatial experience CORRIDOR
The wooden staircase leads up to the first floor of the peranakan mansion. It leads up to another corridor, with more rooms located by both sides.
Figure 5.34: First floor corridor
Wooden staircase with wooden steps and ballustrades, along with the wooden floor tiles, this long corridor radiatesa warm and cosy feeling. At the end of the corridor is a folding door with patterned, colored glass. And beneath the door is a wide and spacious balcony, with french windows lining its three sides. Located at the front of the building, the balcony gives away a good view when you’re standing there. Figure 5.33 Location of corridor and verandah (balcony) on first floor plan
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5.3 properties of space ground floor spaces
Figure 5.9: Back corridor
Figure 5.10: Courtyard
Corridor leading towards the staircase is long and narrow, with high density of circulation due to its connection to most spaces on the ground floor.
The courtyard isfurnished with tea tables and chairs, adding a homely feeling to the building. The space is open and bright, though the afternoon heat is often reflected by the metal canopy, leaving the space stuffy and hot. Despite its easy accessibility, it is not frequently used by visitors.
The floor is paved and decorated with colorful geometric-patterned ceramic tiles.
By its sides, little rooms are used as storage space and verandahs.
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5.6 acoustic architecture & poetic elements outdoor spaces
Figure 4.4.2: Temporary Shelter
Figure 5.35: Exterior windows
Figure 5.36: Moulded ornamentations
The building has a pretty remarkable exterior, from beautiful white plaster molding, to French windows, as well as circular ones.
The walls of the building is decorated with elaborate ornamentation, plaster renderings and moldings.
These windows are symmetrical, of various different shapes and
The steps leading up to the verandah are sensitive to human scale, allowing ease in circulation. 107
intricate designs.
spatial organization
5.3 properties of space ground floor spaces
Figure 5.7: Main hall
Figure 5.8: Verandah
The front hall is an enclosed multipurpose space for all events such as social gatherings, ceromonial functions and ethic festivals. The hall recieves natural lighting and ventilation via windows and vents. The green tinted glass has fengshui properties that is related to wood whose foliage evokes the energy of potent youthfulness. The floor is lined with wooden tiles.
Located by the sides of the main hall, on the outside of the building, are verandahs. These verandahs are small, roofed open-air porch, and are partly enclosed with their half length ornamentated walls. They are cooling and breezy at most times, due to it being exposed partially.
By its sides, little rooms are used as storage space and verandahs.
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5.6 acoustic architecture & poetic elements outdoor spaces
Figure 5.38: Arch from the kitchen
The arch, clearly seen from the backyard, leads to the kitchen of the building. Semicircular arch, originated from the Romans, shows a great sense of symmetry and balance.
Figure 5.37: Front exterior
The top of the front exterior, from the pediment, to the signboard, makes a huge statement. The pediment, originated from the classical Greek temples, gives the building a spiritual outlook.
Figure 5.39: Roof
The red terracotta roofs blends well with the metal roof deck, showing a harmonious combination between the two.
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5.3 properties of space ground floor spaces
Most of the spaces located on the ground floor are opened to public.
Figure 5.6: Front entrance
The front entrance is seen as a portico, using supporting columns for a roof structure over a walkway. The grandeur of European style shows in the entrance way.
Figure 5.5: Spaces on the ground floor
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5.6 acoustic architecture & poetic elements Ground floor spaces
Figure 5.40: Hall
Within the large, spacious main hall, the arrangement for nearly everything is symmetrical. Intricate details tap into the emotions of people. The main hall’s purpose makes a statement on the building.
Figure 5.41 & 5.42: Ancestral altar
The ancestral altar is situated in the main hall, opposite the main entrance. It has a simple design, with folding doors that can be closed to cover the altar. Colored, patterned glass panels are used for aesthetic purposes. 109
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5.2 zoning of spaces first floor spaces
administration/office spaces
The administration spaces, which may consist of several office rooms, meeting rooms and a library, are located by the sides of a long corridor for easy access, allowing them to all be located on the same floor, for work purposes.
semi-outdoor space
The end of the corridor is a balcony that serves as a breather spot in the building instead of an official office for the members. This breather space are walls of windows that allow tremendous light into the hallway, which can also be seen as an application for a mural.
