Graphic Presentation pt 1 of 3

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION WILLARD

1939

C.

8RINTON

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From

o

the collection of the

Prepiger ^

a

JUibrary t

P

San Francisco, California 2008

/$

<e.

$.''>i''*^

a

C^-A

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Dedicated

HONOR

IN

of

WILLIAM PLAYFAIR FIRST EXPONENT OF GRAPHIC CHARTS

FOR GENERAL USE

Born

at Benvie, Scotland,

Died

in

1

759

London, England, 1823

DRAFTSMAN-ENGINEER

With James Watt 1780

MANUFACTURER AUTHOR: THE COMMERCIAL AND POLITICAL ATLAS.

1st ed., 1786;

2nd

ed.,

1787; 3rd ed., 1801

TABLEAUX D'ARITHMETIQUE LINEAIRE DU COMMERCE, LINEAL ARITHMETIC,

1789

1798

STATISTICAL BREVIARY,

1801

AN INQUIRY INTO THE PERMANENT CAUSES OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF POWERFUL AND WEALTHY NATIONS. 1st

ed, 1805; 2nd

ed.,

1807

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

By D.

F.

DONNANT.

PLAYFAIR.

Translated

Chart and Preface Also

From the French By WILLIAM

By WILLIAM PLAYFAIR. 1805

A LETTER ON OUR AGRICULTURAL DISTRESSES, 2nd

ed.,

1st ed., 1821;

1822; 3rd ed., 1822

CAN THIS CONTINUE?, The above

titles

1822

by William Playfair are

all,

thus far

which contain graphic charts. The total number of books by William Playfair is perhaps one hundred.

located,

TOPICAL INDEX Place

rif^ht

thumb on

triangle, finders inside

Spin pa^es

9-15

(1st Half)

Preface

'

J

back cover.

to desired chapter.

,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

1-

16-23

1.

Introduction

25- 32

2.

Graphic Narrative

33- 42

3.

Tabulation

43- 52

4.

Classification Charts

53- 58

5.

Geneology and Genetics Charts

59- 67

6.

Organization Charts

68-72

7.

Relationship Charts

73- 80

8.

Flow Charts

81- 91

9.

Sector Charts

92- 97

10.

98-105

11.

100% Bar Charts Comparison of 100% Bar Charts

106-114

12.

Multiple Bar Charts

115-120

13.

Contrasting Bar Charts

121-131

14.

Pictorial Unit

132-141

15.

Comparison of Component Bar Charts

142-148

16.

Bilateral

149-152

17.

Area Bar Charts

1

53-1 60

18.

General Use of

1

61

69

19.

Guide and Route Maps

170-177

20.

Relief

178-186

21.

Crosshatched and Colored

187-193

22.

Dot and Pin Maps

194-199

23.

Maps

with Circles and Sector Charts

200-207

24.

Maps

with Bar Charts

208-210

25.

211-215

26.

Maps with Curve Charts Maps with Symbols

216-230

27.

Flow Maps

231-237

28.

Contour Maps

238-242

29.

Distorted

243-246

30.

Rating Charts

-1

Bar Charts

Bar Charts

Maps

and Aerial Maps

Maps

Maps

(For 2nd Half of

TOPICAL INDEX,

See Page 247)

MAGIC HERE

IN

GRAPHS

The profile of a curve reveals in is a magic in graphs. life history of an epidemic, a the whole situation flash a a "J "J Mfelp^nic, or an era of prosperity. The curve informs the mind, awakens the imagination, convinces.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

Graphs carry the message home. A universal language, graphs convey information directly to the mind. Without complexity there is imaged to the eye a magnitude to be remembered. Words have wings, but graphs interpret. Graphs are pure quantity, stripped of verbal sham, reduced to dimension, vivid, unescapable.

Graphs are all inclusive. No fact is too slight or too great to plot to a scale suited to the eye. Graphs may record the path of an ion or the orbit of the sun, the rise of a civilization, or the acceleration of a bullet, the climate of a century or the varying pressure of a heart beat, the growth of a business, or the nerve reactions of a child.

The graphic

It does more. art depicts magnitudes to the eye. compels the seeing of relations. We may portray by simple graphic methods whole masses of intricate routine, the organization of an enterprise, or the plan of a campaign. Graphs serve as storm signals for the manager, statesman, engineer; as potent narratives It

for the actuary, statist, naturalist; and as forceful engines of research for science, technology and industry.

They display results.

They disclose new facts and laws. They reveal discoveries as the bud unfolds the flower.

The graphic language That

it

will

is

modern.

We

are learning

its

alphabet.

develop a lexicon and a literature marvelous for

vividness and the variety of application

is

its

inevitable.

Graphs are dynamic, dramatic. They may epitomize an epoch, fact, each slope an event, each curve a history. Wher-

each dot a

ever there are data to record, inferences to draw, or facts to tell, graphs furnish the unrivalled means whose power we are just beginning to realize and to apply.

HENRY

D.

HUBBARD

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION By

WILLARD COPE BRINTON,

S. B.

Consulting Engineer

Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Organizer and Chairman, Joint Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, Formed 1914 Through Am.Soc.M.E., 1914,

Fellow, American Statistical AssociaAuthor Graphic Methods for Presenting Facta,

as Sponsor.

tion; Vice President, 1919.

McGraw-Hill Book Company,

^VWx^. Q,,

Inc.

\\^^

BRINTON ASSOCIATES New

York City 1939

This book was planned with the hope of inspiring more and better factual presentation. If proper credits are given, any rea-

may be quoted without further However, to copy any materials here credited to others, care must be exercised to secure permission from the sonable portion of this book consent.

original sources.

Copyright, Brinton Associates, 1939 First Edition

Also by Willard C. Brinton

GRAPHIC METHODS FOR PRESENTING FACTS. Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

New York

City

Printed in the United States of America

1914

TABLE OF CONTENTS When a chapter name or number is given as a reference, turn to the Topical Index, either on Page 1 or Page 247, and spin pages to the desired chapter.

Page

Chapter

Preface

9

1.

Introduction

2.

Graphic Narrative

16

Brief History of Development of Graphic Methods.

25

Early Drawings. Picture Comparisons. Sequence Pictures. cedure Charts. Sports Stories. Basic English.

3.

Pro-

Tabulation

33 Methods

Tallying.

of Tabulating.

Graphic Tabulation.

Machine

Tabulation.

4.

Classification Charts Use of Arrows and Brackets sification.

5.

Block

43

in Classification.

Classification.

Time-Period Clas-

Genealogy and Genetics Charts

53

Trait-Tracing Charts. Family Tree. Pedigree Genealogical Chart Sheets. Other Uses for Genealogy

Standard Symbols.

Charts.

Charts.

6.

Organization Charts

59

Geographical Divisions.

Functional Charts.

7.

Government and Business Organization.

Relationship Charts

68

Interrelations.

8.

Flow Charts

73

Source and Distribution Chart. Traffic Chart.

Cost-Accounting Chart. Cosmograph.

9.

Sector Charts

81

Area and Angle Comparisons. lative Charts.

10.

Subdivided Sector Charts.

Charts Showing Assets and Liabilities.

92

Bars.

Bar Cumulative Charts.

Chart

Stamp.

Percentage

Distributions.

Comparison of 100% Bar Charts Groups

12.

Cumu-

100% Bar Charts Single

11.

Chart.

Activity

of Bars.

98

Distribution and Percentage Comparisons.

Multiple Bar Charts Value Comparisons.

106 Bars on an Illustration.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION P««e

Chapter 13.

Contrasting Bar Charts Variation

in

115

Shadings.

and

Crosshatchings,

Colors.

Optical

Illusion.

14.

Pictorial

Unit Bar Charts

Rows 15.

121

Visual Captions.

of Figures.

Comparison of Component Bar Charts

132

Divided Bars Comparing Values. Comparison of 100% Bars and Component Bar Charts. Stair Charts.

16.

Bilateral Bar Charts Profit

17.

142

Area Bar Charts

149

100%

Area Comparisons.

18.

Square.

General Use of Maps

153

Source of Maps.

Orange-Peel Map. 19.

Deviations from Normal.

and Loss Data.

Base Maps.

Map

Projection.

Borgia Map.

Guide and Route Maps

161

Proposed Routes. Transmission Lines. Maps Showing Sourcfe of Comparisons of Geographic Organization Charts.

Materials.

Geographic Areas. Pictorial Maps.

20.

Relief and Aerial Maps Oldest Known Map.

170

Crosshatched and Colored Maps

178

Diagram Maps.

Bird's-Eye View Maps.

Block Diagrams. Azimuthal Projection.

Statistical Relief Maps.

21.

Comparison of Ben Day Shadings and Colors. Sampling Maps.

Density Maps. Mechanical Intensity Shading Map. 22.

23.

Dot and Pin Maps Map Marking Devices. Slave Maps. Bell Maps With Circles and Sector Charts

187 System Map.

194

Scales for Areas of Circles. Census Data. Distribution. Migration.

24.

Maps With Bar Charts Traffic Charts.

Fair, 1939.

25.

Maps.

from

New York

World's

208

Precipitation.

Maps With Symbols

211

Quantitative and Qualitati«ve Data.

27.

Map

Maps With Curve Charts Moving Averages.

26.

200

Historical

Pictorial Units.

Flow Maps

216

TrafRc Maps. Weather Maps. Hurricane Maps.

Traffic Time.-Zones Map. Chart by M. Minard.

Flow of Goods.

28.

Contour Maps

231

Topographic Maps. Weather Maps. Before and After Comparisons.

29.

Distorted Maps Rectangular Maps.

238 Population.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Chapter 30.

Rating Charts

243 Mental Development.

Tabulation Form.

31.

Chronology Charts

248

Time Analysis and Time 32.

Assigning Vacations.

for

256

Material Gantt Charts.

Production

Board.

Control

Progress

Curve Charts

263

One Curve on Charts.

34.

Chart

Studies.

Progress Charts Time Studies.

Chart.

33.

Safety Records.

a Grid.

Visual Captions.

Historical Labels.

Stair

Deviation from Normal.

Comparison With

Two

Curves

Cumulative Curves.

275 High-Low Curves.

Causal Relationships.

Lag. 35.

Comparisons With Curves

286

Progressive Average and 36.

Normal Trend.

Component Parts Shown by Curves Component Parts

in

294

Curve Form.

Percentage Charts.

Index Numbers

Shown

by Curves

301

Comparison of Index Charts with Numerical Value Charts. tiple Axis Graph.

38.

Circle.

310 Bell-Curve Chart.

Distribution

in

a

Optical Illusion.

Correlation Charts

320

Relationships Between Variables.

Deviation. Break-Even Charts.

40.

Mul-

Frequency Charts Frequency Distribution.

39.

Band

Use of Brackets.

Charts.

37.

Moving Average Curves.

Scatter

Charts.

Standard

Ogive and Lorenz Charts

331

Probability Paper Charts.

41.

Ratio Charts

339

Ratio and Arithmetic Scale.

Key for Selecting Ratio Scale.

Method of Ruling Ratio Paper. Index Numbers Curves. Cumulative Curves.

Comparison

42.

of

Three-Dimensional Methods Models.

Perspective Drawings.

Diagram. Isometric Protractor.

43.

Block

Trilinear Chart.

Suggestions for

of

360 Combining Various Types

Making

a

of Charts.

Chart

Helpful Techniques. Sources of Materials.

Ink Colors. Crayons. Colored Papers.

45.

Isometric

Composite Charts Methods

44.

354 Photographs.

367 Methods

of Lettering.

Standards for Time Series Charts Abstracts from Time Series Charts.

A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, Prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under Procedure of American Statistical

381

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Page

Chapter Association, with the

The Camera and

Its

Lantern

397 Color Photography.

Photomontage.

405

Slides

Projectors.

Slides.

48.

Mechanical Engineers

Use

Photographic Effects.

47.

of

Sponsor Body.

as

46.

American Society

Screens.

Slides.

Suggestions for Placing Charts on

Microfilm.

410

Preparation of Illustrations Reproduction Preparation of Copy.

Media for Art Work. Handling Photographs. Shading Mediums and Shading Films. Halftone Screen Tints. Colors Used in This Book.

Types

49.

Color and

Its

of

Use

Discussion

Appear 50.

Illustrations.

of

423 Hue, Value, Chroma.

Top.

Color

How

Colors

to the Color Blind.

Methods of Reproducing

429

Gelatine Process Duplicating Machines. Blue Prints. Photostats.

Lithoprints.

Fluid Process Duplicator.

Mimeograph Process.

Multilith.

51.

Methods of Printing

435

Type Typesetting.

Relief, Planographic, and Intaglio Printing.

Sizes and Styles. Photoengraving, Electrotyping, and Line Plates.

Proofreaders' Marks.

52.

443

Selection of Paper Types

Considerations in the Selection of Paper.

of Paper.

Bulk-

ink Table.

53.

Binding Techniques Types

54.

449

of Binding.

Binding Specifications.

Imposition.

Graphic Charts in Advertising

454

Various Types of Graphic Charts in Advertising Material.

55.

464

Quantitative Cartoons Various Types of Graphic Charts in Cartoons.

56.

475

Quantitative Posters Various Types of Charts in Poster Form.

57.

Magazine Covers.

Displays and Exhibits

486

Display Fixtures.

Mechanical Exhibits.

Scale Models. tables.

New York World's Fair Exhibits.

58.

494

Dioramas Dioramas

59.

in

Dissolving Process of Construction.

York World's Fair Exhibits.

Exhibit.

New Graphic Charts in Conference Rooms

Board Rooms.

60.

Turn-

Use

of Projectors in

Glossary

Diorama 497

Conference Rooms.

501

Graphic Methods Vocabulary.

Index

506

PREFACE

TWENTY-FIVE

years

have passed since the publication of Graphic

Methods for Presenting Facts in 1914. The continuing demand for Graphic Methods without revisions in a quarter century now incites curiosity as to the causes of that demand. So many excellent works relating to graphic charts or containing chapters on graphic presentation have appeared since

1914 that

I

had

felt

the field well covered without another book from me.

This, in spite of the fact that

my own

I

have published nothing regarding

activities of

World War period. demand for prompt and reliable data during war

relating to the 1914-1918

Probably the feverish

times did more to stimulate the use of graphic chart technique than anything that has happened since 1920. Without realizing what was happening as the

war flared, I found myself advising the executives of large corporations, government departments, etc. World trade was disorganized, and the uncertainty of material supply required quick analavailable

of all

ysis

For

data.

in 1916, a

instance,

New York

manufacturer

silk

and I went to China and back again on the same steamer to determine the bility

new

^^^^ v/ay/zz^yy?

of

feasi-

building

Signature of William Piayfair from a Letter to Thomas Jefferson Dated March 20, 1791

a

plant in Shang-

employ five thousand.

For one of my age at that time, it was a great privilege to have the opportunity to develop some theories and put them in practice day by day with experienced executives whose decisions were so vital in those hectic war years.

Establishing, in a Broadway office building, control methods for quicker "tum-arounds" of eighty-five ships chartered by the Belgian Relief Commission had little relation to strategy in the president's office of a steel company with twenty thousand employees in Pittsburgh, or scheduling, at New Haven, hai to

Connecticut, two thousand tool makers scattered in shops throughout

New

producing the light Browning machine gun by a company already working twenty-two thousand employees at the New Haven plant.

During that period "Z" chart methods and unit card curve records were

England

to assist in

I"

10

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION developed for use in fields much more specialized than would be of interest here. Also short map pins with spherical heads were created and placed on a all the research of the World War period, was constantly evident for standardization so that graphic charts could be made and interpreted without possibility of misunderstanding. For general use, graphic charts must be simple. It is not, however, always easy to determine what is the utmost simplicity. Much depends on the method of approach. A semi-logarithmic chart may not be puzzling if you call it a ratio chart and make no mention of mathematics.

quantity production basis. Through

the need

Since the close of the

World War, other

activi-

have crowded into the background my inties

terest

in

graphic charts

and human reactions to them. It was impossible, however, to

resist tearing

from magazines and newspapers thousands of examples of particularly or

interesting

especially

erratic graphic charts.

These were added to examples which had come, in what Hollywood would call "fan mail," from readers of Graphic

Methods. As recently as twenty months ago there

was of

still

my

no expectation

ever writing an-

other book on the subject.

Although in

I

had been

Los Angeles many

times and had passed the Huntington Library on

John

numerous occasions,

in his Inquiry,

I

had never found time to visit it Then after ,, J months of/ mtensive study .

.

,

Playfair, the Brother of

William Playfair

1805, William Playfair stated that his

brother taught him "that whatever can be expressed in numbers,

To

may

be expressed by lines."

the "best and most affectionate of brothers,"

,,,.â&#x20AC;&#x17E;.

â&#x201E;˘

,

William Playfair owed "the invention of these Charts."

ill

.

I"

11

PREFACE of

some problems

in

Los Angeles

in

which graphic presentation had proved

particularly effective in crystallizing opinion on a complex situation.

I

visited

North and East.

While observing some unusually fine types of early bookbinding and the repairs made to the bindings on some of the Library's most precious volumes, it occurred to me to ask the Librarian, Dr. Leslie Bliss, what books the library had by William Playfair, to whom this book is dedicated. In a few minutes there was brought to us the only one they had listed under William the Huntington Library on the last

day before

starting

Playfair:

STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

by D. F. DoNNANT â&#x20AC;˘ Translated from the French

by William Playfair With an Addition on For the Use

By

of

the Trade to America,

Commercial Men,

the Sanie.

â&#x20AC;˘

London 1805

As we looked through this book, I exclaimed to Dr. Bliss, "Here is the example of a sector chart," and then noticed beneath the one illustration the inscription, "This Newly invented Method is intended to shew the Proportions between the divisions in a Striking Manner." See Page 81.

I was also much struck by the fact that the subject matter of the book referred to industry, commerce, and finance in the United States, that the preface by William Playfair mentioned conversations between himself and Thomas Jefferson, that the book was inscribed to Jefferson, and that twentyfive copies had been sent to him.

When I wrote Graphic Methods in 1914. I had never heard of William Playfair. Two years later a friend in Pittsburgh sent me a marked catalogue of a London bookseller listing a book Lineal Arithmetic, 1798, by William earliest

ill

12

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Playfair.

Out

of curiosity.

a price quotation be sent. city,

I

was astonished

I

A

wrote asking that the book be reserved and that later, upon returning from out of the EngHsh book seller's bill for ten shillings, accumulated mail was the book itself. On the

few weeks

to find the

Elsewhere in my page the publisher's price is printed, "Price 10s. 6d." Neither the New York Public Library nor the Library of Congress had this book. Each of these libraries has since photostatted my volume for inclusion with the few six pence. title

examples of other Playfair works which they own. About 1916, I had various photostats made from these Playfair books, but had never followed up clues on Playfair, the man. The Playfair search has widened since the chance inquiry made at the Huntington Library a year ago. Questions still continue.

With all that Playfair did to show the effectiveness of graphic chart methods from his first book, published in 1786 at the age of twenty-seven, till his death in 1823, why have not graphic charts become more thoroughly established as a universal language? Another interest was aroused as to the part which engineers have played in the development of the graphic language, since I noted in California that William Playfair was apprenticed in Scotland as a machinist and later became a draftsman for James Watt before writing on a wide variety of subjects. There are about 100 titles by Playfair on record. The story of William Playfair, still developing, may yet have large gaps.

Location of those writings relating to graphic charts, however, appears

to be fairly well

This book

is

completed.

another contribution from the engineering profession, although

written for general use rather than the technical general ideas as expressed in Graphic

written largely to disclose

some

Methods

field,

in 1914.

of the fallacies that

on much the same The 1914 book was occur when graphic

charts are used loosely without the basis of accuracy essentially associated

with the work of people with an engineering background.

Until the last decade or so, the use of graphic charts seemed to be progress-

and fairly rapidly with no more guidance than resulted from the extremely brief preliminary report of the Joint Committee on Standards for

ing sanely

Graphic Presentation, published in 1915. In recent years, some weeds seem to have sprung up to retard the growth of the more cultivated graphics which had been developing strongly with numerous offshoots since the World War stimulus. As in a garden where there is sometimes the policy of deciding in the early stages which are weeds and which are plants that will be productive, it has not been easy to find a method for defining good graphic charts as compared with poor or downright obnoxious charts. What is believed to be a satisfactory method was found in the old story of the blind men who reported on the characteristics of an elephant. Good graphic presentation should be susceptible to only one interpretation.

