GRAPHIC PRESENTATION WILLARD
1939
C.
8RINTON
%^
From
o
the collection of the
Prepiger ^
a
JUibrary t
P
San Francisco, California 2008
/$
<e.
$.''>i''*^
a
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Dedicated
HONOR
IN
of
WILLIAM PLAYFAIR FIRST EXPONENT OF GRAPHIC CHARTS
FOR GENERAL USE
Born
at Benvie, Scotland,
Died
in
1
759
London, England, 1823
DRAFTSMAN-ENGINEER
With James Watt 1780
MANUFACTURER AUTHOR: THE COMMERCIAL AND POLITICAL ATLAS.
1st ed., 1786;
2nd
ed.,
1787; 3rd ed., 1801
TABLEAUX D'ARITHMETIQUE LINEAIRE DU COMMERCE, LINEAL ARITHMETIC,
1789
1798
STATISTICAL BREVIARY,
1801
AN INQUIRY INTO THE PERMANENT CAUSES OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF POWERFUL AND WEALTHY NATIONS. 1st
ed, 1805; 2nd
ed.,
1807
STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA By D.
F.
DONNANT.
PLAYFAIR.
Translated
Chart and Preface Also
From the French By WILLIAM By WILLIAM PLAYFAIR. 1805
A LETTER ON OUR AGRICULTURAL DISTRESSES, 2nd
ed.,
1st ed., 1821;
1822; 3rd ed., 1822
CAN THIS CONTINUE?, The above
titles
1822
by William Playfair are
all,
thus far
which contain graphic charts. The total number of books by William Playfair is perhaps one hundred.
located,
TOPICAL INDEX Place
rif^ht
thumb on
triangle, finders inside
Spin pa^es
9-15
(1st Half)
Preface
'
J
back cover.
to desired chapter.
,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
1-
16-23
1.
Introduction
25- 32
2.
Graphic Narrative
33- 42
3.
Tabulation
43- 52
4.
Classification Charts
53- 58
5.
Geneology and Genetics Charts
59- 67
6.
Organization Charts
68-72
7.
Relationship Charts
73- 80
8.
Flow Charts
81- 91
9.
Sector Charts
92- 97
10.
98-105
11.
100% Bar Charts Comparison of 100% Bar Charts
106-114
12.
Multiple Bar Charts
115-120
13.
Contrasting Bar Charts
121-131
14.
Pictorial Unit
132-141
15.
Comparison of Component Bar Charts
142-148
16.
Bilateral
149-152
17.
Area Bar Charts
1
53-1 60
18.
General Use of
1
61
69
19.
Guide and Route Maps
170-177
20.
Relief
178-186
21.
Crosshatched and Colored
187-193
22.
Dot and Pin Maps
194-199
23.
Maps
with Circles and Sector Charts
200-207
24.
Maps
with Bar Charts
208-210
25.
211-215
26.
Maps with Curve Charts Maps with Symbols
216-230
27.
Flow Maps
231-237
28.
Contour Maps
238-242
29.
Distorted
243-246
30.
Rating Charts
-1
Bar Charts
Bar Charts
Maps
and Aerial Maps
Maps
Maps
(For 2nd Half of
TOPICAL INDEX,
See Page 247)
MAGIC HERE
IN
GRAPHS
The profile of a curve reveals in is a magic in graphs. life history of an epidemic, a the whole situation flash a a "J "J Mfelp^nic, or an era of prosperity. The curve informs the mind, awakens the imagination, convinces.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Graphs carry the message home. A universal language, graphs convey information directly to the mind. Without complexity there is imaged to the eye a magnitude to be remembered. Words have wings, but graphs interpret. Graphs are pure quantity, stripped of verbal sham, reduced to dimension, vivid, unescapable. Graphs are all inclusive. No fact is too slight or too great to plot to a scale suited to the eye. Graphs may record the path of an ion or the orbit of the sun, the rise of a civilization, or the acceleration of a bullet, the climate of a century or the varying pressure of a heart beat, the growth of a business, or the nerve reactions of a child.
The graphic
It does more. art depicts magnitudes to the eye. compels the seeing of relations. We may portray by simple graphic methods whole masses of intricate routine, the organization of an enterprise, or the plan of a campaign. Graphs serve as storm signals for the manager, statesman, engineer; as potent narratives It
for the actuary, statist, naturalist; and as forceful engines of research for science, technology and industry. They display results. They disclose new facts and laws. They reveal discoveries as the bud unfolds the flower.
The graphic language That
it
will
is
modern.
We
are learning
its
alphabet.
develop a lexicon and a literature marvelous for
vividness and the variety of application
is
its
inevitable.
Graphs are dynamic, dramatic. They may epitomize an epoch, fact, each slope an event, each curve a history. Wher-
each dot a
ever there are data to record, inferences to draw, or facts to tell, graphs furnish the unrivalled means whose power we are just beginning to realize and to apply.
HENRY
D.
HUBBARD
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D. C.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION By
WILLARD COPE BRINTON,
S. B.
Consulting Engineer
Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Organizer and Chairman, Joint Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, Formed 1914 Through Am.Soc.M.E., 1914,
Fellow, American Statistical AssociaAuthor Graphic Methods for Presenting Facta,
as Sponsor.
tion; Vice President, 1919.
McGraw-Hill Book Company,
^VWx^. Q,,
Inc.
\\^^
BRINTON ASSOCIATES New
York City 1939
This book was planned with the hope of inspiring more and better factual presentation. If proper credits are given, any rea-
may be quoted without further However, to copy any materials here credited to others, care must be exercised to secure permission from the sonable portion of this book consent.
original sources.
Copyright, Brinton Associates, 1939 First Edition
Also by Willard C. Brinton
GRAPHIC METHODS FOR PRESENTING FACTS. Published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
New York
City
Printed in the United States of America
1914
TABLE OF CONTENTS When a chapter name or number is given as a reference, turn to the Topical Index, either on Page 1 or Page 247, and spin pages to the desired chapter.
Page
Chapter
Preface
9
1.
Introduction
2.
Graphic Narrative
16
Brief History of Development of Graphic Methods.
25
Early Drawings. Picture Comparisons. Sequence Pictures. cedure Charts. Sports Stories. Basic English. 3.
Pro-
Tabulation
33 Methods
Tallying.
of Tabulating.
Graphic Tabulation.
Machine
Tabulation. 4.
Classification Charts Use of Arrows and Brackets sification.
5.
Block
43
in Classification. Classification.
Time-Period Clas-
Genealogy and Genetics Charts
53
Trait-Tracing Charts. Family Tree. Pedigree Genealogical Chart Sheets. Other Uses for Genealogy
Standard Symbols. Charts. Charts. 6.
Organization Charts
59
Geographical Divisions. Functional Charts. 7.
Government and Business Organization.
Relationship Charts
68
Interrelations. 8.
Flow Charts
73
Source and Distribution Chart. Traffic Chart. Cost-Accounting Chart. Cosmograph. 9.
Sector Charts
81
Area and Angle Comparisons. lative Charts.
10.
Subdivided Sector Charts. Charts Showing Assets and Liabilities.
92
Bars. Bar Cumulative Charts.
Chart
Stamp.
Percentage
Distributions.
Comparison of 100% Bar Charts Groups
12.
Cumu-
100% Bar Charts Single
11.
Chart.
Activity
of Bars.
98
Distribution and Percentage Comparisons.
Multiple Bar Charts Value Comparisons.
106 Bars on an Illustration.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION P««e
Chapter 13.
Contrasting Bar Charts Variation
in
115
Shadings.
and
Crosshatchings,
Colors.
Optical
Illusion.
14.
Pictorial
Unit Bar Charts
Rows 15.
121
Visual Captions.
of Figures.
Comparison of Component Bar Charts
132
Divided Bars Comparing Values. Comparison of 100% Bars and Component Bar Charts. Stair Charts. 16.
Bilateral Bar Charts Profit
17.
142
Area Bar Charts
149
100%
Area Comparisons. 18.
Square.
General Use of Maps
153
Source of Maps. Orange-Peel Map. 19.
Deviations from Normal.
and Loss Data.
Base Maps.
Map
Projection.
Borgia Map.
Guide and Route Maps
161
Proposed Routes. Transmission Lines. Maps Showing Sourcfe of Comparisons of Geographic Organization Charts. Materials. Geographic Areas. Pictorial Maps. 20.
Relief and Aerial Maps Oldest Known Map.
170
Crosshatched and Colored Maps
178
Diagram Maps. Bird's-Eye View Maps. Block Diagrams. Azimuthal Projection. Statistical Relief Maps.
21.
Comparison of Ben Day Shadings and Colors. Sampling Maps. Density Maps. Mechanical Intensity Shading Map. 22.
23.
Dot and Pin Maps Map Marking Devices. Slave Maps. Bell Maps With Circles and Sector Charts
187 System Map.
194
Scales for Areas of Circles. Census Data. Distribution. Migration.
24.
Maps With Bar Charts Traffic Charts. Fair, 1939.
25.
Maps.
from
New York
World's
208
Precipitation.
Maps With Symbols
211
Quantitative and Qualitati«ve Data. 27.
Map
Maps With Curve Charts Moving Averages.
26.
200
Historical
Pictorial Units.
Flow Maps
216
TrafRc Maps. Weather Maps. Hurricane Maps. Traffic Time.-Zones Map. Chart by M. Minard.
Flow of Goods.
28.
Contour Maps
231
Topographic Maps. Weather Maps. Before and After Comparisons. 29.
Distorted Maps Rectangular Maps.
238 Population.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
Chapter 30.
Rating Charts
243 Mental Development.
Tabulation Form. 31.
Chronology Charts
248
Time Analysis and Time 32.
Assigning Vacations.
for
256
Material Gantt Charts.
Production
Board.
Control
Progress
Curve Charts
263
One Curve on Charts.
34.
Chart
Studies.
Progress Charts Time Studies. Chart.
33.
Safety Records.
a Grid.
Visual Captions.
Historical Labels.
Stair
Deviation from Normal.
Comparison With
Two
Curves
Cumulative Curves.
275 High-Low Curves.
Causal Relationships.
Lag. 35.
Comparisons With Curves
286
Progressive Average and 36.
Normal Trend.
Component Parts Shown by Curves Component Parts
in
294
Curve Form.
Percentage Charts.
Index Numbers
Shown
by Curves
301
Comparison of Index Charts with Numerical Value Charts. tiple Axis Graph. 38.
Circle.
310 Bell-Curve Chart.
Distribution
in
a
Optical Illusion.
Correlation Charts
320
Relationships Between Variables. Deviation. Break-Even Charts. 40.
Mul-
Frequency Charts Frequency Distribution.
39.
Band
Use of Brackets.
Charts.
37.
Moving Average Curves.
Scatter
Charts.
Standard
Ogive and Lorenz Charts
331
Probability Paper Charts.
41.
Ratio Charts
339
Ratio and Arithmetic Scale. Key for Selecting Ratio Scale. Method of Ruling Ratio Paper. Index Numbers Curves. Cumulative Curves.
Comparison
42.
of
Three-Dimensional Methods Models.
Perspective Drawings. Diagram. Isometric Protractor. 43.
Block
Trilinear Chart.
Suggestions for
of
360 Combining Various Types
Making
a
of Charts.
Chart
Helpful Techniques. Sources of Materials. Ink Colors. Crayons. Colored Papers. 45.
Isometric
Composite Charts Methods
44.
354 Photographs.
367 Methods
of Lettering.
Standards for Time Series Charts Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, Prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under Procedure of American Statistical
381
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Page
Chapter Association, with the
The Camera and
Its
Lantern
397 Color Photography.
Photomontage.
405
Slides
Projectors. Slides.
48.
Mechanical Engineers
Use
Photographic Effects. 47.
of
Sponsor Body.
as
46.
American Society
Screens.
Slides.
Suggestions for Placing Charts on
Microfilm.
410
Preparation of Illustrations Reproduction Preparation of Copy. Media for Art Work. Handling Photographs. Shading Mediums and Shading Films. Halftone Screen Tints. Colors Used in This Book.
Types
49.
Color and
Its
of
Use
Discussion
Appear 50.
Illustrations.
of
423 Hue, Value, Chroma.
Top.
Color
How
Colors
to the Color Blind.
Methods of Reproducing
429
Gelatine Process Duplicating Machines. Blue Prints. Photostats. Lithoprints. Fluid Process Duplicator. Mimeograph Process. Multilith.
51.
Methods of Printing
435
Type Typesetting. Relief, Planographic, and Intaglio Printing. Sizes and Styles. Photoengraving, Electrotyping, and Line Plates. Proofreaders' Marks. 52.
443
Selection of Paper Types
Considerations in the Selection of Paper.
of Paper.
Bulk-
ink Table. 53.
Binding Techniques Types
54.
449
of Binding.
Binding Specifications.
Imposition.
Graphic Charts in Advertising
454
Various Types of Graphic Charts in Advertising Material. 55.
464
Quantitative Cartoons Various Types of Graphic Charts in Cartoons.
56.
475
Quantitative Posters Various Types of Charts in Poster Form.
57.
Magazine Covers.
Displays and Exhibits
486
Display Fixtures. Mechanical Exhibits. Scale Models. tables. New York World's Fair Exhibits. 58.
494
Dioramas Dioramas
59.
in
Dissolving Process of Construction. York World's Fair Exhibits.
Exhibit. New Graphic Charts in Conference Rooms
Board Rooms. 60.
Turn-
Use
of Projectors in
Glossary
Diorama 497
Conference Rooms.
501
Graphic Methods Vocabulary.
Index
506
PREFACE
TWENTY-FIVE
years
have passed since the publication of Graphic
Methods for Presenting Facts in 1914. The continuing demand for Graphic Methods without revisions in a quarter century now incites curiosity as to the causes of that demand. So many excellent works relating to graphic charts or containing chapters on graphic presentation have appeared since
1914 that
I
had
felt
the field well covered without another book from me.
This, in spite of the fact that
my own
I
have published nothing regarding
activities of
World War period. demand for prompt and reliable data during war
relating to the 1914-1918
Probably the feverish
times did more to stimulate the use of graphic chart technique than anything that has happened since 1920. Without realizing what was happening as the
war flared, I found myself advising the executives of large corporations, government departments, etc. World trade was disorganized, and the uncertainty of material supply required quick analavailable
of all
ysis
For
data.
in 1916, a
instance,
New York
manufacturer
silk
and I went to China and back again on the same steamer to determine the bility
new
^^^^ v/ay/zz^yy?
of
feasi-
building
Signature of William Piayfair from a Letter to Thomas Jefferson Dated March 20, 1791
a
plant in Shang-
employ five thousand. For one of my age at that time, it was a great privilege to have the opportunity to develop some theories and put them in practice day by day with experienced executives whose decisions were so vital in those hectic war years. Establishing, in a Broadway office building, control methods for quicker "tum-arounds" of eighty-five ships chartered by the Belgian Relief Commission had little relation to strategy in the president's office of a steel company with twenty thousand employees in Pittsburgh, or scheduling, at New Haven, hai to
Connecticut, two thousand tool makers scattered in shops throughout
New
producing the light Browning machine gun by a company already working twenty-two thousand employees at the New Haven plant. During that period "Z" chart methods and unit card curve records were
England
to assist in
I"
10
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION developed for use in fields much more specialized than would be of interest here. Also short map pins with spherical heads were created and placed on a all the research of the World War period, was constantly evident for standardization so that graphic charts could be made and interpreted without possibility of misunderstanding. For general use, graphic charts must be simple. It is not, however, always easy to determine what is the utmost simplicity. Much depends on the method of approach. A semi-logarithmic chart may not be puzzling if you call it a ratio chart and make no mention of mathematics.
quantity production basis. Through
the need
Since the close of the
World War, other
activi-
have crowded into the background my inties
terest
in
graphic charts
and human reactions to them. It was impossible, however, to
resist tearing
from magazines and newspapers thousands of examples of particularly or
interesting
especially
erratic graphic charts.
These were added to examples which had come, in what Hollywood would call "fan mail," from readers of Graphic
Methods. As recently as twenty months ago there
was of
still
my
no expectation
ever writing an-
other book on the subject.
Although in
I
had been
Los Angeles many
times and had passed the Huntington Library on
John
numerous occasions,
in his Inquiry,
I
had never found time to visit it Then after ,, J months of/ mtensive study .
.
,
Playfair, the Brother of
William Playfair
1805, William Playfair stated that his
brother taught him "that whatever can be expressed in numbers,
To
may
be expressed by lines."
the "best and most affectionate of brothers,"
,,,.â&#x20AC;&#x17E;.
â&#x201E;˘
,
William Playfair owed "the invention of these Charts."
ill
.
I"
11
PREFACE of
some problems
in
Los Angeles
in
which graphic presentation had proved
particularly effective in crystallizing opinion on a complex situation.
I
visited
North and East. While observing some unusually fine types of early bookbinding and the repairs made to the bindings on some of the Library's most precious volumes, it occurred to me to ask the Librarian, Dr. Leslie Bliss, what books the library had by William Playfair, to whom this book is dedicated. In a few minutes there was brought to us the only one they had listed under William the Huntington Library on the last
day before
starting
Playfair:
STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA by D. F. DoNNANT â&#x20AC;˘ Translated from the French
by William Playfair With an Addition on For the Use
By
of
the Trade to America,
Commercial Men,
the Sanie.
â&#x20AC;˘
London 1805
As we looked through this book, I exclaimed to Dr. Bliss, "Here is the example of a sector chart," and then noticed beneath the one illustration the inscription, "This Newly invented Method is intended to shew the Proportions between the divisions in a Striking Manner." See Page 81. I was also much struck by the fact that the subject matter of the book referred to industry, commerce, and finance in the United States, that the preface by William Playfair mentioned conversations between himself and Thomas Jefferson, that the book was inscribed to Jefferson, and that twentyfive copies had been sent to him. When I wrote Graphic Methods in 1914. I had never heard of William Playfair. Two years later a friend in Pittsburgh sent me a marked catalogue of a London bookseller listing a book Lineal Arithmetic, 1798, by William earliest
ill
12
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Playfair.
Out
of curiosity.
a price quotation be sent. city,
I
was astonished
I
A
wrote asking that the book be reserved and that later, upon returning from out of the EngHsh book seller's bill for ten shillings, accumulated mail was the book itself. On the
few weeks
to find the
Elsewhere in my page the publisher's price is printed, "Price 10s. 6d." Neither the New York Public Library nor the Library of Congress had this book. Each of these libraries has since photostatted my volume for inclusion with the few six pence. title
examples of other Playfair works which they own. About 1916, I had various photostats made from these Playfair books, but had never followed up clues on Playfair, the man. The Playfair search has widened since the chance inquiry made at the Huntington Library a year ago. Questions still continue.
With all that Playfair did to show the effectiveness of graphic chart methods from his first book, published in 1786 at the age of twenty-seven, till his death in 1823, why have not graphic charts become more thoroughly established as a universal language? Another interest was aroused as to the part which engineers have played in the development of the graphic language, since I noted in California that William Playfair was apprenticed in Scotland as a machinist and later became a draftsman for James Watt before writing on a wide variety of subjects. There are about 100 titles by Playfair on record. The story of William Playfair, still developing, may yet have large gaps.
Location of those writings relating to graphic charts, however, appears
to be fairly well
This book
is
completed.
another contribution from the engineering profession, although
written for general use rather than the technical general ideas as expressed in Graphic
written largely to disclose
some
Methods
field,
in 1914.
of the fallacies that
on much the same The 1914 book was occur when graphic
charts are used loosely without the basis of accuracy essentially associated
with the work of people with an engineering background. Until the last decade or so, the use of graphic charts seemed to be progress-
and fairly rapidly with no more guidance than resulted from the extremely brief preliminary report of the Joint Committee on Standards for
ing sanely
Graphic Presentation, published in 1915. In recent years, some weeds seem to have sprung up to retard the growth of the more cultivated graphics which had been developing strongly with numerous offshoots since the World War stimulus. As in a garden where there is sometimes the policy of deciding in the early stages which are weeds and which are plants that will be productive, it has not been easy to find a method for defining good graphic charts as compared with poor or downright obnoxious charts. What is believed to be a satisfactory method was found in the old story of the blind men who reported on the characteristics of an elephant. Good graphic presentation should be susceptible to only one interpretation. Recently even official government documents have been using a type of graphics which found its first major use in European countries having a low
13
PREFACE When the same European methods have been pushed on a commerciaHzed basis in America, little attempt has been made to follow existing American standards or trends toward the development of an ultimate universal language. The tendency has been to use stock symbols over and over again because they are cheaper to reproduce than special drawings designed for each particular problem of presentation. The first part of this book up through page 366 deals with "How to Read a Chart." The section from page 366 to page 452 treating the subject "How to percentage of literacy.
