The Hinge: Creating pErmeable urban threshold
Desgin Thesis Studio 10: Insertion/Juxtaposition/Reinvention Jinwoo Jung 585694 University of Melbourne
2
CONTENT Studio Brief
Economic and Cultural Activities
Design Refinement
Problem Statement
Tourism in Kampung Tongkol
Interim Review
AbdouMaliq: Devising the ‘Hinge’
Co-Housing Project
Idea Exploration: Lattice Façade
Thesis Statement
Amphitheatre & Square Exploration, Speculation & Preliminary Design
Historical & Urban Context
Engagement with Urban Context
The Hinge: Creating Permeable Urban Thresh-
Urban Context of Jakarta
Architectural Precedents
olds
Timeline of Old Jakarta
Zoning & Programming
Site Analysis & Circulation
Old Batavia Development
Preliminary Massing
Site Plan
Multi-Dimensional Material Environment
Preliminary Feedback
Floor Plans
Central Kota Tua: Locality Plan
Exploded Iso Drawings Design Development
Section & Sectional Perspectives
Kampung Tongkol
Design language and methodology
Perspectives
Comunal Empowerment
Permeability, Flexibility and Temporality
Colonial Structures
Mid-Semester Review
3
Bibliography
4
studio brief The studio Insertion/Juxtaposition/Reinven-
urban setting of Jakarta. Exploration of urban
tion‘s brief takes place in the urban and histor-
issues such as the urban heritage, impact of co-
ical context of the old town of Jakarta. It is a
lonialism, post-colonialism and urban informali-
city with a rich history dating back to the 16th
ties will be addressed to formualte a design that
century, and is today filled with millions of so-
serves to mediate/address such complexities.
cially and ethnically diverse population. The old town of Jakarta however, remains neglected and in a state of decay, occupied heavily by informal setlements. Recently it has started to become a space of collaborative architectural interventions from international and national architects such as MVRDC, OMA and Andra Matin. The studio questions the role of contemporary architecture and its encounter with the historic
5
6
problem statement The overarching issue for the thesis is the tension and the threshold that exists between the formal (eg. Indonesian government) and the informal (local dwellers). The segregation/neglect of kampung dwellers and informal settlements evident through the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS)’s conflicting method of undercounting the poor as well as the employment levels in informal sectors to highlight former government’s gains in reducing poverty (McCarthy, 2003), ‘invisible’ dwellers whose existence is
7
ignored without the acquirement of an identity card despite living in the capital for years/permanently, and rigid state control.
formal settelments old town batavia
informal settelments Kampung Tongkol
EXPOSURE OF LOCAL CAPACITY
SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT
TOURIST ATTRACTION ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY MULTI-ETHNIC LIVING QUARTER INTIMACY & LIVELIHOOD
THE HINGE RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS
MARKETS
ATTRACTORS
HETEROGENOUS SOCIAL COMPOSITION
REVERBERATIONS
8
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
abdoumaliq: devising ‘The Hinge’ in AbdouMaliq’s book ‘Jakarta, drawing the city near’, AbdouMaliq introduces the concept of the ‘hinge’ as a city as a way of devising relationship between the multi-layered city of Jakarta. The concept depicts a city as a framework that structures the composition of interaction, but does not have full control of subsequent volatility of the mixture. A cross-over of urbanization simultaneously exists, creating a threshold of intersection and perspective. The thesis aims will aim to explore this notion of a hinge within an architectur-
9
al setting, examining the usage of space and functions to connect and mobilize spaces of interiority and exteriority. Through the manipulation of the hinge, definitiveness of function is re-interpreted and opens up a space of dialogue and exploraion between the various demographics occupying the space. Furthermore, the functional components surrounding the architectural ‘hinge’ acts as attractor points that generates further reverberations of intimacy and social empowerment.
10
thesis statement The socio-physical threshold between the formal and the informal is a complex phenomenon within Jakarta, characterized by tensions such as the capacities and endurance of kampung dwellers, the vulnerability of the dwellers becoming complacent, and the discordant nature of the urban duality. A case study is the community of Kampung Tongkol which has shown strong endurance and capacities to face the threat of eviction by voluntarily cutting back their households to create spaces between the houses and the river,
first in the 1980s and again in 2015. Despite such efforts, the community still faces tenure insecurity and remains neglected despite desire to connect to Kota Tua’s core zone through local job opportunities and tourism (Padawangi, et. al, 2016).
socio-political impact- local histories, capacities and cultural practices are led into spaces of encounters, where through flexible and temporal appropriation of space the contribution and resilience of the Kampung community is demonstrated.
