PERFORMANCE BASED OPTIMISATION OF FACADE FOR SOLAR GAIN & DAYLIGHT JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
CONTENT PROJECT OVERVIEW
CLIMATIC DATA
DESIGN ANALYSIS
PARAMETRIC SETUP
OPTIMISATION
RESULT
140+
Serving clients in more than 140 countries
740+ 45K+ $8.2bn Over 740 offices around the world
45,000 dedicated Professionals globally
$8.2 billion in revenue as of March 2013
PROJECT OVERVIEW JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Site Location
SITE | 38 km from CBD
2 km
Barcelona
Dubai
Bilbao
Chicago
Gurgaon
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Existing Design
Terrace
Guest Floors NW Axonometric
Service Floor
SW Axonometric
Public Floor
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Guest Room Bay
Typical Floor Layout
Corridor
Guestroom
Service Core
Gym
300
30 85
3200
2400 300
0 373
Guestroom
SW Axonometric
Glass
Toilet
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Facade Evolution
1 | Victorian
2 | Balcony Repeated
3 | Bay Grid Repeated
4 | Composite
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Contemporary Facade- World
Yas Hotel | Abu Dhabi
Town Hall Hotel | London
W | London
Hotel Solna | Stockholm
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Contemporary Facade- World
Yas Hotel | Abu Dhabi
Town Hall Hotel | London
W | London
Hotel Solna | Stockholm
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Contemporary Facade- India
The Park | Hyderabad
Vivanta | Bangalore
Hilton | Ahmedabad
Chrome | Kolkata
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Contemporary Facade- India
The Park | Hyderabad
Vivanta | Bangalore
Hilton | Ahmedabad
Chrome | Kolkata
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Optimised Facade- Other Building Types
Institute | Adelaide
Mixed Use | Taijan
Office | Seoul
Housing | Chicago
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Aesthetics
Victorian | Late Modernism
Modernism
Parametricism
Iterations
Performance
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
CLIMATIC DATA JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Climatic Data
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Sun Path
Equinox Path (Mar 22) Solstice Path (June 22) Solstice Path (Dec 22) N
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Climatic Data
Daylight
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Temperature
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Climatic Data
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
DESIGN ANALYSIS JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Shadow Profile As solar gain and daylight conditions are largely a result of the sun’s movement and the indirect and direct rays that hit the surfaces and adjacent surfaces of the building and its interior, the shadow profiles are shown on the right as an overview. It is observed that the north facade of the building remains completely shaded for most of the year.
Mar 22
June 22
Equinox Path (Mar 22) Solstice Path (June 22) N
Solstice Path (Dec 22)
Dec 22
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Incident Solar Radiation In accordance to the shadow profiles, the south facade has the maximum amount of incident solar radiation throughout the year after the roof.
Mar 22
NW Axonometric
June 22
Dec 22 SW Axonometric
All year
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Daylight The following images show the resulting daylight factor and level of the Fifth Floor of the existing design. Areas at 1000 lux range, which account for more than one-third area of guestrooms, are highly susceptible to glare probability. VLT U factor SC
0.50 1.68 0.49
Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs
Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs N
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Daylight Factor vs Glass VLT The daylight factor of the existing design is plotted against the Visible Light Transmittance of the glass. The daylight factor with VLT of 0.50 is 4.5 which leads to high susceptibility of glare. It is noted that daylight factor of 2.0 is achieved with VLT of 0.21.
9.9
6.0
4.9
4.0
2.0
VLT
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.1
Daylight Factor
8.0
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Daylight The following images show the resulting daylight factor and level of the Fifth Floor of the existing design with VLT of 0.21. The daylight levels are diffused which indicates a marked improvement for glare mitigation. VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs
Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs N
Since this specification satisfies the desired daylighting requirement, the solar gain of the existing design of this specification is taken as the benchmark (100%).
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Shading Analysis- Horizontal Shade Following is a comparision of the effective shading coefficient of the existing design with the addition of a typical horizontal shade. It is observed that, the shade works suitably for the summer months.
