Unit Two

EQUIPMENT

2.1 EQUIPMENT

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Listen, read and repeat

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

a hat

an ambulance

a tent

a parachute

a helmet

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

an airplane

a compass

a canteen

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an attack helicopter

a boat

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A and AN

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In Italiano i nomi possono essere femminili o maschili, per esempio: "una macchina" o "un libro".

In Inglese non c'è la distinzione dei generi, per cui non esistono parole femminili o maschili. L'articolo inglese " a " serve per tutti i nomi. L'unica variazione a questa regola si ha quando la parola che segue l'articolo indefinito inizia con una vocale, in questo caso l'articolo diventa " an ". Per esempio, in inglese si dice:

a

tank, an army

L'articolo indefinito non si usa per il plurale. Per esempio, si dice: "It is a key."

MA: "They are keys."

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Equipment - Plurals

2.1 Equipment - Plurals

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Listen, read and repeat

binoculars

boots

badges

stars

bullets

swords

ribbons

jets

grenades

rifles

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Irregular Plurals

Irregular plurals

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Irregular plurals Most of the time we simply add "S" to the end of a word to make it plural, but look at the following exceptions:

Listen, read and repeat

a dictionary

some dictionaries

a shelf

some shelves

a match

two matches

a bus

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two buses

Irregular Plurals

some people

a person

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Irregular plurals

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In Inglese, nella maggior parte dei casi, si forma il plurale delle parole semplicemente aggiungendo la lettera "S".

Per esempio: one book

becomes

two books

Osserva però, i seguenti esempi di plurali irregolari:

1. Irregular "Y" endings: -ys and -ies

one key

becomes

two keys

one army

becomes

two armies

Quindi, se la parola finisce con la Y e c'è una vocale prima della Y il plurale è: -ys boy » boys day » days Se la parola finisce con la Y e c'è una consonante prima della Y il plurale è: -ies: company » companies: family » families

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2. Irregular "F" endings: Un'altra eccezione alla regola della "s" per i plurali... se una parola termina in "f" o "fe" si cambia la "f" con la "v" prima di aggiungere la "s".

Per esempio: one shelf

»

two shelves

one knife

»

two knives

3. Irregular S, X, CH and SH endings: Quando una parola termina con un suono sibilante come S, X o SH si aggiunge una E prima di aggiungere la S. Per esempio: one church

»

two churches

one box

»

two boxes

one bus

»

two buses

4. Other irregular plurals: Qui di seguito altri importanti plurali irregolari:

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one man

»

two men

one woman

»

two women

one child

»

two children

one person

»

two people

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COUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable Nouns

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Countable Nouns In English, some nouns are countable and some nouns are uncountable.

Countable nouns are nouns that can be made plural -- usually by adding an "S".

Look at the pictures below. These things are all countable.

There is* one plane.

There are* two planes.

*There is... = C'e...

*There are... = Ci sono...

There is one footprint.

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There are two footprints.

COUNTABLE NOUNS

There is one ribbon.

There are five ribbons.

If it's a plural noun and we don't want to use a specific number, we can use the word SOME. For example:

There is a suitcase.

There are some suitcases.

There is a road sign.

There are some road signs.

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COUNTABLE NOUNS

We use SOME in affirmative sentences.

We don't use SOME in negative sentences.

We don't use SOME in questions.

In the case of negative sentences and questions we use the word ANY. Look at the examples below.

Are there any stones?

No, there aren't any stones, but there are some bricks.

Are there any planes?

No, there aren't any planes, but there are some helicopters.

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Countable Nouns - Some/Any

Countable Nouns - Some/Any

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In Inglese, alcuni nomi sono numerabili ed alcuni no.

Se un nome è numerabile è possibile renderlo plurale - generalmente aggiungendo una "S".

There is one chair.

There is one table.

There is one truck.

There are two chairs.

There are two tables.

There are two trucks.

Quando vogliamo essere meno specifici possiamo dire: There is a chair.

There is a table.

There is a truck.

There are some chairs.

There are some tables.

There are some trucks.

Ricorda, si può usare SOME solo nelle frasi affermative.

Nelle frasi interrogative e negative si usa ANY come negli esempi qui di seguito.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES:

QUESTIONS:

There aren't any chairs.

There aren't any tables.

There aren't any trucks.

Are there any chairs?

Are there any tables?

Are there any trucks?

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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Uncountable Nouns

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Uncountable Nouns Some nouns are uncountable, they can't be counted.

Uncountable nouns can't be made plural.

NB... because these nouns are uncountable and are never plural, we use the singular verb IS in all cases.

We never use the plural verb ARE. Look at the pictures below. These things are all uncountable.