Recently even official government documents have been using a type of graphics which found its first major use in European countries having a low

13

PREFACE When the same European methods have been pushed on a commerciaHzed basis in America, little attempt has been made to follow existing American standards or trends toward the development of an ultimate universal language. The tendency has been to use stock symbols over and over again because they are cheaper to reproduce than special drawings designed for each particular problem of presentation.

The first part of this book up through page 366 deals with "How to Read a Chart." The section from page 366 to page 452 treating the subject "How to percentage of literacy.

Make

a Chart,"

is

necessarily condensed,

and gives suggestions rather than

detailed instructions.

The

illustrations in this

book have been selected from the standpoint of show representative types of graphic

interesting subject matter as well as to

AND All

Good It

was

To

Who

six

Presentafion Should Be Susceptible to Only

men

learning

went

all of

One

interpretation

The Fourth (knee)

of Indostan

much

to see the

(Though

h^ere in the ivrong!

"Is very like a tree!"

inclined,

Elephant

them were

The

mighty

Fifth

(ear)

"Is

The Sixth

(tail)

"Is very like a rope!"

like a

fan!"

blind.)

That each by observation Might satisfy his mind.

And The

First

(side) "Is very like a wall!"

so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long,

Each

The Second

(tusk) "Is very like a spear!"

The Third (trunk) From John Godfrey in

Rhime. 1865.

"Is very like a snake!"

Saxr.

"The Blind Men and

in his

own opinion

Exceeding stiff and strong Though each was partly in the And all were in the wrong! the Elephant". CIrvrr Slnrin nl

Many

right.

Natir>n> R^-ndrred

I"

14

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Words

charts.

are carefully studied before they are qualified for admittance

in a dictionary.

No

one knows

how many

distinct types of graphic charts are

already in established use.

Beneath the majority of the of

"SCALE"

illustrations included here, there

is

a notation

to indicate the percentage reproduction of the original.

In judgshould be clearly kept in mind that, as here reduced, the illustration can not be as effective as in the size originally published. Also in the process of photographing, particularly in those charts taken from newsprint paper, the illustration is less clear. Halfing the effectiveness of

any presentation

it

tones which here appear too black have been photographed from previously printed halftones rather than from original photographs.

If the subject matter of any illustration is of special interest to the user of this book, a reading glass may be used to enlarge the detail.

Because a frame around the chart

may

or base line, the liberty has been taken to tions.

Changes have also been made

be interpreted falsely as a zero line, remove frames from many illustra-

in lettering or other details,

when

neces-

sary, for reproduction in reduced sizes.

It should be clearly understood that this book would not have been feasible except for the photo offset process of reproduction and color printing.

The use of color has been a gambleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; many of the charts here shown in color were originally black and white. It was impossible to foresee results obtained from hundreds of lay-outs sent to the printer. Changes may

obvious

seem

in the final printed

form.

Designs at the top and bottom of color pages may appear incongruous with some of the color combinations in the body of the page.

Varied color designs were inserted with the thought that the user of this book might gain from our experiments and select certain effects appropriate for his own particular problem.

In order to test whether color is worth while in graphic presentation, color has here been literally splashed on. In folding printed sheets for sewing into bookbinders' signatures, every other pair of pages evolve from one

side of the printed on only one side, a reader finds color on every other pair of pages in the book.

In this way it is possible for the reader of this book to judge the effect of color on the varied types of charts shown in the 60 chapters simply by turning the pages two at a time. It is believed the evidence is conclusive that to get maximum results in graphic presentation the question is not "Can one afford to use color?" but

printed sheet of paper.

afford to omit color.?"

Thus,

if

color

is

"Can one

This book Graphic Presentation results from the work of many people. It would not have been possible except for the charts produced by the individuals and organizations to whom credit is given under many of the 676 illustrations.

The illustrations were selected from thousands of clippings

15

PREFACE which

I

could not

resist

publication of Graphic

The chapter on the

Mead

saving during the 25 years that have elapsed since

Methods

for Presenting Facts in 1914.

was prepared by Mr. W. B. Gibson,

selection of paper

of

Sales Corporation, in consultation with officers of various trade

My

Laura M. Brinton, did practically all the work in Camera and Its Use"; Chapter 47, "Lantern Slides," and Chapter 49, "Color and Its Use." Miss Audrey W. Zeigler, of Newburgh. New York, made all the drawings used as the headings of chapters.

Mr. R. R. Lutz, of the National Industrial Conference Board, made associations.

wife,

preparation of Chapter 46, "The

valuable suggestions in the early stages of planning the book, particularly

Mr. Roy S. McElwee, and numerous others read manuscript and contributed suggestions as the book progressed. In planning the printing, many helpful ideas were given by Mr. Edward N. Mayer, Jr., of Gray Photo Offset Corporation. The cooperation

regarding the possibilities for the use of color.

of the entire staff of that organization

is

appreciated. Personally

I

regret that

frequent absences from the city have prevented that close contact which

I

should have preferred to give to such fascinating subject matter.

Methods

of graphic presentation

human

and new types of charts

will continue to

There is need advantage of each type and making all types available for general use internationally. Nomenclature alone is deserving of careful attention far beyond the range of any one indievolve through processes of

for classification

and comparison

ingenuity as need arises.

of types noting the

vidual.

C, during the past House of Representatives from Illinois, and Chairman of the House Committee on the Library of Congress, has been of great assistance in exploring the possibilities. Mr. Keller's unusual range of knowledge and experience in education, medicine, law, engineering, publishing, and mining, coupled with residence in Europe and In the discussion of these matters in Washington, D.

year the Honorable Kent E. Keller,

member

of the

Mexico, served in determining potentialities for not only a central file of file of graphic material arranged for quick reference and classified according to subject matter.

graphic charts by types, but also a comprehensive

William Playfair, from his first book in 1786 throughout his writings to his in 1823, mentioned the possibility that a graphic language could be an international language assisting in better relations between nations of different tongues. As this is written, with international conditions throughout the world unsettled and getting worse, there seems more than ever before a need for such a common graphic language as William Playfair envisioned. death

WILLARD COPE BRINTON. New York Sept.

6,

City

1939

1

16

Chapter

1

INTRODUCTION

Whhy

have graphic methods been so tardy in developing?

Three things in combination are necessary before visual methods of presentation can be adequately used.

Accurate factual data readily available.

1.

Competent drafting talent to chart the data on a standard2. ized basis.

Equipment and organization for reproducing the charted 3. data at a cost not too high compared to the printed word.

Until mankind developed reasonably cheap paper, there was no convenient method for preserving quantitative data. The study

"One hundred rumors are not comparable to one look."

An Old Chinese

Inscription

and the developing of policies from facts had to wait until records gradually accumulated. The making of paper and the preserving of records developed rapidly after the invention of statistical records

of loose-type printing

about 1450.

At the time William Playfair wrote his first book on graphics in 1786, the word "statistics" had not come into general use. The word itself is derived from "state." The state first had to keep records of tax rolls, collections, and various government activities. Playfair lamented the inadequacy of historical data in a number of his writings; for instance, in Commercial and Political Atlas of 1801: "Had our

ancestors represented the gradual increase of their comif it had not been an object of utility, it would

merce and expenditures,

17

INTRODUCTION at least have been one of curiosity; but had records, written in this sort of shape [plotted curves] and speaking a language that all the world understands, existed at this day, of the commerce and revenue of ancient nations, what a real acquisition would it not have been to our stock of knowledge! In place of which, a few detached facts are collected and brought forward as the only criterion from which we can judge of the manners and wealth of the ancient world.

not only of importance that this species of information should in such a form and a native of another country, understand the nature of the business delineated.

"It

is

be handed down, but also that it should go down manner as that any person might, even though

".

If we could have a copy of the custom-house books of Carthage or Tyre for a hundred years, what value might not be set on them!

These charts [Playfair's] will be for future nations the same thing that ." the ancient records we so much desire would be for us now. .

.

.

.

we

search into the past for factual data, we naturally think we could now examine the libraries as they existed at intervals of one hundred years, say one, two, three or four centuries back, what would we find? Probably very little factual If

of libraries. If

Courtesy of American Chicle

The

First Agricultural

Company

Report

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Makers

of

Dentyne

Gum

18

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION information. Even books in our grandfathers' attics, if classified, would be short on factual material and long on abstruse discussion of theories, most of which were of a religious nature or perhaps

vaguely astronomic or otherwise theoretical considerations of the universe.

The development of printing and the gradual cheapening of paper resulted in people of Europe and this country being exposed not to pictures but to more and more words, words not only from the printed page but from ministers of the gospel who, being of the educated class and able to read, obtained their inspiration from the printed material which came to them.

Let us consider bookmaking in the early days from the standpoint of cost. There would seem to be little reason why illustrations should not be generally used. Books were made from wooden blocks even before the use of movable metal type. Illuminated manuscripts and early books of similar pattern used illustrative methods which today we would think prohibitive from the cost standpoint. Labor must have been relatively cheap, especially in monasteries or other religious institutions which in those days produced so much of the literary output. Probably there was nothing whatever to prevent the development of illuminated graph charts long before the days of William Playfair except lack of reliable factual data from which to make the charts. People of those days must have found out, just as we find out so often now, that if we start to chart our facts, we are frequently stopped by the startling insufficiency of the data, the annoyance that the data may have a single gap in its continuity, or that the data have not been kept on a uniform basis over the period of time under consideration.

Organization of data on a rectangular field would appear to be so obvious that it might have been done fairly early by scholars in different countries, if they had had much data to study. The printed page with its lines of words proceeding from left to right is in itself a coordinate field, the lay-out of which required careful thought from those who produced the illuminated manuscripts or books which are so fascinating to us now. Descartes in 1637 published his works on geometry which firmly established the method of rectangular coordinates when used for mathematical formulas.

Those who are interested in the history of graphic presentation will find the sequences well brought out in a paper of one hundred and thirty- five pages by H. Gray Funkhouser, published in Osiris, Volume Three, Part One, 1937, available through the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. Funkhouser dates the use of the coordinate field to astronomers and surveyors as far back as 140

:fBWK?!W5r.ÂŤ

19

INTRODUCTION B.C. when points their longitudes

in the earth's surface

and

latitudes.

Oresme

were located by means of 1350 in his Tractitus de

in

Latitudinibus Formarum endeavored to represent graphically how an empirical curve might behave. As Funkhouser states, "If a pioneering contemporary had collected some data and presented Oresme with some facts to work on, we might have had statistical graphs four hundred years before Playfair."

Leonardo da Vinci antedated Descartes 77 years. Leonardo's genius in the natural sciences and as an engineer was so far in advance of his time that it would seem that he might have been familiar with rectangular coordinates. Recent examinations of his notebooks, though not very conclusive, seem to indicate that in his experiments regarding gravitation, his records of the velocity of fall-

ing bodies were analyzed on a rectangular coordinate basis. See

Volume M, Verso

40,

Manuscripts He used

of the Institute of France. horizontal distances to

Early

Work on

Books Monasteries

Was Done

express

time and vertical distances to show the space covered by falling balls when two were dropped together or one following the other. Leonardo, however, left no group to carry on his engineering works, which were little understood by his immediate contemporaries and successors.

The American

Statistical Association,

one hundredth anniversary,

formed

in 1839,

now

cele-

the earliest specialized scientific organization in this country. The American Philosophical Society, organized by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, was, of course, earlier but its activities cover such a wide field as to put it in a different class. The American Society of Civil Engineers founded in 1876, was followed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and then by numerous other engineering and scientific societies. The presentation of their papers in edited transactions has resulted in rapid advance in varied chart techniques.

In spite of all that Playfair pointed out a century and a half ago, and the interest shown by a few college instructors during recent years, there is still insignificant use of graphic presentation

brating

its

is

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION methods

in the field of education.

tively little to analyze the

methods

Educators themselves do for transmitting facts

and

rela-

ideas.

At present most educators are graphically illiterate. An educator, or person with a message to give is referred to as lecturer, speaker, orator, preacher, narrator, reciter, etc. These words generally imply the conveyance of a message through the ear without reference to the eye. Until the cinema was equipped with sound there was a move to use the word "optience" instead of "audience." Although the moving picture now combines perception through both the eye and the ear, the messages generally conveyed today by the motion picture are descriptive rather than quantitative. The moving picture projector has not thus far been a great influence for introducing the type of graphic presentation indicated in this book. :

Lantern

slides,

and more

recently, slide films,

have been important

factors.

There are interesting possibilities if educational institutions would seriously study the methods for presenting ideas and facts, and then, as their instructors qualified in the new technique, designate each by the term "Presentor." In a similar way, a student might be called a "Perceivor." Each of these terms implies reâ&#x20AC;˘iiSf'45

H. Gray Punkhouser. "A Note on

A

a

Tenth Century Graph." OSIRIS. Vol.

I.

1936.

Tenth Century Graph That Forms a Part of a Manuscript Discovered by Sigmund Sunther in 1877

According to the article by Dr. Funkhouscr, from which this illustration was taken, the graph was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time.

21

INTRODUCTION sponsibility for results. These terms are not limited in their scope to the field of education. Anyone planning a conference, convention, committee, discussion, assembly, council, etc., might do well to consider the method for presenting the subject matter. many of these meetings today are just talk? If each participant would consider himself as a Presentor of data or ideas that he is especially qualified to contribute to the group, there would be less misunderstanding and more conclusive action.

How

We are still expressing ourselves in meetings by the traditional methods the old patriarchs used to pass on the folklore of the tribe by word of mouth. While the newspaper, the movie and the

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

radio are being used to present descriptive material to secure public approval, quantitative presentations are relatively rare in publicity campaigns. The introduction of quantitative expression in every phase of life can lend itself to great future progress. There has been some discussion of the effectiveness of graphic methods to convey facts and ideas, but no comprehensive analysis has thus

Rene Descartes, 1596-1650

22

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

AFTER

DEATH )930

25.000 24.000 23.000

22.000 21.000

20.000 19.000

)6.000 17.000

16.000 15.000

14.000 13.000

1931

1932

1933

1934

DARK 1935

1936

1937

m}ft^?i(:i'f'WfS!i:iii,-m

23

INTRODUCTION

I

1911

l*M !«• l«tO

I9tl l»ll IttS

IM4

Ittt l»t« t*tl Its* I9I* I«SO t«SI t«9t 1993 19S4 I99S t9SS I9S1

Ratio Chart Showing Prices of Non-Ferrous Metals to 1937.

The above

in

the United States

fronts

1917

chart was reduced from one transmitted by Western Union automatic telegraph,

showing

that, as

machines are

to another. Service cities will

is

now

may be sent from one city York, Buffalo, and Chicago. Other

installed, graphic charts

available only in

New

be added.

Graphic charts present unusually comprehensive data in condensed form for analysis and interpretation. Major libraries should contain a division of graphic charts. Filing most of the material could be easily done by placing material in the usual letter vertical files. Provision should, of course, be made for cross references.

Probably it would be desirable to have two sections, one for scientific and technical data, the other to contain all other material.

To aid those studying graphic presentations, larger libraries would do well to have a separate file classified according to types of graphic charts, irrespective of the subject matter.

.a!(«K«««sws-^AS

'.j'Sa

24

GENERAL REFERENCES HISTORY OF GRAPHIC METHODS Funkhouser, H. Gray, "Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical Data," Osiris, Vol. Ill, Part I, 1937 Walker, Helen M., Studies in the History of Statistical Method, Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., 1929

GRAPHIC METHODS Arkin, Herbert, and

Raymond

R. Colton, Graphs:

How

to

Make

and Use Them, Harper & Brothers, New York City, 1936 Brinton, Willard C, Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1914 Brown, Theodore H., Richmond F. Bingham, and V. A. Temnomeroff. Laboratory Handbook of Statistical Methods, Mc-

Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1931 Chaddock, R. E., Principles and Methods of Statistics, Hough-

ton Mifflin Co., New York City, 1935 Croxton, Frederick E., and Dudley J. Cowden, Applied General Statistics, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York, 1939 Crum, William L., Alson C. Patton, and Arthur R. Tebbutt, Introduction to Economics Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1938 Haskell, Allan C, Graphic Charts in Business, Codex Book Co., Norwood, Mass., 1928 Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York City, 1923 Riggleman, John R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1938 Riggleman, John R., Graphic Methods for Presenting Business Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1936

PREPARATION OF ANNUAL REPORTS James P., and Morris M. Lee, Making the Annual Report Speak for Industry, Compiled by National Association

Selvage,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, December 1938.

of Manufacturers,

York

City,

Inc.,

New

25

Chapter 2

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

I

Oynonyms for graphic narrative are: ideographic drawings, pictograms, figurative symbols, pictographic charts, and hieroglyphs.

Graphic narrative may involve the keeping of records, quality of materials, time, or quantities.

Walker Engraving Corporation,

A 1.

Stone

Age Man's

Long before

New

written language had evolved,

a

SCALE

York.

.7

Painting of a Bison.

man

recorded his actions and accom-

plishments in stone carvings and paintings.

2.

Although

it

is

has slain, 3.

not certain that the picture above it

is

is

one of a bison which the painter

probable.

This early recognition of the value of a painting in preference to a verbal description is the forerunner of the use of illustrations in modern textbooks.

26

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHIC NARRATIVE CHARTS 1.

A picture is more universally understood than a word description.

2.

3.

Graphic narrative is adaptable for poster use and has a great deal of popular appeal.

There are few rules for, or restrictions on, the use of graphic narratives.

4.

Quantitative data may be shown or suggested in graphic narrative form.

The picture may stand alone or may be accompanied by comments of explanation.

BASIC ENGLISH Basic English is a system of 850 words and five simple rules for putting them together, which was the invention of Mr. C. K. Ogden It will do the of the Orthological Institute, Cambridge, England. work of 20,000 words of English for the normal purposes of trade, Special lists for general science and science, and everyday living. for any special science put the number of words up to 1,000, with

Liberty Magazine, April

13,

SCALE

1929.

.9

The Pig Woman's Story of Her Movements and Observations on the Night of the Hall-Mills Murder.

This form of graphic narrative very simple in idea

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

it

may be

used to accompany fiction as well as

gives the story in time sequence.

fact.

It is

27

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE the addition of which the international signs of chemistry, for exmay be made to do their work at the expert level. Its interest for the writer of this book is that graphics the international language of the eye may be made completely international if Basic English is used where any words are necessary.

Basic may be learned in a month by a quick learner, working privately, or in a year or less in school. To the eye and ear it is not different from normal English, and it takes only a very short time to get the trick of writing and talking in it.

Of 1,500 living languages, only seven are used by more than sixty million persons. Of these seven, English is by far the commonest.

It is the natural, or government language of six hundred million, it has for a long time been the second language of the Far East, and is now learned in schools in all parts of the earth. It is the language of the seas, of trade, to a great degree of science, of the moving pictures and radio. Basic English is an international form of this most international of living tongues.

ample,

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

This account of the system

is

in Basic English.

Further facts about Basic English may be had from the Payne Fund, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City, or the Orthological Institute, Cambridge, England.

THE TEXTILE COMMUNITY occupies 880,000

homes

owns 700.000 automobiles spends $3,000,000 on movies annually

owns 300,000 mechanical refrigerators eats 3,500,000 tons of food annually

World. October Purchasing Power."

Textile

An

m38,

Part of an

Analysis of the Textile

Without representing the

Editorial

on Public Relations Entitled "Textiles

a

Source of

Community. form of graphic picture gives was used effectively as an illus-

pictorial items quantitatively, this

a concise analysis of the textile community. tration for a public relations editorial.

It

28

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

l900rn^pT1T

"STREAMLINED STANDARDS OF LIVING CREATED BY MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY United States News, Washington, D.

C, June

20,

The Story of American Efficiency

A.

Here

is

in

SCALE

1938.

.6

the Machine Tool Industry.

have taken place in history. It is purely a qualithe wagon has been replaced by the truck; the broom by the

a vivid story of the changes that

tative analysis:

vacuum

—

cleaner.

THREE-FOURTHS OF PIGS

GO TO MARKET

BY

TRUCK

/^^^•kLi^ Automobile Manufacturers Association "Automobile Facts!' September B.

The

A

l').}8

Graphic Presentation of the Fact That Three-Fourths of the Pigs States Go to Market by Truck. years.

