The Hinge: Creating Urban Threshold

The Hinge: Creating pErmeable urban threshold

Desgin Thesis Studio 10: Insertion/Juxtaposition/Reinvention Jinwoo Jung 585694 University of Melbourne

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CONTENT Studio Brief

Economic and Cultural Activities

Design Refinement

Problem Statement

Tourism in Kampung Tongkol

Interim Review

AbdouMaliq: Devising the ‘Hinge’

Co-Housing Project

Idea Exploration: Lattice Façade

Thesis Statement

Amphitheatre & Square Exploration, Speculation & Preliminary Design

Historical & Urban Context

Engagement with Urban Context

The Hinge: Creating Permeable Urban Thresh-

Urban Context of Jakarta

Architectural Precedents

olds

Timeline of Old Jakarta

Zoning & Programming

Site Analysis & Circulation

Old Batavia Development

Preliminary Massing

Site Plan

Multi-Dimensional Material Environment

Preliminary Feedback

Floor Plans

Central Kota Tua: Locality Plan

Exploded Iso Drawings Design Development

Section & Sectional Perspectives

Kampung Tongkol

Design language and methodology

Perspectives

Comunal Empowerment

Permeability, Flexibility and Temporality

Colonial Structures

Mid-Semester Review

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Bibliography

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studio brief The studio Insertion/Juxtaposition/Reinven-

urban setting of Jakarta. Exploration of urban

tion‘s brief takes place in the urban and histor-

issues such as the urban heritage, impact of co-

ical context of the old town of Jakarta. It is a

lonialism, post-colonialism and urban informali-

city with a rich history dating back to the 16th

ties will be addressed to formualte a design that

century, and is today filled with millions of so-

serves to mediate/address such complexities.

cially and ethnically diverse population. The old town of Jakarta however, remains neglected and in a state of decay, occupied heavily by informal setlements. Recently it has started to become a space of collaborative architectural interventions from international and national architects such as MVRDC, OMA and Andra Matin.

The studio questions the role of contemporary architecture and its encounter with the historic

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problem statement The overarching issue for the thesis is the tension and the threshold that exists between the formal (eg. Indonesian government) and the informal (local dwellers).

The segregation/neglect of kampung dwellers and informal settlements evident through the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS)’s conflicting method of undercounting the poor as well as the employment levels in informal sectors to highlight former government’s gains in reducing poverty (McCarthy, 2003), ‘invisible’ dwellers whose existence is

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ignored without the acquirement of an identity card despite living in the capital for years/permanently, and rigid state control.

formal settelments old town batavia

informal settelments Kampung Tongkol

EXPOSURE OF LOCAL CAPACITY

SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT

TOURIST ATTRACTION ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY MULTI-ETHNIC LIVING QUARTER INTIMACY & LIVELIHOOD

THE HINGE RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS

MARKETS

ATTRACTORS

HETEROGENOUS SOCIAL COMPOSITION

REVERBERATIONS

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ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

abdoumaliq: devising ‘The Hinge’ in AbdouMaliq’s book ‘Jakarta, drawing the city near’, AbdouMaliq introduces the concept of the ‘hinge’ as a city as a way of devising relationship between the multi-layered city of Jakarta.

The concept depicts a city as a framework that structures the composition of interaction, but does not have full control of subsequent volatility of the mixture. A cross-over of urbanization simultaneously exists, creating a threshold of intersection and perspective.

The thesis aims will aim to explore this notion of a hinge within an architectur-

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al setting, examining the usage of space and functions to connect and mobilize spaces of interiority and exteriority.

Through the manipulation of the hinge, definitiveness of function is re-interpreted and opens up a space of dialogue and exploraion between the various demographics occupying the space.

Furthermore, the functional components surrounding the architectural ‘hinge’ acts as attractor points that generates further reverberations of intimacy and social empowerment.

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thesis statement The socio-physical threshold between the formal and the informal is a complex phenomenon within Jakarta, characterized by tensions such as the capacities and endurance of kampung dwellers, the vulnerability of the dwellers becoming complacent, and the discordant nature of the urban duality.

A case study is the community of Kampung Tongkol which has shown strong endurance and capacities to face the threat of eviction by voluntarily cutting back their households to create spaces between the houses and the river,

first in the 1980s and again in 2015.

