Ill=l|l=l|l=l|l=l|l33, Chapter 40
OGIVE AND LORENZ CHARTS
X he Ogive chart
also called a cumulative frequency curve. Its definition is as follows: a frequency distribution in which "more than" or "less than" data are presented. One scale of the grid represents percentages and the other scale represents "more than"
or
"less
is
than" values.
NUMftER OF FAMILIES
NUMftER OF FAMILIES RECEIVIN6 INCOMES OVER SPECIFIED
I
AMOUNTS
90,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
<Z Rrdrawn from Advertising and
Number
of
Families Receiving
States 1.
January 1917
Selling,
in
Incomes Over Specified Amounts
amount The number
In reading the above chart the
bottom
in
the
United
1916.
of the
diagram.
of the
income
of families
is
is
read by the scale at the
indicated by the scale at the
left-hand side. 2.
If
learn how many families are receiving an income of $1,500 and upshown by the point where the curve crosses the middle vertical ruling between the $1,000 and the $2,000 lines. This is found to be at 3,750.000 accord-
you wish wards,
it
to is
ing to the scale at the
left.
There
are, therefore,
that are receiving an annual income of $1,500.
approximately 3,750,000 families In the
same way
it
is
possible to
estimate that there arc 5,150,000 families that are receiving an income of $1,200.
lll
= lll=lll=lll=lll
332
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION A
Lorenz chart gives frequency distribution when both the variand invariable quantities are reduced to percentages. The curve is plotted on a grid on which both the horizontal and the vertical scales represent 100%. able
100
90 80 70
60 50
40
30 20 10
333
OGIVE AND LORENZ CHARTS
Henry
S.
Dfnniton. "ManBBrmcnt and the Buiinets Cycle." Journal of the American StatUticnl AssoWashington. D C March 1922. SCALE .8
ciation.
A.
.
Relation of Disbursements to the Business Cycle.
Brown. BinKham. and Tcmnomeroff B.
An Ogive Curve
.
Receipts from Sales
"Lafioratory
Handbook
in
of Statistical
the
Upward Swing
of
Methods." McGraw-Hill. 1931.
Plotted on Probability Paper to Determine the Probable DisAccording to Neck Measurements.
tribution of 100,000 Shirts 1.
When
an ogive curve
curve is
is
is
plotted on "probability" paper, assuming that the frequency
symmetrical, the curve
is
of observations. 2.
in the
form of
a straight line.
For
this reason
possible to construct the curve for any particular problem with a small
For explanation 6f
this chart, see 335.
it
number
E
111=111=111=111=111 ^^^.,^.^ GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
334
TABLE A. Neck Measurements
Neck Measurements, Centimeters
of
White Troops
at Demobilization
OGIVE AND LORENZ CHARTS TABLE Determination of
H.
Shirt
B.
A.
Number
of Shirts
Mann, Incorporated
335
336
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
PERCENT )ALE5 100
80
60
40
20
OGIVE AND LORENZ CHARTS
IWV
337
338
i|i=iii=iii=iii=i|i GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
PERCENT OF TOTAL NUMBER OF STORES U.
Department
S.
of
Commerce, Bureau
of
ForeiRn and Domestic Commerce, "Small Scale Retailing,"
1938.
Correlation of Proprietors and Nunnber of Retail Stores 1.
2.
in
the United States
in
1933.
Because this chart is plotted on probability paperj the "line of equal distribution" assumes an "s" shape rather than a straight line. It
is
clear
from
cent of
all
number of proprietors of retail stores correlates The figures and curves show that nearly 33 per who operated by nearly 35 per cent of the proprietors
this chart that the
closely with the
number
stores are
operate stores of
less
of stores.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
than $3,000 annual volume.