Make
a Chart,"
is
necessarily condensed,
and gives suggestions rather than
detailed instructions.
The
illustrations in this
book have been selected from the standpoint of show representative types of graphic
interesting subject matter as well as to
AND All
Good It
was
To
Who
six
Presentafion Should Be Susceptible to Only
men
learning
went
all of
One
interpretation
The Fourth (knee)
of Indostan
much
to see the
(Though
h^ere in the ivrong!
"Is very like a tree!"
inclined,
Elephant
them were
The
mighty
Fifth
(ear)
"Is
The Sixth
(tail)
"Is very like a rope!"
like a
fan!"
blind.)
That each by observation Might satisfy his mind.
And The
First
(side) "Is very like a wall!"
so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long,
Each
The Second
(tusk) "Is very like a spear!"
The Third (trunk) From John Godfrey in
Rhime. 1865.
"Is very like a snake!"
Saxr.
"The Blind Men and
in his
own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong Though each was partly in the And all were in the wrong! the Elephant". CIrvrr Slnrin nl
Many
right.
Natir>n> R^-ndrred
I"
14
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Words
charts.
are carefully studied before they are qualified for admittance
in a dictionary.
No
one knows
how many
distinct types of graphic charts are
already in established use.
Beneath the majority of the of
"SCALE"
illustrations included here, there
is
a notation
to indicate the percentage reproduction of the original.
In judgshould be clearly kept in mind that, as here reduced, the illustration can not be as effective as in the size originally published. Also in the process of photographing, particularly in those charts taken from newsprint paper, the illustration is less clear. Halfing the effectiveness of
any presentation
it
tones which here appear too black have been photographed from previously printed halftones rather than from original photographs. If the subject matter of any illustration is of special interest to the user of this book, a reading glass may be used to enlarge the detail.
Because a frame around the chart
may
or base line, the liberty has been taken to tions.
Changes have also been made
be interpreted falsely as a zero line, remove frames from many illustra-
in lettering or other details,
when
neces-
sary, for reproduction in reduced sizes. It should be clearly understood that this book would not have been feasible except for the photo offset process of reproduction and color printing. The use of color has been a gambleâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; many of the charts here shown in color were originally black and white. It was impossible to foresee results obtained from hundreds of lay-outs sent to the printer. Changes may
obvious
seem
in the final printed
form.
Designs at the top and bottom of color pages may appear incongruous with some of the color combinations in the body of the page. Varied color designs were inserted with the thought that the user of this book might gain from our experiments and select certain effects appropriate for his own particular problem.
In order to test whether color is worth while in graphic presentation, color has here been literally splashed on. In folding printed sheets for sewing into bookbinders' signatures, every other pair of pages evolve from one
side of the printed on only one side, a reader finds color on every other pair of pages in the book. In this way it is possible for the reader of this book to judge the effect of color on the varied types of charts shown in the 60 chapters simply by turning the pages two at a time. It is believed the evidence is conclusive that to get maximum results in graphic presentation the question is not "Can one afford to use color?" but
printed sheet of paper.
afford to omit color.?"
Thus,
if
color
is
"Can one
This book Graphic Presentation results from the work of many people. It would not have been possible except for the charts produced by the individuals and organizations to whom credit is given under many of the 676 illustrations. The illustrations were selected from thousands of clippings
15
PREFACE which
I
could not
resist
publication of Graphic
The chapter on the
Mead
saving during the 25 years that have elapsed since
Methods
for Presenting Facts in 1914.
was prepared by Mr. W. B. Gibson,
selection of paper
of
Sales Corporation, in consultation with officers of various trade
My
Laura M. Brinton, did practically all the work in Camera and Its Use"; Chapter 47, "Lantern Slides," and Chapter 49, "Color and Its Use." Miss Audrey W. Zeigler, of Newburgh. New York, made all the drawings used as the headings of chapters. Mr. R. R. Lutz, of the National Industrial Conference Board, made associations.
wife,
preparation of Chapter 46, "The
valuable suggestions in the early stages of planning the book, particularly
Mr. Roy S. McElwee, and numerous others read manuscript and contributed suggestions as the book progressed. In planning the printing, many helpful ideas were given by Mr. Edward N. Mayer, Jr., of Gray Photo Offset Corporation. The cooperation
regarding the possibilities for the use of color.
of the entire staff of that organization
is
appreciated. Personally
I
regret that
frequent absences from the city have prevented that close contact which
I
should have preferred to give to such fascinating subject matter.
Methods
of graphic presentation
human
and new types of charts
will continue to
There is need advantage of each type and making all types available for general use internationally. Nomenclature alone is deserving of careful attention far beyond the range of any one indievolve through processes of
for classification
and comparison
ingenuity as need arises.
of types noting the
vidual.
C, during the past House of Representatives from Illinois, and Chairman of the House Committee on the Library of Congress, has been of great assistance in exploring the possibilities. Mr. Keller's unusual range of knowledge and experience in education, medicine, law, engineering, publishing, and mining, coupled with residence in Europe and In the discussion of these matters in Washington, D.
year the Honorable Kent E. Keller,
member
of the
Mexico, served in determining potentialities for not only a central file of file of graphic material arranged for quick reference and classified according to subject matter.
graphic charts by types, but also a comprehensive
William Playfair, from his first book in 1786 throughout his writings to his in 1823, mentioned the possibility that a graphic language could be an international language assisting in better relations between nations of different tongues. As this is written, with international conditions throughout the world unsettled and getting worse, there seems more than ever before a need for such a common graphic language as William Playfair envisioned. death
WILLARD COPE BRINTON. New York Sept.
6,
City
1939
1
16
Chapter
1
INTRODUCTION
Whhy
have graphic methods been so tardy in developing? Three things in combination are necessary before visual methods of presentation can be adequately used. Accurate factual data readily available. 1. Competent drafting talent to chart the data on a standard2. ized basis.
Equipment and organization for reproducing the charted 3. data at a cost not too high compared to the printed word. Until mankind developed reasonably cheap paper, there was no convenient method for preserving quantitative data. The study
"One hundred rumors are not comparable to one look." An Old Chinese
Inscription
and the developing of policies from facts had to wait until records gradually accumulated. The making of paper and the preserving of records developed rapidly after the invention of statistical records
of loose-type printing
about 1450.
At the time William Playfair wrote his first book on graphics in 1786, the word "statistics" had not come into general use. The word itself is derived from "state." The state first had to keep records of tax rolls, collections, and various government activities. Playfair lamented the inadequacy of historical data in a number of his writings; for instance, in Commercial and Political Atlas of 1801: "Had our
ancestors represented the gradual increase of their comif it had not been an object of utility, it would
merce and expenditures,
17
INTRODUCTION at least have been one of curiosity; but had records, written in this sort of shape [plotted curves] and speaking a language that all the world understands, existed at this day, of the commerce and revenue of ancient nations, what a real acquisition would it not have been to our stock of knowledge! In place of which, a few detached facts are collected and brought forward as the only criterion from which we can judge of the manners and wealth of the ancient world.
not only of importance that this species of information should in such a form and a native of another country, understand the nature of the business delineated. "It
is
be handed down, but also that it should go down manner as that any person might, even though
". If we could have a copy of the custom-house books of Carthage or Tyre for a hundred years, what value might not be set on them! These charts [Playfair's] will be for future nations the same thing that ." the ancient records we so much desire would be for us now. .
.
.
.
we
search into the past for factual data, we naturally think we could now examine the libraries as they existed at intervals of one hundred years, say one, two, three or four centuries back, what would we find? Probably very little factual If
of libraries. If
Courtesy of American Chicle
The
First Agricultural
Company
Report
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Makers
of
Dentyne
Gum
18
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION information. Even books in our grandfathers' attics, if classified, would be short on factual material and long on abstruse discussion of theories, most of which were of a religious nature or perhaps
vaguely astronomic or otherwise theoretical considerations of the universe.
The development of printing and the gradual cheapening of paper resulted in people of Europe and this country being exposed not to pictures but to more and more words, words not only from the printed page but from ministers of the gospel who, being of the educated class and able to read, obtained their inspiration from the printed material which came to them. Let us consider bookmaking in the early days from the standpoint of cost. There would seem to be little reason why illustrations should not be generally used. Books were made from wooden blocks even before the use of movable metal type. Illuminated manuscripts and early books of similar pattern used illustrative methods which today we would think prohibitive from the cost standpoint. Labor must have been relatively cheap, especially in monasteries or other religious institutions which in those days produced so much of the literary output. Probably there was nothing whatever to prevent the development of illuminated graph charts long before the days of William Playfair except lack of reliable factual data from which to make the charts. People of those days must have found out, just as we find out so often now, that if we start to chart our facts, we are frequently stopped by the startling insufficiency of the data, the annoyance that the data may have a single gap in its continuity, or that the data have not been kept on a uniform basis over the period of time under consideration. Organization of data on a rectangular field would appear to be so obvious that it might have been done fairly early by scholars in different countries, if they had had much data to study. The printed page with its lines of words proceeding from left to right is in itself a coordinate field, the lay-out of which required careful thought from those who produced the illuminated manuscripts or books which are so fascinating to us now. Descartes in 1637 published his works on geometry which firmly established the method of rectangular coordinates when used for mathematical formulas. Those who are interested in the history of graphic presentation will find the sequences well brought out in a paper of one hundred and thirty- five pages by H. Gray Funkhouser, published in Osiris, Volume Three, Part One, 1937, available through the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C. Funkhouser dates the use of the coordinate field to astronomers and surveyors as far back as 140
:fBWK?!W5r.ÂŤ
19
INTRODUCTION B.C. when points their longitudes
in the earth's surface
and
latitudes.
Oresme
were located by means of 1350 in his Tractitus de
in
Latitudinibus Formarum endeavored to represent graphically how an empirical curve might behave. As Funkhouser states, "If a pioneering contemporary had collected some data and presented Oresme with some facts to work on, we might have had statistical graphs four hundred years before Playfair." Leonardo da Vinci antedated Descartes 77 years. Leonardo's genius in the natural sciences and as an engineer was so far in advance of his time that it would seem that he might have been familiar with rectangular coordinates. Recent examinations of his notebooks, though not very conclusive, seem to indicate that in his experiments regarding gravitation, his records of the velocity of fall-
ing bodies were analyzed on a rectangular coordinate basis. See
Volume M, Verso
40,
Manuscripts He used
of the Institute of France. horizontal distances to
Early
Work on
Books Monasteries
Was Done
express
time and vertical distances to show the space covered by falling balls when two were dropped together or one following the other. Leonardo, however, left no group to carry on his engineering works, which were little understood by his immediate contemporaries and successors.
The American
Statistical Association,
one hundredth anniversary,
formed
in 1839,
now
cele-
the earliest specialized scientific organization in this country. The American Philosophical Society, organized by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia, was, of course, earlier but its activities cover such a wide field as to put it in a different class. The American Society of Civil Engineers founded in 1876, was followed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1880 and then by numerous other engineering and scientific societies. The presentation of their papers in edited transactions has resulted in rapid advance in varied chart techniques. In spite of all that Playfair pointed out a century and a half ago, and the interest shown by a few college instructors during recent years, there is still insignificant use of graphic presentation
brating
its
is
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION methods
in the field of education.
tively little to analyze the
methods
Educators themselves do for transmitting facts
and
rela-
ideas.
At present most educators are graphically illiterate. An educator, or person with a message to give is referred to as lecturer, speaker, orator, preacher, narrator, reciter, etc. These words generally imply the conveyance of a message through the ear without reference to the eye. Until the cinema was equipped with sound there was a move to use the word "optience" instead of "audience." Although the moving picture now combines perception through both the eye and the ear, the messages generally conveyed today by the motion picture are descriptive rather than quantitative. The moving picture projector has not thus far been a great influence for introducing the type of graphic presentation indicated in this book. :
Lantern
slides,
and more
recently, slide films,
have been important
factors.
There are interesting possibilities if educational institutions would seriously study the methods for presenting ideas and facts, and then, as their instructors qualified in the new technique, designate each by the term "Presentor." In a similar way, a student might be called a "Perceivor." Each of these terms implies reâ&#x20AC;˘iiSf'45
H. Gray Punkhouser. "A Note on
A
a
Tenth Century Graph." OSIRIS. Vol.
I.
1936.
Tenth Century Graph That Forms a Part of a Manuscript Discovered by Sigmund Sunther in 1877
According to the article by Dr. Funkhouscr, from which this illustration was taken, the graph was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time.
21
INTRODUCTION sponsibility for results. These terms are not limited in their scope to the field of education. Anyone planning a conference, convention, committee, discussion, assembly, council, etc., might do well to consider the method for presenting the subject matter. many of these meetings today are just talk? If each participant would consider himself as a Presentor of data or ideas that he is especially qualified to contribute to the group, there would be less misunderstanding and more conclusive action.
How
We are still expressing ourselves in meetings by the traditional methods the old patriarchs used to pass on the folklore of the tribe by word of mouth. While the newspaper, the movie and the
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
radio are being used to present descriptive material to secure public approval, quantitative presentations are relatively rare in publicity campaigns. The introduction of quantitative expression in every phase of life can lend itself to great future progress. There has been some discussion of the effectiveness of graphic methods to convey facts and ideas, but no comprehensive analysis has thus
Rene Descartes, 1596-1650
22
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
AFTER
DEATH )930
25.000 24.000 23.000
22.000 21.000
20.000 19.000
)6.000 17.000
16.000 15.000
14.000 13.000
1931
1932
1933
1934
DARK 1935
1936
1937
m}ft^?i(:i'f'WfS!i:iii,-m
23
INTRODUCTION
I
1911
l*M !«• l«tO
I9tl l»ll IttS
IM4
Ittt l»t« t*tl Its* I9I* I«SO t«SI t«9t 1993 19S4 I99S t9SS I9S1
Ratio Chart Showing Prices of Non-Ferrous Metals to 1937.
The above
in
the United States
fronts
1917
chart was reduced from one transmitted by Western Union automatic telegraph,
showing
that, as
machines are
to another. Service cities will
is
now
may be sent from one city York, Buffalo, and Chicago. Other
installed, graphic charts
available only in
New
be added.
Graphic charts present unusually comprehensive data in condensed form for analysis and interpretation. Major libraries should contain a division of graphic charts. Filing most of the material could be easily done by placing material in the usual letter vertical files. Provision should, of course, be made for cross references. Probably it would be desirable to have two sections, one for scientific and technical data, the other to contain all other material. To aid those studying graphic presentations, larger libraries would do well to have a separate file classified according to types of graphic charts, irrespective of the subject matter.
.a!(«K«««sws-^AS
'.j'Sa
24
GENERAL REFERENCES HISTORY OF GRAPHIC METHODS Funkhouser, H. Gray, "Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Statistical Data," Osiris, Vol. Ill, Part I, 1937 Walker, Helen M., Studies in the History of Statistical Method, Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., 1929
GRAPHIC METHODS Arkin, Herbert, and
Raymond
R. Colton, Graphs:
How
to
Make
and Use Them, Harper & Brothers, New York City, 1936 Brinton, Willard C, Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1914 Brown, Theodore H., Richmond F. Bingham, and V. A. Temnomeroff. Laboratory Handbook of Statistical Methods, Mc-
Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1931 Chaddock, R. E., Principles and Methods of Statistics, Hough-
ton Mifflin Co., New York City, 1935 Croxton, Frederick E., and Dudley J. Cowden, Applied General Statistics, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York, 1939 Crum, William L., Alson C. Patton, and Arthur R. Tebbutt, Introduction to Economics Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1938 Haskell, Allan C, Graphic Charts in Business, Codex Book Co., Norwood, Mass., 1928 Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York City, 1923 Riggleman, John R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1938 Riggleman, John R., Graphic Methods for Presenting Business Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1936
PREPARATION OF ANNUAL REPORTS James P., and Morris M. Lee, Making the Annual Report Speak for Industry, Compiled by National Association
Selvage,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, December 1938.
of Manufacturers,
York
City,
Inc.,
New
25
Chapter 2
GRAPHIC NARRATIVE
I
Oynonyms for graphic narrative are: ideographic drawings, pictograms, figurative symbols, pictographic charts, and hieroglyphs. Graphic narrative may involve the keeping of records, quality of materials, time, or quantities.
Walker Engraving Corporation,
A 1.
Stone
Age Man's
Long before
New
written language had evolved,
a
SCALE
York.
.7
Painting of a Bison.
man
recorded his actions and accom-
plishments in stone carvings and paintings. 2.
Although
it
is
has slain, 3.
not certain that the picture above it
is
is
one of a bison which the painter
probable.
This early recognition of the value of a painting in preference to a verbal description is the forerunner of the use of illustrations in modern textbooks.
26
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHIC NARRATIVE CHARTS 1. A picture is more universally understood than a word description. 2.
3.
Graphic narrative is adaptable for poster use and has a great deal of popular appeal. There are few rules for, or restrictions on, the use of graphic narratives.
4.
Quantitative data may be shown or suggested in graphic narrative form. The picture may stand alone or may be accompanied by comments of explanation.
BASIC ENGLISH Basic English is a system of 850 words and five simple rules for putting them together, which was the invention of Mr. C. K. Ogden It will do the of the Orthological Institute, Cambridge, England. work of 20,000 words of English for the normal purposes of trade, Special lists for general science and science, and everyday living. for any special science put the number of words up to 1,000, with
Liberty Magazine, April
13,
SCALE
1929.
.9
The Pig Woman's Story of Her Movements and Observations on the Night of the Hall-Mills Murder. This form of graphic narrative very simple in idea
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
it
may be
used to accompany fiction as well as
gives the story in time sequence.
fact.
It is
27
GRAPHIC NARRATIVE the addition of which the international signs of chemistry, for exmay be made to do their work at the expert level. Its interest for the writer of this book is that graphics the international language of the eye may be made completely international if Basic English is used where any words are necessary. Basic may be learned in a month by a quick learner, working privately, or in a year or less in school. To the eye and ear it is not different from normal English, and it takes only a very short time to get the trick of writing and talking in it. Of 1,500 living languages, only seven are used by more than sixty million persons. Of these seven, English is by far the commonest. It is the natural, or government language of six hundred million, it has for a long time been the second language of the Far East, and is now learned in schools in all parts of the earth. It is the language of the seas, of trade, to a great degree of science, of the moving pictures and radio. Basic English is an international form of this most international of living tongues.
ample,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
This account of the system
is
in Basic English.
Further facts about Basic English may be had from the Payne Fund, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City, or the Orthological Institute, Cambridge, England.
THE TEXTILE COMMUNITY occupies 880,000
homes
owns 700.000 automobiles spends $3,000,000 on movies annually
owns 300,000 mechanical refrigerators eats 3,500,000 tons of food annually
World. October Purchasing Power."
Textile
An
m38,
Part of an
Analysis of the Textile
Without representing the
Editorial
on Public Relations Entitled "Textiles
a
Source of
Community. form of graphic picture gives was used effectively as an illus-
pictorial items quantitatively, this
a concise analysis of the textile community. tration for a public relations editorial.
It
28
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
l900rn^pT1T
"STREAMLINED STANDARDS OF LIVING CREATED BY MACHINE TOOL INDUSTRY United States News, Washington, D.
C, June
20,
The Story of American Efficiency
A.
Here
is
in
SCALE
1938.
.6
the Machine Tool Industry.
have taken place in history. It is purely a qualithe wagon has been replaced by the truck; the broom by the
a vivid story of the changes that
tative analysis:
vacuum
—
cleaner.
THREE-FOURTHS OF PIGS
GO TO MARKET
BY
TRUCK
/^^^•kLi^ Automobile Manufacturers Association "Automobile Facts!' September B.
The
A
l').}8
Graphic Presentation of the Fact That Three-Fourths of the Pigs States Go to Market by Truck. years.
