ENVS10003
CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS WEEKLY GUIDE : FLIPPED CLASSROOM AND STUDIO This compliation of student lecture outlines / readings has been made in accordance with the provisions of Part VB of the Copyright Act for the teaching purposes of the university. It is only for use by the students of The University of Melbourne enrolled in: ENVS10003 : CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS / BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTS / THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
CONTENTS: WEEK 01
Introduction to Construction
WEEK 02
Structural Loads and Forces
WEEK 03
Footings& Foundations
WEEK 04
Floor Systems & Horizontal Elements
WEEK 05
Columns, Grids and Wall Systems
WEEK 06
Spanning & Enclosing Space
WEEK 07
Detailing Strategies 1
WEEK 08 Openings
WEEK 09
Detailing Strategies 2
WEEK 10
When Things Go Wrong
WEEK 11
A Changing Industry
WEEK 12 Review
'Paper Tower', Detail. Shigeru Ban, London 2009
CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP
W01
FLIPPED CLASSROOM INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated' (2008)
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
'Sydney Opera House', photo by Max Dupain (circa 1965)
CHING: 02 The Building (2.08 - 2.11)
CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS
Consider the various types of loads which built structures must withstand. How do these loads influence a structure's appearance? How do we represent these 'invisible' loads?
What is construction? Who is responsible for constructing the built environment? How can this complicated process be understood?
Many different materials are used in the constructed environment, many with greatly differing properties. So, how do we determine where and when to use each material?
'Brooklyn bridge painters', photo by Eugene de Salignac (1914)
BASIC STRUCTURAL FORCES (1)
CHING: 01 Site Analysis
MELBOURNE'S BLUESTONE
What are forces? What happens when materials or structural members are subjected to tension or compression forces?
Explore the factors influencing the constructed environment. Design and construction do not operate in isolation. NOTE: solar orientation in the Southern Hemisphere is to the north.
Cities evolve as place-specific constructions. Landscape architect, Dr Margaret Grose, explores Melbourne's grey laneways.
'Building Site in Idaho', BHH (circa 2000)
LOAD PATH DIAGRAMS
KEY TERMS
Consider how loads and forces are transferred through structures. How can this be represented in a diagrammatic form?
Load Path Reaction Force Masonry Point Load Compression Beam
W01
STUDIO INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION
'Column of the Propylaea', photo by Guillaume Piolle (2008)
'Workers make repairs on the walls of the Great Mosque in
CCTV Headquarters, OMA, Beijing (2008)
Djénné, Mali.', photo by Esha Chiocchio (2001)
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 01:
ACTIVITY: ‘COMPRESSION’
ACTIVITY: ‘FRAME’
Introduction to the weekly quizzes
Intended Learning Outcomes: To understand the nature and behaviour of modular mass construction and how loads are transferred in compression structures.
Preparation for next week:
1_ Quizzes will be conducted at the start of every studio session and they are designed to test your recall, comprehension and analysis of the information presented in the weekly eLearning and Reading modules. 2_ The quizzes will be conducted as an open book exam, with no communication between students permitted. 3_ The quizzes are not graded. However, completion of the quizzes will contribute towards your studio participation and taking the quiz each week will be good preparation for the style and range of questions on the end of semester examination. DISCUSSION 01: 4_ The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. 5_ Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers. STRUCTURES FOCUS 01: _Tension and Compression _Forces and Scale _Load Path Diagrams Q&A
Task: 1_ In groups of 3-4 build a tower as high as possible using the least amount of material. 2_ The tower must be able to accommodate an object provided by your tutor, so at least one opening is required. 3_ Experiment with construction concepts and block-laying techniques, sketching and photographing your design as you go. 4_ As the tower gets higher you may find that the concept needs to be varied. Why is this? Document any changes made (including reasons). 5_ When construction is complete start the deconstruction process. To test the stability of the structure, remove as many elements as possible without causing the tower to fall. 6_ Identify the critical collapse point. Why did it fail at that point? 7_ Logbook Report should include: + Photographic sequence of process + Description and analysis of the ‘construction system’ employed, including links and references to weekly subject content + Exploration of the efficiency of material + Load path diagrams at various stages of the construction-deconstruction process + Comparison with other groups' towers
1_ Start by thinking about bridge structures in your own built environment. How do they work? What are their key components? 2_ Each group of 3-4 students will be provided with a piece of balsa wood (approx. 600mm x 100mm x 2mm). 3_ As a group, discuss strategies for designing and building a structure to bridge (span) across a 1500mm gap, using only the sheet of balsa and glue provided. 4_ Consider how much load your structure will be able to support (it will be tested by your tutor!). Are there other design / structural / construction options that would be able to support more load or have greater stability? REMINDERS: Sign up to one Construction Workshop session outside your usual studio session time. Online submission of Logbook Week 1 due before next week's studio session (via ISSSU and Studio Wiki). Refer Subject Guide for submission details.
W02
FLIPPED CLASSROOM STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES
'Eiffel Tower' (1889)
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.02
http://www.aluk.co.uk/sustainability.php
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND FORMS
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS
ESD AND SELECTING MATERIALS
How can we classify different types of structures? What do these groups of structures have in common? How are they different?