Despite such efforts, the community still faces tenure insecurity and remains neglected despite desire to connect to Kota Tua’s core zone through local job opportunities and tourism (Padawangi, et. al, 2016).

socio-political impact- local histories, capacities and cultural practices are led into spaces of encounters, where through flexible and temporal appropriation of space the contribution and resilience of the Kampung community is demonstrated.

The thesis explores the empowerment of such settlements through the usage of architecture and its context as a ‘hinge’, where it attempts to facilitate the composition of multiple different actors (such as the kampung dwellers, municipalities and tourists) and its

The resulting ‘hinge’ ultimately acts as a communal/economic/municipal platform where the relevance of the kampung communities in the livelihood of Kota Tua is reinforced through an active constant interchange and dialogue between the occupants of the site.

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historical & urban context

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urban context of jakarta Jakarta’s urban setting is a very unique combination of blocks and urban villages. In the 1800s, the central and walled parts of Jakarta was primarily occupied

by European colonists and elites. Surrounding this central zone laid various kampungs (villages) that was divided by social and ethnic groups accordingly.

eviction during the oil boom which rapidly increased economic and urban activity .

Amidst the growth of government-fueledurban block attacks, many kampung communities shows spaces of resistance, and many self-organized urban fabric becomes evident amidst the tension between the These kampungs gradually developed in bureaucratic and the evolutionary. desnirt and social identity, and began to be formalized in the 1950s as infrastructure works such as highways and ring roads took place. By the 1980s, these kampungs faced increasing pressure of

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sunda kelapa (trading port fo sunda kingdom)

Alliance with Portugese

1400

Arrival of English East India Company

renamed ‘Jayakarta’

1500

Arrival of Dutch East India Company

Indigenous settlements forced to outskirts

Completion of ‘Walled City’

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Massacre of Chinese

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timeline of old jakarta

Development of the New Port

Kota Tua becomes Japanese occupation heritage site

Commercial re-establishment of Old Batavia

1900

‘Revitalize Kota Tua’

First Kota Tua Creative Festival

Kot a Tua becomes major tourist hub

Refurbishment of area

Nomination of UNESCO to World Heritage LIst

2000

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c.1619 : First Dutch Settlement with the

c.1671 : The west wing of Oud Batavia

c.1671 : The west wing of Oud Batavia

installation of a church as the centre piece

reached a stage of complete population.

reached a stage of complete population.

of the walled “city�

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old batavia development

2004 : The city of Oud Batavia is expanded

The orderly format of the Urban Planning

further giving birth to Jakarta which the old

by the Dutch disappears.Expansion of the

city is part of nowadays

outer districts are set in aa ‘kampong’ format following massive density housing area.

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Old town batavia, also known as kota tua, was found in 1619 by jan pieterszoon coen of the voc. the prevailing idea of the ‘ideal city’ initiated the old town. formed around a central axis, it connected the castle with the town hall creating vistas along the town centre. despite its idealistic nature, the town quickly went into decline dueto poor hygiene and high mortality rates within the walled city, as well as the collapse of monopoly profits of the spice trade and corruption within the voc. now, its restored remains act as an important tourist attraction and a reminder of its colonial past.

courtyard in pasar senen.

informal space next to pasar tambora.

usage of roof to dry ‘krupuk’.

space belongs to no one in particular- claimed by

storage for ‘tools of the trade’ for markets/vendors.

sold by residents in a nearby market.

different actors throughout day and night.

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Multi-dimensional material environment Jakarta is ifilled with a very complex dimension of space that coexists with usages that defy conventional expectations. From looking at a few examples of informally occupied spaces on the left, it shows the flexiility of its community in not adapting to a fixed environment, but abstracts these features to create their own context and inhabitat.

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central kota tua: locality plan The diagram to the left illustrates some of the significant architectural landmarks that surrounds central kota tua.

In the following section, the significance and the usage of these surrounding contexts will be explored to better understand the type of activities that takes place on site, as well as to understand its constantly changing usage over time.

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1770

1870s

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1914

Town Hall/Fatahilla Square 1620: first City Hall built in haste. City Hall served as centre for the militia / schutteriji.

1627: completion of second City Hall, which was smaller and so on became inadequate.

