AGRICULTURAL MASTERPLAN FOR THE NORTHERN SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA

ND 2EDITION

Transforming the Savannah through Agriculture: Agribusiness Resources, Clusters and Value Chains of the SADA Zone of Ghana A synthesis of the MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE

REPUBLIC OF GHANA

in cooperation with

PG.3 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS, TABLES, GRAPHS and FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 03 PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 07 1. SADA’s mandate at a glance – facilitate, catalyse, collaborate, coordinate and plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 08 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 09 3. WHAT IS THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE (MTAS)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 11 4. HOW WAS THE MTAS DEVELOPED AND HOW IS IT ORGANIZED? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 12 5. THE POTENTIAL OF GAME-CHANGING PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 15 6. THE INVENTORY OF RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 18 7. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT (CROPS, LIVESTOCK, AGROFORESTRY AND AQUACULTURE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 24 8. POTENTIAL DAM SITES AND IRRIGATION SCHEME PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 34 9. PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 40 10. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) . . . . . PG. 43 11. THE PROPOSED VALUE CHAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 50 12. AGRIBUSINESS SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – PROPOSED CLUSTERS AND DEVELOPMENT ZONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 55 13. CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 84 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 84

LIST OF MAPS MAP 01 - Soil Map - fao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 19 Map 02 - annual precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 21 map 03 - hydrographic network and major basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 23 map 04 - LAND SUITABILITY FOR PASTURE (LIVESTOCK) AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER rainfed CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . pg. 29 map 05 - land suitability for bunded rice at high inputs under RAINFED conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 30 map 06 - land suitability for bunded rice at high inputs under irrigatED conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . p g. 31 map 07 - LAND SUITABILITY FOR AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS (EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA REFERENCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 32 map 08 - LAND SUITABILITY FOR COMMERCIAL POND AQUACULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 33 map 09 - PROPOSED DAMS AND IRRIGABLE LAND IN THE SADA ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 35 map 10 - CACTHMENTS AND DAM SITES FOR MEDIUM AND SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION (FAO/UNDP LAND AND WATER SURVEY IN THE UPPER AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF GHANA, 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . p g. 36 MAP 11 - Bui Irrigation Scheme Project 3 - pumping (Royal Haskoning DHV, 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P G. 39 map 12 - LAND FOR RIPARIAN BUFFER PROTECTION WITH TREE PLANTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 49 MAP 13 - PROPOSED AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ZONES AND LARGE AND SMALL SCALE DAMS AND IRRIGATION SCHEMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 56 map 14 - agribusiness development zone 1 and land suitability

for BUNDED RICE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 60 MAP 15 - agribusiness development zone 1 and land suitability

for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 61 map 16 - agribusiness development zone 2 and land suitability

for BUNDED RICE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 64 MAP 17 - agribusiness development zone 2 and land suitability

for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 65 map 18 - agribusiness development zone 3 and land suitability

for BUNDED RICE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 68 MAP 19 - agribusiness development zone 3 and land suitability

for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 69 map 20 - agribusiness development zone 4 and land suitability

for BUNDED RICe at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 72 map 21 - agribusiness development zone 4 and land suitability

for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 73 MAP 22 - agribusiness development zone 5 and land suitability

for BUNDED RICe at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 76 map 23 - agribusiness development zone 5 and land suitability

for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 77 map 24 - (WORLD BANK-FUNDED) SUSTAINABLE LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT AREA MAP (SOURCE: THE WORLD BANK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 79

PG.5 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

MAP 25 - agribusiness development zone 6 and land suitability

for BUNDED RICe at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 82 map 26 - agribusiness development zone 5 and land suitability

for MAIZE at high inputs under irrigated conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 83

LIST OF TABLES table 01 - Balance of future production of key food items

(value chain end products) in the SADA Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 16 table 02 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS, LIVESTOCK (GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES), AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (HECTARES) . . . pg. 26 table 03 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS AND LIVESTOCK

(GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES) AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER IRRIGATED CONDITIONS (HECTARES) . . . . . PG. 27 table 04 - OPTIONS FOR IRRIGATION SCHEME DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 38 table 05 - Proposed Strategic Pillars, Framework Programs and Policy Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 41 TABLE 06 - PORTFOLIO OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 46 Table 07 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 59 table 08 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 63 table 09 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 67 table 10 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 71 table 11 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 75 table 12 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 81

LIST OF GRAPHS graph 01 - COMPARISONS BETWEEN EXTENTS OF SUITABLE LAND (FROM VERY TO MODERATELY SUITABLE) UNDER IRRIGATED AND RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (MILLION HECTARES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG. 28

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 01 - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 13 Figure 02 - CROPS, GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES (LIVESTOCK) AND TREE SPECIES UNDER ANALYSIS . . . . . . . pg. 25 Figure 03 - Conceptual agroforestry and livestock (crop-livestock-forestry integration) system . . . . pg. 48 Figure 04 - CONCEPTUAL FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 51 Figure 05 - FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS PROPOSED FOR THE SADA ZONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pg. 52

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Preface The Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) is in the midst of a process to develop a long-term Regional Development Plan complemented by specific sectoral and urban master plans for the rapid development of the SADA Zone.

The core purpose is to find answers to the question “What needs to be done, prioritised or done differently, in order to harness the vast resources of the zone to accelerate development, transform the zone and eliminate extreme poverty in an environmentally sustainable way in the shortest possible time�?

The Northern Savannah Ecological Zone (NSEZ) is blessed with vast lands and valleys, criss-crossed by rivers suitable for commercial agriculture, irrigation, hydropower and water transport which combine to stimulate agro-processing, immense deposits of unexploited minerals suitable for a wide array of industries, including support of agriculture (e.g. lime).

We envision the SADA zone in 25 years as a highly diversified economy transformed by highly productive agriculture and agro-industries that transform incomes and landscapes, combined with high value-added services powering modern sustainable cities attractive to live in whilst boosting the rural economy.

We see commercial, irrigated agricultural development as the most important key to unlock the Zone’s potentials, and implementing the policy, technology and infrastructure propositions set forth in the Resources and Agricultural Development Masterplan of the SADA Zone, summarized in this publication, will be instrumental for paving the way for agriculture-led transformation of the zone.

We hope you find the information herein contained useful. We make ourselves available to provide additional information as may be required and to be an effective partner for the accelerated development of agriculture in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone.

We welcome you to explore this publication.

CHARLES A. ABUGRE, CEO Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA)

For further information contact SADA through: www.sadagh.org info@sadagh.org

1. SADA’s mandate at a glance – facilitate, catalyse, collaborate, coordinate and plan SADA, the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority, was established in 2010 as a vehicle to plan, coordinate and execute development strategies, programs and projects in Ghana’s Northern Savannah Ecological Zone – NSEZ for the purpose of accelerating development and transforming the economy of the Zone.

It is, therefore, the key Government Authority in coordinating, facilitating, catalysing and implementing development projects, both with public and private players. SADA is consolidating its mandate as a one-stop-shop centre for investors in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone and, in that regard, can play a number of roles including bureaucracy facilitation, land acquisition, engagement with key Government Authorities and others. SADA delivers its core objectives by facilitating, catalysing, collaborating, coordinating and assisting any development or private investment projects across its area of influence. It is a “problem solving institution” and hand-holds its partners to ensure that their investments are successful and beneficial in terms of jobs and social impacts on the people.

SADA is growing its capacity as the place to go for information that might benefit your investment decisions. This Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone is an important step in that direction.

PG.9 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION This document is a synthesis of the Resources and Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone (final report), published in 06 volumes (including the Land Suitability Atlas). It provides a snapshot of the resources, potentials, targets, proposed policy and infrastructure interventions, findings, among others, contained in the final report.

Therefore, more information is available with SADA.

The Vision The SADA Zone is poised for sustained growth and transformation in the following couple of decades (towards 2035-2040), to be driven primarily by agriculture and agribusiness development.

The Zone has appropriate natural resources (land, water, climate), hardworking people, and with the right policies and infrastructure development put in place, its contribution to economic growth and food security in Ghana and Africa can expand tremendously over a short period of time.