Figure 5.4: Zoning of first floor
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5.6 acoustic architecture & poetic elements Ground floor spaces
Figure 5.44: Window with tinted glass panels Figure 5.43: Wooden staircase with grills
On the end of the ground floor corridor sits a wooden staircase. With wooden steps and wooden ballustrades.
Wooden window panes with green-colored patterned glass panels. The intricate patterns on the glass are often shone onto the ground when the sunlight passes through.
Lined by the sides of the stairs are windows with patterned glass panels, allowing rays of sunlight to penetrate through, illuminating the narrow space. 110
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5.2 zoning of spaces ground floor spaces
main space
The major space of the building, often used to hold various events and activities, and sometimes welcome outsiders to attend their events.
conventional spaces
Influenced by Chinese culture and architectural style, kitchen (dapuh), bathroom (Chiwan) and dining room are built on the back part of the building because these spaces are more private and usually occupied by females. Kitchens are bound to place away from the main building, thus the location.
outdoor spaces
Located outdoor, the extended patio by the side of the building is a great place to unwind and relax. Dated back to the early 1900s, natural lighting was more favored as compared to electricity, thus the need for this outdoor space.
Figure 5.3: Zoning of ground floor
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5.6 acoustic architecture & poetic elements first floor spaces
Figure 5.45: Windows and iron work
French windows lining the walls. Betweenthin wooden window panes are beautiful patterned tinted glasses, some colored, allowing rays of sunlight of different colors to shine through.
Figure 5.46 & 5.47: Corridor
Patterned window grills are fixed, for both safety and aesthetic
Openings on the first floor, their subtle, but intricate designs allow the
purposes. These patterns allow the grills to cast patterned shadows.
sunlight to enter gently.
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5.1 layout
The main function of the SCPA Building is to provide a space where the Penang Peranakans can gather for events and activities.
The small spaces in the building are organized in relation to form a single large space.
The building has a J-shaped ground floor plan layout. It has an axial organization, allowing the visitors to walk through spaces of different functions, following the path.
The spatial layout is well organized, with a simple circulation system, giving direct access to most areas, allowing the building to adapt more easily to different events in the building.
Figure 5.2: Repetitive geometry on floor plan
Figure 5.1: Shape of the plan
The plan consists of squares and rectangular shapes, emphasizing its symmetrical aspects which achieves the sense of Ying and Yang. It can be seen as motives of the eclectic architecture, using geometrical layouts to achieve full usage of space to generate highest efficiency. 89
structural components
6.1 circulation
oblique approach
The SCPA building’s front entrance is designed in an oblique approach to enhance the effect of the perspective on the front facade and the form of the building as well as the three dimensional form of the building as we move closer to the building.
The path to the entrance of the building is directed to delay and prolong the sequence of the approach because it will allow the visitor to have the visual of the perspective on the facade and the form of the building.
Figure 6.2: The perspective view of the building when entering the premises
Figure 6.1: Oblique approach
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6.1 circulation
linear circulation
In the SCPA Building, the architects separate the private and semi-public spaces. The semi-public spaces are in the ground floor while private spaces are on the first floor. It shows a clear separation between those spaces. To get from one room to another, one will have to pass through a long path. Rooms are located by the sides of the corridor.
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Figure 6.3: Corridor with doors located by its sides
Figure 6.4: Linear circulation shown in first floor plan
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6.1 circulation
vertical circulation: staircase
Structures such as staircase is used as circulation elements, as they are positioned and designed to optimize the flow of people through the building.
The staircase is a dog-legged staircase, with a mid landing. Both located at the end of the corridor on both floors.
Figure 6.6: Wooden staircase
Figure 6.5: Location of staircase on ground floor plan
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6.1 circulation
points of accessibility
The SCPA Building have two entrances which are the projected entrance and the flush entrance. The projected entrance is one of the Straits Eclectic style where they are often designed in a symmetrical organization with projected entrance in the midde to form a transitional space, announcing its function to the approach and provide overhead shelter.
Figure 6.7: Projected entrance
But the flush entrance is more commonly used due to the main entrance being locked most of the time. The other entrance is designed in a simple flush entrance to maintain the continuity of the surface of a wall as well as the facade of the building.
Figure 6.8: Flush entrance
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6.2 ventilation
passive design strategies
Passive design strategies are implemented in the SCPA Building to get rid of still air within the building. Cross ventilation is used, allowing
The air is recycled out via two opposite openings. It is the most effective. Hot air within the building is huffed out and replaced by the
wind to enter directly from openings at one side and escapes through the other end.
cool wind.
