LOGBOOK JIANING GUO 653671
WEEK 1 LOGBOOK -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T -- C L A S S A C T I V I T Y
Week 1 LOGBOOK Subject process • A brief introduction of subject • A 5-minute quiz 1)About materials 2)Basic structural forces 3)Load path • Mission: Mass Tower
Strength: To judge the material whether is strong or weak. eg: iron is strong, sponge is weak
Section 1 : About Material Main characteristics of materials: • Strength • Stiffness • Shape • Material behaviors • Economy • Sustainability
Stiffness： Stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy. Compare with strength, stiffness is more detailed.
Shapeďźš Whether it is linear, 2dimensions or 3-dimensions. Judge the material from outlook.
Section 2 : Structural Forces Force: Vector quantity has magnitude and direction. Basically
Material behaviors: isotropic or anisotropic Economy & sustainability: How much does the material cost ? How it can be sustainably used?
Section 3: Load Path Diagram The weight transfers the force follow the arrow`s direction.
Section 4: Mass Tower Mission: Build a tower by using small wood bricks, as tall as possible, leave a door for a toy dog.
The arch is too fragile, to prevent it been destroyed, we use several bricks and a rubber band make a beam to suffer the weight. In order to leave a door for the dog, we use the bricks to build an arch.
Because the tower should be as tall as possible, the base is very important, it should be stable. Therefore we set the bricks tightly together The third part is here. :by established using vertically standing bricks. This is an efficient way of extending height. This is the second part.
This is that beam. After settling down the base, we start to focus on the height. We use two bricks stick together as the second level`s sample. This little window is very interesting, we use four horizontal bricks and rubber band to make another beam to make this little window. This shows the stiffness of timber and it is isotropic.
Basic structural forces.
Mind map of Week 1`s studying
Team work mission: Mass tower
WEEK 2 LOGBOOK -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T -- C L A S S A C T I V I T Y
Week 2 LOGBOOK Subject process • Lecture`s content 1)Experiment of straws • A 5-minute quiz 1)About structural joints 2)Structural systems and forms 3)Construction systems 4)ESD and selecting materials • Mission: Use balsa wood to build a stable tower This experiment aims to explore how to arrange the straws and the bowl to let it suffer most weight?
Section 1 : Lecture`s content
These are the materials used for the experiment, straws, a plastic bowl, a bag of stones, some pins and a weightometer.
Section 2: Structural joints
Restrict
Fixed Joint
Allow
Fixed joint Pin joint
Vertical, horizontal, None rotation Vertical , horizontal
Rotation
Roller joint
Vertical
Horizontal, rotation
Pin Joint
Roller Joint
Section 3: Structural systems and forms Structural Systems •Solid •Surface •Skeletal •Membrane •Hybrid
Surface : 1) Planar structure
Sydney Opera House
Solid : 1) Frequently used in early buildings 2) Can be seen in arch 3) Compression is the main structural action.
A typical architecture of The Old Egypt.
Skeletal : 1) Frequently been used in modern buildings. 2) Very efficient way of transferring loads.
Membrane : 1) Less use in buildings. 2) Cover large surface efficiently and cheaply. 3) Always be used in sports day.
Typical skeletal structure
Sail
A collaboration of skeletal and membrane systems. The material here used for membrane frame is called ETFE. In this case, air is providing the structural integrity of the building.
Hybrid : 1) Most of the structures are hybrid nowadays. 2) Collaborations of several structures.
Section 4: Construction system Construction Systems
Construction system considerations •Performance requirement
•Enclosure system
•Aesthetic qualities
•Structural system
•Economic efficiencies
•Service system
•Environmental impacts
Section 5: Building tower by using balsa wood In order to build the tower as high as possible, we first cut the wood into several long pieces. Here, to prevent the weakness of the balsa wood we made a small notch each side of the piece, let them collaborate together to be more stable. We use three other pieces to make a triangle as the footing. Because we think triangle is the most stable shape. And use tape to stick every connection.
Just like this. And then we used the tape to stick this two parts together to prevent it breaks. This is the main structure our tower. We also use some pieces to rearrange the neighboring two beams, by using the notch method again
Structural systems
Mind map of Week 2`s studying Lecture`s straw experiment
Team work mission: Balsa wood tower
ESD and selecting materials
WEEK 3 LOGBOOK -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T -- C L A S S A C T I V I T Y
Week 3 LOGBOOK Subject Process: - Main knowledge - Site visiting 1) Structural Elements
Strut: A slender element design to carry load to its parallel long axis and the load produces COMPRESSION.