1707-1710: previous city hall demolished. Balai Kota built for 3 years 1710: Official completion of Balai Kota.

1816: Sir John Fendall hands back administration of the Indies to the Dutch in the City Hall.

1846: Used as a prison until 1846.

1925: City Hall becomes the sear of the government of the Province of West Java (until WW2).

1942-1945: During the Japanese occupation, the female figure of ‘Justice’ disappears 1974: Restored and becomes the Museum of the History of Jakarta.

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1824

1785

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Wayang Museum/Museum of Old Batavia 1640: Old Reformed Church opened 1732: Old Reformed Church demolished 1736: New Dutch Church open 1808: New Dutch Church damaged by earthquake, demolished.

1939: Museum of Old Batavia opened by last Dutch Governor-General Tjarda van Starkenborch Stachouwer 1975: Wayang Museum opened.

(Previously called Museum of Old Batavia)

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1930

Now

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Museum of Fine Arts & Ceramics /Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik /Balani Seni Rupa Initially built as a palace of Justice, the building was built in a classicist style back in 1870.

The building was then used by the KNIL, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, during the Japanese occupation.

During the 1970s, the building was occupied udner various functions, becoming the Balai Seni Rupa (museum of old ceramics and paintings, then as a West Jakarta Mayor office, an office for Jakarta museum and History Department, and finally being inaugurated as the Fine Arts & Ceramics museum in 1976.

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jalan pintu besar utara The OLVEH Mutual Life Company occupied the corner of Jalan Pintu Besar Utara and Jalan Kasi Besar Tamur 3 in 1912. It was then occupied by the Djakarta Lloyd shipping company, but fell into disuse and remains in a very poor state at present. The Cafe Batavia is located on the right of the building.

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1910

1915

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Jalan Kali Besar Timur opposite right: view from the corner of Jalan bank towards Jl. Kali Besar Timur.

In 1907, electric tram line was opened and connected services from Jalan Jembatan Batu to Jalan Kali Besar Timur. pposite left: the canal was used actively for trade; boats would be moored along the canal for loading/unloading of cargo such as barrels of gasoline. left: today, the buildings along the very edge of the canal has been demolished, the tram line has been removed, and a pedestrian pathway & carparks occupies the site. The shophouses on the East remains.

1870s

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Jalan Pintu Besar Utara bottom left: Looking south along Jalan Pintu Besar Utara, this picture was taken from the Western side of the City Hall.

The 18th century buildings along the right remains today, many being renovated into restaurants and cafes such as Djakarte and Bangi Kopitam.

The steam tram line which used to run along the road no longer exists, and is filled with street vendors and guests of the cafes.

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Rumah Akar /House of Roots Rumah Akar, translating to the ‘House of Roots’, is an early colonial building that is a very popular photography destination for locals and tourists.

The building was initially used as a commercial office, then as a church, before it burnt down and its roof collapsed.

Now, trees have taken over the building and the building is used commercially by the owner, charging visitors heavy amounts of money to have the chance to take a photo inside.

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kampung tongkol Kampng Tongkol is located towards the end of Ciliwung River. The early settlers of the kampung keepers of plantations, along the old city wall.

The community of Kampung Tongkol has shown strong endurance and capacities to face the threat of eviction by voluntarily cutting back their households in order to createa spaces between the houses and the ciliwung river, first in the 1980s and again in 2015.

Despite such efforts, the community still faces tenure insecurity and remains neglected despite desire to connect to Kota Nua’s core zone (Padawangi, et. al, 2016)

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LOCAL WARUNG

COMMUNAL GATHERING

RIVER CLEANING

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PUBLIC ART

communal empowerment The kampung community, alongside the voluntary cut-back of their homes in 2015, demonstrates multiple various actions of empowerment. Acts such as the creation of a common communal gathering stage alongside the Ciliwung river, and initiating river clean-up actiities, all demonstrate the strong sense of ownership of their land as well as a constant action that demonstrates the social relevence of the community.

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The old city wall (top left) is heavily populated by greenery. the space between the settlements and th wall is used by residents as a communal space, whether to keep chickens and unused furnitures or for community gatherings. The colonial warehouses such as the old grain house (top right) act as the boundary between nearby roads and the kampungs, and is also visited upon by tourists.