The thesis explores the empowerment of such settlements through the usage of architecture and its context as a ‘hinge’, where it attempts to facilitate the composition of multiple different actors (such as the kampung dwellers, municipalities and tourists) and its
The resulting ‘hinge’ ultimately acts as a communal/economic/municipal platform where the relevance of the kampung communities in the livelihood of Kota Tua is reinforced through an active constant interchange and dialogue between the occupants of the site.
11
12
historical & urban context
13
urban context of jakarta Jakarta’s urban setting is a very unique combination of blocks and urban villages. In the 1800s, the central and walled parts of Jakarta was primarily occupied by European colonists and elites. Surrounding this central zone laid various kampungs (villages) that was divided by social and ethnic groups accordingly.
eviction during the oil boom which rapidly increased economic and urban activity .
Amidst the growth of government-fueledurban block attacks, many kampung communities shows spaces of resistance, and many self-organized urban fabric becomes evident amidst the tension between the These kampungs gradually developed in bureaucratic and the evolutionary. desnirt and social identity, and began to be formalized in the 1950s as infrastructure works such as highways and ring roads took place. By the 1980s, these kampungs faced increasing pressure of
14
15
sunda kelapa (trading port fo sunda kingdom)
Alliance with Portugese
1400
Arrival of English East India Company
renamed ‘Jayakarta’
1500
Arrival of Dutch East India Company
Indigenous settlements forced to outskirts
Completion of ‘Walled City’
1600
16
Massacre of Chinese
1700
1800
timeline of old jakarta
Development of the New Port
Kota Tua becomes Japanese occupation heritage site
Commercial re-establishment of Old Batavia
1900
‘Revitalize Kota Tua’
First Kota Tua Creative Festival
Kot a Tua becomes major tourist hub
Refurbishment of area
Nomination of UNESCO to World Heritage LIst
2000
17
c.1619 : First Dutch Settlement with the
c.1671 : The west wing of Oud Batavia
c.1671 : The west wing of Oud Batavia
installation of a church as the centre piece
reached a stage of complete population.
reached a stage of complete population.
of the walled “city�
18
old batavia development
2004 : The city of Oud Batavia is expanded
The orderly format of the Urban Planning
further giving birth to Jakarta which the old
by the Dutch disappears.Expansion of the
city is part of nowadays
outer districts are set in aa ‘kampong’ format following massive density housing area.
19
Old town batavia, also known as kota tua, was found in 1619 by jan pieterszoon coen of the voc. the prevailing idea of the ‘ideal city’ initiated the old town. formed around a central axis, it connected the castle with the town hall creating vistas along the town centre. despite its idealistic nature, the town quickly went into decline dueto poor hygiene and high mortality rates within the walled city, as well as the collapse of monopoly profits of the spice trade and corruption within the voc. now, its restored remains act as an important tourist attraction and a reminder of its colonial past.
courtyard in pasar senen.
informal space next to pasar tambora.
usage of roof to dry ‘krupuk’.
space belongs to no one in particular- claimed by
storage for ‘tools of the trade’ for markets/vendors.
sold by residents in a nearby market.
different actors throughout day and night.
20
Multi-dimensional material environment Jakarta is ifilled with a very complex dimension of space that coexists with usages that defy conventional expectations. From looking at a few examples of informally occupied spaces on the left, it shows the flexiility of its community in not adapting to a fixed environment, but abstracts these features to create their own context and inhabitat.
21
22
central kota tua: locality plan The diagram to the left illustrates some of the significant architectural landmarks that surrounds central kota tua. In the following section, the significance and the usage of these surrounding contexts will be explored to better understand the type of activities that takes place on site, as well as to understand its constantly changing usage over time.
23
1770
1870s
24
1914
Town Hall/Fatahilla Square 1620: first City Hall built in haste. City Hall served as centre for the militia / schutteriji. 1627: completion of second City Hall, which was smaller and so on became inadequate. 1707-1710: previous city hall demolished. Balai Kota built for 3 years 1710: Official completion of Balai Kota. 1816: Sir John Fendall hands back administration of the Indies to the Dutch in the City Hall. 1846: Used as a prison until 1846. 1925: City Hall becomes the sear of the government of the Province of West Java (until WW2). 1942-1945: During the Japanese occupation, the female figure of ‘Justice’ disappears 1974: Restored and becomes the Museum of the History of Jakarta.