The design of elements depends on loads it carried, the materials, the form and shape chosen for the element. The elements from which the structure is made or assembled have, in engineering and building terms, specific names which are used for convenience.
Tie: A slender element design to carry load to its parallel long axis and the load produces TENSION.
Beam: Generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance.
The load tends to distributed into several forces, maybe in two directions. Load
Slab/Plate: A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical loading bending usually supported by beams.
Transferring down
Panel: A deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load. Common examples are WALL AND SHEAR DIAPHRAGM.
2) Footings & Foundations Foundation is the substructure of the building and their function is to safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground.
Foundation is always the ground. Footing is the solid base suffer the load.
Settlement, beneath the soil and the earth. Sink into the earth.
Settlement: Over time, buildings compress the earth beneath them and buildings tend to sink a little into the earth.
Shallow footing
Unstable soil
Bed rock Shallow Footings: are used when soil conditions are stable and where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the surface of the ground, Load is transferred vertically from the foundation to the ground.
Deep Foundations: are used where the soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate. Load is transferred from the foundations, through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand is located.
Types of shallow footings Pad footings: Isolated footing, this types of footings help to spread a point load over a wide area of the ground. Strip footings: Used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner.
Raft Foundation: Sometimes also called a raft slab, this type of foundation provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat.
Mass Mass materials: Stone
+
Clay
+
compressive strength
hard
Earth Good thermal mass
+
Concrete durabl e
Strong in COMPRESSION, weak in TENSION.
Masonry Masonry materials: Stone
+
Clay
+
Concrete
Masonry refers to building with units of various natural and manufactured products, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent.
Bricks Extruded and wire - cut
Machine moulded (pressed)
Handmade (convict - made)
Clay bricks - Uses Stretcher course Header course Soldier course
Site visiting Stairs on west end of union house
Typical skeletal system by using steel beams, columns and cables.
Pin joint, usually been used in beams and steel cables.
North court union house Rain
Hybrid system, the combination of skeletal system and membrane system. Membrane system is a very efficient system to cover the biggest place. This is system fits tightly into the site, because the union house is a place for students to take a rest, membrane is a very good material to be used to block the sunshine.
This was used to spread the rainwater, in order to prevent the water generating together.
Beaurepaire Pool
Because the swimming pool is a wet place, therefore the waterproof proporties of the material is very important.
Enclosure system
Load Berry wall, mainly by windows.
Oval Pavilion Footing basement, Simply contributed by the settlement, the blue paper there was used to prevent water.
Reinforcement, and can absorb water
weapo
-Types -Uses -Joints -Properties
strut tie
Bricks and Blocks
beam Slab / Plate
-Mass materials -Mass construction
Structural Elements
Mass
Week 3
Masonry
Footings and Foundations
-Footing and Foundations
-Masonry materials -Masonry Properties -Masonry construction
-Shallow footing
-Foundations and Settlement Pad footings Strip footings Raft foundation
-Deep Foundations
End pearing piles Friction Piles
WEEK 4LOGBOOK -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T -- C L A S S A C T I V I T Y
Week 4 LOGBOOK
Subject Guide: - E-learning Content - In class activities
1) Span and spacing Span is the distance measured between two structural support. Span can be measured between vertical supports or horizontal supports. Span is not necessarily the same as the length of the member.
The span is the distance between the top of one floor and the underside of the floor above.
Spacing Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.
The distance between center-line to the centre-line of two slabs.
Measured from centreline to centre-line
Spacing is often associated with supporting elements (such as beams, columns, etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically. Primary beam spacing
Spacing is generally measured from center-line to center-line.
Column Spacing
Secondary beam spacing
Differences between Span and Spacing Spacing of the supporting elements depends on the spanning capabilities of the supporting elements.
Column spacing Primary beam span
Beam Span Column spacing
2) Floor and framing system
One-way or two-way concrete
Timber framing
Steel Framing
Several types of materials` framing Concrete system Beam
Column
Span of various types are used to span between structural supports. These can be one-way or two-way spans.
Steel system Foundation wall
Steel truss
Joist Steel framing systems take various forms, with some utilizing heavy gauge STRUCTURAL STEEL members and others using LIGHT GAUGE steel framing.