It is still
the United
7 out of 10 or 4 out of 5 has been used an effective method of presenting percentage analysis.
use of pictures to represent 3 out of 4 or
many
in
for
29
GRAPHIC NARRATIVE HALF
FIRST
O
20 30 40 so 40 30 ZO
lO
G
10
Opponents
no3
<><ksscs s*t.L
NO*
TO
Nrw York A.
Journnl and
art FAKt
SPIN
mAHHATTAn'S REVERSE Run
SCALE
American.
Famous Football
Plays:
S
Manhat-
tan College Reverse Run.
An
SECOND HALF
explanation of a football play, either before a
game
or after a game,
«
is
well-known form of graphic narrative. Players on each side are indicated by squares, circles, or other distinctive symbols, and the of the various players
are indicated by arrows.
20 30 40 so 40 30 20
V^-N
a
movements
ID
^^^
v•^^ Sk^sJs/V«
lO
%
^-^
^
%. f<ZAP><
^fH'i
The HHarvard-Yale The Score Was of Harvard. After
13 to 6 in
any
actually
confusion did
occur
as
may
u
H P
them so what
to
be seen
1
sheets from which the above
was made were of heavy cardboard and easy to handle at the game. It may be possible that standards for this type of chart
chart
will evolve in the future.
(oity
««l
at a glance.
The work
X^
<L
Favor
like
the various plays before that
ff^fcf
of 1937.
"game," spectators often to have a picture of
the
would
Game
G
• MA(?VARO
Victor
O
O YALE
CfOc^JH
Jones, Sports Editor, Boston Globe.
30
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Compare
the charts in this chapter With those in "Pictorial Unit
Bar Charts," pages 121-131.
Redrawn from Fortune Magazine, February 1932.
The Use of Segments of
Fruit to
With the modern emphasis on
should be an effective one. tion
Represent Quantities.
novelty, the use of segments of fruit to represent quantities
by the United States
A
quarter segment of a lemon to represent the produc-
of a fourth of the world's lemons, or a half
segment
of
grapefruit to represent the production by the United States of half the world's grapefruit,
vi\>uld
be
much more
vivid than the
verbal form or even bar-chart form.
same information presented
in
31
GRAPHIC NARRATIVE
^f'^m-'^intn V**
cl»*«t* *k« ^l«f
t
tm4 pl*m
FHA
tpptmwti
Ymc
Wwm
k
fm
«i<*ii
mitt*
want t«w ••k
il
rMf
fMmtm
t%
.•!«•«•
• I«*a-
.
.
.
TK«
l<
.
T1i«
miwrvd. pr«.i4*t (K«
<
•M«iili«l
to get an FHA-insiired
mortgage
®mnl
l*fld»f.
h
How
Tk« ^nifn
TK«
b« .'ck.lK)»f<ll, ••u«<l riadil,
uUabU
coMtrw«t*eM fiiMt b« 90«d. r««titi»9 w*«rh«r «nd
—
f^raphically
in words, pictures
t
told
and charts
vS
*****,
T>.«
pi»f
m^n*
b«
prcctic*!
(I«ft).
Eqwpivivnt mwit b« appropriat* to
not
kcuM a^d na>9kb«r^o«d
Hou»f and Garden, June 1938
SCALE
The Procedure for Securing a Federal Housing Adnninisfration-lnsured Mortgage the United States in 1938. Stories
have been told by pictures since prehistoric times. graphically but the verbal narrative was also included.
6
in
Here the story was told The pictures attract atten-
make sure that the picture is understood; and the combination two results in the reader remembering the procedure for securing an FHA-insured mortgage.
tion;
of
the words
the
^^
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Transparent material on which pictures and words may be printed has made possible a new type of book. It is literally a book, but a book that builds up a given idea, subject, or problem step by step as the pages are turned. By the use of transparent pages and an ingenious pictorial scheme, a complete story is spread out before the individual as a complete whole. The book is planned so that it can be read from front to back or back to front with the story differing according to which way the book is read. After the subject is built up, it may be reversed from the other angle. Since the page is transparent, the subject matter is carried through the page, presenting the other side of the same material. Educators, advertisers, science, and industry may use this new an object, lesson, or product in a practical, pictorial manner where the spoken or written word is often misinterpreted It greatly simplifies the presentation of any or misunderstood. object, and produces a vivid mental picture which is easily retained. tool to unfold
Sources: Offset Gravure Corporation, Long Island City, New York Theo Jonas, 10 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois
S.
When
You're mil/N^lAlO/\/C-
Think About '-^LOlLINf; OUÂŁR/
'^
25 Miles an
Hour
50 Miles an
Hour
-'wi..X-'i--''--'-"--t'^^ 75 Miles an
Hour
Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.
Graphic Presentation of the "Turnability" of an Automobile Traveling at Three Rates of Speed.
33
Chapter 3
TABULATION ATTRACTIVENESS can be a characteristic of statistical tables.
Adherence to certain simple suggestions will improve their appearance. Designing is an integral part of every table and should The actual form which any table takes be carefully planned. depends upon the data to be presented. For suggestions relative to setting up tabulation for reproduction, see the Vari-typer in Chapter 44 and the material about type,
setting in
Chapter
CLASSIFICATION
51.
1
34
c
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
REFERENCES Day, E.
E., "Standardization of the Construction of Statistical Tables." Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. This issue of the Journal is so limited that 17, March 1920. the American Statistical Association cannot sell it. However, it is available in most libraries.
/.UJ
/
J.?
P.m.
t.j.9-r>»t.
/3"a.
f.j j-fi^
j
/Ljw '"•t
i7^«<.
'/.'i
J"
y.j.rP.H
P. M..
UJ^U^ 4.
J_^
.AjlE<JJL*jlJ^
/«.
/
tt*.U*.uXZ.
-V'
AkAM«^«^
7.10
M—
——M—W
J-*f
Of
wmmm
wtmmm
£ — /*.
.
Hi'
£'
CU»,^L,4^^ / ¥-^ / f30- /^t<-»^<^
'
_3>J!L/c ,.j,\t~ .^w>-«^u.> -a-cAaa*.4-^^/v «*. .. <.
C »y
«.».^^r 5t»-C~
/«.rr/.t
IBMI 1 Three Methods of Tallying the Barking of Dogs.
Data for Use
in a
Lawsuit,
scale
s
Since intelligent planning preceded the tallying of this information, there was no need to record
it
in the
form of
tables.
TABULATION Mudgett, Bruce D., Statistical Tables and Graphs, Houghton
Company, Boston, Mass., 1930 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, The Preparation of Statistical Tables, 1937. A Mifflin
pamphlet distributed
free of charge.
Walker, Helen and Walter Durost, Statistical Tables: Their Structure and Use (Bureau of Publications), Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, 1936 /d;>uIii«oii
WMhingt.m. D. C..'
486,860 8,000 6,415 5,000 4,264 3,832
Clicvy CliMc, Mil
Takoiim
I'ark,
Md
Silver Spring. M<1
UyalUville, M.l Mt. Rainier, M«l
Ktlovatt-hourt <
1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 I
b
354,9.32,330 400. 20S, 431 43.S, 360. 3S1 -
.
r.nmj
D<it
tfiienii-l for th« Wtshlnrloo inclu<Jcd Id IheM n^ros.
Railway
A
464, 108,604 495,013,756 602, 832,609 Klntrlc
ComiMDy
Federal Power Commission. National Power Survey, Cost of Distribution of Electricity 1936.
SCALE
A.
.7
Population of the Principal Cities Served by the Potonnac Electric
Power Company
in
1934,
and
Trend. of Service Growth from 1929 to 1934. These are simple tables arranged according to magnitudes and chronologically. Note that the arrangement is from the top down.
35
36
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
MANUFACTURES. Tabls
M.-DrrAILBD eTATKMBirT FOB TIB TmiTBD <
TATm.
m lunrMPm
^UJi " '
'sm Mi.
CI
i.
GENERAL TABLBB. BT OBOOIUPHIO
DIYIBIOirS
AND BTATK8:
lilt
•Mfftf TtSii, •uu.
'
37
TABULATION Value
of VtiUic-lluildinn If
holly
From
Value of awards
and HifihtvayConatrtution Awards Financed Slate Funds '
for
public building
Value
of
awards
for
highway con-
struction
Otocraphio division
June
All divisions.
New
$1.
70^748 I0:<.8II
Kii?liinil
Middle .Mliintir K.Bst North ('nntral.. West Niirtli Oiitral. South
1038
.Mliiiitu-
East South rentral.. West South Central.
May
1U38
$U3M. Jll 4.
S.
May
1938
4.1. .'.;:<
«.M.i):t2
:is. us.')
i.r.'io
3S4. i'2H :t77. 401
29. 15(i
lOS. 471'
3. '.tiy
15l»,853
23, (HM)
6,500
IS, 02.5
lO'.i.
1,
2,3,5,
7, 9,
and
A
1.
The
42J.t.71
074.012 920.816
614,837 1.821.320 2,479.513 1,008.710 388. 732
l,(m. 135 1,303. 3V4 4. 147 2. 4.S3, 148
876, .143 161. 123 079. 853
3. 7.14, 2.
OGU 800
975
930, "t-H
191.
1.
2J2
Statistics.
Tabulation Showing the Total for All Divisions as the As the Last. total of a
column may be put
at the top of a table, as
First
shown
Item Rather Than
here, instead of at the
bottom.
The
1037
II.
Def)artment of Labor, Bureau of Labor
A.
2.
June
18,621,883
9.'. -.112 8:i,
1038
tl2,230,009 $13,571,006
H74
J.-.-i
4;ti.(i:i7
431.
47'.'
June
Preliminary, subject to revision. Data for building projects which were located in the cities reporting to the Bureau are included also in
tables
U.
$<..'.02,4fi7
v:»y. 1177
Pacific
'
1037
402. (KK)
Mountain
'
June
use of notes to clarify box headings should be encouraged.
SUMMARY OF MEN DISPATCHED FROM CENTRAL HALL REGISTERED
MEN DISPATCHEC
I
38
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
TABULATION
39
40
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
MACHINE TABULATION Punched card tabulating machines have proved a great aid in sorting and accumulating data. The information need not be purely statistical. Cards such as the one shown below are the basis of the punched card plan. Each card is a general-purpose record one item, one customer, one salesman, or one person, etc. Holes are first punched in pre-determined positions on the cards according to the data registered. A sorting machine is used to group the cards according to the information punched in them. The cards are guided automatically into receiving pockets according to the position of the punched holes in the vertical columns. The automatic sorting is made on one column at a time. It is apparent, therefore, that to arrange a group of cards in numerical sequence according to the data punched in a three-column field, the group of cards is passed through the sorting machine three times. The third step in mechanical tabulation is the automatic comThis is done in the tabulator. In pilation of the punched data. information is merely accumulated a non-printing tabulator, the In another type of machine, the data may be automaticin dials. for
added and printed. Machines for mechanical tabulation are built by International Business Machines Company, New York City, and Remfngton Rand, Inc., New York City. Tabulating work is done on a service ally
basis in various cities throughout the country. sÂŤns tmittis cÂŤn
International Business
Machine Co.,
Punched Card for Use 1.
City.
Machine Tabulation.
Tabulating cards arc made of paper stock carefully processed to permit of extremely rapid actuation of all three machines the punch, the sorter, and the tabulator.
The card 2.
in
New York
Cards
may
ing,
for
size
is
7W
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
x 3'/i".
be punched for each item or classification on a customer's invoice showexample, customer number, salesman, district or territory, trade class,
complete item identification, and amount. 3.
All cards
may
be balanced to a control and
to prepare various analyses.
at
any time can be sorted and tabulated
,
41
TABULATION
»^nti—
——*w«i lis • IL.
^^
K
BBUhhiHF
WWE •€ 16
e o c •a
9 e o
a;
tt :;±tLS:
ff5
CO
—=^r::
'M 0>
n
2
2
•-"irx
-c
^nr
a
<
Em -X
« a>
ifi-H
43
^
'H-L
^ mm:?:^
+^
xt niiii.
I^^\n
til',
I
11
lil]
«
ili'.lilll
liiiiii
m
III
ili
t
'
-
1
11
ji
^^iliSiii imi
Jill!
llilll
o
as
iljii
iL'Uii 2
K
C7»
c
-5
5 ^
a:
'^
:;
(0
—
*^
E
i!
<
2
>
oli
42
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
MILES
ri5
PER HOUR.
JMILES PfR
D.u.'s
(/DM.) Vi
,
QT.
.13^
50
PER
'
45
si
^
HOUR MILES PER HOUR MILES
PÂŁR
(3DMJ
(5auj
IQT
l%QTs
3QTs
.25<
43^ 60
$9.63
i
,
.75C
69
$10.50
(vau.)
AViQVs i
i
GALS.
65
^
HOUR MILES PER HOUR
(2D.aj
GAIS. 55 GALS.
$8.75
GASOLINE
35
^
HOUR MllfS
GALS.
$1.13
80
GALS.
$I2.08
14.00
$7.50
$10.50
$3.00
H.50
$4.00
$500
i6.60
$10.00
$13.00
$14.38
$17.88
$22.03
$30.33
$38.63
3j03^
386^
$1.50
'
i
TIRES
MAI NTf NANCE
TOTAL COST
COST PER MILE
\A^4
S/>eec/ //jc/iease
io
45 55
35
to
45 45 55
\
U9ff
Coffper/OOOm^
2.2
fi
7/meSaye(/
Chs//)erMfurSoyei/
6.4
Hours
$.65
$12.45
10.4
Hours
$l.20
65
$20.75
13.2
Hours
$1.57
to
55
4.0 Hours
$2.08
to
65
$8.30 $16.60
6.8 Hours
to
65
$8.30
2.8 Hours
^2.44 $2.96
35
to
35
$4.15
The Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut. "Lest
We
Regret," 1939.
Graphic Tabulation Showing the High Cost of Speeding
in
SCALE
.9
the United States.
This table is based on a 1000-mile journey, with an average car, average roads, and an average driver. It does not include the economic cost of accidents, which rises in proportion to the speed at which the car is traveling.
43
Chapter 4
CLASSinCATION CHARTS a Classification chart the facts, data, etc., are arranged so relation to all others is readily seen. Quantities need not be given, although a quantitative analysis adds to the value of a classification chart. Brackets and arrows are effective tools to use in a classification chart.
INthat the place of each in
REFERENCES Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
York
New
City, 1923. R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, 2nd McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City.
Riggleman, John edition, 1938,
WAR ADMIRAL, Fair
Man
o"
War
Play ^
Domino IPink n of Hereford * Bathinq birl i
1 n-
'^
{
»k
Gold
Rock Sand Merry Token
/Ben Brush
e Sweep »
c, 1934
, * c Fair y
{»
Mahubah
ftrushup
br.
TI
1
J Harry
1/
5EABISCUIT, b. c, 4933 Pair Play f w Man vA/ War / A .. .1 IManubab Hard TacW J * It
a
L
U"^'""'^ Wiskbroom
2d
Swing On
{ Balance • Imported.
War Admiral bred by
I
Rock Sane Teas Over
/
Broomsl ick
I
Audicnci
/
belais Balancoire
SO
Riddle Scabiscuit bred by Wheailey Stable, (Mrs H.C. Phipps).
Redrawn from New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 1938.
War 1.
of the Race Horses Admiral and Seabiscuit.
Pedigrees
This chart shows the use of brackets in classification of data.
,
I
1,
The
inal 2.
The
was
The
orig-
in newsprint.
subject matter of this chart is the geneology of two race horses. (The
pedigrees
of
War Admiral and
Seabiscuit show that they are both
descendants of Fair Play and also of
Rock Sand.)
44
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
ilttAtlAMt
otMta
lOucAnoMAi
AMO PATMMt
aTa»«
OtAAMlZATlTMl
IMfttfMU O*
U.
S.
Department
of Interior, Office of Education,
The Office of Education This chart
is
of the
Cmc AMD OTMH
in
"magnified."
"School Life," February. 1938.
the United States and
of groups in the
Its
SCALE
.6
Relationships.
it shows graphically that to study one section government of the United States, that area must be
especially interesting because
myriad
*tOUP|
45
CLASSIFICATION CHARTS
Mr
I
Jli
> >
•^
_
i!
<«
--
-O -^
'E 0)
O
III
*^
*r
9-
IS
c
10
Z o « c
'^
—§
E «
c
>
< c
a>
—
•
c
o '•^
o
46
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
——
IllMENIAIr OnTftlCT
ffift
ilEMENTAHV SCHOOL
JUNIO« HIGH
n
U.
S.
I
II
SCMOd
JUNIO* HIGH SCHOOL
fP^
UNIOII HIGH
I^P?I
JUNIO« COllEGi
Dcpartmrnt
An Organized
of
WSIKICT
SCHOOL
Interior, Office of Education,
WHO
WOdltS
THROUGH KrAKTMENT HtAOS. miNCIfALS.ANO TtACHtKS
SCALE
"School Life," February, 1938.
City or County School System
in
the United States
in
.6
1937.
Arrows emphasize and here show the relationship between the "people" and the school system.
CLASSIFICATION CHARTS
r—4 llfOITt
47
.
48
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
rHocords
CJ
>p»TBUon
(
I
( ",Hr mil«Mjge StHllslicB (
'.Hr
and equaliralion accounts
distribution
I Ix-asing of cars
Hailway
Equipmpnt and
Tank
hxjUlPMENT Division
force
Miscdlaneous upkeep
Link
Home
shops
^
I'ainting
fOutJet valves J Safety valves
Tests
I I
Maintenance.
I
.4
Air brakes
Car tanks
CK.
\\. K. interchange rules IV A. lank car specifications )wniTs deft'cUs Carriers liability I I Railroad repair bills
I A.
Railroad
•
repairs.
Stock supplies at U^rniinaLs. bulk plants, and warehoasos Allocation of orders for shipment of sUxk from and to refineries Buy-out points, terminals, bulk stations, warchoasus, Designation of mode of transportation— Rail, water, truck, et*-.
Order and Shipping Division
(
{
(
etc.
'onsolidat<- or pool orders
.\verage demurrage, credit, and weight agrwenents
—
Overcharge, loss, and damage Diversion and reconsignmcnt Freight bills checking and revising
Claims
—
rMarkcting
territories
Rate surveys. .« Plant lo<-ations ^Competitive comparisons Male adjustments Informally with railroads Rule iinil route tables I. C. C. practice and procedure Routing (technical, applicable rates, etc.) Servici- -c|uol)ilions to sales and purchasing departments Tariir and cliLssilicalion lilcs 'rru<'king and marine arrangements (local) Tracing and cx|)editing
Tariff and Hati.
—
Division
Voduction . .u encral servK-.- U, other JI Purchasing M„„„f„,.if.ring 1
1
departmenU
/Whol.-sale
^saies.
(
IliNKllAL
^^^^^^^^
Diilact with trade and traflic iLs.so<'iatioiis iMipcrution with carrier ollicials
am>
\dmimsthativi;
i
PrrsoillK'l
^
'Distribution of stinks (physical)
DiMSION
Rureaii of exi)lusiM's regulations Misi
I'lliineoiis
4
Clearance rules Railroad leases, side-track agreements, 'rriins|M)rl .ser\
Riiutiiig
-
ill
—
rail,
etc.
water, truck, etc. allotment of trallic as
DLstribiiliiin iiml
Pas.srnger trans|Kirta(i(iii
\
ia rail, air,
Metropolitan Life Iniurance Company, "Functiont of the Traffic Manaier," 193 7.
Traffic
lM>twe<-ii carriers
and water
SCALE
.6
Department of a Large Company.
The brackets
in
this
presentation
is
classification to
show
were retouched.
Since the important thing in such a is, the brackets, should be
relationships, the tool used, that
emphasized. Otherwise, the purpose
is lost.
