Planning Legislation in South Korea Jong Hee Paik Vijay Gopal Vazhoth Palliyil
Location
2 Source: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/south-korea-map-located-on-a-world-map-with-flag-vector-29002544
Information ➔
Official name in English: Republic of Korea
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Year established: 1948
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Capital city: Seoul
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Form of government: Unitary presidential constitutional republic
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Total area: 100,377 km2
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Total population: 51,225,308 (2019)
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Population growth rate: 0.10%
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GDP per capita: 34,023.56 USD (2019)
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Density: 526.85/km2 (2019)
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Urban population: 81.5% (2018)
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Divided into 1 Special city, 1 Special autonomous city, 1 Special autonomous province, 6 Metropolitan cities, and 9 Provinces 3
Source: Statistics Korea (KOSTAT)
Source: http://www.orangesmile.com/travelguide/south-korea/country-maps.htm
Administrative Structure of South Korea
4 Source: MLIT
Historical Timeline Korea’s main goal for national territory development after the war was to straighten out the territories and to reconstruct devastated national territory from the Korean War.
Many road maintenance and expansion projects started taking place and other projects to improve the hygiene in the city.
By 1956, the production rate and the per capita consumption were recovered to the pre-war level. Yet, the society still suffered from poverty and political instability.
Joseon Dynasty
Korean Empire
Under the Japanese Rule
Gyeongbokgung, the Korean royal palace, was demolished during the Japanese occupation. In 1911, shortly after the annexation of Korea by Japan, ownership of land at the palace was transferred to the Japanese Governor-General of Korea.
Establishment of Republic of Korea
1953
1950
1948
1945
1910
1897
First urban pagoda park (Tapgol Park) in Seoul was constructed.
Korean War
The efforts in the 1950s were a preparatory stage that was not based on any scientific or systematic development plan. The government performed civil engineering projects through grants from USA and promoted intensive investment strategies for key industries and infrastructures
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Urban Planning in Korea under the Japanese Rule (1910-1945) In the 1921, Kyungsung Urban Planning Research Society (경성도시계획연구회 ) was established by the Kyungsung Chamber of Commerce with business men in the centre. The first draft of Urban Planning was created by the Research Society in 1922, but it was disregarded by the Japanese. Then in 1934, Chosen Town Planning Act (조선시가지계획령 ) was established by the Governor-General of Chosen, chief administrator of the Japanese Colonial government in Korea. With this as a base, the first urban planning was established for Najin (located in N. Korea) in 1934 and Seoul in 1936, for a total of 38 cities. In 1936, urban planning professionals came together to discuss and restructure urban and administrative plans of the country. This was recorded in the Proceedings for Urban Problems in Joseon. It can be seen that the main purpose of this meeting was to effectively implement colonial rule through modernization of urban facilities.
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Urbanisation Timeline
Source: KRIHS
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8 Source: KRIHS
9 Source: KRIHS
Urban Planning in South Korea after the Division (before 2000) Once the Minister designates a large tract of land even in non‐Urban Area, the area becomes an Urban Area, and once the development plan is approved, the development plan becomes a City/County Plan. Industrial complex development follows the same patterns in accordance with the Industrial Location and Development Act.
1948
1962
1963
1971
1972
1980
1985
1990
1992
Up to the 1980s, the decision making of planning process was dominated by the central government, the autonomy of local governments was very weak, and public participation was limited.
Establishment of Republic of Korea
Town Planning and Zoning Act
Comprehensive Territorial Development and Planning Act
Urban Planning Law
National Territory Law
Residential Land Development Promotion Act
2nd Comprehensive National Territorial Development Plan (1982-1991)
Industrial Sites and Development Act
3rd Comprehensive National Territorial Development Plan (1992-2001)
Building Act
This established the Comprehensive National Territorial Development Plans at an interval of a decade.