Girder
Several types of materials` framing Timber system Joist Foundation wall cantilever Traditional timber floor framing systems use a combination of bearers and joists. The span of the bearers determines the spacing of the piers or stumps and the spacing of the bearers equal the span of the joists.
bearer
Joist spacing Bearer-spacing 1800 Joist-span
1800
Joist-spacing
450
Timber-span
450
Beams A beam is a horizontal element. Load
support
beam
The function of a beam is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports. Beam
support
A BEAM can be: Overhang -supported at both ends of the beam -supported at numerous points along cantilever the length of beam -supported at points away from the ends of the beam (creating overhangs / cantilevers beyond the supports) -supported at only one end of the beam
Overhang cantilever
Cantilevers
A CANTILEVER is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant).
The function of a CANTILEVER is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support. Beam
Cantilever portion of the column
cantilever A CANTILEVER can be: - horizontal -vertical -angled
Reasons of why pre-cast concrete might be preferred over in situ concrete 1) Less labour intensive 2) Increase the speed of constructing 3) Un-limited site space 4) Weather issue will not affect the process of constructing Pre-cast concrete
In situ concrete
-Materials of floor and framing systems. 1) Concrete system 2) Timber system 3) Steel system
-Comparisons between pre-cast and in situ concrete. Pre-cast concrete
Floor and framing system
In situ concrete
Week 4 Span and spacing Beams and cantilevers
Measurements of span and spacing
Differences between span and spacing
The spacing of the bearers equal the span of the joists
Differences between beams and cantilevers
-Definitions of beams and cantilevers Functions of beams and cantilevers
Week5 – LOGBOOK Content: -E-learning content - Activities on class (model making)
Short and Long columns Columns are vertical structural members design to transfer axial compressive loads. All columns are considered slender members and for axial loads, they can be classified as either the short or long. Short columns are shorter (length)and thicker (cross-section).
Long columns are taller (length) and slimmer (cross-section).
Short Columns Columns are considered SHORT if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is LESS than 12:1. Ratio =
Height Cross section
Short columns will be structurally adequate if the load applied to the column cross section does not exceed the compressive strength of the material. Compressive strength (Pa) = Load (N) / area(mm2)
Fail by crushing when the compressive strength is exceeded
Long Columns Columns are considered LONG if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is GREATER than 12:1. Long column become unstable and fail by buckling. The shape of the cross-section depends the direction of the buckling.
The actual length of LONG COLUMNS and how they are fixed at the top and bottom of the columns determines how they buckle and how much load the column can carry. The effective length (length between points of contraflexure)of the column is changed because of the fixing methods.
Wall System Structural Frames: -Concrete frames -Timber frames (Post and beam) -Steel frames Load Bearing Walls: -Concrete -Masonry Stud Walls: -Light Gauge Steel Framing -Timber Framing
Structural Frames Concrete Frames typically use a GRID of columns with concrete beams connecting the columns together. Interconnected rigid joint Reinforcement square column Circular column may have spiraling.
Interconnected into a footing system
Structural Frames Steel Frames typically use a GRID of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams.
Steel bracing
UC
CHS
RHS
Structural Frame Timber Frame (Post and Beam) typically uses a grid of timber POSTS or POLES connected to timber beams. BRACING of members between bays or at the corners of post/ beam junction is required to stablize the junction. beam Usually used in Japanese architecture.
Load Bearing Walls Concrete Load Bearing Walls can be achieved using either in situ and precast elements.
panel
The load bearing panels may also provide support for spandrel panels over and link into other structural elements (such as floor slabs, roof structure etc.).
Reinforcement placed through the blocks, then grouted with water
Strengthen masonry walls
Reinforced Masonry load bearing walls can be constructed from CORE FILLED Hollow concrete blocks or GROUT FILLED cavity masonry.
Load Bearing Walls Solid masonry load bearing walls can be created with single or multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks.
The skins of masonry are joined together using a brick(with header showing in face of wall) or with metal wall ties placed within the mortar bed.
Stud Framing 1) Metal and Timber Stud Framed It uses smaller sections of FRAMING TIMBER or LIGHT GAUGE FRAMING STEEL to meet the structural demands of the construction. 2) Brick Veneer Construction Combinations of 1 skin of non – structural masonry and 1 skin of structural frame wall are widely used in the construction industry.