When certain series of observations showing frequency data are plotted on arithmetic probabiHty paper, the points do not fall in a straight line, but in a curve. Plotted on probability paper with a logarithmic scale as the ordinate, the points may fall approximately in a straight line or a gentle curve. In order to benefit from the use of probability paper, it is not necessary that the plotted points fall exactly in a straight line. If the curve is so gentle and uniform that it may be extended beyond the limits of the plotted points, it will usually be found sufficient. Sources of Arithmetic and Logarithmic Probability Paper: Codex Book Co., Norwood, Massachusetts. Educational Exhibition Co., Providence, Rhode Island.
ili=ili=ili=ili=ili
339
Chapter RATIO CHARTS,
Cro«« lmr«
As you
RATIO CHARTS
rloirr hichcr.
i|>iii-r
l(M>k
41
for idrnlifirr
^^
ratio chart is designed to indicate rate of change rather than arithmetic change. Although in many instances the spacing of the ruHngs clearly indicates to an experienced reader that the chart is plotted on ratio ruling, it is frequently desirable to indicate the ratio basis as shown in 345 and 346. This is especially necessary if the chart covers a comparatively short range of scale since the reader might not notice the difference in spacing of horizontal lines on the grid.
Synonyms for ratio chart are logarithmic chart, semi-logarithmic chart, rate-of-change chart. The term
is short and expressive. There is need term equally expressive to designate charts
"ratio chart"
for a corresponding
planned on the usual arithmetic
basis.
lOO.OOO.OOO lO.OOO.OOO I.OOO.OOO lOO.OOO lO.OOO I.OOO
lOO lO I
A. 1.
Arithmetic Scale and Ratio Scale.
On
the arithmetic scale, equal vertical
B.
Key
distances represent equal numerical
differences;
tance from
1
that
to 2
the distance from
is
2
is,
the
to 3
dis-
same
the
as
1.
If
On
the
brackets,
differences;
be placed at the 3-deck paper.
1
to
that 2
distance from to 8.
is
2
is,
the to 4
the
same
the
and from
4
Three
-
Deck
four
figures
within
that bracket indicate the scale to
distance as
Selecting the
the figures of the data to be plotted
the ratio scale, equal vertical distances represent equal percentage
from
in
for
on 3-deck ratio paper fall within the range of any one of these six
and from
3 to 4. 2.
for Assistance
Proper Scale Ratio Paper.
2.
A
similar
4
points of the
key could be made
for
deck and 5-deck ratio paper.
4-
340
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
REFERENCES: Bivins, Percy A., The Ratio Chart in Business, Co., Norwood, Mass., 1926.
Codex Book
Irving, "The 'Ratio' Chart for Plotting Statistics," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. XV, June, 1917. (May be obtained from ASA for 75c.)
Fisher,
SCALE 2000 ISOO
1000
900 800 700
600 500
400 300
200
100
90 80 10
60 50 40 iO
20
10
RATIO CHARTS I
S
t« - og ar
NUMBER CONSUMED PER CAPITA 1.00
i
t
^ t
ni*
i
c
tctlal
341
lllHlllHlll GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
1910
WPA, A. 1.
1930
Division of Social Research, "Trends in Relief Exjjenditures. lQlO-1935,"
Expenditures for Public Outdoor Poor Relief
The broken
lines
indicate
comparable form 2.
1925
1920
1915
Since there
is
for
that
thrf
in
1937
SCALE
.8
Indiana from 1910 to 1931.
data were not
available,
or
not
available
in
these years.
no zero line on a rate-of-change chart, there is no difficulty in presame grid two groups of data which have different scales. Com-
senting on the
pare with 276A.
RATIO CHARTS
l|lHl|l
REFERENCES: Karsten, Karl G., Charts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall,
New York
Inc.,
City, 1923.
"Graphic Charts; the Use of the Logarithmic Scale American, 1917. This issue of Scientific American is so limited that copies are not for sale. However, it is available in most libraries.
Wenzel,
J..
for Charting Statistics," Scientific
343
344
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Dun's Review. Fcl>ruary 193Q.
Failures
by
Industrial
to Decennber
There
is
Groups and
Size of Liabilities in the United States
a definite corollary to be derived from these
tries labelled "retail
trade" have the largest
two charts.
number
In the upper one indus-
of failures.
In the lower one.
those industries whose liabilities are under $25,000 have the largest failures.
From
from 1935
1938.
these two facts,
category "under $25,000."
it
may
be deduced that the
number
retail trade
is
of
in that
345
RATIO CHARTS CWA
Work* Progrom
Wofkt Program
in
op«ralion
in
optrolion
in
operation
UNITED STATES TOTAL
I
Semi(ogorilhn>ic
\ \ 1933
1934
-<
Divuion
of Social
Research. •Trend*
1 1933
•^^— Cases
WPA
scol«
I
1935
in
=
1934
== Obligotions
Relief Exf)enditure»,
1935
1910-1Q3.S," J937
Trends of Relief Cases and of Obligations Incurred for Relief Extended to Cases in the United States from July 1933 to December 1935.