THE MAIN FINDINGS OF THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE The SADA Zone offers, among others: • Over 8 million ha of highly suitable land which can be put under environmentally and socially sustainable, commercial agricultural, livestock, forestry and aquaculture production, under rain-fed or irrigated conditions; • 23 large and medium sized dam sites which can be developed for hydropower, irrigation, flood control, aquaculture or multipurpose uses; • 5 proposed large-scale irrigation schemes (> 4,000 ha) with potential gross irrigable land ranging from 209,000 ha to 647,395 ha; • Over 104 small dam sites across 95 small catchments which can harness over 104,000 ha of irrigation in small and medium-sized schemes (400 ha > 4,000 ha); • Over 40 billion m³ of renewable surface water resources of which a substantial portion can be avaible for hydropower and irrigation development.

• Significant quantities of underground water that can be tapped for irrigation and human/animal consumption; • Availability of large quantities of lime deposits for soil enrichment.

Game-changing projects – Potential targets Promote USD 2 billion of public investment into bulk water infrastructure for irrigation, power and feeder roads over the next 20 years (towards 2035-2040) to leverage and achieve: • 200,000 ha (in large, medium and small-sized irrigation schemes) under irrigation (50% with public sector-owned bulk water infrastructure, 50% developed or expanded by the private sector); • Attract from USD 1.9 to USD 2.3 billion of private investment into farming, downstream processing and additional irrigation infrastructure; • Create from 400,000 to 450,000 permanent jobs along value chains;

• Generate additional annual value chain revenues of USD 1.2 billion in the rice, poultry, vegetable oils, sugar, fruits and vegetables (including exotic crops such as chilli and black pepper, etc.).

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3. WHAT IS THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE (MTAS)?

The Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone (MTAS) is a component of the overall SADA Zone masterplanning process, which falls under the Long Term National Development Plan (LTNDP), led by the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC).

While the MTAS carries the lessons of key pan-African (Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme - CAADP), National (Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda II 2014-2012 - GSGDA II) and Sectoral (Food and Agriculture Sector Policy – FASDEP and the Medium Term Agricultural Investment Plan - METASIP) strategic policy documents currently in force, its interventions will fall under the implementation of the Regional Component of the afore mentioned Long-Term National Development Plan (LTNDP).

The MTAS has been led by SADA and supported by a number of National and International bodies. Queiroz Galvão, a civil construction and public works company from Brazil, has been supporting SADA in putting together the required information and data for the MTAS. The SADA Zone Masterplanning Process intends to articulate a long term vision under which the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone can be transformed to become Ghana’s green economic hub and a gateway to the Sahel.

Deliverables of the SADA masterplanning process include, in addition to the agricultural component: • The SADA Zone Spatial Development Framework (SASDF); • The Regional Concept Plan of the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone; • Detailed masterplans of Tamale and Buipe.

4. HOW WAS THE MTAS DEVELOPED AND Incentives HOW IS IT ORGANIZED? Location

The MTAS has benefited from decades of acquired knowledge on the natural resources, Companies in the manufacturing sectorinfrastructure, are entitled tosocial tax rebates, depending on projectoperating development possibilities, proposed and environmental screening their contained location. in the various surveys, feasibility studies, policy concept notes and documents developed over the last 50-60 years.

The income tax rebate allowable to manufacturing business operating in regional capitals organized under (4) modules, which are:income tax rate, while those in other otherIt’s than Accra and Temafour is 25% of the applicable locations other than Tema enjoy 50% of thedevelopment applicable taxand rate.

1. Inventory of Accra naturaland resources for agricultural modernization, including

research on soil conditions, water resources, climatic characterization, geology and other characteristics of the SADA Zone. The inventory of natural resources also took into account studies and scenarios on the potential impacts of climate change on agriculture and the availability of resources;

Capital Allowances

Capital allowances are granted on depreciable assets by aconditions person at ofthe25end of its basis 2. Land suitability assessment under rain-fed andowned irrigated crops/land period. asset pooling systemlivestock is used (suitability in the computation of capital allowance.

Based on The utilization types (LUTs), for improved grasses and forage legumes), forestry development and aquaculture.

The key objective was to shed light on of crops, animals this system, the assets are grouped into six classes of depreciable assets.

Each class assets has depreciation and value chains whichone, the two Zoneand could and comparative its own rate. for Classes fourprovide assets competitive are depreciated on a reducingadvantages; balance basis.3. Proposed Classes three, five andand sixhydropower are depreciated on straight line basis. including large, medium irrigation infrastructure development, and small scale dams for irrigation, power, flood control, aquaculture and multipurpose The applicable capital allowance rates are as follows: uses. In addition, the proposed infrastructure plans propose the creation of a major waterway on Volta Lake to connect the SADA Zone straight to the Tema Harbour through a multi-modal logistics system (road-water-rail transport) and the development of an inland port and port city at Buipe; 4. Environmentally sustainable technologies (climate-smart agriculture) and land use types for commercial agriculture development, proposed policy framework and interventions, agribusiness spatial development framework and value chains. Module 4 intends to provide a roadmap to the future, by I) identifying those technologies and land use types which would contribute to commercial agriculture development and expansion on an environmentally and socially sustainable manner (climate-smart agriculture and good agricultural practices); II) a proposed policy framework with 3 strategic pillars, 9 framework programs and 49 policy projects and interventions to unlock agriculture potential in the Zone; III) an Agribusiness Spatial Development Framework, which delineated 06 Agribusiness Development Zones (Growth Poles) based on their potentials and suitability for specific crops and agribusiness value chains and IV) identification of the key value chains and anchor projects to be promoted.

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figure 01. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE Module 1

Module 2

Module 3

Module 4

inventory of natural resources

land suitability assessment for crops, livestock, forestry and aquaculture

proposed infrastructure development

proposed policy framework, climate-smart agriculture, proposed agribusiness value chains and spatial development framework (zoning, clusters and growth poles)

contributing to

Transforming SADA in a green economic hub for Ghana and a gateway to the Sahel

The findings of the work have been structured in a main report with 6 volumes:

RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE

Volume I:

Executive Summary

VOLUME I . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VOLUME II . INVENTORY OF RESOURCES

Volume IV: RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE VOLUME IV .

PROPOSED IRRIGATION AND HYDROPOWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

VOLUME V .

PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK, CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY, SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS

JUNE 2016 JUNE 2016

SUPPORTED BY

PROPOSED IRRIGATION AND HYDROPOWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

SUPPORTED BY

Volume V: RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE

Volume II:

Inventory of Resources

VOLUME I . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VOLUME II . INVENTORY OF RESOURCES

RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE VOLUME IV .

PROPOSED IRRIGATION AND HYDROPOWER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

VOLUME V .

PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK, CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY, SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS

JUNE 2016 JUNE 2016

SUPPORTED BY

SUPPORTED BY

Volume III: RESOURCES AND MASTERPLAN FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SADA ZONE VOLUME III . LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS JUNE 2016

Land Suitability Analysis

Proposed policy framework, climate-smart agriculture and sustainability, spatial development framework and agribusiness value chains

Volume VI:

Atlas of Land Suitability

SUPPORTED BY

One of the key findings of the work is the set of tremendous possibilities which can be opened for accelerated commercial agriculture modernization based on the intensive use of irrigation infrastructure and climate-smart agriculture technologies to support broad-based economic and social transformation, climate change resilience and adaptation. Sustainable commercial agriculture development will be catalytic to open up possibilities for dynamic agribusiness value chains across the zone, opening space for private investment up and downstream of farm level production.

In addition to the 06 volumes of the final report, a comprehensive Commercial Agriculture Investment Guide has also been launched as a product of the MTAS, as well as this brochure.

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5. THE POTENTIAL OF GAME-CHANGING PROJECTS Transformational policies, environmentally sustainable agricultural practices and public sectorled irrigation, power and transport infrastructure development are key to: • Creating an enabling environment to attract substantial private investment into the zone; • Increasing the attractiveness, sustainability and profitability of agricultural production to smallholder, medium and large farmers; • Improving the livelihoods, creating jobs, economic and social development, increasing food security and incrementing Ghana’s economic clout through import substitution and export revenue creation.

Based on the assessments, some mid to long term goals (to be promoted over the next 20 years, towards 2035-2040) proposed to SADA Senior Management include: • Develop public sector-led bulk water infrastructure (headworks, main canals) for at least 100,000 ha, including: • 80,000 ha through 20,000 ha blocs in the Nasia-Nabogo (NIS), Bui (BIS), Pwalugu (PIS) and Daka Valley (DIS) Irrigation Scheme Projects; • 20,000 ha in small and medium-sized irrigation schemes across the Zone (Tamne, Kamba and other basins); Public investment in irrigation and feeder roads is estimated at USD 1.57 billion.

