Lighting Integration Project

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture BUILDING SCIENCE II (BLD 61303 / ARC 3413) Assignment 2 / Lighting Integration Project

Name : Poh Jia Jou Student ID : 0327192 Tutor : Ar. Edwin Chan & Dr. Suja

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0

Introduction

3

2.0

Lighting Analysis 2.1 Kids Library 2.1.1 Daylight Factor Calculation 2.1.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 2.1.3 PSALI application

6 12

2.2

17

3.0

Garage Workshop 2.2.1 Daylight Factor Calculation 2.2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 2.2.3 Lighting Simulation Analysis

References

18

02

1.0 Introduction

Objectives: ● To show understanding of artificial lighting and daylighting strategies (PSALI) in the final design ● To solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues (natural lighting, site analysis) ● To design spaces incorporating artificial and daylighting when necessary The final project of Studio V (ARC60306) calls for designing a Learning Centre For All (LCA) at a corner lot urban infill site. The site chosen is located along Jalan Besar, Klang Malaysia.Relevant urban contextual responses are to be proposed to create a sense of interaction within the community.

Klang once a thriving town is left with an aging community as youngsters tend to move out to neighbourhood cities. Although steeped in history, the past decade has not been been kind on Klang, but plans are afoot to rejuvenate the town. The Learning Centre For All aims to breathe new life into Klang.

NTS

03

Sun

1.0 Introduction

Path

Study

9.00am / In the morning, the side facade receives maximum sunlight penetration causing glare and thermal issues. Windows are tinted and covered with blinds to to suit the activity and comfort of the users at all times. Corrugated steel panels are used to wrap some facade too.

12.00pm / At noon, the sun strikes on top of the building where skylight from the courtyard allows the sunlight to penetrate into the interior spaces of the building.

5.00pm / In the evening, the sun shining upon the buildings at the surrounding, cast shadow on the whole building, projecting a warm light into the spaces, which contribute to the views and vistas from the building.

04

2.0 Lighting Analysis

The daylight factor is defined as the ratio of the natural illuminance at a particular point on a horizontal plane to the simultaneously occurring external illuminance of the unobstructed overcast sky. In Britain, the standard sky is assumed to give at least 5000 lx of illuminance on the ground.

Daylight factor (DF) = (Internal illuminance e / External illuminance e) x 100

In side-lit rooms, the maximum DF is near the windows, and it is mainly due to the sky component. In the early stages of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight The values of these quantities are determined from the given data and W.T and R are corrected by using factors given in the BS Daylight Code and other publications.

Average DF = [W/A x Tθ] / (1 - R ) Where, W is the area of the windows (m2) A = total area of the internal surfaces (sqm) T = the glass transmittance corrected for dirt θ = visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R = the average reflected of area According to MS 1525, daylight factor distribution as below: DF, %

Distribution

>6

Thermal & glare problem

3-6

Good

1-3

Fair

0-1

Poor

05

2.0 Lighting Analysis

Artificial light, as opposed to natural light, refers to any light source that is produced by electrical means.

Artificial lighting is required for each space as sunlight cannot be received in 24 hours.

Lumen method / Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. The average illuminance produced by a lighting installation can be determined by the formula.

N = [ E x A ] / [ n x F x UF x MF ] where , N = number of luminaire in the room E = average illuminance over the horizontal working plane A = area of the horizontal working plane n = number of lamps in each luminaire F = lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. initial bare lamp luminous flux UF = utilization factor for the horizontal working plane MF = maintenance factor

Utilization Factor (UF) Table / reflectances (%) for ceiling, walls and working plane

06

2.0 Lighting Analysis

Room Index / Room index (RI) is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the working and luminaire planes.

RI = [ L x W ] / [ Hm x ( L + W )] where, L = length of room W = width of room Hm = mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire.

Light Loss Factor (LLF) / Light loss factors are used to help lighting systems meet quantitative design criteria throughout the life of the installation, but they also carry ancillary consequences such as influencing first cost and energy used.

The calculation for LLF is as follows: LLF = LLD x LDD x ATF x HE x VE x BF x CD Where, LLD = Lamp Lumen depreciation LDD = Luminaire dirt depreciation ATF = Ambient temperature effects HE = Heat extraction VE =Voltage effects BF = Driver and lamps factors CD = Component depreciation

07

2.1 Kids library

Second floor plan / Kids Library As seen in the drawings, the kids library front facade is made up of partially brick wall and curtain wall.

Corrugated steel panel is used as louvre to overcome some glare problem.