The
horizontal line running through each pair of curves represents the average month,
July to December 1933, for both cases and obligations.
346
lllaalllHlllailll GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
1910
1920
1915
Note
1925
1930
1935
Broken lines mdicote doto not ovoiloble or comporoble form for these yeors
ool ovoiloble in
WPA.
Division of Social Rcsrarrh, â&#x20AC;˘Trctxls in Rtlicf Ex|>rndituret, iqiO-IQ3.S," 1937.
Trends of Expenditures for Public Outdoor Relief
in
Selected Areas from 1910 to
1935.
The
scale
a
may be
omitted, as
rate-of-change scale.
scales
do not coincide.
it
is
here, with only a notation that the chart
The curves have been moved
is
plotted on
toKcthcr even though the
RATIO CHARTS
14000
A.
Growth of search,
Business Based on
Showing
tributions Invention
in
Re-
ConResearch and Industrial
of the United States
from I860 to 1930.
The
oriKinal lines
of
and
revcrsinR
this
was black with the
lettering
the
in
original,
white was obtained.
white.
black
By on
347
348
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.
RATE-OF-CHANGE CHARTS A.
DEFINITION. The rate-of-chonge chart in in 1.
("rotio" or "semi-logarithmic"
a type used for picturing the percentage or relative change values of a series over a period of time rather than the change absolute amounts as shown by the arithmetic chart.
chart)
is
of rate of change is achieved through the use of Rate-of-change curves can be constructed either by plotting the logarithms of the values on an arithmetic scale or by plotting the actual values on a logarithmic scale. The latter is the more usual procedure.
The picture logarithms.
2.
B.
The effective use of rate-of-change charts requires an appreciation of their limitations as well as their possibilities.
WHEN TO 1.
When in
2.
USE RATE-OF-CHANGE CHARTS:
the interest
the differences
When
it
is
is in relative movement of a time between amounts.
desired to
compare
the relative
series
movements
and not
of several
time series. 3.
When
the readers are likely to be familiar with this form of chart.
4.
When
the usual arithmetic chart
ture of 5.
would present a misleading
pic-
movement.
For occasions
when
there are no minus figures included
in
the time
series. If it is desired to present a complete picture of both rote of change end amount of chonge the dato con be presented on componion charts, one with a logarithmic amount scale and the other with the usual arith-
Note;
metic scale.
349
RATIO CHARTS
50.000 45,000 401000 35.000 30.000 2S.000 20.000 15,000 12.000 \0.000
9.000 6,000 7.000 6.000 5.000
4,000 3.000 2.000 1915
16 17 'W 19 10 t1
tl IS
M
IS 16 t7 la 19 10
1.000 '31
1i 13 I9<4
Automobile Manufacturers Association. "Automobile Facts and FiRures." 1035.
A.
Two
Average
Life of a
Car
as
SCALE
.9
Shown by Two Cumulative Curves.
cumulative curvt-s are plotted on the same logarithmic grid. The horizontal distance between the two lines thus gives the average life of the car. A cumulative curve may be shown on logarithmic scale as well as arithmetic. See 2 7 9.
Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.
CURVES. The plotting on rate-of-change charts requires considerable care because of the peculiar character of the logarithmic spacing. Where special grids are prepared without intermediate rulings, it is desirable to use a logarithmic plotting scale which may easily be made from printed commercial paper of the proper dimensions. In
general, rate-of-change charts call for simple lines connecting
Columns or surfaces, of course, should not be used to indicate values on a rate-of-change chart. Columns and surfaces may be used on an arithmetic chart to indicate changes in ratios, however.
the points of value.
E
350
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION '
1
1
1 1
i
-"
RATIO CHARTS
.r
352
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Total RarcB
1926
1928
Textile Economics Bureau. Inc..
1982
1980
N Y C.
World Rayon Yarn and Staple
1984
"Rayon OrRanon," June 1Q38.