1
49
CLASSIFICATION CHARTS CMIL-
K(N
IN
|6CK>0i.|tynMK PLANT PtP
SOWOlI I
ICMltD
WASHINGTON
z MAi&ftCHusrrw 3 NEW NORK
A
CflLIPORNtA
5 COOJECncUT
b OHIO 7
6
NtW
I
JERStY
tLLINOli
9 COLORADO iNDtANA
10 1
RHooe. l6uv^i0
12
VEPMONT
13
WCW HAMRSHIRE
14
UTAH
15
OREGON
10 17
r;;;/^^;^///^i
JL
\yyyyyy/A\
\Vyy///AV/////A\
\mmy///m
II w/////Ay//////AVAy//A\ W^^//AV/////AV;y//A^AV/////AV/////AV/yy//A\ ^
MONTANA MICHIGAN
« N DAKOTA 19
TO
IDAHO Minnesota
21
IOWA
IZ
MAINE.
d3
PENNSYLVANIA
«
is,
KAN6A5 \/M^,m\y//'-^/, \y/y///A\w/jr//A ^/
NEBPA5KA
2b 5 DAKOTA ex NEVADA 28 Wi6CON^lM IS>
30
WYOMING
ARIZONA
31
OKLAHOMA
52
MISSOURI
W
35 VIRGINIA 34 FLORIDA 35 DELAWARE
\yjy///Ay//////xmw^/A
\m;m/A/.
37 TENNESSEE 38 TEXAS 39 LDUt5LANA 40 NEW MEXICO 41
-//
YMf^/^W/Z/M
36 MAFTTLAND V//////At
i\
\yArAM\y/x////.\
I
|.v;%^/// \y//////.\
\^/M/-/A'
-
W///M\
Wiv/ ^:\:mf^'\^;>m^\
VIRGINIA
42 KEKfTUCKY
I
I
\/Y./m\ \W>.yM\
V4y////A
I
A5 ARKAN6A& 44 GEORGIA 45 MI&^'-^^PP'
46
^
48
Nl
6.
CARCXINA CAROL\NA
ALABAMA
SCALE
Brinton, "Graphic Methodi," McGraw-Hill, 1914.
Rank of Each of the United States 1.
2.
in
Ten Educational Features
in
.9
1910.
In making a block classification chart it is important that shadings ranging from white (or light) to black are chosen to correspond to correct gradations of value.
The
states
are
arranged according to their total ranking in all twelve educational Washington State which ranked among the first 12 states in all but
features; thus
one feature all 12
is
features
listed first, is
and Alabama which ranked among the lowest
listed last.
12 states in
50
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION METALS 1
DAYS EXPOSURE MICH TEST
GASOLINE
LOW TEST
CASOLINE BENZOL
91^. HKIM TEST
9%
ANTI-KNOCK
«4» LOW TEST
16% ANTI-KNOCK
97% ]% S0% 50%
HIGH TEST
ANTI- KNOCK
HIGH TEST
BENZa
ANTI -KNOCK
1
CLASSIFICATION CHARTS
.Su
c<
a IB 1
1
1
1
1
1
f
•
:
-
1
r
1
:
•
1
T3
S
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
DT
.
TIm
II
I
CHART „., CF ^. tW NumWot OuUr
ATOMS
.
AiMM Cnmfi Acraram«
oI
l«
V
III
I
Vi
V*Imk*
ClKlroM
I
-nK'h^
PWntUry
i Ii lIi
mi
ym::it"T^tt4->7
Vi^
1
2
.
3
^
4
Z2
997HU4.}^IK. 2&97|H
ZtUX
IB
:il
U2 Ǥ[ J106
,
39S-i4H 'I^J _:_
3J.45?
-
:
Cui
37
IT
|77 iT^ I Wo QM. D
i'lluiT?h(|rPd| 2 8
JLpQ»IM.UZ-<'
'
Kb
'i>K
71
I
223^
l226->
ift ll4.76llll&.oT^ 12I76|| 1276l|l26S2
22a' l2W
i<j!a
11U_M t^,:; i'^
tzj&e?
lUr* E>r«W II
|l^ IklWa ll
40131
^1
i<24i(|i
|lSa43Bh
facturing
I62X> 11 Wilri>
r63j||KU4||. l«M|tl7XM ||- 17l«|
Compiled by Henry D. Hubbard
A.
2JI
, .
Company, Chicago.
of the U.
S.
Bureau
of Standards;
«li.1
Publiihed by
»,
I
W. M. Welch Manu-
SCALE:
Greatly Reduced
Chart of the Atoms.
Concise information on atomic structure as well as 40 different characteristics of the atoms is given in this chart. The original is lithographed in six colors, and all routine information is printed in large type. It can be obtained in two sizes, 42" x 64" and 22" X 30".
Compiled by Henry D. Hubbard facturing
B.
A
Company, Chicago.
Reproduction of
of the
One
U.
S.
Bureau
of Standards;
Published by
W. M. Welch Manu-
Unit of the Chart of the Atonns, and the Key Used fo
Interpret All of the Graphic Illustrations on 52A.
The
right side
is
Potassium.
which represents the element key at the lower right of each chart.
a reproduction, in one color only, of the unit
The
left
side appears as a
53
Chapter 5
GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS eneology and Genetics Charts are known chiefly as means for Synonyms for geneology and genetics charts tracing ancestors. are: pedigree charts, genealogical charts, ancestral charts.
SAMPLE PCOieRCE CHART SHOWINO THE MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION, AND THE USE OF STANDARD AND SPECIAL SYMBOLS.
iCir6
6
_
if
_
C^
i*
6' 6irik'
K
6
d
iikd^ x
ti
tXPLAWATKIII Of ITMIOLI
D'MQle,- O'^e""!!*; 0'3tT\n\ln>owi\., A-StiU-biiiW or M>scoima^e,X"CKi\irtT\— numbtr oi\4 sex -unVnown;
OO'TwmSj
m
Roman SnuTT's v> \h». U^V qtntTo\ion who mornti
mditoX*. (^mtrotionv l\rQkM ^^urti \oca\e miwidMois, (\V«u4 ffl.T i» tt\« >\ovit\^ mon \V«. >*iir4 >u^ countx). or anMnd W»t i»dr(\4ua\') vtdv^rti S'^mbd), or* i\oi\4or4. ^or ttrtQ\r\ \roi\» R. a^toVvolit; B, blm4i Mtv4tr tQt\v4«ro.\xOT»j Nt, T»wrdl\t; ttdtaS. E. epi>«^ic, F, VtiWemmitdj I, \T»ant, Mj[m'\qr(i\ritou^;N,'norwa\ nv rtStrnvc* \t P. pQr<i\x\>C; ^T, ^txuaAA)^ \mmort^, S.VtThMiC/ wanitrtr. tubtrtu\ouV
31« ^oWtwnnfl
Vttttr*, p\ate<i in
9* 5«cct%iSu\
\to4«ri \n pa)M^c^
in \>)tr«r\^ iS<or1«,.
To
#'^ui)Cr\or
O©
•
m volo\
XmM
H
X
Ei\Ta tt\>onD on rM^W hani. Ul'H\<)hV\^ ^«^.t^^Su\ ou^Hor. L.s "VjIRt or no oMWi^ » Mtdmrrv oWoinmenV. »nuvt. MOtoV wuvc.
B©
m
fiar\>cJar SaR«\^ on4 Xro\\» (wHt>h«r pht^vtal.intntat or Uinp»Tamin*o\; qoo4 ftrVxkd) un4tr tOivMitroV^jn, vn««nt ?ptcio\ Sumbol^. or ^t\ti:\ ^ptooN \««iri(\rv adi\>nn No \rvan* ^«n4ar<lii«A \in4«T (oi obwtl \ft bi '^AUti vnS'nm or ntar VWt. paHiiuloT tn4lM^4uo\'^ p*4iv<t ^>(>>M, in4ico\c p«T<icu\or \rovti an4 Vtwr dtt^rce a\ dtvOeprntntVit \ti*
W
Eugenic* Record
Office,
Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y.
SCALE
.9
Pedigree Chart ShowIr>g the Manner of Construction and the Use of Standard and Special Symbols.
I
54
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
•'tf
-.
6 d
4rd
,
i Jo' rf Cf4'd
e' D*
ti
do* n'b'da d'ei'd
d
o'
B'dV J^'Jd'a
"
o"
dddddddd'ddn'dn'd'DdB'^d'ddoy'ed'Hd d ^. ^/ nw%_^ /
Eugenics Record
A
A.
Office,
*^m tmtJmm C* Um^'l,
W.
SCALE
Cold Spring Harbor. Long Island, N. Y.
Geneology Chart Showing the Actual
Pedigree
of
.7
Lamellar
Pre-Senile
Cataract. 1.
Following the practice of tracing only one the
trait
of
plotted even though 2.
It
all
trait
lamellar cataract.
pre-scnile
do not show the
on one pedigree chart,
this chart traces
individuals of the
family tree are
All
trait.
would be fairly easy to construct a chart tracing the family distribution by following the principles exemplified in the above diagram.
•
1
DO
Wh.K
of a trait
Forclotk
Nc Wh.H FcfloiK
I
n
t?
I
1
1
fy^
ID
V
• o
^
s
^ 9-r9
Ti OB «
D D O h
7
S
«
10
II. the firii recorded ancestor liavinn a white forelock. H-l, liis son inherited the while forelock And married a woman without it. ill. of their five sons three inlierited tlic white torek>ck and two did not. IV. ««howinn the four daug-hters of one son, III-J, tliree ilaiiRhters havinn inherited the white forelock and one lias not. V. sliowinf; the children of these four daugliters who married men without a white forelock some of the cliildren of each of the three mothers possessing the white forelock have inlierited it but none of the children of the other tuotlier not possessing it have the white forehnk. :
Lyle
B.
Fitch "Inheritance of a White Forelock," Genetic Auociation, Washington, D. C.
Five Successive Generations in
The Journal
of
Heredity,
Novemtwr,
193 7,
American
SCALE
.9
Showing Donninant Inheritance of a White Forelock
the Logsdon Family.
Explanations below a geneology chart are helpful and should be used frequently.
55
GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS
<
o
o,
In several places in this cliart the inheritance sinuilates tliat of a sex-linked dominant characbut tlie pedigree as a whole proves that the apparent association with sex is purely fortuitous. The largest sector in which sex-linked inheritance is suggested is bracketed with a dotted line. ter,
Mablr R. Walter. "Five Grnrrations
of Short DiRits," Genetics Association, Washington. D. C.
The Journal
of
Heredity, April,
IQ38, American
Pedigree Chart Showing Five Generations of Short Digits. 1.
Deformed individuals
2.
The
are represented by solid symbols.
use of a circular heredity chart or fifth generation
is
helpful
when
would necessitate too long
the
a chart.
number
of persons in the fourth
56
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Codex Book
A. 1.
A
Norwood, Mats.
Co., Inc.,
Genealogical Charf Sheef. show graphically the genealogy of a numbered "1," the name of the individual is written. In the spaces of the concentric bands, the names of the ancestors are placed, each band representing a generation. The figures in the
This sheet
is
8'/2"
x
11" and
its
purpose
person or the pedigree of an animal.
spaces 2.
may
to
is
In the central space
be used as reference numbers.
The fan-shaped pedigree chart, while it eliminates much space, is less easy to read than 57.
the difficulty of spreading over too
Theories of
Desires
sound " finance
rentiers
of
with &xed money
in-
comes
Poor harvest.^
Undue pessimism of business
Foreign
Seasonal depression
E>eflation
tariffs
men
L
f'r
Trade de-
Fall in
pression
the
(money) cost of living
Rigid wages
and prices
Other
I
Rise in
pnce
of fixed interest securities
(e.g.
banking) conditions constant
More unemployment
r
More poor
I
relief
Higher insurance contributions
Higher rates and taxes p.
Sargrnt Florrnce, "Thr Statistical Co., London.
B. 1.
in
Economics and
Political
Science,"
1929, Krgan Paul
fli
Genealogical Presentation of the Theory of Unennploynnent.
The
lines lines
2.
Method
Additional public loans
in the original of this chart were undoubtedly have been retouched and thickened.
This chart illustrates the point that there
is
set in type, not
more than one reason
for
drawn.
The
unemployment.
GENEOLOGY AND GENETICS CHARTS
57
I
Ancestral Publuhing
A
H
Supply Co., Chicago,
111.
Columnar Anceitral Chart.
The
left to right rather
than top to bottom arrangement makes it possible to get in a great The horizontal rather than circular arrangement makes the
deal of information.
chart easy to read.
Compare
this
form with 56
A
58
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
EIrctronicsi Octobrr,
1938. Part of an Editorial on Public Relations for Industry.
SCALE
.7
The Family Tree of the Thermionic Tubes. Although the term "family tree" does not necessarily mean a 'tree." the "tree" form of heredity or family chart is a well-known one. The "tree" here presented is in reality a chronological statement of events, all of which have contributed to the existence of the "thermionic tubes."
59
Chapter 6
ORGANIZATION CHARTS
E
I'krsonnki.
DiRECTOn
SuptTvisor of Technical
Medical
Kmploymcnt and Training
Director
SuptTvisor of Traitiinp
Supervisor of
Supervisor of
Insurance and Benefits
Research
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, â&#x20AC;˘Functions of the Personnel Director," 193 7.
A.
Organization Chart of the Headquarters Staff of a Personnel Director Company Has Units in Various Parts of the Country,
Whose
Personnrl Director
.^Ji
r Supervisor of
Supervisor of
Supervisor of
Employment
Compensation
Training
1
t:
Supervisor of
Employee Helations
Supervisor of
Supervisor of
Manufacturing
Supervisor of
Sales Personnel
Personnel
OITice Personnel
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, "Functions of the Personnel Director," 193 7. B.
An
Organization Chart Showing That an Organization Which is Engaged in Manufacturing Also Has Special Staff Men for Both Functional and Departmental Problems.
60
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
'
<
IMlill
mrz
o
o
>-
I z
•
o
u.
c
c
j<
2
s
-s
^
C
c
o
Z
Mil
E
^Hl HI
-f
•I 3 S
mwwm
jii
O
t
c
y
jj
c
.
o
^
o
^
I >
o —
;
il
'ii!'ji'ilii!'L
ih 'il
mm
o
O
jC
2 H z
ir
^
61
ORGANIZATION CHARTS <^//i:,
"/
Diagram of the Organization of the CCC made by President
A.
Roosevelt
The most complex and widespread zations
may
[a^ \u^
1933.
in
organi-
begin from just such
crude drawings as this one.
?/j,
p^ ^'
^"^
^
«
Newtr>aper of the Civilian Coniervation Corpt, SCALE .4 "Happy Dayt." April 2, 1938.
PLANTATION (Owner
or Generol
Monoger)
CONNECTION
MARKETINC
PURCHASING
(0«n«r O' Monog»r)
*1TM CREDIT INSTITUTIONS (O.ntf)
STORE OR COMMISSARY (S><yt
w fvm U4O
*tNiN' fAQMS
Ode
ZIZ
WPA.
Diviaion of Social Rrtearch, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936.
SCALE
.6
B.
Organization of Enterprises on the Large and Closely Supervised Cotton Plantation in the United States.
The
organization chart starting with the top and then branching at
the bottom
branching will
downward
to small division
perhaps the best known form of organization chart. be done depends a great deal upon the organization. is
How
the
62
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
I.
ill rincera
Ho O«0£raphlcal
ovrici
SobdlTlBlons
II.
Short Arms Long Fingers
Centnllied Geographical SubdiTlBlone
The Field
III.
Long irns
Decentralized Geographical SubdlTlfllons
Short Fingers
The Field
Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, "Papcri on the Science of Administration." Institute of Public AdministraSCALE .6 tion. N. Y. C. 1937.
Three Types of Geographical Division of Work.
The
practical
A
application of these forms of organization
detailed explanation of each
is
in the
may
book from which
be found in government. this chart
was taken.
63
ORGANIZATION CHARTS NATWMAL
fcLlCTRIC
POWtR COMPAffY
wm IU1I0NALPU5IIC srtvict cow «»% ^ fft-ff JlRliY Antral NWt«»ll«NTCO .1
<C MOtfUl*
JllIB^
in MU>mms
Hew York A.
An
Kfsiufiimmo
tetrrtt M»MO¥t»
M rix*o tMOf* /v r ' •
a COMMMitS
COMMNII i
(31 e 0)
ftte B)
Times, Dccrmhrr
H,
SCALE
1QJ2.
Organization Chart Showing Pledged.
COM
"J
:
24
<
)ttvic|
loetHiiftnjnfft
COWMWr
^^^ oftttrrmt co—P«Ht j
MUHICIHL
StABiARD fUMKUtVICtCt
How
Holdings of the Eastern
Insull
.6
Utilities
Were
In order to differentiate, cross hatchings and shadings zation chart.
A
may
be used effectively
in
an organi-
variety of shapes as well as shadings distinguishes the divisions.
I
V1
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
i
if
^
METER
J^!.^ SWITCHGEAR
>ih
OIV.
OIV.
2441
SALES 2098
MINISTRATION
ADVERTISING
/| ENGINEERING
//
ACCOUNTriNG
I
1519
15Âť
16
SI
304
OFFICERS
SM It
DIRECTORS 16
Wettinuhouif Electric
&
ManufacturinR Co
The Westinghouse Family Tree This
is
in
.
PittsburRh,
Pa..
'WestiiiRhousc Industrial Relations."
1937.
1937.
an effective and leKitimate use of the structure of a tree.
superimposed upon a "family
tree."
Compare
this
It is
form with
58.
an organization chart
65
ORGANIZATION CHARTS (
ELECTORS
)
I
/^PUBLIC
SAFETY^
f
DIRECTOR
POLICE- FIRE -BUILDINGS WELFARE & W0RKMCXJ5E
^
LAW
DIRECTOR
A
J
^
/^PUBLIC UTILITIES^
•
DIRECTOR
LESI5LATI0N-ASSES3MENTS
TRANSPORTATION TRAFnC STREET LISHTIN6
LEGAL COUNSEL-REAL ESTATE
MUNICIPAL COURT
DIRECTOR
HIGHWAYS SEWERS RE CORDS MUNICIPAL GARASEPBOPERTV acHIGMWAY MAINTENANCE v^WASTE COLLECTION J
MARKETS, WEIGHTS & MEASURES
V
PUBLIC WORKS
;
^v
'water
AIRPORT
works^
SUPERlNTCNPgNT DISTRIBUTION SUPPLY
COMMERCIAL 1.
Nine members elected bi-annually.
2.
Selected by Council from
3.
Appointed by Council.
its
membership.
4.
Appointed by the Mayor.
5.
Three members each appointed by the Mayor, Board of Education, and University Directors.
6.
Five
— members — 3 appointed 1
by the Mayor, and Education and the Park Board.
Annual Report
of the City
Manager, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1937.
Organization Chart of the City of Cincinnati.
1
each by the Board of
SCALE
.9
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION THE ELECTORATE
67
ORGANIZATION CHARTS
o
I o
c o
68
Chapter 7
RELATIONSHIP CHARTS
A
"RELATIONSHIP CHART"
is a diagram in which facts, information, etc., are arranged to emphasize their relation. It differs from a classification chart in that relationships may be shown without any classification of the material used.
GEOGRAOhfy i^iuoootooy;
.V^vif
O
(?
CCONOM>CS
From "An
Outline of the Principle! of Geology" by R. M. Field, Copyright 1938. Used by Permitiion of the Publithert, Barne* & Noble,
SCALE
Inc.
A.
1.
This diagram suggests that geology is not an isolated thing, but is bound
The
of study.
divisions immediately adjacent to
the center of this chart
are the
ones most closely related to the science of geology. Those divisions
on the outer edges are related to geology through the intermediate subjects.
Outline of the Natural ReÂťourceÂť of the United State*" by R. M. Field, Copyright 1936. Used by Permission of the Publishers, SCALE .6 Barnes H Noble, Inc.
.6
The Relations of Geology To and Interrelations With Other Its Divisions of Knowledge.
up with many branches 2.
From "An
B.
Relation of Natural Resources to
Hunnan Activities and InterreWith Other Branches of
lations
Study.
Although similar to the preceding chart, this diagram differs in that relationships around the circle are indicated as well as from the center outward.
69
RELATIONSHIP CHARTS
SPECIAL
W*R WORK ON— MILITARY MAPPING
Making
progr«itiv« miliUry indei
SURVEY OF
map
United States
of
SITES.
Balloon fields
Ordnance proving grounds
CONTRIBUTED TOWAR DEPARTMENT.
Artillery sites
Areas near cantonments
Corps
Aviation fields
ROUTE MAPS.
Motor truck routes
'.^>^'
'^'
of
Engineers.
Ordnance.
>
Airplane routes.
I
General SUff.
'
. Artillery.
C'^v\\'vv'>V IcT .-V-:'
Quartermaster.
.
ENGINEER REGIMENTS. Contributing 110 officers.
Signal Corps.
'
Aviation.