It is still

the United

7 out of 10 or 4 out of 5 has been used an effective method of presenting percentage analysis.

use of pictures to represent 3 out of 4 or

many

in

for

29

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE HALF

FIRST

O

20 30 40 so 40 30 ZO

lO

G

10

Opponents

no3

<><ksscs s*t.L

NO*

TO

Nrw York A.

Journnl and

art FAKt

SPIN

mAHHATTAn'S REVERSE Run

SCALE

American.

Famous Football

Plays:

S

Manhat-

tan College Reverse Run.

An

SECOND HALF

explanation of a football play, either before a

game

or after a game,

«

is

well-known form of graphic narrative.

Players on each side are indicated by squares, circles, or other distinctive symbols, and the of the various players

are indicated by arrows.

20 30 40 so 40 30 20

V^-N

a

movements

ID

^^^

v•^^ Sk^sJs/V«

lO

%

^-^

^

%. f<ZAP><

^fH'i

The HHarvard-Yale The Score Was of Harvard.

After

13 to 6 in

any

actually

confusion did

occur

as

may

u

H P

them so what

to

be seen

1

sheets from which the above

was made were of heavy cardboard and easy to handle at the game. It may be possible that standards for this type of chart

chart

will evolve in the future.

(oity

««l

at a glance.

The work

X^

<L

Favor

like

the various plays before that

ff^fcf

of 1937.

"game," spectators often to have a picture of

the

would

Game

G

• MA(?VARO

Victor

O

O YALE

CfOc^JH

Jones, Sports Editor, Boston Globe.

30

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Compare

the charts in this chapter With those in "Pictorial Unit

Bar Charts," pages 121-131.

Redrawn from Fortune Magazine, February 1932.

The Use of Segments of

Fruit to

With the modern emphasis on

should be an effective one. tion

Represent Quantities.

novelty, the use of segments of fruit to represent quantities

by the United States

A

quarter segment of a lemon to represent the produc-

of a fourth of the world's lemons, or a half

segment

of

grapefruit to represent the production by the United States of half the world's grapefruit,

vi\>uld

be

much more

vivid than the

verbal form or even bar-chart form.

same information presented

in

31

GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

^f'^m-'^intn V**

cl»*«t* *k« ^l«f

t

tm4 pl*m

FHA

tpptmwti

Ymc

Wwm

k

fm

«i<*ii

mitt*

want t«w ••k

il

rMf

fMmtm

t%

.•!«•«•

• I«*a-

.

.

.

TK«

l<

.

T1i«

miwrvd. pr«.i4*t (K«

<

•M«iili«l

to get an FHA-insiired

mortgage

®mnl

l*fld»f.

h

How

Tk« ^nifn

TK«

b« .'ck.lK)»f<ll, ••u«<l riadil,

uUabU

coMtrw«t*eM fiiMt b« 90«d. r««titi»9 w*«rh«r «nd

—

f^raphically

in words, pictures

t

told

and charts

vS

*****,

T>.«

pi»f

m^n*

b«

prcctic*!

(I«ft).

Eqwpivivnt mwit b« appropriat* to

not

kcuM a^d na>9kb«r^o«d

Hou»f and Garden, June 1938

SCALE

The Procedure for Securing a Federal Housing Adnninisfration-lnsured Mortgage the United States in 1938.

Stories

have been told by pictures since prehistoric times. graphically but the verbal narrative was also included.

6

in

Here the story was told The pictures attract atten-

make sure that the picture is understood; and the combination two results in the reader remembering the procedure for securing an FHA-insured mortgage.

tion;

of

the words

the

^^

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Transparent material on which pictures and words may be printed has made possible a new type of book. It is literally a book, but a book that builds up a given idea, subject, or problem step by step as the pages are turned. By the use of transparent pages and an ingenious pictorial scheme, a complete story is spread out before the individual as a complete whole. The book is planned so that it can be read from front to back or back to front with the story differing according to which way the book is read. After the subject is built up, it may be reversed from the other angle. Since the page is transparent, the subject matter is carried through the page, presenting the other side of the same material.

Educators, advertisers, science, and industry may use this new an object, lesson, or product in a practical, pictorial manner where the spoken or written word is often misinterpreted It greatly simplifies the presentation of any or misunderstood. object, and produces a vivid mental picture which is easily retained. tool to unfold

Sources: Offset Gravure Corporation, Long Island City, New York Theo Jonas, 10 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois

S.

When

You're mil/N^lAlO/\/C-

Think About '-^LOlLINf; OUÂŁR/

'^

25 Miles an

Hour

50 Miles an

Hour

-'wi..X-'i--''--'-"--t'^^ 75 Miles an

Hour

Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.

Graphic Presentation of the "Turnability" of an Automobile Traveling at Three Rates of Speed.

33

Chapter 3

TABULATION ATTRACTIVENESS can be a characteristic of statistical tables.

Adherence to certain simple suggestions will improve their appearance. Designing is an integral part of every table and should The actual form which any table takes be carefully planned. depends upon the data to be presented.

For suggestions relative to setting up tabulation for reproduction, see the Vari-typer in Chapter 44 and the material about type,

setting in

Chapter

CLASSIFICATION

51.

1

34

c

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

REFERENCES Day, E.

E., "Standardization of the Construction of Statistical Tables." Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. This issue of the Journal is so limited that 17, March 1920. the American Statistical Association cannot sell it. However, it is available in most libraries.

/.UJ

/

J.?

P.m.

t.j.9-r>»t.

/3"a.

f.j j-fi^

j

/Ljw '"•t

i7^«<.

'/.'i

J"

y.j.rP.H

P. M..

UJ^U^ 4.

J_^

.AjlE<JJL*jlJ^

/«.

/

tt*.U*.uXZ.

-V'

AkAM«^«^

7.10

M—

——M—W

J-*f

Of

wmmm

wtmmm

£ — /*.

.

Hi'

£'

CU»,^L,4^^ / ¥-^ / f30- /^t<-»^<^

'

_3>J!L/c ,.j,\t~ .^w>-«^u.> -a-cAaa*.4-^^/v «*. .. <.

C »y

«.».^^r 5t»-C~

/«.rr/.t

IBMI 1 Three Methods of Tallying the Barking of Dogs.

Data for Use

in a

Lawsuit,

scale

s

Since intelligent planning preceded the tallying of this information, there was no need to record

it

in the

form of

tables.

TABULATION Mudgett, Bruce D., Statistical Tables and Graphs, Houghton

Company, Boston, Mass., 1930 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, The Preparation of Statistical Tables, 1937.

A Mifflin

pamphlet distributed

free of charge.

Walker, Helen and Walter Durost, Statistical Tables: Their Structure and Use (Bureau of Publications), Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, 1936 /d;>uIii«oii

WMhingt.m. D. C..'

486,860 8,000 6,415 5,000 4,264 3,832

Clicvy CliMc, Mil

Takoiim

I'ark,

Md

Silver Spring. M<1

UyalUville, M.l Mt. Rainier, M«l

Ktlovatt-hourt <

1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 I

b

354,9.32,330 400. 20S, 431 43.S, 360. 3S1 -

.

r.nmj

D<it

tfiienii-l for th« Wtshlnrloo inclu<Jcd Id IheM n^ros.

Railway

A

464, 108,604 495,013,756 602, 832,609 Klntrlc

ComiMDy

Federal Power Commission. National Power Survey, Cost of Distribution of Electricity 1936.

SCALE

A.

.7

Population of the Principal Cities Served by the Potonnac Electric

Power Company

in

1934,

and

Trend. of Service Growth from 1929 to 1934.

These are simple tables arranged according to magnitudes and chronologically. Note that the arrangement is from the top down.

35

36

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

MANUFACTURES. Tabls

M.-DrrAILBD eTATKMBirT FOB TIB TmiTBD <

TATm.

m lunrMPm

^UJi " '

'sm Mi.

CI

i.

GENERAL TABLBB. BT OBOOIUPHIO

DIYIBIOirS

AND BTATK8:

lilt

•Mfftf TtSii, •uu.

'

37

TABULATION Value

of VtiUic-lluildinn If

holly

From

Value of awards

and HifihtvayConatrtution Awards Financed Slate Funds '

for

public building

Value

of

awards

for

highway con-

struction

Otocraphio division

June

All divisions.

New

$1.

70^748 I0:<.8II

Kii?liinil

Middle .Mliintir K.Bst North ('nntral..

West Niirtli Oiitral.

South

1038

.Mliiiitu-

East South rentral..

West South Central.

May

1U38

$U3M. Jll 4.

S.

May

1938

4.1. .'.;:<

«.M.i):t2

:is. us.')

i.r.'io

3S4. i'2H :t77. 401

29. 15(i

lOS. 471'

3. '.tiy

15l»,853

23, (HM)

6,500

IS, 02.5

lO'.i.

1,

2,3,5,

7, 9,

and

A

1.

The

42J.t.71

074.012 920.816

614,837 1.821.320 2,479.513 1,008.710 388. 732

l,(m. 135 1,303. 3V4 4. 147 2. 4.S3, 148

876, .143 161. 123 079. 853

3. 7.14, 2.

OGU 800

975

930, "t-H

191.

1.

2J2

Statistics.

Tabulation Showing the Total for All Divisions as the As the Last. total of a

column may be put

at the top of a table, as

First

shown

Item Rather Than

here, instead of at the

bottom.

The

1037

II.

Def)artment of Labor, Bureau of Labor

A.

2.

June

18,621,883

9.'. -.112 8:i,

1038

tl2,230,009 $13,571,006

H74

J.-.-i

4;ti.(i:i7

431.

47'.'

June

Preliminary, subject to revision.

Data for building projects which were located in the cities reporting to the Bureau are included also in

tables

U.

$<..'.02,4fi7

v:»y. 1177

Pacific

'

1037

402. (KK)

Mountain

'

June

use of notes to clarify box headings should be encouraged.

SUMMARY OF MEN DISPATCHED FROM CENTRAL HALL REGISTERED

MEN DISPATCHEC

I

38

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

TABULATION

39

40

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

MACHINE TABULATION Punched card tabulating machines have proved a great aid in sorting and accumulating data. The information need not be purely statistical. Cards such as the one shown below are the basis of the punched card plan. Each card is a general-purpose record one item, one customer, one salesman, or one person, etc.

Holes are first punched in pre-determined positions on the cards according to the data registered.

A sorting machine is used to group the cards according to the information punched in them. The cards are guided automatically into receiving pockets according to the position of the punched holes in the vertical columns. The automatic sorting is made on one column at a time. It is apparent, therefore, that to arrange a group of cards in numerical sequence according to the data punched in a three-column field, the group of cards is passed through the sorting machine three times.

The third step in mechanical tabulation is the automatic comThis is done in the tabulator. In pilation of the punched data. information is merely accumulated a non-printing tabulator, the In another type of machine, the data may be automaticin dials. for

added and printed.

Machines for mechanical tabulation are built by International Business Machines Company, New York City, and Remfngton Rand, Inc., New York City. Tabulating work is done on a service ally

basis in various cities throughout the country. sÂŤns tmittis cÂŤn

International Business

Machine Co.,

Punched Card for Use 1.

City.

Machine Tabulation.

Tabulating cards arc made of paper stock carefully processed to permit of extremely rapid actuation of all three machines the punch, the sorter, and the tabulator.

The card 2.

in

New York

Cards

may

ing,

for

size

is

7W

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

x 3'/i".

be punched for each item or classification on a customer's invoice showexample, customer number, salesman, district or territory, trade class,

complete item identification, and amount.

3.

All cards

may

be balanced to a control and

to prepare various analyses.

at

any time can be sorted and tabulated

,

41

TABULATION

»^nti—

——*w«i lis • IL.

^^

K

BBUhhiHF

WWE •€ 16

e o c •a

9 e o

a;

tt :;±tLS:

ff5

CO

—=^r::

'M 0>

n

2

2

•-"irx

-c

^nr

a

<

Em -X

« a>

ifi-H

43

^

'H-L

^ mm:?:^

+^

xt niiii.

I^^\n

til',

I

11

lil]

«

ili'.lilll

liiiiii

m

III

ili

t

'

-

1

11

ji

^^iliSiii imi

Jill!

llilll

o

as

iljii

iL'Uii 2

K

C7»

c

-5

5 ^

a:

'^

:;

(0

—

*^

E

i!

<

2

>

oli

42

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

MILES

ri5

PER HOUR.

JMILES PfR

D.u.'s

(/DM.) Vi

,

QT.

.13^

50

PER

'

45

si

^

HOUR MILES PER HOUR MILES

PÂŁR

(3DMJ

(5auj

IQT

l%QTs

3QTs

.25<

43^ 60

$9.63

i

,

.75C

69

$10.50

(vau.)

AViQVs i

i

GALS.

65

^

HOUR MILES PER HOUR

(2D.aj

GAIS. 55 GALS.

$8.75

GASOLINE

35

^

HOUR MllfS

GALS.

$1.13

80

GALS.

$I2.08

14.00

$7.50

$10.50

$3.00

H.50

$4.00

$500

i6.60

$10.00

$13.00

$14.38

$17.88

$22.03

$30.33

$38.63

3j03^

386^

$1.50

'

i

TIRES

MAI NTf NANCE

TOTAL COST

COST PER MILE

\A^4

S/>eec/ //jc/iease

io

45 55

35

to

45 45 55

\

U9ff

Coffper/OOOm^

2.2

fi

7/meSaye(/

Chs//)erMfurSoyei/

6.4

Hours

$.65

$12.45

10.4

Hours

$l.20

65

$20.75

13.2

Hours

$1.57

to

55

4.0 Hours

$2.08

to

65

$8.30 $16.60

6.8 Hours

to

65

$8.30

2.8 Hours

^2.44 $2.96

35

to

35

$4.15

The Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut. "Lest

We

Regret," 1939.

Graphic Tabulation Showing the High Cost of Speeding

in

SCALE

.9

the United States.

This table is based on a 1000-mile journey, with an average car, average roads, and an average driver. It does not include the economic cost of accidents, which rises in proportion to the speed at which the car is traveling.

43

Chapter 4

CLASSinCATION CHARTS a Classification chart the facts, data, etc., are arranged so relation to all others is readily seen.

Quantities need not be given, although a quantitative analysis adds to the value of a classification chart. Brackets and arrows are effective tools to use in a classification chart.

INthat the place of each in

REFERENCES Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,

York

New

City, 1923.

R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, 2nd McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City.

Riggleman, John edition, 1938,

WAR ADMIRAL, Fair

Man

o"

War

Play ^

Domino IPink n of Hereford * Bathinq birl i

1 n-

'^

{

»k

Gold

Rock Sand Merry Token

/Ben Brush

e Sweep »

c, 1934

, * c Fair y

{»

Mahubah

ftrushup

br.

TI

1

J Harry

1/

5EABISCUIT, b. c, 4933 Pair Play f w Man vA/ War / A .. .1 IManubab Hard TacW J * It

a

L

U"^'""'^ Wiskbroom

2d

Swing On

{ Balance • Imported.

War Admiral bred by

I

Rock Sane Teas Over

/

Broomsl ick

I

Audicnci

/

belais Balancoire

SO

Riddle Scabiscuit bred by Wheailey Stable, (Mrs H.C. Phipps).

Redrawn from New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 1938.

War 1.

of the Race Horses Admiral and Seabiscuit.

Pedigrees

This chart shows the use of brackets in classification of data.

,

I

1,

The

inal 2.

The

was

The

orig-

in newsprint.

subject matter of this chart is the geneology of two race horses. (The

pedigrees

of

War Admiral and

Seabiscuit show that they are both

descendants of Fair Play and also of

Rock Sand.)

44

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

ilttAtlAMt

otMta

lOucAnoMAi

AMO PATMMt

aTa»«

OtAAMlZATlTMl

IMfttfMU O*

U.

S.

Department

of Interior, Office of Education,

The Office of Education This chart

is

of the

Cmc AMD OTMH

in

"magnified."

"School Life," February. 1938.

the United States and

of groups in the

Its

SCALE

.6

Relationships.

it shows graphically that to study one section government of the United States, that area must be

especially interesting because

myriad

*tOUP|

45

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

Mr

I

Jli

> >

•^

_

i!

<«

--

-O -^

'E 0)

O

III

*^

*r

9-

IS

c

10

Z o « c

'^

—§

E «

c

>

< c

a>

—

•

c

o '•^

o

46

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

——

IllMENIAIr OnTftlCT

ffift

ilEMENTAHV SCHOOL

JUNIO« HIGH

n

U.

S.

I

II

SCMOd

JUNIO* HIGH SCHOOL

fP^

UNIOII HIGH

I^P?I

JUNIO« COllEGi

Dcpartmrnt

An Organized

of

WSIKICT

SCHOOL

Interior, Office of Education,

WHO

WOdltS

THROUGH KrAKTMENT HtAOS. miNCIfALS.ANO TtACHtKS

SCALE

"School Life," February, 1938.

City or County School System

in

the United States

in

.6

1937.

Arrows emphasize and here show the relationship between the "people" and the school system.

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

r—4 llfOITt

47

.

48

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

rHocords

CJ

>p»TBUon

(

I

( ",Hr mil«Mjge StHllslicB (

'.Hr

and equaliralion accounts

distribution

I Ix-asing of cars

Hailway

Equipmpnt and

Tank

hxjUlPMENT Division

force

Miscdlaneous upkeep

Link

Home

shops

^

I'ainting

fOutJet valves J Safety valves

Tests

I I

Maintenance.

I

.4

Air brakes

Car tanks

CK.

\\. K. interchange rules IV A. lank car specifications )wniTs deft'cUs Carriers liability I I Railroad repair bills

I A.

Railroad

•

repairs.

Stock supplies at U^rniinaLs. bulk plants, and warehoasos Allocation of orders for shipment of sUxk from and to refineries Buy-out points, terminals, bulk stations, warchoasus, Designation of mode of transportation— Rail, water, truck, et*-.

Order and Shipping Division

(

{

(

etc.

'onsolidat<- or pool orders

.\verage demurrage, credit, and weight agrwenents

—

Overcharge, loss, and damage Diversion and reconsignmcnt Freight bills checking and revising

Claims

—

rMarkcting

territories

Rate surveys. .« Plant lo<-ations ^Competitive comparisons Male adjustments Informally with railroads Rule iinil route tables I. C. C. practice and procedure Routing (technical, applicable rates, etc.)

Servici- -c|uol)ilions to sales and purchasing departments Tariir and cliLssilicalion lilcs 'rru<'king and marine arrangements (local) Tracing and cx|)editing

Tariff and Hati.

—

Division

Voduction . .u encral servK-.- U, other JI Purchasing M„„„f„,.if.ring 1

1

departmenU

/Whol.-sale

^saies.

(

IliNKllAL

^^^^^^^^

Diilact with trade and traflic iLs.so<'iatioiis iMipcrution with carrier ollicials

am>

\dmimsthativi;

i

PrrsoillK'l

^

'Distribution of stinks (physical)

DiMSION

Rureaii of exi)lusiM's regulations Misi

I'lliineoiis

4

Clearance rules Railroad leases, side-track agreements, 'rriins|M)rl .ser\

Riiutiiig

-

ill

—

rail,

etc.

water, truck, etc. allotment of trallic as

DLstribiiliiin iiml

Pas.srnger trans|Kirta(i(iii

\

ia rail, air,

Metropolitan Life Iniurance Company, "Functiont of the Traffic Manaier," 193 7.

Traffic

lM>twe<-ii carriers

and water

SCALE

.6

Department of a Large Company.

The brackets

in

this

presentation

is

classification to

show

were retouched.

Since the important thing in such a is, the brackets, should be

relationships, the tool used, that

emphasized. Otherwise, the purpose

is lost.