Expand power availability in at least 300 MW (for irrigation and agro-industry use), with 50%/50% ratio for public and private investment. Public investment could support implementation of hydropower schemes (Juale, Pwalugu, with approximately 157 MW), while private investment could be channelled to renewables, including solar and renewable thermal power production through sugar cane co-generation or other sources.

Based on benchmarking exercises, it was possible to identify a number of successful examples in which public investment in irrigation infrastructure attracted substantial private investment into further irrigation development and agro-processing. An interesting example can be found in Irrigated Agriculture in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region: Social Impacts and Externalities, published by the World Bank in 2004.

Some of the potential beneficial outcomes of public investment into developing 100,000 ha would include: 1. Attraction of USD 1.9 billion to USD 2.3 billion in private investment along the rice, poultry, grains, cereals and oilseeds, sugar, fruits and vegetables (including exotic crops such as chilli and black pepper, etc.) value chains. Evidence also indicates that when the public sector takes the lead in developing irrigation services, the private sector may be incentivized to use land equipped by the public sector and eventually expand irrigation services to additional areas. It was conservatively estimated that the private sector could contribute to develop additional 100,000 ha under irrigation, leading to a total of 200,000 ha under irrigation; 2. Additional annual production (revenues) of USD 1.2 billion along selected value chains; 3. Creation of 400,000 to 450,000 permanent jobs along value chains; 4. Additional annual production of 1.9 million tons of food including rice, sugar, vegetables and fruits, vegetable oil and chicken meat.

table 01 - BALANCE OF INCREMENTAL annual PRODUCTION OF KEY FOOD ITEMS (VALUE CHAIN END PRODUCTS) ORIGINATED FROM THE PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS Projected incremental annual commercial production* in the SADA Zone (tons)

Imports in Ghana in 2014 (tons)

Projected national demand in 2035 (tons/annum)

Milled rice (tons)

420,000

413,587

1,512,000

Soybean (edible) oil (tons)

48,000

151,396

401,799

Chicken meat (tons)

210,811

106,785

378,000

Sugar (tons)

660,000

375,000

756,000

Fruits and Vegetables (tons)

600,000

-

-

Total

1,938,811

1,046,768

3,047,798

Products

Source: Elaborated with data from the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Ghana and Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone Obs: projected demand figures consider the high population growth scenario (42 million people in 2035) forecast in the Ghana National Spatial Development Framework and per capita consumption growth rates of food items based on the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook (2015). Projected demand of food items in 2035 implies there’s room to be more aggressive in production targets under the Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone. Incremental production of maize (480,000 tons), soybeans (240,000 tons) and soybean meal (187,200 tons), totalling 907,000 tons, are not accounted for since they are considered to feed into the poultry value chain. * incremental commercial production originated from the proposed interventions.

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Even though the numbers may sound too ambitious, pursuing these goals within a 20-year timespan looks feasible when one looks at empirical evidence of similar transformation processes occurred elsewhere as well as previous planning frameworks for Ghana.

•

Brazil increased its share of land under irrigation from 800,000 ha in 1970 to 5,800,000 ha in 2012, a 6-fold increase in 42 years. In a 5-year period (1970-1975) alone, 400,000 ha were brought under irrigation. In Brazil’s semi-arid ecological zone, Government developed 200,000 ha of public sector-financed bulk water infrastructure in three decades (1970-2000), on a rate of roughly 6,700 ha per annum. For the SADA Zone, the proposal is to add approximately 5,000 ha per annum;

•

Production of key grains, cereals and oilseeds (cotton, groundnuts, soybeans, maize, others) in the Brazilian Savannah skyrocketed from 46 million to 200 million tons per annum (1976-2015). Yield gains played a crucial role here (8% growth per annum against 1% of extension of cultivated land), with cotton, rice and maize yield gains (453%, 252% and 219%, respectively) leading the race;

• The Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of Ghana, iconic “masterplan” report developed by the FAO and UNDP and concluded in 1967, laid-out the foundations for irrigation development and planning in Ghana for the decades that followed, and remains a major reference for potential development to this day. Designs for the Tono and Bongtanga irrigation schemes were first provided by this report, and the Tamne Irrigation Scheme, for which works have commenced, are mostly based on it also. The report “foresaw” that by the year 2000 (33 years ahead of 1967), some 202,000 ha (500,000 acres) under irrigation would be required to meet food demand.

If implemented, it would have corresponded to developing roughly 6,100 ha per annum, once again more than the proposed 5,000 ha per annum for the next 20 years; • Different National Planning Documents of Ghana have long captured the nation’s desire for broad based irrigation development, particularly in the Northern Regions.

The Five-Year Development Plan (1975/76 – 1979/80), for example, acknowledges the existence of “long-term” projects to irrigate 469,800 ha across the country, including the “Lower White Volta Basin – Pwalugu” project, for 95,175 ha, the “Bui Multi-purpose” project, for 32,400 ha and the “Medium-sized Irrigation Schemes in the North and Upper Regions” project, for 101,250 ha.

• Bringing 200,000 ha under irrigation, compared to Ghana’s 2012 land area under cultivation (7,847,300 ha according to MOFA), would mean increasing the share of irrigated land from 0.4% to 2.5%, a giant leap for the country, but still a moderate target compared to Africa’s 2005 average share of irrigated land (6%) and that of key West African peers, including Senegal (4.8%), Mali (5%), Guinea (6.2%), and others (FAO, Irrigation in Africa in Figures, 2005).

6. THE INVENTORY OF RESOURCES The highlights regarding the natural resources within the SADA Zone conducive to improved agriculture are:

Soils The main dominant soil type throughout the zone is Lixisols, which is suitable for a wide range of land utilization types, including arable farming, forestry and perennial crops. Luvisols and vertisols are also present (suitable for various crops), followed by acrisols (perennials and arable farming), in addition to planosols and fluvisols (suitable for rice).

General constraints of main soil types (i.e. acrisols – low natural fertility, acidity, potentially sandy topsoil texture, but clay starting at 20-40 cm depth) can be mostly overcome with land use at high inputs (application of lime, full fertilization packages). Even soils with sandy topsoil textures (usually claimed as less suitable for agriculture) can largely be put under irrigated farming, since many of them (acrisols, for instance) present loamy texture at very low depth (starting at 20-40 cm).

Distribution of non-suitable soils (i.e. Leptsols, mostly not suitable due to rocky layers very close to surface) are very limited and even when they are present, suitable soils can be found associated with these, opening space for agriculture even around leptosols.

Soil maps have been created and are available in the main report.

MAP 01

PG.19

Climate The zone is characterized by year-round warm temperatures and abundant sunshine, conducive to growth of various crop species. Low relative air humidity during certain periods of the year can be considered (for some crops) a disadvantage, but also an advantage once it creates an inhospitable environment for some pests and diseases.

A considerable shortfall is the erratic (and sometimes unsufficient) rainfall pattern. Even though rainfall is enough for most annual crops (grains, short-cycle vegetables), it makes perennial crop farming very challenging (not to say marginally or even not suitable), in addition to limiting the zone to single-cropping. Irrigation, however, can be largelly developed through the harnessing of surface and ground water, as complimentary or full management technique.

Several maps with different parameters (mean temperature, precipitation) are avaible in the main report.

MAP 02

PG.21

Water resources The water resources make up another set of strengths of the SADA Zone. Three major basins (Black and White Voltas, Oti) and several minor (sub) basins (Daka, Nasia, Kulpawn, etc.) produce over 40 billion mÂł of water in annual, renewable run-off. However, in order to maximise the water resources for all-year-round irrigation and power production, a certain number of dams, water harvesting structures, ponds and dugouts will have to be built. Knowledge about underground water resources must also be further developed so that a clear understanding of its potential and limitations can be factored into policy and project development. Similarly, a strategy for the protection of the river basins needs to be developed.

Irrigating the targeted surface of land in the SADA Zone (200,000 ha) would require approximately 3 billion mÂł of water per annum, corresponding to a small share of the renewable water resources of the Volta Basin (7% of all runoff and 13% of runoff generated in Ghana). These figures fall far below global water abstraction rates for agricultural purposes, currently at 70%, and, therefore, appear to be viable from an environmental point of view.