Contributing 164 men.
Training officers and enlisted
'Surgeon General's Office.
men
I
Training school
for topographers.
'
PURCHASE AND SHIPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS
NEW AIRPLANE CAMERA.
,
Departmental commanders.
Any
officers requesting.
NAVY DEPARTMENT. Marine Corps.
CONFIDENTIAL MILITARY DATA.
.COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE.
Orientation manual.
FRENCH MISSION.
GENERAL TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. TOPOGRAPHIC DRAFTING. Artillery instruction
Danger poster
maps.
for hydroplane.
French conventional signs. Base maps
U.
S.
Department
to scale for
miscellaneous surveys
of Interior.
"Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the U.
S.
Geological Survey."
1918.
SCALE
.8
Relationship Chart Showing the Contributions to War Service by the Topographic Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey. 1. In this chart, the fact that one government department cooperates extensively with others 2.
It
is
brought out with
would not be wise to use all detail would be lost.
force.
this
form to show too many interrelationships, however, as
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Pl'RPOSE
AND PROCESS SLBDI\
^
T
PrIVBi* ••crstarlac
r
ISIONS |\ 0R(;ANIZATI0N
PCLia
nvanar
AfttilMii •BBarlaMaAaali
AcolitoAl Chlof*
iattotMt Ot^loctoM
Pr|v«t« ••er«tart««
frtvaia oacroiarlaa Itaaecrapbaro ril* elarko CTarka
Prlvata aeratarla llaaecraptera nia elorka Clortt
ni*
clvrkt Cl«rk*
Haoiawart
LajL lh4««k off lear AaeottBtut* r^fiifcMlM •ttumr
nn
m
1>«««I offte«r
la4cat off 1 oar iCoouniaBto
BBd«at effioar
^rehaali^ effioar
fttfcha«t4C off
ipcoulaate
h
•tatlttlclMU
IS
3
rill
iBClMara
w
irehltact* Laadacapa otaff Bapalr forea Jaaltora
Laboratory aoilvtaatt
CrUa laboratoT7 ataff
Olaoorocs %oaeb*r» •paelal toactaora LlkTarlaaa taeroatlOB laWlar* Plufgroaad mparrlat
Pellea •ehooj ttaff
Plaat laboratory ataff
Valtormmd tore* traffle auporvlaor
Traffle foraa Jail ttaff Hountad feroa
Traffic foroa
lae staff
•vitebboa^ operator Hoiorlt*d
g
••mo«
Tatarlaarlaa •vitebbeard operator
ftvlkabbeard oparator
UoiorlMd
Hotorisad Borrloa
aarrli
Heterliad aarrlea
V
'I RlaiL nriwork RrtI network
-
-
Puipoer dt-panmrnu Fiiicm drparlinrnu
Luther Gulick and L. Urwick, "Papers on the Science of AdminUtration," Iiwtitute of Public AdminiitraSCALE .6 tion, N. Y. C, 1937.
The Interrelationships of the Purpose and Process Subdivisions
in
Organization.
departments are presented vertically, each divided into its functions and considerable number of workers are common to all or to several departments. These are indicated by the horizontal red network. Thus when an organization has both purpose and process departments, interrelationships are essential, in
Four sample
city
workers.
fact,
A
impossible to escape.
RELATIONSHIP CHARTS
Sue^raArta
71
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
—
T3
O
^ 5 °
^
o>
•)
E o
« «i
O
3
-o « u **
£
V
*^ 5
C -
"U o SI
E
>
w»
11 0)
« O
C u
a
<c
a
„
u
o o 4)
_c
0)
52 t
Q.
.5
C
jy '5
«
73
Chapter 8
FLOW CHARTS low charts present a graphic explanation of the movement of materials, printed forms, etc., through an organization or structure. "Cosmograph" is the trade name for a type of flow chart presenting numerical information or percentages by means of black and white strips of paper, showing source contrasted with destination.
Materials
From For
the Wide-world
A World-wide Product
Electric Storage Battery Co. Philadelphia, "Ezide-IroocUd Topic*."
How
May. 1933.
SCALE
.5
Charf Showing Source of Materials for Manufacture and Distribution of the
Completed Product.
I
74
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Month
of MovCMeiR -1919-
bastd upon Ovfbound Ship Tonnajt.
1913.
1
*
J
J. Arnold, "Our National Transportation System," Proceedings of Railroad Club, April, 1923.
Jamet R. Bibbins and Bion
A.
Railroad Traffic Flow Diagram.
The
similarity
between this flow chart and a simple balance sheet with "amopnts received" and "amounts paid out" is quite pronounced. Compare with 79. MÂŤnufK~1urui|[
IVpanmrn
Uiion DvptnmctiL
Weekly Average Net
Drawn Under
the Accountants.
B.
New York SCALE .9
Method
Direction
of
Willard
C.
Paid Circulation 1,910.282
Brinton
in
Consultation
of Displaying Proof of the Circulation for a
with
a
Firm
of
Certified
Public
SCALE
.5
Weekly Magazine.
This chart resulted from a survey made by a firm of certified public accountants. Since the formation of the Audit Bureau of Circulations in Chicago, any survey like this would not be necessary.
75
FLOW CHARTS
COOPERATING AG&NCIES N STATt ( I'MTONAt. COOfctT
NinvCt
UI4MMI/AV
INTtRMATt COMWIVMON
N
N
COUNTY 4 Rt&IOMAL
LOCAL 1 METROPOLITAN
COUNTY PlANNINKi OTX PArjK BOARD -COOPtnATIN& WITH STAT6 AND
CITY Pl.ANNINfc COMMIIMON
Planning tbCTiONt OfPARK 4 ICUOOL BOAAOS
CITY PLANNING BOAROl
JL_1
I NATOMAIPADK tCQVCL
NATtONAL COntST »tffV>C4 U QiCXO&CAt luRVtV >
CONitnvATON COMM MIGUWAV COMMltMON COOPtrJATiNG LCX.AL
ACtNOtJ
COUNTY
PAPlC
BOARD
CITV PARK BOAAO
BOAfJDOC lUPtaviKDni CCX)PtOATIN& LOCAL ACCNCitS
AND PATJIt DtPTV iCWOOL BOAaD\
I f NATIONAL PARK itOVCt
NATIONAL COQtlT VtnVKt u s BOLO&tCAL iuavtv VTATl CONitUVAnON COM
I COMM WlGUWAY COMMimON CON\taVATlON
CCX)PCr5ATiNG LOCAL
A&ENCiES
I ECDCnAL AGtNClCSTO CONTROL AND PntJtnvt AntAS Ot NATONAL IMPOOTXiMCt
PQiMtVAL AQ^At ntttAfXU AOtAS
NATONAL
POntJT}
NATIONAL PAJIICV WilLDLlCt MANGMTAQtAt HiiTonictAncw. htk^
iCCNC AOCA^
M^-NVAV^ AND PARKW/tt^
i
N
1 PAHK DtPAnTMtNT»
COUNTY
ICMOOL OOAnOi ntCRtATlON COMM.
PAn< ooAnD\
1 iTATt
AGtNCitS TO ACQUint
DtVtLOPAND MAINTAJN CAClLlTltS
TO ADCQUATt-
LY MttT RtQuiRtMtNTi Of iTi PtOPLQ COO iN\Plf>
ATOKNATunt tDUCATON AND ACTIVt OtCntATION NOTOTHtTNI/Ht PnOvlDCD ITATt fOQESTS
JTATt PAnnS
r»EStr3VATlC5N\
<WLD LIFt nCFUGtS ROADSIDt DtVtLDPMtNTJ
PARitWAVS LAHtS AND nnEAMS GAMl MANAClMlNTAAlAt WliTCniCiCtNC lOthfTlfIC
I PUBLIC
DtVtLOPMCNT AND OPCn-
LOCAL AGtNCItS TO ACQUIRE, DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN PAClLlTltS PRIMARILY POR LOCAL UiE
ATlON Of ATJtAS AND PROJtCTS OEVOND THE JCOPt OP LCXAL UNIT^ NOT WIDESPREAD ENOUGH TO JUlTltY HATt
NtlGWDOnwOOO AND
CONTROL COUNTY
SCWOOL PLAYGROUNDS
PLAYPlELDS
NEIGWBORMOOD AND •IN TOWN* PARICS LARGE PARKS PRESERVES
PARK.S
PARKWAYS
PRESERVES LAICtS
PARK. WAYS
PAIRGROUNDS tTC
ETC
^r^
RtCRtATION
J
PACILITICS
POR ALL TM& PEOPLE
1
National RctourcFt Board, "State Planning," 1Q35.
A
SCALE
.8
Plan for Public Recreation In Iowa.
The arrows
indicate the "flow" of activity from four groups of cooperating agencies towards
the attainment of public recreation facilities for "all the people."
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Ooial SJcpmno*
J»
htvJm*
tMt6o iitrm* atLJUM futttlr,
t Ufi* CQsi in
of
m4tititiit'^ /^e slor^
s cond't/ot of rutjintii Kr jjas
Cf^e nni» ittmt of ttpttta
Rani.
cUuificition art
ilot
it
fu*l. Inter
m*itAan^)n tkru
Oitt
/Ac processti of tkt biainrss CSt^wd
<Ji*
LfA* cos^ of iiouM^
ofttp%u» cf U* itUrm*
tr)d itlliJici) <yf» IO*'* itmms
mUiii
cUm
trt.
fioti
f%i on ii>u»»/m»mi Dtfirecntion on
andimjiai, Aavrlnmd, daiirtr^
frxrurn a»a e^uipmmnl.
ofiantlioni.
tion
ofuj*9f dfoiud
rvpaira,
io
a por-
accountltd or boaikaaputd, coIk/xn
Mywioae
—sinttnnnce
ntinienAnce itd rfovemenc LKpensc
aown
supplimt,
codt/ tk, credit function. m*m tAmtatj or egpmt $» it oH» coni of
ikii cUsjificthon art
<«re cjitn broken,
into kuK) smaller pooli on the diffarenl haaes of-
DiMct3iMoc*iiam. "yiiis
WmtDt^. Chnrocd
jhtie pools art IKt liemi jftii
U.
pool on
sola— iMrtct //lis
li.
cliar^md to tht ittt
an cilaiJishtd
ai>0rade muentory
doJIar mainlen
inuescme/ir in the
ance etpensrper
/naiYidual item
gre
chardecf fo inn>4
On
the
l>isis
offrt^^ncif of mslu
the drrxcri/
JolLrcl iJti pro
in
n/rt^d to ittms
cJtt*artmtnt
of
Zfhesc pools
cjf a*ks.
poolon
the t)Jiisaf the
Department
/a
*
the 6dsis of
S.
poof
on th^ basis of dollars
Commerce, Bureau
of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce, March, 1934.
SCALE
.9
The Commodity Cost Accounting Method Employed in a Survey Made Domestic Commerce Division of the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
by the
Commerce. 1.
Flow charts
2.
Similar charts are used to indicate terminology to be applied to certain classifications.
to indicate accounting
For example,
methods are well known.
in a foreign trade chart cf this type,
it
could be indicated by means of
boxes and arrows that the term "domestic imports" applies to those products which are exported by ut in raw material form and then imported in another form.
n
FLOW CHARTS
MRVATI
MAWI10WCI
PUMX
MIMIC
MMMTOVI
MAMTINANO
AND •TAW* t«M,eM,Me
I
^1^3.
lailroo^f, StTMt Railwoyt ft Subwoyt (400.000 000
ghwoyt
ft lrld9*l .315.000.000
o* Production >d
Pip* lin*f. (Ml •!
Oittribution
T*l«phono
ft T«l*9 $145,000,000
ph
(75.000.000
tl5.000.000
CONSTIUCTION coiiv*m
privat* tavia^t into pro4o<tlv« strwrtvrct and witfc public Mvinqi raitvt commaiilty pr«d»c»» tk* >tr»ct»r«i that pravidc our tkclter. traiiip*rtatieii, cemnmBicotioii, drf«BM, p«w(r. li^t. k*«t. water, watt* di>p«>«l. rocrratioa, coairrvatiea and dcvclopmeirt of ewr aatioiial re>ourc*<.
«tM<«rd i
Bngineerinc
What
•< liviaq.
It
Newi Record, It
October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on
Doe*.-
The Wide Range of Construction Here again
is
in
"The Conatniction Indiutry, What
i»— .7
the United States.
a simple balance sheet, with the emphasis on the places
for construction
It
SCALE
came, and the places to which
it
went.
from which the money
78
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
International Butineti Machines Corp., N. Y. C.
A. 1.
The Use of a Cosmograph to Make a Flow Chart.
The "Cosmograph" strips
is
made by using the device shown above. One thousand on edge to represent 100%, and are separated into com-
a flow chart
of paper are set
ponent parts of 100%. 2.
These two
illustrations give
two steps
in
making a "Cosmograph." The
first
process of locating and firmly clamping the strips of paper into position.
shows the
The second
shows wedge spacers and bar spacers being inserted between groups of
strips of
paper.
Tha Ant Of nagoliva phottMlohc prim of Ih*
Cotmogroph M(-up
ot tho lofl.
International Butinrts Machines Corp., N. Y. C.
B. 1.
2.
The Completed Cosmograph. Border guides are placed Cosmograph is ready
The negative device
in position to block
out excess ends of the paper strips and the
for photostatting.
photostatic print appears at the right. Note that
fail
to reproduce.
are set at each
duce as white.
5%
Of the one thousand
all
black portions of the
strips of paper,
mark. In the negative photostat, these red
twenty are red and paper repro-
strips of
79
FLOW CHARTS u o o z
o z g D m a. </)
o §
8
*-
.o
E
-^
v2
E
.2
«
tS
J
111
< ^
o
.!!
O
q:
0»
c
hi
i
o u z
o «
^
-
-f
•»
-
=
o
:5
1
i
n
«
a
Q.
O <
8 ii
c
H
I
80
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
SCALE
International Butinest Machine* Corp., N. Y. C.
A.
Cosmograph Showing
1.
The
2.
The
Distribution of
.6
German Reparation Payments.
left side of the chart shows the total amount of reparations, and the countries by which they were received. The center of the chart shows the amounts retained by each country, indicated by the broken portions of the branches. The right side of the chart shows the amounts paid in turn by the several countries to the United States. The extreme right shows the total amount received by the United States.
effect of the
broken branches
is
obtained by sliding the paper strips backward until The remaining strips are held in position
their ends lie at the center of the chart.
at the center
by the insertion
of wedges.
ll'TTtUit
International Butineti Machines Corp., N. Y. C.
B. 1.
2.
SCALE
.6
Cosmograph Showing Simple Income and Outgo. In setting up such a chart, the center trunk is clamped in the usual manner. The income side of the chart is set up and clamped, the board is turned and the expenditure side is arranged and clamped.
A
short strip of black paper
is
negative photostatic print. block.
pasted across the trunk to provide a white block on the The total money value is noted in type on this white
81
Chapter 9
SECTOR CHARTS
A
SECTOR
chart presents data in the form of a circle. The divided along its radii so that the angle of each section is proportional to the factual data it represents. Other terms used for sector chart are: pie chart, divided circle. In practically every instance in which material is presented in a sector chart, the same information might also be presented in bar charts. See circle is
Chapters 10 and
From
12.
I
D. P. Donnant, "StatUtical Account of the United State* of America," 1805, Oeeenland Ai Nofria, SCALE .5 The Chart WaÂŤ Made by William Playfair.
London.
Statistical 1.
Representation of the United States of America
This, so far as
is
who invented 2.
known, was one of the the method, called
it
first
in
sector charts.
1805.
William Playfair, the
man
a "divided circle."
In Statiatical Breviary, 1801, William Playfair presented a group of circles whose areas were equal to the areas of the countries they represented. The circle representing the Turkish Empire was divided into 3 sections. Since this preceded the illustration
above
in point of time,
it
may have been
the
first
sector chart.
82
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Employment
A.
Unemploymenf
and
Experience
Displaced
129
of
Hand Cigar Makers
in
Man-
N. Y., as Recorded Five Years After the Lay-off.
chester,
1.
Divisions within divisions are possible
Here two cateemployed and unemployed,
in the sector chart. gories,
are
divided
further
circle
is
in
reality
so
that
divided
the into
four parts. 2.
Shading
pieces
the
of
makes the chart Works
Progress
search
Project,
sector
easier
to
chart read.
National ReFindings to of
Administration,
"Summary
Date," March, 1938.
SCALE
.5
FROM OTHER CORPORATIONS
DIVIDENDS
INTEREST, RENTS. OTMER
SMALL SOURCES
$2.a9C,041.000
il3.SS2,T85,000
(1%)
Factory Management and Maintenance, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, SCALE .8 "How a Company Can Make Simple Reports to Its Employees."
B.
The
Sources of the Total Income of Manufacturing Industries for the Period 19291935. Total $330,709,960,000. sector chart gives an angle
and the 100% bar chart
and area comparison. The relative merits of the sector chart in presenting the
same
facts arc disputed.
83
SECTOR CHARTS
TO OWNERS AS DIVIDENDS i U,904.C02,000
(19 2'/.)
TO EMfLOYCCS (mt
inclu^in^
IN
ttltrm
SALARIES
•(
cMsptny
TO MANAGEMENT
•ffici
% 11.034,050,000
talirits of company offictri
(1«.5%)
$ «,209. STC.OOO
(8V.)
Factory Managrmrnt and Maintenance, October, 1Q38, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, SCALE .6 "How Much Employee!, Management, and Owners Got."
A.
1.
Employees, Management, and Owners for the Period 1929-1935 Manufacturing Industries.
Total Paid
In
all
three of the sector charts presented
,
in
the largest component part has been
balance and eye appeal this may be the preferred practice. But to aid in making comparisons between any two of these, it probably would have been better to arrange the sections as shown in 88B. placed on the top section of the
2.
circle.
For
artistic
Expenditures and income of the manufacturing industries are shown in this chart and 83B.
SNNT F*r
Mirctt and Rant
Far
tt.in,a:.o«« (i.«%)
T»«a
}t.4«0,IM.SS0
AVAILABLE
SffNT I
«f
PiMt aMt ^ylplMIlt
Far EmploYtti, Manaqamcnt, Ownara
i7e.M2,)*4.«e« (tl.2%)
S<1.«*«.TS«,0M
Factory Management and Maintenance, October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled, SCALE .6 "How a Company Can Make Simple Reports to Its Employees." B.
Disposition of Total Income of Manufacturing Industries for the Period
1929-
1935. Total $330,709,960,000. 1.
When
it
is
impossible to place the
titles for
the compyonent parts of a sector chart in a
horizontal position within the section, the above 2.
method exemplifies good
practice.
Expenditures and income of the manufacturing industries are shown in this chart and 83A.
84
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION 1927
1930
$787,000,000
$850,000,000
1932
1934
$699,000,000
$608,000,000
Real estate U.
8.
Department
Personal property
of Agriculture,
Bureau
Sources of the Farm-Tax Dollar
Gasoline
Automobile licenses
-^others O' f
of Agricultural Economics.
in
the United States for the Years 1927, 1930, 1932,
and 1934.
The
general rule regarding the arrangement of the
component parts of a sector chart
is
that
the divisions should be arranged according to magnitudes clockwise with the 12 o'clock mark as the starting point. This rule, however, is a flexible one. It should
be noted that the 192 7 circle follows the general rule and establishes the arrangeof shadings which is adhered to in the other circles.
ment
85
SECTOR CHARTS MIDNIGHT
A.
This
Comparison
of Crimes Against Persons By Time Periods in Cincinnati in 1937.
is
a comparison of areas rather than angles
as
can easily be seen by
comparing the section labelled 18.3% with 9.9%. 2
to
The
1.
a ratio of
distance
about
along the
radius for each does not appear to
be as
2
is
to
1.
(M^OOW Cincinnati,
1888
Carpantsr
Ohio,
1938
"Municipal
Activitiet."
1037.
SCALE
.5
86
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION —St
scanrr rtvo
M«rr)
OrVAJC
>WTtfm» CnrvrnM
War With Germany,"
Leonard P. Ayrci. "The
Government Printing
OflFice,
1919.
Deaths of American
A.
Soldiers
Principal Diseases in the
by
1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relations Entitled "Man's Power Part-
Power. October.
World
War. This
chart
the
illustrates
miscellaneous item
position
of
B.
a
listed
1937.
is
1.
