EMERGY ANALYSIS OF THE LEHIGH VALLEY THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT WAS TO ANALYZE A “SYSTEM” AND THE COMPLEX NETWORK OF PROCESS WHICH SURROUND IT TO UNDERSTAND THE ENVIRONMENTAL COST OF THE SYSTEM IN TERMS OF “EMERGY.”
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LEHIGH VALLEY EMERGY ANALYSIS
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1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
HISTORY OF THE LEHIGH VALLEY
2010
66.0%
Our research on the emergy of the Lehigh Valley began by learning the history of the place and studying the demographics of the region. Bethlehem, the first city in the Lehigh Valley, was settled in 1743 by German Christians known as Moravians, and named the town after their holy city on Christmas eve. Easton was soon settled in the 1950s and Allentown, the last of the three cities in the Lehigh Valley was founded in 1762 by the former mayor of Philadelphia, William Allen.
44.8%
The Lehigh Valley has served as a center of industry and manufacturing since the 1800s but wasn’t until the war of 1812 that industrialization was catalyzed within the region as it supplied coal to Philadelphia. The mining sparked rail development and iron refinement, and in 1891, when Bethlehem Steel won a contract for $4 million from the Navy, the fire of industry spread to steel manufacturing.
21.5%
World War I and II further perpetuated the Lehigh Valley as a source of industry. During war time, it had produced 73.4 million net tons of steel, a third of the armor plate and gun forging for the Navy and 80% of the parts for the planes (The Morning Call, 2003). The Valley swelled with the success of the war time effort but the success didn’t last for long.
18.3% 11.9%
10.6% 1.2%
8.7%
9.6%
10.5% 7.5%
5.6%
7.1%
LEHIGH VALLEY
After the economic boom from World War II, the steel industries faced a surprising decline. In the 1980s, the steel industries ultimately began to pull out of many cities nationally. In the Lehigh Valley, CEOs gathered from the remaining companies to create plan a regional collaboration and consolidation, for they knew their survival would be dependent on working across city boundaries to strengthen the economic conditions. They chose to pursue diversification in their chambers of commerce so as not to be dependent on a single industry.
PENNSLVANIA PHILADELPHIA
POPULATION CHANGE (%)
PITTSBURG 647,232
LEHIGH VALLEY
Now, the Lehigh Valley is the third most populous region in the Commonwealth, after Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and is not only the fast growing in Pennsylvania, but one of the fast growing in the nation. Small manufacturing has grown, incentives have provided catalyzing opportunities for tech start ups from New York, and many professional service companies have located their headquarters in the region due to Valley’s economic stability and opportunities.
579,156
-18.5% 538,235 497,767 469,672
While many post industrial cities have faced decline, the Lehigh Valley has thrived. The purpose of this project is to investigate this phenomenon further and quantify the environment costs of this diversely developed region.
428,948 383,492 342,197
346,492
NEW YORK
301607
NEW JERSERY
246,499
OHIO
193,580 138,344
118,032 74,982
35,416
26,800
25,238 7,293 1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
LEHIGH + NORTHAMPTON COUNTIES
ALLENTOWN BETHLEHEM EASTON
BETHLEHEM STEEL 2010
MARYLAND
DELAWARE
POPULATION LEHIGH VALLEY (PEOPLE) ARCH 751
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WORLD WAR II
WORLD WAR I
BETHLEHEM STEEL $28,500M
After a study of the history and demographics, research on Bethlehem Steel was our first point of entry into understanding how industry and emergy accounting may have impacted the Lehigh Valley.
BETHLEHEM STEEL LOST BID FOR WTC
We combed through annual reports to find raw data on production but financial data was the primary source of data available to us. In an effort to try to make sense of the statistics and history available to us, we made this info-graphic to determine how events, both global and local, might have had an impact on production.