Under the proposed policy framework, the Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Development Project is expected to deal with and enforce environmental sustainability in the use of water for agriculture and other uses in the SADA Zone.

MAP 03

PG.23

7. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT (CROPS, LIVESTOCK, AGROFORESTRY AND AQUACULTURE) Under this masterplan, land suitability analysis in the SADA Zone was undertaken for crops (25) under rain-fed and irrigated conditions, livestock (suitability for forage legumes, improved pasture – grasses and rangeland), agroforestry and planted forests and commercial pond aquaculture.

Analysis on crops, livestock and forestry was based on the Agro-ecological Zones (AEZ) methodology, developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Institute for Applied Science Systems Analysis (IIASA), while the aquaculture assessment relied on a methodology compiled by Dr. Ruby Asmah, Senior Researcher at the Water Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Ghana.

The crops component was mostly based on the Ghana Environmental Resource Management Project (GERMP, based on the FAO-IIASA AEZ methodology), funded by the World Bank and DANIDA and implemented by the Soil Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of Ghana. The original scope (under rain-fed conditions only) was, however, expanded to capture analysis under irrigated conditions.

The livestock and forestry components, even though based on inputs from the GERMP as well, also benefited from inputs and considerations of the Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning – A case study of Kenya, implemented by FAO. The aquaculture component, though, relied on the work of Dr. Ruby Asmah, based on A Strategic reassessment of fish farming potential in Africa, authored by José Aguilar-Manjarrez and Shree S. Nath, and published by the FAO in 1998.

The greatest contribution of this task was to demonstrate in numbers and within a spatial perspective how irrigation can dramatically transform agricultural landscape in the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone by substantially expanding extents of suitable land (see Graph 01 and maps 5 and 6). This can be more easily seen by comparing extents of suitable land under rain-fed and irrigated conditions in selected crops (mainly rice and sugar cane).

LAND SUITABILITY FOR LIVESTOCK Climatic and edaphic requirements of pasture were based on an ensemble of grass and forage species which included Aristida spp., Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass), Cynodon dactylon (scutch grass), Sorghum sudanense, among others within grasses, and Centrosema pubescens (butterfly pea), Desmodium spp. (tick clover), among others within forages.

PG.25 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

LAND SUITABILITY FOR AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS Likewise, suitability for forestry was based on an ensemble of climatic and edaphic requirements of tree species, including, among many others, acacias (Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Acacia Senegal), eucalyptus (eucalyptus tereticornis, camaldulensis, citriodora, microtecha), Calliandra calothyrsus, Bridelia micrantha, etc.

FIGURE 02 – CROPS, GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES (LIVESTOCK) AND TREE SPECIES UNDER ANALYSIS RICE

sugar cane

maize

soybeans

GROUNDNUTS

SORGHUM

PEARL MILLET

COTTON

cassava

sweet potato

White, yellow, greater YAMS

COCOYAM

mango

CASHEW

PINEAPPLE

CITRUS

BANANA/ PLANTAIN

ROBUSTA COFFEE

COCONUT

COCOA

OIL PALM

SHEA BUTTER

PASTURE (GRASSES)

FORAGE LEGUMES

RANGELAND

TREE SPECIES

Table 02 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS, LIVESTOCK (GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES), AGROFORESTRY AND PLANTED FORESTS AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (HECTARES) VERY SUITABLE

SUITABLE

BUNDED RICE

0

22,825

229,050

615,640

9,449,261

SUGAR CANE

0

0

6,463

212,683

10,097,630

MAIZE

425,075

751,385

1,198,120

5,574,681

2,367,515

SOYBEAN

411,589

837,938

1,072,023

4,696,348

3,298,878

GROUNDNUT

610,120

571,941

1,259,146

4,686,442

3,189,128

SORGHUM

704,527

1,119,409

3,332,674

3,291,006

1,869,160

PEARL MILLET

267,529

1,582,984

3,632,013

2,902,971

1,931,279

COTTON

422,830

475,024

715,302

2,171,939

6,531,681

CASSAVA

182,730

614,389

1,271,103

3,485,956

4,762,598

SWEET POTATO

512,606

279,532

689,182

2,212,622

6,622,835

9,537

215,871

371,501

902,456

8,817,412

MANGO

256,911

460,269

424,843

1,917,857

7,256,897

CASHEW

625,678

753,741

855,973

4,338,458

3,742,926

PINEAPPLE

12,931

151,042

654,069

542,214

8,956,520

CITRUS

11,115

4,269

186,920

207,969

9,906,503

SHEA BUTTER

220,500

1,363,800

1,857,854

3,854,821

3,019,802

FORAGE LEGUMES

905,827

2,792,171

2,030,699

3,487,280

964,679

Pasture

485,012

1,965,570

4,201,708

3,251,099

277,266

Rangeland

488,084

2,961,910

4,661,581

1,971,638

97,444

1,932,323

953,007

1,573,718

3,540,442

2,297,032

WHITE YAM

Agroforestry and planted forests

MODERATELY MARGINALLY SUITABLE SUITABLE

NOT SUITABLE

EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR COMMERCIAL POND AQUACULTURE (IN HECTARES)

Commercial Aquaculture

VERY SUITABLE

SUITABLE

Fairly SUITABLE

NOT SUITABLE

0

6,744,229

3,839,534

0

PG.27 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

table 03 - EXTENTS OF LAND VARIOUSLY SUITED FOR CROPS AND LIVESTOCK (GRASSES AND FORAGE LEGUMES) AT HIGH INPUTS UNDER IRRIGATED CONDITIONS (HECTARES) Â

VERY SUITABLE

SUITABLE

MODERATELY SUITABLE

MARGINALLY SUITABLE

NOT SUITABLE

BUNDED RICE

3,621,147

373,519

1,851,432

1,526,040

2,944,638

SUGAR CANE

974,976

2,199,924

3,716,013

2,306,596

1,119,268

1,108,519

1,949,559

2,231,572

4,323,123

704,003

728,918

1,224,806

2,656,341

4,973,500

733,212

GROUNDNUT

1,337,874

1,395,392

2,361,395

4,245,524

976,591

SORGHUM

1,665,240

1,911,495

4,302,879

2,063,790

373,372

PEARL MILLET

1,406,757

2,261,742

4,214,919

1,928,599

504,760

COTTON

1,092,722

1,899,508

1,652,449

4,692,449

979,648

CASSAVA

900,723

573,616

3,597,568

3,786,738

1,458,130

SWEET POTATO

610,231

716,214

1,665,754

5,605,778

1,718,799

WHITE YAM (GREATER, YELLOW)

609,259

715,553

1,096,574

5,897,468

1,997,923

COCOYAM

900,723

569,057

3,601,399

3,787,467

1,458,130

MANGO

1,274,702

1,680,044

1,280,238

4,645,942

1,435,850

CASHEW

1,278,925

1,694,430

1,774,968

4,334,995

1,233,458

PINEAPPLE

1,049,479

1,760,239

1,469,598

4,600,718

1,436,742

CITRUS

266,890

2,013,010

1,633,486

2,083,804

4,319,586

PLANTAIN/BANANA

431,140

1,210,198

2,240,014

5,358,883

1,076,541

ROBUSTA COFFEE

101,937

67,917

340,137

1,055,120

8,751,665

COCONUT

206,428

1,809,806

1,448,037

3,784,866

3,067,639

COCOA

223,743

920,714

2,241,822

2,536,740

4,393,757

OIL PALM

264,416

2,004,765

1,640,349

5,209,791

1,197,457

Forage legumes

2,548,324

5,539,906

1,463,948

477,078

267,269

Pasture

3,160,991

5,626,477

1,060,797

314,486

133,773

MAIZE SOYBEAN

GRAPH 01 - COMPARISONS BETWEEN EXTENTS OF SUITABLE LAND (FROM VERY TO MODERATELY SUITABLE) UNDER IRRIGATED AND RAIN-FED CONDITIONS (MILLION HECTARES) 9.8 7.9

7.9

6.9

5.7 5.7

5.1 2.4

e

gu

m

ur ra fo

RAIN-FED

es

0.2

le

)