There is some cement.

NB...We can't say: X There are some cement. X

There is some paint.

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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

There is some electricity.

As with countable nouns, we use SOME in affirmative sentences.

We use ANY in negative sentences and questions Look at the examples below.

Is there any oil?

No, there isn't any oil, but there is some water.

Is there any steel?

No, there isn't any steel, but there is some lumber.

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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Is there any gunpowder?

No, there isn't any gunpowder, but there is some dynamite.

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Uncountable Nouns - Some/Any

Uncountable Nouns - Some/Any

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In Inglese, alcuni nomi non sono numerabili.

Se un nome non è numerabile non può essere messo al plurale (ci sono delle eccezioni a questa regola NdT).

Sotto ci sono alcuni esempi di nomi non numerabili. food water rice pasta

money electricity salt medicine

cement sand steel wood

Dato che questi nomi non possono essere al plurale si usa IS e non ARE. Guarda queste espressioni: There is some food.

There is some water.

There is some sand.

Ricorda che si usa SOME solo nelle frasi affermative.

Si usa ANY nelle frasi negative e nelle domande.

Guarda gli esempi sotto.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES:

QUESTIONS:

There isn't any wood.

There isn't any food.

There isn't any rice.

Is there any steel?

Is there any money?

Is there any medicine?

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Higher Numbers

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Listen, read and repeat 100

one hundred

1000

one thousand

10,000

ten thousand

100,000

one hundred thousand

1,000,000

one million

1,000,000,000

one billion *

* N.B. In the United states 1,000,000,000 = one billion.

In the United Kingdom 1,000,000,000 = one thousand million.

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Higher Numbers

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136

one hundred (and) thirty six

7,412

seven thousand four hundred (and) twelve

38,927

thirty eight thousand nine hundred (and) twenty seven

977,206

nine hundred (and) seventy-seven thousand two hundred (and) six

5,846,233

five million eight hundred (and) forty-six thousand two hundred (and) thirty-three

N.B.

Mentre in Gran Bretagna si usa "and" dopo "hundred" (per esempio, four hundred and five), negli Stati Uniti "and" viene omesso (four hundred five).

In Inghilterra e negli Stati Uniti, le centinaia sono separate dalle migliaia, e la migliaia dai milioni, da una virgola e NON dal punto come in italiano.

Per esempio: Three thousand five hundred si scrive:

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,

3 500 NON

.

3 500

Similarmente, per scrivere i decimali, Inghilterra e Stati Uniti usano il punto e NON le virgole per separare i numeri interi dai decimali.

Per esempio: Twelve point eight seven (dodici virgola ottantasette) si scrive:

.

12 87 NON

,

12 87

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Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal Numbers

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Tavola di numeri cardinali e ordinali in Inglese.

CARDINAL NUMBERS

ORDINAL NUMBERS

Numeric

Written

Numeric

Written

1

one

1st

first

2

two

2nd

second

3

three

3rd

third

4

four

4th

fourth

5

five

5th

fifth

6

six

6th

sixth

7

seven

7th

seventh

8

eight

8th

eighth

9

nine

9th

ninth

10

ten

10th

tenth

11

eleven

11th

eleventh

12

twelve

12th

twelfth

15

fifteen

15th

fifteenth

20

twenty

20th

twentieth

21

twenty-one

21st

twenty-first

30

thirty

30th

thirtieth

32

thirty-two

32nd

thirty-second

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Ordinal Numbers

53

fifty-three

53rd

fifty-third

100

one hundred

100th

one hundredth

101

one hundred and one

101st

one hundred and first

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THIS / THAT

This / That

These / Those

This is the American flag.

That is the British flag.

These are grenades.

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THIS / THAT

Those are fighter jets.

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This That These Those

This That These Those

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This = Questa/o

That = Quella/o

These = Queste/i

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This That These Those

Those = Quelle/i

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Present Simple

Present simple

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Present Simple Verb conjugation in English is very easy.

Look at the examples below.

Hi, I'm Sargeant First Class Briggs.

I'm a platoon sargeant assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 13th Armor Regiment at Fort Riley, Kansas.

I like army life. I have lots of hobbies.

I play football.

I write computer programs.

I read lots of books.

This is my friend, Sargeant Jordan. She's with the Army National Guard.

She likes Army life, too.

She teaches karate.

She parachutes from high altitudes.

She organizes training operations.

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Present Simple

This is another friend, Colonel Wilkes.

He teaches at West Point Academy.

He lives in New York, but he travels a lot.

These guys also like army life.

They like training.

They train for special operations.

They work hard everyday.

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Present Simple - verb conjugation

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La coniugazione dei verbi Inglesi è facile.

