153
Chapter 18
GENERAL USE OF MAPS
DOTS,
circles, bars, curves, symbols, etc., may be placed on a base map to give the geographic location of statistical data. When used in this way, the general term "statistical map" may be applied. Synonyms for statistical map are cartogram, map chart.
GENERAL REFERENCES Paullin, Charles O., Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States, Carnegie Institute of Washington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932
Raisz, Erwin, Inc.,
General Cartography, McGraw-Hill Book Co., City, 1938
New York
I
Encyclopedia Americana.
Outline Sketch of Borgia 1.
2.
Map
Man's earliest maps consisted advanced form.
of the Fifteenth Century, A. D. of simple drawings.
Long before the Christian era, people living maps. For an early Mesopotamian map,
in
The map shown above
is
in a
more
Egypt and Mesopotamia constructed
see 170.
154
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Encyclopedia Americana.
Maps Drawn on Orthographic and S+ereographic
Projection
on the
Plane
of
a
Horizon, 1.
When
the discovery was
the problem of
how
made
was round, map-makers were faced with on a plane a picture which was best presented by a
that the earth
to present
globe. 2.
This involved transforming the lines of latitude and longitude on the earth into planer
3.
The
magnitudes. projections above illustrate two of
many
solutions to this problem.
BASE MAPS Base maps to be used for presenting quantitative data secured from the following companies:
American
Map
Co.,
New
Hammond
Rand-McNally
be
York, N. Y.
Educational Exhibition Co., Providence, R. C. S.
may
New York, N. Y. New York, Chicago,
I.
^^ Co.,
Co.,
Washington, D. C,
San Francisco, and Los Angeles
Maps may mounted; roller
be ordered in
many
different forms: paper; cloth-
sized surface; washable surface;
case;
pin-map board; cork carpet
wooden
rollers; spring-
for pins;
framed and
braced.
In making graphic representations of different sections of a city, often difficult to secure base maps of a suitable scale. Frequently maps can be obtained from the various city departments, or from public utility companies covering the area of special it is
interest.
155
GENERAL USE OF MAPS ""^JjENERAL
^^^m
H^H
information
about United States government
maps may be secured from Map Information
Office,
North
Interior Department Building, Washington, D. C. Aerial photographs are card-indexed, as well as other maps. This enables Information Office generally to state whether or not an the area has been photographed, and if so. from what source prints
Map
are procurable. The following are important government agencies from which maps may be obtained directly:
mapping
Geological Survey, U. S. Department of Interior. Basic topographic maps of approximately one-half the United States. Key
20* 40* 60* 80* ICO* 120* 1*0' 160' 20' o" wo* 160* wo* 120* lOO' 80* 60* *0 -«*— — J<7C/P L/NtS JHOV¥ ACTUAL POSmONS Of IamO Af^O iVArCff A^fAS. ^^A-^ Dotrco Aff£AS Sffotv rne posfrio»fs Acco/foiMC ro MefrcATOffS MAPOf /SM.
l«0*
Encyclopedia A.nfricana.
A Map 1.
Drawn on Mercator
The term "developed"
is
Projection,
A
"Developed" Projection.
derived from' the method: a cylindrical or conical surface is is "developed" or rolled out in a
substituted for the plane of projection and then
The two types plane. and the polyconic. 2.
of projection
most commonly used today are the Mercator
projection was first introduced in 1568 by Gerardus Mercator. a Flemish In the Mercator projection a tangent on geography and astronomy. The meridians and parallels of latitude cut each other at cylinder is employed. right angles and are represented by straight lines.
The Mercator lecturer
3.
The polyconic
projection employs an infinite
point for these cones 4.
See 267.
is
at the
number
of tangent cones.
The
starting
middle parallel or latitude of the area mapped.
^^^
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
|e
Kcuffel
Map
H
Essrr
Co
,
New York
City.
Measuring Device.
This instrument
is
used to measure lines and distances on a map. The small wheel follows is recorded on the dial in inches or centimeters.
the line and the distance
maps made
for individual states and distributed without charge ordering specific sections. Geologic maps for many sections of the United States and Alaska.
are used
in
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U. S. Department of Commerce. Navigational charts of the coasts of the United States and its possessions. Air route maps covering the entire United States. General Land Office, U. S. Department of Interior. Wall map of the United States showing the national parks, national monuments, and other useful information. Maps of the 29 public-land
and Hawaii. Hydrograpfiic Office, Bureau of Navigation, U. S. Department of ttie Navy. Maps and charts required in navigation in foreign waters and on high seas. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Engineer Reproduction Plant, states, Alaska,
Fort Humpfireys, D. C. Special topographic maps of areas of military importance. Some topographic maps not covered by the Geological Survey. Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Geographic maps of national forests. Topographic maps of portions of them. of Reclamation, U. S. Department of Interior. graphic maps of many federal irrigation projects.
Bureau
Office of Indian Affairs, U. S. of the Indian reservations.
Department
of Interior.
Mississippi River Commission, Vicksburg, Missisippi. and topography along the shores.
TopoPortions Profile
of the river
International (United States-Alaska-Canada) Boundary Commission, Washiington, D. C. Topographic maps of the United
States-Canada boundary line and east boundary of Alaska Lake Survey, Patrol of Lakes and Coasts, U. S. Department of Commerce. Hydrographic charts of Great Lakes. See 160
GENERAL USE OF MAPS
157
158
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
^ 2
0)
S
t
159
GENERAL USE OF MAPS
Courtesy of Commission of the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia York Worlds Fair, 193Q
Inclined Rotating
Globe So Balanced That Only Support
Is
From
Exhibit
at
New
Half-Inch Tube Contain-
ing Electric Wires.
1.
Land with
the exception of the British
Empire
shown
is
in brilliant blue celluloid,
raised
above the aluminum surface. The British Empire is in red celluloid with the area for Australia cut out and illuminated from within so that the red of Australia shows more brilliantly than the rest of the British Empire. The sphere is over six feet in diameter, made from individual discs of plate aluminum, about 30 inches in diameter, spun to the correct spherical curvature. Discs were cut and welded to build up a continuous surface, the joints practically invisible. 2.
Special feature of this globe
is
by internal mechanism proper relation. a small
that
it
is
supported by a half-inch diameter tube and rotated
so balanced that
workman may go
inside
if
the axis of the earth
is
inclined in the
removable as a man-hole cover so that necpssary. Mirror below assists in accenting the
Celluloid of Australia
is
southern polar region relative to Australia.
160
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Ford Motor Compnny.
Globe Used This
relief
in
the Ford Exhibit
in
the Rotunda Building
globe docs not Rive the names of countries or
land and
its
relation to sources of supply
in
Dearborn, Michigan.
cities,
and distribution
hut the character of the of product are strikingly
shown.
See 155 and 156
Bureau
of
Chemistry and
Maps showing
Soils, U. S.
the character of
Soil Conservation Service, U. S.
Maps compiled from
Department
of Agriculture.
soils.
Department
of Agriculture.
aerial photographs.
Bureau of Public Roads, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Maps United States showing the federal aid system of highways. Maps of some of the states. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agri-
of the
culture.
Various maps relating to agricultural economics.
161
Chapter 19
GUIDE AND ROUTE MAPS
o
ne purpose of guide and route maps is to show details which might be helpful in planning moves from one point to another. The form of guide and route maps is well known, and may be used for
classifications as well as for routes.
REFERENCES National Resources Committee, Suggested Symbols for Plans, Maps and Charts, Washington, D. C. A free pamphlet, sent
on request. U.
Map
S. Geological Survey, "Standard Symbols Adopted by the Board of Surveys and Mays," a sheet 18^" x 30". Price 40c from U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
Printed on a Posf Card +o Show by a Dotted Line the Advan-
Croton
Parkway Crossing Dam in Westchester
County,
New
tage
1.
This
of
map
in
-*r
a
York.
convenient form was of
great assistance in securing adoption
of
the route
now
called
e
the
Peekskill Parkway which includes 2300 acres of forest Briarcliffe
-
reserve. 2.
The
of
line
heavy,
dashes, indicates
purposely
made
direct
route
a
which is the natural extension of the Sawmill Valley Parkway. 3.
Words alone would have presented a less
striking argument.
Orisinal at 1921.
Pror>otcd
by Willard C. Brinton
SCALE
in .7
162
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
JuguSStmi
163
GUIDE AND ROUTE MAPS
SCALE
Eastern Air Lines. N. Y. C.
A.
A
Comparison of the Air Line Routes Eastern Air Lines
1.
2.
A
in
in
1928 and
in
1938 of
What
Is
Now
.8
the
the United States.
"then" and "now" comparison
is
easily
made on two maps.
Note that a great deal of black ink was used and that names of the cities are easily seen.
as a result the routes
and the
I
SCALE B.
Connparison of the Areas of the United States and Europe.
Compare
the effectiveness of this with 162 A.
.8
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
164
National Rrsourcrs Board. "Rrnort of the Watrr PlanniiiR Committrf, Part III,"
Main
Electric Transmission Lines in the
map. the whole
1.
In the original of this
2.
In order not to reduce the
reproduced.
map and
United States of the
in
1934.
1933.
United States was given.
thus lose
much
of
its
detail,
a section only
is
GUIDE AND ROUTE MAPS
^^-^N^"^
5
t
& 3
s. *E -3
2
a C e 9 E
M-
o
a.
CO
^
.2
o
0)
"O
::;
*
I
-D
!>
><
Xi
E
E
166
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
..., iJCCUTU> QOUTU
Nnlional Rt-sourcc» Board. "Statf PlanninR."
A.
Existing Routes of
1035.
SCALE
.5
Midwestern Airways and Routes Suggested by the Iowa State
Planning Board. 1.
Because
2.
The
its
map, Iowa is emphasized. Iowa makes it clear why the new air routes are
state planning board prepared this
inclusion of states other than
suggested.
EnginrrririK
B.
Nrw« Record. October 1Q38.
States from
Part of an Editorial on Public Relations for Industry.
Which Materials and
Dam Were
SCALE
.6
Equipnrient for the Construction of Boulder
Secured.
This type of map, whether it includes one continent or the whole world, is effective in explaining the interdependence of peoples. For the construction of Boulder Dam, materials had to be secured from forty-six states.
167
GUIDE AND ROUTE MAPS
I
American Aviation. Pictorial
Map
1.
A
2.
Compare
pictorial
May
1.
map
this
SCALE
1Q38.
of the Route of Eastern Air Lines attracts
with 163A.
and teaches.
In
1938.
6
<
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ffljnf
C/imfiinf
uiamondmU Kit A en UÂťl
*^
T T
National Rrsourcrs Board, "State Planning,"
SCALE
1935.
Recreation Facilities of the State of Rhode Island
By means of numerous line drawings, map similar to the one shown
a base
above.
map
In
.7
1935.
could easily be converted into a pictorial
169
GUIDE AND ROUTE MAPS
.
t|li»E)S{£Si»SI|§l<||
ill
I!
lilllllHllili
in!
"
-a
o
I
Q.
3 o
« o o.
"5
&
•=
170
Chapter 20
RELIEF
AND AERIAL MAPS
MAPS, whether actual photographs, AERIAL photographs of models give a bird's-eye view
drawings, or of buildings,
Relief maps are best roads, trees, mountains, cities, etc. surface undulations and elevations showing known for their use in presenting statisalso in effectively of a country, but may be used tical data.
Talley, Capt. B. B., Engineering Applications of Aerial
fir*
Photogrammetry Pitman Publishing Company, York City
restrial
The Amrricnn SrhooU
Clay This
Map is
,
of Oririitnl Rcicnrch.
Nfw Havrn.
Ter-
New
Connrcticut.
from Mesopotamia, Dated About 2500
B.
C.
perhaps the oldest known map. On it are marked positions of cities, indicated by circles; mountains, indicated by scales; and rivers, indicated by wavy lines.
171
RELIEF AND AERIAL MAPS
REFERENCES ON MAP PROJECTION Hinks. A. R., Map Projections, Cambridge University Press, England. 1922
Wnrrrn
Relief 1.
H
ManniiiK. A National Plan Study Brief." Landsca()« Architecture. July A»iociation of Land»cape Architects. Cambridge. Mass.
Map
1923. American
of the United States.
The purpose
of this type of relief
map
is
to aid the study of the geographical
features
of
the nation. 2.
Relief
maps emphasize
rivers, lakes
for depicting facilities for
and harbors. They are therefore especially effective
water transportation.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Z5
S
"^
O
o >.
a.
o
-*-
CO 0/
--
« u
_o
4)
173
RELIEF AND AERIAL MAPS
Salei
Managrmrnt. N. Y.
A.
A
1.
SCALE
C.
Map Showing How the United States Would Look If Each State on a Level Proportionate to 1937 Federal Tax Collections.
Relief
The percentage
of the total
which each state contributes
to the federal
.4
Were
government
is
indicated on each state. 2.
Such things
as population density, sales density,
and wealth density can be presented
in this form.
Federal Power Commission, National Power Survey, "Cost of Distribution of Electrkily," l'J35 B. 1.
Essential Parts of a
Complete
Electric
SCALE
Power System.
In this diagram of the essential parts of a complete electric power system, a hypothetical land lay-out is used, since the important point is to include the information in the smallest possible space.
2.
.5
An attempt was made
in this
drawing to
give the effect of
a "bird's-eye
view"
174
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
0)
t:
o
^ w
W
&£
'E
Ql
.5
E
— <
0.
9.
I
?«
ji
-f^
^
175
RELIEF AND AERIAL MAPS
N.-ition;.!
Rc^ourrri Board. -State Hlaiiiimi;
Bird's-Eye 1.