$23,000M $21,900M $21,000M
STEEL WORKER UNION STRIKE $18,300M
S US
$17,900M
$20,100M $17,600M
$18,200M
$17,400M
LS
TEE
$16,000M
BETHLEHEM STEEL PLANT CLOSED
S
ST
CO
ALE
$14,300M
$15,200M
OF
$10,600M
$10,100M
$8,900M
L/
EE
ST
$10,000M
$11,100M
N TO $5,700M
$3,300M
$3,600M
EEL SALES
BETHLEHEM ST
$400M 1900
$600M 1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
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BETHLEHEM STEEL FILES BANKRUPTCY 2010
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LEHIGH VALLEY EMERGY ANALYSIS
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OCCUPATIONS IN THE LEHIGH VALLEY Our natural next step was to look at how much of the Lehigh Valley was employed by Bethlehem Steel, manufacutring, and other industries. We were able to collect comprehensive and consistent employment categories from census data as far back as 1970. Data prior to 1970 was organized differently and did not provide high levels of detail for all occupations. While useful to our understanding, there is currently no transformity data available for types of occupation as a means of calculating emergy. Therefore, we turned our attention next to land use areas to attempt to quantify the effects on the built environment from these employment changes.
1970
POPULATION BY OCCUPATION
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
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1980
1990
2000
2010
4,822
5,962
7,777
13,205
22,385
6,297
7,364
10,189
11,299
15,535
4,800 12,123
5,457 15,685
6,057 24,246
7,482 35,743
7,351 51,243
12,593
16,568
21,899
24,712
29,569
3,613
7,491
9,728
8,709 11,965
4,391 20,092
10,619
16,655
27,682
29,632
12,276
27,389
33,610
43,890
46,999
53,617
9,274 6,500
9,804 7,553
15,558 10,843
15,879 10,012
9,543 12,836
91,286
92,710
66,781
56,923
28,581
1,286
2,949
3,742
1,547
805
LEHIGH VALLEY EMERGY ANALYSIS
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: OCCUPATIONS We diagrammed the system relating to occupations in the Lehigh Valley.
Utilities
Fuels
Goods & machinery
Healthcare
Education
Sun
Healthcare
Mining
Tourists
Construction Retail
Agriculture
Wind
Businesses
Transport
Commuters
Manufacturing Wholesale trade
Commerce and Services
Immigrants
River
Natural Systems
Rain
Waste
Market
Economy
Waste Treatment
LEHIGH VALLEY
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LAND USE IN THE LEHIGH VALLEY There are a number of studies that have produced transformity ratios for land use areas so we focused our research from this point forward on finding such data for the Lehigh Valley. We found partial data on a variety of land uses but had a difficult time finding any information prior to the 1950s. The Lehigh Valley Planning Commission provided raw data for areas going back to 1964 and this has been the most comprehensive set of information we could find. The difference in residential area in suburbia versus the more dense cities will be important in determine in the future for a more precise emergy calculation, but at this time, separate residential urban and residential suburban data was not available.
1750
TOTAL AREA ARCH 751
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1930
1982
2010
0 acre2
2,000 acre2
24,209 acre2
123,246 acre2
0 acre2 0 acre2
0 acre2 23,000 acre2
7,410 acre2 34,589 acre2
12,596 acre2 38,700 acre2
0 acre2
7,750 acre2
15,632 acre2
17,317 acre2
0 acre2 23,317 acre2
3,000 acre2 30,000 acre2
5,737 acre2 83,162 acre2
10,109 acre2 123,246 acre2
457,020 acre2
400,597 acre2
295,620 acre2
224,783 acre2
466,347 acre2
LEHIGH VALLEY EMERGY ANALYSIS
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PRE-PEAK INDUSTRIAL LAND USE Most all of the cities currently existing in the Lehigh Valley were shown on this land map from the 1940s which lets us know that the land area for urban residential may not have changed much over time. Urban areas may have grown more dense but most residential growth can most likely be attributed to suburban and non-city growth.
1941 LAND USE MAP Historic County Maps - www.dot.state.pa.us
1930 LAND USE CATEGORIES Land use estimated from maps and various sources.
Parks Infrastructure Industrial Commercial Residential
Easton Major Cities Small Cities or Townships
Agriculture + Vacant Land
Bethlehem Allentown
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POST-INDUSTRIAL LAND USE Two areas around Bethlehem were incorporated within the city boundaries. A couple of the townships expanded their boundaries but overall, the urban area remained generally the same. Undetectable in the map but clear in the data, is that residential land area has grown and this primarily occurred outside of the city’s boundaries.