Since it is desirable to reduce the solar gain and use a glass with higher VLT, the facade needs to be designed in a way which blocks sufficient amount of direct radiation and yet, allows diffused light to get through, to achieve the required daylight factor of 2.0.
100
Shading Percentage
80
70 (Min Req) 60
AvgS
MaxS
MinS
Annual
56%
78%
26%
Summer
80%
100%
54%
Winter
37%
60%
3%
40
Average Shading (AvgS) 20
Maximum Shading (MaxS) Minimum Shading (MinS) Shading Distribution
0 J
F
M
A
M
J
J
Months
A
S
O
N
D
PARAMETRIC SETUP JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Hybrid Fin Concept The solar shading coefficient studies showed that horizontal shade is required for the summer months and vertical shades are required for the winter months. A combination of the two maked the facade look like a series of grillage (as shown in the images on the right). So, instead of a direct super-imposition of the horizontal and vertical shades, a hybrid fin is conceptualised which is derived by interpolating the intersections of the shades and the mid-points of the vertical shades. The hybrid fin also acts a contemporary expression, which makes the facade look fluid and dynamic (as shown later). The hybrid fins are optimised with the material properties of solid aluminium and tensile fabric.
+
=
X
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Shading Analysis- Hybrid Fin Following is a comparision of the effective shading coefficient of the existing design with the addition of the hybrid fins. It is observed that, the hybrid fins work suitably for both the summer and winter months.
Since it is desirable to reduce the solar gain and use a glass with higher VLT, the facade needs to be designed in a way which blocks sufficient amount of direct radiation and yet, allows diffused light to get through, to achieve the required daylight factor of 2.0.
100
Shading Percentage
80
70 (Min Req) 60
AvgS
MaxS
MinS
Annual
88%
97%
67%
Summer
95%
100%
88%
Winter
82%
95%
49%
40
Average Shading (AvgS) 20
Maximum Shading (MaxS) Minimum Shading (MinS) Shading Distribution
0 J
F
M
A
M
J
J
Months
A
S
O
N
D
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Shading Analysis- Hybrid Fin vs Horizontal Shade vs Vertical Shade Since it is desirable to reduce the solar gain and use a glass with higher VLT, the facade needs to be designed in a way which blocks sufficient amount of direct radiation and yet, allows diffused light to get through, to achieve the required daylight factor of 2.0.
100
Shading Percentage
80
70 (Min Req) 60
HFA
HSA
VSA
Annual
88%
57%
56%
Summer
95%
80%
47%
Winter
82%
38%
63%
40
Hybrid Fin Average (HFA) 20
Horizontal Shade Average (HSA) Vertical Shade Average (VSA) Shading Distribution
0 J
F
M
A
M
J
J
Months
A
S
O
N
D
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Hybrid Fin Types The hybrid fin is derived by triangulating the vertices of the intersection of the horizontal and vertical shades in different configurations. Each fin is a floor high (3200mm). The configurations are shown below.
4
Hybrid Fin Types
3 2
4 5
1 0 Human Eye Level- Standing Human Eye Level- Sitting
0|1|4 1|4|5 2|3|4 3|4|5
0|1|5 0|4|5 2|4|5 2|3|5
0|1|4 1|4|5 2|4|5 2|3|5
0|1|5 0|4|5 2|3|4 3|4|5
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Starting Orientation The selected hybrid fin type can be placed in various orientations with respect to the facade. The angle of orientation has been quantised to five values as shown below.
5
Starting Orientations
0 deg
45 deg
90 deg
135 deg
180 deg
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Hybrid Fin Length The hybrid fin can be of various sizes ranging from 500mm to 1200mm. The size of the fins will directly effect the amount of solar gain and daylight of the immediate area. Consequently, the discreetization of the domain of the length of the fins has been kept fine, at an interval of 100mm.