This
is
1
'7
t
SCALE
-.
View of the Passamoquoddy Tidal Power Project an example of a pictorial
map
in
.7
the State of Maine.
suggesting contours and character of the region
represented. 2.
For popular presentation, of map.
this
combines the qualities of the
pictorial
and
relief
types
176
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
yHwr\j
177
RELIEF AND AERIAL MAPS
WPA. A.
Division of Social Research. "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation." 1936.
The Average Cotton Plantation
in
SCALE
.7
1934,
Even the most elementary sketches are more effective than none at all. No attempt is made in this drawing to make it appear real, yet a clear idea of an average cotton plantation
is
obtained.
I
Reprinted by Permission of the Editors of "Fortune." B.
Diagram of Large Scale Logging Operations.
Here again the drawing
is
hypothetical.
Compare with 173B.
SCALE
.6
Chapter 21
CROSSHATCHED AND COLORED MAPS
X he
variety of cross hatchings available and the use of several colors are great aids in making statistical maps. Cross hatched and colored maps are especially adaptable to the presentation of frequency distribution data. For suggestions relative to the use of gradations of cross hatchings and colors, see Chapter 44, "Suggestions for Making a Chart."
Not*
Connecticut ond Motsoctiustttt lompltd by townships
WPA.
Division of Social Research, 'Trends
Distribution of 385
in
Rrlicf
Expenditures,"
SCALE
1037.
Sample Counties and Townships Represented
in
.7
the Rural-Town
Relief Study in the United States.
This
map accompanied
a very extensive study
conclusions drawn from that study
on rural-town
may depend upon
The validity of the method of sampling.
relief. its
CROSSHATCHED AND COLORED MAPS
Courtesy of The Pint National Bank of Boston. Mass
2.
August
.8
Although federal expenditures have increased vastly since 1929, the presentation of that information in this form distorts the facts.
The
basis for coloring the states states.
was according
income
to the
Since the income in the United States
out the United States, an area comparison 3.
SCALE
1Q.18.
Federal Expenditures for 1929 and 1937 Represented as Inconne of Two-Thirds of the Population of California and as Income of Thirteen States, Respectively,
A.
1.
.
is
not valid.
is
This would be a true presentation of facts only in uniform proportion to its wealth.
of the population of those
not distributed uniformly through-
if
the area of each of the states were
LEGEND Proporuon
of Municipal
area lax delinQuent for
one or more years
Balance
of Kjiral
i urban by survey
area
<
Land
not covered
I
i
[S No information Note Tax aeiiooueni lono include} DCHn orcxJerty (Win-
oueni (or one ano property
a more veors
xM
wim
lor laxei
tax iifns (liner puciictv
or privBieiv new
New
Jersey State Planning Board, "Rural
B.
Tax Delinquent Rural Land
1.
in
Tax Delinquency a Section of
in
New
Jersey," 1938.
In choosing shadings be sure they are distinctive.
SCALE
.6
Jersey as of January, 1936.
There are many kinds and types of cross hatchings and shadings. very simple types are used.
2.
New
In this map, three
180
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION M
CROSSHATCHED AND COLORED MAPS
181
1810
NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE E2a Under Z
^2-6
Over 6
I
U
S
Department
of Agriculture,
Population of a
Bureau
of Agricultural
Economic*.
Section of the United States in 1810 and 1920.
1.
A
2.
In view of the 1920 map, see 179A.
comparison of these two maps shows at a glance the sections in which the greatest growth of population had taken place in a period of 110 years.
182i
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
5^
\5<
Bev
National Association of Motor Bus Operators, Washington, D.
A.
Rafes of Gasoline Tax Per Gallon
Compare
this
method
of
in
C, "Bus
Facts for 1938."
the Various States as of January
presenting gasoline tax information with the
I,
1938.
method used
in
195A.
Dollors
CD Less
Ihon20
^20-30 130-40 40
WPA, B
Division of Social Research,
Per Capita
Amount
ond more
'Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation," 1936.
of Obligation Incurred by Each of the States for Ennergency Months January 1933 to Septennber 1935.
Relief for Thirty-three
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
of this map indicates that it was made on a "mechanical" intensity shading map, a device developed by the graphics section of the Works Progress Administration. "State pieces" of the desired shading are placed in "state compart-
The appearance
These state pieces are of an aluminum base map of the United States. interchangeable, and there are six sets of shadings from which to choose.
ments"
The time required to prepare such a density map, photographing included, is about one hour, compared with eight hours if the shading had been done by a draftsman.
183
CROSSHATCHED AND COLORED MAPS
N New York A.
The
Y
SCALE
Hrrald Tribune, September 20, 1938.
Racial Minorities in variety
of
shadings
Western Czechoslovakia given
in
this
map
is
in
.7
1938.
particularly
interesting,
as
well
as
the
arrangement of the legend. jAPAMtse rftmrogv
The B.
Seattle Star,
March
4,
1938.
SCALE
.6
The Division of the Pacific
This chart shows a good device in enclosing within black and shaded lines the minutely visible territorial possessions of the United States and Japan respectively.
184
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
National
Rriourm
SCALE
Board. "Statf Planning, '" 1935.
Regional Plan for Washington, D.
C, and
Its
.7
Environs.
As a plan for Washington, D. C, and the surrounding country, this map ncccsarily includes Its value here lies not as a map for study, but rather a great deal of information. as an
example
of
what can be done on a map
in the
way
of regional planning.
185
CROSSMATCHED AND COLORED MAPS
H
r=
o
o U-:
O •^
•£
E
2
>
O
bfl
T3
«
1861
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
MOKSt
187
Chapter 22
DOT AND
PIN
MAPS
o
ne well known use of dot and pin maps is to present geographic distribution data. In this form, the dots or pins represent numerical values and effectively show geographic location. The placing of the dots is an important item. If the exact geographic distribution of the data is known, the placing of the dots is no problem. However, when the data is in the form of general geographic distribution, such as data for an entire state, the dots are
may
distributed throughout the whole state although one section have contributed the total amount.
Each dot
I
represents
one plantation
WPA,
Diviaion of Social Rrscarch, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation,"
Which Were Enumerated in the Study Made by the Works Progress Administration.
Distribution of the Plantations
Plantation
When
the
number
done here.
of samples
is
small, the location of each
Compare with
178.
may
1936.
of the Cotton
be shown on a
map
as
was
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 188
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
National Rrtearch Project, "ChanRcs in Technology and Lalx)r Requirements in Crop Production SCALE Potatoes," 1938.
WPA. A.
Potatoes Produced for Sale
in
the United States
in
.8
1929.
map it is important to know whether the dot has been placed in its exact geographical position or whether the dots are distributed within a county or state
1.
In a dot
2.
In this case, there
irrespective of the exact location. is little
doubt but that the dots were placed where the potatoes were
produced.
WPA. B.
Division of Social Research.
Rural
Rehabilitation
United States 1.
Note the square
in
'Rural Youth on Relief."
SCALE
1037.
Cases Receiving Advances
of Capital or
of dots in the state of
South Dakota,
as well as in other states.
county were secured and the dots were distributed the exact geographical location.
Compare with A above.
in
8
the
1935.
indicates that the distribution of the dots was by counties; that
2.
Goods
in
is,
statistics for
This each
each county irrespective of
189
DOT AND PIN MAPS
Eoch dot represents $ 1,000 or fraction
ttiereof
I WPA.
Divition of Social Rctfarch, "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation,"
1936.
Amount of Emergency Crop and Feed Loans Extended by the Farm Credit Administration, by Counties in the United States in 1932 and 1933. 1.
The
distribution of the dots in this chart
2.
The
shift
from the Dakotas
in the
is
definitely
one year period
by is
counties.
quite pronounced.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
190
A.
Graphic at the
17
Distribution
50 Pedestrians Who by Automobiles in Connecticut, During
Sidewalk
Six
30
Private PRIVj
Toronto B.
Infliistri.il
Hit Hartford, the First
by automobiles at 17 were hit
of
street
intersections,
while
crossing
the
street
in
the
middle of the block, and 3 were hit by cars coming out of private
-f driveway Chamber
Were
This chart should be read as follows: in Hartford, Connecticut, during the first six months of 1927, 30 per-
3
Automobile
Position
Months of 1927.
sons were hit
National 1927.
of
Time of the Accident of
driveways.
Commerce,
SCALE
.7
Commission. "Canada's National Market."
SCALE
10.T8.
.6
Concentration of Buying Power of Canada's National Market Within a Radius of 100 Miles of Toronto.
1.
Although no key accompanied phlet, the
this chart, according to
dots represent population.
another
map
The numerical value
of
in the
same pam-
each dot was not
given. 2.
The important Toronto.
feature about this
map
is
the use of color to emphasize the circle around
DOT AND PIN MAPS
191
I U.
S.
Department of
Number 1.
Af(riculturr.
of Slaves
In
shown
first
SCALE
of Aftricultural Economics.
the United States
These two maps are the to be
Bureau
and
In
1790 and
last of a
In
group of
8
I860. six.
Space does not allow
all
six
here.
2.
The use
of these two maps in a history lesson would clarify and simplify the slave problem of 1860. This material in tabulated or verbal form would be formidable.
3.
Only a section of each map
is
reproduced here.
192
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Brll
A.
Telephone Laboratories.
Exhibit of the Bell
Inc.,
New York
System at the
New
City.
York World's
Fair,
1939.
Brinton, "Graphic Mclhodi," McGraw-Hill, 1014. B.
1.
2.
Residence of the Men of the Class of 1907, Harvard University, Six Years After Graduation. The Bead Wire for Boston Includes All Men Living Within Twenty-five miles of the City Hall. Rather than have a pin for each individual stuck in the map around the he Hved, a bead was put on a wire for each person in the same city.
Every tenth bead on
a wire
is
white to aid in counting the beads.
city in
which
193
DOT AND PIN MAPS
®0
on Series
500 The M o
1
I*
llilK
lif:nl
Series
5400
5000
Sorie si Special
I
5000
Workings
I
Kor
• I
oiihcrlrul
Seri«9|
600
I
<ir
rin
rliiiriK
KT-
mikI holriliiR roril iim'
In
Ihln
I
III
JlKil
Ihi
liciiil III Itic |ilii
I'lnrr
II
rniim-
In
II
r
ii\:\n
li
N
I
I
K
hr
(I
hm
n
or I) A H H iltoss If <|i-
rli'fl
niiinul roiiic
mill
llir iilii.'M |ilii>•|K>I |>ln iiiRniiili nil a
olT.
|>lM.
Knamrl Spot* mil 1(0 ftir-
l-'nunirl Sp<ii " or "KliiK I'lii
npoi
hi'
It fllH>ti
rliory or miii
|iln.
Spot
<ilaiiii
ionftrnlril
<
M<c Map*
C'.onininn iiwit
Senes
iilrrcl.
rItiK.
@ Q
®
5ene3.,,.^55G
5eries4500 oil WrII Pin. Shii|>o rr»'nilil<-» oil woll ilrr-
rlrk
Im' Niiiipllril
("iiii
wllh iwiHcolort'd
lioiid
Series
(iU
Map
RInft. ('olori-<l rilliilolil rlMK for slliipliie ovrr hi-:iil of pin lo Indlciilr
^
aititllloii;il
f:ict.
Heads
A C2 An Dnn 6300
6100
Trlanitular or Square rolorK
do
Series
Series |
I
6400
I
Head
arc
|ilns
no! furnish siifflrlcnt varloly.
|
iiso<l
They
Hed
whorp Ihc
Yellow
I
2 3
Pins
Red
Consumer
C'.rccn
Retailer Jobt>er
Hlue
A red pin and n red bead mean that a No 1 machine was sold to a customer, etc. Where several cuctomers are In one town or city hulldlne. alternate lar>;e and small heads are
IT.
also help riilor-
These plus show distlnollve shaiKSs when pholoKraphed whereas sonic colors pholoRraph the same.
bllnd
Machine No. Machine No. Machine No.
(ireen
6200
I
c.
II.
he Hhown as In Illustrations A or ('. Heads are also used with the |ilns to show two fnels at one iwilnt, as In the cut at the left. The color of the heads shows one type of fact and the color of the pin another. Thus;
PIni and Deads
Series
650
BF.An.S are used lo show nrrumiilallun al one iiolni. Nine eusiomern In or.e clly would
users
° ooo
|ille<l
on a
lont;
|iln.
Sec Illustration
(li).
Serlies
34.150 Series
Glass Head Pins
3900
Celluloid Tacki
Pins and Tacks with Writinit Surface. Rough surface claits head pins and roii(?h surface celluloid lacks are convenient because you can write data on them with pencil or with India Ink. Pencil can be erased with ordinary erasers and Ink washed off with water and a little soap, so that pins can be iLsed acaln and again.
Educatiotial Exhibition Co., Providence,
Map 1.
A
Rhode
Island.
Marking Devices. very effective method of using beads drill
is
them either on a long pin or on a them upright on a map. See 192B. In
to string
rod of small diameter, and then place
selecting drill rods, the largest size that will go through the hole of the
be chosen. 2.
Beads
for this
purpose
may be
Beads on pins have been used very effectively on ments.
Red beads
a
map showing
bead should
store.
intended civic improve-
indicated assessed valuations on buildings, while green repre-
Each bead represented a certain number of and each pin represented an individual property. The wide adaptability
sented assessed valuations on land. dollars
obtained at any variety
of this material
is
evident.
194
Chapter 23
MAPS WITH CIRCLES AND SECTOR CHARTS placing THEthat theadvantage geographic location chief
of
is
and sector charts on maps of the information is given. The
circles
general rules for sector charts in Chapter 9
may
be followed here
also. 1.