1986
19S8
SCALE
.7
Fiber Production.
among them the ranking of the principal This chart shows a number nations of the world in the production of rayon. of interesting items,
353
RATIO CHARTS
SCALE
A
A. 1.
Method
When
of Ruling Logarithmic Paper.
logarithmic paper with cycles of the proper height
is
not available,
illustration above, a cycle
A
statistician's scale /
|iiii|iiii|iiii|i;iMii!l
may
from logarithmic paper
is
fairly
is
it
easy to rule paper using a cycle bigger or smaller than the space allotted.
2.
8
In the
used for scale reduction.
be an easier method.
|^i|i|ii|i^ipi^i^;^j^^TT7
rj
Ue«
PARAGON
M75
P
STATISTICIAN'S SCALE
Keuffel
6.
This scale
r
is
—
zs:::
C.
&
Esscr
Co
,
New
York.
complete logarithmic scales, one 25 cm. long, one 4J cm. long. 2ud edge, 3 complete logarithmic scales, one 12 J cm. long, one 10 cm. long, one 6^ cm. long. 3rd edge, 30 centimeters, subdivided to millimeters. 4th edge, 12 inches subdivided to 40ths of Inches. l3t edge, 2
Triangular
for the
statistician.
WlUf
a^^^MM^^ Scale, Engineer's,
div. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 parts to the inch.
Wk
J^ Keuffel
8»
Esser Co..
New
York.
354
Chapter 42
THREE-DIMENSIONAL METHODS
EY MEANS
three-dimensional models, similar to those 355A, and 355B, it is possible to present three variables in the form of curves rather than the usual two. Other methods of showing three dimensions are illustrated in the isometric block diagram in 356A and in the trilinear chart in 359B.
shown
of
in 354,
Commonwrallh Edison Company. Chicago.
SCALE
Ill
Three-Dimensional Curve of the 1935 Load of the 1.
2.
Thrcc-ply bass wood was used
The
in
the
construction of this three-dimensional
was
measured Yt
is
a board which, before
Klass case
is
ruled with a scale of kilowatts on the sides and with the 24-hour
the scale for which
The
model.
Each curve
it
cut.
period from midnight to 12 midnight on each end.
3.
.6
Commonwealth Edison Company.
exhibit
is
about
is
5 feet
The
x 17 x 11 inches.
third dimension
on the base. long and weighs approximately 300 pounds.
is
by days,
355
THREE-DIMENSIONAL METHODS
Pacific
A.
Gas and
EIrctric
Company, San
SCALE
Franrlsco. California.
4
Three-Dimensional Curve of the 1935 Load of the Consolidated System of the Pacific
Gas and
Electric
I
Connpany.
1.
Dimensions of the model, excluding base, are 12" x 24" x 12" high.
2.
The
front black section represents a load curve showing variation from day to day throughout the year for the last half hour of each day. The clefts between the tifty-two sections are Sundays. Additional clefts are the holidays.
SCALE
The
Detroit Edison
B.
Three-DImensional Curve of the 1935 Load of the Detroit Edison Company.
Company,
Apparently the data load for the for
Detroit, Michigan.
for the entire year first
were gathered before
this
model was
started.
.5
The
half-hour of each day for the entire year was then cut out, and
each half-hour after that, making 48 curves.
the load for each day was plotted,
making 365
Compare
curves.
this
with 354 in which
356
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
1
THREE-DIMENSIONAL METHODS
357
I
W.
A,
D. Johnston, Jr., and T. B. Nolan, "Isometric Block Diagrams in Mining Geology," Economic Geology, August 1937.
Isometric Protrac+or.
>
358
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION INCOLARVM OCiCKIPTIO
M ARE5
pVl VIVl NATl
5VNT
ET
5VPER.mTE5
PER.
IVXTA. CENLSV5 IN
yeXATEi DEiCKIPTI JVECIA HABITOJ
MDCCLAD MDCCCLXXV
AB AN
LINL«
^TATVM JVUVTITVM IIOMMICiC CtMUTOtyu •
ITALl/C
Journal of 1870.
REGNVM TABVLARIVM CEN5VALE ROM/E AN MDCCCLXXX the
Royal
Statistical
Socifty
of
London. Jubilcf Volume
—
188.S.
Chart by Luiri Perozzo
SCALE
in .5
Three-Dimensional Model Showing the Growth of the Population of Sweden from 1750 to 1875.