Construction systems allow the construction process to be divided into a number of smaller parts, often based on function.
Environmental considerations often influence the selection and use of materials. What are the key things to consider? Why are they important?
'Bird's Nest' by Herzog & de Meuron, http://misfitsarchitecture. com/2011/12/
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.04
STRUCTURAL JOINTS
CHING: 02 The Building (2.02 - 2.04)
A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING FORM
Consider how structural members are connected to each other. How do the different connection types transfer loads? How is this represented in a diagrammatic form?
Refer to the Ching text to discover more detail about the way Ching divides a building into smaller parts. Which parts of buildings belong to each system?
Architect and artist, Dr Alex Selenitsch, argues that design and construction can be usefully categorised.
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
KEY TERMS Structural Joint Column Tension
Frame Bracing Span
W02
STUDIO STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES
'Brooklyn bridge painters', photo by Eugene de Salignac (1914)
CCTV Headquarters, OMA, Beijing (2008)
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 02:
ACTIVITY: ‘FRAME’
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Intended Learning Outcomes: To understand the nature and behaviour of frame construction and how loads are transferred in frame structures and to appreciate the importance of structural joints.
DISCUSSION 02: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers.
STRUCTURES FOCUS 02: _ Structural Form _ Structural Joints Q&A A02: IN SITU Preparation for first site visit in Week 03 1_ Site Safety Presentation 2_ Safety Equipment Check 3_ Medical Form Completion 4_ Group and site allocation 5_ Complete site visit group information form 6_ Briefing: how to contact the builder
Task: 1_ In groups of 3-4 students, you will build a STABLE structure long enough to bridge (span) across a 1500mm gap, using only the 600mm x 100mm x 2mmm piece of balsa and glue provided. 2_ Start this exercise by spending a few minutes designing your construction concept. Sketch your design before you start cutting the balsa and building your structure. 3_ When cutting a variety of long, thin pieces from the balsa think about how the different shapes you are cutting will form the structure of the bridge. 4_ Photograph the construction process as the build progresses. Pay particular attention to how the different members are joined together. 5_ As the bridge gets longer you may find that the concept needs to be varied. Why is this? Document any changes made (including noting any reasons).
' Bamboo scaffolding on the Space Museum in Hong Kong', Anna Roberts (2010's)
6_ When the bridge is complete, your tutor will subject it to a variety of stresses and loads in an attempt to get the structure to collapse. 7_ Identify the critical collapse points for your structure. Why did if fail at that point? Pay attention to joints, dimensions of members, bracing and observe buckling of members. 8_ Your Logbook Report should include: + Photographic sequence of the process + Description and analysis of the ‘construction system’ employed, including links and references to weekly subject content + Exploration of the efficiency of material + Sketches of deformation and stability during the different stages of the constructionstressing process + Load path diagrams at various stages of the construction-stressing process + Comparison with other groups' bridges REMINDER: Online submission of Logbook Week 2 due before next week's studio session (via ISSSU and Studio Wiki). Refer Subject Guide for submission details.
W03
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS
Barcelona Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
Therme Vals, Peter Zumthor
Masonry wall detail
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS
MASS
MASONRY
Structural elements can be classified into types according to the function they perform. What are these types? How do each of these element types contribute to the stability of a structure?
What happens where structures meet the ground? What should we consider when selecting different footing or foundation systems?
An introduction to mass construction and the palette of mass construction materials.
What is masonry? What are the key masonry materials, techniques and elements?
http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2012/09/20/ protecting-an-iconic-image/
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 3.02
Brick detail
GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM
CHING: 03 Foundations
BRICKS
Why do structures stay in place? Why is geometry important? How do we represent structural systems in a diagrammatic form?
Refer to the Ching text to discover more detail about the variety of footing and foundation systems used in different types of construction.
Are bricks an old fashioned material of the past or do they still have a place as part of the built environment of today?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
Concrete block detail
Gabion wall detail
KEY TERMS
BLOCKS
STONE
Concrete blocks are a relative newcomer in the mass material group. What are they and how do they differ from bricks?
How and why are different stones are used in the built environment? How do we classify different types of stone?
Moment Retaining Wall Pad Footing
Strip footing Slab on ground Substructure
W03
STUDIO FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS
Underground Car Park, The University of Melbourne
Stairs at west end of Union House, The University of Melbourne
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 03:
ACTIVITY: ‘CAMPUS LAB 1’
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Intended Learning Outcomes: To introduce the concept of built scale and to identify the basic structural systems, construction systems and materials of the Pavilion Case Study building and a variety of other buildings on campus.
DISCUSSION 03: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers. STRUCTURES FOCUS 03: _ Moments _ Equilibrium & Stability _ Structural Elements Q&A A02: IN SITU Progress Feedback to tutor after first site visit: what is happening at your site?