Timber -- Properties Hardness - Medium low Fragility - Medium low Ductility - Low
‘Edge knot’
Flexibility / Plasticity - High Flexibility and medium plasticity Porosity / Permeability – High, depend on seasoning Density – Depends on timber type Conductivity – Poor
‘Arris knot’
Durability / Life span – High Reusability / Recyclability – Very high ‘Slope of grain’
Model making process in tutorial Oval pavilion overall roof plan Our group`s mission: Canopy part This plan can be seen as the top view of whole roof system of oval pavilion, in order to build the 3D model of canopy we need to investigate not only the plan but also the sections from different sides and elevation, etc.
Steps Firstly, according to the top view and the scale, we drew a draft of the top view of our model. What we were doing here is using these short timber sticks to combine together as the structure of the canopy.
‘ Top View ’
In order to finish the whole structure of this canopy, the investigation of sections is necessary as well.
Development Following the sections, we developed our model in structure, make our model standable.
And here, we used paper board to simulate the floor system and the foundation system briefly.
Long column Activities
Short column
Structural Frames
Week 5
Making models
Wall system Timber
Concrete Steel
Load bearing walls
Stud walls
WEEK 6 LOGBOOK -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T -- C L A S S A C T I V I T Y
Week 6 -- LOGBOOK
1) Roof Systems Flat roofs Pitch : 1-3
Concrete slab Flat trusses / Space frames Beams & Decking Roof decking / Roof sheeting
Joists & Decking Pitched and sloping roofs Rafters Pitch : >3 Beams & Purlins Trusses
Concrete Roofs Are generally flat PLATES of reinforced concrete ( or precast slabs with a topping of concrete) The top surface is sloped towards drainage points and the entire roof surface finished with applied waterproof membrane.
Wear course
Rigid foam or lightweight concrete insulation
Roofing membrane
Smooth troweled finish to receive insulation and roofing
Reinforced concrete roof slab
Structural Steel Framed Roofs FLAT structural steel roofs consist of a combination of primary and secondary ROOF BEAMS for heavier roof finishes such as metal deck / concrete; or ROOF BEAMS and PURLINS for lighter sheet metal roofing.
SLOPING structural steel roofs consist of ROOF BEAMS and PURLINS and lighter sheet metal roofing.
PORTAL FRAMES consist of a series of braced RIGID FRAMES ( two columns and a beam) with PURLINS for the roof and GIRTS for walls. The walls and roof are usually finished with sheet metal.
Trusses Roofs
Space Frames
Truss roofs are framed roofs constructed from a series of OPEN WEB type steel or timber elements.
Depends on the roofing material and the functional requirements of the roof
Space Frames are 3D PLATE type structures that are long spanning in two directions.
Light Framed Roofs Gable Roofs: Gable Roofs are characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof
Hip Roofs: Hip Roofs are characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof.
Metal Types:
Properties:
- Ferrous
Hardness - Varied Fragility - Low Ductility - High Flexibility/Plasticity – Medium Porosity/Permeability – Generally impermeable Density – High Conductivity – Very good Durability/Life span – Very durable Reusability/Recyclability – High Sustainability – High Cost - Effectively
-Non-ferrous
-Alloys
Knowledge Map Bird`s mouth: A sit cut where it sits on the top of the purlin
Through the process of drawing 1:1 scale diagram to build a part of the structural system of the house by Glen Murcutt. LOAD PATH DIAGRAM
Timber Workshop
rafters
purlins
Wall system: Steps： Site test – foundation – framing – service system – walls – interior works
Footing system: Footscray
Mainly strip footing, used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner
A residential building group
Bracing: in order to avoid the timber frame shake, an approach of reinforcement
Concrete blocks
Two stories house, with one elevator shaft and basement.
soil
‘foundation system’
Pile foundation
The reasons of using pile foundation: - It was used where the soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate.