The
picture of this model which appeared in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of
London was
in
a
brown half-tone with
black, red, blue,
three dimensions are the years from 1750 to 1875, the
and
number
j-reen
lines.
of persons,
The
and the
age of the persons.
In this book, an illustration occupying a full page is referred to by page number. When there is more than one illustration on a page, each is identified by a letter of the alphabet. When there is more than one footnote beneath an illustration, each is numbered. Thus the cross reference 267B2 means page 267, illustration B, note 2.
359
THREE-DIMENSIONAL METHODS Triangular
A.
Coordinate
Graph
Paper.
The
was fust used for inon strength of concrete mixtures. This form lends itself to the demonstration of problems involving a mixture of three
trilinrar chart
vrstigation
ingredients,
such
as
alloys
con-
taining three metals and food rations containing three dietetic ele-
ments. Krufffl
(k
Ejifr
Co
,
N
Y.
v(Oiopside)
«»7* 17/3"
*PDt«s?i Feldspar
(PolaihTeWspar)
J
B.
F
WT. PER CENT
—
—
Diopiidc Silica." Amfrican Journal of Scicncr. Sfhairrr and N L Bowcn. 'Thf SyHrm. Lruritr Groi>hy«ical Laboratory CarnrRif Institution of Washington
IQ38
Equilibrium Diagram of the Ternary System, Leucite
— Diopside —
Silica.
360
Chapter 43
COMPOSITE CHARTS
often desirable to comcharts in this chapter illustrate different methods of combining various charts.
Jb o present a more complete picture bine several different types of charts.
NET INCOME
1975
175 150 -
ÂŤ
m
-
100
75
li 75 too
1977
1978
The
MILLIONS OF DOLLARS
1979
1930
NET INCOME OR DEFICIT
200
z -
197b
IN
it is
-
1911
1957
19JJ
1914
361
COMPOSITE CHARTS INDLX SCALE
INDEX SCALE
IjieO *100 Value.
/•Labor Cost '
'.Per
(^ Gross-
>/vlncomc no 108 0(>
-84 82 60
Guttav R.
A.
9^t
Stahl,
EfFect of
J.
T. Trenholm
Walk-Oufs
&
in
Co.. N. Y.
f75ah7 957
C
the United States on Business From 1936 to June 1938.
^^ "«!*
r9?3
:% ^ate^
|1-
r
Ill 362
III
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION CENTS PER BUSHEL
r
"1
MinneapoUs
150
No.
1
,'v
p ^
D. Northern
.
Spring
100
—
Winnipeg 3. Manitoba
No.
50
i.l.i.l-i.l.i.l.i.l.i.l.i.l.l.l.l.l.i-l-'-l-i-l l.l.l.l.l.l.l
PRICE MARGINS AND TARIFF LEVEL
^
-
50
Tariff level
^
'
-^^^
WINNIPEG ^- Minneapolis over
~
-25
.
Winnipeg I
I
— I
I
I
1
BUSHELS (MILLIONS)
ii
I
.1
S.
Drpartmrnt
1
I
I
I
.
I
I
.1
I
.
I
.
I
.1
.
1
.1
I
I
-I
I
.
I
I
I
.
I
I
.
I
.
I
I
1—
HARD RED WHEAT, IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION, FULL DUTY PAID
-
ILJ
1922-23
U
.
of Aerirulturr.
'26-27
Burrau
of Acrirultural
Prices, Price Margins. Tariff Level,
July 1922 to July 1937.
'30-31 YEAR BEGINNING JULY
SCALE
Economiri.
and Imports of Wheat
_lA.i '34-35
in
8
the United States From
363
COMPOSITE CHARTS
COST or LIVING INMX NUMMMt,l92«-IOO
REAL" WEEKLY EARNINGS INDEX NUMBERS, 1929^100
tclepmones and TELECBAPHS
I
Electric light and power
AND manufactured GAS
Class
i
-
railroads
Electric railroads and motorbuses
crude petroleum producing metalliferous mining
__
YEAR-ROUND motels ALL MANUFACTURING
_
DURABLE GOODS
NONDURABLE GOODS LAUNDRIES
WHOLESALE TRADE RETAIL TRADE
_.