1

49

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS CMIL-

K(N

IN

|6CK>0i.|tynMK PLANT PtP

SOWOlI I

ICMltD

WASHINGTON

z MAi&ftCHusrrw 3 NEW NORK

A

CflLIPORNtA

5 COOJECncUT

b OHIO 7

6

NtW

I

JERStY

tLLINOli

9 COLORADO iNDtANA

10 1

RHooe. l6uv^i0

12

VEPMONT

13

WCW HAMRSHIRE

14

UTAH

15

OREGON

10 17

r;;;/^^;^///^i

JL

\yyyyyy/A\

\Vyy///AV/////A\

\mmy///m

II w/////Ay//////AVAy//A\ W^^//AV/////AV;y//A^AV/////AV/////AV/yy//A\ ^

MONTANA MICHIGAN

« N DAKOTA 19

TO

IDAHO Minnesota

21

IOWA

IZ

MAINE.

d3

PENNSYLVANIA

«

is,

KAN6A5 \/M^,m\y//'-^/, \y/y///A\w/jr//A ^/

NEBPA5KA

2b 5 DAKOTA ex NEVADA 28 Wi6CON^lM IS>

30

WYOMING

ARIZONA

31

OKLAHOMA

52

MISSOURI

W

35 VIRGINIA 34 FLORIDA 35 DELAWARE

\yjy///Ay//////xmw^/A

\m;m/A/.

37 TENNESSEE 38 TEXAS 39 LDUt5LANA 40 NEW MEXICO 41

-//

YMf^/^W/Z/M

36 MAFTTLAND V//////At

i\

\yArAM\y/x////.\

I

|.v;%^/// \y//////.\

\^/M/-/A'

-

W///M\

Wiv/ ^:\:mf^'\^;>m^\

VIRGINIA

42 KEKfTUCKY

I

I

\/Y./m\ \W>.yM\

V4y////A

I

A5 ARKAN6A& 44 GEORGIA 45 MI&^'-^^PP'

46

^

48

Nl

6.

CARCXINA CAROL\NA

ALABAMA

SCALE

Brinton, "Graphic Methodi," McGraw-Hill, 1914.

Rank of Each of the United States 1.

2.

in

Ten Educational Features

in

.9

1910.

In making a block classification chart it is important that shadings ranging from white (or light) to black are chosen to correspond to correct gradations of value.

The

states

are

arranged according to their total ranking in all twelve educational Washington State which ranked among the first 12 states in all but

features; thus

one feature all 12

is

features

listed first, is

and Alabama which ranked among the lowest

listed last.

12 states in

50

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION METALS 1

DAYS EXPOSURE MICH TEST

GASOLINE

LOW TEST

CASOLINE BENZOL

91^. HKIM TEST

9%

ANTI-KNOCK

«4» LOW TEST

16% ANTI-KNOCK

97% ]% S0% 50%

HIGH TEST

ANTI- KNOCK

HIGH TEST

BENZa

ANTI -KNOCK

1

CLASSIFICATION CHARTS

.Su

c<

a IB 1

1

1

1

1

1

f

•

:

-

1

r

1

:

•

1

T3

S

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

DT

.

TIm

II

I

CHART „., CF ^. tW NumWot OuUr

ATOMS

.

AiMM Cnmfi Acraram«

oI

l«

V

III

I

Vi

V*Imk*

ClKlroM

I

-nK'h^

PWntUry

i Ii lIi

mi

ym::it"T^tt4->7

Vi^

1

2

.

3

^

4

Z2

997HU4.}^IK. 2&97|H

ZtUX

IB

:il

U2 Ǥ[ J106

,

39S-i4H 'I^J _:_

3J.45?

-

:

Cui

37

IT

|77 iT^ I Wo QM. D

i'lluiT?h(|rPd| 2 8

JLpQ»IM.UZ-<'

'

Kb

'i>K

71

I

223^

l226->

ift ll4.76llll&.oT^ 12I76|| 1276l|l26S2

22a' l2W

i<j!a

11U_M t^,:; i'^

tzj&e?

lUr* E>r«W II

|l^ IklWa ll

40131

^1

i<24i(|i

|lSa43Bh

facturing

I62X> 11 Wilri>

r63j||KU4||. l«M|tl7XM ||- 17l«|

Compiled by Henry D. Hubbard

A.

2JI

, .

Company, Chicago.

of the U.

S.

Bureau

of Standards;

«li.1

Publiihed by

»,

I

W. M. Welch Manu-

SCALE:

Greatly Reduced

Chart of the Atoms.

Concise information on atomic structure as well as 40 different characteristics of the atoms is given in this chart.

The original is lithographed in six colors, and all routine information is printed in large type. It can be obtained in two sizes, 42" x 64" and 22" X 30".

Compiled by Henry D. Hubbard facturing

B.

A

Company, Chicago.

Reproduction of

of the

One

U.

S.

Bureau

of Standards;

Published by

W. M. Welch Manu-

Unit of the Chart of the Atonns, and the Key Used fo

Interpret All of the Graphic Illustrations on 52A.

The

right side

is

Potassium.

which represents the element key at the lower right of each chart.

a reproduction, in one color only, of the unit

The

left

side appears as a

53

Chapter 5

GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS eneology and Genetics Charts are known chiefly as means for Synonyms for geneology and genetics charts tracing ancestors. are: pedigree charts, genealogical charts, ancestral charts.

SAMPLE PCOieRCE CHART SHOWINO THE MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, AND THE USE OF STANDARD AND SPECIAL SYMBOLS.

iCir6

6

_

if

_

C^

i*

6' 6irik'

K

6

d

iikd^ x

ti

tXPLAWATKIII Of ITMIOLI

D'MQle,- O'^e""!!*; 0'3tT\n\ln>owi\., A-StiU-biiiW or M>scoima^e,X"CKi\irtT\— numbtr oi\4 sex -unVnown;

OO'TwmSj

m

Roman SnuTT's v> \h». U^V qtntTo\ion who mornti

mditoX*. (^mtrotionv l\rQkM ^^urti \oca\e miwidMois, (\V«u4 ffl.T i» tt\« >\ovit\^ mon \V«. >*iir4 >u^ countx). or anMnd W»t i»dr(\4ua\') vtdv^rti S'^mbd), or* i\oi\4or4. ^or ttrtQ\r\ \roi\» R. a^toVvolit; B, blm4i Mtv4tr tQt\v4«ro.\xOT»j Nt, T»wrdl\t; ttdtaS. E. epi>«^ic, F, VtiWemmitdj I, \T»ant, Mj[m'\qr(i\ritou^;N,'norwa\ nv rtStrnvc* \t P. pQr<i\x\>C; ^T, ^txuaAA)^ \mmort^, S.VtThMiC/ wanitrtr. tubtrtu\ouV

31« ^oWtwnnfl

Vttttr*, p\ate<i in

9* 5«cct%iSu\

\to4«ri \n pa)M^c^

in \>)tr«r\^ iS<or1«,.

To

#'^ui)Cr\or

O©

•

m volo\

XmM

H

X

Ei\Ta tt\>onD on rM^W hani. Ul'H\<)hV\^ ^«^.t^^Su\ ou^Hor. L.s "VjIRt or no oMWi^ » Mtdmrrv oWoinmenV. »nuvt.

MOtoV wuvc.

B©

m

fiar\>cJar SaR«\^ on4 Xro\\» (wHt>h«r pht^vtal.intntat or Uinp»Tamin*o\; qoo4 ftrVxkd) un4tr tOivMitroV^jn, vn««nt ?ptcio\ Sumbol^. or ^t\ti:\ ^ptooN \««iri(\rv adi\>nn No \rvan* ^«n4ar<lii«A \in4«T (oi obwtl \ft bi '^AUti vnS'nm or ntar VWt. paHiiuloT tn4lM^4uo\'^ p*4iv<t ^>(>>M, in4ico\c p«T<icu\or \rovti an4 Vtwr dtt^rce a\ dtvOeprntntVit \ti*

W

Eugenic* Record

Office,

Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.

SCALE

.9

Pedigree Chart ShowIr>g the Manner of Construction and the Use of Standard and Special Symbols.

I

54

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

•'tf

-.

6 d

4rd

,

i Jo' rf Cf4'd

e' D*

ti

do* n'b'da d'ei'd

d

o'

B'dV J^'Jd'a

"

o"

dddddddd'ddn'dn'd'DdB'^d'ddoy'ed'Hd d ^. ^/ nw%_^ /

Eugenics Record

A

A.

Office,

*^m tmtJmm C* Um^'l,

W.

SCALE

Cold Spring Harbor. Long Island, N. Y.

Geneology Chart Showing the Actual

Pedigree

of

.7

Lamellar

Pre-Senile

Cataract.

1.

Following the practice of tracing only one the

trait

of

plotted even though 2.

It

all

trait

lamellar cataract.

pre-scnile

do not show the

on one pedigree chart,

this chart traces

individuals of the

family tree are

All

trait.

would be fairly easy to construct a chart tracing the family distribution by following the principles exemplified in the above diagram.

•

1

DO

Wh.K

of a trait

Forclotk

Nc Wh.H FcfloiK

I

n

t?

I

1

1

fy^

ID

V

• o

^

s

^ 9-r9

Ti OB «

D D O h

7

S

«

10

II. the firii recorded ancestor liavinn a white forelock. H-l, liis son inherited the while forelock And married a woman without it. ill. of their five sons three inlierited tlic white torek>ck and two did not.

IV. ««howinn the four daug-hters of one son, III-J, tliree ilaiiRhters havinn inherited the white forelock and one lias not.

V. sliowinf; the children of these four daugliters who married men without a white forelock some of the cliildren of each of the three mothers possessing the white forelock have inlierited it but none of the children of the other tuotlier not possessing it have the white forehnk. :

Lyle

B.

Fitch "Inheritance of a White Forelock," Genetic Auociation, Washington, D. C.

Five Successive Generations in

The Journal

of

Heredity,

Novemtwr,

193 7,

American

SCALE

.9

Showing Donninant Inheritance of a White Forelock

the Logsdon Family.

Explanations below a geneology chart are helpful and should be used frequently.

55

GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS

<

o

o,

In several places in this cliart the inheritance sinuilates tliat of a sex-linked dominant characbut tlie pedigree as a whole proves that the apparent association with sex is purely fortuitous.

The largest sector in which sex-linked inheritance is suggested is bracketed with a dotted line. ter,

Mablr R. Walter. "Five Grnrrations

of Short DiRits," Genetics Association, Washington. D. C.

The Journal

of

Heredity, April,

IQ38, American

Pedigree Chart Showing Five Generations of Short Digits.

1.

Deformed individuals

2.

The

are represented by solid symbols.

use of a circular heredity chart or fifth generation

is

helpful

when

would necessitate too long

the

a chart.

number

of persons in the fourth

56

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Codex Book

A. 1.

A

Norwood, Mats.

Co., Inc.,

Genealogical Charf Sheef. show graphically the genealogy of a numbered "1," the name of the individual is written. In the spaces of the concentric bands, the names of the ancestors are placed, each band representing a generation. The figures in the

This sheet

is

8'/2"

x

11" and

its

purpose

person or the pedigree of an animal.

spaces 2.

may

to

is

In the central space

be used as reference numbers.

The fan-shaped pedigree chart, while it eliminates much space, is less easy to read than 57.

the difficulty of spreading over too

Theories of

Desires

sound " finance

rentiers

of

with &xed money

in-

comes

Poor harvest.^

Undue pessimism of business

Foreign

Seasonal depression

E>eflation

tariffs

men

L

f'r

Trade de-

Fall in

pression

the

(money) cost of living

Rigid wages

and prices

Other

I

Rise in

pnce

of fixed interest securities

(e.g.

banking) conditions constant

More unemployment

r

More poor

I

relief

Higher insurance contributions

Higher rates and taxes p.

Sargrnt Florrnce, "Thr Statistical Co., London.

B. 1.

in

Economics and

Political

Science,"

1929, Krgan Paul

fli

Genealogical Presentation of the Theory of Unennploynnent.

The

lines lines

2.

Method

Additional public loans

in the original of this chart were undoubtedly have been retouched and thickened.

This chart illustrates the point that there

is

set in type, not

more than one reason

for

drawn.

The

unemployment.

GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS

57

I

Ancestral Publuhing

A

H

Supply Co., Chicago,

111.

Columnar Anceitral Chart.

The

left to right rather

than top to bottom arrangement makes it possible to get in a great The horizontal rather than circular arrangement makes the

deal of information.

chart easy to read.

Compare

this

form with 56

A

58

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

EIrctronicsi Octobrr,

1938. Part of an Editorial on Public Relations for Industry.

SCALE

.7

The Family Tree of the Thermionic Tubes.

Although the term "family tree" does not necessarily mean a 'tree." the "tree" form of heredity or family chart is a well-known one. The "tree" here presented is in reality a chronological statement of events, all of which have contributed to the existence of the "thermionic tubes."

59

Chapter 6

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

E

I'krsonnki.

DiRECTOn

SuptTvisor of Technical

Medical

Kmploymcnt and Training

Director

SuptTvisor of Traitiinp

Supervisor of

Supervisor of

Insurance and Benefits

Research

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, â&#x20AC;˘Functions of the Personnel Director," 193 7.

A.

Organization Chart of the Headquarters Staff of a Personnel Director Company Has Units in Various Parts of the Country,

Whose

Personnrl Director

.^Ji

r Supervisor of

Supervisor of

Supervisor of

Employment

Compensation

Training

1

t:

Supervisor of

Employee Helations

Supervisor of

Supervisor of

Manufacturing

Supervisor of

Sales Personnel

Personnel

OITice Personnel

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, "Functions of the Personnel Director," 193 7.

B.

An

Organization Chart Showing That an Organization Which is Engaged in Manufacturing Also Has Special Staff Men for Both Functional and Departmental Problems.

60

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

'

<

IMlill

mrz

o

o

>-

I z

•

o

u.

c

c

j<

2

s

-s

^

C

c

o

Z

Mil

E

^Hl HI

-f

•I 3 S

mwwm

jii

O

t

c

y

jj

c

.

o

^

o

^

I >

o —

;

il

'ii!'ji'ilii!'L

ih 'il

mm

o

O

jC

2 H z

ir

^

61

ORGANIZATION CHARTS <^//i:,

"/

Diagram of the Organization of the CCC made by President

A.

Roosevelt

The most complex and widespread zations

may

[a^ \u^

1933.

in

organi-

begin from just such

crude drawings as this one.

?/j,

p^ ^'

^"^

^

«

Newtr>aper of the Civilian Coniervation Corpt, SCALE .4 "Happy Dayt." April 2, 1938.

PLANTATION (Owner

or Generol

Monoger)

CONNECTION

MARKETINC

PURCHASING

(0«n«r O' Monog»r)

*1TM CREDIT INSTITUTIONS (O.ntf)

STORE OR COMMISSARY (S><yt

w fvm U4O

*tNiN' fAQMS

Ode

ZIZ

WPA.

Diviaion of Social Rrtearch, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936.

SCALE

.6

B.

Organization of Enterprises on the Large and Closely Supervised Cotton Plantation in the United States.

The

organization chart starting with the top and then branching at

the bottom

branching will

downward

to small division

perhaps the best known form of organization chart. be done depends a great deal upon the organization. is

How

the

62

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

I.

ill rincera

Ho O«0£raphlcal

ovrici

SobdlTlBlons

II.

Short Arms Long Fingers

Centnllied Geographical SubdiTlBlone

The Field

III.

Long irns

Decentralized Geographical SubdlTlfllons

Short Fingers

The Field

Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, "Papcri on the Science of Administration." Institute of Public AdministraSCALE .6 tion. N. Y. C. 1937.

Three Types of Geographical Division of Work.

The

practical

A

application of these forms of organization

detailed explanation of each

is

in the

may

book from which

be found in government. this chart

was taken.

63

ORGANIZATION CHARTS NATWMAL

fcLlCTRIC

POWtR COMPAffY

wm IU1I0NALPU5IIC srtvict cow «»% ^ fft-ff JlRliY Antral NWt«»ll«NTCO .1

<C MOtfUl*

JllIB^

in MU>mms

Hew York A.

An

Kfsiufiimmo

tetrrtt M»MO¥t»

M rix*o tMOf* /v r ' •

a COMMMitS

COMMNII i

(31 e 0)

ftte B)

Times, Dccrmhrr

H,

SCALE

1QJ2.

Organization Chart Showing Pledged.

COM

"J

:

24

<

)ttvic|

loetHiiftnjnfft

COWMWr

^^^ oftttrrmt co—P«Ht j

MUHICIHL

StABiARD fUMKUtVICtCt

How

Holdings of the Eastern

Insull

.6

Utilities

Were

In order to differentiate, cross hatchings and shadings zation chart.

A

may

be used effectively

in

an organi-

variety of shapes as well as shadings distinguishes the divisions.

I

V1

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

i

if

^

METER

J^!.^ SWITCHGEAR

>ih

OIV.

OIV.

2441

SALES 2098

MINISTRATION

ADVERTISING

/| ENGINEERING

//

ACCOUNTriNG

I

1519

15Âť

16

SI

304

OFFICERS

SM It

DIRECTORS 16

Wettinuhouif Electric

&

ManufacturinR Co

The Westinghouse Family Tree This

is

in

.

PittsburRh,

Pa..

'WestiiiRhousc Industrial Relations."

1937.

1937.

an effective and leKitimate use of the structure of a tree.

superimposed upon a "family

tree."

Compare

this

It is

form with

58.

an organization chart

65

ORGANIZATION CHARTS (

ELECTORS

)

I

/^PUBLIC

SAFETY^

f

DIRECTOR

POLICE- FIRE -BUILDINGS WELFARE & W0RKMCXJ5E

^

LAW

DIRECTOR

A

J

^

/^PUBLIC UTILITIES^

•

DIRECTOR

LESI5LATI0N-ASSES3MENTS

TRANSPORTATION TRAFnC STREET LISHTIN6

LEGAL COUNSEL-REAL ESTATE

MUNICIPAL COURT

DIRECTOR

HIGHWAYS SEWERS RE CORDS MUNICIPAL GARASEPBOPERTV acHIGMWAY MAINTENANCE v^WASTE COLLECTION J

MARKETS, WEIGHTS & MEASURES

V

PUBLIC WORKS

;

^v

'water

AIRPORT

works^

SUPERlNTCNPgNT DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY

COMMERCIAL 1.

Nine members elected bi-annually.

2.

Selected by Council from

3.

Appointed by Council.

its

membership.

4.

Appointed by the Mayor.

5.

Three members each appointed by the Mayor, Board of Education, and University Directors.

6.

Five

— members — 3 appointed 1

by the Mayor, and Education and the Park Board.

Annual Report

of the City

Manager, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1937.

Organization Chart of the City of Cincinnati.

1

each by the Board of

SCALE

.9

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION THE ELECTORATE

67

ORGANIZATION CHARTS

o

I o

c o

68

Chapter 7

RELATIONSHIP CHARTS

A

"RELATIONSHIP CHART"

is a diagram in which facts, information, etc., are arranged to emphasize their relation. It differs from a classification chart in that relationships may be shown without any classification of the material used.

GEOGRAOhfy i^iuoootooy;

.V^vif

O

(?

CCONOM>CS

From "An

Outline of the Principle! of Geology"

by R. M. Field, Copyright 1938. Used by Permitiion of the Publithert, Barne* & Noble,

SCALE

Inc.

A.

1.

This diagram suggests that geology is not an isolated thing, but is bound

The

of study.

divisions immediately adjacent to

the center of this chart

are the

ones most closely related to the science of geology. Those divisions

on the outer edges are related to geology through the intermediate subjects.

Outline of the Natural ReÂťourceÂť of the United State*" by R. M. Field, Copyright 1936. Used by Permission of the Publishers, SCALE .6 Barnes H Noble, Inc.

.6

The Relations of Geology To and Interrelations With Other Its Divisions of Knowledge.

up with many branches 2.

From "An

B.

Relation of Natural Resources to

Hunnan Activities and InterreWith Other Branches of

lations

Study.

Although similar to the preceding chart, this diagram differs in that relationships around the circle are indicated as well as from the center outward.

69

RELATIONSHIP CHARTS

SPECIAL

W*R WORK ON— MILITARY MAPPING

Making

progr«itiv« miliUry indei

SURVEY OF

map

United States

of

SITES.

Balloon fields

Ordnance proving grounds

CONTRIBUTED TOWAR DEPARTMENT.

Artillery sites

Areas near cantonments

Corps

Aviation fields

ROUTE MAPS.

Motor truck routes

'.^>^'

'^'

of

Engineers.

Ordnance.

>

Airplane routes.

I

General SUff.

'

. Artillery.

C'^v\\'vv'>V IcT .-V-:'

Quartermaster.

.

ENGINEER REGIMENTS. Contributing 110 officers.

Signal Corps.

'

Aviation.

Contributing 164 men.