Williamstown
In order to support the wall when there were strong wind
‘ Supporting system ’
Simple wall system:
Concrete blocks and insulation and reinforcement
FLAT ROOFS
PITCHED AND SLOPED ROOF
TYPES
ROOF SYSTEM METAL CONCRETE ROOF
WEEK 6 PROPORTIES
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMED ROOF
TRUSSES ROOF
HIP ROOF
GABLE ROOF
WEEK 7 LOGBOOK -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T
WEEK 7 LOGBOOK
--- 1Detailing for heat and moisture
Eaves protect the building Rainwater Water heating pass roof through the roof gutter
Carry water outside to the building
High risk area for water penetrating
Double- skin wall: like a brick cavity wall
Dry side Agricultural Drain: plastic pipe No tanking
Directly drained outside
Wet side
With tanking
Water proof membrane
1Detailing for heat and moisture The conditions of water penetrating into the building: - An opening - Water present at the opening - A force to move water through the opening Remove any one of the conditions and water will not enter. To prevent water penetrating into a building THREE different strategies are employed: - Remove openings - Keep water away from openings - Neutralize the forces that move water through openings. One is sufficient, but usually do two in case one fail
Keeping water from openings is commonly used strategy construction detailing. This means that water is directed away from any potential openings in the building by: -Grading (sloping) roofs so that the water is collected in GUTTERS which then discharge the water to DOWNPIPES and STORMWATER SYSTEMS. -Overlapping cladding and roofing elements (e.g: WEATHERBOARDS and ROOF TILES) -Sloping window and door SILLS and roof/wall FLASHINGS -Slope the ground surface away from the walls at the base of buildings (to allow any water to run away from the building)
Lapping horizont al joints in shingle fashion
Rainwater go down through the pipe
Double cavity wall
Neutralizing the forces The most secure strategies for keeping water out of buildings are those based on neutralizing the forces which move water. The forces to be considered include:
Rainwater penetrating into the bricks then going down and follow the direction of the flashing.
- Gravity - Surface tension and capillary action - Momentum - Air pressure differential
Break
flashin g The rainwater follows the direction of clapping, it will not penetrate into brickworks and also clean the surface of the building.
Air barrier on internal side In tendency for water to pump inside.
PE C
High pressure
Low pressure
High pressure
Pressure wants to be equalized AIR PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL STRATEGIES
Low pressure
2) Detailing for heat Controlling heat: Heat gain and heat loss occur when: - Heat is conducted through the building envelope - The building envelope and building elements are subjected to radiant heat sources. - Thermal mass is used to regulate flow of heat through the building envelope.
Conduction: insulation
Radiation
Rubber - Properties - Hardness - Fragility low - Ductility high - Flexibility / Plasticity high - Porosity / Permeability - Density 1.5 * water - Conductivity poor - Durability / life span very - Reusability / recyclability high - Sustainability & carbon footprint - Cost effective
Types and Uses-Plastics 1) Thermoplastics 2) Thermosetting plastics 3) Elastomers
Properties - Hardness medium low - Fragility low medium - Ductility High - Flexibility High
Week 7 Detailing for heat and moisture
-Conditions of water penetrating into buildings - Strategies to prevent these conditions. 1)Gravity 2) Surface tension and capillary action 3)Momentum 4)Air pressure differential
Plastic
- Provenance - Proporties
Rubber
-Types and uses - Properties - Provenace
Week 8 -- Logbook
Contentďźš -E-learning content -Class activities
Doors Rough opening
Door leaf
Head
Masonry veneer lintel
Door head section detail
Head casing
Jamb Handel, latch & lock
Stop
Architrav e
Door sill section detail
Brick or concrete sill sill
Flashing
Sill / threshold
Door swing
Door jamb plan detail
Masonry opening Rough opening Finished opening
Door Leaf
Doors & Frames of different materials Timber doors & frames
Aluminium doors & frames
Steel doors & frames
Windows Interior wall
Windo w side section detail
Window sill section detail
Window jamb section detail
Header sided to span window opening Exterior wall Fill shim space with thermal insulation Stool Apron Additional subsill
Jamb extensions Mounting fin
Different kinds of windows Aluminium windows & frames
Curtain walls
Steel windows & frames
CLASS ACTIVITIES Drawing of oval pavalion 1:1 Scale -Differentiate the material - Search on the internet the real sizes of these materials - Understand how these materials work - How these part combined together - The functions of these part Box gutter Fiberglass roof sheet ‘Z’ purlin External timber batten screen
Metal deck roof Thermal insulation
Steel angle
DOORS
WINDOWS Sections of details
OPENINGS
WEEK 8
Material that can be used in door frame
Material that can be used in window frame
WEEK 9 - LOGBOOK CONTENT -E-LEARNING CONTENT - SITE VISIT: QUEENSBERRY STREET
Construction Detailing MOVEMENT JOINTS - Compressed