25
1824
1785
26
Wayang Museum/Museum of Old Batavia 1640: Old Reformed Church opened 1732: Old Reformed Church demolished 1736: New Dutch Church open 1808: New Dutch Church damaged by earthquake, demolished. 1939: Museum of Old Batavia opened by last Dutch Governor-General Tjarda van Starkenborch Stachouwer 1975: Wayang Museum opened. (Previously called Museum of Old Batavia)
27
1930
Now
28
Museum of Fine Arts & Ceramics /Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik /Balani Seni Rupa Initially built as a palace of Justice, the building was built in a classicist style back in 1870. The building was then used by the KNIL, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, during the Japanese occupation. During the 1970s, the building was occupied udner various functions, becoming the Balai Seni Rupa (museum of old ceramics and paintings, then as a West Jakarta Mayor office, an office for Jakarta museum and History Department, and finally being inaugurated as the Fine Arts & Ceramics museum in 1976.
29
30
jalan pintu besar utara The OLVEH Mutual Life Company occupied the corner of Jalan Pintu Besar Utara and Jalan Kasi Besar Tamur 3 in 1912. It was then occupied by the Djakarta Lloyd shipping company, but fell into disuse and remains in a very poor state at present. The Cafe Batavia is located on the right of the building.
31
1910
1915
32
Jalan Kali Besar Timur opposite right: view from the corner of Jalan bank towards Jl. Kali Besar Timur. In 1907, electric tram line was opened and connected services from Jalan Jembatan Batu to Jalan Kali Besar Timur. pposite left: the canal was used actively for trade; boats would be moored along the canal for loading/unloading of cargo such as barrels of gasoline. left: today, the buildings along the very edge of the canal has been demolished, the tram line has been removed, and a pedestrian pathway & carparks occupies the site. The shophouses on the East remains.
1870s
33
34
Jalan Pintu Besar Utara bottom left: Looking south along Jalan Pintu Besar Utara, this picture was taken from the Western side of the City Hall. The 18th century buildings along the right remains today, many being renovated into restaurants and cafes such as Djakarte and Bangi Kopitam. The steam tram line which used to run along the road no longer exists, and is filled with street vendors and guests of the cafes.
35
36
Rumah Akar /House of Roots Rumah Akar, translating to the ‘House of Roots’, is an early colonial building that is a very popular photography destination for locals and tourists. The building was initially used as a commercial office, then as a church, before it burnt down and its roof collapsed. Now, trees have taken over the building and the building is used commercially by the owner, charging visitors heavy amounts of money to have the chance to take a photo inside.
37
kampung tongkol Kampng Tongkol is located towards the end of Ciliwung River. The early settlers of the kampung keepers of plantations, along the old city wall. The community of Kampung Tongkol has shown strong endurance and capacities to face the threat of eviction by voluntarily cutting back their households in order to createa spaces between the houses and the ciliwung river, first in the 1980s and again in 2015. Despite such efforts, the community still faces tenure insecurity and remains neglected despite desire to connect to Kota Nua’s core zone (Padawangi, et. al, 2016)
38
39
LOCAL WARUNG
COMMUNAL GATHERING
RIVER CLEANING
40
PUBLIC ART
communal empowerment The kampung community, alongside the voluntary cut-back of their homes in 2015, demonstrates multiple various actions of empowerment. Acts such as the creation of a common communal gathering stage alongside the Ciliwung river, and initiating river clean-up actiities, all demonstrate the strong sense of ownership of their land as well as a constant action that demonstrates the social relevence of the community.
41
The old city wall (top left) is heavily populated by greenery. the space between the settlements and th wall is used by residents as a communal space, whether to keep chickens and unused furnitures or for community gatherings. The colonial warehouses such as the old grain house (top right) act as the boundary between nearby roads and the kampungs, and is also visited upon by tourists.
42
colonial structures The presence of Dutch colonial structures within the kampung settlements largely defines the boundary of kampung Tongkol, and is also used as communal spaces for the community. These structures also can create strong incentives and linkages for tourism activities inside the villages, continuing from kota tua.
wall of an old colonial warehouse between kampung tongkol and kampung krapu. The walls of the warehouse has been used for public art by the community.
43
1.
2.
3.
44
economic and cultural activities 1. resident of kampung tongkol working by repairing shoes 2. a locally-run ferry that has been set up and run by the community. it acts as a mode of transport to cross the river. 3. a local warung selling clothes 4. a local warung making and seling pinisi ship toys
4.