A white
line separating
overlapping circles prevents any con-
fusion. 2.
Actual amounts and percentages for each geographic division should be given.
25,000 50,000 100,000
MAPS WITH CIRCLES AND SECTOR CHARTS
Each
diac rapi
American Petroleum
A.
195
Institute,
Gasoline Tax Rates
Compare
this as a
N. Y.
method
C
,
SCALE
"Petroleum Facts and Figures," 1937.
the United States as of Novennber
in
I,
.7
1937.
of presenting gasoline tax information with the
method shown
in 182A.
Nofs tnd pork \CÂťiil: ctlvt '
b**/.
and vaa/
I
-SAaap. /ani6ÂŤ,
snd wool
IIMiatt. aao aooi
U.
S.
B.
Two
Department
pn
of Agriculture.
Bureau
of Agricultural
Economics.
SCALE
.5
The Average Cash Income Received fronn Meat Aninnals. Meat, and Wool Sold by Farmers in the United States in the Period from 1929 to 1933. sets of data arc presented
shows the distribution
The
on
areas of the circles
map. The percentage comparison of the sectors income among the three categories at the lower left.
this
of cash
show the amount
of cash income.
196
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION i •2
o
5
*^
MAPS WITH CIRCLES AND SECTOR CHARTS Migration From State
COLORADO
197
Migration To State 1910
1*10
KANSAS
I
ILLINOIS
2UI530imi
NEW MEXICO
WPA,
Divition of Social Rtiearch,
"The People
of the
lOHIO 4 INDIANA
Drought State*." March 193
7.
Study of Migration To and From Four Drought States, Based on Place of Residence in 1.
The
1910.
four
maps on the maps on
the four
left
show the
states to
which native white migrants have gone, and
the right show the states from which residents of the four states in
1910 have come. 2.
Although a general idea of the amount of migration to and from these four states is obtained by glancing at the maps, to secure the actual amount would be quite a task.
I
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
198
/• -\.'r^:
#::;-^i.>^'-->
•^...--^
.
'1
.*
::^
,
ncreate of
rr\
Increase of
30%
of
A
30%
map
is
shown
to
More
SCALE
the United States Which Have Had an Increase of or More in Population from 1920-1930.
section only of the original
or
POPULATION SCALE
National Rciourcri Committcp. "Our Citift." June 103 7. in
30y,
;
?^ y
Urban Places
to
illustrate
border around black circles which necessarily
fall
the
method
to
30%
.7
and
of putting a white
on top of each other.
MAPS
W
J
ND SECTOR CHARTS
1Q9
200
Chapter 24
MAPS WITH BAR CHARTS
B
ars superimposed on a map allow a great many comparisons not possible with one cross hatched map. Time-series bars may be placed on a map. A comparison of several items rather than the presentation of just one item may be obtained. The practices commended in the chapters on bar charts, pages 92-152, should be adhered to when bars are placed on a map.
"The Federal Chart Book," Prepared by
the Central Statistical
Board and National Resources Committee,
SCALE
January 1938.
Geographical 1.
Shift in
Cof+on Manufacturing
Bar charts may be used
as effectively
in
.7
the United States from 1923 to 1937.
as sector charts
in presenting
information for
geographical divisions. 2.
Note the method
of outlining in black the section of the
groups of bars 3.
See 93
A
4.
refer.
United States
to
which
specific
201
MAPS WITH BAR CHARTS
"The Frdrral Chart Book," Prepared by the Central
Statistical
Board and National Resources Committee.
SCALE
January 1938.
Population and Area of the United States by Regions
A. 1.
When
the United States
is
in
1900, 1930, and
divided in this way, the horizontal hars seem to
fit
.7
1935.
into the
spaces very well. 2.
U.
B
See 93
S.
A
4.
Department
of Agriculture,
Bureau
of Agricultural
1.
All the various types of charts
2.
When
it it
in the
in
the Various States
New
in
.5
1919,
bar chart section are applicable to maps.
impossible to put the bars on top of the state, such as
Island and chart.
shown
SCALE
Economics
Percentage of All Farmers Buying Cooperatively 1924. and 1929.
is
the case with
Rhode
Jersey, arrows connecting the bars with the state aid in reading the
Compare with 202A.
I
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
202
U.
A.
S.
Department
Average
of Agriculture,
Sales
1.
While
this
in
same material could be presented
horizontal
superimposing
base,
SCALE
of Agricultural Economics.
Farm Through Cooperative Associations 1919. 1924, and 1929.
Per
United States
Bureau
the
in a series of
for
Each of the
common
groupings with a
upon a map not only condenses
bars
.4
the
material but also gives the geographical distribution. 2.
Note the use
of arrows to connect tht bars with the states.
Compare with
2
IB.
RÂŤilro>d5 I Rapid Transit
Trollei^kWhicIn
NuMeta
or
PensoMs
n
ikri:-
Regional Plan Attociation. B.
Inc.,
i-fl-i*
C. "Information
Bulletin No.
11," Jan. 30.
1933.
SCALE
.6
The Number of Persons Crossing 59th Street South Bound in New York City, by Railroads, Rapid Transit, Trolleys, and Vehicles for a Typical Business Day in
1932â&#x20AC;&#x201D;(24-hour A
N. Y.
)\
traffic
Period).
study of a particular street is perhaps best presented in this way rather than as map with the width of the lines proportional to the traffic.
a flow
MAPS WITH BAR CHARTS
LEGEM
203
D
1924 Persons
^m
1932 Persons
nP
TOTALS 1934 -2.217,353 1932 - 2.709430
556 556
1.137.755-513%
16.1%
1,384.555-51.1%
Regional Plan Aatociation,
Inc..
N. Y.
C,
"Information Bulletin No. 11," Jan. 30, 1933.
of Persons Entering the Borough of Manhattan, New York City, During 24 Hours on a Typical Business Day in 1932 and in \91A.
Number 1.
The
2.
Compare with
inclusion of numerical values 22
7.
and percentages
in this
map
is
particularly good.
I
204
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
EXPLANATION OF MILITARY HISTORY SFRIES Bntrsh
and Brftnh-Coionul forcn
m Cokmal
W*n, UnKed SUtn lorcn x\ RmoMnnary, 1812. ind Mexiun Htn. Teuns m Tojn Cimpaicns. 3nd Federals m On4 War X
Frmdi and S(Mnali torctt « Cotonal Man; Bntnii m RawlMtenan and 1112 Wrni. Miucam n MaxcM Vnr and 1mm tei-
pH^;
Coniadirato
m
Civd
Wv.
205
MAPS WITH BAR CHARTS r^J N' •M«<Mrl<aal
ifl64
1865
y*'
JLJ).
I Charlr« O. Paullin. "Atla* of the Hittorical Geography of the United States," CarncKie Institute of WashSCALE .5 ington and American Geographical Society of New York, 1932.
Two
Maps Showing the Progress of the and a Resume of the Entire War.
Historical
The bars and war
lines in the originals of these
Civil
War
from 1863 Through 1865
two maps were
in red
and blue.
206
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
r
mir
MAPS WITH BAR CHARTS
Map
of Great Britain's
1.
The models
2.
The map and models
Merchant Marine
of the ships represent
at the
New
York World's
207
Fair, 1939.
Great Britain's merchant marine.
are not built to the
same
scale.
In the Arctic Exploration Building of the U.S.S.R. at the New Fair, 1939, there is an exhibit in which the whole Arctic region at the center of a hemispherical dome is painted with luminous paint. As ultra-violet lights go on and off in short cycles, the paint shows up routes of recent exploration.
York World's
.gfaJMIiift&i^*
I
208
Chapter 25
MAPS WITH CURVE CHARTS
THE three
statistical
maps
which deal with showing the location
in this chapter, all of
precipitation, demonstrate the value of
of data for geographic regions. While other maps may show that there was rainfall, these maps show the actual amount of precipatation. See "Flow Maps," pages 216-230. Although curve charts have not been discussed up to this point, maps with curve charts are included here in order to keep the map section intact.
>
-4
3
^J.
^â&#x20AC;˘Ht^^K^v"^!.:
LEGEND for Maximum Year
Monthly Runoff
Average Monthly Runoff for Period of Record Monthly Runoff for
Minimum Year
Outline of Drainage Area tributary to station for which hydrograph
is
shown. Ordinates show mean annual discharge for year, period of record, and minimum year, respectively, in cubic feet per second per square mile.
maximum
National Rfsoiirrcs Board, "Rci>ort of thr Watfr PlanninR Committee, Part III," 1034.
Characteristics of Runoff from Typical Drainage Areas
Only a section
of the original
map
is
shown.
in
the United States.
209
MAPS WITH CURVE CHARTS
0-
0)
o
u
O «
0.
.ii
.
Q.
^
§
a
O s
to
w
1-
2
5!
K _ S 2
I
< a» .E
>
I
210
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
7
< T-^'"
Chapter 26
'''* ^"'"^
'*'째 ''''''
"''
I93Q.
MAPS WITH SYMBOLS QUANTITATIVE
material may be presented in the form of symbols by increasing the number of symbols as in "Pictorial Unit Bar Charts" on pages 121-131. A variation in the type of symbol may also indicate a quantitative difference.
WPA,
SCALE
Divbioa of Social Rrtcarch. "The Micratory-Catual Worker," 1Q37.
State of Principal Employment for 100 Migratory-Casual Workers in the United States. 1.
From
2.
Note the relationship between
in
.8
1933 and 1934
can be seen that certain states ofTer relatively more casual employment to the migratory worker than others. this
map,
it
this
map and
230.
I
,
212
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
£ •a/'; ...lill"
fn'^
«li*
1
A MJUOUC ROUC N Ht
M
"Ml
.
CM4»L0TTt KC
•
^^
iiiiiiiiii,
"Mil "llli
'1)1,1'
,
,
'^Ill>""'>llllllll,,
I
ll
\,
"0
J
''"•Ill
WPA. A.
E>ivision of Social Research.
Principal
No
Occupations
quantitative data
"Urban Workers on
in
Selected Cities of the United States
presented in this map.
is
SCALE
Relief," 1936.
It is
in
.7
1936.
merely a device to show the principal
occupations in certain cities of the United States.
.'X^-^'"' ^^^^
Tropic of
Hawaiian Islands '*-,.
Equator
I
\
^
E
Beginning of total V-
^
•
I-
Eclipse at Sunrise \^.
-
I
^
'
..
.
Map
^
•
-iu-
^^
(Q)
(^
^^ ^
"^r,
^s
^
End ofsjotal
Eclipse at Sunset
Tropic of £^P£^'£2r-
LSOU/TH
AMERICA
^<^/>
<^J«^N
Zea
The National Geographic
By
'^
•SO
New
t,-
„
Q.^o
E
^--jfrnir of P^/T.r-^^
I
B.
•<*
Endcrbury and Canton Islands ./,,7^ / (^ /2)^
AM AUSTR>LIA
r
CO
o
«>
\
-^
in
injsij — —
^v -
Standard
r-al
C|c;
Society. Washington. D.
C.
1937.
SCALE
.6
of the Eclipse of the Sun June 9th and 8th. 1937.
the use of symbols, a time-analysis of the eclipse of the sun is made. The "date line" showing the change from Wednesday to Tuesday is particularly interesting.
MAPS WITH SYMBOLS
SCALE
National Rrtourcr* Board, "State Planning." 193S.
Metallic Ores and Rare Minerals
The purpose
of this
minerals in
symbol Maine.
map No
is
in
to
.7
Maine, August 1934.
show the geographic
quantitative data
is
location of metallic ores and rare
presented.
214
SSAPHfe^PSEgffiWATiw^
National Rrtourcrt Board, "Statr Planning," 1935.
Industrial Distribution in the State of
By
New Hampshire
SCALE in
.8
1932.
increasing the size of the symbol, a quantitative as well as a location analysis
is
made.
215
Aekansas/T^nnessm.
\\\ \
'
\ AUADAAM<
'
American Iron and
Stcrl Inititute,
A.
and Finished Steel Capacity of the United States
Steel Ingot
N. Y.
C,
1937.
SCALE in
.6
1937.
This combination of circles and squares gives a concise statement of two sets of data: steel ingot capacity and finished steel capacity in the United States. A section only of the original
map
is
shown.
Alcmandcr Hamilton Institutr, Bureau
B.
Map
of Butinesi Conditiont,
of Credit and Sales Conditions
Since interest
is
in
"Butineti Conditions Weekly," July 33. 1938.
the United States
SCALE
in
chiefly in the "active-and-up" cities, the choice of a solid black
to represent
them was
a logical one.
.5
July 1938.
symbol
I
216
Chapter 27
FLOW MAPS Jflow maps may be used
to show both qualitative and quantitative flow of goods, persons, automobiles, etc. When a flow map is used to indicate the number of persons or automobiles on streets and highways, it is generally called a traffic map.
See Cosmographs in "Flow Charts" on pages 73-80.
i^*^^^
cy^
r'
217
FLOW MAPS
National Rftourcct Board. "Rfport of the Water Planning Committee, Part III," 1934.
A. 1.
Prevailing
Arrows
to
Winds
in
January and
show the course
of the
in
July
wind on
a
in
SCALE
.8
the United States.
weather
map
are often seen in daily weather
repKJrts. 2.
These two maps shows the prevailing winds
for
two months
in the year.
vmoiNiA
National ReÂŤourcet Board, "State Planning," 193S. B.
Origin and Ports of Destination of Cargo Shipments of Bituminous Coal from the Great Lakes in the United States in 1932.
The tonnage
of the various shipments of coal
is
given at the end of each
line.