AN

w M

lo el ,y

AV REATER POTATOA

M YA WHITE IRRIGATED

0.8

ge

0.6

(G

CA S WEET S S

COTTON

M ILLET M

S OR PEARL G HU

G ROUNDNUT

AI Z S OYBEANE

2.2 1.1

S

1.5

3.9

st

2.1

1.6

4.3

pa

3.0

2.4

4.7

4.2

CITRU

4.6

0.0

M

CANE

RICE

G AR SU

BUNDED

2.3

5.2

5.1

S HEW PINEAPPLE

2.4

4.6

GO

5.3

5.5

CA

5.8

0.3

9.6

MAP 04

PG.29

MAP 05

MAP 06

PG.31

MAP 07

MAP 08

PG.33

8. POTENTIAL DAM SITES AND IRRIGATION SCHEME PROJECTS Tens of documents, dated from at least 1925 to the present, have been analysed in order to properly characterize the infrastructure development potentials of the SADA Zone for irrigation, hydropower, flood control and aquaculture purposes. For example, maybe the first time the Bui Gorge was identified as a suitable location for a multipurpose dam and hydropower plant was in 1925, in the report “The Possibility of the Bui Gorge as the site of Hydro-electric Station,

by Sir Albert E. Kitson”. Some of the key findings (incorporated in the final report) of such an extensive survey include: • 23 potential large and medium-sized dam sites for hydropower, irrigation, flood control and multipurpose use. Potential additional combined installed capacity would be at least 553 MW. If the Bui hydropower capacity (already installed) is added to the electrical equation, the SADA Zone can yield as much as 953 MW, which “is practically another Akosombo” (1,038 MW); • From 209,000 ha to 647,395 ha in potential gross irrigable land in large irrigation schemes (> 4,000 ha) to choose from for development; • 104 small dam sites distributed across 95 sub-catchments of the main basins, which could irrigate as much as 104,000 ha in small and medium-sized irrigation schemes (400 ha > 4,000 ha); The proposed medium-term target is to bring 200,000 ha under irrigation, 50% with public and 50% with private investment.

MAP 09

PG.35

MAP 10

PG.37

table 04 - OPTIONS FOR IRRIGATION SCHEME DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS Irrigation Schemes

Targeted Irrigable land (Ha) – public sector-led

Nasia-Nabogo Irrigation Scheme Project (NIS)

10,000

Daka River Valley Irrigation Scheme Project (DIS)

20,000

Bui Irrigation Scheme Project (BIS)

30,000

Additional irrigable land (Ha) – private sector

100,000 Pwalugu Irrigation Scheme Project (PIS)

20,000

Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Scheme Project (FIS)

-

Small and Mid-sized

20,000

Total

100,000

Source: Diverse feasibility reports.

100,000

MAP 11

PG.39

9. PROPOSED POLICY FRAMEWORK A conceptual strategy has been elaborated to turn the findings and recommendations for commercial agriculture development of modules 1, 2 and 3 into a proposed course of action.

The need for such strategy was translated into the works of module 4, which provides a framework to integrate infrastructure development, climate-smart agriculture technologies for sustainable agriculture-led growth, the value chain approach and the proposed spatial development framework (agribusiness development zones, clusters and growth poles) through the implementation of policy projects targeted at dealing with and overcoming existing constraints to broad-based commercial agriculture and agribusiness development.

The policy framework is structured upon strategic pillars (3), framework programs (9) and policy projects (49). Policy projects are proposed to deal with specific constraints and targets, such as land tenure, financing for large, medium and small farmers, financing for public infrastructure, irrigation infrastructure, improvement of research and extension services, transformation of subsistence to commercial agriculture among smallholders, sustainability, seed and agro-chemicals policy and access improvements, attraction of private investment, climate-risk and multi-hazard assessment capacity creation, among others.

PG.41 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

table 05 - Proposed Strategic Pillars, Framework Programs and Policy Projects  Strategic Pillars

1. Establishment or improvement of the key hard (infrastructure), soft (policies, institution) structures and information systems

2. Improving and upgrading farm level production on a sustainable manner

3. Launching successful downstream processing And agriculture-based industrialization (agribusiness value chains)

Framework Programs

Policy Projects

1. Development of world-class research and extension services

9 projects

2. Land management and farmers services support framework

2 projects

3. Investment, Finance and rural credit development framework

5 projects

4. Strategic Policies Framework

2 projects

5. Social and production-targeted infrastructure development framework

7 projects

6. Subsistence-to-commercial agriculture transformation and access to improved inputs frameworks

5 projects

7. Strategic and priority crops clusters development framework

8 projects

8. Sustainability and Environmental Development Framework

5 projects

9. Agribusiness and private investment development framework

6 projects

Source: Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone

PG.43 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

10. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE AND GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) One of the key assumptions behind the strong cooperation between SADA and Brazil (through Queiroz Galvão) is the strong, long-term collaboration potential that exists between Brazil and Ghana in the field of agriculture. Particularly, Brazil has overseen, in the last 30 years, a major agriculture-led transformation of its own Savannah ecological region, the Cerrado, “transformed from a sleepy backwater into a highly productive, globally competitive agricultural exporter” (WORLD BANK, Awakening Africa’s Sleeping Giant: Prospects for Commercial Agriculture in the Guinea Savannah Zone and Beyond. Washington, 2009).

Therefore, Brazil has much to offer Ghana in terms of knowledge and technology on how to transform a Savannah environment (with the typical natural challenges specific to it, such as erratic rainfall, soil constraints, etc.) into a highly productive agricultural frontier.

What is also relevant is that various technologies and techniques have been developed, tested and proven successful in the Brazilian Savannah, and can be adapted and implemented in the Ghanaian Savannah.

SADA could also benefit from the experience of the relationships between small and large-scale farmers, between research institutes and agribusinesses, between public and private investments, among others.

Most of the techniques and technologies contained within the Good Agriculture Practices extensively used in the Brazilian Savannah and proposed for the SADA Zone are also part of the climate-smart agriculture approach. Climate smart agriculture is not a new agricultural system, nor is it a set of practices. It is a new approach, a way to guide the needed changes of agricultural systems, given the necessity to jointly address food security and climate change.

(FAO, Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook).

Typical good agricultural practices (and climate-smart agriculture options) include sustainable land and water management techniques such as conservation agriculture (minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, crop rotation), contour farming, direct seeding, integrated pest management, water harvesting, among many others. By generally improving the use of resources (water, land) for agricultural purposes (improving soil water holding capacity, controlling erosion, improving soil structure with organic matter, boosting soil nutrient, etc.), these techniques not only boost farmers capacity for climate change resilience and adaptation, but also strongly contribute to increasing financial sustainability and profitability of agriculture.

Addressing the challenges posed by climate change while increasing the economic attractiveness of agriculture are strategic imperatives for commercial agriculture development.

Along with other objectives (such as multi-hazard risk management), climate-smart agriculture is a key component of SADA’s vision for sustainable agriculture and agribusiness development.

MAP 08 - WORLD MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF 180º

120º

60º

60º

30º

Equador

0º

BRAZIL

30º

PG.45 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

4 CONTINENTS, 1 SAVANNAH SAVANNAH AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD 0º

60º

120º

180º

GHANA

60º

Scale by latitude 30º 0 0

1.000 1.610

2.000 mi 3.220 km

TABLE 06 - PORTFOLIO OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE (GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES) OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE TROPICAL AGRICULTURE Typical climate-smart agriculture techniques and systems envisaged for broad use and dissemination across the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone include:

Techniques

Conservation agriculture: • Minimum soil disturbance (no till) • Permanent organic soil cover • Crop rotation • Cover cropping

• Improves soil physical condition for water intake • Reduces runoff, erosion, and soil compaction • Restores soil fertility and adds organic matter to the soil • Improves soil structure and reduces runoff and erosion • Improves soil carbon

Contour farming

• Conserves soil moisture on the hillside • Reduces erosion and nutrient losses • Maintains the fertility of the soil

Agroforestry

Benefits

Crop-Livestock-Forestry integration

• Reduced pressure in natural vegetation for wood products and fodder • Links erosion control practices with production • Provides biodiversity corridors on farms • Improved microclimate in farms • Recovery of native vegetation and species • Creates favourable microclimate sites for on-farm biodiversity • Protects the environment against extremes of climatic elements (rainfall, temperature, windstorms, and so on) • Sequesters carbon above ground and in soil • Climate mitigation potential (Smith and Martino, 2007); 0.33 and 0.72 tCO2/ha/year in warm-dry and warm-moist areas, respectively.