45
46
tourism in kampung tongkol Walking tours such as the Jelajah Kampung (right) are growingly engaging tourists with Jakarta’s many kampung communities. As kampung tourism grows in populairty, Kampung Tongkol also have programmed various zones (far right) within their community for tourists (historic zones, artisan zones, etc). This exemplifies the willingness and the active engagement of the communities for tourism.
47
48
co-housing project (2015) In 2015, a small group of architects from the Architecture Sans Frontiere Indonesia initiated a social experiment of creating a Co-Housing house as a momentum of a turning point for the threatened kampung village. The resulting project, called Rumah Example, was seen as a tool to open up a dialogue between citizens and stakeholders.
49
50
exploration, speculation & preliminary design
51
52
engagement with urban context The given site located in the core district of Kota Tua is a very central site, cross-cut with multiple different cultural and social axis. It has the potential to act as a public entryway that connects Fatahillah Square with the adjacent Kali Besar, as well as fascilitating the connection between the Kampung itself through the canal. Seeing as there already was a significant amount of kampung workers that had economic linkages with the square, it made sense that the project should cater for such demographics as well as maintaining and opening up spaces for the public realm whilst staying responsive to its surrounding coloinal architecture.
53
54
Analysis of street frontage treatment
55
Tetaring restaurant, bali / usage of local and sustainable material in a contemporary setting. / climatic response through design
56
Covent market, london / what attracts crowds? what makes a market work? / how are spaces organized and how does the circulation flow?
56
co-housing project, kampung tongkol / Usage of local material and construction techniques / shared use, communal-driven. / architecture as a catalyst for social engagement
ARCHITECTURAL precedents
Neues museum, berlin / juxtaposition of old and new / subtle co-existence of historical and contemporary language
fun palace / Cedric Price’s idea of architecture that is responsive and adaptive to the user needs and changing over time
57
zoning & function By the mid-semester presentation, the project function and zoning layouts were formalized. Addressing the studio brief and integrating the needs of the kampung dwellers, the space was divided into a public, communal, commercial and ‘opportunistic’ zones. The division of space for open public usage and the private usage of the kampung community must still be maintained, whilst still allowing a dialogue and connection between the different demographics.
58
program division
59
maximum volume identified, spanning out to the title boundary and limiting height in response to existing heritage.
ground floor elevated for maximun circulation and flexibility, and creating access linkage towards kali besar.
60
thoroughfare towards kali besar emphasized, incorporation of program into existing shophouses.
preliminary massing
Introducing courtyard/voids for natural ventilation/light. How to treat facade facing Dharma Niaga? Through materiality? profile?
61
research presentation feedback STRATEGICAL/FORMAL • Because Kampung Tongkol is within walking distance to Kota Tua, this connection can be further highlighted • Further incorporation of shophouse and adaptive re-use • Be mindful of typology fluctuation. How can programs further be related to the concept of the ‘hinge’? • Active usage of voids and circulation • Stronger linkage with Kampung and community centre, aside from physical. • Smaller-scale site response
THEORETICAL • Highlight Kampung dweller’s relation to square through canal connection, economic growth etc • Further identify Kampung economy to specifically define market and community centre. •
62
63
64
design development
65
Inter-level relations
Void & visual thresholds
66
linkage between the old and the new
design language & methodology Following the exploration of a theoretical expression of the hinge, this was then translated into a selection of architectural languages and intent to be achieved through the design. The aim of these architectural language is to not only create physical areas of thresholds, but to suggest and devise relations of intended users.
Usgae of canal as a route of connection
67
68
permeability, flexibility and temporality The usage of temporal spaces and attractor points have been explored and implemented into the spatial layouts of the project. The concept of the ‘hinge’ as an architecture aims to structure the composition of interaction and seeks to explore how informal functions can be incubated into the formal. Many informal demographics exist along the square, such as the Fatahillah Square Public Library groups and unlicensed street vendors.
69
70
permeability, flexibility and temporality The market entry is to be treated with a curtain of operable hinged screens which will open up during operating hours and expose the bazaar stalls within. In the non-operating hours, the screens can be closed off for privacy but also create a setback that can be occupied by street vendors along with the dining areas & stage. The threshold space that forms between the existing shophouse and the new architecture also starts to be highlighted, exploring how it can act as a ‘breathing space’ that functionally/ visually engages with the two entities.