I
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
218
SCALE
American Telephone and Tflfgraph Company, N. Y. C.
Map
Showing Where the Hurricane of I9?8 Hit Hardest
This
map
of the
Telephone.
in
.6
the United States.
path of the 1938 hurricane appeared in an advertisement of the Bell Compare with 216B.
FLOW MAPS
219
220
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
SCALE
National Rrsourcrs Board. "State Planning," 193S.
A.
.5
Migration Into and fronn North Dakota for the Period from 1920 to 1930.
1.
In the original of this map, the migration from North Dakota was indicated in red ink.
2.
The two groups
of figures in each state give the inflow
and outflow.
The top
figure
represents the outflow to North Dakota, the bottom figure the inflow from North
Dakota. 3.
While there
number
is
Amrrican Petroleum B.
no scale to give the exact proportion of the width
of people, the width of the lines gives
Institute.
Directional Flow in
There
is
N. Y.
Map
of
C, â&#x20AC;˘Petroleum
Crude
some indication
of
the lines to the
ot this.
SCALE
Factt and Figurei," 193 7.
Oil and Gasoline Pipe Lines
in
1936.
no quantity representation
in this
map.
It is
.8
the United States
purely a directional flow.
FLOW MAPS
222
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
SCALE
National Re«ourc«i Board, "State Planning," 1935.
Average
Daily Traffic on Michigan Trunk Line
7
Highways Based on the Years 1930
and 1931. 1.
The legend line
2.
The
for this traffic
map might
have been better
had been given.
inclusion of the
names
of the cities
is
an advantage.
if
a scale for the widths of
223
FLOW MAPS
Jamct R. Bibbint and Bion
J.
Arnold, "Our National Transportation System," Proceedings of
New York
Railroad Club, April 1923.
Flow Diagram Showing the Rush Hour Passenger Traffic Outbound fromi One-Mile Zone on the Surface Lines in Chicago. Because
this
was reproduced from a photostat, much of the show the mile zones, is
feature, the use of circles to
reduced
scale.
detail
is
lost.
effectively
The important
shown even
in this
224
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
J.
R. Bibbint, and Bion J. Arnold, Railroad Club. April 1923.
"Our National Transportation System," Proceedings
Main Line Passenger Rush Hour Car Movement to and from Chicago Terminals from 7 to
A.
B.
New Yoric SCALE .6
Suburban Passenger Rush Hour Car Movement to and from Chicago Terminals from 5 to 6 p.m.
8 a.m.
Comparison
of
of the routes taken
by two groups
of passengers
is
made
two
in these
traffic
maps.
Each
line represents 10 nrullion dollars'
American Petroleum
C. 1.
Petroleum
The
Institute,
in
N. Y.
C, "Petroleum
Facts and Figures," 1937.
United States Export Trade
representation of volume in this
worth of petroleum products
map
is
in
1936.
correct in that the general idea that
receives most of the petroleum products of the United States 2.
As a method is
of graphic presentation
it is
is
incorrect in that two lines, or 20 million dollars,
visually about three times as wide as one line, or 10 million dollars.
greater
when
Europe
obtained.
there are just a few lines.
The
error
is
225
FLOW MAPS
0>
o c o O
Q.
<
2
>
P
a
o
o
o
o
o
Of
CL <-!«/)
H H «
(M
226
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
m E
<^
t^
I
»
<
a>
-^
227
FLOW MAPS
North Jersey Transit Commisiion, "Summary January IS. 1926.
of
1926 Report, Rapid Transit
for
Northern
Diagram Showing Routing and Density of New Jersey Passenger
New
1.
A
great
York City
many
people
realize the
superseded 2.
Note again 203.
in
Traffic to
Jersey,"
and
in
1924.
commute
number. it.
New
to
New York
Although
this
is
City from
New
Jersey.
a 1924 analysis, a later
Few
persons
study has
not
I
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION H
5
o
W
229
FLOW MAPS
LEGEND UMITOrttMC uMTT
— ^
ormc
IS
o«an
t»—
T anc
tS
MMUn MWt
WITT. -«UT5lOt LHWT OT
]
SOiMUTtzoMC-ftHAjQ-ovniOC LMwr or]
mu. Odnnca rwM sr*n
mouoc.
the Street Traffic Control Problem of the City of Boston" Prepared under the Direcof the Mayor'* Street Traffic Advisory Board by Albert Russel Erskine Bureau of Harvard Uaiveisity, 1928.
Prom "A Report on tion
Time Zones on Seventeen Highway Routes to and from Corner Parle and Trennont Streets in Boston During the Morning and Evening Rush Hours from June to September 1927. While most it
of the traffic
maps
give the
amount
of traffic, this
takes to get into Boston from outlying districts.
map
gives the length of time
230
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
u
s r
—
JZ
M-
3
231
Chapter 28
CONTOUR MAPS _
may
ontour maps
be used to show lines of erosion, precipita-
topography of the land. Gradations of shading and cross hatching may be used on contour maps to differentiate. For suggestions relative to the arrangement of shadings, see "Suggestions for Making a Chart," pages 367-380.
tion, climatic conditions, as well as the
GENERAL REFERENCES Raisz, Erwin, General Cartography, Inc., New York City, 1938
Robert Waril.
Cliiiiatts of tht
Umtrcl States.
"
Ginn
Average Annual Number of Rainy Days 1.
While the contour
map
also be used to 2.
Since no key
for the
accurately.
is
show
best
known
&
in
McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Boston and
Nrw
Co.,
York, I'liS.
the United States.
for its use in
uivinn the topography of land,
preci(>itation. temperatures,
it
may
and erosion.
shadinus was nivin with this map.
it
is
rather ditlicult to read
232
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Robert Ward. "Climates
A. 1.
United States," Ginn
of the
St
Average Annual Minimum Temperatures Because "contour" means "outline," lines
Co.. Boston and
York, 1925.
the United States.
in
may
New
be used to outline the major temperature
sections of the United States. 2.
Comparison with a topographic map would reveal no doubt, a elevation of the land and the temperature.
JEK The New York Timei, March B. 1.
reports on this
map
Compare
this
method
if/mcM/
ieh:
SCALE States at 7:30 p.m. E.S.T.
arc for exactly the
Eastern standard time, 2.
between the
19, 1939.
Weather Map of the United The
relation
it
March
18.
.6
1939.
same time; that is, although it was 7:30 p.m. earlier by the clock on the Pacific Coast.
was several hours
of indicating rain with the
method shown
in
234A.
233
CONTOUR MAPS
National Resources Board. "State PlannioK." 1035.
A.
Topographic
Map
of Colorado,
Showing Contour Lines af
Intervals
of
2000
Feet.
The combination
MacElwee B.
8i
of a topographic
Crandall. Inc..
N Y
map and
a profile section
the Spring
in
this a valuable
the United States.
map.
SCALE
C.
Connparative Dates on Which the Chance of in
makes
Killing Frost Falls to
.4
Ten Per Cent
I
234
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
OIC*TE
ARROWS INOlCtrE WIND DIRECTION
—2
PREClPITATlPH
:us£^
National Resources Board, "Rejxjrt of Water Planning Committee Part III," 1934.
Weather Map
A. 1.
for the United States at 8:00 a.m., February
2.
1934.
Weather reports rather than weather maps are most often consulted in daily newspapers. However, for an over-all view of the United States, this type of weather map is good.
2.
Note particularly the use
of
shaded areas to indicate
rain.
Erosion unimpo'toni, •icept locolly
a
Moderate sheei and gully erosion, serious locoliy
k/)Si qii wind erosion, tlUmode'Oie sheel ond
gully erosion
Moderate to severe wind erosion,
some
gullying locally
Moderate lo severe erosion includes mesas, mountains, canyons ond bodlonds
^M Severe
WPA, B.
This
sheet and gully erosion
Division of Social Research. "Landlord and Tenant on the Cotton Plantation,"
General Distribution of Erosion
map
in
the United States
reveals that the South suffered as
much from
soil
in
1936.
1936.
erosion as the mid-West.
235
CONTOUR MAPS
Original forest regions
V
^ t>RE5ENT rORC3T 10^^
100
iOO
ARl merci timber
S00MIH3
Warren H. ManninR. "A National Plan Study Brief." Special Supplement to Landscape Architecture, July \m3, American Association of Landscape Architects. Cambridge. Mass.
Original and Present Forest Areas
In
the United States.
Before and after comparisons arc always interesting. vanishing forest.
These two maps
tell
the story of the
236
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
SCALE
National Reiourcps Board, "State Planning." 1Q35.
Average Annual
Precipitation
Since a key to the shadings
is
in
the State of Utah.
given in this map,
it
is
much
easier to read than 231.
.7
237
CONTOUR MAPS 1870
1910
1930
1890
LEGEND INHABITANTS PER SOUARC MILE I
WPA,
I
FEWER THAN
2
^^
2-5
Division of Social Rrsrarrh,
JH 6
"The People
the Drought 1890. 1910, and 1930.
Density of Population
in
Q
- 17
of the
Area
IS -
44
((45-89
90
AND MORE
DrouEht States." March 1037.
in
the United States for the Years 1870,
lines for 1870 and 1890 seem to follow natural contours, the lines for 1910 and 1930 are definitely county lines.
While the
238
Chapter 29
DISTORTED MAPS A distorted map, geographic location of data INmaking proportional the area of states, countries, is
maintained
etc.,
by-
to the
quantitative data.
Distorted
maps
are sorhetimes called proportional maps.
GENERAL REFERENCES Raisz, Erwin, Inc.,
General Cartography, McGraw-Hill Book Co., City, 1938
New York
Litpr.iry Diurst. A|)ril 23,
1021.
Relative Size of Each of the United States Light and Power in 1921,
The theory
If
beliind the construction of a distorted
state as proportional in size to
Kraphical position of pared.
tlie
state
is
Based on Electrical Energy Sold for
map
is
to
represent the area of each
some value other than land area. Thus the geomaintained, and the new area values can be com-
2A^)
DISTORTED MAPS
SWEDEN Electrical Worki.
A.
NORWAY
January
Comparative Electrical
The form
of this
6,
SCALE
1Q23.
Size of Leading Nations Energy Consumed.
comparison
map
The
Dartnell Corp.. ChicaKO.
Ill
.
Area
Is
Based on Total
eliminates the greatest fault of the distorted
changing the shape of the country, or
B.
If
Amount map:
.7
of
that
is,
state.
1031.
SCALE
.4
The United States With the Area of the States Proportional to the Urban Population of 1930.
This
map
represents a popular form of distorted map.
I
240
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Power Plant Engineering, New York
A.
City, 1933.
Horsepower Map of the United States in 1933 With the Area of Each State Drawn Proportional to the Amount of Horsepower Installed in the State.
Horsepower
is
one of
many
things which a distorted
map may
present.
Ewt North 'Mour\t«in Wost North 4* $621/ Central C«nti»l 7.2^^ »3.Z78 31 7-».^ $14.383
Weat South Central 4 2'.
$1914
Buiine»» Week, June 12, 1937, B.
SCALE
City.
Output
in
.6
1935.
Rather than attempt to maintain a semblance of the presents its
2.
New York
The United States With the Areas of the States Proportional to Their Manufacturing
1.
East South Central 3 3*. $1,496
The
all
the states in rectangular form.
attractiveness as a distorted
map
of the
In so doing,
it
United States, this map seems to lose some of
map.
inclusion of the percentages for each state and for each section as demonstrated
should be encouraged.
241
DISTORTED MAPS
^ Z
r
2
niAL
AND ONANT^ iM ThC UNiTIO MIkTtS. (94. 926. 7*3 9yX)X TO H StATeS A* SMOWN OtlOW
0» L(y>N)
H*^ tMAN
t'
IT.
TO
fACM O^OTMCa
B^K-.
MINN.
^TATCS
«1K
MICHIGAN ll.730.4S6
ot)
IOWA OHIO
MISSOURI I
3.B4t
l.T»»
Ml
12.676.247
1411,460
<
•
r?
_
I
7»%
«l.»kO.034
CAROLINA
NEBRASKA
E X
33.77y.
A
*
s
SOUTH CAROUNA
KAN. I
KglklTUeWv^
0'<'-*>
9. 36'/.
8.852.000
TCNNCSSK \7.7ir.
7.45V.
7,044.112
R
(1^303.300
MISS.
Public Utilities Fortnightly, February
Each State Shared July
I,
slight
3.743.300
131,919.572
<2
a
,
NORTH
OKCG
Only
,MJ
VIRGINIA
o
T
How
J2.e04
6A ILL-
*
NEW YORK
in
3,
ALABAWA 2.6?*/.
2.481
.7
2b
FLORIDA
U0%
il.i>«.<l5
1938, Washington, D. C.
PWA
Allotments for Non-Federal Power Projects as of
1937.
attempt was made
to
maintain the geographical location of each of the
states.
When a chapter name or number is given as a reference, turn to the Topical Index, either on Page 1 or Page 247, and spin pages to the desired chapter.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
o
2
o o o
•^
c
u
i
o
f
-o
2
Q.
O c
*>
o
o a o
1^
a
-D 0)
3 a>
o Q.
I
2
c:
I
t:
>
<
.
243
Chapter 30
RATING CHARTS RATING IN form. The
charts, the "rank" of items
presented
is
arrangement of the material quantitative value of each item.
is
in
graphic
determined by the
^ SAFETY SCORE BOARD 1
ik
Tobacco
2,
Comen-f
5.
Laundry
nl Anirriran Iron
&
Steel
Institute.
New York
City.
'Safety in
The Safety-Record Rating of the Steel Industry
Steel."