PG.47 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

Techniques

Benefits

• Corrects soil acidity • Reduces saturation by aluminium Liming of acidic soils

• Improves fertilizer solubility • Favours biologic activity • Provides an increase of phosphorous availability • With a “corrected soil”, absorption of water and nutrients by the crop becomes more efficient

Permanent riparian buffer protection, afforestation and revegetation

• Controls erosion • Adds organic matter to soil through litter fall • Recycles nutrients and improves soil fertility • Creates suitable environment for soil microbial activity • Enhances infiltration and conserves soil moisture • Regulates soil and ambient temperature • Sequesters carbon • Promotes rapid growth of plants and rehabilitates degraded and marginal lands

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

• Reduction in the use of nitrogenous chemicals (may reduce up to 50%), which results in savings for the farmer • Mitigation of environmental impacts since the N from the chemical fertilizer may be washed away by flood waters.

Source: World Bank, Embrapa, others Obs: this is just a sample of many climate-smart agriculture and good agricultural practices. A more comprehensive inventory and description can be found in the Volume V of the final report.

FIGURE 03 - Conceptual agroforestry and livestock (crop-livestock-forestry integration) system

MAP 12

PG.49

11. THE PROPOSED VALUE CHAINS In general terms, a value chain is a sequence of operations which lead to the production of goods (end products) and services. Its articulation is influenced by the possibilities provided by resources (natural, financial, human), technology and defined by the strategies of agents who perceive an opportunity for profit. The relationships among agents are of interdependence or complementarity and are determined through hierarchical structures.

In other words, it implies seeing agents and processes under a single value chain ecosystem, which overviews the whole, its relevant parts and its interrelationships. Overlooking an industry through the lens of a value chain implies seeing all production stages (farm production, up and downstream services and processing) as one single system.

Strong value chains can create significant returns for societies and market players alike.

The SADA Zone’s strong suitability for agriculture provides the foundation for the creation of environmentally and economically sustainable value chains.

The proposed value chains for the SADA Zone have been conceived taking into consideration: • The natural suitability of the zone to grow the specific crops required within specific value chains; • Their potentials to socially and economically transform the Northern Savannah Ecological Zone; • Their labour-intensiveness and job creation potential; • Their potential contribution to the Country’s strategic development goals; • Their contribution to food security; • Their contribution to import substitution and export revenue creation.

The value chains which can bring long-lasting benefits to the SADA Zone and, therefore, are proposed to be strongly promoted include: • Grains, cereals and oilseeds (rice, maize, soybean, sorghum, millet, groundnuts, cowpea, cotton, etc.) – for vegetable oils, animal feed, rice, fibers, etc.; • Poultry; • Meat and dairy livestock; • Cassava and tubers (yams, sweet potato) – for flour, starch and other by-products; • Sugar; • Fruits (citrus, mango, cashew, pineapple, plantain/banana), for fresh-cut, frozen fruits, juices and concentrates; • Fresh and processed vegetables – for airborne transport to Europe and other markets; • Aquaculture (pond and reservoir-based).

PG.51 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

Figure 04 - CONCEPTUAL FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS MAIN PRODUCT

CENTER OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION (FARMS)

SERVICE PROVIDERS

PROCESSING INDUSTRY

RESIDUES

MARKET

PROCESSING

INPUT SUPPLIERS

SEED SUPPLIERS mechanization services and equipment

FERTILIZER SUPPLIERS

MEAL

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Figure 05 - FLOWCHART OF AGRIBUSINESS VALUE CHAINS PROPOSED FOR THE SADA ZONE UPSTREAM

AGRO-INDUSTRY

FARM LEVEL

RICE

RICE MILL

FERTILIZERS OIL MILLS (SOYBEAN, GROUNDNUTS, SUNFLOWER)

PHITOSANITARY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

GRAINS, CEREALS AND OILSEEDS WAREHOUSES

VEGETABLES SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS

VEGETABLE PROCESSING AND PACKING HOUSE

FEED MILL

FRESH AND PROCESSED FRUIT

THERMAL POWER PLANT

FRUITS AND TREE CROPS JUICES

MECHANIZATION SERVICES and equipment

GENETICS

LIME STONE MILL

SUGAR

SUGAR AND ETHANOL MILL

TUBERS

FLOUR AND STARCH

FORESTS (TEAK, EUCALYPTUS)

SAW MILL

COTTON

GINNERY

WEAVING

PG.53 REPUBLIC OF GHANA

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

processing facility

CHICKEN HATCHERY

EGGS PLANT

PROCESSED RICE

MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

CHICKEN FATTENING

CHICKEN processing facility

REFINED VEGETABLE OIL

CANNED VEGETABLES

MILK CATTLE FARMING

MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

CHILLED AND FROZEN MEAT

REFINED SUGAR

BEEF CATTLE FARMING

BEEF processing facility

FRUITS AND JUICES

FIBER AND CLOTHING

AQUACULTURE

FISH processing facility

WOOD AND PELLETS

FURNITURE

FINISHED PRODUCTS

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12. AGRIBUSINESS SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK – PROPOSED CLUSTERS AND DEVELOPMENT ZONES The result of the detailed analysis of the agricultural resources of the zone (inventory of resources, land suitability assessment and integration of proposed infrastructure), indicates that different parts of the SADA Zone may have particular characteristics, e.g. share of resources, dynamic of urban and rural populations, availability of agricultural land versus environmentally-protected areas, land suitability, suitable for different transformational paths.

Based on these, 06 Agribusiness Development Zones/clusters can be discerned, generating specific agribusiness (value chain focused) clusters. Priority infrastructure projects are also identified as potential catalysts of private investment and agribusiness value chains in each of these clusters.

These clusters are shown in the map overleaf and their characteristics briefly explained in the following pages.

MAP 13

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AGRIBUSINESS development ZONE 1 Agribusiness Zone 1 is located in the Upper eastern side of the SADA Zone, stretching across parts of the Upper East and Northern Region. It is composed of two geographical units, being (1) the Upper East Region portion, and (2) the hilly stretches found in the Northern Region, mostly across Gambaga and Nakpanduri. What brings these areas together is the high population density (mostly in geographical unit 1) and the steeper-than-usual slopes around Gambaga and Nakpanduri. These characteristics put together suggest that agricultural development within this zone should target smallholder agriculture as a priority.

Soils are of tremendous quality, suitable for most of the crops which have been surveyed under the masterplan (grains, oilseeds, fruits, etc.). Irrigation is key to sustainable agricultural projects in the area, since rainfall is very low and evapotranspiration very high. Potential for irrigation comes from the White (Red) Volta and from underground sources.

Potential value chains (clusters) to be promoted and developed include livestock (livestock density is relatively high in the region), rice, vegetables (sweet potato as the key one), grains, cereals and oilseeds – maize, soybeans, cotton, etc. There are very suitable conditions for irrigation of groundnuts mostly within the Tamne basin and accross the Bawku-Gambaga road.

Some fruits could also be developed, such as cashew and pineapple.

TWO MAIN CLUSTERS ARE FORESEEN: 1. Grains, cereals and oilseeds; 2. Fruits, vegetables and tubers. Basically the two geographical units within the Zone present suitability for any of the crops under both clusters.

Key infrastructure projects to be implemented include the Pwalugu Multi-purpose Dam, a second dam on the Tono River and the Tamne Irrigation Scheme, while a special economic zone around Bolgatanga should be encouraged, driven by processing industries and perhaps warehousing services serving neighbouring countries.

The Gambaga area also has deposits of lime. The availability of commercial gold deposits in this area reinforce the suitability of small scale agriculture.

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TABLE 07 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 1 Gross area

10,059 Km²

Key urban center and proposed Special Economic Zone

Bolgatanga

Other important settlements

Priority value chains (clusters)

Navrongo, Bawku, Zebila, Gambaga, Bongo, Garu, Nakpanduri

Livestock, rice, fruits (cashew, pineapple, mango), vegetables and tubers, grains, oilseeds and cereals

Priority Public infrastructure projects

Pwalugu Multi-purpose Dam, Tamne Irrigation Scheme, second dam on the Tono river

Priority Private Investment Projects to be promoted

Rice mill, rice out-grower scheme, vegetable oil mill, vegetables and fruits packing house, beef slaughterhouse, cassava processing facility, grains, cereals and oilseeds out-grower scheme

MAP 14

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AGRIBUSINESS development ZONE 2 Agribusiness Zone 2 is mostly located in the Northern Region of Ghana, though with small stretches within the Upper East Region, extending to the border with Togo in the East, the Mole National Park in the West, the Daboya-Tamale road and the Tamale-Yendi road in the South. In this zone, it is proposed that large scale commercial agriculture can coexist with smallholder agriculture, since larger stretches of suitable land are available, considerable water resources for irrigation are found in the zone and population density is lower than in Agribusiness Development Zone 1.