Task: 1_ Your studio leader will conduct a guided walk around campus in studio groups, including the following buildings: + Lot 6 Cafe + Underground carpark & South Lawn (195) + Arts West Student Centre (148) + Stairs on west end of Union House (130) + North Court Union House (130) + Beaurepaire Centre Pool (101) + Oval Pavilion (north side of oval) + New Melbourne School of Design under construction - from various sides (133) + Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure (156) + Frank Tate Pavilion (west of Sidney Myer Asia Centre (158) 2_ For each of the buildings: + determine the structural system used, + identify the major structural elements, + identify the main materials used (for the structure and also for the enclosing elements), + consider whether the structure is expressed or whether it has been concealed, + note the different structural joints and how different materials / members are joined together.
http://www.onmydoorstep.com.au/heritage-listing/3805/ beaurepaire-centre Image SOHE 2008
3_ At the Oval Pavilion Case Study Building, look at the site plan, floor plans and elevations in your drawing set and compare them to what you see at on the site. How does the scale of the building compare to the scale of the drawings? 4_ Your Logbook Report should include: + Photographic record of the buildings visited. + Description, analysis and comparison of the structural systems, construction systems and materials employed, including links and references to weekly subject content. + Sketches of joints / Free Body Diagrams and Load Paths. + Any other information relevant to the realisation of each building (e.g. brief, immediate site context, period of construction, performance of materials etc.) ACTIVITY: 'PECHA KUCHA 1' 5 images, 20 seconds each image. REMINDER: The A01 Logbook Interim submission (weeks 1-3) is due at the start of your studio session next week. Refer to the Subject Guide for further details. Online submission of Logbook Week 3 also due before next week's studio session. One- off Construction Workshop sessions start in Week 04 (Tuesday, Thursday and Friday).
W04
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLOOR SYSTEMS AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 4.05
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
Church of Light (Ibaraki Kasugaoka Kyokai) Japan Tadao Ando
SPAN AND SPACING
FLOOR AND FRAMING SYSTEMS
CONCRETE
How do we define the span of an element? How does it differ from the concept of spacing? Are these concepts related in any way?
Floors are a major component of most building structures. What should we consider when selecting different materials and structural systems for floors?
Concrete is a manufactured material that has a long history in the constructed environment. What is it and how do we use it?
http://onewtc.com/gallery-images/2069/steel-beam-installation-1
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 4.21
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030104-N5319A-012_Seabees_attached_to_Naval_Mobile_Construction_ Battalion_Seventy-Four_%28NMCB-74%29_pour_concrete_ for_a_C-130_aircraft_staging_area.jpg
BEAMS AND CANTILEVERS
CHING: 04 Floor Systems
IN SITU CONCRETE
What is a beam? Where are they used? What about cantilevers? Are there any differences between beams and cantilevers?
Refer to the Ching text to compare the differences between concrete, steel and timber floor systems. Become familiar with the member types and the range of details used.
What is in situ concrete? How is it used? What should be considered if we want to specify this material for projects?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
KEY TERMS Joist Steel decking Bearer
Girder Concrete Plank Spacing
Pre Cast panel finish detail
THE PANTHEON - AN EARLY EXAMPLE OF ROMAN CONCRETE Architect, Andrew Hutson, examines the materials and construction techniques utilised to form the huge span of this historic building.
PRE CAST CONCRETE Pre cast concrete elements have become popular because of their low cost and time efficiency benefits. Why has this occurred? Has this changed the construction industry?
W04
STUDIO FLOOR SYSTEMS AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
Tokyo Apartments, Sou Fujimoto, Tokyo (2010)
Perspective Section, Atelier Bow Wow, Tokyo
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 04:
ACTIVITY: ‘SCALE, ANNOTATION AND WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS’
ACTIVITY: 'CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION TOUR'
Intended Learning Outcomes: Understand the concept of scale and how it applies to construction documentation.
Intended Learning Outcomes: Develop an understanding and working knowledge of the presentation techniques, structure (information relationships) and language used in the Oval Pavilion Case Study building construction documentation set (e.g. plan, elevation, section, scale, basic symbols and line types).
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes. DISCUSSION 04: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers. STRUCTURES FOCUS 04: _ Beams and Cantilevers _ Span and Spacing _ Structural Elements in Flooring Systems Q&A WEEK 05: Structural Concepts studio activity briefing for next week.
Task: 1_ In groups of 3, formulate an argument for why and how 'scale' is used for documenting building projects. Present your argument to the studio group
Oval Pavilion, Cox Architecture, Melbourne
Task:
2_ As a studio group, determine the preferred working units for building projects and the range of scales that would be appropriate to use for construction documentation.
1_ Refer to the Oval Pavilion Case Study Building construction documentation set and complete the 'Construction Documentation Tour Questionnaire'.
3_ As a studio group, refer to Section '03' of the Subject Guide for a brief introduction to the main drawing conventions, abbreviations and symbols.
2_ Your answers should include both words and annotated sketches (as appropriate). 3_ How does the information in your drawing set compare to what you observed at site last week? How does the scale of the building compare to the scale of the drawings? How do the architectural and structural drawings differ? 4_ Your Logbook Report should include: + Write up of 'Scale, Annotation and Working Drawing Conventions' activity. + Completed Construction Documentation Tour Questionnaire (Individual work). + Answers to Part 3 above, including sketches and photos of the actual building to illustrate relevant points.