8240

3500

5600 7470

Section of kids library

Front facade of kids library

1660

5400 2550 5420

Kids library

08

2.1.1 Daylight Analysis

Daylight factor calculation Total floor area (sqm)

44.0

Area of windows without shaded area (W/sqm)

(5.2 x 3.2) - [(1.66+2.55) x 5.4 x ½] = 8.92

Total area of internal surface (A/sqm)

2 (44) + (8.24 x 3.2) + (7.47 x 3.2) + (3.5 x 3.2) + (5.6 x 3.2) = 167.40

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T)

0.6 (double glazed window in clean environment)

Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of window (θ)

80°

Average reflectance of space A (R)

0.5 (Considered light colored surface)

Average daylight factor (DF)

Average DF = W/A x Tθ / (1 - R ) Average DF = [( 8.92 / 167.40 ) x (0.6 x 80) / (1- 0.5) = 5.11 % According to MS 1525, this room lighting is considered good, this is important to provide a well lighted environment for reading.

Daylight illuminance simulation As seen in the illuminance simulation, it is observed that most of the daylight enters the space through the windows facing North. Artificial lighting is still needed to evenly distribute the lighting in the interior space.

09

2.1.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

Type of luminaire / LED Wireless Recessed Downlight

Product model

801506

Type of luminous

Warm White

Luminous flux (lm)

1200

Power (W)

10

Colour temperature (K)

3500

Colour rendering index (CRI)

80

Average life rate (Hours)

32-year (based on 3-hour/day)

Adequate lighting is important in a library. The LED Wireless Recessed Downlight is chosen to act as ambient lighting for the kids library. The slightly blue tinted light helps to promote concentration of the kids when reading while giving a slightly warm hue.

Room Material Reflectance value

Ceiling - White Paint on Plain Plasterboard 0.7

Wall - White brick 0.5

Floor - Timber; Light 0.30

10

2.1.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

Room index calculation Dimension of workshop (m)

L=8.24, W= 5.6

Total floor area (sqm)

44.0

Height of ceiling (m)

3.2

Type of light fixture

LED Wireless Recessed Downlight

Luminous flux of lighting, (F/lm)

1200

Suspension length of luminaire from ceiling (m)

0

Height of working plane (m)

0.8

Mounting height (Hm)

3.2 - 0.8 = 2.4

Standard illumination required according to MS1525 and JKR (E/lux)

300

Room Index, RI (K)

RI = [ L x W ] / [ Hm x ( L + W )] = 44 / 2.4 x [ 8.24 + 5.6 ] = 1.32 (1.25 + 0.07)

Lumen calculation Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

300

Area at working plane height (A, sqm)

44

Luminous Flux (F, lm)

1200

Utilization factor (UF)

C = 0.7 W = 0.5 F = 0.30 UF = 0.56 + (7 x 0.001) = 0.567

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8 (standard)

Lumen Calculation (N)

Space height Ratio (SHR)

Fitting layout (S max is maximum spacing,m)

N = (E x A) / (n x F x MF x UF) N = 300 x 44 / 1 x 1200 x 0.8 x 0.567 = 24.25 = 24 1/Hm x √ Area/N 1/2.4 x √ 44 / 24 = 0.56 Smax = SHR x Hm S max = 0.56 x 2.4 S max = 1.35

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2.1.3 Lighting Simulation Analysis

Artificial illuminance simulation

The lighting contour diagram on the left shows the illuminance of artificial lighting evenly lit up the space.

illuminance simulation with PSALI concept PSALI is required for the actual use of the library as without it the space is too dark for reading. With PSALI concept, the kids library is evenly lit.

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2.1.3 Lighting Simulation Analysis

Reflected ceiling plan of kids library According to the illuminance simulation of natural daylight and artificial daylight. The wiring of light fixtures is determined. 24 LED lights are installed to ensure visual comfort for users, hence light is equally distributed on the whole floor area. The LED lights are spaced in between 1.17m to 1.30m with each other in a row to allow even light distribution.

PSALI Concept

A B

According to PSALI, some lights are only switched on at night or when it is dark.

Therefore, when daylight is sufficient in the kids library, only light fixtures that are connected to switch B are turned on to ensure even distribution of lighting within the space. The light fixtures connected to switch A are only turned on when there is insufficient daylight or during night time.

13

2.2 Garage Workshop

First floor plan nts / Garage Workshop As seen in the drawings, the workshop has a curtain wall facing the courtyard bringing some daylight into the room.

As the workshop is meant to operate at night, appropriate artificial lighting is employed too.