- As installed
Sealant
- Elongated
Extension Joint filler
Joint filler
Waterproof polysulphide sealant
Construction Detailing HEALTH AND SAFETY Shear key Steel dowels Nosing bar
Horizontal bars extend into side wall
Beam support Longitudinal section of stairs
Fire protection engineering
Construction Detailing REPAIRABLE SURFACES & RESISTANCE TO DAMAGE
Easy be patched and painted
Skirting: better
to clean and prevent damage
WALL
‘ Corner bead ’
‘ Metal edge trim ’
Construction Detailing CLEANEABLE SURFACES
- Butt cove for resilient flooring
- Straight base for carpet floors
- Top set - Cove cove for any and cap flooring type strips
MAINTENANCE ACCESS
Usually used in commercial buildings
- Usually used in restaurants and hospitals
‘ suspended ceiling ’
COMPOSITE MATERIALS MONOLITHIC materials are: - A single material - Materials combined so that components are indistinguishable (e.g: metal alloys)
COMPOSITE materials are created when: - Two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable
COMPOSITE MATERIALS A composite is formed from a:
1. combination of materials which differ in composition or form. 2. remain bonded together 3. act together to provide improved specific or synergistic characteristics not obtained by any of the original components acting alone. COMPOSITE MATERIALS: TYPES
Fibrous
e.g: products containing discontinuous or continuous fibres
Laminar
e.g: sandwich panels
Particulate
e.g: gravels and risins
Hybrid
Combination of two or more composite types
COMPOSITE MATERIALS FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT (FRC) MADE FORM – cellulose (or glass) fibres. Portland cement, sand & water. COMMON FORMS – sheet & board products (commonly called FC sheet) and shaped products such as pipes, roof tiles etc. COMMON USES – cladding for exterior or interior (wet area) walls, floor panels(under tiles) BENEFITS – Fibre cement building materials will not burn, are reisistant to permenant water and termite damage, and resistant to rotting and warping. It is a reasonably inexpensive material.
FIBREGLASS MADE FORM – a mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins (glass fibres often used in a fabric or tape form) COMMON FORMS – flat and profiled sheet products and formed / shaped products COMMON USES – transparent or translucent roof / wall cladding and for performed shaped products such as water tanks, baths, swimming pools etc. BENEFITS – Fibreglass materials are fire resistant, weatherproof, relatively light weight and strong.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS ALUMINIUM SHEET COMPOSITES MADE FORM – aluminium and plastic. COMMON FORMS – plastic core of phenolic resin (or a honeycomb sheet) lined with two external skins of thin aluminium sheet COMMON USES – as a feature cladding material in interior and exterior applications. BENEFITS – reduced amounts of aluminium are required and lighter weight, less expensive sheets can be produced, which are weather resistant, unbreakable and shock resistant. A variety of finished can be specified and ‘seamless’ details can be achieved with careful cutting, folding, bending and fixing.
TIMBER COMPOSITES
FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS
SITE VISIT - full concrete structure building - 95% concrete panel work - concrete slabs - concrete columns - concrete roof system 1) concrete roof Water repel the 2) top garden area concrete
SITE VISIT The trail of connecting the precast concrete with the on-site concrete. The pre-cast concrete a kind of save the time and spaces compare with the on-site one. Yellow: cold water Red: hot water Black: gas Three different lines, the middle one is much deeper than the other two, this is the separation and also the connection between these two pre-cast concrete panel.
The spaces for shower, deeper than normal floor.
SITE VISIT MATERIAL: hot rolled or cold rolled?
If the temperature of the metal is above its recrystallization temperature, then the process is termed as hot rolling. If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is termed as cold rolling.
Air conditioning Interior part of the toilet, water system and tubes for water and toilet.
Parking mechanically, three stories parking lot for cars to park conveniently
MOVEMENT JOINT
MAINTENANCE ACCESS TYPES
CONSTRUCTING DETAIL WEEK 9 HEALTH AND SAFETY
REPAIRABLE SURFACES & RESISTANCE TO DAMAGE
CLEANING SURFACES
COMPOSITE MATERIAL
DEFINITION
WEEK 10 CONTENT: -E - L E A R N I N G C O N T E N T - 3D DRAWING
Lateral support Lateral force: Lateral loads are mainly due to wind and earthquake.
Lateral load resisting systems:
Structure that respond properly to lateral forces must have resistive elements in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The following are the basic systems used for resisting lateral loads. These systems can be used solely or in combination to reduce the impact of lateral forces on a structure.
Diaphragm: ‘The impact that earthquake brought to billboard’
‘The impact that earthquake brought to water tower’
Diaphragm are structural elements that resist and collect lateral forces in the horizontal planes of a structure and transfer them to the vertical bearing elements.