W05
FLIPPED CLASSROOM COLUMNS, GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.13
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
Timber
SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS
WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS
FROM WOOD TO TIMBER
What is a short column? What is a long column? How do these two column types behave when subjected to axial loads?
Walls and columns are the major vertical elements used in construction systems. Sometimes they are only part of the structural system and at other times, they also contribute to enclosing the building.
What is timber and how does it differ from wood? What are the different timber types and when do we use them?
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.17
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 5.14
Saint Benedict Chapel, Graub端nden, Switzerland, by P. Zumthor
FRAMES
CHING: 05 Wall Systems
TIMBER PROPERTIES & CONSIDERATIONS
What are frames? Where and how are they used? What is interesting about how frames behave when subjected to loads?
Refer to the Ching text to compare the differences between frame, load bearing wall and stud wall systems. Learn how material selections result in various system solutions.
Timber can be used in many different applications but can easily be damaged if used or detailed incorrectly. So what potential issues do we need to consider for timber?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
KEY TERMS Stud Axial Load Nogging Buckling Lintel Seasoned Timber
Bodegas Protos Winery, Spain, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners
GEHRY'S OWN HOME - AN EXPLORATION OF WRAPPING Architectural Historian, Dr Hannah Lewi, looks at the idea of a building's skin using a building so famous it was used in the Simpsons.
ENGINEERED TIMBER PRODUCTS Not all materials grouped together as 'timber products' are completely natural products. Are these products beneficial or problematic?
W05
STUDIO COLUMNS, GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS
Oval Pavilion, Cox Architecture, Melbourne
'Structural Model', Blog 301-L, by Tantan (2008)
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 05:
ACTIVITY: ‘STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS’
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Intended Learning Outcomes: Develop a working understanding of the structural system of a building through analysis of architectural and structural documentation and detailed model making.
DISCUSSION 05: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers. STRUCTURES FOCUS 05: _ Short and Long Columns _ Frames _ Structural Elements in Wall Systems Q&A A02: IN SITU Progress: what is happening at your site?
Task: 1_ Structural X-Ray: In groups of 3 ~ 5 students, analyse the architectural and structural drawings to determine which elements form part of the structural system for the section of the case study building you have been assigned. Use the following as a guide: + Identify and describe the Structural Elements and what materials are used for the elements + Identify different Structural Joints + Identify different fixings (i.e. weld, concrete, reinforcement, bolt, screw, nail) NOTE - claddings and linings are not part of the structural system. 2_ Classify the structural elements according to their function. i.e. determine whether they belong to the Foundations & Footings, Horizontal and Vertical Primary Structure, Horizontal & Vertical Secondary Structure 3_ Combine and link the information found in the various parts of the Oval Pavilion construction documentation set (e.g. plans, sections, details, structural plans, structural details and member schedules. Make annotated sketches / graphic diagrams to assist with processing the information. Be careful moving between information presented at different scales.
'Structural Concepts', Constructing Envs. Student Work, 2013
4_ Using a variety of materials (cardboard, foam blocks, foam core, balsa, corrugated card, glue etc. which your group has sourced and brought to the studio session) construct a 1:20 scale model of the STRUCTURAL SYSTEM of your assigned part of the Oval Pavilion. The model should show only detail about the structural systems and should be built on a rigid base (foam core or similar). 6_ Present your model to the studio group, explaining the various components of the structural systems, the materials they are made from and the fixing methods used. This activity will continue into Week 06. 7_ Your Logbook Report should include: + Photographic sequence of the process. + Description and analysis of the structural systems and materials employed, including links and references to weekly subject content. + Classification of structural elements according to their function + Annotated sketches / diagrams of the systems, joints and fixings + Load paths diagrams + Performance and efficiency of materials + Comparison with other student models. REMINDER: In-class Interim A02 presentation next week (individual). Refer to Subject Guide for submission details.
W06
FLIPPED CLASSROOM SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 6.08
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA), Wood Marsh
TRUSSES
ROOFING STRATEGIES AND SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION TO METALS
What is a truss? When, where and why would a truss be used in the construction industry?
Roofs are the major horizontal enclosing elements used in construction systems. Consider how they are supported and connected to the other parts of the construction.
What are metals? What are the different types of metals and what do we need to consider when working with metals?
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.18
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 6.02
Ironwork
PLATES & GRIDS
CHING: 06 Roof Systems
FERROUS METALS
What are Plates? What are Grids? Where and how are they used in construction systems? What is the relationship between grids and plates?
Refer to the Ching text to compare the different roof systems. See how material and structural selections impact on the appearance of the constructed environment.
Iron and metallic alloys including iron are a common component of the built environment. What forms do these products take and how do we use them?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
KEY TERMS Rafter Purlin Cantilever Portal frame
Eave Alloy Soffit Top Chord
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao. Frank Gehry Architects
SPANNING SPACES
NON-FERROUS METALS
Architectural construction historian, Dr Miles Lewis provides a short history on how spaces are spanned.
So many different metals. So many different possible uses. Are these products beneficial or problematic?