3000

10250

10940

3000

Section nts / Garage Workshop

Garage Workshop

14

2.2.1 Daylight Analysis

Daylight factor calculation Total floor area (sqm)

3 x 10.60 = 31.8

Area of windows without shaded area (W/sqm)

10.25 x 3.2 = 32.8

Total area of internal surface (A/sqm)

2 (31.8) + 2(3.0 x 3.2) + (10.25 x 3.2) + (10.94 x 3.2) = 150.61

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T)

0.6 (double glazed window in clean environment)

Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of window (θ)

44°

Average reflectance of space A (R)

0.5 (Considered light colored surface)

Average daylight factor (DF)

Average DF = W/A x Tθ / (1 - R ) Average DF = [( 32.8 / 150.61 ) x (0.6 x 44) / (1- 0.5) = 11.50% According to MS 1525, this room is considered too bright with glare and thermal problem, therefore the curtain glass walls should be tinted or installed with blinds to overcome the glare and thermal problem during daytime.

Daylight illuminance simulation As seen in the illuminance simulation, it is observed that most of the daylight enters the space through the windows facing the courtyard. The issue of glare and thermal are present and can be solved by making windows tinted or installing blinds.

15

2.2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

As the workshop is well lit during the day, appropriate artificial lighting is only needed at night or when the weather condition is unfavourable. Cylinder LED Track Lighting is chosen to act as ambient lighting for the workshop. The color temperature is almost blue to provide a very bright and slightly warm working environment good for concentration.

Type of luminaire / Cylinder LED Track Lighting

Product model

424654784

Type of luminous

Natural White

Luminous flux (lm)

1080

Power (W)

12

Colour temperature (K)

4000

Colour rendering index (CRI)

90

Average life rate

<25% after working for 30000 hrs

Room Material Reflectance value

Ceiling - White Paint on Plain Plasterboard 0.7

Wall - White brick 0.5

Floor - Timber; Light 0.30

16

2.2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis

Room index calculation Dimension of workshop (m)

L=3.00, W= (10.25 + 10.94) / 2 = 10.60

Total floor area (sqm)

3 x 10.60 = 31.8

Height of ceiling (m)

3.2

Type of light fixture

Cylinder LED Track Lighting

Luminous flux of lighting, (F/lm)

1080

Suspension length of luminaire from ceiling (m)

0.1

Height of working plane (m)

0.8

Mounting height (Hm)

3.2 - 0.1 - 0.8 = 2.3

Standard illumination required according to MS1525 and JKR (E/lux)

300

Room Index, RI (K)

RI = [ L x W ] / [ Hm x ( L + W )] = 31.8 / 2.3 x [ 10.60 + 3 ] = 1.02 (1.00 + 0.02)

Lumen calculation Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

300

Area at working plane height (A, sqm)

Dimension of Workshop 10.60 x 3.00 = 31.8

Luminous Flux (F, lm)

1080

Utilization factor (UF)

C = 0.7 W = 0.5 F = 0.30 UF = 0.5 + (2 X 0.001) = 0.502

Maintenance factor (MF)

0.8 (standard)

Lumen Calculation (N)

Space height Ratio (SHR)

Fitting layout (S max is maximum spacing,m)

N = (E x A) / (n x F x MF x UF) N = 300 x 31.8 / 1 x 1080 x 0.8 x 0.502 = 22 1/Hm x √ Area/N 1/2.3 x √31.80 / 22 = 0.52 Smax = SHR x Hm S max = 0.52 x 2.3 S max = 1.2

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2.2.3 Lighting Simulation Analysis

Reflected ceiling plan of garage workshop

The reflected ceiling plan of the garage workshop on the left shows the proposed light fitting spacing complying to the Smax of 1.2m, calculated previously.

Artificial lighting is turned on when there is insufficient daylight or during night time.

Artificial illuminance simulation

Artificial lighting is turned on at night or when insufficient daylight to light up the dark space evenly as shown in the lighting contour diagram above.

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3.0 References

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bsapplec/methods.htm (2018). Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lighting-design-lumen-method-examples-hasan-tariq (2018). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-contour-diagram-having-five-light-intensity-levels-indica ting-the-spread-of-light-from_fig6_228681184 What is Artificial Light? - Definition from MaximumYield. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.maximumyield.com/definition/2126/artificial-light (2018). Retrieved from https://www.homedepot.com/p/Philips-Hue-White-Ambiance-LED-Dimmable-Smart-Wireless-Re cessed-Downlight-Retrofit-5-6-Inch-801506/303993123 Donkin, W. & Donkin, A (1870). Acoustic Oxford; Clarendon Press.

Reinhart, C. & Stein , R Daylightinghandbook.