71
72
permeability, flexibility and temporality The threshold space between the new and the old becomes a central courtyard space, that acts as a relief zone where no designated function is given control. The space is a semi-enclosed and operable to the user’s changing needs, and becomes a separate entity that stiches the buildings together.
73
74
permeability and temporality The physical manifestation of the ‘hinge’ within the circulation and function of the design was critical. In treating the public entry point facing towards Fatahillah square, the idea of a permeable free-flowing bazaar that acts as a double-faced stage for performances, dining areas and entry points was introduced to allow the ground level to be taken up by public and cultural activities from the community.
75
76
mid-semester review
77
2.
3.
1. 4. 6. 8.
5.
7.
9.
10. 11.
78
mid-semester review:Ground Floor 1. open stage 2. dining area 3. northern entry/street vendors 4. market/bazaar 5. fruit market 6. ‘hinge’ 7. cafe 8. courtyard/outdoor gallery 9. warung designer market 10. boat & onthel tour office/storage 11. further linkage to canal
79
1.
6.
6.
6.
2.
3.
4.
9.
7.
9. 8.
13
1. open stage 2. dining area 3. northern entry/street vendors
9.
8.
10.
6.
5.
4. market/bazaar 5. fruit market 6. ‘hinge’ 7. cafe
11.
8. courtyard/outdoor gallery 9. warung designer market
12.
10. boat & onthel tour office/storage 11. further linkage to canal
80
mid-semester review:first Floor 1. youth hall 2. computer lab 3. lobby 4. lecture theatre 5. storage 6. workshop rooms 7. meeting room 8. office 9. studio rooms 10. cafe 11. ablution zone 12. prayer room 13. gallery/storage
81
FLEXIBLE COMMUNAL ZONES FOR PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBICSPACES
empowering local workforce/ street vendors
RESPONSE TO NEIGHBOURING HERITAGE
multi-dimensinoal material environment; the threshold
82
empowering local art & culture
ONTHEL & WATER TOURISM CANAL MAINTENANCE
mid-semester review: creating hinging points
83
morning
Noon
84
mid-semester: temporal/interchanging function Exploration of temporal and interchanging functions along the ground level - used as a dining area, stage for shows and informal gatherings.
afternoon (after-hours)
85
entrance into bazaar
bazaar entrance & stalls
86
mid-semester: perspectives
gallery space within rumah akar
87
88
DESIGN REFINEMENT Further culatory ty/visibility
89
refinements
exploring
routes
and
of
functions
the and
the
cir-
accessibiliservices.
90
DESIGN REFINEMENT
91
92
DESIGN REFINEMENT
93
FLEXIBLE COMMUNAL ZONES FOR PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBICSPACES
multi-dimensinoal material environment; the threshold empowering local workforce/ street vendors
RESPONSE TO NEIGHBOURING HERITAGE
empowering local art & culture onthel & water tourism canal maintenance
canal usage
HINGE USAGE 1
MARKET USAGE 1
MARKET USAGE 2
94
HINGE USAGE 2
interim: spatial references & areas of ‘the hinge’
95
B
C 3. 11.
9.
8.
2.
6. 7.
13.
4.
10.
A
A’ 1.
12. 5.
B’
C’
96
interim: GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCHEME 1. open stage 2. dining area 3. northern entry/street vendors 4. market/bazaar 5. service core 6. ‘hinge’ threshold 7. pivot storage/entry 8. cafe 9. courtyard 10. vestibule gallery 11. designer market 12. boat/onthel tour office 13. extended pedestrian passage 14. public pockets 15. promenade
97
B
C
10.
6.
5. 1.
9. A
14.
13.
7. 10.
12.
A’
7. 8.
2. 4.
11.
3.
B’
C’
98
interim: first FLOOR PLAN SCHEME 1. LOBBY 2. SEMINAR ROOM 3. STORAGE 4.CORRIDOR GALLERY 5. WORKSHOPS 6. METING ROOM 7. OFFICE 8. COLLABORATIVE ROOM 9. CAFE/BAR 10. RENTABLE GALLERY 11. PRAYER ROOM ENTRY 12. ABLUTION 13. PRAYER ROOM (MEN/WOMEN) 14. PRAYER NOOK
99
100
interim: Setion a_a’
101
102
interim: Setion B_B’ & C_C’
103
104
interim: visualisations The perspectives shown tries to illustrate the architectural qualities of creating a threshold space between various intersecting demographics and uses.
