Performance Based Optimization

PERFORMANCE BASED OPTIMISATION OF FACADE FOR SOLAR GAIN & DAYLIGHT JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

CONTENT PROJECT OVERVIEW

CLIMATIC DATA

DESIGN ANALYSIS

PARAMETRIC SETUP

OPTIMISATION

RESULT

140+

Serving clients in more than 140 countries

740+ 45K+ $8.2bn Over 740 offices around the world

45,000 dedicated Professionals globally

$8.2 billion in revenue as of March 2013

PROJECT OVERVIEW JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Site Location

SITE | 38 km from CBD

2 km

Barcelona

Dubai

Bilbao

Chicago

Gurgaon

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Existing Design

Terrace

Guest Floors NW Axonometric

Service Floor

SW Axonometric

Public Floor

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Guest Room Bay

Typical Floor Layout

Corridor

Guestroom

Service Core

Gym

300

30 85

3200

2400 300

0 373

Guestroom

SW Axonometric

Glass

Toilet

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Facade Evolution

1 | Victorian

2 | Balcony Repeated

3 | Bay Grid Repeated

4 | Composite

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Contemporary Facade- World

Yas Hotel | Abu Dhabi

Town Hall Hotel | London

W | London

Hotel Solna | Stockholm

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Contemporary Facade- World

Yas Hotel | Abu Dhabi

Town Hall Hotel | London

W | London

Hotel Solna | Stockholm

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Contemporary Facade- India

The Park | Hyderabad

Vivanta | Bangalore

Hilton | Ahmedabad

Chrome | Kolkata

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Contemporary Facade- India

The Park | Hyderabad

Vivanta | Bangalore

Hilton | Ahmedabad

Chrome | Kolkata

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Optimised Facade- Other Building Types

Institute | Adelaide

Mixed Use | Taijan

Office | Seoul

Housing | Chicago

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Aesthetics

Victorian | Late Modernism

Modernism

Parametricism

Iterations

Performance

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Project Overview

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

CLIMATIC DATA JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Climatic Data

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Sun Path

Equinox Path (Mar 22) Solstice Path (June 22) Solstice Path (Dec 22) N

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Climatic Data

Daylight

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Temperature

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Climatic Data

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

DESIGN ANALYSIS JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Shadow Profile As solar gain and daylight conditions are largely a result of the sun’s movement and the indirect and direct rays that hit the surfaces and adjacent surfaces of the building and its interior, the shadow profiles are shown on the right as an overview.

It is observed that the north facade of the building remains completely shaded for most of the year.

Mar 22

June 22

Equinox Path (Mar 22) Solstice Path (June 22) N

Solstice Path (Dec 22)

Dec 22

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Incident Solar Radiation In accordance to the shadow profiles, the south facade has the maximum amount of incident solar radiation throughout the year after the roof.

Mar 22

NW Axonometric

June 22

Dec 22 SW Axonometric

All year

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Daylight The following images show the resulting daylight factor and level of the Fifth Floor of the existing design. Areas at 1000 lux range, which account for more than one-third area of guestrooms, are highly susceptible to glare probability.

VLT U factor SC

0.50 1.68 0.49

Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs

Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs N

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Daylight Factor vs Glass VLT The daylight factor of the existing design is plotted against the Visible Light Transmittance of the glass. The daylight factor with VLT of 0.50 is 4.5 which leads to high susceptibility of glare. It is noted that daylight factor of 2.0 is achieved with VLT of 0.21.

9.9

6.0

4.9

4.0

2.0

VLT

0.9

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.2

1.0

0.1

Daylight Factor

8.0

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Daylight The following images show the resulting daylight factor and level of the Fifth Floor of the existing design with VLT of 0.21. The daylight levels are diffused which indicates a marked improvement for glare mitigation.

VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs

Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs N

Since this specification satisfies the desired daylighting requirement, the solar gain of the existing design of this specification is taken as the benchmark (100%).

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Shading Analysis- Horizontal Shade Following is a comparision of the effective shading coefficient of the existing design with the addition of a typical horizontal shade. It is observed that, the shade works suitably for the summer months.

Since it is desirable to reduce the solar gain and use a glass with higher VLT, the facade needs to be designed in a way which blocks sufficient amount of direct radiation and yet, allows diffused light to get through, to achieve the required daylight factor of 2.0.