In
Deiember
10.18.
the United States Fronn
1934 to
1937.
The
ratinK chart
forms.
is
a relatively sin-.ple kind of Rraphic chart
This chart merely
i;ives
and
may
take a variety of
the position of "Steel" on a safety score board in
1-2-3 order.
I
244
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
S
H
3
iÂŤ
Ti
r
n
E(
il
T?
iS
Studies of the Dionne Quintuplets" by W. E. Blatr et al., St., George's School for Child Study, University of Toronto, 1937. Reproduced by Permission of the Authors.
From "CoUtctcd
A.
1.
A
Comparison of the Records of Each of the Dionne Quintuplets Development From 12 to 35 Months of Age.
Converted into the others
2.
Compare
is
this
this form, the progress of
easily followed.
form with 243 and 245.
^0A
in
Mental
each of the quintuplets in comparison with
245
RATING CHARTS wro
Rank •
NrwYork
t Prno.
3
IlliniiU
4 Ohio 5 Miiiouri
• Trial T Ma.t.
A 9
Iniliaoa
Mi< hiftaa
10 I«wa 11
('•rorfoa
It Krnturky 13 Witniniin 14
Trnnr^MT
15
N r»r<.lina Nrw Jrrwy
16
17 Virginia
A
Alabama
!• Minnr«ota
>0
Miviisiippi
ai fBlifornia
21 KariMi
23 lyouMaoa 24 S. f arolin* 2B ArkaDsai 26 Mnrylaod 27 NVbraika 20 W Virginia
Z9 rnonrcticut 30 Maine 31 (olurado
32 Floriila 33 WHslimKton 34 Rhoh I^l'od 3B(>rrK'>n
3«N
Hanipsb'e
37 S Dakuta 38 Oklahoma 3* Indian Ter.
40 Vermont
MoDtuia.
41 N. DakoU 42 Dut. di C. 43 I'Ub
Idaho
44 Montans
.
DakoU.
.
4»N
.
Mexico
4« Delaware 47 Idaho 40 Hawaii 40 Arizona
Arixuna..
Wyoming
eVN'yuming Bl Alaaka
W.
C.
Brinton. "Graphic Methodi." McGraw-Hill.
1914.
SCALE
9
Rank of States and Territories in Population at Different Census Years From the Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.
The column
at the left gives the
key number
for
each state, while the column at the right
gives the rank of the state in 1900.
I
246
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Share
of
.
TOPICAL INDEX (2nd Place ri^ht
thtiiiib
Spin
Half)
on
tri<m^lc, /infers irisidc pu^es to desired chapter.
back cover.
^47
248-255
.U.
Chronoiogy Charts
^
256-262
32.
Progress Charts
<
263-274
33.
Curve Charts
^
275-285
34.
Comparisons
286-293
35.
Comparisons with Curves
294-300
36.
Component
301-309
il
Index Numbers
310-319
38.
Frequency Charts -^
320-330
3^).
Correlation Charts
331-338
40.
Ogive and Lorenz Charts
339-353
41.
Ratio Charts
354-359
42.
Three-Dimensional Methods
360-366
43.
Composite Charts
367-380
44.
Suggestions for Making a Chart
381-396
45.
Standards
397-404
46.
The Camera and
405-409
47.
Lantern Slides
410-422
48.
Preparation of Illustrations
423-428
49.
Color and
429-434
50.
Methods
of
435-442
51.
Methods
of Printing
443-448
52.
Selection of Paper
449-453
53.
Binding Techniques
454-463
54.
Graphic Charts
464-474
55.
Quantitative Cartoons
475-485
56.
Quantitative Posters
486-493
57.
Displays and Exhibits
494-496
58.
Dioramas
497-500
59.
Graphic Charts
501-505
60.
Glossary
506-511
witli
Parts
for
Its
Two
Curves
Shown by Curves
Shown by Curves
Time
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Series Charts
Its
Use
Use
Reproducing
in
in
Advertising
Conference
Rooms
Index (For
1st
Half of
TOPICAL INDEX,
See Puge 1)
248
Chapter
31
CHRONOLOGY CHARTS
X he practice of showing time as a straight line
is
utilized in
mak-
widened to make it posBoth quantitative and qualitative data may
ing chronology charts. sible to shade sections. be presented.
Often the
line
is
O VACATIOnS
POH
YTAR
TRI
So 1th
CoopÂŤr Brown Harris iThlte
Jonee Dale
Johaaon rratt
Black
Rogers Doe
Carson Honry C'Bara Jackson SulllTsr
Orey 14
21 20
Ipril
5 12
May
19 26
9
16 23
21
14
JXMC
July
11 la
Aug.
ÂŁ6
1
16 22 29 Sept.
SCALE
Brinton, "Graphic Methods." McGraw-Hill, 1914.
Chart for Assigning Vacation Periods With such
a chart, one can see gone at the same time.
in
a Large Office.
at a glance just
This form
.9
is
how many persons from an
office will
be
valuable in planning vacations so that two
persons doing the same type of work will not be on vacation.
CHRONOLOGY CHARTS
249
250
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
F.
P
Fi>itir. "Drrn'iiifili/ini' Sriiltlr. Wiish.. Fctiruiiry
Exact Hours and Days
Lniii-shorr 1.
L.iluir
;iiiil
the
Sciittlt-
Exp<-rirnr<-."
W;ilrrfront
Eiliploycrs
SCALE
I'l.M.
Worked
in
1929 by the Highest-Earnings Holdnnan
in
of .7
Oregon
Ports. Till-
fxtrenu- irrcj^iilarity of the work of lonj;shorf labor scctiorjs left,
is shown in this study. The black worked per day accordln^; to the scale at the the bottom shows the days.
show the number
and the scale
at
of hours
251
CHRONOLOGY CHARTS
I
F.
P
Foisir.
Sriittlr.
"DrrHsiiali/inK
W;iÂťh
.
Ftl.riiary
L<inK%h(>rc1.
Liilxir
hikI
thr
Sriitllr
ExptiKiu'
Walrrfrciiil
Employers
I'I.I4
SCALE
iif
7
The Working Year of Pacific Lighterage Corporation Deep Sea Gangs by Days for 1932, Showing Analysis of Broken Working Tinne and Leisure Time. Prfsi-nti-d
aloHK a horizontal
Urcat deal
line
more space. In
instead of this
form
it
in is
a
circle,
this
stiuly
would have
taki-n
concise and adequate for the purpose.
a
252
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
9^
253
CHRONOLOGY CHARTS 4000BC AO i
mn m anumi «
• Ma
i
fo
i
1
i
i
i
I
i
•ouit iw itmm mtota » nc orriMin
I
'::r
Frank
J.
iwdo v
Roo«,
i
»
r
<
Handbook
of Art
i
i
i
g
I
AD-OME
CD* V Illustrated
i
onauvM
i
"An
I
History," Macmillan Co.,
nc Mimic noinaior
New York
M o«tii«(>i
City,
1Q37.
SCALE
6
Chronological Development of Art Periods From 4000 B.C. to 1937.
The shading
of the bars indicates gradations
meaning
to art periods
named beneath
in
the development of art, and thus gives
the bars.
254
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Li
I r
U
CHRONOLOGY CHARTS
255
256
Chapter 32
PROGRESS CHARTS
l3 ynonyms for progress charts as used charts,
Gantt
in this
chapter are schedule
charts, procedure charts, process charts, production
control charts.
REFERENCES The Gantt Chart. A Working Tool of Management, The Ronald Press Co., New York City, 1922. Gantt, H. L., "Organizing for Work," Industrial Management, Vol. LVIII, August 1919 (Now Factory Management and Maintenance).
Clark, Wallace,
Induitrial
A
Management, December 1918.
SCALE
.9
Material Control Board
The dotted lines represent orders received. The straight lines represent materials received. The dotted lines beneath the straight lines represent orders on the factory departments. The full lines represent completion of that number of pieces.
— 257
PROGRESS CHARTS PRODUCTION PROGRESS CHART XOOI ENTERED DEC. IB 19- SHIPMENT DESIRED APPARATUS 3000 K-V^- TURBO OCNCRATOR J>nu»ry ftbru^ry Mfcrcl ORDER
NO.
|
|
ITEM
Aritfiur* Fl*n ^€
Afiwtur» 5fi dcr
—
'^^i
19
i
\t
UNIT VALUE tA\% MAY IV 19-
tPR.
I
—
April IS
to
rr
„
Cotia
SCALE
Factory. December 1919.
A 1.
Production Progress Chart.
The
solid black lines represent the schedule, while the dotted lines represent the progress
made 2.
.9
to date.
Note the percentage schedule per week and
total at the
bottom
cates that the job has progressed faster than schedule.
of the chart.
This indi-
258
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Organication to arriral In Franoe In France to entering line
^^ rrlTal
Leonard P. AyrcÂť. "Thr
A
War With Germany." Government
Time Study of the Various
Entering line to aetire battle service Service aa aotive oonbat AlTislon PrintinR Office,
19)9.
Divisions of the United States Arnny During the
World
War. It
would be interesting
to liave an analysis of the reasons
why
certain divisions, although
they arrived in France before others, did not enter the line until long after and
sometimes did not enter the
line at all.
PROGRESS CHARTS A.
1.
Progress Chart for a Catalog Production Job.
While each company may have its own, some form of proRrcss chart aids in determining where certain jobs are, how far they have progressed, and how much more has to be done before the job is completed.
2.
The use
of
colors
makes
a
progress
schedule valuable for display.
259
260
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
\
/f
5
.i|_
lltiijl:. t\,
»»>
261
PROGRESS CHARTS
h
i-i
«
w
^
262
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Rc.vsoNS roR K.M.LiNo Behind
Widlh of %tork
Amount Tiino
ii»ilv th.'it
«|i.i<i'
rrpri'iiriits
slioiiM linve
boon
of in a d«/.
niiiouiit
iloni'
of work nrtually done
t.'ikrn
on nork on
in n
nliirli
d»y.
no eatim.ile
is
total of operator.
line for o»ti
Roliil
work; broken line for time apent ou work not eslimuted. Weekly total for group of operators. niatitl
Wi-ekly total for department.
The portion of drawn Rhown hoiv cipwtcd of him.
the daily the
niucli
upaee tliroucb wliieli no line has faUeti behind what \
man
Wallacf Clark. "The Gantt Chart
A
—
R — Rep.'iirs
Abneiit
(".reen
operator
— Lurk of inntruetions L — Slow o|>i*rator M — Material trouble* I
av:iil:iblc.
Wcoklv
ti
—
II."
When
neisled
T— Tool troubles V— Holiday Y — Smaller lot u basi'd
than estimate on.
reason for failure to do the work in estimated time, the reason enteriil on ehart is determinetl by nskiuK questions in the follow inj; order; R Was the maehine in f^ood eonditionf T Were the tools and fixtures in gooil eondition' 1 Was the op<-rator i;i\eii proper instructions .-ind snfHeient information? Was trouble experienced with material.' G Was the operator too (jrivn to do the job? L Was the opi'rator loo slow ? V W;is the lot smaller than estimate is basiwl on? tliere
is
more than
—
— —
M—
— — —
Management Engineering. September 1921.
SCALE
.7
Gantt Man Record Chart
This chart
is
one type of those identified as Gantt Charts, developed by the organization Henry L. Gantt.
of the late
REFERENCES Knoeppel, Charles
E.,
Graphic Production Control,
McGraw-
Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1920. Smith, W. H., Graphic Statistics in Management, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1924. Hill
263
Chapter 33
I
CURVE CHARTS
Xhe
curve charts in this chapter are only those having one curve This includes those having visual captions. The chapters up through page 366 cover other types of curve charts.
on a
grid.
REFERENCES Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall,
York
Inc.,
New
City, 1923. R., and Ira N. Frisbee, Business Statistics, 2nd McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City.
Riggleman, John edition, 1938,
264
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
D
265
CURVE CHARTS B«i*d Upon Av*««4«
U
S.
ftic»% •« R»porf sd
by tht U.
S.
Butmu
of
Ubor
Statitttct
I
Chicneo Trihunr.
A.
It
The
l')J8
Chnrt Book.
"
Fclnunry 22. 1Q38.
The Cost of +he "Market Basket" in the United States Calculated From Government Prices From 1929 Through 1937. is
not possible to compare the curve in this chart with the
content
of the
"market basket" as
B«f*d Upon Avvraq* U.
S. Pricat »t
listed
is
chart
B
below
since the
not the same.
R*pert*d by th* U.
S.
Bureau of Labor
Statittici
OOOAXS
7JM
7jOO
JFMAMJ JASOND JFMAMJ J A SON 1914
L«tt«r«
Abova Ara
J F
MAM J J AS ON
1915
J
FMAM J J A SON
1916
kwKal* of MeirHu: J for January, F for Fabmary,
1917
JFMAM J J A SON 1918
Etc
SCALE
Chicago Tribune. "The 1938 Chart Book." February 22, 1938. B. 1.
The Cost of the "Market Basket"
When
the zero line
is
The
line
is one method of indicating its absence. It might had been more wavy so that in reduction the irregu-
visual caption used in this chart
is
very effective.
ture from a magazine or newspaper
"dressed up."
World War.
omitted, this
have been better if the larity would not be lost. 2.
the United States During the
in
8
apd using
it
By in
cutting an appropriate picthis
way, a chart
is
easily
266
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION "^
III
CURVE CHARTS
267
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION IM*
U«0
1*M
IMO
1(M
ItlO
Itla
KM
III!
1I30
l»M
\**a
— 269
CURVE CHARTS
I New York City Central Reserve Banks Fronn 1934 to September 1937.