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colonial structures The presence of Dutch colonial structures within the kampung settlements largely defines the boundary of kampung Tongkol, and is also used as communal spaces for the community. These structures also can create strong incentives and linkages for tourism activities inside the villages, continuing from kota tua.

wall of an old colonial warehouse between kampung tongkol and kampung krapu. The walls of the warehouse has been used for public art by the community.

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economic and cultural activities 1. resident of kampung tongkol working by repairing shoes 2. a locally-run ferry that has been set up and run by the community. it acts as a mode of transport to cross the river.

3. a local warung selling clothes 4. a local warung making and seling pinisi ship toys

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tourism in kampung tongkol Walking tours such as the Jelajah Kampung (right) are growingly engaging tourists with Jakarta’s many kampung communities. As kampung tourism grows in populairty, Kampung Tongkol also have programmed various zones (far right) within their community for tourists (historic zones, artisan zones, etc). This exemplifies the willingness and the active engagement of the communities for tourism.

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co-housing project (2015) In 2015, a small group of architects from the Architecture Sans Frontiere Indonesia initiated a social experiment of creating a Co-Housing house as a momentum of a turning point for the threatened kampung village. The resulting project, called Rumah Example, was seen as a tool to open up a dialogue between citizens and stakeholders.

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exploration, speculation & preliminary design

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engagement with urban context The given site located in the core district of Kota Tua is a very central site, cross-cut with multiple different cultural and social axis. It has the potential to act as a public entryway that connects Fatahillah Square with the adjacent Kali Besar, as well as fascilitating the connection between the Kampung itself through the canal. Seeing as there already was a significant amount of kampung workers that had economic linkages with the square, it made sense that the project should cater for such demographics as well as maintaining and opening up spaces for the public realm whilst staying responsive to its surrounding coloinal architecture.

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Analysis of street frontage treatment

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Tetaring restaurant, bali / usage of local and sustainable material in a contemporary setting. / climatic response through design

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Covent market, london / what attracts crowds? what makes a market work? / how are spaces organized and how does the circulation flow?

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co-housing project, kampung tongkol / Usage of local material and construction techniques / shared use, communal-driven. / architecture as a catalyst for social engagement

ARCHITECTURAL precedents

Neues museum, berlin / juxtaposition of old and new / subtle co-existence of historical and contemporary language

fun palace / Cedric Price’s idea of architecture that is responsive and adaptive to the user needs and changing over time

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zoning & function By the mid-semester presentation, the project function and zoning layouts were formalized. Addressing the studio brief and integrating the needs of the kampung dwellers, the space was divided into a public, communal, commercial and ‘opportunistic’ zones. The division of space for open public usage and the private usage of the kampung community must still be maintained, whilst still allowing a dialogue and connection between the different demographics.

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program division

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maximum volume identified, spanning out to the title boundary and limiting height in response to existing heritage.

ground floor elevated for maximun circulation and flexibility, and creating access linkage towards kali besar.

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thoroughfare towards kali besar emphasized, incorporation of program into existing shophouses.

preliminary massing

Introducing courtyard/voids for natural ventilation/light. How to treat facade facing Dharma Niaga? Through materiality? profile?

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research presentation feedback STRATEGICAL/FORMAL • Because Kampung Tongkol is within walking distance to Kota Tua, this connection can be further highlighted • Further incorporation of shophouse and adaptive re-use • Be mindful of typology fluctuation. How can programs further be related to the concept of the ‘hinge’?

• Active usage of voids and circulation • Stronger linkage with Kampung and community centre, aside from physical.

• Smaller-scale site response

THEORETICAL • Highlight Kampung dweller’s relation to square through canal connection, economic growth etc • Further identify Kampung economy to specifically define market and community centre.

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design development

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Inter-level relations

Void & visual thresholds

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linkage between the old and the new

design language & methodology Following the exploration of a theoretical expression of the hinge, this was then translated into a selection of architectural languages and intent to be achieved through the design. The aim of these architectural language is to not only create physical areas of thresholds, but to suggest and devise relations of intended users.

Usgae of canal as a route of connection

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permeability, flexibility and temporality The usage of temporal spaces and attractor points have been explored and implemented into the spatial layouts of the project. The concept of the ‘hinge’ as an architecture aims to structure the composition of interaction and seeks to explore how informal functions can be incubated into the formal. Many informal demographics exist along the square, such as the Fatahillah Square Public Library groups and unlicensed street vendors.