105
106
idea exploration: lattice facade As the design language progressed, another scheme was tested on the Eastern facade towards Fatahillah square using the lattice language used in the central courtyard as a way of creating a permeable language between the square and the site. After doing some volume studies of the coverage of lattice, iterations were tested to see how it fit onto the site and drape onto the ground floor. However, the idea did not progress further due to further functional developments on the first floor.
107
108
AMPHITHEATRE & SQUARE Whilst the lattice structure on the Eastern facade was scrapped, further emphasis was given to the visual connection of the first floor public/ communal area to Fatahillah Square. The orientation of the amphitheatre was reversed and became an integrated section within the youth hall. The whole eastern plane is activated and allows a panoramic view towards the square.
109
110
The hinge: creating permeable urban thresholds
111
site analysis & circulation plans
4.
3. 1.
2.
4.
5. 3.
proposed contextual circulation
kampung tongkol tourist zoning 1. plant production zone 2. history and public features 3. historic zone 4. culinary zone 5. crafts zone
112
internal circulation & zoning public public/communal services & staff commercial
communal ‘hinge’ points communal circulation
site plan
113
10. 1. 3.
4.
6.
12. 7. 11.
2.
13.
8. 5. 9.
114
ground floor plan 1. kali besar promenade 2. public platforms 3. warung market 4. rumah akar courtyard 5. boat & onthel tourism office 6. cafe 7. central courtyard 8. staff circulation 9. WC 10. operable market entry 11. market/bazaar 12. dining area 13. open stage
115
1.
2.
7.
9.
12.
8. 3.
11.
4.
10. 5. 6.
116
13.
ground floor plan 1. rentable gallery 2. renteable gallery 3. prayer room 4. ablution zone 5. staff lobby 6. WC 7. meeting room 8. office 9. workshops 10.collaborative studio 11. lobby/historical gallery 12.amphitheatre 13. youth hall
117
118
exploded iso drawing
119
120
youth hall/amphitheatre the youth hall and the public amphitheatre and the ground floor market is connected through a central staircase.The more private community centre is located on another raised slab separated via a void, creating a space that allows a visual threshold whilst maintaining circulatory control.
121
122
public stage & bazaar The operable screen doors opens up a permeable circulation into the market, and the bazaar frontage becomes occupied by streetvendors during out-of-hours. The public stage becomes a central platform between the square and the market, adaptable to its use.
123
124
central courtyard The central courtyard, acting as a space of relief between the old and the new, facilitates for a wide range of adaptable and temporal usages to be occupied by the public and the community.. The modular operable joinery serves as both a closable access point into the market as well as temporary storage for vendors. The courtyard also becomes an outdoor seating area for the cafe, whilst behind the lattice structure lies the service routes for staffs and community members.
125
126
canal promenade & open public pockets The canal frontage is activated for public and communal use, becoming a link between Kampung Tongkol and Fatahillah Square. The promenade becomes a pedestrian-friendly walkway that further invites public activities along the canal axis, such as walking tours, public performances, storage and street vendors.
127
128
sectional perspective
129
130
sectionalA_A’ & B_B’
131
exterior view from cornero f fatahillah square
132
perspectives
market ntry view from kali besar timur 4
133
public amphitheatre
134
perspectives
collaborative workshop
135
PLANTERBOX L
sotrage M
storage l
perforated screens
seating storage
open shelves planterbox s
operable modular joinery unit
136
perspectives
central courtyard
137
138
perspectives
139
140
perspectives
141
142
bibliography Merrillees, S 2000, Batavia in Nineteenth Century Photographs, Curzon Press, Surrey. Kusno, S 2010, The Appearance of Memory, Duke University Press, North Carolina Grijns, K and& Nas, P 2000, Jakarta - Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays, KITLV Press, Leiden Misselwitz, P, Oswalt, P and Overmeyer, K 2013,Urban Catalyst: The Power of Temporary Use, DOM Publishers, Berlin Heuken, A 1983, Historical Sites of Jakarta, Cipta Loka Carak, Jakarta MVRDV, The Vertical Vilalge:Individual, Informal, Intense, 2012, Naio010 Publishers, Rotterdam Bollack, F 2013, Old Buildings New Forms:New directions in architectural transformations, Monacelli Press, New York AbdouMaliq, S, 2014, Jakarta, Drawing the City Near, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota Architecture in Development 2015, Co-housing Project at Ciliwung Riverfront, viewed 12th October 2017, < http://www.architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=570> Budi, T, Fatimah, T, Irawati, M, Padawangi, R 2016, Cultural Mapping Kota Tua Jakarta, pp. 109-121
143