One
the use of a black background which emphasizes both the grey and blue sections.
those
second to the percentage died from pneumonia, placed last in the clockwise
who
2.
By
v^Tmow
C.
1.
Department
of
of
light
and dark,
make two
it
colors
is
do
rtotocutrwi
'iimtac
Labor, Bureau of Labor StatUtict, "Labor Information Bulletin," October, 1936.
SCALE
Total Cost of Direct Labor and Materials on 1936.
The use
to
the work of four. Jnrrrtm^ifomi
S.
alternating possible
arrangement.
U.
distinctive feature about this chart is
is
of those it
than
other
diseases
.8
Distribution of Industry's Dollar in
when compo-
nent parts are presented. Although the percentage of soldiers who died
from
SCALE
ner."
many
circles
PWA
.4
Construction Projects, 1933-
and the arrangement of each one makes
this
an interesting
group of charts. 2.
it might have been better to have have the black section of each circle start at
In order to aid in comparing one circle with another, a
common
starting point, that
is,
to
the top center as in 84. 3.
Note that the numbers beneath the circle give the amount purpose, but have no bearing on the size of the circles.
of
money spent
for
each
87
SECTOR CHARTS
SALES DOLLAR
I
INVESTED DOLLAR 4.3ÂŤ Profit
During the period 1923-1934 profit in the
(latest figures available) the
average
manufacturing industries was equal to 4.2$ for each
sales dollar, or 4.3( for each invested dollar Factory Management and. Maintenance. October, 1938, Part of an Editorial on Public Relationt Entitled,
"A Program
Percentage of 1.
The use
for Public-Relation*."
Profit
from a Sales Dollar and an Invested
Dollar.
of a dollar or other coin in place of a circle adds to the effectiveness of a sector
chart. 2.
It
might have been better to place the section labelled "Profit" at the 12 o'clock mark. The difTcrence between 4.2 and 4.3 is so slight that the eye has difficulty in noting Because the sections are centered on the 6 o'clock mark, it is even more difficult it. to sec the difTcrence.
88
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION NET IMPORTS
U.
S.
Department
Bureau
of Agriculture,
Average World Trade
A.
NET EXPORTS
SCALE
of Agricultural Economics.
.7
Apples by Countries for the Five Year Period from
in
1928 to 1932. 1.
The
method of division, and the arrangement of the sections Although labels usually are kept on a horizontal plane, the of the sections may make it impossible to follow this method even by the
on
lettering
this chart, the
should be commended. small size
use of arrows. 2.
These data might be more clearly shown by a 100% bar chart.
1924-1929
I9I0-I9I4
AV. PRODUCTION 2,614,000,000 BUS. U. B.
S.
Department
of Agriculture,
Distribution of
Corn
AV. PRODUCTION 2,610,000,000 BUS.
SCALE
Bureau of Agricultural Economic*.
in
the United States for the
Two
.7
Periods 19 10- 9 14 and 1
1924-1929. 1.
This chart presents the best method of dividing the circle and labelling
2.
The
chart
3.
The
lettering of the sections
is
marked clockwise is
the chart to read the labels.
in
magnitudes with the
first line
on a horizontal plane so that
it
its
parts.
beginning at 12 o'clock. is
not necessary to turn
89
SECTOR CHARTS
American Society
A.
1.
of
I
Mechanical Engineers, N. Y. C, "Mechanical Engineering," February, 1921.
SCALE
.5
Average Annual Net Expenditure of the Federal Governnnent During the Period 1910 to 1919, and for the Same Period Exclusive of War Cost. If
you think of
this
type of chart as two sector charts, one larger than the other with it is much easier to understand.
the smaller on top, 2.
It
would have been impossible to put the titles of the segments on a horizontal plane in this sector chart. Care has been taken, however, to make the lettering clear.
American Atiociation B.
of State
Highway
Official!,
Distribution of the Total Federal
'American Highway*."
April.
1938.
SCALE
.5
Budget for 1937 and 1939,
Since the budget for highways was the point of emphasis, public works, of which it ia ÂŤ part, was placed at the center top. Note that public works only was subdivides) to allow for this emphasis.
90
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
A.
Assets and Liabilities of the Elgin National Watch Company in 1937.
This differs from the sector chart below in that the dividing line
the assets and liabilities tical
between is
a ver-
one rather than a horizontal
one.
LIAMLITICS Elgin National
Look
South
at the
Watch
Co.. Elgin, Illinois, "Let's
Record of 1937."
Manchuria Railway Co., "Contemporary Manchuria," a Bimonthly Magazine, Japan, September,
1938. B.
Distribution of Assets in
Half of
and
Liabilities of
the South Manchuria Railway
Company
1938.
this circle represents the assets of the
other half the liabilities.
Each
South Manchuria Railway Company and the 100%.
half equals
91
SECTOR CHARTS
M
Oc in l»l«
For Labor
7.0e in ISIC
For Locofnotiv* Fuel
IS.Ic in 19IC
For other Matariali and S
For Loat and Danrtafe, Injuri**
S.Sc
to
in l»IS
Parsons,
Insurancs,
Pensions,
Ospraciation and Retirements
4.4c
For Tax
in 1916
For Equipnrtcnt and Joint Facility Rentals
l.lc in ISIC
Balance Rentaininf (Net
U.»c
I
in 1»I6
Operating Income) as on the Capital Invested Property
For each Dollar of Operating Revenues Received, the Railways
had
$4.90 Invested in their Properties in 1916
and
$6.37 in 1936.
When
the foregoinf Pannies of Net Railway Operating Income were divided among the Dollars of Investment, each Dollar received this Return
S.9056 in 1916
Committee on Public Relations tion."
A
of
the
Eastern Railroad. N. Y.
J.S956 in I93C
C, "A Yearbook
of Railroad
Informa-
1937.
Comparison of the
Distribution of the
Received by Class
I
Railways
in
Average
Dollar of Operating
Revenues
1916 and 1936.
This might be called a cumulative sector chart. Note that in each circle the total of all that has been presented above it is represented by a shaded section, while the part to be added is in black.
Chapter 10
100% BAR CHARTS
A
is one in which a single bar divisions of the bar represent percentages and the represents 100%
one hundred per cent bar chart
of the whole. Synonyms for 100% bar chart are: percentage bar chart, relative bar chart, component parts bar chart.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A 100% BAR CHART: 1. A straight bar is easy to divide into parts representing proximate percentages, and
more convenient
is
ap-
to use than a
sector chart.
3.
The sections may be shaded or colored for contrast. Groupings of the parts are possible by using brackets or engineering dimension lines.
4.
A
5.
To
6.
To
2.
I
T
A
easily read.
eliminate any need for turning the bar, the labels should read from left to right horizontally wherever possible.
The bar should be wide enough to allow for differentiation, and yet not so wide that the facts presented are distorted.
p
i
T
T
;i >l
lO
A 100% 1.
more
is
aid in using the chart for reference purposes, the actual value of the bar and its component parts should be given.
7.
%e
percentage scale outside the bar
H
I
I
I
H
I
T
I
to
M H t
I
I
I
'
1
I
[
I
>0
I
I
I
[
'
40
I
I
H
I
I
I
I
H
M I
I
I
I
I
I
I
H
'
I
I
I
I
I
CO
I
I
H
I
10
I
I
I
I
I I
T
I
|l
r '
to
'
[I
I
I
I
I
M I
I
I
n Mn I
ioo%
scale
Bar Chart Stamp.
.8
100% bar chart with the percentages marked may be from stores handling graphic chart material or from makers of rubber
rubber stamp in the form of a secured
stamps. 2.
When
a bar chart
is
wanted
in
a report, all that
height and six inches length in the manuscript.
is
necessary
The
chart
is
to allow
may
two inches
then be placed in
this space. 3.
These rubber stamps may be secured in other sizes, but they are usually six inches long. Paper on which five 100% bars have been printed is also available. This illustration may be used as copy for making a rubber stamp.
93
BAR CHARTS
100%
WATERWAYS
ALL RAILWAYS
HI6HWAY9
flPCLINES
MILLIONS OF TONS "The Ffdcral Chart Book." Prepared by
Board
the Central Statistical
National Reiource* Committee,
arid
SCALE
January, 1Q38.
A.
Estimated Tonnage
In this chart a comparison of weights the scale
2.
The value
is
4.
separated from the
is
100%
given rather than amounts or percentages, and bar.
would have been increased had been given.
of this chart
divisions 3.
in
1932.
riers in 1.
.8
the United States Originated by Principal Types of Car-
the tonnage for each of the four
if
choice of shadings was unfortunate, since at the point where the two sections, "waterways" and "highways," meet, the bar seems to sag.
The
The Federal Chart Book is an experimental publication and does not stand as a document for general use. As a result, the illustrations are in a tentative and not necessarily final form.
a TUKIPMUMONU CmOSS
NFUJIH2A
HEART DISEASE
"The Federal Chart Book." Prepared by
LoiABCTES MELLITUS ACCIDENTS
AtL OT
l-AUTOMOeiLE I
th^ Central Statistical Board and National Resources Committee,
SCALE
January. 1938. B.
Percentage Distribution by Selected Causes of Deaths
in
the United States
.6
in
1935. 1.
The 100% bar chart is a classification chart with percentages graphically presented. It gives the component parts of the total along a straight line. By making the line a bar, the component parts are more easily identified and compared.
2.
Note that the percentage
3.
The
for
each of the seven divisions
is
given within each section.
use of connecting lines to identify small sections of a is
100%
bar chart with
its title
here demonstrated. OCPAXTHCNT
-FOOO STO«£S
Z0%
40%
GEN MERCHANDISE STORES
"The Federal Chart Book," Prepared by January.
C. 1.
J
AUTOMOTIVE GROUP
the Central Statistical
All otmcr stores
Board and National Reaoureca Committee,
SCALE
by Types of Retailers
in
the United States
use of brackets or engineering dimension lines to
100%
noX
aoX •OX
00%
938.
Distribution of Sales
The
'
bar chart
is
often useful.
show groupings
In this chart the
titles of
in
1935.
of the parts of a
the individual sections
are given above the bar, while the titles of the groupings indicated
by brackets are
given below the chart. 2.
The
inclusion of the percentages within each section
is
.7
a decided advantage.
E
I
94
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Drprcciation
$4.00
Interest
^neTaxe3-2ai^A
on
Investment 6.00
ib0 65— 24 Gauge
^rantportation
Scrap Loss
Sheet Cost before
«nd Marketing
Interest or Depreciation
Fuel Supplies
Overhead 3.00
WioninaRefi"''^
Repairs and Maintenance
Costs-zaz*/'
4.00
Automobile
Manufacturers Association, mobile Facts and Figures," 1938.
A.
Distribution of the line
Cost of Gaso-
United
the
in
Auto-
'
States
in Direct
1936.
The
use of objects which can be divided
percentages
into
In
practice.
can
this
common
a
is
chart,
gallon
a
very appropriate to
is
trate the
illus-
distribution of the cost
26.65—1
rr
Sheet &ar
of gasoline.
i iiilM
Cost
(t:^
^20
15
—
Ingot Cost
B.
Cost of
a
Steel
Ton of Finished Sheet
at
Lake
a
United States 1.
The amounts are
to
total of all
It
Port
in
hand
either
Co»t
may
SEE
bar
each one is a those below it on the
side.
a
to include
percentage scale or per-
centages within each division. is
^14.15 Pig Iron
the left of the
might have been better
it
the
1931.
cumulative:
right 2.
in
As
now, percentages of the total be computed, though they
are not given.
and
Indirect Labor 15.00
^^ iiiivh'rui
Scrap
Lo«
100%
BAR CHARTS
95
96
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OihÂŤr Works Program
vogM
W.PA WOflM
Works
Civil
Wage
ossistonce
- 29 9
WOQM
%-
CCC
wogts ond subsistence
Emergency work
Soeciol progrom
Emergency
relief
Cotegoficol relief
relief
relief
-65 3%-
- 4 8
%
Direct
emergency
Aid
oged, to the blind, dependent children
and
relief
to the
to
$5,375,000,000
WPA, A.
1.
Division of Social Research, "Trends in Relief Expenditure," 1937.
Wage
As-
easier to label than
if it
Percentage Disfribution of Total Expenditures for Public Relief and sistance in the United States for the Years 1933-35.
The
vertical
100%
bar
when divided
into small sections
is
much
were horizontal. 2.
It also lends itself readily to
grouping by sets of brackets to show such items as total
fixed charges, total operating expenses, etc.
100%
97
BAR CHARTS
lUM ntANSmssiON
"CCtlvlHO SUSSrtTlON
SCALE
Prderal Power Commiition, "National Power Survey," 1936.
Elements of Costs States 1.
By
in
in
the Supply of Electricity to Residential Customers
In
.7
the United
1935.
illustrating each of the elements of cost in the supply of electricity to residential
customers in the United States, meaning is given to such terms as "utilization expense" and "return on investment." This form of chart would be appropriate for an annual report. 2.
When a chart is to be used in a report, figures should be given and correct relative proportions maintained.
In this illustration, no figures are shown.
98
Chapter
COMPARISON OF
11
100% BAR
CHARTS
chapter are the same type those shown THEtheCHARTS preceding chapter. The 100% bars are grouped comas
in this
for
in
parison purposes. 1.
2.
Since it is difficult to determine the approximate height or length of any one of the sections of a bar, it might be better to put the percentage scale at both left and right, or top and bottom.
The shadings should thing
is
follow the general rule that
100%
100%
All Ort.ÂŤr tUso ureas
,
when no one
to be emphasized, the darker shadings should be next
rOttMr Loons and Discounts
Savings
Loon ond
Ranks
ComlJo'n...
A|| B<'"'*Âť
13,116,830 ^57,24^131
99
COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS A
to the zero line. darkest shade. 3.
Connecting
TOTAL
WPA.
lines
section to be emphasized should be the
from one bar to the next aid the reader.
1909
1919
1929
949,338
993,597
951,015
National Research Project,
"Summary
of
Findings to Date." March, 1938.
Percentage Distribution of Wage Earners Employed United States in 1909. 1919, 1929, and 1935.
in
the Mineral Industries
In
the
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION 49 MILLION
101
COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS CHARACTERISTICS OF BAR CHARTS: 1.
2.
3.
Bar charts may be adapted to fit almost any application. The height of each bar is easily compared. There should be some order for arrangement: a.
Time-series
b.
Magnitudes
c.
Geographical
d.
Alphabetical
The
4.
actual
amount which each bar
represents should be
given.
ORDERS
ITEMS ORDERED ONCE IN A SIX
MONTHS
PERIOD
ORDERED MORE THAN ONCE BUT LESS THAN 10
TIMES ORDERED 10-24
TIMES ORDERED 25-50 TIMES
ORDERED more: THAN 50 TIMES Redrawn from
a Chart
by U.
S.
DÂŤpartmrnt
of ARriculture,
Bureau of Agricultural Economicf.
Frequency of Orders of Ten Selected Candy Plants
When
in
the United States
in
1930.
none of the various shading films arc available to provide cross hatchings on a chart, rulings such as these may easily be put in by hand. Care should be taken not to create weird effects such as those in 93A and 115A.
I
102
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Hi
Vtoffting
^
u*uol toc*o-«conomic
p^^
Worlitng
M
0IA«f thon utuol
Oo\t
ucio-«conom*c ctOH
Ptfccnl
40
20 1
1
1
«0
1
1
1
80 1
r
::;:.::::.::-:.xx.:v::::::::v:vX^^^^
Tolol
ii
wiuia cMioi
/mrTT»
»
r^
I
'
>
3. ---^-'-^^
3 I
:S±2iS2±S5^ 31
Untli>ll«4
fEMAUE WORKERS Totol
Wh.lt COllOf
SkillM Scm.tlitlltd
WPA,
Division of Social Research,
"Urban Workers on
Relief," 1936.
SCALE
.6
A.
Proportion of Employed Workers on Relief Class in the United States in May, 1934.
The
inclusion of the "total" bar in each of the two classifications adds to the value of this chart.
PERCI 100 r
in
Jobs of Their Usual Socio-Economic
103
COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS
m^ All.
A.
«0>«fM
Average Migratory, Employment, and OfF-Season Periods of 500 Migratory-Casual Workers in the United States for 1933 and
_uiiiii
1934.
Each
of these bars represents one year or 52
weeks.
As
a
result,
"weeks"
arc used for the scale, rather than
percentages.
I WPA.
Division of Social Research. gratory-Casual Worker." 1937.
"The
SCALE
Mi.6
PERCENT
PCHC£NT 100
100
1037
NCUPVOTCO
IturuiTlO ruu. TiMC
WPA. B.
National Research Project. "Recent Trends
in
Employment and Unemployment." December. 1Q37.
Employment Status of Employable Persons As Revealed employment Sample for the Years 1929-1937.
SCALE
in
.7
the Philadelphia Un-
Notice that the hachures are arranged according to relative darkness. See Chapter
9.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
"
t
'
]
No emptoymen*
Of public oid
K*i?x^
t¥:»3 Relief ond o«her {''yj ReseHlemeni client
Nonognculturol employment only Aqriculturol
employment only
Works Progrom end
ott>«r
**
lOOr
nlOO
90
eo
70
60
50
S
40
30
20
10
MONTANA
SOUTH
WISCON
WEST
NORTH
DAKOTA
SIN
VIRGINIA
CAROLINA
* Including tfiose wt>o hod relief only ond relief combined with pnvote employment, but not including those with relief ond Works Progrom employment
WPA.
DivUion of Social RcMarch, "EfTectt
Relief
of the
GEORGIA
**
Including those with Works Progrom employment Works Program and private employment, orul Works Progrom ond relief.
only,
Works ProKram on Rural
Relief." 1938.
and Employment Status of Heads of Rural Households in December, 935.
In
the United States,
I
When
it
is
to
not possible to give complete information within the chart these
may be
utilized.
would have been possible
The
itself,
footnotes here give a great deal
in the legend itself.
footnotes similar
more
detail than
COMPARISON OF 100% BAR CHARTS Direct r«<ief
June
TOTAL October
COLORADO October
'•' -•!
work
Work relief
relief
105
106
Chapter
12
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS
shown in the two preceding chapof the bar form is to have the use Another represent 100%.
ach of the bars ters
in the charts
length of the bars indicate values. The following are synonyms for bar charts when they are in a vertical position: column chart, "pipe-organ" chart, "pipe-of-Pan" chart. "flute-of-Pan" chart.
vr.M
V
-
'/noooooto
t?ff. Iron
Reserve Aeent. New Review," Sept. 1. 1935.
Federal
York.
*w Sfff '
"Monthly
SCALE
as ftrrctnf
.6 ><>.-«
A.
1.
Estimafed Total Cash Income of Farmers in the United States from Agricultural Marketings Including Payments by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, for the Years 1929-1935. Simple comparisons are easily represented
comparison
is
The yearly when presented
form.
bar
in
best
in vertical form, the bars
2.
The
l95Plrrcmt
/»nw«m«w - 'fSd, 000.000 U.
S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statiitics, "Labor Information Bulletin." Oc-
tober,
B.
1.
facilitate the reading of the chart
purposes.
in
its
use for
reference
700 000
'-^3fxyftfw r^ifyryw' - 'Og 10(1000
.8
PWA
The
total of the lengths of all the bars
beneath the its
2.
SCALE
1936.
Value of Orders Placed for MateProjects for rials Used on the Period 1933-1936.
addition of the actual amounts which each bar represents would
and aid
^ry- t^Ji
7 flrrcenf
forming
a curve.
n Prrcfnt
'Xf6. 900. 000
It
first
one
is
equal to
length.
is no between the width of the "total" bar and the others.
should be noted that there difference
107
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS
WPA. A.
SCALE
"Report on ProgrcM of the Works Program." December, 1937.
Estimated
Total
Operation from
Cost of Works Progress Administration Projects Placed May 6, 1935, Through September 30, 1937.
1.
The
2.
Its presentation horizontally eliminates the possibility of the
3.
Since stubs only are used in the vertical rulings,
material here
is
.7
in
arranged arcording to the magnitude of the bars. eye seeing a curve which
would be undesirable. actual figures to facilitate reading the chart. $ PER UNIT
800
700 600
500 400 300 200 100
it
might have been better to include
I
a
108
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Percent
10
No
20
40
30
60
50
schooling
Partial grade school only
Completed grode schoo< only Portiol high school only
Completed high school only
total of alt
bars
•
100%
College
WPA,
Division of Social Research, "Farmers on Relief and Rehabilitation," 193
7.