1974 LAND USE MAP Historic County Maps - www.dot.state.pa.us
1982 LAND USE CATEGORIES Lehigh Valley Planning Commission - www.lvpc.org
Parks Public Infrastructure Industrial Commercial
Major Cities New Area in Major Cities Small Cities or Townships
Residential
Easton Bethlehem
Agriculture + Vacant Land
Allentown
New Area in Small Cities or Townships
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CURRENT LAND USE Area round Allentown expanded in the 2004 map in addition to other townships and small cities around Allentown and Bethlehem. Land allocated for agriculture has been significantly reduced since the 1941 map.
2004 LAND USE MAP Historic County Maps - www.dot.state.pa.us
2010 LAND USE CATEGORIES Lehigh Valley Planning Commission - www.lvpc.org
Parks Public Infrastructure
Industrial Commercial
Major Cities New Area in Major Cities Small Cities or Townships
Agriculture + Vacant Land
Easton Bethlehem Allentown
Residential
New Area in Small Cities or Townships
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LAND USE EMERGY IN THE LEHIGH VALLEY “Empower and empower density are related to intensity of human activity and could be used to evaluate environmental support, carrying capacity, and environmental buffers.” (Brown 2003). Using the land area, we referenced Brown’s 2003 article on land use emergy transofmities to determine the estimated emergy for the Lehigh Valley.
Emergy Densities used per Brown, 2003 are as follows: Residential
5.37E+09 sej yr-1 m-1
Commercial
9.29E+09 sej yr-1 m-1
Industrial
1.29E+10 sej yr-1 m-1
Wholesale & Warehousing
1.29E+10 sej yr-1 m-1
1750
Trans, Com & Utilities
7.61E+09 sej yr-1 m-1
Public Quasi Public
9.99E+09 sej yr-1 m-1
Parks and Rec
3.04E+09 sej yr-1 m-1
Agriculture and Vacant
2.64E+08 sej yr-1 m-1
Brown (2003). Emergy Synthesis 2: Theory and Application of the Emergy Methodology
TOTAL LAND USE EMERGY ARCH 751
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1930
1982
1982
0.00 sej
6.08e+12 sej
7.36e+13 sej
1.14e+14 sej
0.00 sej
0.00 sej
7.40e+13 sej
1.26e+14 sej
0.00 sej
1.75e+14 sej
2.63e+14 sej
2.95e+14 sej
0.00 sej
9.98e+13 sej
2.01e+13 sej
2.23e+14 sej
0.00 sej
2.79e+13 sej
5.33e+13 sej
9.39e+13 sej
1.25e+14 sej
1.61e+14 sej
4.47e+14 sej
6.62e+14 sej
1.22e+14 sej
1.06e+14 sej
7.82e+13 sej
5.94e+13 sej
2.47e+14 sej
5.76e+14 sej
1.19E+15 sej
1.57e+15 sej
LEHIGH VALLEY EMERGY ANALYSIS
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EMERGY COMPARISION In addition to Brown’s article, we also referenced Marco Ascione’s et. al. “Environmental Driving Force of Urban growth and Land development: An Emergy-based Assessment of the City of Rome, Italy” (2009) to compare the data we’ve collected on the Lehigh Valley to other regional emergy research. While comparable in size, area, and GDP, the Lehigh Valley has significantly lower emerg, both in total and density.