Training officers and enlisted

'Surgeon General's Office.

men

I

Training school

for topographers.

'

PURCHASE AND SHIPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS

NEW AIRPLANE CAMERA.

,

Departmental commanders.

Any

officers requesting.

NAVY DEPARTMENT. Marine Corps.

CONFIDENTIAL MILITARY DATA.

.COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE.

Orientation manual.

FRENCH MISSION.

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. TOPOGRAPHIC DRAFTING. Artillery instruction

Danger poster

maps.

for hydroplane.

French conventional signs.

Base maps

U.

S.

Department

to scale for

miscellaneous surveys

of Interior.

"Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the U.

S.

Geological Survey."

1918.

SCALE

.8

Relationship Chart Showing the Contributions to War Service by the Topographic Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey.

1.

In this chart, the fact that one government department cooperates extensively with others 2.

It

is

brought out with

would not be wise to use all detail would be lost.

force.

this

form to show too many interrelationships, however, as

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Pl'RPOSE

AND PROCESS SLBDI\

^

T

PrIVBi* ••crstarlac

r

ISIONS |\ 0R(;ANIZATI0N

PCLia

nvanar

AfttilMii •BBarlaMaAaali

AcolitoAl Chlof*

iattotMt Ot^loctoM

Pr|v«t« ••er«tart««

frtvaia oacroiarlaa Itaaecrapbaro ril* elarko CTarka

Prlvata aeratarla llaaecraptera nia elorka Clortt

ni*

clvrkt Cl«rk*

Haoiawart

LajL lh4««k off lear AaeottBtut* r^fiifcMlM •ttumr

nn

m

1>«««I offte«r

la4cat off 1 oar iCoouniaBto

BBd«at effioar

^rehaali^ effioar

fttfcha«t4C off

ipcoulaate

h

•tatlttlclMU

IS

3

rill

iBClMara

w

irehltact* Laadacapa otaff Bapalr forea Jaaltora

Laboratory aoilvtaatt

CrUa laboratoT7 ataff

Olaoorocs %oaeb*r» •paelal toactaora LlkTarlaaa taeroatlOB laWlar* Plufgroaad mparrlat

Pellea •ehooj ttaff

Plaat laboratory ataff

Valtormmd tore* traffle auporvlaor

Traffle foraa Jail ttaff Hountad feroa

Traffic foroa

lae staff

•vitebboa^ operator Hoiorlt*d

g

••mo«

Tatarlaarlaa •vitebbeard operator

ftvlkabbeard oparator

UoiorlMd

Hotorisad Borrloa

aarrli

Heterliad aarrlea

V

'I RlaiL nriwork RrtI network

-

-

Puipoer dt-panmrnu Fiiicm drparlinrnu

Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, "Papers on the Science of AdminUtration," Iiwtitute of Public AdminiitraSCALE .6 tion, N. Y. C, 1937.

The Interrelationships of the Purpose and Process Subdivisions

in

Organization.

departments are presented vertically, each divided into its functions and considerable number of workers are common to all or to several departments. These are indicated by the horizontal red network. Thus when an organization has both purpose and process departments, interrelationships are essential, in

Four sample

city

workers.

fact,

A

impossible to escape.

RELATIONSHIP CHARTS

Sue^raArta

71

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

—

T3

O

^ 5 °

^

o>

•)

E o

« «i

O

3

-o « u **

£

V

*^ 5

C -

"U o SI

E

>

w»

11 0)

« O

C u

a

<c

a

„

u

o o 4)

_c

0)

52 t

Q.

.5

C

jy '5

«

73

Chapter 8

FLOW CHARTS low charts present a graphic explanation of the movement of materials, printed forms, etc., through an organization or structure. "Cosmograph" is the trade name for a type of flow chart presenting numerical information or percentages by means of black and white strips of paper, showing source contrasted with destination.

Materials

From For

the Wide-world

A World-wide Product

Electric Storage Battery Co. Philadelphia, "Ezide-IroocUd Topic*."

How

May. 1933.

SCALE

.5

Charf Showing Source of Materials for Manufacture and Distribution of the

Completed Product.

I

74

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Month

of MovCMeiR -1919-

bastd upon Ovfbound Ship Tonnajt.

1913.

1

*

J

J. Arnold, "Our National Transportation System," Proceedings of Railroad Club, April, 1923.

Jamet R. Bibbins and Bion

A.

Railroad Traffic Flow Diagram.

The

similarity

between this flow chart and a simple balance sheet with "amopnts received" and "amounts paid out" is quite pronounced. Compare with 79.

MÂŤnufK~1urui|[

IVpanmrn

Uiion DvptnmctiL

Weekly Average Net

Drawn Under

the Accountants.

B.

New York SCALE .9

Method

Direction

of

Willard

C.

Paid Circulation 1,910.282

Brinton

in

Consultation

of Displaying Proof of the Circulation for a

with

a

Firm

of

Certified

Public

SCALE

.5

Weekly Magazine.

This chart resulted from a survey made by a firm of certified public accountants. Since the formation of the Audit Bureau of Circulations in Chicago, any survey like this would not be necessary.

75

FLOW CHARTS

COOPERATING AG&NCIES N STATt ( I'MTONAt. COOfctT

NinvCt

UI4MMI/AV

INTtRMATt COMWIVMON

N

N

COUNTY 4 Rt&IOMAL

LOCAL 1 METROPOLITAN

COUNTY PlANNINKi OTX PArjK BOARD -COOPtnATIN& WITH STAT6 AND

CITY Pl.ANNINfc COMMIIMON

Planning tbCTiONt OfPARK 4 ICUOOL BOAAOS

CITY PLANNING BOAROl

JL_1

I NATOMAIPADK tCQVCL

NATtONAL COntST »tffV>C4 U QiCXO&CAt luRVtV >

CONitnvATON COMM MIGUWAV COMMltMON COOPtrJATiNG LCX.AL

ACtNOtJ

COUNTY

PAPlC

BOARD

CITV PARK BOAAO

BOAfJDOC lUPtaviKDni CCX)PtOATIN& LOCAL ACCNCitS

AND PATJIt DtPTV iCWOOL BOAaD\

I f NATIONAL PARK itOVCt

NATIONAL COQtlT VtnVKt u s BOLO&tCAL iuavtv VTATl CONitUVAnON COM

I COMM WlGUWAY COMMimON CON\taVATlON

CCX)PCr5ATiNG LOCAL

A&ENCiES

I ECDCnAL AGtNClCSTO CONTROL AND PntJtnvt AntAS Ot NATONAL IMPOOTXiMCt

PQiMtVAL AQ^At ntttAfXU AOtAS

NATONAL

POntJT}

NATIONAL PAJIICV WilLDLlCt MANGMTAQtAt HiiTonictAncw. htk^

iCCNC AOCA^

M^-NVAV^ AND PARKW/tt^

i

N

1 PAHK DtPAnTMtNT»

COUNTY

ICMOOL OOAnOi ntCRtATlON COMM.

PAn< ooAnD\

1 iTATt

AGtNCitS TO ACQUint

DtVtLOPAND MAINTAJN CAClLlTltS

TO ADCQUATt-

LY MttT RtQuiRtMtNTi Of iTi PtOPLQ COO iN\Plf>

ATOKNATunt tDUCATON AND ACTIVt OtCntATION NOTOTHtTNI/Ht PnOvlDCD ITATt fOQESTS

JTATt PAnnS

r»EStr3VATlC5N\

<WLD LIFt nCFUGtS ROADSIDt DtVtLDPMtNTJ

PARitWAVS LAHtS AND nnEAMS GAMl MANAClMlNTAAlAt WliTCniCiCtNC lOthfTlfIC

I PUBLIC

DtVtLOPMCNT AND OPCn-

LOCAL AGtNCItS TO ACQUIRE, DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN PAClLlTltS PRIMARILY POR LOCAL UiE

ATlON Of ATJtAS AND PROJtCTS OEVOND THE JCOPt OP LCXAL UNIT^ NOT WIDESPREAD ENOUGH TO JUlTltY HATt

NtlGWDOnwOOO AND

CONTROL COUNTY

SCWOOL PLAYGROUNDS

PLAYPlELDS

NEIGWBORMOOD AND •IN TOWN* PARICS LARGE PARKS PRESERVES

PARK.S

PARKWAYS

PRESERVES LAICtS

PARK. WAYS

PAIRGROUNDS tTC

ETC

^r^

RtCRtATION

J

PACILITICS

POR ALL TM& PEOPLE

1

National RctourcFt Board, "State Planning," 1Q35.

A

SCALE

.8

Plan for Public Recreation In Iowa.

The arrows

indicate the "flow" of activity from four groups of cooperating agencies towards

the attainment of public recreation facilities for "all the people."

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Ooial SJcpmno*

J»

htvJm*

tMt6o iitrm* atLJUM futttlr,

t Ufi* CQsi in

of

m4tititiit'^ /^e slor^

s cond't/ot of rutjintii Kr jjas

Cf^e nni» ittmt of ttpttta

Rani.

cUuificition art

ilot

it

fu*l. Inter

m*itAan^)n tkru

Oitt

/Ac processti of tkt biainrss CSt^wd

<Ji*

LfA* cos^ of iiouM^

ofttp%u» cf U* itUrm*

tr)d itlliJici) <yf» IO*'* itmms

mUiii

cUm

trt.

fioti

f%i on ii>u»»/m»mi Dtfirecntion on

andimjiai, Aavrlnmd, daiirtr^

frxrurn a»a e^uipmmnl.

ofiantlioni.

tion

ofuj*9f dfoiud

rvpaira,

io

a por-

accountltd or boaikaaputd, coIk/xn

Mywioae

—sinttnnnce

ntinienAnce itd rfovemenc LKpensc

aown

supplimt,

codt/ tk, credit function. m*m tAmtatj or egpmt $» it oH» coni of

ikii cUsjificthon art

<«re cjitn broken,

into kuK) smaller pooli on the diffarenl haaes of-

DiMct3iMoc*iiam. "yiiis

WmtDt^.

Chnrocd

jhtie pools art IKt liemi jftii

U.

pool on

sola— iMrtct //lis

li.

cliar^md to tht ittt

an cilaiJishtd

ai>0rade muentory

doJIar mainlen

inuescme/ir in the

ance etpensrper

/naiYidual item

gre

chardecf fo inn>4

On

the

l>isis

offrt^^ncif of mslu

the drrxcri/

JolLrcl iJti pro

in

n/rt^d to ittms

cJtt*artmtnt

of

Zfhesc pools

cjf a*ks.

poolon

the t)Jiisaf the

Department

/a

*

the 6dsis of

S.

poof

on th^ basis of dollars

Commerce, Bureau

of Foreign

and Domestic Commerce, March, 1934.

SCALE

.9

The Commodity Cost Accounting Method Employed in a Survey Made Domestic Commerce Division of the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic

by the

Commerce.

1.

Flow charts

2.

Similar charts are used to indicate terminology to be applied to certain classifications.

to indicate accounting

For example,

methods are well known.

in a foreign trade chart cf this type,

it

could be indicated by means of

boxes and arrows that the term "domestic imports" applies to those products which are exported by ut in raw material form and then imported in another form.

n

FLOW CHARTS

MRVATI

MAWI10WCI

PUMX

MIMIC

MMMTOVI

MAMTINANO

AND •TAW* t«M,eM,Me

I

^1^3.

lailroo^f, StTMt Railwoyt ft Subwoyt (400.000 000

ghwoyt

ft lrld9*l .315.000.000

o* Production >d

Pip* lin*f. (Ml •!

Oittribution

T*l«phono

ft T«l*9 $145,000,000

ph

(75.000.000

tl5.000.000

CONSTIUCTION coiiv*m

privat* tavia^t into pro4o<tlv« strwrtvrct and witfc public Mvinqi raitvt commaiilty pr«d»c»» tk* >tr»ct»r«i that pravidc our tkclter. traiiip*rtatieii, cemnmBicotioii, drf«BM, p«w(r. li^t. k*«t. water, watt* di>p«>«l. rocrratioa, coairrvatiea and dcvclopmeirt of ewr aatioiial re>ourc*<.

«tM<«rd i

Bngineerinc

What

•< liviaq.

It

Newi Record, It

October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on

Doe*.-

The Wide Range of Construction Here again

is

in

"The Conatniction Indiutry, What

i»— .7

the United States.

a simple balance sheet, with the emphasis on the places

for construction

It

SCALE

came, and the places to which

it

went.

from which the money

78

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

International Butineti Machines Corp., N. Y. C.

A. 1.

The Use of a Cosmograph to Make a Flow Chart.

The "Cosmograph" strips

is

made by using the device shown above. One thousand on edge to represent 100%, and are separated into com-

a flow chart

of paper are set

ponent parts of 100%.

2.

These two

illustrations give

two steps

in

making a "Cosmograph." The

first

process of locating and firmly clamping the strips of paper into position.

shows the

The second

shows wedge spacers and bar spacers being inserted between groups of

strips of

paper.

Tha Ant Of nagoliva phottMlohc prim of Ih*

Cotmogroph M(-up

ot tho lofl.

International Butinrts Machines Corp., N. Y. C.

B. 1.

2.

The Completed Cosmograph.

Border guides are placed Cosmograph is ready

The negative device

in position to block

out excess ends of the paper strips and the

for photostatting.

photostatic print appears at the right. Note that

fail

to reproduce.

are set at each

duce as white.

5%

Of the one thousand

all

black portions of the

strips of paper,

mark. In the negative photostat, these red

twenty are red and paper repro-

strips of

79

FLOW CHARTS u o o z

o z g D m a. </)

o §

8

*-

.o

E

-^

v2

E

.2

«

tS

J

111

< ^

o

.!!

O

q:

0»

c

hi

i

o u z

o «

^

-

-f

•»

-

=

o

:5

1

i

n

«

a

Q.

O <

8 ii

c

H

I

80

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

SCALE

International Butinest Machine* Corp., N. Y. C.

A.

Cosmograph Showing

1.

The

2.

The

Distribution of

.6

German Reparation Payments.

left side of the chart shows the total amount of reparations, and the countries by which they were received. The center of the chart shows the amounts retained by each country, indicated by the broken portions of the branches. The right side of the chart shows the amounts paid in turn by the several countries to the United States. The extreme right shows the total amount received by the United States.

effect of the

broken branches

is

obtained by sliding the paper strips backward until The remaining strips are held in position

their ends lie at the center of the chart.

at the center

by the insertion

of wedges.

ll'TTtUit

International Butineti Machines Corp., N. Y. C.

B. 1.

2.

SCALE

.6

Cosmograph Showing Simple Income and Outgo.

In setting up such a chart, the center trunk is clamped in the usual manner. The income side of the chart is set up and clamped, the board is turned and the expenditure side is arranged and clamped.

A

short strip of black paper

is

negative photostatic print. block.

pasted across the trunk to provide a white block on the The total money value is noted in type on this white

81

Chapter 9

SECTOR CHARTS

A

SECTOR

chart presents data in the form of a circle. The divided along its radii so that the angle of each section is proportional to the factual data it represents. Other terms used for sector chart are: pie chart, divided circle. In practically every instance in which material is presented in a sector chart, the same information might also be presented in bar charts. See circle is

Chapters 10 and

From

12.

I

D. P. Donnant, "StatUtical Account of the United State* of America," 1805, Oeeenland Ai Nofria, SCALE .5 The Chart WaÂŤ Made by William Playfair.

London.

Statistical 1.

Representation of the United States of America

This, so far as

is

who invented 2.

known, was one of the the method, called

it

first

in

sector charts.

1805.

William Playfair, the

man

a "divided circle."

In Statiatical Breviary, 1801, William Playfair presented a group of circles whose areas were equal to the areas of the countries they represented. The circle representing the Turkish Empire was divided into 3 sections. Since this preceded the illustration

above

in point of time,

it

may have been

the

first

sector chart.

82

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Employment

A.

Unemploymenf

and

Experience

Displaced

129

of

Hand Cigar Makers

in

Man-

N. Y., as Recorded Five Years After the Lay-off.

chester,

1.

Divisions within divisions are possible

Here two cateemployed and unemployed,

in the sector chart. gories,

are

divided

further

circle

is

in

reality

so

that

divided

the into

four parts.

2.

Shading

pieces

the

of

makes the chart Works

Progress

search

Project,

sector

easier

to

chart read.

National ReFindings to of

Administration,

"Summary

Date," March, 1938.

SCALE

.5

FROM OTHER CORPORATIONS

DIVIDENDS

INTEREST, RENTS. OTMER

SMALL SOURCES

$2.a9C,041.000

il3.SS2,T85,000

(1%)

Factory Management and Maintenance, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, SCALE .8 "How a Company Can Make Simple Reports to Its Employees."

B.

The

Sources of the Total Income of Manufacturing Industries for the Period 19291935. Total $330,709,960,000. sector chart gives an angle

and the 100% bar chart

and area comparison. The relative merits of the sector chart in presenting the

same

facts arc disputed.

83

SECTOR CHARTS

TO OWNERS AS DIVIDENDS i U,904.C02,000

(19 2'/.)

TO EMfLOYCCS (mt

inclu^in^

IN

ttltrm

SALARIES

•(

cMsptny

TO MANAGEMENT

•ffici

% 11.034,050,000

talirits of company offictri

(1«.5%)

$ «,209. STC.OOO

(8V.)

Factory Managrmrnt and Maintenance, October, 1Q38, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, SCALE .6 "How Much Employee!, Management, and Owners Got."

A.

1.

Employees, Management, and Owners for the Period 1929-1935 Manufacturing Industries.

Total Paid

In

all

three of the sector charts presented

,

in

the largest component part has been

balance and eye appeal this may be the preferred practice. But to aid in making comparisons between any two of these, it probably would have been better to arrange the sections as shown in 88B. placed on the top section of the

2.

circle.

For

artistic

Expenditures and income of the manufacturing industries are shown in this chart and 83B.

SNNT F*r

Mirctt and Rant

Far

tt.in,a:.o«« (i.«%)

T»«a

}t.4«0,IM.SS0

AVAILABLE

SffNT I

«f

PiMt aMt ^ylplMIlt

Far EmploYtti, Manaqamcnt, Ownara

i7e.M2,)*4.«e« (tl.2%)

S<1.«*«.TS«,0M

Factory Management and Maintenance, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, SCALE .6 "How a Company Can Make Simple Reports to Its Employees."

B.

Disposition of Total Income of Manufacturing Industries for the Period

1929-

1935. Total $330,709,960,000.

1.

When

it

is

impossible to place the

titles for

the compyonent parts of a sector chart in a

horizontal position within the section, the above 2.

method exemplifies good

practice.

Expenditures and income of the manufacturing industries are shown in this chart and 83A.

84

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION 1927

1930

$787,000,000

$850,000,000

1932

1934

$699,000,000

$608,000,000

Real estate U.

8.

Department

Personal property

of Agriculture,

Bureau

Sources of the Farm-Tax Dollar

Gasoline

Automobile licenses

-^others O' f

of Agricultural Economics.

in

the United States for the Years 1927, 1930, 1932,

and 1934.

The

general rule regarding the arrangement of the

component parts of a sector chart

is

that

the divisions should be arranged according to magnitudes clockwise with the 12 o'clock mark as the starting point. This rule, however, is a flexible one. It should

be noted that the 192 7 circle follows the general rule and establishes the arrangeof shadings which is adhered to in the other circles.

ment

85

SECTOR CHARTS MIDNIGHT

A.

This

Comparison

of Crimes Against Persons By Time Periods in Cincinnati in 1937.

is

a comparison of areas rather than angles

as

can easily be seen by

comparing the section labelled 18.3% with 9.9%.

2

to

The

1.

a ratio of

distance

about

along the

radius for each does not appear to

be as

2

is

to

1.

(M^OOW Cincinnati,

1888

Carpantsr

Ohio,

1938

"Municipal

Activitiet."

1037.

SCALE

.5

86

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION —St

scanrr rtvo

M«rr)

OrVAJC

>WTtfm» CnrvrnM

War With Germany,"

Leonard P. Ayrci. "The

Government Printing

OflFice,

1919.

Deaths of American

A.

Soldiers

Principal Diseases in the

by

1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled "Man's Power Part-

Power. October.

World

War. This

chart

the

illustrates

miscellaneous item

position

of

B.

a

listed

1937.

is

1.