GENERAL MERCHANDISINGOTHER THAN GENERAL MERCHANDISING QUARRYING AND NONMETALLIC MINING-
DYEING AND CLEANING
_
National Industrial Confcrrnrr Board.
Inc..
N. Y.
C. June
Cost of Living and "Real" Weekly Earnings Curves, bars, and
I
II.
a
sector chart
in
17.
SCALE
1938.
the United States
combined give a
clear,
From 1929 to
.6
1938.
concise picture of a problem.
III I
364
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
BY CLASS OF SERVICE. 1929. 1933. 1937 ROAD MSSENCen ENGINEERS ||i^^
ROAD rnElCHT ENGINEERS ROAD PA&SENCER CONDUCTORS
ROAO FREIGHT CONDUCTORS
>«l l»|
l»5V. e i| **« «t
|
t8«.09
leo.se
unsL
YARD ENGINEERS
ROAD PASSENGER FIREMEN YARD CONDUCTORS
• 4«.0t
(47t»
1S0.23 t49.00
ALL TRAIN AND ENGINE SERVICE LABOR
ROAD FREIGHT FIREMEN ROAD PASSENGER BRAKEMEN YARD BRAKEMEN ROAO FREIGHT BRAKEMEN YARD FIREMEN
UNSKILLED LABOR
*i»t»: SSS.if
365
COMPOSITE CHARTS PASSENGER CAPACITIES OF SURFACE STREETS 60 R. Poy»m»nf
Lonct EacK Direction
3
No
Pardinq IN
AUTOS
AulomobiUl Only IN
AUTOS
IN
AUTOS
IN
BUSES
Auloi A But*>
k
IN STREET
CARS
Autos & Street Cort
COMPARATIVE PASSENGER CAPACITIES OF MAJOR TRANSIT AND TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENTS
One
express-local
hour
in
tracks.
Twenty-one highways
required
It
in
will
one direction on two
elevated
load
subway
passengers per
100,000
carry
to
carry
four-lane
be
would
same
the
autonnobiles.
everyone came to work by
private automobile, each office building would
of the
same
need
size for
a
garage
the storage
of vehicles.
Transit
Journal,
September 26,
Masses."
A
1938,
Part
of
an Editorial
Entitled
"Transit's
Moving
Job
SCALE
the .7
Picture of the Transit Problem in the United States.
1.
The
2.
The second one
first
chart presents graphically passenger capacities of surface streets. gives comparative passenger capacities of major transit
and
traffic
im-
provements. 3.
The
amount of space that would be needed work by private automobile.
third shows the to
for
garage
if
everyone came
Ill
III
"lll" GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
1925
1914
1899
* Electrical horsepower
Elrctriral
World. Ortobrr "' to Amrrira
8.
1938
Part
of
1937
in factories
an Editorial on PuMic Rrlations Entitled
Mrant
A
Comparison of the Status of Labor Production
1.
That Industry
in
in
What
Elcrtririty
SCALE
.6
the Electrical Industry and the Increased
1899. 1914. 1925, and 1937.
of this chart is that with the increase in use of electrical horsepower in average wages per hour go up and average hours per week go down.
The implication factories,
2.
in
I
Note that the two curves and the bars have
a
common
zero line, but the scales arc
different.
I III
I III
III I
III
III
Ill I
I
I
367
Chapter 44
SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART HE FIRST problem in producing a chart, assuming that the data have been gathered, is in the choice of materials to be used in drawing it. Often the materials at hand in the office or drafting room are sufficient. It is also possible to plan the production of a chart, basing all the plans on the materials at hand. I
PAPER The test for the selection of paper on which to draw is to try the drawing medium upon it; that is, the ink, pencil, paint, or crayon, and see the result. Cross section paper drawing materials may be secured from the following companies:
SOURCES: Codex Book
Co.,
Norwood, Massachusetts.
Educational Exhibition Co.. Providence, Rhode Island.
Rectangular Coordinate Graph Paper. 1.
The number
of lines
drawn on graph paper and the spacing
indicate the use to which the paper will be put. of printed graph paper
saves time and 2.
One type
is
is offered the draftsman. comparatively inexpensive.
of the lines
may
quite often
For that reason, a wide choice The use of printed graph paper
of rectangular coordinate paper, called utility paper,
is
shown above.