Guardiamo l'esempio sotto del verbo "to like".

I You

like

He She It

likes army life.

You We They

like

LA REGOLA: I, YOU, WE, THEY - si usa semplicemente l'infinito senza il 'to'.

HE, SHE, IT - si aggiunge la lettera

s all' infinito.

Questo è vero per la maggiore parte dei verbi, ma esistono alcune eccezioni.

Ecco quando la terza persona singolare del verbo si forma diversamente: Verbi go e do: si aggiunge -es go do

goes does

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Se il verbo finisce con una consonante + y: y diventa -ies fly flies study studies N.B. Se il verbo finisce con una vocale + y: y non cambia stay stays Se il verbo finisce con -s, -ch oppure -sh: si aggiunge -es kiss kisses watch watches wash washes Il verbo have è irregolare: have

has

Questo è vero nella maggior parte dei verbi. Fanno eccezione i verbi "to be" e "to have" e i verbi modali come CAN, MUST, WILL, etc.

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Present Simple - Negative

Present Simple - Negative

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Present Simple - Negative When making negative sentences with most verbs in English we need to use a form of the auxiliary verb "TO DO" - and we attach the negative to the auxiliary to make DON'T and DOESN'T. SUBJECT + DON'T / DOESN'T + VERB...

Look at the examples below.

Hi, I'm Private First Class Charles Kelly.

I'm assigned to the 502nd Engineer Company.

I don't like army life.

I don't like uniforms.

I don't want to get up early every day.

I don't see my girlfriend very often.

That's my friend, Charlie.

He doesn't like army life.

He doesn't eat army food.

He doesn't wear his uniform.

Why is he in the army?

I don't know.

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Present Simple - Negative

My partner and I are in a war games exercise.

We don't use real ammunition.

We don't fight against a real enemy.

We don't suffer real casualties.

But everything else is very real.

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Don't/Doesn't

Present Simple - negative

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Con molti verbi Inglesi dobbiamo usare il verbo ausiliare TO DO quando formiamo una frase negativa.

"DO" coniugato alla terza persona singolare diventa "DOES" Guarda l'esempio qui di seguito:

N.B...

La negazione "NOT" è generalmente contratta con il verbo "TO DO":

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I You He She It You We They

don't don't doesn't doesn't doesn't don't don't don't

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study everyday. begin until tomorrow. have a car. want to leave. run very well. need a book. sleep until noon. speak French.

Present Simple - Questions

Present Simple - Questions

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Present Simple - Questions and Short Answers When making questions with most verbs in English we need to use a form of the auxiliary verb "TO DO" - and we put the auxiliary before the subject.

DO / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB...?

We can also make short answers with "TO DO".

Look at the examples below using the verb "to like".

This is my friend Sargeant Jordan.

Does she like army life?

Yes, she does.

Does she like flying?

Yes, she does.

That's my friend, Charlie.

Does he like army life?

No, he doesn't.

Does he like getting up early?

No, he doesn't.

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Present Simple - Questions

These soldiers are in a war games exercise.

Do they use real ammunition?

No, they don't.

Do they fight against a real enemy?

No, they don't.

Do they suffer real casualties?

No, they don't.

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QUESTIONS WITH 'TO DO'

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Con il verbo 'TO BE', si forma l'interrogativo ponendo il verbo prima del soggetto, per esempio: He is from Spain.

becomes

Is he from Spain?

They are from England.

becomes

Are they from England?

Purtroppo, con la maggior parte dei verbi Inglesi non si può semplicemente spostare il verbo davanti al soggetto per comporre una frase interrogativa.

Guarda l'esempio in basso:

They like pizza.

Se questo verbo si comportasse come il verbo "TO BE" sarebbe possibile comporre una domanda così:

X Like they pizza? X Questo non è invece possibile, dobbiamo usare l'ausiliare "TO DO".

Do/Does + subject + verb... ?

Do they like pizza?

Se cambiamo il soggetto alla terza persona singolare, per esempio: He likes pizza. dobbiamo usare la terza persona singolare del verbo "TO DO", ovvero "DOES":

Does he like pizza?

N.B...

La frase seguente è SBAGLIATA! X Does he likes pizza? X

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Quando componiamo una frase affermativa, con la maggior parte dei verbi, non abbiamo bisogno di un verbo ausiliare ma, quando poniamo una domanda, è necessario.

Questo ausiliario può essere " do " o " does ".

Guarda gli esempi sotto: Do Do Does Does Does Do Do

have a chance? know Major Peters? train regularly? like army life? require tools? need their permission? drive on the right?

I you he she it we they

Quando rispondiamo "si/no" ad una domanda non abbiamo bisogno di ripetere l'intera questione nella nostra risposta.