Excess Reserves of
This chart presents weekly averages of daily figures.
Federal Reserve Bnnk of New York. Review," October 1, 1937.
-Improved carbon filament lamp
"Monthly
SCALE
.6
Ho\u research on lamps has reduced the cost of electric lighting .This chart is based on the lumens of light produced by nevu eOviJatt bulbs per \uatt of electricity
costing $1.60
consumed. Da fa furnished by Wtstinghouit Elecfric Mfg Co Squirted
tungsten straight
Draiwi tungsten
]
— Drawn tungsten
{
straight filament
filament
vacuum
Drawn tungsten
vwire
vacuum
—— wire re
\wire coiled filament gas filled
Average cost
of lamp
75(t
Due
to
greater manufacturing precision
Due
to
research
Ol
I I
I
'
'
^
I
'
—
I
I
I
—
Product Engineering. October 1938. Part America the Key to Belter Living "
—
B.
I
I
I
—
—
of
an
I
J
'
—
oldr^ccJ
Editorial
on
Public
I
I
CM »0
•* ro
0>
<J>
Relations
I'll vD Kl
O
Entitled
ao to o>
"Research
in
The Effect of Research on the Price and Quality of Light From 1904 to 1938.
Supplementing the information given here with further details, it is estimated that if the iillumin«tion of 1937 had been attempted with the lamps of 1900, it would have cost two billion dollars more for electricity alone at present power rates.
270
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
CURVE CHARTS
MM A.
Cost of Rubber Per Pound in York From 1838 to 1937.
When
New
data over a long period of time plotted in curve form,
it
is
is
usually
necessary to allow a great deal of
space horizontally, or to condense the years so that a trend only is indicated.
ing
a
This method of break-
series
of
years
into
four
parts solves both these difficulties.
271
H
I
2^2
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body. FUNDAMENTAL CONVENTIONS OF FORM 1.
A TimoSÂŤne$ Chort is one of severol types of A binumericol scole chort is based on the
cherts.
dimensionol movement 2.
3.
in
o
bi-numericol scole
conception of two-
single plane.
The field or coordinate surfoce on which the voloes ore located formed by intersecting verticol ond horizontal rulings located measured intervols from the two principal axes.
is
ot
the convention that positive values are measured upword from and to the right of the verticol axis and negative values ore measured downward from the horizonlol axis and to the It
is
the horizontal oxis left
4.
of the vertical axis.
In o time-series chart the vertical or Y axis measures amount, the horizontal or X oxis meosures time. In o time-series chart ore usuoily represented as and move from left to right on the horizontal or time scale.
ond
positive
5.
Time values
6.
Every plotted point in o time-series chart has two values: An amount volue meosured on the verticol oxis ond o time value measured on the horizontal axis.
7.
The horizontal oxis, zero line or other line of reference, should be is the bose for comparison of accentuated so os to indicate that volues. There is no such bose of comporison for the time scale in a lime-series chart, however, there being no beginning or end of time. it
8.
o time-series chart the plotted points ore generolly joined consecuby straight lines to form o continuous line movement which is conventionally spoken of as o curve. The points of volue con be indicated by means of other grophic forms such os columns or surfoces, but the fundomentol principle is the some. In
tively
9.
10.
The values on the omount scale should be continuous,- and points on the scale with their corresponding horizontol rulings should reflect the actual intervals on the scale. Time should be regarded os continuous with
vertical rulings
used to
indicate only certain intervals of time. Equol intervals of time should be indicoted by equal space intervols on the scale.
Mathematical graph
CURVE CHARTS
S,000
t.ooo
1,000
273
274
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION a; q:
ft:
uj :5
::j
^
Uj-4oco5 ^ hft:S;Ujl
U,5coO
r
Ill 275
Chapter 34
COMPARISONS WITH TWO CURVES HE
types of curve charts covered in this chapter are simple comparisons of two curves, cumulative curves, causal relationships and high-low curves.
REFERENCES Arkin, Herbert and
Raymond
R. Colton, Graphs:
and Use Them, Harper & Brothers,
New York
How
to
Make
City, 1937.
Croxton, Frederick E., and Dudley J. Cowden, Applied General Statistics, Prentice Hall Inc., New York City, 1939.
49
30
20
276
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION — bOO.OOO
T soo.ooo ft
*
i
B 3
4 00.000
soo.ooo
COMPARISONS WITH TWO CURVES
â&#x20AC;˘30
1920
U
S
Drpartmcnt
of
1920 25 DATA ARE PRELIMINARY
'35 I93e
Agriculture, Bureau of AKricultural Economics.
Production and Farm Prices of Strawberries
in
.8
the United States from 1918 to 1938.
way of comparing two curves. shaded curve and the dotted-line curve.
This chart shows an effective
SCALE
Note the combination of the
278
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION THOUSANDS OF PERSONS 2500
1920
WPA.
24
"Summary
to and from Farms
This information
ments
to
26
25
National Research Project.
Movement
A.
23
22
21
is
also given in
B
29
of Findings to
in
J2
30
33
34
35
Date," March 1938.
the United States from 1920 to 1935.
Here the emphasis is on the population moveThese two charts illustrate the technique of shading
below.
and from the farms.
different sections of the
28
27
same chart
for
different emphasis.
1
1
1
1
1
LEAVING FARMS FOR CITIES AND VILLAGES
NET MOVEMENT TO FARMS
U
S
Department
of
ARriculture. Bureau of Auriculfural Economics.
B.
Movement
The
interest in this chart
to
and from Farms is
in
the United States from 1920 to 1937.
centered on the number of people
causing an accumulation of farm "arriving on farms"
is
population.
As
a
who came
result,
to the
the section
farms,
labelled
shaded darker than the "net movement from farms."
1"! COMPARISONS WITH TWO CURVES
g
279
280
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction. 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body. AMOUNT
MULTIPLE
SCALES
Principles 1.
2.
The purpose of multiple omounl scoles is to compere the movements of two or more series differing considerably in magnitude.
same
grid
dollars 3.
omount scales can be effectively used for comparing on the two or more series not measured in comporable units (e.g., and tons}.
Multiple
amount scales should be
restricted
and
DESIRABLE. Multiple scales should normolly be as more ore likely to be confusing.
lim-
general, the use of multiple
In
regarded as a device
for special cases.
Procedures 1.
LIMITED
NUMBER
ited to two, 2.
SAME RULINGS FOR BOTH SCALES.
Scales should be so selected
that all horizontal rulings for both scales will coincide. 3.
ZERO VALUES SHOULD APPEAR. The if
4.
possible,
zero
lines of
both scales should,
be included on the chart and should coincide.
WHEN
ZERO IS OMITTED. If the zero lines of the two scales cannot be shown on the chart, the scales should be so adjusted that the zero lines would coincide if the scales were extended to zero. This well
procedure, illustrated at the
right, will
present the curves
cor-
in their
rect relationship. 5.
CONTROLLING CURVE MOVEMENT.
Scales should be selected which ovoid undue emphosis of any one curve. iSo selected that the relative movement of the various curves will be comporoble. It is not permissible to enlarge the movement of one curve orbitronly while
will
minimizing the 6.
SOLID
bring the curves
SHADED
THE SCALE RATIO.
8.
If
close
Scales should be selected that
enough proximity
for
possible, scole intervals of
LOCATION OF SCALE DESIGNATIONS. ignate one scale at the
9.
DASH
ALTERNATIVE tiple
to
0ASH-HOLU3W
ready comparison.
one scale should be
left
Normolly,
it
is
best to des-
the other ot the right.
METHOD OF PRESENTATION.
The
difficulties of mulconverting both series base leg., index numbers, per cent of overage for pe-
scale presentation
a common
and
facilitate
may be avoided by
riod, etc.). M
.1
DOTTED
in
in even multiples of the intervals of the other scale so as to comparisons of relative magnitude.
A/'
HOLLOA
of the other.)
WIDE SEPARATION UNDESIRABLE. will
7.
movement
•
•
LINE AND DOT
DOT DASH BALL AND LINE
•
•
•
•
CURVE PAHERN 1.
2.
Curve patterns should be so selected that the curves can be guished readily from each other. In
general, the simplest patterns ore most effective
distin-
and most eco-
nomical.
LINK 3.
Curv* pottamt
In
selecting curve patterns,
culties
and
it
Is
well to bear
In
mind the drafting
disturbing optical effects of complicated patterns.
diffi-
COMPARISONS WITH TWO CURVES
281
l"t
282
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ^
i"r
283
COMPARISONS WITH TWO CURVES )j
73
eg
C
c
"*
2
V
2
-o
a
M
^
284
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION sua
COMPARISONS WITH CURVES R*^
SS4?=
^
il*.
i*^
k\
4JL1
fi-
285
ill
286
Chapter 35
COMPARISONS WITH CURVES ^^^H types
of curve charts covered in this chapter are simple comparisons of more than two curves, progressive average curves, moving average curves, and normal trend curves.
REFERENCES Croxton, Frederick E., and Dudley J. Cowden, Applied General Statistics, Prentice Hall Inc., New York City, 1939.
New
Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
York
City, 1923.
PERCENT
60
SCALE
National Association of Motor Bui Operators. Washington, D. C., "Bus Facts for 1938."
A
Comparison of the Percentage of Sales of Five Types of Motor Coaches United States from 1929 to 1937.
1.
The
2.
One way
3.
It
total of the percentages
which the
of differentiating a large
might have been better
lines represent
number
is
in
.7
the
one hundred.
of curves plotted
on one grid
is
shown
here.
connect the labels to the lines with arrows, eliminating the necessity for putting them at an angle. to
ill
lit
COMPARISONS WITH CURVES OTOttr
M
'1.
287
288
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ^Arrtiiiiiuiiiuiuiiiiii'iiiuuu
; 1 1
;i
j
a
19 >
II
{ s J ;
;
1 1 s
.1
1 2 s
.8
s } ? Iji
11
!
.:
1
SCALE
Brinton, "Graphic Methods." McGraw-Hill, 1914.
.5
Yearly Average of Revenue Tons per Train Mile on the Pittsburgh and Lake
A.
Erie Railroad. 1.
The dotted
an average of
line in this chart is a progressive average, or
all
the items
shown. 2.
The numbers along
the top of the chart give the value of the points on the plotted
curves. 3.
When
space does not allow the dates to be put in
each vertical 4.
Note the position
line,
full,
the
method shown here
left
corner for both the scale and
identifies
and accents the decades.
of the scale designation in the
upper
data figures.
1930 U. B.
S.
Department
Bureau
of ARriculture,
SCALE
of Agricultural Economics.
Annual Yield and Nine-Year Moving Average Yield of Rye Per Acre United States from 866 to 1930.
in
the
1
A moving
average,
tistics for a
mark. result
often used in graphic charts,
number
Thus if the data would be plotted
is
for
and the the 9 years from 1890
at
the year 1895.
of years are averaged
obtained in this way: the stais plotted at the half-way
result to
.8
1898 had been averaged, the
289
COMPARISONS WITH CURVES '•
E
(J
o
o L.
c
-o
>«
-
ij
V
c
c
c
a.
'<o
O 0)
2
5
"M
JJ
It
>
a o 1.
a£
0)
TJ <0
Id
wt-
u
a,
_
Li
O ^ >
0)
< >
T3
o
2 ^ i
o c E t:
£
a
>
„«
15
i
CD
o
2
-D
—
So O _2 <N «>
^£:
IIE
290
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Active ......
^^â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Excess outflow of appliconts over
File
Inflow of Appliconts
inflow.
Excess
Outflow of Applicants
inflow of applicants over
outflow.
U
S
Employment
Effect of
Srrvirc "Survey of
Employmrnt
Service Information." Fetiriinry
Outflow and Inflow of Applicants in the U. File from April 1934 to January 1938.
S.
I9J8.
Employnnent Service on the
Active
of these three curves minht have been presented separately, the combination of the tliree presents a picture not otherwise possible.
1.
Whereas each
2.
Notice
how
a solid section in the
two
lines at the
bottom
is
rcHected
in the
upper one.
3IE
291
COMPARISONS WITH CURVES 1912
19W
1913
1915
1916
1917
6,000
FftCSHMEN 5,000
I SOPHOMORES
4/XX)
JUMIORS 3,000
SENIORS 2.000
Engineering NfwÂŤ-Rccord,
A. 1.
2.
Enrollment
in
Novfmber
29, 1917.
Engineering Schools
in
the United States from 1912 to 1917.
War on
the
sophomores,
etc.
This chart presents the effect of the draft and enlistments for the World enrollment in enginering schools.
The dotted line gives The other line by
the
numbers
of students enrolled as freshmen,
linking these lines shows the history of the classes from the time
the students entered as freshmen. 3.
Thus
in
1914, over 6,000 students enrolled as freshmen to be graduated in
enrollment of this class in 1917 at the beginning of a
little
over 2.000.
its
1918.
The
senior year had dropped to
292
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
293
COMPARISONS WITH CURVES
I
SCALE
Brinton, "Graphic Methods." McGraw-Hill. 1Q14.
A,
.9
Chart Showing by Months the Average Total Daily Water Consumption In Boston, and by Months the Average Daily Per Capita Water Consunnption. Also the Yearly Average of Daily Consunnption Stated in Total and Per Capita.
1.
may be read from either of two different sets of coorUsing the horizontal ruled lines, we may read from the curves the average total consumption per day. By reading from the slanting lines, the same curves may be interpreted as the average consumption per capita per day.
In this illustration, the curves
dinate rulings.
2.
The scheme
of using
two
sets of coordinate rulings
is
a valuable one.