Figure 6.9: Windows on ground floor plan
Figure 6.10: Cross ventilation path
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6.2 ventilation
openings & air vents
There are many air vents and openings within the building to ensure good ventilation. Apart from ventilation, they also act as the opening for lighting. Diamond shaped air vent and Ornated floral shaped vent are widely used in the building. Casement windows can be opened to catch buffers of wind. It is the most effective open area window among the other three type of window design; double hung, awning and horizontal sliding. They also designed a louvered openings where it permits uninhibited air flow.
Figure 6.11: Ornated floral air vent
Figure 6.12: Diamond shaped air vent
Figure 6.10: Jalousie windows
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6.2 ventilation
mechanical system
The construction of the building was dated back to the early 1900s, and though constructions then favored natural ventilation and lighting rather than the use of electricity, the tenants today installed
The design of the building relied heavily on these mechanical system such as air conditioner and fans. On hot days, cross ventilation methods tend to be less effective.
mechanical system to assist in ventilating the building automatically.
Figure 6.13: Mechanical systems used
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6.3 lighting lighting sunpath sun path
The north point faces the side elevation of the building, thus the morning sun that rises from the east would face the back of the building, giving the kitchen and backyard more morning sunlight. When noon approaches, the sun shines brightest at its front, giving the first floor verandah more sunlight.
Figure 6.14: Sun path
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materials & construction methods
7.1 structural materials
reinforced cement concrete (rcc) This material is used in the building as the wall and to give the roof a wider overhang. Reinforced concrete has high compressive strength and adequate tensile strength compared to the normal concrete which tend to be brittle, and break easily under sudden stress and crumbling under the influence of time and weather. It’s written in the history that long ago the building was set on fire and the material has since then changed to concrete, which is more durable
Figure 7.1: Use of reinforced concrete on site
Reinforced concrete is a structural material, made out of small stones and gravel called aggregate, sharp sand, cement and water. It is a
than any other building system. The concrete is fireproof and weather resistant. No risk of moisture damage or any other weather related problem once the system is complete. Due to its strong durability, less skill labour required and less deflection, the reinforced concrete requires little or no maintenance at all. But the final strength of the concrete is uncertain and it also shows the sign of shrinkage.
combination of these traditional cement concrete with reinforcements (steel bar) and is commonly used for construction of slabs, beams, columns, foundation, and precast concrete. It is a normal concrete cast around a more solid object for extra support. 122
materials & construction methods
7.1 structural materials timber
Apart from its good appearance and aesthetic appeal, timber is versatile and can be used in a wide variety of ways. It is easy to install, light, can be worked with simple tools and reduces the energy needed for construction. Although timber is said to be one of the combustible element, building
Figure 7.2: Use of timber structure on site (roof structure)
Timber is a dry construction and one of the few natural building material. It is use as the timber louvers between the two roofs, timber staircase and its handrails and the flooring. Timber has good sound, thermal and electrical insulation property. In order to reduce the amount of energy used to heat and operate a building, insulation is
with thick structure elements do not collapse easily on fire. Thick structure element is consider as another way to extend the time of the burning point because of the outer layers of the timber. The outer layers will produce charcoal which is a very effective heat insulator thus making it burn very slowly. The only disadvantages of using timbers are its subjected to rot and attacked by biotic agents.
very important which is why timber is used. It can also reduce energy needs when it is used in windows, doors, and floor because it acts as a natural insulator.
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7.2 finishing & furnishing materials ceramic tiles
Tiles are a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape and fired at high temperatures which gives the tile its hardness. Durability is one of its good quality where it is extremely tough and are difficult to crack. One can last for 10 to 20 years and longer if it’s well maintained. Ceramic flooring is easy and low maintenance because if a single tiles crack, it can be easily replace. Dirt, stain, and liquids all rest on the surface, allowing it to be easily clean, wipe or mop them away. This allows for a good hygiene. Ceramic tiles can be mixed and matched in the pattern or accented with designs or motifs and it is also colour permanence. The colours are unaffected and will not change or fade from direct sunlight exposure. Besides, ceramic tiles are completely fire resistance. It will not burn nor fuel a fire but it will provide protection for structural surface during fires. The only disadvantages for the tiles are it required skilled labour and does not hold heat well.