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permeability, flexibility and temporality The market entry is to be treated with a curtain of operable hinged screens which will open up during operating hours and expose the bazaar stalls within. In the non-operating hours, the screens can be closed off for privacy but also create a setback that can be occupied by street vendors along with the dining areas & stage.

The threshold space that forms between the existing shophouse and the new architecture also starts to be highlighted, exploring how it can act as a ‘breathing space’ that functionally/ visually engages with the two entities.

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permeability, flexibility and temporality The threshold space between the new and the old becomes a central courtyard space, that acts as a relief zone where no designated function is given control. The space is a semi-enclosed and operable to the user’s changing needs, and becomes a separate entity that stiches the buildings together.

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permeability and temporality The physical manifestation of the ‘hinge’ within the circulation and function of the design was critical. In treating the public entry point facing towards Fatahillah square, the idea of a permeable free-flowing bazaar that acts as a double-faced stage for performances, dining areas and entry points was introduced to allow the ground level to be taken up by public and cultural activities from the community.

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mid-semester review

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mid-semester review:Ground Floor 1. open stage 2. dining area 3. northern entry/street vendors 4. market/bazaar 5. fruit market 6. ‘hinge’ 7. cafe 8. courtyard/outdoor gallery 9. warung designer market 10. boat & onthel tour office/storage 11. further linkage to canal

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1. open stage 2. dining area 3. northern entry/street vendors

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4. market/bazaar 5. fruit market 6. ‘hinge’ 7. cafe

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8. courtyard/outdoor gallery 9. warung designer market

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10. boat & onthel tour office/storage 11. further linkage to canal

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mid-semester review:first Floor 1. youth hall 2. computer lab 3. lobby 4. lecture theatre 5. storage 6. workshop rooms 7. meeting room 8. office 9. studio rooms 10. cafe 11. ablution zone 12. prayer room 13. gallery/storage

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FLEXIBLE COMMUNAL ZONES FOR PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBICSPACES

empowering local workforce/ street vendors

RESPONSE TO NEIGHBOURING HERITAGE

multi-dimensinoal material environment; the threshold

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empowering local art & culture

ONTHEL & WATER TOURISM CANAL MAINTENANCE

mid-semester review: creating hinging points

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morning

Noon

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mid-semester: temporal/interchanging function Exploration of temporal and interchanging functions along the ground level - used as a dining area, stage for shows and informal gatherings.

afternoon (after-hours)

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entrance into bazaar

bazaar entrance & stalls

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mid-semester: perspectives

gallery space within rumah akar

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DESIGN REFINEMENT Further culatory ty/visibility

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refinements

exploring

routes

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functions

the and

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accessibiliservices.

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DESIGN REFINEMENT

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DESIGN REFINEMENT

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FLEXIBLE COMMUNAL ZONES FOR PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBICSPACES

multi-dimensinoal material environment; the threshold empowering local workforce/ street vendors

RESPONSE TO NEIGHBOURING HERITAGE

empowering local art & culture onthel & water tourism canal maintenance

canal usage

HINGE USAGE 1

MARKET USAGE 1

MARKET USAGE 2

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HINGE USAGE 2

interim: spatial references & areas of ‘the hinge’

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interim: GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCHEME 1. open stage 2. dining area 3. northern entry/street vendors 4. market/bazaar 5. service core 6. ‘hinge’ threshold 7. pivot storage/entry 8. cafe 9. courtyard 10. vestibule gallery 11. designer market 12. boat/onthel tour office 13. extended pedestrian passage 14. public pockets 15. promenade

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interim: first FLOOR PLAN SCHEME 1. LOBBY 2. SEMINAR ROOM 3. STORAGE 4.CORRIDOR GALLERY 5. WORKSHOPS 6. METING ROOM 7. OFFICE 8. COLLABORATIVE ROOM 9. CAFE/BAR 10. RENTABLE GALLERY 11. PRAYER ROOM ENTRY 12. ABLUTION 13. PRAYER ROOM (MEN/WOMEN) 14. PRAYER NOOK

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interim: Setion a_a’

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interim: Setion B_B’ & C_C’

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interim: visualisations The perspectives shown tries to illustrate the architectural qualities of creating a threshold space between various intersecting demographics and uses.