W06
STUDIO SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE
'Sydney Opera House construction', photo by David Moore (1967)
'Fab Lab house model', IAAC (2012)
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 06:
ACTIVITY: ‘STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS’
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Task:
DISCUSSION 06:
6_ Present your model to the studio group, explaining the various components of the structural systems, the materials they are made from and the fixing methods used.
The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers.
STRUCTURES FOCUS 06: _ Trusses _ Plates and Grids _ Structural Elements in Roof Systems Q&A REMINDER: Off Campus site visits next week. Full PPE will be required for all students. Check meeting location and time with your studio leaders.
Continued from Week 05
7_ Additions to your Logbook Report should include: + Comparison with other student models (including photographs, sketches, system and member analysis, details on materials etc.). + Any additional information to show your understanding of the STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS used in the Oval Pavilion.
'Building Site in Idaho', BHH (circa 2000)
A02: IN SITU IN-CLASS INTERIM SUBMISSION Intended Learning Outcomes: Develop an effective way of reporting and communicating information about the construction of the built environment. Comprehend and process information contained in reports about the built environment. 1_ Each student will present in-class their individual work based on information gathered from the first two site visits / workshop sessions undertaken for the A02: In Situ assignment. 2_ Presentations will be no more than 4 minutes each, plus time allowed for in-class feedback from your tutor. 3_ Your Logbook Report for this activity should consist of a KNOWLEDGE MAP for each site (other than your own site) presented in your studio group, including: + Description and analysis of the current stage of construction, + Description and analysis of the structural systems and materials employed, + Definitions of any new terminology NOTE: this Logbook report must not include any photographs of the projects presented nor screen shots of the in-class presentations, nor any address details for the projects presented.
W07
FLIPPED CLASSROOM DETAILING STRATEGIES 1
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.25
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
http://www.reversegarbage.com.au/products/rubber-foam
ARCHES, DOMES & SHELLS
DETAILING FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE
RUBBER
Arches, domes and shells are all structures that are commonly associated with curved forms. How are they similar? In what ways do they differ?
Moisture and heat related problems account for a very high percentage of building faults. What should we consider to aviod these problems occurring?
Rubber products have been used for many centuries. How and where are natural and synthetic rubber products used in the construction industry today?
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 7.18
The Eden Project, Nicholas Grimshaw - 2001
CHING: 07 Moisture & Thermal Protection
PLASTICS
Refer to the Ching text to compare the range of detailing options for preventing moisture infiltration, heat loss and veniltation issues in buildings.
Plastics are found all around us. There are many different types and their properties vary greatly. Which ones are used in the construction industry? Where? Why?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
Unite de Habitacion, Marsella. Le Corbusier
KEY TERMS
PAINTS
Drip Vapour barrier Gutter Parapet
Down pipe Flashing Insulation Sealant
Paints provide an easy way to adapt our own built environment? What information about paints should we know, other than what colour to use?
W07
STUDIO DETAILING STRATEGIES 1
State Theatre Melbourne, construction site, 1928
Melbourne Olympic Swimming Pool (1956) http://museumvictoria. com.au/collections/itemimages/242/734/242734_Large.jpg
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 07:
ACTIVITY: ‘OFF CAMPUS’
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Intended Learning Outcomes: To develop an ability to understand an unfamiliar building site and the different systems used in construction projects of various scales.
DISCUSSION 07: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions.
Task:
Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers.
1_ Each studio will go off campus for a guided site visit with their studio leader and project manager or representative from the construction site.
STRUCTURES FOCUS 07:
2_ Document your site visit using a combination of photographs and sketches.
_ Revision Q&A
3_ Identity the strucutral and construction systems beig used at the site. Record some of the main details and the palette of materials utilised. 4_ Consider why these systems and materials have been selected (and what other alternatives may have been considered but not used).
Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, Cox Architecture, Melbourne
5_ Your Logbook Report should include: + Sketches and photos of the building under construction. + Load path diagrams to show the key elements of the structural system. + Analysis of the construction program / progress and identification of relevant trades on site. + Identification of the materials in use and the methods used for installing various components. + Critical analysis of the details where materials meet.
W08
FLIPPED CLASSROOM STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.14
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
‘The Umbrella’ by Eric Owen Moss- http://culvercitypo.blogspot. com.au/2012/08/hayden-tract.html
GEOMETRY AND MOMENT OF INERTIA
STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS
GLASS
The shapes of structural members play an important role in determining how the elements perform in different situations.
Doors and windows come in many different forms and they perform numerous functions. What should be considered when making door and window system selections?
Glass is a common element in the construction industry and plays a significant role in how we occupy and interact with the built environment. Why is it so important?
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.14
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 8.02
Image by Craig Abraham http://www.smh.com.au/ ffximage/2007/05/01/eureka_wideweb__430x305,0.jpg
DEFORMATION
CHING: 08 Doors and Windows
GLASS SKINS
When loads are applied to structural elements the structure deforms. What typical deviation in shape can we expect if a structure is loaded in certain ways?
Refer to the Ching text to compare the range of detailing options for doors and windows. See how material selections and structural systems change the construction detailing.