"million gallons per day" should, however, have been
shown only
The
scale for
at the left, with
the slanting line scale for "gallons per capita" placed in the right-hand margin for the sake of clearness. 3.
The
scale for "gallons per capita"
Exhibit of thf Metropolitan Life Iniurance
B.
1.
is
shown
Company
at
in the
the
second vertical zone of the
New York Worlds
in Neon Lights on a Glass Grid Placed Painted on a Wall Surface.
Curve
in
Fair,
grid.
103<)
Front of Three Related Curves
Tubular form of the neon light lends itself particularly well to the making of illuminated curve charts without limit in size. Colors are available to give contrast in superimposed curves. Consideration should be given to glare as lights may be too brilliant for easy reading.
2.
On
the glass-ruled grid for the neon lights above
it
is
unfortunate that the zero line of
the death rate was omitted. 3.
For other methods of display, see "Displays and Exhibits," pages 486-493.
294
Chapter 36
COMPONENT PARTS SHOWN BY CURVES THE chapters on "100% Bar Charts." pages 92-105, and IN"Component Bar Charts," pages 132-141, the method of showbar chart form is illustrated. The charts in this chapter present the same type of information in the form of
ing
component parts
in
curves.
Other terms used for charts
in
which component parts are shown
are percentage charts, band charts, 100% band charts, percentage band charts, and surface charts. The terms "100% band chart," "percentage chart," and "percentage band chart," designate only those charts in which material is presented qn the basis of 100%. See 297B, 299B. and 300. The terms "surface chart" and "band chart" may be used when referring to either of the two
by curves
charts
shown on page
Rfservc Bank of Review," July 1. 1037.
Pfdfral
A.
1.
New
300.
York.
"Monthly
SCALE
.7
Reserve
Balance of Banks in the New York Federal Reserve Bank District from 1932 to 1937.
8.
it
is
possible
to
plot
and the parts of which the is composed. In order to show rulings in a
lines is
may be drawn
completely
filled in
with ink.
Busi-
SCALE
6
in
Because
it
probably was desired to em-
phasize the unemployed, the division of the total supply of workers representing the unemployed was
solid
after the area
'
1938. 1.
total
black or cross-hatched area, white ink is extremely useful. The white
.
1').18
Employment and Unemployment
the
totals of several groups of figures
C
the United States from 1929 to
In a curve chart, showing component parts,
2.
Alexander Hamilton Institute. N. Y ne<.s Conditions Weekly." July 2S.
put 2.
in
black ink.
Note that the
total
supply of workers
increases each year, due no doubt to the increase in population
295
COMPONENT PARTS SHOWN BY CURVES
1900
U
S
Department
1910
of
1920
1930
1940
SCALE
ARriculturc. Bureau of Agricultural Economics.
8
Approximate Acreage of Crops Harvested and of Pasturage to Feed Horses and Mules in the United States from 1900 to 1936. Brackets
may
be utilized for grouping
in a
number
of ways.
Compare
this
with 96A.
296
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
WPA A.
SCALE
and Bureau of Agricultural Economici, "Rural Poverty." 1938.
Expenditures for Direct Rural and
Town
Relief in the United States
.8
from 1932
to 1937. 1.
Because the
CWA
and
WPA
reduced the number of persons receiving direct
relief,
ex-
penditures during these two periods were affected. 2.
The
division of the total into parts shows that public relief has been reduced since the
beginning of 1935, and that another form of direct
"The Federal Chart Book," Prepared by Central
Statittical
relief
has increased.
Board and National Resources Committee,
January 1938. B. 1.
Population
in
the United States by Size of "Conrimunity" from 1890 to 1930.
Each incorporated place
is
a separate
"community."
The
sent the total emphasizes the fact that the lines below 2.
See 93 A4.
use of a heavy line to repreit
arc merely divisions.
297
COMPONENT PARTS SHOWN BY CURVES MILLIONS OF PERSONS
50
AO
}0
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
'
I 20 -,, ,-^
1929
U.
A, 1.
S.
Dfpartmcnt
of
V X
1930
^O'
Cmp/oyeea
in Distribution Sarvice
I9?2
I9?i
Commfrcc. Division
Total Non-Agricul+ural
When
-
of
19??
I9M
.^
."
;"
â&#x20AC;˘
19)6
1935
Economic Resrarch, "Survfy
Employment
in
*
o
^--^^'c
^\>-r--^vv\^^v o c>\; ^ ^"^>.
tx
,-'
I9?7
19^8
of Current
Business," July 1938.
the United States from 1929 to 1938.
the labels for the various sections of a component-part curve chart are indicated
within the section, an attempt should be
made
to
keep the labels on a horizontal
plane. 2.
Note the position
of the label for the "total" line.
Dun's Rrview. August 1938 B.
Percentage Distribution of Strike Issues
The 100% band bars.
chart
is
See 102B.
in
the United States from 1927 to 1937.
similar in principle to the charts which contain a series of
100%
298
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ^IRCKNT
100
80
60 50
40 20
*
299
COMPONENT PARTS SHOWN BY CURVES
A.
Percentage Distribution of Three Types of Gasoline Feed in Engines fronn 1910 to 1918.
The
total of the figures at the right-hand
edge
of
chart
the
commented
in
100%.
is
as
286.
"Automotive Induitrict," January
3,
I
1418.
SCALE
6
Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body. 3.
SCALE SELECTION. Since surfaces ore built up (rom the zero line or other line of relerence, the oitiount scale should never be broken. Multiple
4.
5.
amount scales ore not opplicoble
SCALE DESIGNATIONS. In general, ore the some as lor line charts.
to this type of presentation.
the principles
ond procedures
SURFACES
Surloces should be so shoded os to present a pleasing, charts the layers should be so shoded as to be The weight and spocing of the lines and dots of the shading ore important; both should be determined from a considerotion of the size of the areas to be shoded end amount of reduction intended Proiected surfaces may be indicated by lighter shoding of the some type as illustrated at the right.
even tone.
In stroto
easily distinguished.
THE FOLLOWING SHADINGS ARE SUGGESTED: generol use for purposes of emphosis. It should however, and usually not for large be the most importoni and therefore generally requires the heaviest shading
Block
lal
(solid) for
be used with
oreos.
In
discretion,
stroto charts the lowest layer should
(usually block). Ibl
Crosshotch Sfiodmg* of o relatively dork lone, is often used in place of block for large oreas. A light Crosshatch is often useful
(c)
Parallel Line
for small layers of
The
may be used lor large or small surfoces. should not porollel any opprecioble length of the curves vertical or horizontal shading is not recommended as it may with grid rulings.
Doited Shading (pebbled or stippled)
narrow layers 6.
strata chart.
lines
end be confused (dl
o
Shading*
of
a
is
particularly useful
for
stroto chart.
SURFACE DESIGNATION.
Lobels should generally be pieced entirely If the surface is too smoH to permit this, o lobel may be placed entirely outside ond related to the surfoce by meons of on arrow. Keys should not be used if direct lobielmg
within their respective surfaces
is
possible.
much OS 7.
However, the spoce about labeU should be reduced as
possible to ovo<d loo great contrast.
SURFACE CHART DESIGNATIONS. procedures ore the same as *
In
general, the principles
for line charts.
Crosshotch ond oorolt«t line shod<ng should b« drown ot o 45 d«ore« ongi« Shoding constructed with v«rticol or horizontal lines is rtot recom*
mended
lo< surlocc chorts.
ond
300
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION TOTAL
B T U
EQUIVALENT CONSLKtO
»^^
PERCENT OF TOTAL B T U
EQUIVALENT
National Research Project, "Fuel Efficiency
in
?«
-x
CONSUMED
<m
WPA,
2»
1*
Cement Manufacture,"
at
10
April 1938.
Consumed in Hydraulic Cennent Manufacture by Types of Energy the United States from 1909 to 1935.
Total Energy
When component to use
parts are presented in curve charts and
two
charts,
above charts
in
if space will allow, it is desirable one showing quantities and the other showing percentages. The
illustrate the reason.
301
Chapter 37
SHOWN
INDEX NUMBERS
BY CURVES
in a chart showing index numbers, 100 is used as the basis of comparison. In computing index numbers, one item or the average of several consecutive items is represented as 100. All other items are expressed as percentages of the base. of
Index numbers are computed and published by the U. S. Bureau Labor Statistics, the Federal Reserve Board, the U. S. Depart-
ment
of
Commerce, Dun and
Bradstreet's,
and many other
statis-
tical organizations.
REFERENCES Richmond F. Bingham, and V. A. TemHandbook of Statistical Methods, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1931
Brown, Theodore
H.,
nomeroff, Laboratory
»!••»
-21
11 13 14 IS •»
-27
» •»
-JO
^l -il
-JJ
-M-JJ 1*
1929
Rctervc Bank of New York, "Monthly Review," January 1, 1937. SCALE .6
1930
1932
1931
1933
1934
1935
1936
Fcdrral
A.
Index of General Production and Trade in the United States from 1919 to 1936. 1923-25 Average Equals 100%.
In index numbers, one figure
100% and as
all
is
Federal Reserve
selected at
from
lected as the base figure or
100%.
of
New
York, "Monthly
193 7.
SCALE
.7
100%.
percentages of that figure.
In average for the years 1923 through 1925 was se-
1,
Indexes of Volume of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Exports in the United States from 1929 to 1923.25 Average Equals 1936.
B.
others are expressed
this chart the
Bank
Review," March
It
is
better to have both the
100%
line
and the zero line heavier than the others in an index-number chart.
—
— 302
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION —— I
-i
r—i
—————— I
I
I
I
i
I
r
-I
— — — — — — —— —rI
I
I
\
I
I
'
I
\
Price Barometer of Profits (1910= 100)
Income
Alexander Hamilton Institute. "Business Conditions Weekly." July 2J.
Barometer of
Profits in the
1<»38.
United States from January 1937 to July 1938.
A.
Price
The
crossing of two lines often creates areas which can be labelled.
Compare
the
shadmg
of these two areas with 283.
*
U B.
S
Department
of
SEASONAL AVERAGE PRICE TO CKOIVERS
ARricuIture. Bureau of ARricultural Economics
SCALE
b
Comparison of the Indexes of Production, Total Value, and Price of Seventeen Vegetables for Fresh Market in the United States from 1919 to 1936.
In curve charts,
when
a
number
of curves are plotted
ber of curve patterns are used,
it
is
on the same grid and when a num-
better to have the curves labelled as they are
here than to have a boxed legend or key to identify them.
303
INDEX NUMBERS SHOWN BY CURVES INIXX
XUMBtM
Ivn-KK)
A.
1.
of Income Paid Out by Type of Paynnent in the United States from 1929 to 1937. 1929 Equals 100%.
Indexes
Till' thfcjry
of index
demonstrated
numbers
is
in this chart.
the hgurcs for
Since
1929 are equal to
100%, every curve begins same point in 1929. 2.
clearly
at
the
In choosing a base year, care should
be taken to select one which resentative,
and devoid
of
is
rep-
"high
peaks" or "low valleys." 3.
For another method of presenting this material, sec 114A.
l«M l»» l»V
U
>9yi
nfi
!?>«
I«»
r»>6
l»)7
S Drpnttmfiit of Commerce. Division of Economic Rrscarch, "Survey of Current Busi SCALE <> nr%5 June l'»38
Per Cent 105
I
304
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
I9t6 1917 I9te
The Magazine
A.
of
Changes to
in
Street,
November
20,
Major Connmodity
November
The technique
eso
Wall
1919 1920 1921 r922 1923 1924 I92S 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 i932 r933
1934 1935 r93( t937
1937.
Price
Group
in
fhe United States from
1916
1937.
of putting the detail for the last year under a
magnifying glass
is
good.
305
INDEX NUMBERS SHOWN BY CURVES
â&#x20AC;˘((.LIONS
V OOLLAM
TOTAL EXPORTS
I
"The Federal Chart Book," Prepared by Central
Statistical
Board and National Resources Committee.
January 1938.
SCALE
.7
Total Exports and Imports of the United States Compared with the Index of Physical Volume of Exports from 1919 to 1937. 1.
To add meaning to numerical values, a comparison with index numbers is often useful. The insertion of the small index number chart in the space at the upper right shows one method of accomplishing this.
2.
Note the method of breaking the grid to indicate an omission of a period
3.
See 93 A4.
of years.
306
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
WPA. A.
and Burrau
Acncultural Economics. "Rural Poverty."
of
Trends of Expenditures for Relief
in
SCALE
l')38.
the United States fronn 1932 to
7
December
1936.
When
a
broad point.
line If
a thick line
\w
is
used
for a curve, the point in the
great accuracy is
that
it
is
is
middle of the
desired, a thin line should be used.
easily seen
from a distance.
line
is
the plotted
The advantage
of
307
INDEX NUMBERS SHOWN BY CURVES MOCX NUMBint, HI6H MONTH Of iÂŤs;>ioo
I
National Industrial Confrrcnoc Board. Inc
Depression and Recovery 1.
The most to
interesting
100%
in
in
,
November
SCALE
1038
2S.
7
the United States for the Years 1937 and 1938.
feature of this chart
each of the
six
charts.
The
is
that the high
result
is
month
of
193
7
is
equal
that each curve has a different
base figure. 2.
The lowest point from
that date to the date
when
designated the end of the depression period.
the data were last available was
As a
result, there
is
a variation in
the date at which the depression period supposedly ends in each of the six charts.
308
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION m-i
309
INDEX NUMBERS SHOWN BY CURVES Yearly Output of Four Important Industries in the United States from 1919 to the Middle of 1936. Relative to 1923-25 Aver-
age. Noti-
the-
use of iirruws lo imlu-ntr
scale applii'iiblr tu
The
in
tin-
ilata.
prisj-ntmj; this mateform was no doubt to
(or
reas«)ii
rial
tlic
'his
Com-
avoid crossing the curves.