71
Hybrid Fin Lengths
l
500mm
700mm
950mm
1200mm
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Fin to Fin Distance The minimum fin to fin distance is calculated as the division of the length of the fin by cos 45. The distance is reflective of the bounding box of rotated fins. This makes sure that all fins can be placed at the same distance without respect to the orientation of the fin.
d
d = l / cos 45
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Additional Distance A parameter of additional distance between the fins is taken into consideration. This may help in increasing daylight by providing for more open facade. The additional distance is a multiple of the fin to fin distance ranged between 0.0(d) to 1.6(d) at an interval of 0.1(d).
17
Additional Distances
d d’
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Total Rotation The fiins are rotated to render the facade a fluid and dynamic effect. It also breaks the monotony of repetition of a single element. The range of total rotation is 45 degrees to 360 degrees at an interval of 45 degrees. The fins shown here have a total rotation of 90 degrees.
8
Total Rotations
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Sill & Lintel Level The sill and lintel levels are kept flexible between a range of 0mm to 750 mm at an interval of 50mm. This will help in regulating the amount of solar gain and daylight.
16
Sill & Lintel Levels
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
+
Hybrid Fin Type
+
Starting Orientation
+ Clear Distance
Hybrid Fin Length
+ Total Rotation
Sill & Lintel Level
GLAZING SILL/LINTEL
MATERIAL OF FIN
TOTAL ROTATION
CLEAR DISTANCE
LENGTH OF FIN
STARTING ORIENTATION
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
HYBRID FIN TYPE
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
4 x 5 x 71 x 17 x 8 x 2 x 16 77,24,800 POSSIBILITIES
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
OPTIMISATION JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Optimisation
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Genetic Algorithm
Generate Initial Population
f(
Evaluate Fitness Fitness Graph
Genetic algorithm was used to find the optimised fin for the facade. Different dimensions were randomly generated as the first generation of the algorithm. Then, each of those solutions were evaluated against solar gain, daylight level and view (known as fitness). The best few solutions were then selected and taken to the next iteration. The rest of the candidates of the generation were populated by combining the selected dimensions and by mutating some of the selected dimesnions. This process went on for a number of iterations. The dimensions with the best evaluation for the facade were selected. The flow chart of genetic algorithm is shown on the right. The three images on the extreme right explain the idea of iterations. Fig 1 shows the fitness landscape of a hypothetical problem. Fig 2 shows the random distribution of candidates in the first generation. With selection, coupling and mutation of candidates, eventually the candidates of subsequent generations merge towards the peak of the fitness landscape (fig 3).
)
Stop Condition
true
End
false
Evolution
Selection First Generation
Coupling
Mutation
Last Generation
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Optimisation
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Workflow
Export
Rhino
Rhino
Grasshopper
Existing Geometry
Setup Parameters
Geco
Ecotect Translator
Revit
Optimised Geometry
Galapagos
3DS Max
Genetic Algorithm
AutoCAD
Ecotect Analysis
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Fitness Curve
Average Fitness
100
Top 10% Fitness
Top 50% Fitness
80
70
Generation
100
80
60
40
20
60
0
Solar Gain
90
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Candidate Solution Distribution
Optimised Solution Various VLT
9.9
Candidate Solution Various VLT Existing Design 0.21 VLT (Benchmark)
8.0
6.0
4.9
238
110
Solar Gain
100
90
80
70
2.0
60
Daylight Factor
Existing Design 0.50 VLT
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Generation 1 | 4 Random Solutions Benchmark Existing Design Solar Gain 100% DF 2.1
N All year S
N 22 Mar S
N 22 June S
N 22 Dec S
Random Solution 1 Solar Gain 80.3% DF 3.1
Random Solution 2 Solar Gain 93.7% DF 2.9
Random Solution 3 Solar Gain 113.5% DF 4.6
Random Solution 4 Solar Gain 121.3% DF 4.2
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Generation 100 | 4 Random Solutions Benchmark Existing Design Solar Gain 100% DF 2.1
N All year S
N 22 Mar S
N 22 June S
N 22 Dec S
Random Solution 1 Solar Gain 64.4% DF 2.0
Random Solution 2 Solar Gain 60.8% DF 2.2