Lateral support Braced Frames: Braced frames are essentially truss structures that provide diagonal paths for moving the lateral load through the structure in the vertical planes. Most commonly used are X-bracing and Kbracing.
Shear wall:
Shear walls are structural elements made of rigid materials that resist lateral loads in the vertical plane.
Lateral support Moment resisting frames: Moment resisting frames are structural systems that are constructed with rigidly connected joints. The joints of these frames provide a cintinuous interface between the horizontal and vertical elements and make the frame rigid enough to act as a monolithic unit under the impact of lateral loads..
Seismic base isolators: Seismic base isolators are connections placed between the foundation and the superstructure to move independently of the foundation during earthquakes.
Materials: heroes and culprits Issues to consider when selecting materials: - Health and IEQ heroes: bamboo product, villains: paints, glue, carpets, chemical use, -Waste/recycling/recycled heroes: recycled fabrics villains: timbers, - Energy use and embodied energy - Pollution - Life cycle
3D drawing Box gutter Fiberglass roof sheet
‘Z’ purlin
Metal deck roof
Thermal insulation
External timber batten screen
Steel angle
3D drawing
LATERAL SUPPORT
Lateral load resisting system
BRACED FRAMES
DIAPHRAGM
WEEK 10
SHEAR WALLS
MATERIALS : HEROES AND VILLAINS
Timber Workshop JIANING GUO 653671
Materials
30mm x 30mm pine wood
saw
hammer
nails
Task By using the provided materials, combine them together to build a “ timber supporting system”, suffer as much as load as possible. “The first draft of our thoughts of our project” In order to let this combination suffer as much as load as possible, the shape of this combination is very important. Triangle was considered as a very stable shape, therefore, in our first draft we used triangle a lot.
Analysis By cutting the long timber material to make simple truss system, truss is widely used in ceiling system in order to suffer the load from the upper floor, and commonly truss is usually built by steel materials. Triangle`s topic is settled here is because the load is transferred from the middle of the upper floor, therefore, this settlement is better than .
Compared with the previous one, this combination has less truss, but this one has two columns, columns can also increase the stability . This one is much more simple than that the first two, this one uses a big triangle at the top and two columns, but I think this one is a little bit unstable, the triangle is seperated too big.
Implementatio n Actually, the time of making the thing is really limited, therefore, our design
of this supporting system is too complex to be implemented. Because during this process, we are not only need to cut the timber, but also using nails and hammar to generate those sections together. Therefore, we begin to think about efficient ways of designing while start making it.
1)
2)
We started cutting the long timber into short columns to make trusses. And during the process of cutting it I realized the texture of the pile wood affect a lot, if we cut it through the grain, it will be much easier. This is the final production of our team. It`s really simple by just using nails to put them together, here we used a shorter beam to stablize the whole system to make sure the load from the upper side will not destroy the whole constructioneasily.
Test through experiments
The turntable here is used to increase the load. The figure here shows how many kilos are added to the timber. We can also use this to investigate the change of the numbers with the change of the shape of the timber. Two beams to support the timber, and we can also see the main beam of the timber project tends to bend with the increasing of the load.
Test The first team
This is the maximum load that the first team`s timber work suffered. We can see clearly, the main beam of theirs work starts to bend when 337 kg load added. LOAD
SUPPORT
SUPPORT The joint here starts to break. And the top of the sharp angle of triangle was been grinded, and the seperation of the triangle is getting bigger. After the constrution
was destroyed we can see the pine wood is broken through its grain, the grain is the weakest part of the pine wood.
Test The second team This upper beam is settled horizontally to create the largest surface contact with the load, larger the surface is, more load the timber can suffer. This two beams are setting vertically to create height for the timber work. The joint between this two beams start to expand when load is 286 kg. and the whole construction was broken from the base.
Test The last team – My team This is our final production. These three beams are generate together by using nails, and the rest wasn`t use nail, but just put them together. At about 232 kg, the lowest beam started to break, and the whole timber tends to bend as well. But the top beam is straight.
The broken follows the grain of the timber, and we can see the timber which on the bottom bended most seriously, and the top one remained straight. The shortest beam which was insert to the middle doesn`t change.
And the second last beam started crunch as well
WEEK 1 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Strength:
To judge the material whether is strong or weak.
Stiffness：
Stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy.
Shape：
Whether it is linear, 2-dimensions or 3-dimensions.
Force:
Vector quantity has magnitude and direction. Basically
WEEK 2 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Fixed joint:
The joint which restrict vertical, horizontal and rotation.