One

the use of a black background which emphasizes both the grey and blue sections.

those

second to the percentage died from pneumonia, placed last in the clockwise

who

2.

By

v^Tmow

C.

1.

Department

of

of

light

and dark,

make two

it

colors

is

do

rtotocutrwi

'iimtac

Labor, Bureau of Labor StatUtict, "Labor Information Bulletin," October, 1936.

SCALE

Total Cost of Direct Labor and Materials on 1936.

The use

to

the work of four.

Jnrrrtm^ifomi

S.

alternating possible

arrangement.

U.

distinctive feature about this chart is

is

of those it

than

other

diseases

.8

Distribution of Industry's Dollar in

when compo-

nent parts are presented. Although the percentage of soldiers who died

from

SCALE

ner."

many

circles

PWA

.4

Construction Projects, 1933-

and the arrangement of each one makes

this

an interesting

group of charts.

2.

it might have been better to have have the black section of each circle start at

In order to aid in comparing one circle with another, a

common

starting point, that

is,

to

the top center as in 84.

3.

Note that the numbers beneath the circle give the amount purpose, but have no bearing on the size of the circles.

of

money spent

for

each

87

SECTOR CHARTS

SALES DOLLAR

I

INVESTED DOLLAR 4.3ÂŤ Profit

During the period 1923-1934 profit in the

(latest figures available) the

average

manufacturing industries was equal to 4.2$ for each

sales dollar, or 4.3( for each invested dollar Factory Management and. Maintenance. October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relationt Entitled,

"A Program

Percentage of 1.

The use

for Public-Relation*."

Profit

from a Sales Dollar and an Invested

Dollar.

of a dollar or other coin in place of a circle adds to the effectiveness of a sector

chart.

2.

It

might have been better to place the section labelled "Profit" at the 12 o'clock mark.

The difTcrence between 4.2 and 4.3 is so slight that the eye has difficulty in noting Because the sections are centered on the 6 o'clock mark, it is even more difficult it. to sec the difTcrence.

88

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION NET IMPORTS

U.

S.

Department

Bureau

of Agriculture,

Average World Trade

A.

NET EXPORTS

SCALE

of Agricultural Economics.

.7

Apples by Countries for the Five Year Period from

in

1928 to 1932.

1.

The

method of division, and the arrangement of the sections Although labels usually are kept on a horizontal plane, the of the sections may make it impossible to follow this method even by the

on

lettering

this chart, the

should be commended. small size

use of arrows.

2.

These data might be more clearly shown by a 100% bar chart.

1924-1929

I9I0-I9I4

AV. PRODUCTION 2,614,000,000 BUS. U. B.

S.

Department

of Agriculture,

Distribution of

Corn

AV. PRODUCTION 2,610,000,000 BUS.

SCALE

Bureau of Agricultural Economic*.

in

the United States for the

Two

.7

Periods 19 10- 9 14 and 1

1924-1929.

1.

This chart presents the best method of dividing the circle and labelling

2.

The

chart

3.

The

lettering of the sections

is

marked clockwise is

the chart to read the labels.

in

magnitudes with the

first line

on a horizontal plane so that

it

its

parts.

beginning at 12 o'clock. is

not necessary to turn

89

SECTOR CHARTS

American Society

A.

1.

of

I

Mechanical Engineers, N. Y. C, "Mechanical Engineering," February, 1921.

SCALE

.5

Average Annual Net Expenditure of the Federal Governnnent During the Period 1910 to 1919, and for the Same Period Exclusive of War Cost.

If

you think of

this

type of chart as two sector charts, one larger than the other with it is much easier to understand.

the smaller on top, 2.

It

would have been impossible to put the titles of the segments on a horizontal plane in this sector chart. Care has been taken, however, to make the lettering clear.

American Atiociation B.

of State

Highway

Official!,

Distribution of the Total Federal

'American Highway*."

April.

1938.

SCALE

.5

Budget for 1937 and 1939,

Since the budget for highways was the point of emphasis, public works, of which it ia ÂŤ part, was placed at the center top. Note that public works only was subdivides) to allow for this emphasis.

90

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

A.

Assets and Liabilities of the Elgin National Watch Company in 1937.

This differs from the sector chart below in that the dividing line

the assets and liabilities tical

between is

a ver-

one rather than a horizontal

one.

LIAMLITICS Elgin National

Look

South

at the

Watch

Co.. Elgin, Illinois, "Let's

Record of 1937."

Manchuria Railway Co., "Contemporary Manchuria," a Bimonthly Magazine, Japan, September,

1938.

B.

Distribution of Assets in

Half of

and

Liabilities of

the South Manchuria Railway

Company

1938.

this circle represents the assets of the

other half the liabilities.

Each

South Manchuria Railway Company and the 100%.

half equals

91

SECTOR CHARTS

M

Oc in l»l«

For Labor

7.0e in ISIC

For Locofnotiv* Fuel

IS.Ic in 19IC

For other Matariali and S

For Loat and Danrtafe, Injuri**

S.Sc

to

in l»IS

Parsons,

Insurancs,

Pensions,

Ospraciation and Retirements

4.4c

For Tax

in 1916

For Equipnrtcnt and Joint Facility Rentals

l.lc in ISIC

Balance Rentaininf (Net

U.»c

I

in 1»I6

Operating Income) as on the Capital Invested Property

For each Dollar of Operating Revenues Received, the Railways

had

$4.90 Invested in their Properties in 1916

and

$6.37 in 1936.

When

the foregoinf Pannies of Net Railway Operating Income were divided among the Dollars of Investment, each Dollar received this Return

S.9056 in 1916

Committee on Public Relations tion."

A

of

the

Eastern Railroad. N. Y.

J.S956 in I93C

C, "A Yearbook

of Railroad

Informa-

1937.

Comparison of the

Distribution of the

Received by Class

I

Railways

in

Average

Dollar of Operating

Revenues

1916 and 1936.

This might be called a cumulative sector chart. Note that in each circle the total of all that has been presented above it is represented by a shaded section, while the part to be added is in black.

Chapter 10

100% BAR CHARTS

A

is one in which a single bar divisions of the bar represent percentages and the represents 100%

one hundred per cent bar chart

of the whole. Synonyms for 100% bar chart are: percentage bar chart, relative bar chart, component parts bar chart.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A 100% BAR CHART: 1.

A straight bar is easy to divide into parts representing proximate percentages, and

more convenient

is

ap-

to use than a

sector chart.

3.

The sections may be shaded or colored for contrast.

Groupings of the parts are possible by using brackets or engineering dimension lines.

4.

A

5.

To

6.

To

2.

I

T

A

easily read.

eliminate any need for turning the bar, the labels should read from left to right horizontally wherever possible.

The bar should be wide enough to allow for differentiation, and yet not so wide that the facts presented are distorted.

p

i

T

T

;i >l

lO

A 100% 1.

more

is

aid in using the chart for reference purposes, the actual value of the bar and its component parts should be given.

7.

%e

percentage scale outside the bar

H

I

I

I

H

I

T

I

to

M H t

I

I

I

'

1

I

[

I

>0

I

I

I

[

'

40

I

I

H

I

I

I

I

H

M I

I

I

I

I

I

I

H

'

I

I

I

I

I

CO

I

I

H

I

10

I

I

I

I

I I

T

I

|l

r '

to

'

[I

I

I

I

I

M I

I

I

n Mn I

ioo%

scale

Bar Chart Stamp.

.8

100% bar chart with the percentages marked may be from stores handling graphic chart material or from makers of rubber

rubber stamp in the form of a secured

stamps.

2.

When

a bar chart

is

wanted

in

a report, all that

height and six inches length in the manuscript.

is

necessary

The

chart

is

to allow

may

two inches

then be placed in

this space.

3.

These rubber stamps may be secured in other sizes, but they are usually six inches long. Paper on which five 100% bars have been printed is also available. This illustration may be used as copy for making a rubber stamp.

93

BAR CHARTS

100%

WATERWAYS

ALL RAILWAYS

HI6HWAY9

flPCLINES

MILLIONS OF TONS "The Ffdcral Chart Book." Prepared by

Board

the Central Statistical

National Reiource* Committee,

arid

SCALE

January, 1Q38.

A.

Estimated Tonnage

In this chart a comparison of weights the scale

2.

The value

is

4.

separated from the

is

100%

given rather than amounts or percentages, and bar.

would have been increased had been given.

of this chart

divisions 3.

in

1932.

riers in 1.

.8

the United States Originated by Principal Types of Car-

the tonnage for each of the four

if

choice of shadings was unfortunate, since at the point where the two sections, "waterways" and "highways," meet, the bar seems to sag.

The

The Federal Chart Book is an experimental publication and does not stand as a document for general use. As a result, the illustrations are in a tentative and not necessarily final form.

a TUKIPMUMONU CmOSS

NFUJIH2A

HEART DISEASE

"The Federal Chart Book." Prepared by

LoiABCTES MELLITUS ACCIDENTS

AtL OT

l-AUTOMOeiLE I

th^ Central Statistical Board and National Resources Committee,

SCALE

January. 1938.

B.

Percentage Distribution by Selected Causes of Deaths

in

the United States

.6

in

1935.

1.

The 100% bar chart is a classification chart with percentages graphically presented. It gives the component parts of the total along a straight line. By making the line a bar, the component parts are more easily identified and compared.

2.

Note that the percentage

3.

The

for

each of the seven divisions

is

given within each section.

use of connecting lines to identify small sections of a is

100%

bar chart with

its title

here demonstrated.

OCPAXTHCNT

-FOOO STO«£S

Z0%

40%

GEN MERCHANDISE STORES

"The Federal Chart Book," Prepared by January.

C. 1.

J

AUTOMOTIVE GROUP

the Central Statistical

All otmcr stores

Board and National Reaoureca Committee,

SCALE

by Types of Retailers

in

the United States

use of brackets or engineering dimension lines to

100%

noX

aoX •OX

00%

938.

Distribution of Sales

The

'

bar chart

is

often useful.

show groupings

In this chart the

titles of

in

1935.

of the parts of a

the individual sections

are given above the bar, while the titles of the groupings indicated

by brackets are

given below the chart.

2.

The

inclusion of the percentages within each section

is

.7

a decided advantage.

E

I

94

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Drprcciation

$4.00

Interest

^neTaxe3-2ai^A

on

Investment 6.00

ib0 65— 24 Gauge

^rantportation

Scrap Loss

Sheet Cost before

«nd Marketing

Interest or Depreciation

Fuel Supplies

Overhead 3.00

WioninaRefi"''^

Repairs and Maintenance

Costs-zaz*/'

4.00

Automobile

Manufacturers Association, mobile Facts and Figures," 1938.

A.

Distribution of the line

Cost of Gaso-

United

the

in

Auto-

'

States

in Direct

1936.

The

use of objects which can be divided

percentages

into

In

practice.

can

this

common

a

is

chart,

gallon

a

very appropriate to

is

trate the

illus-

distribution of the cost

26.65—1

rr

Sheet &ar

of gasoline.

i iiilM

Cost

(t:^

^20

15

—

Ingot Cost

B.

Cost of

a

Steel

Ton of Finished Sheet

at

Lake

a

United States 1.

The amounts are

to

total of all

It

Port

in

hand

either

Co»t

may

SEE

bar

each one is a those below it on the

side.

a

to include

percentage scale or per-

centages within each division. is

^14.15 Pig Iron

the left of the

might have been better

it

the

1931.

cumulative:

right 2.

in

As

now, percentages of the total be computed, though they

are not given.

and

Indirect Labor 15.00

^^ iiiivh'rui

Scrap

Lo«

100%

BAR CHARTS

95

96

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OihÂŤr Works Program

vogM

W.PA WOflM

Works

Civil

Wage

ossistonce

- 29 9

WOQM

%-

CCC

wogts ond subsistence

Emergency work

Soeciol progrom

Emergency

relief

Cotegoficol relief

relief

relief

-65 3%-

- 4 8

%

Direct

emergency

Aid

oged, to the blind, dependent children

and

relief

to the

to

$5,375,000,000

WPA, A.

1.

Division of Social Research, "Trends in Relief Expenditure," 1937.

Wage

As-

easier to label than

if it

Percentage Disfribution of Total Expenditures for Public Relief and sistance in the United States for the Years 1933-35.

The

vertical

100%

bar

when divided

into small sections

is

much

were horizontal.

2.

It also lends itself readily to

grouping by sets of brackets to show such items as total

fixed charges, total operating expenses, etc.

100%

97

BAR CHARTS

lUM ntANSmssiON

"CCtlvlHO SUSSrtTlON

SCALE

Prderal Power Commiition, "National Power Survey," 1936.

Elements of Costs States 1.

By

in

in

the Supply of Electricity to Residential Customers

In

.7

the United

1935.

illustrating each of the elements of cost in the supply of electricity to residential

customers in the United States, meaning is given to such terms as "utilization expense" and "return on investment." This form of chart would be appropriate for an annual report.

2.

When a chart is to be used in a report, figures should be given and correct relative proportions maintained.

In this illustration, no figures are shown.

98

Chapter

COMPARISON OF

11

100% BAR

CHARTS

chapter are the same type those shown THEtheCHARTS preceding chapter. The 100% bars are grouped comas

in this

for

in

parison purposes.

1.

2.

Since it is difficult to determine the approximate height or length of any one of the sections of a bar, it might be better to put the percentage scale at both left and right, or top and bottom.

The shadings should thing

is

follow the general rule that

100%

100%

All Ort.ÂŤr tUso ureas

,

when no one

to be emphasized, the darker shadings should be next

rOttMr Loons and Discounts

Savings

Loon ond

Ranks

ComlJo'n...

A|| B<'"'*Âť

13,116,830 ^57,24^131

99

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS A

to the zero line. darkest shade.

3.

Connecting

TOTAL

WPA.

lines

section to be emphasized should be the

from one bar to the next aid the reader.

1909

1919

1929

949,338

993,597

951,015

National Research Project,

"Summary

of

Findings to Date." March, 1938.

Percentage Distribution of Wage Earners Employed United States in 1909. 1919, 1929, and 1935.

in

the Mineral Industries

In

the

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION 49 MILLION

101

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS CHARACTERISTICS OF BAR CHARTS: 1.

2.

3.

Bar charts may be adapted to fit almost any application.

The height of each bar is easily compared.

There should be some order for arrangement: a.

Time-series

b.

Magnitudes

c.

Geographical

d.

Alphabetical

The

4.

actual

amount which each bar

represents should be

given.

ORDERS

ITEMS ORDERED ONCE IN A SIX

MONTHS

PERIOD

ORDERED MORE THAN ONCE BUT LESS THAN 10

TIMES ORDERED 10-24

TIMES ORDERED 25-50 TIMES

ORDERED more: THAN 50 TIMES Redrawn from

a Chart

by U.

S.

DÂŤpartmrnt

of ARriculture,

Bureau of Agricultural Economicf.

Frequency of Orders of Ten Selected Candy Plants

When

in

the United States

in

1930.

none of the various shading films arc available to provide cross hatchings on a chart, rulings such as these may easily be put in by hand. Care should be taken not to create weird effects such as those in 93A and 115A.

I

102

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Hi

Vtoffting

^

u*uol toc*o-«conomic

p^^

Worlitng

M

0IA«f thon utuol

Oo\t

ucio-«conom*c ctOH

Ptfccnl

40

20 1

1

1

«0

1

1

1

80 1

r

::;:.::::.::-:.xx.:v::::::::v:vX^^^^

Tolol

ii

wiuia cMioi

/mrTT»

»

r^

I

'

>

3.

---^-'-^^

3 I

:S±2iS2±S5^ 31

Untli>ll«4

fEMAUE WORKERS Totol

Wh.lt COllOf

SkillM Scm.tlitlltd

WPA,

Division of Social Research,

"Urban Workers on

Relief," 1936.

SCALE

.6

A.

Proportion of Employed Workers on Relief Class in the United States in May, 1934.

The

inclusion of the "total" bar in each of the two classifications adds to the value of this chart.

PERCI 100 r

in

Jobs of Their Usual Socio-Economic

103

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS

m^ All.

A.

«0>«fM

Average Migratory, Employment, and OfF-Season Periods of 500 Migratory-Casual Workers in the United States for 1933 and

_uiiiii

1934.

Each

of these bars represents one year or 52

weeks.

As

a

result,

"weeks"

arc used for the scale, rather than

percentages.

I WPA.

Division of Social Research. gratory-Casual Worker." 1937.

"The

SCALE

Mi.6

PERCENT

PCHC£NT 100

100

1037

NCUPVOTCO

IturuiTlO ruu. TiMC

WPA. B.

National Research Project. "Recent Trends

in

Employment and Unemployment." December. 1Q37.

Employment Status of Employable Persons As Revealed employment Sample for the Years 1929-1937.

SCALE

in

.7

the Philadelphia Un-

Notice that the hachures are arranged according to relative darkness. See Chapter

9.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

"

t

'

]

No emptoymen*

Of public oid

K*i?x^

t¥:»3 Relief ond o«her {''yj ReseHlemeni client

Nonognculturol employment only Aqriculturol

employment only

Works Progrom end

ott>«r

**

lOOr

nlOO

90

eo

70

60

50

S

40

30

20

10

MONTANA

SOUTH

WISCON

WEST

NORTH

DAKOTA

SIN

VIRGINIA

CAROLINA

* Including tfiose wt>o hod relief only ond relief combined with pnvote employment, but not including those with relief ond Works Progrom employment

WPA.

DivUion of Social RcMarch, "EfTectt

Relief

of the

GEORGIA

**

Including those with Works Progrom employment Works Program and private employment, orul Works Progrom ond relief.

only,

Works ProKram on Rural

Relief." 1938.

and Employment Status of Heads of Rural Households in December, 935.

In

the United States,

I

When

it

is

to

not possible to give complete information within the chart these

may be

utilized.

would have been possible

The

itself,

footnotes here give a great deal

in the legend itself.

footnotes similar

more

detail than

COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS Direct r«<ief

June

TOTAL October

COLORADO October

'•' -•!

work

Work relief

relief

105

106

Chapter

12

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

shown in the two preceding chapof the bar form is to have the use Another represent 100%.

ach of the bars ters

in the charts

length of the bars indicate values. The following are synonyms for bar charts when they are in a vertical position: column chart, "pipe-organ" chart, "pipe-of-Pan" chart. "flute-of-Pan" chart.

vr.M

V

-

'/noooooto

t?ff.

Iron

Reserve Aeent. New Review," Sept. 1. 1935.

Federal

York.

*w Sfff '

"Monthly

SCALE

as ftrrctnf

.6 ><>.-«

A.

1.

Estimafed Total Cash Income of Farmers in the United States from Agricultural Marketings Including Payments by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, for the Years 1929-1935.

Simple comparisons are easily represented

comparison

is

The yearly when presented

form.

bar

in

best

in vertical form, the bars

2.

The

l95Plrrcmt

/»nw«m«w - 'fSd, 000.000 U.

S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statiitics, "Labor Information Bulletin." Oc-

tober,

B.

1.

facilitate the reading of the chart

purposes.

in

its

use for

reference

700 000

'-^3fxyftfw r^ifyryw' - 'Og 10(1000

.8

PWA

The

total of the lengths of all the bars

beneath the its

2.

SCALE

1936.

Value of Orders Placed for MateProjects for rials Used on the Period 1933-1936.

addition of the actual amounts which each bar represents would

and aid

^ry- t^Ji

7 flrrcenf

forming

a curve.

n Prrcfnt

'Xf6. 900. 000

It

first

one

is

equal to

length.

is no between the width of the "total" bar and the others.

should be noted that there difference

107

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

WPA. A.

SCALE

"Report on ProgrcM of the Works Program." December, 1937.

Estimated

Total

Operation from

Cost of Works Progress Administration Projects Placed May 6, 1935, Through September 30, 1937.

1.

The

2.

Its presentation horizontally eliminates the possibility of the

3.

Since stubs only are used in the vertical rulings,

material here

is

.7

in

arranged arcording to the magnitude of the bars. eye seeing a curve which

would be undesirable. actual figures to facilitate reading the chart. $ PER UNIT

800

700 600

500 400 300 200 100

it

might have been better to include

I

a

108

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Percent

10

No

20

40

30

60

50

schooling

Partial grade school only

Completed grode schoo< only Portiol high school only

Completed high school only

total of alt

bars

•

100%

College

WPA,

Division of Social Research, "Farmers on Relief and Rehabilitation," 193

7.