Grade AHalnment of Heads of Open Country Households on
A.
Relief In the
United States. October, 1935.
As
is
indicated, the total of
the bars in this chart equals 100%.
all
Compare
this chart
with 106A and I08B.
17.4 7.9
12.0 9.8
AUTOMOTIVE :itiiii»n:w
RAILROADS METAL CONTAINERS
MACHINERY
3.8
OIL, GAS,
5.3
MINING
AGRICULTURE
3.4 7.2
HIGHWAYS
1.1
SHIPBUILDING
.9
SI.
ALL OTHERS 10
5 17S7
The American B.
RolIinB Mill
Distribution
States
Probably
15
DI3TBIBUTION OF nNISHED STEEL PBODUCCO IN THE
for
in
as
20 U.
S.,
BT
30
CONSUMING CBOUPS
SCALE
Company, Middletown, Ohio, "37th Annual Report," 1937.
by Consuming Groups of Finished Steel Produced
in
.8
the United
1937.
were placed within the bars and the perThis arrangement aids in ascertaining whether or
variety, the titles of these bars
centages were placed to the not the total was 100%.
left.
109
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS
C
o
o
^
c
£
V
a
>
&£
m ^«
u
a
I SI
00
.2
•>
«g
>
«
c
b
O
£
O 13
*3
2
<J
C
3
c
C
O
a
a>
S
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Georgio
New Mexico South Ookoto Maine Utah Montane
Woshington Maryland Arizona
Idaho Connecticut
New
HarDpshire
Vermont Oregon Rhode Island Wyonning Delowore
Nevodo
WPA,
Diviiion of Social Research. 'Rural Youth on Relief," 1937.
Estimated
Number
Compare with
109.
of Rural Youth on Relief
in
the United States
in
October. 1935.
111
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS
WAGES AS ftR CfNT
Of
VAi ui
0>
runn
:^
AAILAOAO R[»Ain SHOPS, STIAM FOUNDAltS Mositny
LUMBCM AND T1MMK MIOOUCTS BOOTS ANO SHOES • FUDNITURt CLASS _—..... . WOOLtN WOVCN cooos PMINTINC ANO PUBLISHING, BOOK ANO JOBCOTTON MANUfACTUMCS CLOTHING. MEN'S, YOUTHS', ANO BOYS* MACHINE SHOPS STIEL WORKS ANO MOLLINC MILLS
—
MACHINERY AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS MOTOR-VEHICLE BODIES ANO PARTS ELECTRICAL MACHINERY. APPARATUS, ETC BREAD ANO BAKERY PRODUCTS WORSTED WOVEN GOODS DRESSES, WOMEN'S NONFERROUS METAL ALLOYS AND PRODUCTS LEATHER. TANNED AND FINISHED — REFRIGERATORS RUBBER TIRES AND INNER TUBES—
INDUSTRIES. 1899-1935
COATS AND SUITS. WOMEN'S. ETC. PRINTING ANO PUBLISHING. NEWSPAPER. ETC. PAPER CONFECTIONERY LIQUORS, MALT
I
ALL MANUFACTURING
BOXES. PAPER
-
CHEMICALS
I2.0|
CANNED AND DRIED FRUITS VEGETABLES, TIN CANS AND OTHER TINWARE-MOTOR vtHrCLES COKE-OVEN PRODUCTS CAS. MANUFACTURED PAINTS AND VARNISHES -DRUGS AND MEDICINES .
ETC.
I0.«|
1
~ PETROLEUM REFINING MEAT PACKING, WHOLESALE FOOD PREPARATIONS " BLAST-FURNACE PRODUCTS FEEDS. PREPARED SUGAR REFINING. CANEBUTTER FLOUR ANO GRAIN-MILL PRODUCTS COPPER. SMELTING ANO REFINING CIGARETTES SHORTENINGS (OTHER THAN LARD), OILS. ETC
National Induitrial Conference Board.
Inc.,
SCALE
February 18, 1938.
The Percentage of Value of Products Which Is Expended for Labor in \A(ages Leading Manufacturing Industries in the United States in 1935.
The
inclusion of the value at the end of each bar, while
it
eliminates the necessity for two
eye movements, visually decreases the length of the bars. to put the values in a
column on the
left.
7
in Fifty
It
might have been better
112
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Percent
40
20
60
80
100
140
120
nr -ZML
Woshmglon, D C
New
York,
N Y
Scronlon, Po
Peono,
160
III
Stou« Foils, S Doh
Wis
Milwoukee
St Louis, Mo Son Froncisco, Coht
^ m
Boston, Moss Minneopoiis, Mmn
Nework, N J Cincinnoli, Ohio Atlonlo, Go Pittsburgh,
Chicago,
Po
III
Philodelphio, Po
Omoho, Nebr Norfolk, Vo Richmond, Vo Bridgeport, Conn Cieveiond, Ohio Albuquerque, N Me« Boltimore, Md Binghomton, N Y Rochester, N Y Detroit, Mich Foil River, Moss
Memphis, Tenn Tucson, Ariz Dollos, Tex Providence, R Buffolo, N Y Butte, Mont
I
Houston, Tex Louisville,
Ky
Wmston-Solem, N C Knoxville, Tenn
Oklohomo
Okia
City,
Denver, Colo Portlond, Mome
Cedor Ropids, lowo Indionopolis, Ind
Columbia, S C Jocksonville, Flo
Konsos
Mo
City,
Los Anqeles, Co lit
New
Orleons, La
El Poso, Tex Solt Loke City, Utoh
Clorksburg,
W
Vo
Columbus, Ohio Monchester, N H Little Rock, Ark Spokone, Wosh Seattle,
^=3
^
E
Wosh
Birminghom, Alo Wichita, Kons Mobile, Alo Portlond, Oreg
WPA,
^
=:f
Division of Social Research, "Intercity Difference* in Cost of Living
Relative Rents for a 4-Person
Manual Worker's Family
in
— 59
Cities,"
March, 1935.
Each of 59 Cities
in
the
United States, March, 1935. 1.
2.
The 100% line here gives a good measuring rod for comparisons. The chart would be read as follows: the four cities, Detroit, Michigan, Fall River, Massachusetts, Memphis, Tennessee, and Tucson, Arizona, may be described as average cities so far as rent for a
relatively
much
much lower
in
4-person manual worker's family
higher in Washington, D.
is
concerned.
C, and New York
Mobile, Alabama, and Portland, Oregon.
City,
and
Rents are relatively
113
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction. 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.
CHAHn
TIMC-SniES CCXUAAN A.
DCFINITION
6.
THE
2
COIUMN CHART
IS
PART1CULA81Y EFFECTIVE, ol amounts in o single time
I.
To emphobie comparisons
2
For popular presentation.
3
To show components lor o rekjtivelv few lolols. To picture "penod' doto as ogomst "point" doNi. For s>iowir^ o rar>ge of volues or deviations from a normal or bogey.
5
1.
COLUMN DESIGNATIONS
choti
art graphic prnaniotions wh«r*in fHiffl«ncol values or* r«pr«j«nt9d by lh« length ol vertical bars or caluemt.
4
C
Column
THE
COIUMN CHART
IS
NOT
series.
It more difTKult to lobcl is generally segmented or grouped columns than curves because tfie columns themselves take up so much more of the spoce Segment labels should be placed ocross several columns il procticobte However, the space about labels should be reduced as much as possible and too much controst with the tone of the column ovoided so os not to distort the impression of the relative lengths of the columns ond segments Where labels cannot be placed on the columns, orrows may be used A key or legend should be used only when improcticoble to lobel
directly.
COIUMN CHART DESIGNATIONS be ploced most rather than
THE BEST FORM:
1.
For comporing several times senes
2.
For lime series over an eilended period with
in
effectively
occordmg
Column
chart
titles
con often
columns cose with line
to the distribution of the
a fixed position ol the top
Ithe usual
chortsl.
many
plottings
I
AND
LAYOUT DESIGN A chon consisting of o few columns should generoify be higher than wide, for more than a few columns a widerthon-high chort is preferoble GRIDS.
T)>e field or grid
used
ruted coordirtote surfoca.
for
column charts may be a completely
Usuolly. however,
il
is
not
necessary to
Not* An •mpir<ol rtloliOns^'P b*»w—n column ond ipoc* it IXtMAtsd in Chon b*iow. boMd on on octuoJ )Mt o( cHom qI root-two propofttont ond vOf'Ovi numb«f| o* columns, onm Ml wndOf -thon-hioh ond onoHlV
would normally be shown on o line chon. A complete grid outline is usually not reauired The columns It^ewsehres generally moke vertKol rulings unnecessory. Moreover, (ewer )>ori2ontol rulings may be needed since column chorts ore more lrtd<ose
all
the rulirigs which
ih«
high«r -than- wtd«.
gerwrally used for popular presentation thon are line chorts. Often horizontal rulir>gs may be incomplete, being extended through only that portion of the field occup«d by the columns. 3.
SCAIE SELECTION In column chorts the interest is generolly in a comparison between amounts os of different dotes. These amounts ore proportionote to the height of the columns This means Ihot the zero line, when it is ifie prir>cipot hne of reference, should olwoys be iTKluded in a column chort. It follows, too, that the omouni scoles should no* be broken, but mode continuous from the reference Ime. While normoffy the full length of the column should be shown, when it represents on abr<ormally lorge value the column may be broken at the lop ond ttie omount irKitcoted. Columns should be spoced occording to their proper position on the time scale. SVhen time intervals between volues are not equal, columns should be spoced occordingfy.
4.
SCALE DESIGNATIONS Ptocmg of scole numerals ond captions on coKimn chorts is less conventior^olized than on line charts. As the grid rulings ore ohen irKomplete, the verticol scole volues generally are ploced on the s*de where tfie rulif^gs ore complete (For exomple, if the tollesi columns ore at the right, the scole designations moy be shown on the righihond SKie only |
Scale Desigrxitions are nornHslly centered ur>der tf>e columns, reodtng fiorizontally in column chorts for popular presentotion fttfier or both omount and time designations may be ploced obove the
Tifite
.
columns
& COLUMNS
The eAeclive appeoronce of o column chart requires
ipecol core m the design of the columns When there are only a lew cohrmrts H<ev should be norrower thon tl<e white spoce between, when there ore mony cohniuu the reverse should be trve
To space columns equoHv dong the titne scale, divide the ovoikibte horizontal spoce mio twice as mony spaces os there ore to be columns. Then center the columns on every other division mark begmnirtg with the
First
from either end.
114
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
115
Chapter 13
CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS
ONE VARIATION 12
shown in Chapter by using hachures. or shadings.
of the type of bar chart
to differentiate the bars
is
Charts in which this technique
is
used are called contrasting bar
charts. OISAIUNC INJURKS
Green Giant brand peas Other Peas 1937
Green Giant pack increased 400% over 1930.
Selling price ot Green Giants decreased 12 since 1930.
1/3% 1932
Advertising cost on Green Giants per case decreased since 1930.
29%
Valley Canning Company, Beaver Dam Wis., "Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1938."
Minnrtota ,
A.
A
Comparison of the Shipmenf of One Brand of Peas and the Shipment of All Others by the Minnesota Valley Canning
Company
in
the
Years
1932
and 1937. The reason
for including this chart
is
to
an optical illusion which seldom seen and which should
illustrate is
be avoided. are
Note how the bars
distorted to
the left because
of the cross hatchings.
116
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.
column designs or shadings ore recommended os follows:
Specific Id)
general use for narrow columns. However, a narrow columns filled in solid may cause an unpleasant optical effect. In segmented column charts, black is good for the bottom segments if they are not too large. Black
for
IsolidI
series of long
Shading
recommended
Vertical Line
Id
Diogonal Line Shading is useful only in small segments as optical illusion results if any appreciable length of column is shaded with this design, as illustrated at the right.
Idl
Horizontal Line Shading has limited usefulness
In
is
appearance and easy
for
to construct.
and
is
i-|l
not generolly
recommended. (el
Crosshatch Shading (diagonal! is recommended in place of black for wide columns. Crosshatch shading mode by crossing verticol
and
horizontal lines
is
not
OIACONAL SMAOINC MAT 'KNO' TMC
COLUMNS
Effscts of
iXADINO MAT AfFCCT APPAACHT WIDTH
improper use of shoding
recommended.
Dotted Shading (pebbled or stippled) is sometimes effective for columns of medium width and particularly for small segments for charts in which a third or fourth distinguishing shading is needed.
If)
(g)
Hollow columns, if distinctly wider or narrower than the space between and outlined with a heavy line.
Columns may present undesirable rectives are applied.
A
column may appear about the width of a
to
optical illusions unless slight cor-
a
tall
shaded segment on top of a spread unless the column outline is tapered line; a block segment may appear more narrow of the column unless it is widened about the width of column may appear to be thinner in the middle unless
the lines
ore
bowed
than the
o
ftl
general use as pleasing
(b|
line;
rest
white or
lightly
out slightly.
^B
SIIF
MflNOCNT
EZ3 Of KNMNT ÂŁ20
8
\WTm CUtMNT
SAVINCS
lAININCS
SICMITin
OTHII ifsouica
^_L
SOCIAL
OTHII
SICUdTT ACT
SOCIAL
AdNCIIS
rillNDS ot (ILATIVIS
Dun't Review, June, 1938.
A.
Means
of Support of Persons 65 Years of States in April. 1937.
Age
or Older Living in the United
117
CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS
Dun's Review, April, 1938.
A.
1.
2.
Adver+ising Expenditures for Newspapers, Magazines, and Radio States from 1929 to 1937.
in
the United
might have been better to include actual figures in this chart. Note the groupings, the spacing between groupings, and the narrowness of the
I
It
bars.
134.8%
n
Iwlcz of PriCM*
Indcs of
1929
M«l( Hourly £«nuii(i
- 100%
Armstrong Cork Company, Lancester, Pa., "Annual Report," December 31, 1937. B.
A
Comparison of Weighted Average Selling Prices of Products and Average Male Hourly Earnings the Years 1929. 1936, and 1937.
Company
All in
Armstrong Cork the
Company
for
Rather than merely state that the year 1929 was equal to 100%, this chart visually represents both index of prices and index of male hourly earnings as 100% bars.
118
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION FREQUENCY RATES Dliabhnq
iniurlci
SEVERITY RATES
119
CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS
COST OF LIVING INOCX NUMBCRS. l«2«
•
WHOLESALE PRICES
INOO NUMBOS.
100
i«;<
=
100
"'•
.
^"X
UNiriD STATtS
UMiTtO IMNGOOW
rilANCE (PAKiS
UNITED niNCOOM
JA^AN
CZtCMOSLOVAr
MHO
(TOi>»0
5TATIS
I SWlTZtBLAMO
NCTMtRLAND-
National Induitrial Conftrence Board,
Inc.,
October 23, 1936.
Cost of Living and Wholesale Prices Countries for 1929 and 1936.
Compare
this
method
of presenting
in
two groups
the United States and Specified Foreign
of facts with
144 A.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
0ÂŤnÂŤri
^^^^ Ttnonli
Hundrtd doHors
United States
New England Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West
Nortti Central
Soutti Atlantic
Eost Soutti Central
West Soutti Central Mountain Pacific
Seven Cotton States
Alobamo Arkonsos Georgia Louisiana Mississippi
Nortti Carolina
Soutti Carolina
WPA.
Diviiion of Social Research, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936.
Median Value of Farm
Dwellings by Tenure in the United Sta+es
in
SCALE
,9
1930.
Divisions and subdivisions are possible in the bar chart as demonstrated in this one. The median value for the United States as a whole is first given, then for each of nine geographical divisions,
and
finally a separation of the
"Seven Cotton States"
is
made.
121
Chapter 14
PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS A pictorial unit bar chart comparisons are made by using a INnumber of symbols, each of which represents a specific value. Synonyms for pictorial unit bar charts are pictogram, pictograph. The advantage of the pictorial unit chart over a chart in which large and small units are used
is
that there
is
a variation in one dimen-
sion only.
One R9ÂŤire-2,000 MiKowitm
1929
mmmmimm
1935
1934
mm iumm iiii
1.
of Millionaires
The reason
8.000
10.502
18.196
The 1038 Chart Book."
Chicago Tribune.
Number
Is
Defined Here as a Person WHt) an Annual Income of $50,000 or More
8.072
1933
1934
A Millionaire
7.738
in2
-â&#x20AC;˘'
in
the United States
for classifying this as a
in
bar chart
is
Selected Years. readily seen.
The rows
of
men
create
bars. 2.
Since fractions are difficult to present in this form, the numerical value of each row of
3.
It
figures
since 4.
As
is
given.
might have been better all
to leave
more space between the 1929 row and the 1932 row,
the others are consecutive years.
appeared in the original, the 1936 row was at the top and the 1929 row at the Because it is general practice to read years from the top down, the rows were reversed.
it
bottom.
122
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION SEPTEMBER 5251
OCTOBER 6618
NOVEMBER 6360
OECEMBEP 4967
JANUARY 3372
m m
FEBRUARY 2631
MARCH 2524
APRIL
2768
MAY 2702
JUNE 1918
JULY 1059
AUGUST
EACH FIGURE REPRESENTS 250 HEN
1023
W. Sanford Evans.
"Statistical
Examination
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;GrorKian
Bay Canal." Ottawa, Canada, 1916.
SCALE
,9
Maximum Number
of Trainmen and Yardmen Employed on Grain Trains on the Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta Divisions of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Each Month of the Crop Year I9I3-I9I4.
1.
2.
This was one of the
first
pictorial unit bar charts to appear,
Note that the numerical value of each row is given pare this form with 121, 123B, and 124A.
directly beneath the
month.
Com-
123
PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS IN
1913
14
AUTOMOBILES
56
AUTOMOBILES
I30
HOUSES
63
HOIkSES
IN
1916
From '"Humaniiinf
New
of
A.
the Greater City'i Charity" by Bertrand Brown, Department of Public Charities, City York. 1017.
Comparison of the Means of Transporfation Used Charities of
1.
The
New
It
is
figure represents
in
the Department of Public
1913 with 1916.
in
distinctive feature of this chart
100% and each 2.
York City
that
is
it
a
100%
bar chart. Each row represents
12'/^%.
would be read as follows: in 1913 one out of eight, or 12V2%, of the transportation used in the Department of Public Charities in New York City, was by automobile and the rest by horses. In 1916, four out of eight, or 50% of the transportation, was by automobile and 50% was by horses. Number
of
TRACTORS per one thousand farm families
Number per 1000 farms Successful Farming Families
357
"Heart" Farmers
246
u
s
138
Farmers
Meredith Publithing Co.. Des Moines, Iowa, "Successful Farming." B,
A
SCALE
Comparison of the Number of Tractors Per One Thousand Farm Families Three Groups of Farmers in the United States.
1.
The "heart"
2.
The date
5
in
referred to in this chart means a group of states that form the heart of the farming industry, as estimated by the Meredith Publishing Company. to
which
this
comparison applies
is
not definite: the sources listed for the
information given were dated 1930 and 1935.
124
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION I4.59I.OOO -ooo •*"
ONE MILE
1911
32.837,000
ONE MILE
TT'TT'TT'TT'TT'7T'7t'7T"7T'7T'7T'7TTT7T7T"7v'7^'Tr SCALE
Brinton. "Graphic Methods," McGraw-Hill, 1914.
A.
1.
.9
Comparison of fhe Average Number of Passengers Carried Per Mile on United States Railroads in 1899 and 1911. The theory behind
pictorial unit bar charts
than larger or smaller units.
A
is
that there are
more
or less units rather
pictorial unit bar chart consists of
rows of symbols
rather than large and small symbols. 2.
In this chart, each figure represents 2000 passengers.
NOPOmCdAISED
6.128 LBS
IN
ni6
OF
POWC HAISED
=.==„„^
_ IZm
LBS OF POR.K. RAISED
From "HumanizifiK of
B.
New
the Greater City'i Charity" by Bertrand Brown, Department of Public Charitie*, City York, 1917.
in Poric Production at the Sea View Farms fThe Colony) from 1913 to 1916.
Increase
New
York City Farin
Apparently the basis on which the pigs were placed inside the fences was was added for each 6000 pounds of pork raised.
this:
one pig
CHARACTERISTICS OF PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS: 1.
