International Beaux-Arts and the City Beautiful Movement
Railroad network, mid-19th century
Fordist economic geography: Large scale of investment in fixed capital (factory buildings, machines) and fixed transportation networks (waterways, railroads) concentrates employment and workers densely at production points near sources of power and transportation.
“Long waves� in North American urbanization Major eras of economic and technological development Frontier mercantilism Early industrial capitalism National industrial capitalism
up to 1840 1840-1885 1885-1935
commercial city industrial city corporate city
Mature industrial capitalism Global capitalism
1935-1975 1975-present
megalopolis global city
Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, Metropolitan Life Insurance Building, New York NY, 1909
Gilman & Kendall, with George B. Post as engineer, Equitable Life Assurance Building, New York, 1868-70
Elisha Otis, safety elevator, early 1850s
Richard Morris Hunt, Tribune Building, New York, 1873-75 9 stories 260’ tall iron cage construction
George B. Post, Western Union Building, New York, 1873-75 10 stories 230’ tall
Tall office building technologies: Metal frame / terracotta fireproofing / foundations / safety elevator
William Le Baron Jenney, Home Insurance Building, Chicago, 1883-85 First metal skeleton building
Holabird & Roche, Tacoma Building, Chicago, 1886-89 First use of floating raft or “grillage� foundation
Burnham & Root, Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890 / 1894-95 early exploration of aesthetic potential of curtain-wall construction
“Haussmannization� of Paris, 1853-1870
Restructuring of the city through construction of boulevards, civic institutions, and commercial enterprises urban renewal / apartment buildings / department stores / boulevard culture
Baron Georges Haussmann, Prefect of the Department of the Seine
Félix Duban, École des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1832-64 École: founded 1819, closed 1968 Combined and replaced the Royal Academies of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture
Sansovino, Libreria di San Marco
View from first court through the toward the Palais des Etudes
View from second court back toward first court
Surgery School
Ecole pedagogy: Studio (atelier) competition sketch charette rendered project
Ecole pedagogy: Studio (atelier) competition sketch charette rendered project
Ecole composition: parti (parti pris) = “position taken� point = primary volume marche = sequence circulation = movement through
Henri Labrouste, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 1842-50
Charles Garnier, Opera, Paris, 1861-75
Charles Garnier, Opera, Paris, 1861-75
Avenue de l’ Opéra
Municipal Theater, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1905
Herbert Baker, Union Buildings, Pretoria, South Africa, 1910-13
Meiji Restoration, 1867 ended the Tokugawa Shogunate / Edo period and restored imperial rule Tokuma Katayama, Nara National Museum, Nara, Japan, 1894 originally Nara Imperial Museum
Tokuma Katayama, Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan, 1889-95 originally Kyoto Imperial Museum French Renaissance revival, Beaux-Arts planning
Tokuma Katayama, Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan, 1889-95
tympanum features sculptures by Takeuchi Hisaichi depicting Buddhist gods of the arts: Visvakaraman and Mahesvara
Tokuma Katayama, Hyokeikan, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan, 1909 Followed 1881 building by British architect Josiah Conder (destroyed 1923), Katayama’s teacher
Jin Watanabe, Honkan, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo, Japan, 1932-38
“Haussmannization� of Paris, 1853-1870
Restructuring of the city through construction of boulevards, civic institutions, and commercial enterprises urban renewal / apartment buildings / department stores / boulevard culture
Baron Georges Haussmann, Prefect of the Department of the Seine
Vienna Ringstrasse, 1860-1880s
Parliament Rathaus (city hall) University Burgtheater (city theater)
McKim Mead & White (Stanford White), George Washington centennial arch, Washington Square, New York NY, 1889
Soldiers and Sailors Arch, Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn NY. 1889-92, 1896 arch: John H. Duncan; sculptures: Frederick MacMonnies; plaza: MMW
“Measuring Uncle Sam for a New Suit,” Puck Magazine, 1900
World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 Daniel Burnham: Chief of Construction; Charles B. Atwood: Designer-in-Chief F.L. Olmsted: Consulting Landscape Architect; Augustus St. Gaudens : sculpture advisor
Burnham and Root, Woman’s Temple, Chicago, 1890-92 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union est. 1874
Burnham & Root, Masonic Temple Building, Chicago, 1890-1892
Chicago: height ordinance passed 1893
Werner Hegemann and Elbert Peets, The American Vitruvius: An Architect’s Handbook of Civic Art, 1922: “The fundamental unit of design in architecture is not the separate building but the whole city… If the office building is to stand on a corner there may happen to be a building of similar mass on the other corner to which, in color, scale, and dominant lines, the building may be made to respond, thus creating a pair of entrance pylons for the street. Every new piece of street architecture should be designed as part of the block or street in which it stands, or if the existing buildings are hopeless, it can at least sound a note which is suited to serve as the keynote in the future rebuilding of the block.”
D. H. Burnham & Co.: Conway Building, Chicago, 1912
Flatiron Building, New York, 1903
McKim Mead & White, Municipal Building, New York NY, 1907-13
Clinton Square, Syracuse NY, ca 1900
Senate Parks Commission (McMillan Commission), Replanning of the Mall, Washington DC, 1902 Burnham, McKim, Olmsted, and Augustus St. Gaudens
D. H. Burnham & Co., Union Station, Washington DC, 1905
Carrère & Hastings, New York Public Library, New York NY, 1897-1911
Reed & Stem (planning and engineering)
Warren & Wetmore (design), Grand Central Terminal, New York NY, 1903-13
Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett, Plan of Chicago, 1909 Sponsorship by Commercial Club of Chicago; renderings by Jules Guerin
Partial model for the Plan of Chicago: Victor Laloux, winning entry in competition for the Grand Prix de Rome, Ecole des Beaux Arts, 1903
Burnham, plan for Baguio, summer capital of the Philippines, 1905
Sir Edwin Lutyens New Delhi new capital of colonial India 1911
Sir Edwin Lutyens, Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 1911
Sir Edwin Lutyens, Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 1911 with dome, colonnade, etc. plus chajjas and chattris
Sir Edwin Lutyens, Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 1911
Sir Edwin Lutyens, Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 1911
Sir Edwin Lutyens, Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 1911
Herbert Baker, Secretariat Buildings, New Delhi, India, 1912-
Colonialist villa district, New Delhi, India, 1911
The Garden City movement Ebenezer Howard, Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, 1898
Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Plan for Canberra, Australia, 1912
Tony Garnier, CitĂŠ Industrielle (project), 1901-1917