MACAO, CHINA
TAIPEI, TAIWAN
SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
ROME, ITALY
LEHIGH VALLEY, USA
POPULATION People
4.48E+05
6.53E+06
1.71E+06
2.54E+06
6.47E+05
SURFACE m2
2.73E+07
2.33E+09
5.37E+08
1.29E+09
1.88E+09
7.90E+09
1.19E+11
2.29E+10
6.90E+10
2.97E+10
TOTAL EMERGY USED seJ/year
2.20E+22
1.24E+23
3.76E+22
1.38E+23
1.57E+15
EMERGY PER CAPITA seJ/pc/year
4.90E+16
1.90E+16
2.20E+16
5.45E+16
2.43E+09
EMERGY DENSITY seJ/(m2year)
8.04E+14
5.32E+13
7.00E+13
1.07E+14
8.38E+05
EMERGY/$ SeJ/$
2.78E+12
1.04E+12
1.64E+12
2.01E+12
5.30E+04
Odum, 1995
Lei, 2008
Huang, 1998
Ascione, 2009
GDP US$/Year
SOURCE
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: LAND USE In addition to the quantitative data collected in this research, we also studied the emergy flow in the Lehigh Valley System. This following set of diagrams document the land uses in the counties as well as the flow of resources over time.
Utilities
Fuels
Goods & machinery
Agriculture
Sun
Residential Public Quasi Public
Residential Mining
Wind
Commercial
Tourists
Wholesale & Warehousing Parks and Recreation
Commuters
Transportation Induatrial
Rural
River
Urban
Natural Systems
Rain
Commerce & Services
Immigrants
Economy
Waste
Market
Waste Treatment
LEHIGH VALLEY
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: EARLY SETTLEMENT RIVER
WATER
RAIN
SUN UNDEVELOPED HOMES
SOIL CONSTRUCTION
AGRICULTURE
TR
AN
FOREST
WHOLESALE TRADE
ROADS
OP
SP
OR
EN
TA
TIO
IN
MINING
DU
LA
ND
BUSINESS SCHOOLS
SE
TT
ST
RY
N
LE
ME
NT
$
FOSSIL FUELS
WIND
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS
HEAT SINK
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: PRE-INDUSTRIAL IRON
COAL
RIVER
GOODS
ZINC
MACHINERY
PHONE
WATER
RAIN
SUN
UNDEVELOPED
HOMES
SOIL CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
ROADS
TR
AN
FOREST
OP
SP
OR
EN
TA
TIO
IN
DU
LA
ND
BUSINESS SCHOOLS HOSPITALITY
WHOLESALE TRADE
AGRICULTURE
ST
RY
SE
MINING
TT
N
LE
ME
NT
$
FOSSIL FUELS
TRASH
WIND WASTE WATER
LANDFILL
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS
EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS
HEAT SINK
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: PRE-INDUSTRIAL PEAK IRON
COAL
RIVER
ZINC
GOODS
NATURAL GAS
MACHINERY
PHONE
ELECTRICITY
WATER
RAIN
SUN
HOMES
UNDEVELOPED
SOIL
AGRICULTURE CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
ROADS
TR
AN
FOREST
SP
OP
EN
OR
TA
TIO
IN
WHOLESALE TRADE
LA
DU
ND
ST
RY
SE
BUSINESS SCHOOLS
TT
MINING
N
LE
HOSPITALITY
ME
NT
$
FOSSIL FUELS
TRASH
WIND WASTE WATER
LANDFILL
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS
EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS
HEAT SINK
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: POST-INDUSTRIAL IRON
COAL
RIVER
ZINC
NATURAL GAS
GOODS
GASOLINE
PETROLEUM
MACHINERY
PHONE
ELECTRICITY
WATER
RAIN
SUN HOMES
UNDEVELOPED
SOIL
19
70
HOMES
AGRICULTURE
CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
ROADS
TR
AN
FOREST
SP
OP
EN
OR
TA
TIO
LA
SU ND
BU
IN RB
DU
WHOLESALE TRADE
AN
ST
RY
PU
BL
PARKS RECREATION
IC
N
SE
BUSINESS SCHOOLS
TT
LE
HOSPITALITY
ME
NT
$
FOSSIL FUELS
TRASH
WIND WASTE WATER
LANDFILL
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS
EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS
STUDENTS
HEAT SINK
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EMERGY DIAGRAM: CURRENT CONDITIONS IRON
COAL
RIVER
ZINC
NATURAL GAS
PHOTO VOLTAIC
PETROLEUM
BIO MASS
GOODS
GASOLINE
MACHINERY
PHONE
INTERNET
ELECTRICITY
WATER
RAIN
SUN HOMES
UNDEVELOPED
SOIL
HOMES
AGRICULTURE CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURING
ROADS
TR
AN
FOREST
SP
OP
EN
OR
TA
TIO
LA
SU ND
BU
IN
DU
WHOLESALE TRADE
RB
AN
ST
PU
RY
BL
PARKS RECREATION
IC
N
SE
TT
BUSINESS SCHOOLS
LE
