Notes
Introduction: the making and unmaking of the Namapa Naparamas 1 “Spears against bazookas – the Baramas,” Mf, 178 (May 1991); Metselaar et al. (1994: 39n.20). For the relaxation on initial prohibitions against the use of firearms by Naparama initiates, see Wilson (1992b: 569). 2 Africa Watch (1992: 39); Nordstrom (1997: 58). For a discussion of local peace zones in wartime Mozambique, see ibid., pp. 100–1, 103, 147–51 and Wilson (1992b: 554–66). 3 Hanlon (1996: 93). 4 Shorthand for the Resistência Nacional Moçambicana, the Portuguese translation of the army’s original name. 5 Hall (1990: 60). 6 Richards (1998: 3); Newitt (2002: 212). 7 Mamdani (2004). 8 Fauvet (1984); Hanlon (1986: 139); Hall and Young (1997: 120). 9 Bell with Ntsebeza (2003: 244). 10 Minter (1994: 116). 11 Davies et al. (1984: 45–7); Hanlon (1986: 14–16). For other forms of South African destabilization, see ibid., pp. 134–9 and COCAMO (1988b: 2–3). For conflicting positions regarding the existence of economic destabilization by South Africa before 1980, see Hanlon (1986: 134–5) and Hall and Young (1997: 113–14). 12 Minter (1994: 40–1, 44); Hall and Young (1997: 125–8); Harrison (1996: 23). 13 Johnson and Martin (1988: 31–4); Vines (1991: 24–5); Minter (1994: 46–7). 14 Finnegan (1992: 59). About 4,000 Renamo fighters took advantage of the amnesty program. While estimates of Renamo’s troop strength in the late 1980s vary widely (cf. ibid., p. 67), 20,537 Renamo soldiers were demobilized in the wake of the 1992 peace accord. For a discussion of the factors that deterred more Renamo guerrillas from participating in the amnesty program, see Minter (1994: 181). 15 Hanlon (1991: 38); United Nations (1995: 12). 16 See especially Wilson (1992b) and Nordstrom (1997: 57–61). 17 “Recuperation” was the government’s term for the process of transferring Renamo detainees to government-controlled areas. 18 Wilson (1992b: 564, 570, 574); Africa Watch (1992: 58–9; 79–80); Maccari and Mazzola (1992: 96–101). See also Nordstrom (1997: 61, 92–5). In Namapa, the vaccine cost anywhere between US$1.75 to US$3.50 in 1991 – fairly hefty sums given that, according to official estimates, per capita income was about US$99 that year. Interviews, Naparamas, Machicane (Mashikane,