Random Solution 3 Solar Gain 57.2% DF 2.1
Random Solution 4 Solar Gain 54.6% DF 2.0
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
RESULT JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Selected Optimised Solutions Benchmark Existing Design Solar Gain 100% DF 2.1
Optimised Aluminium 1 Solar Gain 75.3% DF 2.1
Optimised Fabric 1 Solar Gain 71.8% DF 2.2
Optimised Aluminium 2 Solar Gain 78.2% DF 2.0
Existing Design optimised for DF of 2.1 with specification of 0.21 VLT
Optimised solution with Aluminium fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF
Optimised solution with Fabric fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with marginally increased DF
Optimised solution with Aluminium fins and higher VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF
Optimised Fabric 2 Solar Gain 80.3% DF 2.2
N All year S
N 22 Mar S
N 22 June S
N 22 Dec S
Optimised solution with Fabric fins and higher VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Aluminium 1 VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Solar Gain DF
75.3% 2.1
Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs
N
Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Aluminium 1 VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Solar Gain DF
75.3% 2.1
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Aluminium 1 VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Solar Gain DF
75.3% 2.1
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Fabric 1 VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Solar Gain DF
71.8% 2.2
Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs
N
Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Fabric 1 VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Solar Gain DF
71.8% 2.2
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Fabric 1 VLT U factor SC
0.21 0.70 0.20
Solar Gain DF
71.8% 2.2
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Aluminium 2 VLT U factor SC
0.67 2.25 0.65
Solar Gain DF
78.2% 2.0
Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs
N
Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Aluminium 2 VLT U factor SC
0.67 2.25 0.65
Solar Gain DF
78.2% 2.0
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Aluminium 2 VLT U factor SC
0.67 2.25 0.65
Solar Gain DF
78.2% 2.0
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Fabric 2 VLT U factor SC
0.43 1.44 0.21
Solar Gain DF
80.3% 2.1
Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs
N
Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Fabric 2 VLT U factor SC
0.43 1.44 0.21
Solar Gain DF
80.3% 2.1
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Optimised Fabric 2 VLT U factor SC
0.43 1.44 0.21
Solar Gain DF
80.3% 2.1
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Summary
Existing Design
Benchmark Existing Design
Optimised Aluminium 1
Optimised Fabric 1
Optimised Aluminium 2
Existing Design
Optimised Fabric 2
Existing Design
VLT
0.50
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.67
0.67
0.43
0.43
U factor
1.68
0.70
0.70
0.70
2.25
2.25
1.44
1.44
SC
0.49
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.65
0.65
0.41
0.41
Daylight Factor
4.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.0
6.6
2.1
4.2
238%
100%
75.3%
71.8%
78.2%
317.5%
80.3%
204.5%
Analysis of Existing Design with standard specification of 0.50 VLT
Existing Design optimised for DF of 2.1 with specification of 0.21 VLT| Solar Gain quotient taken as benchmark
Optimised solution with Aluminium fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF
Optimised solution with Fabric fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with marginally increased DF
Optimised solution with Fabric fins and higher VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF
Comparison of Existing Design with the same specification of VLT | DF & Solar Gain exceed benchmark value
Solar Gain
Optimised solution Comparison of Existing with Aluminium fins Design with the same and higher VLT | Solar specification of VLT Gain reduced with | DF & Solar Gain same DF exceed benchmark value
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Summary
Optimised Solution Various VLT
9.9
Candidate Solution Various VLT Existing Design 0.21 VLT
8.0
Optimised Solution 0.21 VLT | Fabric
6.0
Optimised Solution 0.67 VLT | Aluminium Optimised Solution 0.43 VLT | Fabric 4.0
Solar Gain
110
100
90
80
70
2.0
60
Daylight Factor
Optimised Solution 0.21 VLT | Aluminium
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Summary
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result
Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad
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