Dr John Sadar compresses 100 years of glass use in the built environment into 10 minutes. Discover how changing technology and changing attitudes towards the sun resulted in major alterations to the built environment.
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
KEY TERMS Window Sash Door Furniture Deflection Stress Moment of Inertia Shear Force
W08
STUDIO STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS
Tokyo Apartments, Sou Fujimoto, Tokyo (2010)
Perspective Section, Atelier Bow Wow, Tokyo
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 08:
ACTIVITY: ‘IN DETAIL’
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Intended Learning Outcomes: To develop an understanding of the actual size of construction elements and the detailed relationship of individual parts. To experiment with the implications and difficulty of translating a scale drawing to a full size drawing (or a real part of the construction).
DISCUSSION 08: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers. STRUCTURES FOCUS 08: _ Geometry & Moment of Inertia _ Deformation Q&A
Oval Pavilion, Cox Architecture, Melbourne
5_ Take your 1:5 detail and blow it up to a 1:1 drawing on the A1 paper. Before you start drawing, work out the layout of your page, so that all the drawing will fit on the page provided.
Task:
6_ For each element shown in the detail, make sure you understand the function of each element and the material each element is made from. You should know what each line you draw represents.
1_ Each student will be allocated a 1:5 detail from the Oval Pavilion construction documentation set
7_ Show all the different components of the detail using various hatches, line thicknesses and / or colours.
2_ Spend 10 minutes finding as much information about your detail in the construction set of documentation.
8_ At the end of the session, all work will be pinned-up for preliminary feedback.
3_ Walk out to the Oval Pavilion and locate your detail. Look closely at the materials, the junctions and try to work out the structure around the detail. Take photos showing as much detail as you can. (30 mins max.) 4_ Working within your group, set up the drawing standards and collective grid for your group's set of details.
9_ Keep your drawing safe for the final pin-up and INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION to the class in the Week 09 studio session. NOTE you may need to do some further work on your drawing to have it ready for the presentation. 10_ Your Logbook Report should include: + An annotated copy of your drawing. + Sketches and photos of the actual building to illustrate relevant points. + Original A1 1:1 detail drawing folded to A4 size (follow instructions on LMS)
W09
FLIPPED CLASSROOM DETAILING STRATEGIES
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.13
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
Spaceship Earth, Epcot Walt Disney World. Image by Benjamin D. Esham
STRESS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
CONSTRUCTION DETAILING
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
When structural members are subjected to a force or a load, the material within the member becomes stressed. How does this stress influence the behaviour of the structural member?
Many decisions need to be made when considering how and where different construction elements come together. What key concepts should be kept in mind when creating a construction detail?
In the built environment, materials are never used in isolation. Materials with different properties are frequently used together to provide enhanced properties and create new construction products.
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.14
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 7.48 & 7.50
CHING: 02.30 Joints & Connections
CHING: 07.48 - 07.50 Movement Joints
Revisit Ching 2.30 to see how structural connections and joints might impact on construction detailing.
Refer to the Ching text to gain an understanding of how and when movement joints should be included in construction.
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 10.02
KEY TERMS
CHING: 10 Finish Work Refer to the Ching text and compare the range of materials and detailing options for finished surfaces and elements in the constructed environment.
Sandwich Panel Bending Skirting
Composite Beam Shadow line Joint Cornice
W09
STUDIO DETAILING STRATEGIES
Perspective Section, Atelier Bow Wow, Tokyo
http://mathforum.org/workshops/sum98/participants/sanders/ oblexamples.gif
LEARNING LOOP
ACTIVITIES
QUIZ 09:
ACTIVITY: ‘IN DETAIL’ (PART TWO)
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 5 quiz questions in 5 minutes.
Intended Learning Outcomes: To develop an understanding of the actual size of construction elements and the detailed relationship of individual parts. To experiment with the implications and difficulty of translating a scale drawing to a full size drawing (or a real part of the construction).
DISCUSSION 09: The quiz will be the starting point for the weekly learning loop discussions. Bring your eLearning & Theatre notes and be ready to discuss the weekly concepts with your tutor and peers. STRUCTURES FOCUS 09: _ Structural Members & Stress _ Joints and Connections Q&A
Task: 1_ Pin up presentation of A1 1:1 detail drawing (3 minutes per student) 2_ Discussion and feedback ACTIVITY: ‘CAMPUS LAB 2’ Intended Learning Outcomes: To introduce the concept of built scale and to identify the basic structural systems, construction systems and materials of the Pavilion Case Study building and a variety of other buildings on campus. Task: 1_ Your studio group will visit the Oval Pavilion and a selection of campus buildings. 2_ For each of the buildings visited, members of the studio group will be asked to analyse the structure, construction, materials and details.
http://www.digital210king.org/blog/2009092301/wall_section.jpg
3_ Determine how the different parts of the different buildings address the following: + water, + sun and heat, + junctions between different materials and junctions between similar material elements, + performance of materials over time, and + the relationship of the structure to the enclosing system. 5_ Your Logbook Report should include: + Annotated photos of the details + Interrogation of the detailing decisions and purpose + Identification of waterproofing elements + Where and why things go wrong (e.g. cracks, leaks, gaps). + Economic implications of decisions
REMINDER #1: The A01 Logbook assignment is due on Monday 6th October at 1pm. Refer to the Subject Guide for submission details. REMINDER #2: There are no Studio sessions in Week 10 or 11. Use this time to work on your A02 IN SITU assignment. REMINDER #3: A final studio WILL be held in Week 12.