HOSPITALITY
ME
NT
$
FOSSIL FUELS
RECYCLE
TRASH
WIND WASTE WATER
LANDFILL
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS
EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS
STUDENTS
TOURISTS
HEAT SINK
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REFERENCES STEEL DATA
CENSUS DATA
http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/Sustainablesteel-at-the-core-of-a-green-economy/document/Sustainable-steel-at-the-coreof-a-green-economy.pdf
www.socialexplorer.com
An Economic History of the American Steel Industry - Robert P. Rogers - Google Books http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/beyondsteel/gis/ http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/statistics-archive/annual-steel-archive.html Annual Reports of Bethlehem Steel Corporation- Bethlehem Public Library, Bethlehem
www.ipums.org https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/county/county3.html http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/spending_chart_1900_1910USb_00s2li011mcn__US_Gross_Domestic_Product_GDP_History http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/04/05/366339/ http://www.city-data.com/city/Bethlehem-Pennsylvania.html http://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/pennsylvania/bethlehem http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pa_allentown_msa.htm
http://www.bethlehempaonline.com/bethsteel.html
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/reports/2009/state_briefs/pdf/PA.pdf http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.pa_allentown_msa.htm http://censtats.census.gov/cgi-bin/zbpnaic/zbpsect.pl http://censusviewer.com/city/PA/Bethlehem http://www.census.gov/popest/data/historical/index.html
LAND USE DATA
EMERGY TRANSFORMITIES
http://www.lvpc.org/pdf/maps/existingLandUse-2010.pdf
Energy Basis for Hierarchies in Urban and Regional Landscapes by Mark T Brown.
http://www.lehighvalleyresearch.org/land_maps_muni_06 http://books.google.com/books?id=nN52cjdfGDcC&pg=PA292&lpg=PA292&dq=agricultural+area+lehigh+valley+1970&source=bl&ots=HDvgz0vv1V&sig=ikzkTwpiVZOX0IGd_NFOF9Dus4k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t-eQUrDKJtawsASo3oC4Bw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=agricultural%20area%20lehigh%20 valley%201970&f=false http://www.lvpc.org/pdf/nazarethplan/nazareth11.pdf http://www.envisionlehighvalley.com/getattachment/53ad208c-bed9-4915-883bf3d4e10565ef/Lehigh-Valley-Food-Economy-Assessment-Report http://www.newpa.com/local-government/community-planning/land-use-reports http://planningpa.org/presentations10/26_PAs_2010_Land_Use_and_Growth. pdf
Theory of urban energetics and mechanisms or urban development by Shu Li Huang & Chia Wen Chan. Emergy Synthesis by Mark T Brown. Emergy Synthesis 2 by Mark T Brown. Energy Hierarchy and urban landscape system by Shu-Li Huang, Hsiao Yin Lai and Chia Lun Lee http://prosperouswaydown.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/TransformitypictureAbel.png http://prosperouswaydown.com/spatial-emergy-concentration-city-living/
http://www.lantabus.com/LANTA_Land_Use_Toolkit_Report_April_09.pdf
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WORK LOAD DIVISION Our groups efforts on this project were divided into the follow tasks.
JILL SORNSON KURTZ PROJECT COORDINATOR
X
VISIT TO BETHLEHEM
X
SAAHITI PENIGALAPATI
PRIYANKA DAMLE
X
X
X
CENSUS / LAND USE DATA COLLECTION STEEL DATA COLLECTION
X
X
CENSUS / LAND USE DATA ANALYSIS
X
X
EMERGY DIAGRAMS
X
X
EMERGY CALCULATION
X
X
GRAPHICS + CHARTS
X X
REFERENCES POWERPOINT
X
PRESENTATION
X
PROJECT REPORT
X
PROJECT POSTER
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X
X
X
X
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