1st Comprehensive National Territorial Development Plan (1972-1981)
Act on Urban Parks, Green Areas, etc
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Urban Planning in South Korea after the Division (after 2000)
The Framework Act on National Territory National Land Planning and Utilization Act
Urban Planning Law (1971) and National Territory Law (1972) were combined into National Land Planning and Utilization Act. This act divides the national territory into four zoning areas: Urban Areas, Control Areas, Agricultural and Forest Areas, and Natural Environment Conservation Areas, and provides on the standards and criteria for Metropolitan Urban Planning and City/County Planning, and zoning regulations
2020
4th Comprehensive National Territorial Plan
Special Act on Special Act on the Multifunctional Construction and Administrative City Support of Innovative Construction City and the Special Act on Enterprise City
2013
Special Act on the Development of Enterprise Cities
2008
2004
Act on the Improvement of Urban Areas and Residential Environments
2007
2002
Urban Development Act
These special acts (2006, 2007) are enacted to promote the construction of the Multi‐functional Administration City, Innovation Cities and Enterprise Cities throughout the nation as a way of de‐concentrating political and economic activities.
2006
2000
The Framework Act on National Territory is a revised version of the Act on the Comprehensive Territorial Development and Planning (1963). This act defines the three level territorial plans: National, Regional and Sectoral Plans; and stipulates basic guidelines on the planning, making and implementing of territorial policies, including the Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP).
Act on the Improvement of Urban Areas and Residential Environments
Special Act on the Promotion of and Support for Urban Regeneration
5th Comprehensive National Territorial Plan
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Planning System of South Korea
Source: MLIT
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Development Control System National government makes the Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP) as the guiding plan for regional and local plan. Regional governments make the Comprehensive Provincial Plan. Local governments make the Comprehensive City/County Master Plan and Management Plan. District and neighbourhood administrations are in charge of the Building and Development permissions, and District Unit Plan.
Source: Lim, 2014
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National Level The land use plan at the national level forms the basis of the territorial plan, along with the transportation plan, local land use plans, facility plans, and park/greenspace plans. The land use plan is implemented through legal and administrative means, including special-purpose areas, districts, and zones. These entities contribute to a more economic and efficient land use while promoting public welfare. Special-purpose areas, according to the National Land Planning and Utilization Act, are composed of urban areas, control areas, agricultural and forest areas, and natural environment conservation areas.
14 Source: The National Atlas of Korea
Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP)
Source: KRIHS
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Progress of Comprehensive National Territorial Plans (CNTP)
16 Source: The National Atlas of Korea
Planning Process of Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP)
Source: Lim, 2014
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The 5th Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP) 2020-2040 Vision
"Our Land, Shared Future: Towards Balanced, Smart and Innovative Cities and Regions for All" Objectives ★ Balanced national territory with livability across the country ★ Safe and sustainable smart national territory ★ Active and healthy innovative national territory National Territory Development Strategies ➔ Facilitate distinctive and decentralized regional development and strengthen solidarity and collaboration ➔ Invigorate regional industrial innovation and promote culture and tourism ➔ Build safe and livable places embracing different generations and classes ➔ Create dignified and environment-friendly territory ➔ Construct efficient infrastructure management and smart national territory ➔ Build peaceful national territory connecting the continent and the ocean
Source: KRIHS
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Reflexivity of the 5th CNTP 2020-2040
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Regional Level The Regional Plan presents long-term development direction for area-wide regions comprised of two or more local governments.
Source: The National Atlas of Korea
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Urban Level The City/County Master Plan is a comprehensive plan that presents the basic spatial structure and the long-term 20-year development direction for each city and county, specifically focusing on land use, transportation, the environment, the landscape, safety, industry, information and communications, health, welfare, security, and culture. The City/County Management Plan is a tool for rational management of the city county’s jurisdictions, designed to be consistent with the area-wide Regional Plan and the City/County Master Plan. It covers urban development, location of land use, designation of zones and districts as well as other urban issues.