Fr.lci
pare tJus nuthoil with .U)JA.
Blink of New Aiimi»t 1. l'JJ6.
Kurtvr
w
York,
••Monthly
I INDCXtS or INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MCTAL INDU5TRIC3
Brown Bineham. ami TrmnomrroH. B.
An Example
1.
It
nzi
l^^^
1921
'
must have
a
when
common
i925
l^^6
Laboratory Handbook
of a Multiple Axis
has been noted that
I9^^
isz'
on
i929
of Statistical
i9J0
Methods/' McGraw-Hill, 1931.
Graph.
a multiple scale
zero line.
When
is
used on an arithmetic chart,
all
scales
the data are chant; ed to index numbers,
possible to arrange the curves on a multiple axis; that
it
each curve fluctuates around its own base, or 100, and can be moved farther from or closer to other curves without distorting the facts presented. is
2
The purpose
of
tude changes
this
arrangement
in the curves.
is
to facilitate
is,
comparisons of the time and ampli-
|i
310
||
Chapter 38
FREQUENCY CHARTS HE
charts in this chapter present data showing frequenoy distribution. The most common bases of classification or arrangement are according to kind, size, location, or time of occurrence. Other terms that may be applied to this type of chart are histogram, distribution chart, and block diagram. When the curve in a frequency chart assumes the shape of a bell, it may be called a bell curve chart.
250
200
III
Ill
III 311
FREQUENCY CHARTS MACHINE OPERATORS PCRCLNT OF TOTAL
PERC£NT or TOTAL
16-19
20-24
25-34
35-44
AGE
55-64
45-54
GROUPS
HAND CIGAR MAKERS PERCENT OF TOTA L
PERCENT OF TOTAL 35
135
20-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-04
AGE GROUPS
WPA
National Rrsrarrh Projcrt.
Age
of
1.
i.
CiKar M;ikrr»
— Aftrr
A comparison of these two frequency charts indicates tively much younger than hand cigar makers. working
Ill
SCALE
Hand Cigar Makers
that
in
machine operators are
9
the
rela-
median age means that there are as many men younger than 26 machine operators as there arc men older than 26.
of the as
ON/FR
thr Lay-off." Dfccm»>*r 1Q37
Machine Operators in Cigar Factories and United States as of July 1931.
The notation
85 AND
III
312
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Female
Male
WPA,
Diviiion of Social Rcsfarch.
"Urban Workers on
Relief,"
1936.
SCAI.E
9
Duration of Unemployment Since Last Non-Relief Job of Unemployed Workers on Relief in May 1934 by Socio-Economic Group of Usual Occupation in the United States.
Note that the ers, is
total of the bars representing
equal to 100 per cent.
any one group, such as female unskilled work-
FREQUENCY CHARTS
313
I 400 350 300
250
200 150 too
50
400 350
300 250
200 150 100
50
314
II
|i
III GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
HUMDRCDS OF CARS
MAY Rrtlrawn from n Chart
liy
JUNE
JULY
1.
SEPT.
Biirrnu of AKririiltural Economic*. U. S. IDcpt. of ARriculturc.
Average Weekly Carload Shipments of Peaches 2.
AUG.
The average is of the The copy from which
in
OCT.
SCALE
8
the United States by States.
years 1927-19.^0.
was redrawn was a photostat, and it was redrawn because After the chart was finished, it of the charts were wavy. was found that there was a definite optical illusion. When the chart is viewed from a distance, notice that the base lines seem to hump at the point where the the base lines of
this
some
bars arc the highest.
Ill
ill
III
|i
'
III
Ill
FREQUENCY CHARTS 40
40 30 20 10
16-17
— Iili
30
10
^
30
c
20 10
30
I
18-19
20
-
30
am-
ytort o» og«
-
20
ftOfi of 09«
10
30 20-21
^ti I
20
yeort o( oge
10
30
20
'
10
I 30
22-24
20
20
yeors of oqe
10
htow
1-3
LLt [ 4-5
6
8
7
10
JLJL-M.
9
10
II
12
Grode school and high school
2
3
College
OPEN COUNTRY -
Grode completed
16-17 6-17 years rs of oge
zidtulxx^
10
30 18-19
20
[-
yeors of oge
1 30 20
l^-rrl
I
20-21 years of oge
10
1_I_I
Jml
^
^0
30
22-24 yeors of oge
T^ITI i !__& I
None 1-3
4-5
6
8
7
9
10
II
12
Grode school and high school
Divifion of Social Research. "Rural
Youth on
Grade Completed by Out-of-School dence, This
may
in
the United States,
4
completed
SCALE
Relief." 1037.
Youth on October 1935. Rural
Relief,
by
Age and by
9
Resi-
indicate a lower percentage of college graduates on relief, or only a lower per-
centage of college graduates in the community.
Ill
3
College
VILLAGE - Grode
WPA.
12
315
316
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
H ^
St
o
5!?
r^
317
FREQUENCY CHARTS HALF-YEARLY INTERVALS. JULY
0f^
y<Kt
0P(ftittrl»On«
1933
-JULY
1935
0Ot)o«ort ©Oijlnel
@Wnl
o(
©Aiobomo
Colun*w
@Aikcnsos
Virqmio
(|)Ncrin Co'Dii'va
@Oiar>oma
®Sg>k>> Conttno
WPA.
Division of Social Research, "Trends in Relief Expenditures. 1910-1935." 1937.
Percent of Population Receiving Relief, by States, fronn the General Relief Progrann, F.E.R.A., from July 1933 through July 1935. 1.
If
this chart
tween 2.
it
The shaded niques.
is
turned so that the
areas and the use of
becomes the base more easily seen.
left side
and other frequency charts
is
numbers
to give a
line,
the similarity be-
key to the states are good tech-
III
318
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION •
UCDIAN, BWKAU OF STAHOAffOS SM-A^y or Ott Of HJODC IMXvmMLS
ontp cu»f3i
ISOOO
14000
13000
12000
IIOOO
10000
90O0
aooo
7000
5000
4000 3000
2000
lOOO
tA/tm^Gs or CNc»€)a»c
auaMJB, auLUVN a
!
Il A.
FREQUENCY CHARTS
Distribution of the
cidents
Compare
!
III
this
Causes of Ac-
Hartford, Conn.
in
method
tribution
319
of
of
the
showing the causes
of
dis-
acci-
dents with that used in 190A.
I Travelers Insuranrr
Burni.
"The Decline
of
McGraw-Hill,
Competition."
1936
(Source:
Co
.
Federal
Hartford.
Conn
7
Trade Commitsion Price
SCALE
Baies. Inquiry).
B.
SCALE
.7
Net Yields on the Sale of 2.350 Carloads of Cement to Five Minneapolis Line Lumber Companies at 2 Destinations in Minnesota, Iowa, and North and 1
South Dakota Between July 1.
I,
1927 and June 30, 1929.
Each dot represents one carload of cement. Dots in the area marked "one price tem" represent sales at prices yielding to the mill its "then current maximum
sys-
mill
net price." 2.
Dots
in
successive outer zones represent sales yielding less than the mill's
maximum
by an amount within the range of cents indicated within each zone on the chart. The guide for cents per zone is shown in the South Dakota section. mill net
320
Chapter 39
CORRELATION CHARTS purpose correlation charts THE relationship between type of
is
to indicate the degree and One form of correlation
variables.
of
chart, the scatter diagram, also called the gun-shot or shot-gun chart and buck-shot chart, sometimes indicates that there is no
relationship between
two
variables.
See the chart below.
(
IT"
4tfir
tu^Kidtf
t
vuit votuui itn - TMOtnANM of ook.iu\
Dun't Review, August 1938.
SCALE
.7
The Increase or Decrease of Sales for the Period 1935-37 for Individual Retail Stores in the United States According to Sales Volunne in 1935. 1.
According to the comments in Dun's Review, the wide scatter of individual cases indicates a "growth tendency in favor of small concerns" rather than indicating that "all large stores had built sales volume more rapidly than the small ones." It
should be noted that the vertical rulings are logarithmic.
The
limited
number of vertical and horizontal rulings was intentional -that is, they to make it easy for the reader to notice the lack of pattern of the dots.
were limited
CORRELATION CHARTS
.
The Development of Electrical Advertising as Revealed by the
Number
Watts
of
Inhabitant
Usea
143 Cities
in
United States
in
in
per the
1922.
This scatter chart
is supplemented by an average hne secured by com-
putation.
The
lack of pattern here indicates that
there
is
little
correlation between
the two variables.
Aggregate population of the 143
was 6,300,000. 3
1/3
watts
cities
The average per
inhabitant
of
was
weighted according to population, not
according
cities.
to
the
number
of
321
III
322
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION 90
||
||
III
•Il
CORRELATION CHARTS FOUR SMALL CITIES
IN
OREGON AND WASHINGTON HOUSING
FOOD
— 300
a:
<
600
^50
o o
750
1000
123
373
SOO
RECREATION
AUTOMOBILE
300
250
—
> UJ o o < 400
ZOO
FOUR COUNTIES
(/)
50
6O0
IN
PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO
50
Dorothy
Brady. "Variations S. Association. Junr 19J8.
in
200
HOUSEHOLD OPERATION
PERSONAL CARE
MEAN
130
100
IN
150
100
aoo
DOLLARS
Family LivinK Expenditures." Journal
of
Standard Deviations of Fannily Expenditures in Relation to The Cities in Oregon and Washington, and Four Counties Ohio, 1935-1936.
thr
American
Mean in
Statiitiral
in Four Small Pennsylvania and
323
324
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
CENTS PER BUSHEL
140 120
100
80 60
40
(A)
CORRELATION CHARTS WAGE EARNER FAMILIES OF CHICAGO
— DENVER
3D
325
326
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ex^MoiTimes IN DOLLARS
txKPtoiTimes in OOLLtRS s,ooo
3,000
4.000 -
4,000
- 3,000
SfiOO
t.ooo -
3,000
t.ooo
INCOME
A.
n
OOLLA/tS
D. H. Kaplan. "Expenditurr Patterns of Urban Families," Journal of the American Statistical Association. March 1938. SCALE .9
Expenditure Pattern of Wage-Earner Families 1.
It
in
Chicago,
on the expenditure scale the amount spent for between 4 and 5 is the amount spent for "fuel, 2.
If line
17
is
above
of the year;
Ill
The
should be noted that these lines are cumulative.
if
16,
5,
4,
light,
Illinois,
line 3,
2,
in
1935-36.
numbered 5 represents 1. The difference
and
and refrigeration."
the families in that income band were not in debt at the end
line 17
is
below
16.
the family income did not cover expenditures.
III
III
Ill
CORRELATION CHARTS
100
90
80 t
70
V)
K SO < O 50 IbJ
I-
E
< 30 20 ID
327
328
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION .
r ii:
-
r
329
CORRELATION CHARTS SAltS
SCAU
4*0
Prepared hy E.
A.
Profit
PlRCtNIACC
5SA M6 710 SCALt OF PERCENTAGES
La Ro«e, 1Q31 Year Book
National Association of Cost Accountants, N. Y. C.
of the
SCALE
Chart Showing the Relation of Sales and
,7
Profit.
a detailed version of 328B.
1.
This
2.
The two
is
S.
IN
around which the others are plotted are the ones labelled "A" and "B" which represent total income from sales and total cost of sales, respectively. So long as "B" is above "A" there is a loss. lines
at the lower left,
kl
- IMlOOO
>.
' 140000
;r .
°{
noooo.
o
tooooo.
w*40ow
.
vLAYB Itsr
i:t
i*CH !
:
m
cnspiAY
tAcH OF .
:
.
cm THE;i-iit>OKKirieY :
:
!
-::
IIQW fuE ACIUKO. eiR or TWt LAROlUlTOItigci
ES FRDMTHl! TRCUIUI II»t otPBEJl MTca BY 'pit
:v;iNt
2 O
O 2
^ _ )M00O
u ^ I400OO.
_.i..
.*
G 5 £ tioooo a o tooooo
it J -
< ^
'° ° ° °
40000.
1
The Advertising Research Foundation. New York B.
The
City.
.'
1937.
SCALE
.5
The Average Daily Circulation of the Number of Window Displays Required to Obtain Normal Distribution in Various Cities. dots represent actual average daily
number
window display
circulation passing the normal
It has been estimated that to produce normal display distribution, the average daily window display circulation passing a display should equal 50% of the population of the market. The curve
of displays in each of the cities studied.
represents that theoretical
50%.
I
III
330
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
[
I
UMABSORBEO
.
ABSORBED INVESTMENT
I
(
INVESTMENT
r
pTH
»C0NCt8SI0NAIRt'S
f^—^
'
in*
^H
<
CLEAR PROFIT
CONCEStlONAIRE'S TOTAL FAIR
PARTICIPATION
PARTICIPATION
OPERATING COSTS
CRO*5-0V(R 19
MILLION
AT
ADMIf SION0
28 MILLION ADMISSIONS
14 MILLION ADMISSIONS
New York
World's Fair.
l')3Q,
ADMISSIONS
Treasury Division, Methods and Planning Dept.
A. Break-down of Receipts in Percentages of the Ice World's Fair, 1939.
Cream Stand
1.
This includes also soda fountains, and carbonated beverages.
2.
The
Fair participation basis
admissions, and
40 MILLION
35%
at
is
11V4%
at
14
million admissions,
40 million admissions.
at the
20%
at
New
York
28 million