Soils are of tremendous quality and can be grouped under 2 categories, which can then provide foundations for 2 clusters: 1. Eastern side of the zone, mostly suitable for rice along the valleys of the Nasia and Nabogo rivers; 2. West of the zone, where even though suitability for rice is also present, appropriate upland sites and also valleys with suitability for most grains, oil seeds, fruits, etc. abound.

Sugar cane under irrigation is also a promising value chain (cluster) for this zone.

Irrigation is key to sustainable agricultural projects, since rainfall is very low and evapotranspiration very high.

Potential value chains (clusters) to be promoted and developed include rice (so much potential that a rice belt or bow can be coined), grains, cereals and oil seeds, poultry, vegetable oils and sugar.

Key infrastructure projects to be implemented include the Nasia-Nabogo, the Pwalugu and The Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Schemes (the last one with water resources from the Kulpawn and Sissili rivers). A special economic zone could be structured in and around Tamale.

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table 08 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 2 Gross area

Key urban centers

Special Economic Zone

20,511 Km²

Tamale, Nasia, Nabogo, Wulugu, Wale Wale, Gushiago, Daboya, Savelugu

Tamale

Priority value chains (clusters)

Rice, grains, cereals and oil seeds, poultry, sugar

Priority Public infrastructure projects

Nasia-Nabogo Irrigation Scheme, Pwalugu Irrigation Scheme, Fumbisi Valley Irrigation Scheme

Priority Private Investment Projects to be promoted

Rice mill, rice anchor farms and out-grower schemes, soybean-maize anchor farms and out-grower schemes, poultry farms and out-grower schemes, sugar mill, vegetable oil and feed mill

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AGRIBUSINESS development ZONE 3 Agribusiness Zone 3 is located in the South Eastern portion of the Northern Region and includes the Volta Region districts which compose the SADA Zone. Its border in the North is the Yendi-Tamale road, in the East it borders with Togo, the Volta Lake in the South and the White Volta River in the West.

Water resources are plentiful in the Zone, which is dominated by the valleys of the Oti, Daka and Mawli rivers. This is another zone where land suitability favours rice mostly, and large scale commercial agriculture can also coexist with smallholder farming. Large tracts of acrisols across Zabzugu and Bimbila, and luvisols around Kete Krachi and across the Bimbila-Salaga road, however, provide favourable conditions for a wide range of crops, including perennial crops, fruits, sugar, grains, cereals and oilseeds, cotton, vegetables and tubers. Irrigation is essential, but sustainable rain-fed production is possible for some annual crops, since rainfall is higher in the zone.

Potential value chains (clusters) to be promoted and developed include rice (a second rice belt can be envisaged across the Daka and Mawli valleys), grains, cereals and oil seeds, livestock, vegetable oils, sugar under irrigation, fruits, cassava and cotton. Aquaculture is also a promising option, since cage (Volta Lake) and pond (high clay soils present) aquaculture can be strongly encouraged across the zone.

Key infrastructure projects to be implemented include the Juale Multi-purpose dam, the Daka River Valley Irrigation Scheme and a grains harbour terminal at Makango. A special economic zone could be structured along the Bimbila-Salaga-Makango axis or Kete Krachi.

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table 09 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 3 Gross area

Key urban centers

Special Economic Zone

24,521 Km²

Yendi, Bimbila, Salaga, Makango, Kete Krachi, Nkwanta, Dambai

Across Bimbila-Salaga-Makango or Kete Krachi

Priority value chains (clusters)

Rice, grains, cereals and oil seeds, sugar, perennial fruit crops, aquaculture, cotton, cassava

Priority Public infrastructure projects

Juale Multi-purpose dam, the Daka River Valley Irrigation Scheme and a grains harbour terminal at Makango

Priority Private Investment Projects to be promoted

Rice mill, rice anchor farms and out-grower schemes, soybean-maize-cotton anchor farms and out-grower schemes, fruit trees out-grower scheme, cotton processing and ginnery, cassava processing facility, aquaculture out-grower scheme, fruit packing house and juice factory

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AGRIBUSINESS development ZONE 4 Agribusiness Zone 4 is located mostly in the Brong Ahafo Region (though it contains stretches of the East Gonja District of the Northern Region), being bordered in the South by the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions, in the West by the Black Volta-Lower Volta drainage basins boundary, in the North and East by the Volta Lake. The Zone has higher rainfall than the average of the SADA Zone and plenty of high quality soils which can support the formation of several value chains (clusters). Population density is also relatively lower than in Agribusiness Development Zone 1, which implies that large scale commercial agriculture could also coexist with smallholder farming.

Previous irrigation potential mapping of the zone is not as abundant as for the others, though the dominance of the Volta Lake across the zone implies that pump irrigation can be, to a certain degree, feasibly exploited, just as much as cage and pond aquaculture.

Soils can be subdivided under two categories. Category 1 would comprise soils South and South East of Atebubu and Category 2 would include soils North, North East and West of Atebubu.

Category 1 could support practically any of the surveyed value chains. Fruit crops (plantain, banana, citrus, coconut, mango, cashew, pineapple) would be one set of value chains to be developed. Cassava and yams (to a certain degree heavily cultivated by smallholders currently) could also provide good economic results across the region.

Category 2 can also become some sort of rice bowl, given irrigation can be provided. Forestry and crop-forestry-livestock integration could also be foreseen for the region.

The Digya National Park can also be a source of major tourism development, harnessing both the forest as well as potential water transport and recreation along the Volta Lake.

Yeji could also be developed into a smaller inland port and landing site.

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table 10 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 4 Gross area (Km²)

Key urban centers

Special Economic Zone

Priority value chains (clusters)

Priority Public infrastructure projects

Priority Private Investment Projects to be promoted

17,038 Km²

Atebubu, Amantin, Sawaba, Yeji, Kwadwokrom

Atebubu

Fruits (mango, banana, pineapple, citrus, etc.), cassava, yams, rice, grains, cereals and oilseeds

Lake harbour at Yeji, improvement of road connections, pumped irrigation across the lake

Fruit trees seedlings production, aquaculture out-grower scheme, fruit trees out-grower scheme, vegetables out-grower scheme, cassava processing, vegetables packing house, Yeji port and barges.

MAP 20

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AGRIBUSINESS development ZONE 5 Agribusiness Zone 5 provides some of the greatest natural potentials within the SADA Zone.

Water resources are abundant, suitable multi-purpose dam sites are plentiful, soils are of great quality and the Buipe Port City can play a vital role in diversifying the region’s economy. The Zone incorporates the South Western portion of the Northern Region and districts of the Brong Ahafo region and its borders are the Ghana-Cote d’Ivoire international border in the West, the Brong Ahafo region in the South, the Black Volta-Lower Volta drainage basins border and the White Volta River in the East, the Tamale-Daboya road, the Mole National Park and stretches of the Damongo-Sawla road in the North.

From an agricultural point of view, it is possible to conceive 2 major clusters: 1. A major cluster, with irrigated and rain-fed farming in the North across Yapei-Damongo Bole axis. This cluster, even though soils are also multi-suitable, could focus on grains, cereals and oil seeds, laying foundations for poultry and vegetable oil value chains (cluster).

2. A major cluster in the South, with predominance of irrigation, around the Bui Irrigation Scheme, where higher added value crops can be promoted, including fruits (citrus, coconut, mango, cashew), cocoa, oil palm, pineapple, and even robusta coffee, preferably in the Tain and Banda districts.

Key infrastructure projects to be promoted include the Bui Irrigation Scheme, Jambito and Ntereso hydropower projects (potentially Lanka), a major lake port and industrial Estate in Buipe, a number of small and medium-sized dams and irrigation schemes in the Sorri river catchment (around Damongo).

A special economic zone can be strongly promoted across the Buipe-Damongo Axis.