Grade AHalnment of Heads of Open Country Households on

A.

Relief In the

United States. October, 1935.

As

is

indicated, the total of

the bars in this chart equals 100%.

all

Compare

this chart

with 106A and I08B.

17.4 7.9

12.0 9.8

AUTOMOTIVE :itiiii»n:w

RAILROADS METAL CONTAINERS

MACHINERY

3.8

OIL, GAS,

5.3

MINING

AGRICULTURE

3.4 7.2

HIGHWAYS

1.1

SHIPBUILDING

.9

SI.

ALL OTHERS 10

5 17S7

The American B.

RolIinB Mill

Distribution

States

Probably

15

DI3TBIBUTION OF nNISHED STEEL PBODUCCO IN THE

for

in

as

20 U.

S.,

BT

30

CONSUMING CBOUPS

SCALE

Company, Middletown, Ohio, "37th Annual Report," 1937.

by Consuming Groups of Finished Steel Produced

in

.8

the United

1937.

were placed within the bars and the perThis arrangement aids in ascertaining whether or

variety, the titles of these bars

centages were placed to the not the total was 100%.

left.

109

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

C

o

o

^

c

£

V

a

>

&£

m ^«

u

a

I SI

00

.2

•>

«g

>

«

c

b

O

£

O 13

*3

2

<J

C

3

c

C

O

a

a>

S

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Georgio

New Mexico South Ookoto Maine Utah Montane

Woshington Maryland Arizona

Idaho Connecticut

New

HarDpshire

Vermont Oregon Rhode Island Wyonning Delowore

Nevodo

WPA,

Diviiion of Social Research. 'Rural Youth on Relief," 1937.

Estimated

Number

Compare with

109.

of Rural Youth on Relief

in

the United States

in

October. 1935.

111

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS

WAGES AS ftR CfNT

Of

VAi ui

0>

runn

:^

AAILAOAO R[»Ain SHOPS, STIAM FOUNDAltS Mositny

LUMBCM AND T1MMK MIOOUCTS BOOTS ANO SHOES • FUDNITURt CLASS _—..... .

WOOLtN WOVCN cooos PMINTINC ANO PUBLISHING, BOOK ANO JOBCOTTON MANUfACTUMCS CLOTHING. MEN'S, YOUTHS', ANO BOYS* MACHINE SHOPS STIEL WORKS ANO MOLLINC MILLS

—

MACHINERY AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS MOTOR-VEHICLE BODIES ANO PARTS ELECTRICAL MACHINERY. APPARATUS, ETC BREAD ANO BAKERY PRODUCTS WORSTED WOVEN GOODS DRESSES, WOMEN'S NONFERROUS METAL ALLOYS AND PRODUCTS LEATHER. TANNED AND FINISHED — REFRIGERATORS RUBBER TIRES AND INNER TUBES—

INDUSTRIES. 1899-1935

COATS AND SUITS. WOMEN'S. ETC. PRINTING ANO PUBLISHING. NEWSPAPER. ETC. PAPER CONFECTIONERY LIQUORS, MALT

I

ALL MANUFACTURING

BOXES. PAPER

-

CHEMICALS

I2.0|

CANNED AND DRIED FRUITS VEGETABLES, TIN CANS AND OTHER TINWARE-MOTOR vtHrCLES COKE-OVEN PRODUCTS CAS. MANUFACTURED PAINTS AND VARNISHES -DRUGS AND MEDICINES .

ETC.

I0.«|

1

~ PETROLEUM REFINING MEAT PACKING, WHOLESALE FOOD PREPARATIONS " BLAST-FURNACE PRODUCTS FEEDS. PREPARED SUGAR REFINING. CANEBUTTER FLOUR ANO GRAIN-MILL PRODUCTS COPPER. SMELTING ANO REFINING CIGARETTES SHORTENINGS (OTHER THAN LARD), OILS. ETC

National Induitrial Conference Board.

Inc.,

SCALE

February 18, 1938.

The Percentage of Value of Products Which Is Expended for Labor in \A(ages Leading Manufacturing Industries in the United States in 1935.

The

inclusion of the value at the end of each bar, while

it

eliminates the necessity for two

eye movements, visually decreases the length of the bars. to put the values in a

column on the

left.

7

in Fifty

It

might have been better

112

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Percent

40

20

60

80

100

140

120

nr -ZML

Woshmglon, D C

New

York,

N Y

Scronlon, Po

Peono,

160

III

Stou« Foils, S Doh

Wis

Milwoukee

St Louis, Mo Son Froncisco, Coht

^ m

Boston, Moss Minneopoiis, Mmn

Nework, N J Cincinnoli, Ohio Atlonlo, Go Pittsburgh,

Chicago,

Po

III

Philodelphio, Po

Omoho, Nebr Norfolk, Vo Richmond, Vo Bridgeport, Conn Cieveiond, Ohio Albuquerque, N Me« Boltimore, Md Binghomton, N Y Rochester, N Y Detroit, Mich Foil River, Moss

Memphis, Tenn Tucson, Ariz Dollos, Tex Providence, R Buffolo, N Y Butte, Mont

I

Houston, Tex Louisville,

Ky

Wmston-Solem, N C Knoxville, Tenn

Oklohomo

Okia

City,

Denver, Colo Portlond, Mome

Cedor Ropids, lowo Indionopolis, Ind

Columbia, S C Jocksonville, Flo

Konsos

Mo

City,

Los Anqeles, Co lit

New

Orleons, La

El Poso, Tex Solt Loke City, Utoh

Clorksburg,

W

Vo

Columbus, Ohio Monchester, N H Little Rock, Ark Spokone, Wosh Seattle,

^=3

^

E

Wosh

Birminghom, Alo Wichita, Kons Mobile, Alo Portlond, Oreg

WPA,

^

=:f

Division of Social Research, "Intercity Difference* in Cost of Living

Relative Rents for a 4-Person

Manual Worker's Family

in

— 59

Cities,"

March, 1935.

Each of 59 Cities

in

the

United States, March, 1935.

1.

2.

The 100% line here gives a good measuring rod for comparisons.

The chart would be read as follows: the four cities, Detroit, Michigan, Fall River, Massachusetts, Memphis, Tennessee, and Tucson, Arizona, may be described as average cities so far as rent for a

relatively

much

much lower

in

4-person manual worker's family

higher in Washington, D.

is

concerned.

C, and New York

Mobile, Alabama, and Portland, Oregon.

City,

and

Rents are relatively

113

MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction. 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.

CHAHn

TIMC-SniES CCXUAAN A.

DCFINITION

6.

THE

2

COIUMN CHART

IS

PART1CULA81Y EFFECTIVE, ol amounts in o single time

I.

To emphobie comparisons

2

For popular presentation.

3

To show components lor o rekjtivelv few lolols.

To picture "penod' doto as ogomst "point" doNi. For s>iowir^ o rar>ge of volues or deviations from a normal or bogey.

5

1.

COLUMN DESIGNATIONS

choti

art graphic prnaniotions wh«r*in fHiffl«ncol values or* r«pr«j«nt9d by lh« length ol vertical bars or caluemt.

4

C

Column

THE

COIUMN CHART

IS

NOT

series.

It more difTKult to lobcl is generally segmented or grouped columns than curves because tfie columns themselves take up so much more of the spoce Segment labels should be placed ocross several columns il procticobte However, the space about labels should be reduced as much as possible and too much controst with the tone of the column ovoided so os not to distort the impression of the relative lengths of the columns ond segments Where labels cannot be placed on the columns, orrows may be used A key or legend should be used only when improcticoble to lobel

directly.

COIUMN CHART DESIGNATIONS be ploced most rather than

THE BEST FORM:

1.

For comporing several times senes

2.

For lime series over an eilended period with

in

effectively

occordmg

Column

chart

titles

con often

columns cose with line

to the distribution of the

a fixed position ol the top

Ithe usual

chortsl.

many

plottings

I

AND

LAYOUT DESIGN A chon consisting of o few columns should generoify be higher than wide, for more than a few columns a widerthon-high chort is preferoble GRIDS.

T)>e field or grid

used

ruted coordirtote surfoca.

for

column charts may be a completely

Usuolly. however,

il

is

not

necessary to

Not* An •mpir<ol rtloliOns^'P b*»w—n column ond ipoc* it IXtMAtsd in Chon b*iow. boMd on on octuoJ )Mt o( cHom qI root-two propofttont ond vOf'Ovi numb«f| o* columns, onm Ml wndOf -thon-hioh ond onoHlV

would normally be shown on o line chon. A complete grid outline is usually not reauired The columns It^ewsehres generally moke vertKol rulings unnecessory. Moreover, (ewer )>ori2ontol rulings may be needed since column chorts ore more lrtd<ose

all

the rulirigs which

ih«

high«r -than- wtd«.

gerwrally used for popular presentation thon are line chorts. Often horizontal rulir>gs may be incomplete, being extended through only that portion of the field occup«d by the columns.

3.

SCAIE SELECTION In column chorts the interest is generolly in a comparison between amounts os of different dotes. These amounts ore proportionote to the height of the columns This means Ihot the zero line, when it is ifie prir>cipot hne of reference, should olwoys be iTKluded in a column chort. It follows, too, that the omouni scoles should no* be broken, but mode continuous from the reference Ime. While normoffy the full length of the column should be shown, when it represents on abr<ormally lorge value the column may be broken at the lop ond ttie omount irKitcoted.

Columns should be spoced occording to their proper position on the time scale. SVhen time intervals between volues are not equal, columns should be spoced occordingfy.

4.

SCALE DESIGNATIONS Ptocmg of scole numerals ond captions on coKimn chorts is less conventior^olized than on line charts. As the grid rulings ore ohen irKomplete, the verticol scole volues generally are ploced on the s*de where tfie rulif^gs ore complete (For exomple, if the tollesi columns ore at the right, the scole designations moy be shown on the righihond SKie only |

Scale Desigrxitions are nornHslly centered ur>der tf>e columns, reodtng fiorizontally in column chorts for popular presentotion fttfier or both omount and time designations may be ploced obove the

Tifite

.

columns

& COLUMNS

The eAeclive appeoronce of o column chart requires

ipecol core m the design of the columns When there are only a lew cohrmrts H<ev should be norrower thon tl<e white spoce between, when there ore mony cohniuu the reverse should be trve

To space columns equoHv dong the titne scale, divide the ovoikibte horizontal spoce mio twice as mony spaces os there ore to be columns.

Then center the columns on every other division mark begmnirtg with the

First

from either end.

114

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

115

Chapter 13

CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS

ONE VARIATION 12

shown in Chapter by using hachures. or shadings.

of the type of bar chart

to differentiate the bars

is

Charts in which this technique

is

used are called contrasting bar

charts.

OISAIUNC INJURKS

Green Giant brand peas Other Peas 1937

Green Giant pack increased 400% over 1930.

Selling price ot Green Giants decreased 12 since 1930.

1/3% 1932

Advertising cost on Green Giants per case decreased since 1930.

29%

Valley Canning Company, Beaver Dam Wis., "Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1938."

Minnrtota ,

A.

A

Comparison of the Shipmenf of One Brand of Peas and the Shipment of All Others by the Minnesota Valley Canning

Company

in

the

Years

1932

and 1937.

The reason

for including this chart

is

to

an optical illusion which seldom seen and which should

illustrate is

be avoided. are

Note how the bars

distorted to

the left because

of the cross hatchings.

116

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.

column designs or shadings ore recommended os follows:

Specific Id)

general use for narrow columns. However, a narrow columns filled in solid may cause an unpleasant optical effect. In segmented column charts, black is good for the bottom segments if they are not too large.

Black

for

IsolidI

series of long

Shading

recommended

Vertical Line

Id

Diogonal Line Shading is useful only in small segments as optical illusion results if any appreciable length of column is shaded with this design, as illustrated at the right.

Idl

Horizontal Line Shading has limited usefulness

In

is

appearance and easy

for

to construct.

and

is

i-|l

not generolly

recommended. (el

Crosshatch Shading (diagonal! is recommended in place of black for wide columns. Crosshatch shading mode by crossing verticol

and

horizontal lines

is

not

OIACONAL SMAOINC MAT 'KNO' TMC

COLUMNS

Effscts of

iXADINO MAT AfFCCT APPAACHT WIDTH

improper use of shoding

recommended.

Dotted Shading (pebbled or stippled) is sometimes effective for columns of medium width and particularly for small segments for charts in which a third or fourth distinguishing shading is needed.

If)

(g)

Hollow columns, if distinctly wider or narrower than the space between and outlined with a heavy line.

Columns may present undesirable rectives are applied.

A

column may appear about the width of a

to

optical illusions unless slight cor-

a

tall

shaded segment on top of a spread unless the column outline is tapered line; a block segment may appear more narrow of the column unless it is widened about the width of column may appear to be thinner in the middle unless

the lines

ore

bowed

than the

o

ftl

general use as pleasing

(b|

line;

rest

white or

lightly

out slightly.

^B

SIIF

MflNOCNT

EZ3 Of KNMNT ÂŁ20

8

\WTm CUtMNT

SAVINCS

lAININCS

SICMITin

OTHII ifsouica

^_L

SOCIAL

OTHII

SICUdTT ACT

SOCIAL

AdNCIIS

rillNDS ot (ILATIVIS

Dun't Review, June, 1938.

A.

Means

of Support of Persons 65 Years of States in April. 1937.

Age

or Older Living in the United

117

CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS

Dun's Review, April, 1938.

A.

1.

2.

Adver+ising Expenditures for Newspapers, Magazines, and Radio States from 1929 to 1937.

in

the United

might have been better to include actual figures in this chart.

Note the groupings, the spacing between groupings, and the narrowness of the

I

It

bars.

134.8%

n

Iwlcz of PriCM*

Indcs of

1929

M«l( Hourly £«nuii(i

- 100%

Armstrong Cork Company, Lancester, Pa., "Annual Report," December 31, 1937.

B.

A

Comparison of Weighted Average Selling Prices of Products and Average Male Hourly Earnings the Years 1929. 1936, and 1937.

Company

All in

Armstrong Cork the

Company

for

Rather than merely state that the year 1929 was equal to 100%, this chart visually represents both index of prices and index of male hourly earnings as 100% bars.

118

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION FREQUENCY RATES Dliabhnq

iniurlci

SEVERITY RATES

119

CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS

COST OF LIVING INOCX NUMBCRS. l«2«

•

WHOLESALE PRICES

INOO NUMBOS.

100

i«;<

=

100

"'•

.

^"X

UNiriD STATtS

UMiTtO IMNGOOW

rilANCE (PAKiS

UNITED niNCOOM

JA^AN

CZtCMOSLOVAr

MHO

(TOi>»0

5TATIS

I SWlTZtBLAMO

NCTMtRLAND-

National Induitrial Conftrence Board,

Inc.,

October 23, 1936.

Cost of Living and Wholesale Prices Countries for 1929 and 1936.

Compare

this

method

of presenting

in

two groups

the United States and Specified Foreign

of facts with

144 A.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

0ÂŤnÂŤri

^^^^ Ttnonli

Hundrtd doHors

United States

New England Middle Atlantic

East North Central

West

Nortti Central

Soutti Atlantic

Eost Soutti Central

West Soutti Central Mountain Pacific

Seven Cotton States

Alobamo Arkonsos Georgia Louisiana Mississippi

Nortti Carolina

Soutti Carolina

WPA.

Diviiion of Social Research, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936.

Median Value of Farm

Dwellings by Tenure in the United Sta+es

in

SCALE

,9

1930.

Divisions and subdivisions are possible in the bar chart as demonstrated in this one. The median value for the United States as a whole is first given, then for each of nine geographical divisions,

and

finally a separation of the

"Seven Cotton States"

is

made.

121

Chapter 14

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS A pictorial unit bar chart comparisons are made by using a INnumber of symbols, each of which represents a specific value.

Synonyms for pictorial unit bar charts are pictogram, pictograph.

The advantage of the pictorial unit chart over a chart in which large and small units are used

is

that there

is

a variation in one dimen-

sion only.

One R9ÂŤire-2,000 MiKowitm

1929

mmmmimm

1935

1934

mm iumm iiii

1.

of Millionaires

The reason

8.000

10.502

18.196

The 1038 Chart Book."

Chicago Tribune.

Number

Is

Defined Here as a Person WHt) an Annual Income of $50,000 or More

8.072

1933

1934

A Millionaire

7.738

in2

-â&#x20AC;˘'

in

the United States

for classifying this as a

in

bar chart

is

Selected Years. readily seen.

The rows

of

men

create

bars.

2.

Since fractions are difficult to present in this form, the numerical value of each row of

3.

It

figures

since 4.

As

is

given.

might have been better all

to leave

more space between the 1929 row and the 1932 row,

the others are consecutive years.

appeared in the original, the 1936 row was at the top and the 1929 row at the Because it is general practice to read years from the top down, the rows were reversed.

it

bottom.

122

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION SEPTEMBER 5251

OCTOBER 6618

NOVEMBER 6360

OECEMBEP 4967

JANUARY 3372

m m

FEBRUARY 2631

MARCH 2524

APRIL

2768

MAY 2702

JUNE 1918

JULY 1059

AUGUST

EACH FIGURE REPRESENTS 250 HEN

1023

W. Sanford Evans.

"Statistical

Examination

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;GrorKian

Bay Canal." Ottawa, Canada, 1916.

SCALE

,9

Maximum Number

of Trainmen and Yardmen Employed on Grain Trains on the Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta Divisions of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Each Month of the Crop Year I9I3-I9I4.

1.

2.

This was one of the

first

pictorial unit bar charts to appear,

Note that the numerical value of each row is given pare this form with 121, 123B, and 124A.

directly beneath the

month.

Com-

123

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS IN

1913

14

AUTOMOBILES

56

AUTOMOBILES

I30

HOUSES

63

HOIkSES

IN

1916

From '"Humaniiinf

New

of

A.

the Greater City'i Charity" by Bertrand Brown, Department of Public Charities, City York. 1017.

Comparison of the Means of Transporfation Used Charities of

1.

The

New

It

is

figure represents

in

the Department of Public

1913 with 1916.

in

distinctive feature of this chart

100% and each 2.

York City

that

is

it

a

100%

bar chart. Each row represents

12'/^%.

would be read as follows: in 1913 one out of eight, or 12V2%, of the transportation used in the Department of Public Charities in New York City, was by automobile and the rest by horses. In 1916, four out of eight, or 50% of the transportation, was by automobile and 50% was by horses.

Number

of

TRACTORS per one thousand farm families

Number per 1000 farms Successful Farming Families

357

"Heart" Farmers

246

u

s

138

Farmers

Meredith Publithing Co.. Des Moines, Iowa, "Successful Farming."

B,

A

SCALE

Comparison of the Number of Tractors Per One Thousand Farm Families Three Groups of Farmers in the United States.

1.

The "heart"

2.

The date

5

in

referred to in this chart means a group of states that form the heart of the farming industry, as estimated by the Meredith Publishing Company. to

which

this

comparison applies

is

not definite: the sources listed for the

information given were dated 1930 and 1935.

124

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION I4.59I.OOO -ooo •*"

ONE MILE

1911

32.837,000

ONE MILE

TT'TT'TT'TT'TT'7T'7t'7T"7T'7T'7T'7TTT7T7T"7v'7^'Tr SCALE

Brinton. "Graphic Methods," McGraw-Hill, 1914.

A.

1.

.9

Comparison of fhe Average Number of Passengers Carried Per Mile on United States Railroads in 1899 and 1911.

The theory behind

pictorial unit bar charts

than larger or smaller units.

A

is

that there are

more

or less units rather

pictorial unit bar chart consists of

rows of symbols

rather than large and small symbols.

2.

In this chart, each figure represents 2000 passengers.

NOPOmCdAISED

6.128 LBS

IN

ni6

OF

POWC HAISED

=.==„„^

_ IZm

LBS OF POR.K. RAISED

From "HumanizifiK of

B.

New

the Greater City'i Charity" by Bertrand Brown, Department of Public Charitie*, City York, 1917.

in Poric Production at the Sea View Farms fThe Colony) from 1913 to 1916.

Increase

New

York City Farin

Apparently the basis on which the pigs were placed inside the fences was was added for each 6000 pounds of pork raised.

this:

one pig

CHARACTERISTICS OF PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS: 1.