Figure 7.3: Use of ceramic tiles on site
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materials & construction methods
7.2 finishing & furnishing materials wrought iron
terracotta roof
Figure 7.4: Use of wrought iron on site
Figure 7.5: Use of terracotta roof on site
Wrought Iron was used as the security bar and the gate at the building.
erracotta is a type of clay based ceramic which is used to create roof tiles. It is installed by placing overlapping and interlocking rows of tiles on the roof.
Wrought Iron is an iron with a very low carbon content in contrast to cast iron. It can be heated and reheated and worked into various shapes, the more it worked the stronger it become. Thus, it is malleable. Besides, it is also strong, magnetic, ductile, durable and soft despite its aesthetic appeal.
Terracotta clay roof tile are attractive, impermeable, and durable. They are waterproof and fire-resistance, offering a good protection to the building and can last up to 100 years. Terracotta are easy to recycle and do not harm the environment. It also have good thermal properties because of the red colour which is moderately reflective colour and light coloured roofs have higher reflectance and emissivity than dark coloured roofs. But this roofs are quite fragile, relatively heavy and may attract moss and lichen.
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materials & construction methods
7.2 finishing & furnishing materials tinted translucent glass
plaster
Figure 7.6: Use of tinted translucent glass on site
Figure 7.7: Use of plaster on site
Tinted Translucent Glass are used mostly on the windows and doors.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings, moulding and casting decorative elements. Plaster gives off decorative appeal, durability and easier installation.
It creates a privacy space within a room keeping it out from the other space. It causes temperature reduction by reflecting some of the UV ray and make it a long lasting furniture. This tinted glass may function as giving a space some kind of emotions but it is less effective at night.
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materials & construction methods
7.3 CHANGE OF MATERIALS & REFURBISHMENTS brick wall
wooden windows + iron work
Figure 7.8: Brick wall construction
Figure 7.9: Installation of steel grills onto the window
Parts of the brick wall was reconstructed, and re-plastered during their renovation. Brick walls are sturdy and load-bearing, giving the building a strong structure.
A geometrical patterned steel grill is installed onto the wooden window frames to provide structure. As opposed to the wooden frame, the metal grills are able to provide better support and strength, as well as asethetic value to the windows. 127
materials & construction methods
7.4 reason regarding the change of material brick : used for structure heat
Brick is more resistant to cold and moist weather condition. Thus enabling it to construct permanent buildings in regions with harsh climate precluded the use of mud bricks.
maintenance
Brick have negligible routine maintenance. It doesn’t need to be painted regularly or any other treatments to maintain its aesthetics and durability. They remain strong and reliable after decades, saving you on the cost and time to upkeep buildings.
fire
Figure 7.10: Brick wall structure
sustainability
Brick is made out of organic minerals found in shale and local, naturally abundant sources of clay. Its long-lasting life cycle offers ongoing environmental and health benefits. It is also as durable as concrete but its free from contaminants and naturally resistant to pests. It is reusable and recyclable. It is easy to be demolished, thus less time consuming and economic.
Brick is a highly fire resistant because of its heat resistant material. Thus, it will provide a good fire protection to the residents.
environment
Brick is used due to its ability to withstand the test of time and its low maintenance even under harsh environmental conditions. It produces less environment pollutant as compared to concrete during its manufacturing process. It will also provide lifetime value and is cost effective because it’s weatherproof with and virtually no maintenance. 128
materials & construction methods
7.4 reason regarding the change of material steel : used for windows
fire
Steel is one of the few materials that are fire resistant, which means the building doesn’t catch fire as easily as wood does.
maintenance
Steel also lasts a lot longer under harsh environmental conditions. A simple coat of paint will protect it from rusting and corrosion, hence reducing the maintenance cost.
rigid
Steel is also structurally stable and rigid so the measurements will not deviate.
pests
Steel also happens to be pest proof, so no pest control will be needed. Figure 7.11: Added steel to the window on site
heat Steel grills are added to the original window for conventional, safety and aesthetic purposes. The iron work has a distinct geometrical pattern. Geometrical shapes are widely used as a Peranakan motif.