Damongo could also benefit from a catalytic effect on and from the Mole National Park.

Bole’s smock weaving industry can be a tourist attraction.

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table 11 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 5 Gross area (Km²)

Key urban centers

Special Economic Zone

Priority value chains (clusters)

Priority Public infrastructure projects

Priority Private Investment Projects to be promoted

22,882 Km²

Buipe, Kintampo, Damongo, Bole, Nsawkaw

Damongo-Buipe axis

Grains, cereals and oil seeds, poultry, juices and fresh-cut fruits from perennial fruit crops (cashew, mango, citrus), pinepple, non-traditional crops in the Zone (coffee, cocoa, oil palm) Bui Irrigation Scheme, Jambito, Lanka and Ntereso hydropower stations, major port and industrial estate in Buipe

Maize-soybean anchor farms and out-grower schemes, Fruit trees seedlings production, fruit out-grower schemes, fruit packing house and juice production facility

MAP 22

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AGRIBUSINESS DEVELoPMENT ZONE 6 Agribusiness Zone 6 is bordered in the North and West by the Ghana-Burkina Faso international border, in the South by the Damongo-Sawla road, in the East by the Mole National Park (the Park is entirely within this zone) and the Upper East Region.

It is one of the largest zones in terms of landmass and has some of the largest water resources, including the Black Volta, Kulpawn and Sissili rivers.

Even though agricultural potential is also huge, the Zone has some points of attention, which include large portions of leptosols (shallow, not suitable soils) and great extensions of national parks and forest reserves, which are no-go zones for agriculture (but tremendous opportunities for tourism). Even areas not under a permanent environmental protection regime should be under detailed environmental scrutiny. As an example, one can make reference to the Western Wildlife Corridor covering an elephant migration route from Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso through Gbele Resource Reserve to Mole National Park in Ghana. The World Bank funded Sustainable Land and Water Management Project proposes the establishment of CREMA’S (Community Resources Management Areas) across the Western Wildlife Corridor.

Other non-agricultural potentials are also strongly present within this Zone; gold and quarry prospects present potentials all accross the Sawla, Wa and Lawra road.

This area also has suitable land for shea nut production and already has a large percentage of shea trees growing in the wild as well as a fledging shea plantation.

MAP 24 - (WORLD BANK-FUNDED) SUSTAINABLE LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT AREA MAP (SOURCE: THE WORLD BANK)

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AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ZONE 6 As far as agriculture is concerned, large tracts of suitable land are available across the WaSawla road axis, which appear to be in a good position to not endanger any environmental issues. Across this axis, several types of crops (and value chains - clusters) can be developed, including grains, cereals and oilseeds, sugar under irrigation, cashew and other fruits, cotton, among others. The Black Volta is a major asset to provide water for pumped irrigation across the Zone. The nature of the zone (higher elevations with streams and rivers that do not generally flood plains like in zones 2 and 3), also presents many opportunities for small and medium sized dams, either in the South of the Zone (Gbalon water shed, around Sawla, with 5 potential small dam sites) or in the North (along the Hamale-Lawra-Wa axis, with over 13 small dam sites, including on the Kamba river).

Major infrastructure projects across the zone include the Koulbi (Noumbiel) hydropower plant (a bi-national development with Burkina Faso), tens of small and medium sized dams, the Kanyambia dam (around Tumu), which could provide for hydropower and irrigation development, in addition to the Sissili and Kulpawn dams (which would mostly benefit irrigable soils outside of the zone, but also some soils within the zone).

Since the eastern portion of the Zone will be most likely linked to Agribusiness Zone 2, Wa appears to be the dominant site for a Special Economic Zone.

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table 12 - Key features of Agribusiness Development Zone 6 Gross area (Km²)

Key urban centers

Special Economic Zone

Priority value chains (clusters)

Priority Public infrastructure projects

Priority Private Investment Projects to be promoted

29,781 Km²

Lawra, Wa, Sawla, Tumu, Nandom, Hamale

Wa

Grains, cereals and oil seeds, livestock, cotton, cashew

Koulbi hydropower dam, Kanyambia, Sissili and Kulpawn multi-purpose dams

Cotton processing and ginnery, cotton out-grower scheme, cashew nuts out-grower scheme and processing facility, maize-soybeans-cotton anchor farms and out-grower scheme, shea butter out-grower scheme and processing facility

MAP 25

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13. CONCLUDING REMARKS As indicated at the beginning, this synthesis document aims only to provide a flavour for detailed information available in the 06 volumes of The Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone.

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Aguilar-Manjarrez, Jose and S. Nath, Shree. (1998) A Strategic Reassessment of Fish Farming Potential in Africa, Rome, FAO. • A.H. Kassam, H.T. van Velthuizen, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah. (1993) Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning, Technical Annex 4 – Crop Productivity, Rome, FAO and IIASA. • A.H. Kassam, H.T. van Velthuizen, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah. (1993) Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning, Technical Annex 5 – Livestock Productivity, Rome, FAO and IIASA. • A.H. Kassam, H.T. van Velthuizen, G.W. Fischer and M.M. Shah. (1993) Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning, Technical Annex 6 – Fuelwood Productivity, Rome, FAO and IIASA • Asmah, R. (2008) Development of potential and financial viability of fish farming in Ghana.

Institute of Aquaculture. University of Stirling. 289 pp. (PhD dissertation) • Boateng, Enoch. Ayanga, Timothy. (1999) LAND SUITABILTY ANALYSIS. Soil Research Institute, Accra.

• Bui Power Authority, Royal Haskoning DHV. (2013) Bui Irrigation Project. Feasibility Study, Bui Power Authority, Accra.

• FAO. (2001) Lecture Notes on the Major Soils of the World, Rome, FAO. • FAO. (2005) Irrigation in Africa in figures, AQUASTAT Survey – 2005, Rome, FAO. • FAO and UNDP. (1967) Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of Ghana, Volume I – General Report, Rome, FAO and UNDP. • FAO and UNDP. (1967) Land and Water Survey in the Upper and Northern Regions of Ghana, Volume V – Water Resources Development and Soil Conservation, Rome, FAO and UNDP. • Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project, AESA Consultants. (2016) Consultancy Services

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for: Technical Feasibility Studies on Investment in Land Development For Commercial Agriculture in the SADA Zone Valleys. Prefeasibility Report. PPP Site number 1 – Zoggo, Volumes I to III, Accra, Ministry of Food and Agriculture.

• Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project, AESA Consultants. (2016) Consultancy Services for: Technical Feasibility Studies on Investment in Land Development For Commercial Agriculture in the SADA Zone Valleys. Prefeasibility Report. PPP Site number 2 – Tamaligu, Volumes I to III, Accra, Ministry of Food and Agriculture.

• Ghana Irrigation Development Authority. (2012) Report of Site Survey. Agricultural Irrigation Project, Accra, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority.

• Ministry of Land and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, Town and Country Planning Department, National Development Planning Commission. (2015) Ghana National Spatial Development Framework (2015-2035), Volume I: Conditions and Main Issues, Accra.

• OECD/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris.

• SADA, Queiroz Galvão. (2016) Commercial Agriculture Investment Guide: The Northern Zone of Ghana, Accra, SADA. • SADA, Queiroz Galvão (2016) The Masterplan for the Transformation of Agriculture in the SADA Zone, Volumes I to VI, Accra, SADA. • UNEP-GEF Volta Project. (2010) Volta Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis: National Report Ghana, Accra, United Nations Environment Programme.

• Volta River Authority, Coyne et Bellier. (1993) Bui Hydroelectric Development. Feasibility Study Update. Final Report. Volta River Authority, Accra.

• Volta River Authority, Tractebel Engineering. (2015) Pwalugu Multipurpose Dam Project.

Feasibility Study Report, Accra, Volta River Authority.

• Water Resources Commission. (2008) White Volta River Basin Integrated Water Resources Management Plan, Accra, Water Resources Commission.

• Water Resources Commission, Canadian International Development Agency, SNC Lavalin International, INRS. (2011) Hydrogeological Assessment Project of the Northern Regions of Ghana (HAP). Final Technical Report. Volume I, Accra, Water Resources Commission.

• THE WORLD BANK. (2014) Project Paper on a Proposed Additional Grant in the Amount of $ 8.75 Million from the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund to the Republic of Ghana for a Sustainable Land and Water Management Project, Washington, THE WORLD BANK.

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