Per esempio, alla domanda: "Do they drive on the right?" non abbiamo bisogno di rispondere: "Yes, they drive on the right." or "No they don't drive on the right." ma, semplicemente dire: "Yes, they do." o "No, they don't."

Yes, I do.

Yes, you do.

Yes, he does.

Yes, she does.

Yes, it does.

Yes, we do.

Yes, they do.

No, I don't.

No, you don't.

No, he doesn't.

No, she doesn't.

No, it doesn't.

No, we don't.

No, they don't.

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Present Simple - WH Questions

Present simple - WH questions

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Present Simple - WH Questions We can make questions using the "Wh" question words: WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY & HOW. Again, when making questions with most verbs in English we need to use a form of the auxiliary verb "TO DO" - and we put this auxiliary after the WH word but before the subject.

WH word + D0 / DOES + SUBJECT + VERB...?

Look at the examples in the interview below.

What's your name?

I'm Sargeant Mike Clemens.

What do you do?

I host a radio talk show for the Army.

When do you broadcast your show?

I broadcast everyday, Monday through Friday.

I don't broadcast on weekends.

Who do you interview?

I interview many different people.

Why do you like your job?

I like it because it's fun.

Where do you live?

I live on base.

How do you get to work?

I walk to work.

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Present Simple - "Wh" Question Words

Present Simple - "Wh" Questions

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Elencate di seguito ci sono le "WH" "question words". (parole che iniziano con WH necessarie per porre le domande.)

Who...?

What...?

When...?

Where...?

Why...?

How...?

= = = = = =

Chi...?

Che cosa...?

Quando...?

Dove...?

Perchè...?

Come...?

Quando poniamo una domanda, sia essa con o senza la "Wh" question word, abbiamo bisogno del verbo ausiliare.

Questo ausiliare può essere sia "do" che "does".

Wh word + TO DO + Subject + verb...?

Guarda gli esempi di "Wh" domande qui sotto.

What Who Where What When Why How

do do does does does do do

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need? want to speak with? go at night? do? arrive? fight? make it?

"Wh" questions

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"Wh" questions Matching exercise Match the sentences with the correct question words Check

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THE EVANS FAMILY

The Family

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THE EVANS FAMILY Joanna is William's wife.

She's sixty years old. She's an S-2 (military intelligence) officer. She's stationed in Vicenza. She has an apartment near the base.

William Evans is a retired colonel.

He's married to Joanna. He's sixtysix years old. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. He has a house in Chicago.

Kenneth and Kathy Evans Ken is William and Joanna's son. He's thirty-six years old.

His wife's name is Kathy.

They have two children. Ken is in the army but he isn't an officer. Kathy isn't in the military. She's a housewife.

She's thirty-four.

Ann and Brad Clark Ann is William and Joanna's daughter. She's thirty-three years old. She's a graduate of West Point Military Academy.

She's a captain in the US Army. Brad is Ann's husband.

He's a dentist.

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Robert Evans Robert is Ken and Ann's brother. He isn't in the military.

He's unemployed.

He isn't married.

He doesn't have any money.

THE EVANS FAMILY

Rachel and Patrick They're Ken's children. Ann is their aunt and Robert is their uncle. Rachel's Ann's niece and Patrick's her nephew.

Rachel is three and Patrick is six months.

Donald and Linda They're Rachel and Patrick's cousins. They're Ann and Brad's children. William is their grandfather and Joanna is their grandmother. Donald is five and Linda is seven months.

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Family vocabulary

Family Vocabulary

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Vocabolario per la famiglia. padre madre genitori figli figlio figlia fratello sorella marito moglie nonno nonna nonni nipote (figla di figli) nipoti (figlio di figli) nipoti (figli di figli) nipote femmina (di zia/o) nipoti maschio (di zia/o) zia zio cugino/a Back | Contents | Next

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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

father mother parents children son daughter brother sister husband wife grandfather grandmother grandparents granddaughter grandson grandchildren niece nephew aunt uncle cousin

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Family Vocabulary

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GENITIVO SASSONE

's

In Inglese si usa il " genitivo sassone " per intendere un possesso.

In Italiano si può dire: "La casa di Bill" Ma, in inglese: "Bill's house"

Se una parola termina con la lettera "S", non si aggiunge l'apostrofo e la "S" come si usa solitamente, ma solo l'apostrofo dopo la "S" della parola stessa.

Per esempio: the books of the students diventa the students' books Back | Contents | Next

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colors

Colors

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COLORS RED

ORANGE

BLACK

Listen, read and repeat

BLUE

YELLOW PURPLE WHITE Back | Contents | Next

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GREEN

GRAY