2.
They are effective for popular presentation of educational matter. They
are effective to attract attention,
vertising,
and propaganda.
and
for publicity, ad-
125
PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS FIRE L055E5
A.
City of Cincinfrom 1927 to 1936.
—^"S^
Fire Losses in the nati
1.
This
2.
The
is
a unique and cfTective form in
which
^^
...
to present fire statistics.
inclusion of the numerical values
adds to
its
usefulness.
M^ City of Cincinnati, "Municipal Activitiet," 1936.
SCALE
If
Our Ptopl0-And Thtirs- Should Pack Up And Hovt By Molor Car, Tomorrow How Many Would Havt To Walk?
.6
—
ITALY 1
MIOCS.aO WALK
BERMANY I
RIOCS.IOVAtR
ussw. 1
RIOCt.lSO ••LN
ALL
moc
d^^^^B^ Jf^^^^B^ ^^u^^^ ^^^^^^
tart Ma. fclaat. 10 »..al» Walfclaa
From "Our Country, Our Company,
B.
It
A
People, and Their*" Publi»her«. N. Y. C.
Tht Flaurtt lucluit »m»*% » Truclit
by M. E. Tracy, 1938.
Automotive Transport United States in 1935 and 1936. Picture of
Facilities in Italy,
By
Permittion of The Macmillan
Germany,
SCALE
Russia,
.5
and the
should be noted that although each man afoot represents ten people walking, each figure in the automobile represents one person.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Relative Size of
Cunard" 1.
The
Oceangoing in
universality of the graphic chart language
from a French magazine. 2.
Vessels from the
Compare with
"Savannah"
in
1819 to the "Super-
1935.
13 IB.
is
here illustrated.
This chart was taken
127
PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS fAITII TUINOVII IIINOI
^-^
MOII ftOMI ON ADVIITIIIO tlANOI
rr?:?
iflT;-'^
''
TC
Sale*
A.
ManoRcmfnt.
Oct.
1,
SCALE
103 7.
Comparison of Stock Turnover in
the United States
in
for Advertised
and Unadvertised Brands of
6
Goods
1936.
According to this chart, people in the United States are influenced more by advertisements for headache cures than they are by food advertisements, and are influenced by advertising in proportion to the unfamiliarity of the product advertised.
I
SCALE
National ReÂŤources Board, "State Planning," 1935 B. 1.
The Growth
in
Number
of Hunters and Fishermen
Although the height of the man and the size of the state may not represent the exact numerical value of each, the fact that there were too many hunters and fishermen in 1934 for the size of Missouri
2.
in
.7
Missouri from 1910 to 1934.
This chart illustrates the point
made
is
quite apparent.
in 124 Al relative to larger units or
more
units.
128
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
A.
Adaptability to Training of 2,031 Patients Examined at the New York City Children's Hospital and School in October 1916.
This
is
not a true pictorial unit bar chart,
but
is
filled
1UIMU
MTINIS
From "Humanizing by
Bertrand
BOUHlfliat
WUTi
IKTONHB
the Greater City't Charity"
Brown,
Charitiet, City of
OiSKXM.
New
Department
of
Pubhc
York. 1917.
A Doijjms WORTH Of
PtJ>n Bttr
res a, 1029
FEaiS.1933
rcB
A Dou.AÂŤ's WORTH Feb
is.
Of Milk
1029
hmmmL mmNs
ie.i937
<^^..^^^^ <^^-^
A DOIXAWS WORTH
Of BUTTCR |
rather two
100%
bar charts
in with drawings of people.
PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS
PROVIDKD
SI'KNT
129
130
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION E.X«»tNOITU»«t
40
PL« CAPITA PtR WEEK 80_ 60
IN
CENTS 100
MISCELLANEOUS FOODS
U. S
Department
of Labor,
Burcnu
of Lat>or Statistics,
"Labor Information Bulletin," July 1938.
Food Expenditures of Wage Earners and Lower-Salaried Clerical Workers af Successive Economic Levels in New York City for the Winter Quarter of 19341936.
much more informative had been given.
This would be level
if
the total annual income at each economic
UI
PICTORIAL UNIT BAR CHARTS 67%
^
r.
)
CITIES OVER* 10.000^ POPULATION
PfOESTRlAN
OTHER AAOTOR VEHICLE
RURAL AND CITIES UNDER 10,000 POPULATION
NONCOUISION
OTHER VEHICLE
llNClvDmO MM TM*IM\ C STMtCT CAM \ I
Automobile Manufacturers Aitociation, "Automobile Facts and Figures," 1938.
A.
Types of Motor Vehicle Deaths
in
the United States
In
1937.
Pictures representing rural and urban districts are fairly well understood. The few strokes of the pen which were necessary to create these two captions were well worth the time.
"^
132
Chapter 15
COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS
X
he term "component bar" may refer to any bar which has been divided into parts. The charts in Chapters 10 and 11 are component bars in which each bar represents 100%, and the comparison of the component parts is the important item. In this chapter, divisions of the bars are made without reducing all bars to the same length.
Of DOtXARS
pueuic
WORK
PRIVATE
WORf
Reserve Review," Feb.
Federal
A.
1.
Agent, New 1, 1937.
York,
"Monthly
SCALE
Reserve Agent, New Review," Nov. 1, 1936.
Federal
.7
and Engi-
B.
neering Contracts in Thirtyseven of the United States, Showing the Proportion of Private and Public Construction from 1932 to 1936.
1.
Total Value of Building
Here the component parts arc in
percentages,
facilitating
the
ings,
it
bar.
To prevent
third
the as
set
position
Since there are so few horizontal rul-
reading
the
top
the
of
items
for
the
51
of
figures
similar
to
placed the
in
item
a for
the United States.
might have been better to
give the numerical values of each
.8
other countries, there should be a
reading of the chart. 2.
"Monthly
SCALE
Comparison of the Gold Holdings of the Central Banks and Governments of 51 Other Countries and the United States in July 1931. and October 1936. figures
labelled
York,
2.
Since both the vertical scale and the labels
bars,
are put to the left of the it
may
be more
read the chart than
if
difficult
to
one or the
other were placed to the right.
133
COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS
torAt,
(hAMUo
11
i
ill
'^
StUISKILLED
IN
oMOcn or size
or socio economic cmout
i
"i iii III i i ill nil i
in itso)
^ m
MEN WOMCN
134
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
— URBAN
RURAL NON-FARM
MILLION 10 \
1
IS
20
1
1
—
25 1
COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS FOR tVtRY tlOO SPtNT BY FAMILIES IN THE MEDIAN (tl ?40 »l.«t») INCOME GROUP OTHER GROUPS SPEND
INCOME GROUP
$^00-
$
749 PER YEAR
MIOIAN
135
136
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Oollors
600 Wo»hington,
C.
Soo FroflCijco, Calif Minmopohs, Minn.
NtwYork. NY.
800
1000
1400
1200
»I4I4?4 1389 87 1367 79 1375.13
Cbicogo, 11 Milwoukce.Wis. Boston, Moss Ciev*lond, Ohio St Louis, Mo. 1
Detroit, Micti.
Scronton, Po. Cincinnoti, Otiio
Po Los Angeles, Colif. Piltsburgti,
Nework, N
J.
Baltimore, Md. Albuquerque, N Me«
Po
Phiiodelptiio,
Bridgeport, Conn.
Sioui Foils, S Ook Roctiester,
NY.
Tucson, Ariz. Butte, Mont. Portlond, Maine Peofio.lll Foil River, Mass. Atlcnto, Go Rictimond, Vo.
Buftolo,
NY.
Averoge,
59
cities
Omoho, Nebr Monchester,
N. H.
Norfolk, Vo Denver, Colo.
Konsos City, Mo. Providence,
R
I
Binghomton, N Y. Soil Loke City, Utoh Seattle, Wosh.
New
Orleans, Lo.
Spokone, Wosh. Winston- Solem, N C Portlond, Oreg
Memphis, Tenn. Louisville, Ky.
Oklahoma
City, Okia
Jacksonville, Flo
Houston, Ten Indionopolis, Ind.
Coltmbio, S C. Clorksburg, W.Vo. Dallas, Te«. Cedar Rapids, lowo
Columbus, Ohio Birmingham, Alo. KnoKville, Tenn.
El Poso. Te. Little Rock, Ark.
Wichita, Kons. Mobile. Alo
Food
Clolhing, clolhing upkeep,
Housing Household operation
ond personal core
WPA.
Division of Social Research,
"Intercity Difference* in Costs of Living
by Mdjor Budqet Groups, of
Annual Costs of Living, Fannily in Each of 59 Cities
in
Miscelloneous
— 59
Cities, "
a 4-Person
the United States
in
March 1935.
Manual Worker's
March 1935.
Note the inclusion of the numerical values of the bars in the column at the inclusion of the average for the 59 cities enumerated in this chart.
left
and the
137
COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS
m
cl
Jon
1933
WPA. A.
1.
Apr
Oct
Jon
1934
Apf
Jul
Ocl
Dec
1935
SCALE
Division of Socinl Research. "TrpnHs in Rrlicf Ex()fn(liturfs
.7
Percentage Distribution of Monthly Expenditures for Public Relief and Wage Assistance in the United States for the Period fronn January 1933 to December 1935. This chart and 137B present the same information, except that this gives
percentages
while 137B gives numerical values. 2.
When component these forms
parts are given in a chart, the information should be presented in both if
possible.
I
Works Progr om in operation
WPA. B.
Division of Social Rcsfarch. "Trends in Relief Expenditures,"
1Q37.
SCALE
Trend of Monthly Expenditures for Public Relief and Wage Assistance United States for the Period fronn January 1933 to December 1935.
in
.7
the
138
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION NATIONAL INCOME PHODDCED AND PAID OUT
INCOME PRODUCED AND PAID OUT MINING AND QUARRYING
I9W
INCOME PRODUCED AND PAID OUT METAL MINING
(950
INCOHr
I9J2
I95J
INCOME PRODUCED AND PAID OUT NON-METAL MINING
19J0
PAID OUT
1951
ETI3
1951
NEGATIVE BUSINESS SAVINGS
BUSINESS SAVINGS
EnRincrrinR and MininE Journnl. Ortobrr 1038, Part of an Editorial on Public Rrlationt Entitled "What MiimiK Mfani to the United Slates." SCALE .8
Income Produced and Paid Out in the United States with Special Reference to Certain Industries from 1929 to 1934. The
classification "negative business savings"
means, no doubt, "losses."
I9i4
COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS
139
fH :i roannnc nsHMC «no
mmmc
JM^aiCULTURC
U.
A.
Dppartmfnt of Commerce. Bureau of the United States 1915-1937." 1938.
S.
Foreign and Domestic Commerce, "Construction Activity in
Percentage Distribution of Gainful Workers from 1870 to 1930.
This chart is a scries of 139B.
100%
bar charts, but
is
in
the United States by Occupations
included here because of
its
relation to
I H(CM«MCAi. Dcusnacs
rooo AMO Aixco
MOusmcs
OMniucnoM M>u$T*«s
U.
B.
S.
Department
of
Commerce. Bureau
the United States 1915-1937," 1938.
of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce,
"Construction Activity in
Percentage Distribution of Gainful Workers in Manufacturing, Mechanical, and Construction Industries in the United States from 1870 to 1930. 139A above, the division at the very top is labelled "Manufacturing, Mechaniand Construction." This chart is a further break-down of that one component. In the same way each of the component parts of 139A could be divided.
Note that
cal
in
140
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
— LEG END —
I
I
Unshaded areas show supplemental
'
KVAXVVj Kr/ii\wiiM
water re^uirod
IHHH "^ter required- laches permoolh. I.
./'
"l Actual
Available watar for soil havioq nfiltration capoci^Y o* OS ifKh per
t^^t^y>^
roirifoll
t
'.'/.tS'/W^
Do
Oo
do^
liocb per day 1
5 inches per day
National Resources Board, "Report of Water Planning Committee, Part III,"
1Q34.
SCALE
.7
Supplemental Water Required to Provide 18 Inches Total Water for Crop Use Per Day from May to October on Soils Having Various Infiltration Capacities in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bismarck, North Dakota, from 1930 to 1932. 1.
These
2.
The
cities
were only two of several
necessity for reservoirs and
dams
for
which
this analysis
is
clearly
shown
in
was made.
an effective form.
141
COMPARISON OF COMPONENT BAR CHARTS
•^te II.
-S
1.-" ...»
\i,
^
1-3
M.OCM TOTAL
O <«t*g r^wLT wCDwt wa
Land
AytBAti rAKLY Mirr $SI •«
howtw
Utilization Comiriittfp.
New York
Seldom does one
find a chart in
formidable at 2.
first
which so much information
is
glance, the key at the right simplifies
in
Block
given.
0>
BIT
h» womtm
SCALE
Building Congress, Arthur C. HoUlfn, Chairman.
Sources of Income and Ratio of Rent to Income for Families York City in 1936. 1.
iliOO'lt ntClaT«4i
2007
While
it
in
.8
New
may seem
it.
This amount of information in words and figures only would require many pages of text and could not make evident the interrelations clearly shown in chart form.
CHARACTERISTICS 1.
Both actual amounts and percentages should be
2.
When it
3.
there is one bar to represent the total of should be the same width as the others.
The amount
scale
of the chart, or
nificance.
it
given.
all
the others,
may be placed at both the left and the right may be placed on the side of greater sig-
I
142
Chapter 16
BILATERAL BAR CHARTS
HE TERM
bilateral
as to a bar chart.
both up and
common
down
may refer to a curve or line chart as well In a bilateral bar chart the bars extend or both to the left and to the right of a
line.
This results in a comparison of the distances from the line to the ends of the bars rather than from the bottom or line at the left. Bilateral bar charts are especially adapted to the presentation of profit and loss data or of deviations from normal. The following are synonyms for bilateral bar charts: two-way bar chart, two-directional bar chart.
CLASS
1
RAILROAOS
oenciT
12
143
BILATERAL BAR CHARTS
1 PMr«t«
i
>ll«r»«t.
Cav^aj lalai
SCALE
Dun's Rrvicw, April 1Q38.
.5
Hypothetical Use of the Regional Trade Barometer of Dun's Review in a Comparison of Increases or Decreases of a Company's Sales from Month to Month in Each Sales District.
Trade Barometers for 29 Regions in the United States in Which the Indexes of
November 1938
Are Compared With
the
dexes of November 1937 Percentage Reductions or
Inin
In-
creases.
21
SAN FtANCISCO
29
LOS ANCCLtS
Dun's Review. February 1939.
SCALE
.7
144
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
145
BILATERAL BAR CHARTS
1929
I9K)
193$
Dun's Review. April 1Q38.
A.
Profit-and-Dividend Status of 348 Corporations Period from 1929 to 1935.
Here again
is
a group of
100%
in
the
United States for the
bar charts.
Note that the two types of crosshatchtngs below the zero line are in the classification "unprofitable" while the two above the zero line are in the classification "profitable."
The
zero line might well be heavier to emphasize this division.
Typical 1.
Paring knives priced at
^ 0.72 per doz. Right
146
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
•ILLIONS or OOLLAMS
INVESTMeNTS OTHER TOTAL INVISTMCHTS • I
S.«
0.
i coy,
DIReCT
0«uC
iMf
LOANS LOANS ON SCCUKITIIS
COMMJRCIAL
147
BILATERAL BAR CHARTS NET INCOME PER
MILES OF LINE
Mil
«».t*«
it^»»
lft.49*
»>,ieo
B
SWEDEN
DEFICIT PER MILE OF LINE L
IaustraliaH
S4,tt4
I
'l
-fa ISTATt,
INDIA
M,M*
I93i*
^$296
I
I
a»,Me
*fiiC*L rt*ti
NationnI lndM«lri.il Coiifrrrnce BonrH. \nc
Net Income
Foreign Countries 1.
The
.
in
number
.
April
22.
Owned
SCALE
19.18.
or
Operated Railways
is
show
that there
is
no evi-
loss.
The dividing
line between the two groups of bars in this chart is not a zero line with and minus quantities to right and left, since miles are the quantity on one side and dollars the quantity on the other.
plus
3.
for Various
the net income or deficit of the various railroads.
of miles of line were probably included to
dent relationship between the length of the railroad and profit or 2.
.7
1935 or 1936.
point of interest in this chart Tlic
N Y C
or Deficit of Governmentally
Thus the arrangement
of the bars alone
makes
this a bilateral bar chart.
148
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
60
50
40
1
1
I
Female
Male
Percent
Percent
30
20
20
10
30
40
50 60
r
1 \
Agriculture
Forestry and Fishing
Extraction of Minerals
Manufacturing and
Mechanical Industries Transportation and
Communication Trade
Public Service
Professional Service
Relief
1934
Census 1930
Domestic ond Personal Service
Clericol Occupotions
WPA,
Division of Social Rcsr.-irch,
"Urban Workrrs on
Rclirf."
1036.
Usual Occupation of Unemployed Workers on Relief in 1930 in the United States.
The method
of reading
tfiis
chart
is
in
1934 and Gainful Workers
as follows: according to the 1930 census about
42%
male gainful workers were in the manufacturing and mechanical industries. In 1934 about 52% of the men on relief designated manufacturing and mechanical industries as their former place of employment. This latter fact does not seem so startling in view of the first statement.
of
149
Chapter 17
AREA BAR CHARTS BASIS of comparison THE bar rather than the length this
100%
type of chart are,
M CXNTt Nl
an area bar chart is the area of the Other terms appHed to
of the bar.
square;
100%
block.
AVIMAM HCMM
IN
AVCMASC
FOa
BUIIIIIi ga CINIt ffÂŤ MOU*
AU TYKt
KKSKT
Of TOTAL lOO
WPA.
in
%
HOUK OH WMKM MTMCKT WAS tAUD s *7*, 000,000 HOUM I,
"Report on Progrpss of the Worki Program." December 1937.
Average Hourly Earnings of Persons Ennployed on Works Progress Administration Projects, by Types of Projects for the Period from January through October 1937. 1.
As both the percentage given, for
2.
it
is
number of hours and the earnings per hour are compute from this chart the actual amount of expenditure
of the total
possible to
each type of project.
The chart
indicates
without computation
average and which ones
fall
below.
in
which projects earnings are above the
150
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
•f
140
•f
110
•f
I
to
MO ••>
00
I
--9 +
00
••
70
••
60
- SO •(-
40
•(-
10
•I-
20
+
I
J.R.H. CORP.
».
••RIGHT
PRICE'*
-
I
- «0 - 10 - 40 - 50
151
AREA BAR CHARTS CHARACTERISTICS OF AREA BAR CHARTS: 1.
Useful in presentinj; material which ^ivcs parts of a total.
2.
They show
one view two independent {groups of
in
facts.
(M"M foci
M.»
'•L
U«NU>^*C TURING
&N0 UCCHANICAL
INOUSTBll
29 4
J
INOUSTBUS AND scnviccs TDANSPOATATION
ANO COMMUNICATION
4t.4
OOMISTIC AND PCDSONAL
91.*
scnvicc
I acbicoltuhe.
fisminc, and ^oblic siBvice
National Industrial Confcrcncr Board, Inc.
N
Y.
C, February
11.
1937
SCALE
7
Proportion of the Working Population Covered by the Old Age Social Security Act in the United States, Using the Distribution of Occupations of the 1930 Census. Provisions of the
1.
Not only the percentage covered or not covered by old-age provisions of the Social Security Act is presented, but also the percentage of the total working force of each of the types of labor.
2.
If only the
percentage covered in each type of industry were given, the representation
would be obviously
false.
152
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Massachusrtts Institute of TechnoloRy, "The. Technology Review." February 1933.
Occupational Distribution 1929 Inclusive. 1.
This chart
is
in
because of 2.
in
1930 of 134 MIT Graduates of the Classes of 1917 to
group of 100% bar charts. resemblance to the preceding charts.
reality a
its
The emphasis on the
area
for
It
"Major Executive" tends
was placed to
make
in
this
chapter
the comparison
vertical one, resulting in area comparison.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AREA BARCHARTS: Area bar charts may take one of two forms: They may have one dimension in percentages of a total a. and the second dimension in numerical values. b. They may have both dimensions in percentages of two different
blocks.
totals.
They then become 100% squares
or
a