Steel is better at withstanding heat from the environment, it will not warp bend into different shapes, nor will it lose its structural integrity after heating. 129
materials & construction methods
7.4 reason regarding the change of material wood : replaced on windows fire Wood would not be generally considered as a fire resistant material because of its organic compound which are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, wood is classified as a combustible material making it less ideal material to use in applications where fire safety is a concern. Certain types of the treated wood such as Chromated copper Arsenate (CCA) can emit toxic chemicals, arsenic, which can be fatal in closed spaces. Wood burns harder when the specific gravity, surface mass which can affect the duration of the flame and the moisture content increase and vice versa.
environment Figure 7.12: Replaced wooden windows
Wood is a fairly versatile material, but it comes with many unwanted disadvantages. Wooden windows were widely used in the building. When the old ones begin to show signs of rotting, they were replaced with new wood.
Wood wrap can be affected by the age, temperature, and environmental factors. It produces gain and loss of moisture content in the surrounding area or environment. Depending on the conditions, the wood may warp by swelling, shrinking, or twisting. (Kellenberg, 2016) This means that in many fine-calculation applications, such as in doorways and around window frames, the form will deviate from several millimeters up to a few centimeters. 130
materials & construction methods
7.4 reason regarding the change of material wood : replaced on windows pests
moist
Woods are organic goods and nutritional product supplier for some plants and animals including destroying pests such as termites, powderpost beetles, carpenter bees, carpenter ants, marine borers and wood-devouring fungi. These biotic agents are responsible for the
Wood is a hygroscopic material therefore it will adsorb surrounding condensable vapour and loses moist to air below the fiber saturation point. (Ă–ZEN, 2016). The wood will be attacked by the common fungi if the moisture content above the fiber saturation
deterioration of structural integrity of the wood used in the state building. They are hard to recognize or identify, costly, and can do great amounts of damage that is virtually invisible until it's past the point where it is possible to repair. Some part of the window in the building has been detected with these biotic agents and it would be
point (FSP) and to provide desirable safety against fungi, we need to have the wood with moisture content at least 3% less than FSP. Besides, moist condition can soften the treated wood to withstand moisture, making it susceptible to wet rot and fungus. It can be very expensive to treat such problem and the best way is to simply use a
costly to repair all of these woods.
material that does not have this vulnerability such as plastic or nonporous material.
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defects
8.1 construction deficiencIES water intrusion
Figure 8.1: Mold growth on column
Figure 8.2: Mold growth on exterior wall
Located in the verandah toilet on the first floor, the column supporting the roof is built with toxic mold.
Visible stains are set in throughout the exterior wall of the building, especially on top and on the foot of the columns. These mold may be permanent if not maintained well.
The water system of the building was not constructed effectively, causing water to leak through the walls, allowing mold and stains to form as visible spots on the columns and the walls. 131
defects
8.1 construction deficiencIES water intrusion
Apart from the exterior of the building, the indoors spaces may also build with mold and water intrusion due to all types of factors such as humidity and leaking water pipes. Mold and stains can be observed visibly on the ceilings of the roof. If not taken care of sooner, these molds might stain permanently.
Figure 8.3: Mold growth on ceiling
Water leakage is also a pretty common sight. This can be caused by a split or a crack on the roof, allowing rain water to pass through. A tape was strapped across the ceiling to temporarily stop water from leaking through the ceiling.
Figure 8.4: Water leaking through ceiling
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defects
8.1 construction deficiencIES workmanship
Figure 8.5: Protruding reinforcement bar
Figure 8.6: Uneven ground level
Sturdy steel rods are embedded within the concrete walls to provide extra support as a reinforcement bar. Located right below a circular air vent in the ground floor main hall, a steel cage reinforcement bar was rotruded out of the concrete wall.
The ground behind the main building is observed to have an uneven ground level. The ground, and certain walls are slanted due to the lack of workmanship when leveling the ground.
These steel cages reinforcement are sticking out due to workmanship deficiency. They were displaced and not nicely hidden during onstruction of the walls.
The uneven ground may cause water accumulation and may result in floor damage.
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defects
8.2 design deficiencies
Figure 8.9: Main hall door
The door located beside the staircase on the ground floor leads to the main hall. The round door is bigger in size as compared to the opening, and does not fit well in the entry way. A lock is installed to keep the door closed, but due to the lack of planning when designing the door and its size, the door is not able to be closed properly by its frame.
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defects
8.3 deterioration paint work
Figure 8.10: Column plaster chipping
Figure 8.11: Paint chipping and stains on pediment
The plaster of the ionic columns looks distressed and chipped, causing the columns to look worn out. The paint around has started to crack and chip off over the years.