W10
FLIPPED CLASSROOM WHEN THINGS GO WRONG
Vassigh, 'Interactive Structures', lateral supports module
LATERAL SUPPORTS
COLLAPSES & FAILURES
HEROS & CULPRITS
When structures are designed they must withstand a range of forces, including lateral loads. What types of forces impose lateral loads and how should they be resisted?
When things go wrong: Construction expert, Peter Ashford, provides an insight into common construction and material selection failures and how they could have been avoided.
Environmental scientist, Dr Dominique Hes, provides a framework for selecting materials. A number of environmental heros and culprits are identified and some guidance provided on their use in the constructed environment.
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.09
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 12.02
http://busproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/statue-of-libertyface.jpg
CHING: 02.08 ~ 2.10 Dynamic Loads
CHING: 12 Building Materials
A TALE OF CORROSION
Refer to Ching 2.08 ~ 2.10 to see how buildings react to dynamic loads. What should be considered when designing structures to withstand wind and earthquake loads?
Refer to the Ching text to compare and contrast the major construction materials used in the built environment.
The Statue of Liberty is well known landmark. How do the materials used in her construction and her location impact on the image, safety and longevity of this icon?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
KEY TERMS Shear wall Soft Storey Braced Frame Lifecycle
Defect Fascia Corrosion IEQ
W10
STUDIO WHEN THINGS GO WRONG
WEEK 10 - NO STUDIO SESSIONS There will be no studio sessions held in Week 10. Use this time to catch up on your eLearning, Ching readings and to work on your A02 In Situ assignment final submission (refer to the subject guide for A02 assignment submission details). The final studio session will be held in Week 12. Your logbooks will be returned and a sample exam paper will be provided at this session.
W11
FLIPPED CLASSROOM A CHANGING INDUSTRY
Ching, 'Building Construction Illustrated', p 2.28
One9 Apartments, by Unitised Building
ETFE Detail, Media-ICT, Barcelona by Cloud 9 Architects
MEMBRANE & CABLE STRUCTURES
PREFABRICATION STRATEGIES
NEW MATERIALS
Refer to Ching 2.28 ~ 2.29 to learn how suspension cable, membrane and pneumatic structures function. Consider how loads are transferred or resisted by the key structural elements. What is the impact of wind ?
Many building projects now contain some prefabricated elements. What is the advantage of utilising prefabrication strategies? How do prefabrication and in situ construction methods differ?
What new materials are starting to make an appearance in the construction industry? Are they useful innovations, new ways of using old materials or simply fashions of the moment that will not continue to be used in the future?
http://www.cctvmon.com/glossary.html
BIM model, Image provided by Woods Grieve Engineers
Image by Peter Dejong / Associated Press http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/ Guardian/Pix/pictures/2014/3/28/1396021469960/9b888c19-1dc5-4b2e-b7af-bb352e021018-460x276.jpeg
KEY TERMS BIM Prefabrication Parametric ETFE
3D Printing Suspension cable Cross Laminated Timber Cold-formed steel
BIM - Building Information Modelling
3D PRINTED ARCHITECTURE
Increasingly buildings are being digitally modelled in three dimensions, linking design, construction, costing and building management. Why fare irms and their clients interested in using this new technology?
Printing complete buildings is a new concept for the construction industry. Find out how far have we already come towards achieving this goal and what is still to come.
W11
STUDIO A CHANGING INDUSTRY
WEEK 11 - NO STUDIO SESSIONS There will be no studio sessions held in Week 11. Use this time to catch up on your eLearning, Ching readings and to work on your A02 In Situ assignment final submission. REMINDER #1: The final studio session will be held in Week 12. Your logbooks will be returned and a sample exam paper will be provided at this session. REMINDER #2: The A02 IN SITU assignment is due on Friday 24th October. Refer to the Subject Guide for submission details.
W12
FLIPPED CLASSROOM REVIEW
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
'MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
MSD', by JWA and NADAAA. Photo by Peter Ashford
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS REVIEW
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS REVIEW
MATERIALS REVIEW
What structural systems were used as part of the new MSD building? Determine why different systems have been used for different parts of the building.
What construction systems were used as part of the new MSD building? What aspects of the construction process are clearly identified from this viewpoint?
Observe the different materials that have been used as part of the new MSD building. How and where are they used? How is each material combined with others?
NOTE: This week the eLearning movies are accessed through LMS.
The Eden Project, Image by Simon Burt via Apex Photo Agency
HYBRID STRUCTURES What possibilities arise when different structural types are combined so that no one type is the dominant form?
W12
STUDIO REVIEW
Multi-choice answer sheet http://images.wisegeek.com/ standardized-test-answer-sheet.jpg
Atrium, Old Architecture Building, http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/ collections/archives/exhibitions/keys/web/275.html
LEARNING LOOP QUIZ 10: PRACTICE EXAM
ACTIVITY: 'PECHA KUCHA 2'
Test your recall, comprehension, analysis and curiosity with 100 practice exam questions in 100 minutes.