Pin joint:
The joint which restrict vertical and horizontal but allows rotation.
Roller joint:
The joint which restrict vertical but allows rotation and horizontal.
Construction Systems:
Which includes enclosure system, structural system and service system.
Construction system Which needs to consider performance requirement, considerations : aesthetic qualities, aconomic efficiencies, environmental impacts.
WEEK 3 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Strut:
A slender element design to carry load to its parallel long axis and the load produces compression.
Tie:
A slender element design to carry load to its parallel long axis and the load produces tension.
Beam:
Generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance.
Slab/Plate:
A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical loading bending usually supported by beams
Panel:
A deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load. Common examples are WALL AND SHEAR DIAPHRAGM.
Foundation:
the substructure of the building and their function is to safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the ground.
Settlement:
Over time, buildings compress the earth beneath them and buildings tend to sink a little into the earth.
WORD
DEFINITION
Shallow Footings:
are used when soil conditions are stable and where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate
Deep Foundations:
are used where the soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate.
Pad footings:
Isolated footing, this types of footings help to spread a point load over a wide area of the ground.
Strip footings:
Used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner
Raft foundations:
Sometimes also called a raft slab, this type of foundation provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat.
WEEK 4 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Span:
The distance measured between two structural support.
Spacing :
The repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.
Cantilever :
is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant).
WEEK 5 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Columns ďźš
vertical structural members design to transfer axial compressive loads
Short columns:
if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is LESS than12:1.
Long columns:
if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is GREATER than 12:1.
Wall system:
Which contains structural frames, load bearing wall and stud wall.
WEEK 6 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Flat roof
Roof which pitch is around 1-3.
Pitched and sloping roof
Roof which pitch is bigger than 3.
Concrete roof
Are generally flat PLATES of reinforced concrete ( or precast slabs with a topping of concrete)
Flat structural steel roof
consist of a combination of primary and secondary ROOF BEAMS for heavier roof finishes such as metal deck / concrete; or roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing.
Sloping structural roof
consist of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing.
Portal frame
consist of a series of braced rigid frames ( two columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for walls.
Truss roofs
framed roofs constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements.
WORD
DEFINITION
Gable roof
characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof
Hip roofs
characterised by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof.
WEEK 9 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Movement joints
Which include compressed, as installed and elongated.
Monolithic material
A single material, materials combined so that components are indistinguishable (e.g: metal alloys)
Composite material
Two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable
Fiber reinforced cement
cellulose (or glass) fibres. Portland cement, sand & water.
Fiberglass
a mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins (glass fibres often used in a fabric or tape form)
WEEK 10 - GLOSSARY WORD
DEFINITION
Lateral force
mainly due to wind and earthquake.
Lateral load resisting system
Structure that respond properly to lateral forces must have resistive elements in both the horizontal and vertical planes.
Diaphragm
resist and collect lateral forces in the horizontal planes of a structure and transfer them to the vertical bearing elements.
Braced frames
are essentially truss structures that provide diagonal paths for moving the lateral load through the structure in the vertical planes.
Shear walls
Shear walls are structural elements made of rigid materials that resist lateral loads in the vertical plane.
REFERENCE - Ching, F. D. (2011). Building construction illustrated. John Wiley & Sons. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 1 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 2 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 3 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 4 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 5 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 6 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 7 [Video]. Australia: Producer.
- Clare, N. (Producer). Week 8 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 9 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - Clare, N. (Producer). Week 10 [Video]. Australia: Producer. - http://www.collection.com.tw/goods.php?id=1012 http://cache.baiducontent.com/c?m=9d78d513d9d706ef06e2ce384b54c 0676a499d267992c7150888c80ac8354c413037bee43a634a5996d87f7a0 7a55458ebfa3175360779bcc8cf8c1ddfb1903f2fff7d722f42&p=8b2a975f8 6cc41af5fbbc63b5c5d80&newp=aa77cb15d9c341a807b5c7710f57cf231610 db2151d4d512208c&user=baidu - http://www.5i01.cn/topicdetail.php?f=335&t=3343759&r=7&p=2 - http://www.xnasp.com/T/?open+joist/ - http://vip.arch-world.com.tw/product/ViewDetail.asp?ID2=13948 http://www.cnsb.cn/product/tuku_show.asp?info_id=6760946&class_1 _id=13&class_2_id=2170&class_3_id=