The triangular pediment on top of the building is hard to reach, thus more difficult to maintain and take care of. Stains of water accumulation and chipping and cracking paint can be observed from the exterior of the building.
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defects
8.3 deterioration flooring
Figure 8.12: Cracks formed between timber and tiled floors
Figure 8.13: Cracks formed on hardwood floor
Cracks are occured along the junction of two different surfaces. Lines are visible, paint work are deteriorating between the timber flooring and the concrete flooring where the Peranakan-styled tiles are laid.
Cracks and separation between boards of the hardwood floor can be observed. These problems usually occur when the wood expands or contracts, causing visible cracks to appear.
These cracks are caused by the movement being carried through the tiles over the years, causing them to slowly deteriorate.
These cracks may also be caused by the moisture within the building, leaking appliances or water intrusion may contribute to the cause.
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defects
8.3 deterioration
window and door openings
Figure 8.14: Broken windows
heres a window with a broken glass on the first floor. Despite the steel grills installed over the frames of the windows, breaking of these glasses are inevitable. Glass is fragile and can be roken easily at impact.
Figure 8.15: Broken window frame
On the window facing the main hall on the ground floor, the wood of the indow frame has a crack and is broken. The frames of the windows in the building are all made out of wood, and re more susceptible to damage and cracking.
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conclusion Located in the heart of Georgetown, amongst many other Straits Eclectic style architecture from the colonial era, the State Chinese Penang Association is a colonial bungalow that adopted architectural styles of different kinds-- namely Indo-Malay, Anglo-Indian and even ertain Chinese and Western elements.
The building is used as an association building, where Straits Chinese (Peranakans) all over Penang would gather for Straits Chinese events nd activities.
Figure 9.2: Characteristics of the SCPA Building
conclusion Located in the heart of Georgetown, amongst many other Straits Eclectic style architecture from the colonial era, the State Chinese Penang Association is a colonial bungalow that adopted architectural styles of different kinds-- namely Indo-Malay, Anglo-Indian and even ertain Chinese and Western elements.
The building is used as an association building, where Straits Chinese (Peranakans) all over Penang would gather for Straits Chinese events nd activities.
Figure 9.2: Characteristics of the SCPA Building
conclusion
Figure 9.3: Elements of the SCPA Building
conclusion Throughout this module, we have been exposed to historical architecture of different styles within Malaysia during their pre-Merdeka ra. Over our five-day fieldwork in Penang, we were able to work together and execute hands-on measurements. We were able to conduct interviews and surveys with the tenants and caretakers to extract more nformation regarding our building. Finally, we were able to translate measured data we were able to get from our fieldwork, into scaled drawings. We are also able to explain nd classify information based on our time in Penang.
Figure 9.1: Group photo (Group 10)
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references L. L. (2008, April/May). Preserving Penang. Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://www.lizalinklater.com/preserving-penang/ Jenkins, G. (2008). Contested space: Cultural heritage and identity reconstructions: Conservation strategies within a developing Asian city. Wien: Lit. C. O. (2010, October 26). Just Sharing. Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://ccwen08.blogspot.my/2010/10/pinang-peranakan-mansion-penang.html Spatial Expression. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://lte-projects.umd.edu/arch170bl/Part_4__The_Aesthetic_and_Theoretical_Dimensions_of_Understanding_Architecture/Spatial_Expression.html Asian Inspirations,. (2016). Peranakan Clothing - A Unique Blend of Cultural Influences. Retrieved 27 January 2016, from https://asianinspirations.com.au/asian-culture/peranakan-clothing-a-unique-blend-of-cultural-influences/ Kim Choo Kueh Chang Pte Ltd,. (2014). Who are the Peranakans? - Kim Choo Kueh Chang Pte Ltd. Retrieved 27 January 2016, from http://www.kimchoo.com/who-are-the-peranakans/ malacca.ws. (2016). Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum in Malacca - Jonker Street Atttractions. Retrieved 27 January 2016, from http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/baba-nyoya-muzeum.htm?cur=MYR Wheelock, C. C. (2000). Feng Shui Tips for Building a New House. Retrieved February, 2016, from http://www.fengshuivermont.com/pubart/thirteen.html Ahmad, A. G. (1994, December 3). THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF THE PERANAKAN CINA. Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/SeminarPaper/peranakan cina.html L. L. (2008, April/May). Preserving Penang. Retrieved February 11, 2016, from http://www.lizalinklater.com/preserving-penang/