100

Shading Percentage

80

70 (Min Req) 60

AvgS

MaxS

MinS

Annual

56%

78%

26%

Summer

80%

100%

54%

Winter

37%

60%

3%

40

Average Shading (AvgS) 20

Maximum Shading (MaxS) Minimum Shading (MinS) Shading Distribution

0 J

F

M

A

M

J

J

Months

A

S

O

N

D

PARAMETRIC SETUP JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Hybrid Fin Concept The solar shading coefficient studies showed that horizontal shade is required for the summer months and vertical shades are required for the winter months. A combination of the two maked the facade look like a series of grillage (as shown in the images on the right).

So, instead of a direct super-imposition of the horizontal and vertical shades, a hybrid fin is conceptualised which is derived by interpolating the intersections of the shades and the mid-points of the vertical shades.

The hybrid fin also acts a contemporary expression, which makes the facade look fluid and dynamic (as shown later).

The hybrid fins are optimised with the material properties of solid aluminium and tensile fabric.

+

=

X

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Shading Analysis- Hybrid Fin Following is a comparision of the effective shading coefficient of the existing design with the addition of the hybrid fins. It is observed that, the hybrid fins work suitably for both the summer and winter months.

Since it is desirable to reduce the solar gain and use a glass with higher VLT, the facade needs to be designed in a way which blocks sufficient amount of direct radiation and yet, allows diffused light to get through, to achieve the required daylight factor of 2.0.

100

Shading Percentage

80

70 (Min Req) 60

AvgS

MaxS

MinS

Annual

88%

97%

67%

Summer

95%

100%

88%

Winter

82%

95%

49%

40

Average Shading (AvgS) 20

Maximum Shading (MaxS) Minimum Shading (MinS) Shading Distribution

0 J

F

M

A

M

J

J

Months

A

S

O

N

D

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Shading Analysis- Hybrid Fin vs Horizontal Shade vs Vertical Shade Since it is desirable to reduce the solar gain and use a glass with higher VLT, the facade needs to be designed in a way which blocks sufficient amount of direct radiation and yet, allows diffused light to get through, to achieve the required daylight factor of 2.0.

100

Shading Percentage

80

70 (Min Req) 60

HFA

HSA

VSA

Annual

88%

57%

56%

Summer

95%

80%

47%

Winter

82%

38%

63%

40

Hybrid Fin Average (HFA) 20

Horizontal Shade Average (HSA) Vertical Shade Average (VSA) Shading Distribution

0 J

F

M

A

M

J

J

Months

A

S

O

N

D

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Hybrid Fin Types The hybrid fin is derived by triangulating the vertices of the intersection of the horizontal and vertical shades in different configurations. Each fin is a floor high (3200mm). The configurations are shown below.

4

Hybrid Fin Types

3 2

4 5

1 0 Human Eye Level- Standing Human Eye Level- Sitting

0|1|4 1|4|5 2|3|4 3|4|5

0|1|5 0|4|5 2|4|5 2|3|5

0|1|4 1|4|5 2|4|5 2|3|5

0|1|5 0|4|5 2|3|4 3|4|5

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Starting Orientation The selected hybrid fin type can be placed in various orientations with respect to the facade. The angle of orientation has been quantised to five values as shown below.

5

Starting Orientations

0 deg

45 deg

90 deg

135 deg

180 deg

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Hybrid Fin Length The hybrid fin can be of various sizes ranging from 500mm to 1200mm.

The size of the fins will directly effect the amount of solar gain and daylight of the immediate area. Consequently, the discreetization of the domain of the length of the fins has been kept fine, at an interval of 100mm.

71

Hybrid Fin Lengths

l

500mm

700mm

950mm

1200mm

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Fin to Fin Distance The minimum fin to fin distance is calculated as the division of the length of the fin by cos 45. The distance is reflective of the bounding box of rotated fins. This makes sure that all fins can be placed at the same distance without respect to the orientation of the fin.

d

d = l / cos 45

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Additional Distance A parameter of additional distance between the fins is taken into consideration. This may help in increasing daylight by providing for more open facade. The additional distance is a multiple of the fin to fin distance ranged between 0.0(d) to 1.6(d) at an interval of 0.1(d).