2.

They are effective for popular presentation of educational matter.

They

are effective to attract attention,

vertising,

and propaganda.

and

for publicity, ad-

125

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS FIRE L055E5

A.

City of Cincinfrom 1927 to 1936.

—^"S^

Fire Losses in the nati

1.

This

2.

The

is

a unique and cfTective form in

which

^^

...

to present fire statistics.

inclusion of the numerical values

adds to

its

usefulness.

M^ City of Cincinnati, "Municipal Activitiet," 1936.

SCALE

If

Our Ptopl0-And Thtirs- Should Pack Up And Hovt By Molor Car, Tomorrow How Many Would Havt To Walk?

.6

—

ITALY 1

MIOCS.aO WALK

BERMANY I

RIOCS.IOVAtR

ussw.

1

RIOCt.lSO ••LN

ALL

moc

d^^^^B^ Jf^^^^B^ ^^u^^^ ^^^^^^

tart Ma. fclaat. 10 »..al» Walfclaa

From "Our Country, Our Company,

B.

It

A

People, and Their*" Publi»her«. N. Y. C.

Tht Flaurtt lucluit »m»*% » Truclit

by M. E. Tracy, 1938.

Automotive Transport United States in 1935 and 1936.

Picture of

Facilities in Italy,

By

Permittion of The Macmillan

Germany,

SCALE

Russia,

.5

and the

should be noted that although each man afoot represents ten people walking, each figure in the automobile represents one person.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Relative Size of

Cunard" 1.

The

Oceangoing in

universality of the graphic chart language

from a French magazine.

2.

Vessels from the

Compare with

"Savannah"

in

1819 to the "Super-

1935.

13 IB.

is

here illustrated.

This chart was taken

127

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS fAITII TUINOVII IIINOI

^-^

MOII ftOMI ON ADVIITIIIO tlANOI

rr?:?

iflT;-'^

''

TC

Sale*

A.

ManoRcmfnt.

Oct.

1,

SCALE

103 7.

Comparison of Stock Turnover in

the United States

in

for Advertised

and Unadvertised Brands of

6

Goods

1936.

According to this chart, people in the United States are influenced more by advertisements for headache cures than they are by food advertisements, and are influenced by advertising in proportion to the unfamiliarity of the product advertised.

I

SCALE

National ReÂŤources Board, "State Planning," 1935 B. 1.

The Growth

in

Number

of Hunters and Fishermen

Although the height of the man and the size of the state may not represent the exact numerical value of each, the fact that there were too many hunters and fishermen in 1934 for the size of Missouri

2.

in

.7

Missouri from 1910 to 1934.

This chart illustrates the point

made

is

quite apparent.

in 124 Al relative to larger units or

more

units.

128

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

A.

Adaptability to Training of 2,031 Patients Examined at the New York City Children's Hospital and School in October 1916.

This

is

not a true pictorial unit bar chart,

but

is

filled

1UIMU

MTINIS

From "Humanizing by

Bertrand

BOUHlfliat

WUTi

IKTONHB

the Greater City't Charity"

Brown,

Charitiet, City of

OiSKXM.

New

Department

of

Pubhc

York. 1917.

A Doijjms WORTH Of

PtJ>n Bttr

res a, 1029

FEaiS.1933

rcB

A Dou.AÂŤ's WORTH Feb

is.

Of Milk

1029

hmmmL mmNs

ie.i937

<^^..^^^^ <^^-^

A DOIXAWS WORTH

Of BUTTCR |

rather two

100%

bar charts

in with drawings of people.

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS

PROVIDKD

SI'KNT

129

130

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION E.X«»tNOITU»«t

40

PL« CAPITA PtR WEEK 80_ 60

IN

CENTS 100

MISCELLANEOUS FOODS

U. S

Department

of Labor,

Burcnu

of Lat>or Statistics,

"Labor Information Bulletin," July 1938.

Food Expenditures of Wage Earners and Lower-Salaried Clerical Workers af Successive Economic Levels in New York City for the Winter Quarter of 19341936.

much more informative had been given.

This would be level

if

the total annual income at each economic

UI

PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS 67%

^

r.

)

CITIES OVER* 10.000^ POPULATION

PfOESTRlAN

OTHER AAOTOR VEHICLE

RURAL AND CITIES UNDER 10,000 POPULATION

NONCOUISION

OTHER VEHICLE

llNClvDmO MM TM*IM\ C STMtCT CAM \ I

Automobile Manufacturers Aitociation, "Automobile Facts and Figures," 1938.

A.

Types of Motor Vehicle Deaths

in

the United States

In

1937.

Pictures representing rural and urban districts are fairly well understood. The few strokes of the pen which were necessary to create these two captions were well worth the time.

"^

132

Chapter 15

COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS

X

he term "component bar" may refer to any bar which has been divided into parts. The charts in Chapters 10 and 11 are component bars in which each bar represents 100%, and the comparison of the component parts is the important item. In this chapter, divisions of the bars are made without reducing all bars to the same length.

Of DOtXARS

pueuic

WORK

PRIVATE

WORf

Reserve Review," Feb.

Federal

A.

1.

Agent, New 1, 1937.

York,

"Monthly

SCALE

Reserve Agent, New Review," Nov. 1, 1936.

Federal

.7

and Engi-

B.

neering Contracts in Thirtyseven of the United States, Showing the Proportion of Private and Public Construction from 1932 to 1936.

1.

Total Value of Building

Here the component parts arc in

percentages,

facilitating

the

ings,

it

bar.

To prevent

third

the as

set

position

Since there are so few horizontal rul-

reading

the

top

the

of

items

for

the

51

of

figures

similar

to

placed the

in

item

a for

the United States.

might have been better to

give the numerical values of each

.8

other countries, there should be a

reading of the chart.

2.

"Monthly

SCALE

Comparison of the Gold Holdings of the Central Banks and Governments of 51 Other Countries and the United States in July 1931. and October 1936. figures

labelled

York,

2.

Since both the vertical scale and the labels

bars,

are put to the left of the it

may

be more

read the chart than

if

difficult

to

one or the

other were placed to the right.

133

COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS

torAt,

(hAMUo

11

i

ill

'^

StUISKILLED

IN

oMOcn or size

or socio economic cmout

i

"i iii III i i ill nil i

in itso)

^ m

MEN WOMCN

134

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

— URBAN

RURAL NON-FARM

MILLION 10 \

1

IS

20

1

1

—

25 1

COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS FOR tVtRY tlOO SPtNT BY FAMILIES IN THE MEDIAN (tl ?40 »l.«t») INCOME GROUP OTHER GROUPS SPEND

INCOME GROUP

$^00-

$

749 PER YEAR

MIOIAN

135

136

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Oollors

600 Wo»hington,

C.

Soo FroflCijco, Calif Minmopohs, Minn.

NtwYork. NY.

800

1000

1400

1200

»I4I4?4 1389 87 1367 79 1375.13

Cbicogo, 11 Milwoukce.Wis. Boston, Moss Ciev*lond, Ohio St Louis, Mo. 1

Detroit, Micti.

Scronton, Po. Cincinnoti, Otiio

Po Los Angeles, Colif.

Piltsburgti,

Nework, N

J.

Baltimore, Md. Albuquerque, N Me«

Po

Phiiodelptiio,

Bridgeport, Conn.

Sioui Foils, S Ook Roctiester,

NY.

Tucson, Ariz.

Butte, Mont.

Portlond, Maine Peofio.lll Foil River, Mass.

Atlcnto, Go Rictimond, Vo.

Buftolo,

NY.

Averoge,

59

cities

Omoho, Nebr Monchester,

N. H.

Norfolk, Vo Denver, Colo.

Konsos City, Mo. Providence,

R

I

Binghomton, N Y. Soil Loke City, Utoh Seattle, Wosh.

New

Orleans, Lo.

Spokone, Wosh.

Winston- Solem, N C Portlond, Oreg

Memphis, Tenn.

Louisville, Ky.

Oklahoma

City, Okia

Jacksonville, Flo

Houston, Ten Indionopolis, Ind.

Coltmbio, S C. Clorksburg, W.Vo. Dallas, Te«.

Cedar Rapids, lowo

Columbus, Ohio Birmingham, Alo. KnoKville, Tenn.

El Poso. Te. Little Rock, Ark.

Wichita, Kons.

Mobile. Alo

Food

Clolhing, clolhing upkeep,

Housing Household operation

ond personal core

WPA.

Division of Social Research,

"Intercity Difference* in Costs of Living

by Mdjor Budqet Groups, of

Annual Costs of Living, Fannily in Each of 59 Cities

in

Miscelloneous

— 59

Cities, "

a 4-Person

the United States

in

March 1935.

Manual Worker's

March 1935.

Note the inclusion of the numerical values of the bars in the column at the inclusion of the average for the 59 cities enumerated in this chart.

left

and the

137

COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS

m

cl

Jon

1933

WPA. A.

1.

Apr

Oct

Jon

1934

Apf

Jul

Ocl

Dec

1935

SCALE

Division of Socinl Research. "TrpnHs in Rrlicf Ex()fn(liturfs

.7

Percentage Distribution of Monthly Expenditures for Public Relief and Wage Assistance in the United States for the Period fronn January 1933 to December 1935.

This chart and 137B present the same information, except that this gives

percentages

while 137B gives numerical values.

2.

When component these forms

parts are given in a chart, the information should be presented in both if

possible.

I

Works Progr om in operation

WPA. B.

Division of Social Rcsfarch. "Trends in Relief Expenditures,"

1Q37.

SCALE

Trend of Monthly Expenditures for Public Relief and Wage Assistance United States for the Period fronn January 1933 to December 1935.

in

.7

the

138

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION NATIONAL INCOME PHODDCED AND PAID OUT

INCOME PRODUCED AND PAID OUT MINING AND QUARRYING

I9W

INCOME PRODUCED AND PAID OUT METAL MINING

(950

INCOHr

I9J2

I95J

INCOME PRODUCED AND PAID OUT NON-METAL MINING

19J0

PAID OUT

1951

ETI3

1951

NEGATIVE BUSINESS SAVINGS

BUSINESS SAVINGS

EnRincrrinR and MininE Journnl. Ortobrr 1038, Part of an Editorial on Public Rrlationt Entitled "What MiimiK Mfani to the United Slates."

SCALE .8

Income Produced and Paid Out in the United States with Special Reference to Certain Industries from 1929 to 1934.

The

classification "negative business savings"

means, no doubt, "losses."

I9i4

COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS

139

fH :i roannnc nsHMC «no

mmmc

JM^aiCULTURC

U.

A.

Dppartmfnt of Commerce. Bureau of the United States 1915-1937." 1938.

S.

Foreign and Domestic Commerce, "Construction Activity in

Percentage Distribution of Gainful Workers from 1870 to 1930.

This chart is a scries of 139B.

100%

bar charts, but

is

in

the United States by Occupations

included here because of

its

relation to

I H(CM«MCAi. Dcusnacs

rooo AMO Aixco

MOusmcs

OMniucnoM M>u$T*«s

U.

B.

S.

Department

of

Commerce. Bureau

the United States 1915-1937," 1938.

of

Foreign and Domestic Commerce,

"Construction Activity in

Percentage Distribution of Gainful Workers in Manufacturing, Mechanical, and Construction Industries in the United States from 1870 to 1930.

139A above, the division at the very top is labelled "Manufacturing, Mechaniand Construction." This chart is a further break-down of that one component.

In the same way each of the component parts of 139A could be divided.

Note that

cal

in

140

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

— LEG END —

I

I

Unshaded areas show supplemental

'

KVAXVVj Kr/ii\wiiM

water re^uirod

IHHH "^ter required- laches permoolh.

I.

./'

"l Actual

Available watar for soil havioq nfiltration capoci^Y o* OS ifKh per

t^^t^y>^

roirifoll

t

'.'/.tS'/W^

Do

Oo

do^

liocb per day 1

5 inches per day

National Resources Board, "Report of Water Planning Committee, Part III,"

1Q34.

SCALE

.7

Supplemental Water Required to Provide 18 Inches Total Water for Crop Use Per Day from May to October on Soils Having Various Infiltration Capacities in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bismarck, North Dakota, from 1930 to 1932.

1.

These

2.

The

cities

were only two of several

necessity for reservoirs and

dams

for

which

this analysis

is

clearly

shown

in

was made.

an effective form.

141

COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS

•^te II.

-S

1.-" ...»

\i,

^

1-3

M.OCM TOTAL

O <«t*g r^wLT wCDwt wa

Land

AytBAti rAKLY Mirr $SI •«

howtw

Utilization Comiriittfp.

New York

Seldom does one

find a chart in

formidable at 2.

first

which so much information

is

glance, the key at the right simplifies

in

Block

given.

0>

BIT

h» womtm

SCALE

Building Congress, Arthur C. HoUlfn, Chairman.

Sources of Income and Ratio of Rent to Income for Families York City in 1936.

1.

iliOO'lt ntClaT«4i

2007

While

it

in

.8

New

may seem

it.

This amount of information in words and figures only would require many pages of text and could not make evident the interrelations clearly shown in chart form.

CHARACTERISTICS 1.

Both actual amounts and percentages should be

2.

When it

3.

there is one bar to represent the total of should be the same width as the others.

The amount

scale

of the chart, or

nificance.

it

given.

all

the others,

may be placed at both the left and the right may be placed on the side of greater sig-

I

142

Chapter 16

BILATERAL BAR CHARTS

HE TERM

bilateral

as to a bar chart.

both up and

common

down

may refer to a curve or line chart as well In a bilateral bar chart the bars extend or both to the left and to the right of a

line.

This results in a comparison of the distances from the line to the ends of the bars rather than from the bottom or line at the left.

Bilateral bar charts are especially adapted to the presentation of profit and loss data or of deviations from normal.

The following are synonyms for bilateral bar charts: two-way bar chart, two-directional bar chart.

CLASS

1

RAILROAOS

oenciT

12

143

BILATERAL BAR CHARTS

1 PMr«t«

i

>ll«r»«t.

Cav^aj lalai

SCALE

Dun's Rrvicw, April 1Q38.

.5

Hypothetical Use of the Regional Trade Barometer of Dun's Review in a Comparison of Increases or Decreases of a Company's Sales from Month to Month in Each Sales District.

Trade Barometers for 29 Regions in the United States in Which the Indexes of

November 1938

Are Compared With

the

dexes of November 1937 Percentage Reductions or

Inin

In-

creases.

21

SAN FtANCISCO

29

LOS ANCCLtS

Dun's Review. February 1939.

SCALE

.7

144

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

145

BILATERAL BAR CHARTS

1929

I9K)

193$

Dun's Review. April 1Q38.

A.

Profit-and-Dividend Status of 348 Corporations Period from 1929 to 1935.

Here again

is

a group of

100%

in

the

United States for the

bar charts.

Note that the two types of crosshatchtngs below the zero line are in the classification "unprofitable" while the two above the zero line are in the classification "profitable."

The

zero line might well be heavier to emphasize this division.

Typical 1.

Paring knives priced at

^ 0.72 per doz. Right

146

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

•ILLIONS or OOLLAMS

INVESTMeNTS OTHER TOTAL INVISTMCHTS • I

S.«

0.

i coy,

DIReCT

0«uC

iMf

LOANS LOANS ON SCCUKITIIS

COMMJRCIAL

147

BILATERAL BAR CHARTS NET INCOME PER

MILES OF LINE

Mil

«».t*«

it^»»

lft.49*

»>,ieo

B

SWEDEN

DEFICIT PER MILE OF LINE L

IaustraliaH

S4,tt4

I

'l

-fa ISTATt,

INDIA

M,M*

I93i*

^$296

I

I

a»,Me

*fiiC*L rt*ti

NationnI lndM«lri.il Coiifrrrnce BonrH. \nc

Net Income

Foreign Countries 1.

The

.

in

number

.

April

22.

Owned

SCALE

19.18.

or

Operated Railways

is

show

that there

is

no evi-

loss.

The dividing

line between the two groups of bars in this chart is not a zero line with and minus quantities to right and left, since miles are the quantity on one side and dollars the quantity on the other.

plus

3.

for Various

the net income or deficit of the various railroads.

of miles of line were probably included to

dent relationship between the length of the railroad and profit or 2.

.7

1935 or 1936.

point of interest in this chart Tlic

N Y C

or Deficit of Governmentally

Thus the arrangement

of the bars alone

makes

this a bilateral bar chart.

148

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

60

50

40

1

1

I

Female

Male

Percent

Percent

30

20

20

10

30

40

50 60

r

1 \

Agriculture

Forestry and Fishing

Extraction of Minerals

Manufacturing and

Mechanical Industries Transportation and

Communication Trade

Public Service

Professional Service

Relief

1934

Census 1930

Domestic ond Personal Service

Clericol Occupotions

WPA,

Division of Social Rcsr.-irch,

"Urban Workrrs on

Rclirf."

1036.

Usual Occupation of Unemployed Workers on Relief in 1930 in the United States.

The method

of reading

tfiis

chart

is

in

1934 and Gainful Workers

as follows: according to the 1930 census about

42%

male gainful workers were in the manufacturing and mechanical industries. In 1934 about 52% of the men on relief designated manufacturing and mechanical industries as their former place of employment. This latter fact does not seem so startling in view of the first statement.

of

149

Chapter 17

AREA BAR CHARTS BASIS of comparison THE bar rather than the length this

100%

type of chart are,

M CXNTt Nl

an area bar chart is the area of the Other terms appHed to

of the bar.

square;

100%

block.

AVIMAM HCMM

IN

AVCMASC

FOa

BUIIIIIi ga CINIt ffÂŤ MOU*

AU TYKt

KKSKT

Of TOTAL lOO

WPA.

in

%

HOUK OH WMKM MTMCKT WAS tAUD s *7*, 000,000 HOUM I,

"Report on Progrpss of the Worki Program." December 1937.

Average Hourly Earnings of Persons Ennployed on Works Progress Administration Projects, by Types of Projects for the Period from January through October 1937.

1.

As both the percentage given, for

2.

it

is

number of hours and the earnings per hour are compute from this chart the actual amount of expenditure

of the total

possible to

each type of project.

The chart

indicates

without computation

average and which ones

fall

below.

in

which projects earnings are above the

150

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

•f

140

•f

110

•f

I

to

MO ••>

00

I

--9 +

00

••

70

••

60

- SO •(-

40

•(-

10

•I-

20

+

I

J.R.H. CORP.

».

••RIGHT

PRICE'*

-

I

- «0 - 10 - 40 - 50

151

AREA BAR CHARTS CHARACTERISTICS OF AREA BAR CHARTS: 1.

Useful in presentinj; material which ^ivcs parts of a total.

2.

They show

one view two independent {groups of

in

facts.

(M"M foci

M.»

'•L

U«NU>^*C TURING

&N0 UCCHANICAL

INOUSTBll

29 4

J

INOUSTBUS AND scnviccs TDANSPOATATION

ANO COMMUNICATION

4t.4

OOMISTIC AND PCDSONAL

91.*

scnvicc

I acbicoltuhe.

fisminc, and ^oblic siBvice

National Industrial Confcrcncr Board, Inc.

N

Y.

C, February

11.

1937

SCALE

7

Proportion of the Working Population Covered by the Old Age Social Security Act in the United States, Using the Distribution of Occupations of the 1930 Census.

Provisions of the

1.

Not only the percentage covered or not covered by old-age provisions of the Social Security Act is presented, but also the percentage of the total working force of each of the types of labor.

2.

If only the

percentage covered in each type of industry were given, the representation

would be obviously

false.

152

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION

Massachusrtts Institute of TechnoloRy, "The. Technology Review." February 1933.

Occupational Distribution 1929 Inclusive.

1.

This chart

is

in

because of 2.

in

1930 of 134 MIT Graduates of the Classes of 1917 to

group of 100% bar charts. resemblance to the preceding charts.

reality a

its

The emphasis on the

area

for

It

"Major Executive" tends

was placed to

make

in

this

chapter

the comparison

vertical one, resulting in area comparison.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AREA BARCHARTS: Area bar charts may take one of two forms: They may have one dimension in percentages of a total a. and the second dimension in numerical values. b. They may have both dimensions in percentages of two different

blocks.

totals.

They then become 100% squares

or

a