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idea exploration: lattice facade As the design language progressed, another scheme was tested on the Eastern facade towards Fatahillah square using the lattice language used in the central courtyard as a way of creating a permeable language between the square and the site. After doing some volume studies of the coverage of lattice, iterations were tested to see how it fit onto the site and drape onto the ground floor.

However, the idea did not progress further due to further functional developments on the first floor.

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AMPHITHEATRE & SQUARE Whilst the lattice structure on the Eastern facade was scrapped, further emphasis was given to the visual connection of the first floor public/ communal area to Fatahillah Square.

The orientation of the amphitheatre was reversed and became an integrated section within the youth hall. The whole eastern plane is activated and allows a panoramic view towards the square.

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The hinge: creating permeable urban thresholds

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site analysis & circulation plans

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proposed contextual circulation

kampung tongkol tourist zoning 1. plant production zone 2. history and public features 3. historic zone 4. culinary zone 5. crafts zone

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internal circulation & zoning public public/communal services & staff commercial

communal ‘hinge’ points communal circulation

site plan

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ground floor plan 1. kali besar promenade 2. public platforms 3. warung market 4. rumah akar courtyard 5. boat & onthel tourism office 6. cafe 7. central courtyard 8. staff circulation 9. WC 10. operable market entry 11. market/bazaar 12. dining area 13. open stage

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ground floor plan 1. rentable gallery 2. renteable gallery 3. prayer room 4. ablution zone 5. staff lobby 6. WC 7. meeting room 8. office 9. workshops 10.collaborative studio 11. lobby/historical gallery 12.amphitheatre 13. youth hall

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exploded iso drawing

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youth hall/amphitheatre the youth hall and the public amphitheatre and the ground floor market is connected through a central staircase.The more private community centre is located on another raised slab separated via a void, creating a space that allows a visual threshold whilst maintaining circulatory control.

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public stage & bazaar The operable screen doors opens up a permeable circulation into the market, and the bazaar frontage becomes occupied by streetvendors during out-of-hours. The public stage becomes a central platform between the square and the market, adaptable to its use.

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central courtyard The central courtyard, acting as a space of relief between the old and the new, facilitates for a wide range of adaptable and temporal usages to be occupied by the public and the community..

The modular operable joinery serves as both a closable access point into the market as well as temporary storage for vendors. The courtyard also becomes an outdoor seating area for the cafe, whilst behind the lattice structure lies the service routes for staffs and community members.

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canal promenade & open public pockets The canal frontage is activated for public and communal use, becoming a link between Kampung Tongkol and Fatahillah Square. The promenade becomes a pedestrian-friendly walkway that further invites public activities along the canal axis, such as walking tours, public performances, storage and street vendors.

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sectional perspective

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sectionalA_A’ & B_B’

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exterior view from cornero f fatahillah square

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perspectives

market ntry view from kali besar timur 4

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public amphitheatre

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perspectives

collaborative workshop

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PLANTERBOX L

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storage l

perforated screens

seating storage

open shelves planterbox s

operable modular joinery unit

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perspectives

central courtyard

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perspectives

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perspectives

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bibliography Merrillees, S 2000, Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs, Curzon Press, Surrey.

Kusno, S 2010, The Appearance of Memory, Duke University Press, North Carolina Grijns, K and& Nas, P 2000, Jakarta - Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays, KITLV Press, Leiden Misselwitz, P, Oswalt, P and Overmeyer, K 2013,Urban Catalyst: The Power of Temporary Use, DOM Publishers, Berlin Heuken, A 1983, Historical Sites of Jakarta, Cipta Loka Carak, Jakarta MVRDV, The Vertical Vilalge:Individual, Informal, Intense, 2012, Naio010 Publishers, Rotterdam Bollack, F 2013, Old Buildings New Forms:New directions in architectural transformations, Monacelli Press, New York AbdouMaliq, S, 2014, Jakarta, Drawing the City Near, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota Architecture in Development 2015, Co-housing Project at Ciliwung Riverfront, viewed 12th October 2017, < http://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=570> Budi, T, Fatimah, T, Irawati, M, Padawangi, R 2016, Cultural Mapping Kota Tua Jakarta, pp. 109-121

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