Source: Seoul Solution
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Comprehensive Plan for Seoul The Capital Area Development Plan contains principles for the basic direction for development or improvement projects in the capital, the physical distribution of people and industries, and the construction of facilities in the area. It takes precedence over other laws and regulations in place in the area involving land use plans and various development plans. The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs develops a draft, submits it to the Capital Area Development Plan Committee, which deliberates and finalizes it. The Capital Region Readjustment Planning Act contains regulations for the construction of universities, factories, public complexes, regulations on the development of land for industrial and housing purposes, and location rules set out according to specific districts in the area
Source: The National Atlas of Korea
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The 2030 Seoul Plan
Source: Seoul Solution
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Urban Planning Structure of Seoul The Urban Master Plan of Seoul is a comprehensive and multi-faceted plan that deals with various aspects of the city, socially and economically, such as environment & energy, transportation & infrastructure, and culture & welfare. In the planning stage, it requires procedural justification wherein the input from citizens, experts, and administrators is collected and incorporated.
Source: Seoul Solution
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District and Neighborhood Level The Neighborhood Area Plan is categorized into “5 Regional Plans” & each Regional Plan is divided into “Neighborhood Area Plans.”
Source: Seoul Solution
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District Regional Plan - Example of South W. Region of Seoul
Source: Seoul Solution
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Neighborhood Level - Spatial Management Guideline of Yeongdeungpo Neighborhood
Source: Seoul Solution
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Neighborhood Level - Area Development Plan of Yeongdeungpo Neighborhood
Source: Seoul Solution
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Legal Opportunities and Procedures for Public Participation in Planning Comprehensive National Territorial Plan
Province Comprehensive Plan
• Collection of public opinions through public hearings
• Collection of public opinions through public hearings
• Consultation with the heads of central administrative agencies concerned, Metropolitan City Mayors and Province Governors, who should present their opinions to the Minister within 30 days from the date of receiving such proposals
• Deliberation by Province Urban Planning Committee
• Deliberation by National Territorial Policy Committee and the State Council • Public Notice of the approved Plan
• Consultation with the heads of central administrative agencies concerned • Deliberation by National Territorial Policy Committee • Public notice of approved plan
Metropolitan Urban Area Plan • Collection of public opinions through public hearings • Deliberation by City/County Planning Committee • Public notice and exhibition of approved plan
City/County Master Plan • Collection of public opinions through public hearings • Hearings of the opinion of local council within 30 days • Deliberation by City/County Planning Committee • Public notice and exhibition of approved plan
Source: Lim, 2014
City/County Management Plan • Collection of public opinions through public hearings • Proposal by citizens of parts of Draft City/County Management Plan Citizens can make a proposals on the development and improvement of public infrastructure, the designation or change of District Unit Planning Zone and District Unit Plan for the City/County management Plan; City/County Heads should respond to the proposer within 40 days of the submission. • Hearings of the opinion of local council within 30 days • Deliberation by the City/County Planning Committee and the City/County Architectural Review Committee • Public notice and exhibition of approved plan
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Thank you 감사합니다
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References Comprehensive National Territoy Plan http://www.cntp.kr/ Korea Research Institute of Human Settlements (KRIHS) https://www.krihs.re.kr/ LAWnb https://www.lawnb.com/ Lim, Seo-Hwan, 2014. “Planning Practice in South Korea” Available at: https://www.academia.edu/12312831/Planning_practice_in_South_Korea OECD iLibrary https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/00eb0a90-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/00eb0a90-en Seoul Solution https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/2030-seoul-plan Seoul Urban Planning Information Service http://urban.seoul.go.kr/4DUPIS/index.do Seoul Urban Planning http://planning.seoul.go.kr/plan/main.do Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/index.action The National Atlas of Korea http://nationalatlas.ngii.go.kr/ Urban Planning Information Service (UPIS) http://upis.go.kr/upispweb/
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