ARC134
Modernist Urbanism
The Garden City movement Ebenezer Howard, Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, 1898
Tony Garnier, CitĂŠ Industrielle (project), 1901-1917
Le Corbusier, Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City for 3 Million People), project, 1922
Le Corbusier, Plan Voisin for Paris (project), 1925
Mies van der Rohe and others, Weissenhofsiedlung housing exhibition, Stuttgart, Germany, 1927 sponsored by the Deutsche Werkbund Siedlung = housing settlement Weimar Republic, 1919-1933
Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner, Britz-Siedlung, Berlin, 1928
CIAM = International Congress of Modern Architecture Formed 1928 in La Sarraz, Switzerland
CIAM 2, Frankfurt, 1929: Existenzminimum
CIAM 3, Brussels, 1930: Rational Lot Development
CIAM 4, Marseilles to Athens, 1933: “The Functional City� Athens Charter, published in 1943: Identifies four urban functions: dwelling, work, recreation, transportation. Advocates zoning based on uses.
CIAM 5, Paris, 1937: Dwelling and Recreation
Le Corbusier, UnitÊ d’Habitation, Marseilles, France, 1947-52
Le Corbusier, UnitÊ d’Habitation, Marseilles, France, 1947-52
golden section
Wallace Harrison, Le Corbusier, et al., United Nations Headquarters, New York NY, 1947-50
Mies van der Rohe, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago IL, 1939-1956
Frank Lloyd Wright, Broadacre City (project), 1930s-50s
Frank Lloyd Wright, Broadacre City (project), 1930s-50s
Le Corbusier, Obus Plan for Algiers, Algeria, 1933-42
French colonial urbanism: Fez, Morocco New city
Medina
Fez, Morocco: medina
Casablanca, Morocco: plan for a new boulevard, 1920s
Le Corbusier, Obus Plan for Algiers, Algeria, 1933-42
Le Corbusier, Obus Plan: housing viaduct Maison Dom-ino, 1914
UnitÊ d’Habitation, 1947-52
Rio de Janeiro, late 19th century
Rio de Janeiro, hill leveling and coastal infill
Demolition of Morro do Castello to permit business district expansion
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em PortuĂąol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Rio de Janeiro – Avenida Rio Branco
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em PortuĂąol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31 Importing Ideas: European Influences Rio de Janeiro – Theatro Municipal - 1903
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em PortuĂąol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Rio de Janeiro – Palacio Tiradentes
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em PortuĂąol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Sao Paulo – Opera House
Agache Plan for Rio, 1930
Agache Plan for Rio, 1930
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portuñol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/26 History and Culture of Brazil 1930-1945 –Vargas Era – Estado Novo
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portu単ol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Le Corbusier and South America
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portu単ol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Le Corbusier and South America
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portuñol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Le Corbusier – Plan for Sao Paulo – Viaduct City
Rio de Janeiro: Le Corbusierâ€&#x;s sketch for a new master plan, 1929 View is from the north with CBD in foreground, Sugarloaf Mountain in middle distance, and Zona Sul including Copacabana, Ipanema, and Leblon in the distance at right
Le Corbusier, University of Brazil (project), intended for a waterfront site north of the Rio CBD
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portu単ol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Le Corbusier Oscar Niemeyer - 1936
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portu単ol
Arc 500.1 Spring 2011
1/31
Importing Ideas: European Influences Le Corbusier and Lucio Costa
Ministry of Health and Education (MES), Rio de Janeiro: initial sketch by Le Corbusier (left) and revised design (right)
Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, with Le Corbusier as a consultant, Ministry of Health and Education (MES), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1937-43 First large-scale use of the brise-soleil (on the north side, with exposed curtainwall on the south side)
Ministry of Health and Education (MES
MES roof gardens by Roberto Burle Marx
It is not the right angle that attracts me, nor the straight line, hard and inflexible, created by man. What attracts me is the free and sensual curve — the curve that I find in the mountains of my country, in the sinuous course of its rivers, in the body of the beloved woman. Lyrical Architecture Latin American Modernism Oscar Niemeyer Arc 134 - Spring 2011 Born 1907
Brazilian and Mexican Modernism Dialogando em Portuñol
1/26 History and Culture of Brazil Arc 500.1 1956-1961 –– Second Republic – Kubitshek Presidency Spring 2011
Brasiliรก, new capital of Brazil, 1957plan: Lucio Costa architecture: Oscar Niemeyer client: President Juscelino Kubitscheck
Brasiliรก, new capital of Brazil, 1957-: Brazilian population distribution in 1950
Brasiliรก, new capital of Brazil, 1957-
Brasiliรก: Costa plan as developed to 1967
Brasiliรก: inauguration by President Juscelino Kubitscheck, April 1960
Plaza of the Three powers
National Congress
Planalto Palace
supercuadra / superblock development unit
Office district supercuadra
Residential district supercuadra
Apartment buildings
Commercial strips
Brasiliรก: classic modernism (Costa) and peripheral modernism of extensions and new towns
Brasiliรก: Costa plan in context of early satellite towns
Brasiliรก: pre-existing vernacular settlements
Brasiliรก: workers camp satellite town
Brasiliรก: satellite towns
Brasiliรก: satellite towns
Brasiliรก: land invasions / squatter settlements / informal urbanizations / favelas
Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, early 1960s
India/Pakistan Partition, 1947 -- Decolonization of the British Empire after WWII -- Division of the Raj into primarily Hindu and Sikh nation of India + primarily Muslim nations of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (now Pakistan)
India/Pakistan Partition, 1947 -- Decolonization of the British Empire after WWII -- Division of the Raj into primarily Hindu and Sikh nation of India + primarily Muslim nations of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (now Pakistan) -- Division of the Punjab province between West Pakistan and India, forcing mass migrations and triggering severe violence
Photographs of migrants by Margaret Bourke-White
India/Pakistan Partition, 1947 -- Creation of new capital for Indian Punjab at Chandigarh, just north of Ambala
Le Corbusier, City of Chandigarh, new capital of Punjab, India, 1951-65
Laid out and partially designed by Le Corbusier after initial plan by Albert Mayer and Matthew Nowicki
Le Corbusier, City of Chandigarh: sketch comparing an early version to New Delhi
Le Corbusier, City of Chandigarh, new capital of Punjab, India, 1951-65
Chandigarh city center, Sector 17
Chandigarh city center, Sector 17
Chandigarh city center, Sector 17 buildings by a team headed by Pierre Jeanneret and including Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew
Le Corbusier, City of Chandigarh, new capital of Punjab, India, 1951-65 Sector 22 plan
Le Corbusier, City of Chandigarh, new capital of Punjab, India, 1951-65 Capitol complex
Chandigarh capitol complex
Le Corbusier, study sketch of the capitol complex (below), with Fatehpur Sikri at left for comparison
Chandigarh capitol complex: preliminary sectional sketch + view of Secretariat with Assembly Building in foreground
Secretariat technocracy = government by experts
Secretariat
poured-in-place reinforced concrete with brick infill brise-soleil = “sun-breaker� shading device
High Court
High Court
Assembly Building
Assembly Building
Assembly Building rotunda in hyperbolic paraboloid form
with Schinkel’s Altes Museum