17

Additional Distances

d d’

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Total Rotation The fiins are rotated to render the facade a fluid and dynamic effect. It also breaks the monotony of repetition of a single element. The range of total rotation is 45 degrees to 360 degrees at an interval of 45 degrees. The fins shown here have a total rotation of 90 degrees.

8

Total Rotations

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Sill & Lintel Level The sill and lintel levels are kept flexible between a range of 0mm to 750 mm at an interval of 50mm. This will help in regulating the amount of solar gain and daylight.

16

Sill & Lintel Levels

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

+

Hybrid Fin Type

+

Starting Orientation

+ Clear Distance

Hybrid Fin Length

+ Total Rotation

Sill & Lintel Level

GLAZING SILL/LINTEL

MATERIAL OF FIN

TOTAL ROTATION

CLEAR DISTANCE

LENGTH OF FIN

STARTING ORIENTATION

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

HYBRID FIN TYPE

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

4 x 5 x 71 x 17 x 8 x 2 x 16 77,24,800 POSSIBILITIES

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Parametric Setup

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

OPTIMISATION JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Optimisation

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Genetic Algorithm

Generate Initial Population

f(

Evaluate Fitness Fitness Graph

Genetic algorithm was used to find the optimised fin for the facade.

Different dimensions were randomly generated as the first generation of the algorithm. Then, each of those solutions were evaluated against solar gain, daylight level and view (known as fitness). The best few solutions were then selected and taken to the next iteration. The rest of the candidates of the generation were populated by combining the selected dimensions and by mutating some of the selected dimesnions.

This process went on for a number of iterations. The dimensions with the best evaluation for the facade were selected.

The flow chart of genetic algorithm is shown on the right. The three images on the extreme right explain the idea of iterations. Fig 1 shows the fitness landscape of a hypothetical problem. Fig 2 shows the random distribution of candidates in the first generation. With selection, coupling and mutation of candidates, eventually the candidates of subsequent generations merge towards the peak of the fitness landscape (fig 3).

)

Stop Condition

true

End

false

Evolution

Selection First Generation

Coupling

Mutation

Last Generation

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Optimisation

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Workflow

Export

Rhino

Rhino

Grasshopper

Existing Geometry

Setup Parameters

Geco

Ecotect Translator

Revit

Optimised Geometry

Galapagos

3DS Max

Genetic Algorithm

AutoCAD

Ecotect Analysis

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Fitness Curve

Average Fitness

100

Top 10% Fitness

Top 50% Fitness

80

70

Generation

100

80

60

40

20

60

0

Solar Gain

90

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Candidate Solution Distribution

Optimised Solution Various VLT

9.9

Candidate Solution Various VLT Existing Design 0.21 VLT (Benchmark)

8.0

6.0

4.9

238

110

Solar Gain

100

90

80

70

2.0

60

Daylight Factor

Existing Design 0.50 VLT

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Generation 1 | 4 Random Solutions Benchmark Existing Design Solar Gain 100% DF 2.1

N All year S

N 22 Mar S

N 22 June S

N 22 Dec S

Random Solution 1 Solar Gain 80.3% DF 3.1

Random Solution 2 Solar Gain 93.7% DF 2.9

Random Solution 3 Solar Gain 113.5% DF 4.6

Random Solution 4 Solar Gain 121.3% DF 4.2

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Generation 100 | 4 Random Solutions Benchmark Existing Design Solar Gain 100% DF 2.1

N All year S

N 22 Mar S

N 22 June S

N 22 Dec S

Random Solution 1 Solar Gain 64.4% DF 2.0

Random Solution 2 Solar Gain 60.8% DF 2.2

Random Solution 3 Solar Gain 57.2% DF 2.1

Random Solution 4 Solar Gain 54.6% DF 2.0

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

RESULT JAKSON HOTEL AHMEDABAD

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Design Analysis

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Selected Optimised Solutions Benchmark Existing Design Solar Gain 100% DF 2.1

Optimised Aluminium 1 Solar Gain 75.3% DF 2.1

Optimised Fabric 1 Solar Gain 71.8% DF 2.2

Optimised Aluminium 2 Solar Gain 78.2% DF 2.0

Existing Design optimised for DF of 2.1 with specification of 0.21 VLT

Optimised solution with Aluminium fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF

Optimised solution with Fabric fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with marginally increased DF

Optimised solution with Aluminium fins and higher VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF

Optimised Fabric 2 Solar Gain 80.3% DF 2.2

N All year S

N 22 Mar S

N 22 June S

N 22 Dec S

Optimised solution with Fabric fins and higher VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Aluminium 1 VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Solar Gain DF

75.3% 2.1

Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs

N

Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Aluminium 1 VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Solar Gain DF

75.3% 2.1

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Aluminium 1 VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Solar Gain DF

75.3% 2.1

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Fabric 1 VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Solar Gain DF

71.8% 2.2

Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs

N

Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Fabric 1 VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Solar Gain DF

71.8% 2.2

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Fabric 1 VLT U factor SC

0.21 0.70 0.20

Solar Gain DF

71.8% 2.2

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Aluminium 2 VLT U factor SC

0.67 2.25 0.65

Solar Gain DF

78.2% 2.0

Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs

N

Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Aluminium 2 VLT U factor SC

0.67 2.25 0.65

Solar Gain DF

78.2% 2.0

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Aluminium 2 VLT U factor SC

0.67 2.25 0.65

Solar Gain DF

78.2% 2.0

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Fabric 2 VLT U factor SC

0.43 1.44 0.21

Solar Gain DF

80.3% 2.1

Daylight Factor June 22 | 1200 hrs

N

Daylight Level June 22 | 1200 hrs

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Fabric 2 VLT U factor SC

0.43 1.44 0.21

Solar Gain DF

80.3% 2.1

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Optimised Fabric 2 VLT U factor SC

0.43 1.44 0.21

Solar Gain DF

80.3% 2.1

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Summary

Existing Design

Benchmark Existing Design

Optimised Aluminium 1

Optimised Fabric 1

Optimised Aluminium 2

Existing Design

Optimised Fabric 2

Existing Design

VLT

0.50

0.21

0.21

0.21

0.67

0.67

0.43

0.43

U factor

1.68

0.70

0.70

0.70

2.25

2.25

1.44

1.44

SC

0.49

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.65

0.65

0.41

0.41

Daylight Factor

4.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.0

6.6

2.1

4.2

238%

100%

75.3%

71.8%

78.2%

317.5%

80.3%

204.5%

Analysis of Existing Design with standard specification of 0.50 VLT

Existing Design optimised for DF of 2.1 with specification of 0.21 VLT| Solar Gain quotient taken as benchmark

Optimised solution with Aluminium fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF

Optimised solution with Fabric fins and 0.21 VLT | Solar Gain reduced with marginally increased DF

Optimised solution with Fabric fins and higher VLT | Solar Gain reduced with same DF

Comparison of Existing Design with the same specification of VLT | DF & Solar Gain exceed benchmark value

Solar Gain

Optimised solution Comparison of Existing with Aluminium fins Design with the same and higher VLT | Solar specification of VLT Gain reduced with | DF & Solar Gain same DF exceed benchmark value

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Summary

Optimised Solution Various VLT

9.9

Candidate Solution Various VLT Existing Design 0.21 VLT

8.0

Optimised Solution 0.21 VLT | Fabric

6.0

Optimised Solution 0.67 VLT | Aluminium Optimised Solution 0.43 VLT | Fabric 4.0

Solar Gain

110

100

90

80

70

2.0

60

Daylight Factor

Optimised Solution 0.21 VLT | Aluminium

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Summary

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

Performance Based Optimisation of Facade | Result

Jakson Hotel, Ahmedabad

About AECOM AECOM is a global provider of professional technical and management support services to a broad range of markets, including transportation, facilities, environmental, energy, water and government. With approximately 45,000 employees around the world, AECOM is a leader in all of the key markets that it serves. AECOM provides a blend of global reach, local knowledge, innovation and technical excellence in delivering solutions that create, enhance and sustain the world’s built, natural and social environments. A Fortune 500 company, AECOM serves clients in more than 130 countries and has annual revenue in excess of $8.0 billion.

More information on AECOM and its services can be found at: www.aecom.com

AECOM India Pvt Ltd (Formerly Spectral) SSG A-197, Sector-63; Noida, UP- 201301; India T +91 0120-4049000