5 images, 20 seconds each image.
This practice exam will be conducted under exam conditions. No communication between students will be permitted. You may use Ching, your bound A01 Logbook, pencils & pens, a scale rule and a scientific calculator. Other electronic equipment will not be permitted. DISCUSSION 10: The practice exam will be the focus of the learning loop discussion.
http://www.onmydoorstep.com.au/heritage-listing/3805/ beaurepaire-centre Image SOHE 2008
CW
CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP LOCATION: CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP, LEVEL 1, 757 SWANSTON STREET
'Building Site in Idaho', BHH (circa 2000)
http://www.dhub.org/grcic-and-mattiazzi-make-a-chair/waiting-formachining/
http://www.architectlover.com/amazing-ideas/clue-set-up-byelevation-workshop/
WORKSHOP SESSION
PURPOSE
EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING
1 x 1.5 hour Construction Workshop session to be completed during the semester.
The PURPOSE of the Construction Workshop session is to:
Sessions will be held in weeks 4, 5 and 7. Refer course program.
1_ Provide an opportunity to introduce students to the construction workshop environment, including safety induction.
For safety reasons there are restrictions on what you wear in the Construction Workshop. If you do not wear appropriate clothing / shoes you will not be able to participate in the class.
Construction Workshop sessions are separate from your usual studio sessions.
SIGN-UP Sign-up to ONE session in your timetable that does NOT clash with your usual Constructing Environments studio sessions.
WORKSHOP LOCATION The Construction Workshop is located on Level 1 of 757 Swanston Street. Walk past Room 102 and go through the double doors. Keep walking down the passage and wait for the workshop staff to check your safety equipment before entering the work area at the end of the passage.
2_ Develop basic workshop skills to create a structure using full size materials and construction tools. 3_ Evaluate the performance of different materials and designs as alternate solutions for a set problem. 4_ Analyse the loading methods and failure mechanisms for beam type structural elements. 5_ Develop the skills required for communicating concepts and information about the constructed environment. 6_ Assist in the acquisition and appropriate use of relevant construction industry terminology and language.
1_ Shoes must be properly fitting, fully enclosed steel capped footwear. Your toes, top of the foot, back of the foot (heels) must be all completely covered. 2_ Clothing should be practical and suitable for working with workshop tools and construction materials. You will get dirty. Think about what you will wear and consider whether any part of your clothing might get caught or be damaged while you are using the workshop equipment. Avoid loose-fitting clothing, neck scarves and dangling jewellery etc. 3_ Long hair and head scarves should be tied back behind your neck/shoulders so that it won't get caught while you are using the workshop equipment.
CW
CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP LOCATION: CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP, LEVEL 1, 757 SWANSTON STREET
http://matsysdesign.com/2012/04/13/sg2012-gridshell/
http://www.cwc.ac.uk/hire/pgc/Pages/Workshops.aspx
http://www.thefamilyexpress.com/2011/09/real-constructiondeluxe-workshop.html
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES
REPORT SUBMISSION
ACTIVITY: ‘WORKSHOP SAFETY BRIEFING’
ACTIVITY: ‘DESTRUCTIVE TESTING PHASE’
PART OF FINAL LOGBOOK SUBMISSION
The Construction Workshop session will start with a mandatory safety briefing.
Task:
Include your Construction Workshop Report as part of the Logbook.
If you do not arrive at the session on time and you miss the safety briefing, you will be not be permitted to participate in the class. ACTIVITY: ‘CONSTRUCTION PHASE’
1_ Each group will place their completed structure in the testing cradle. Before the testing commences, consider whether the structure meets the span and height requirements of the brief.
Task:
2_ Increasing amounts of load will be applied to the structure until the structure fails.
1_ You will be divided into groups of 3-4 students.
3_ Record the progressive performance of the structures as the load increases.
2_ Each group will design and construct a structure that must span 1100mm. The maximum height of the structure will be advised before you commence your structure.
4_ Determine how much load the structure can withstand before it becomes unstable. Determine why the stability of the structure is failing.
3_ Each group will use a different selection of commonly used construction materials. Look at the materials you have been assigned and think about how best to use these particular materials.
5_ Determine the maximum load and deflection the structure can withstand before it experiences catastrophic failure. Determine how and why the structure failed.
4_ A range of tools and fixings will be provided for you to use in creating your structure. 5_ Pay particular attention to how you are joing the materials together and the types of joints you are creating.
6_ CLEAN UP and put away all the workshop tools as directed by the workshop staff.
REPORT CONTENTS: _ Annotated photographs and sketches of the constructed beams. _ Description of structural performance & failure mechanisms, including record of the applied failure load and maximum deflection for each structure. _ Record of materials and tools used. _ Analysis of key concepts used in your design such as span, shape, strength, material efficiency and joint types. _ Comparison with other teams' beams. _ Comparison between working with actual construction materials as opposed to working with scale model making materials. _ Add new terms to your Glossary Appendix.