It
has
by weeks, or 4 years by months. The 36 spaces may be used to represent one month by days, 3 years by months, or one year by months taking every third space. 52 spaces on the long edge to represent one year
3.
This paper fit
is
so spaced that
into the space; that
it is,
may be put in the typewriter and the lines of type will on the standard typewriter there are six lines of type to
the inch, and on this utility paper, there are six spaces to the inch.
I III
I I
III I
368
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Educational Exhibition Co., Providence, Rhode Island. Eugene Dietzgen Co.. New York City (and various other Keuffel & Esser Co., New York City (and various other
cities). cities).
is a "must" in the drafting room and copy room. paper and may be used for a temporary joining, wrinkle not It does one. permanent as well as for a
Rubber cement
may
be used to great advantage in comparing curves, bars, or other types of graphic charts. The charts are drawn directly on the transparent material. When placed over each other, a clear comparison is possible.
Transparent materials
SOURCES OF TRANSPARENT MATERIALS: Celluloid Corporation, Newark,
New
Jersey.
Dupont De Nemours &> Company, New York Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri. E.
I.
Eugene Dietzgen
A.
Co.,
New York
City.
Ratio or Logarithmic Chart Paper.
Logarithm
ic
log
paper scale
vertical
is
obtainable with
the
both horizontal and rulings or with the log in
along only the
Log paper
is
ordinate.
obtainable in vari-
ous sizes and with various cycles or decks.
City.
Kcuffcl B.
&
Esser Co..
New York
City.
SCALE
.6
Percentage Protractor.
The percentage
protractor
is
of particular
value to anyone making graphic charts, since it can be used in the construction and measurement of sector charts and similar graphs.
369
SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART
A.
Triangles,
and
T-Square,
French
Curve. 1.
The
triangle
on the
gree, while the
left is 30 x 60 deone on the right is
a 45 degree triangle. 2.
French curves are available in a great many shapes and forms. The one shown here is one of the simplest.
3.
These drawing instruments arc part of the equipment for a standard drawing board.
Eugene Dietzgen Co.,
Us
(9)
New York
City.
SCALE
.5
,
I
370
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
REFERENCES Raymond R. Colton. Graphs: How to Make and Use Them. Harper & Brothers. New York City, 1937. Brinton. Willard C. Graphic Methods for Presenting Facts, McGraw-Hill Book Co.. Inc.. New York City, 1914. Brown. Theodore H.. Richmond F. Bingham, and V. A. Temnomeroff. Laboratory Handbook of Statistical Methods, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York City, 1931. Haskell. A. C, Graphic Charts in Business, Codex Book Co., Inc., Norwood, Mass., 1928. Karsten, Karl G., Cliarts and Graphs, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York City, 1923.
Arkin. Herbert and
CRAYONS If you do not have crayons of the desired color on hand, try your nearest art dealer. If you are unable to secure the materials that you want there, write to the manufacturers. They will put you in touch with your nearest dealer.
A wide variety is offered. There are colored pencils, wax crayons, pressed crayons, water crayons, etc. If when using a wax crayon, the color tends to smear, scrape the surface with a razor blade. The excess crayon is thus removed. Lumber crayons may be used for extremely heavy color work.
Makers of crayons: American Crayon Co., Sandusky, Ohio, New York City. Art Crayon Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Binney &" Smith Co., New York City. Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J., New York City (and various other cities). Ea^le Pencil Company, Inc..
New York
City
Eberhard Faber Pencil Co.. Brooklyn. N. Y. Koh-I-Noor Pencil Co., New York City.
E.-ii;lr
Pencil
Company.
Inc
.
New York
City
Pencil Lengthener. 1.
The
pencil lengthener entire pencil
2.
The
pencil lengthener for use in a
.ill ,
is
used with a pencil stub.
This makes
it
possible to use the
and yet not be uncomfortable while using the small length.
may
also be fitted with a pencil
which
is
made
short especially
lengthener.
ill
ill
ll" MAKING
Ill I
Charirt
Inks for
A
M
SUGGESTIONS FOR
HigRins
Ik
Co
.
Inc
.
Brooklyn.
N
III 371
A CHART
SCALE
Y.
8
Drawing and Lettering.
good drawing ink should be smooth flowing and quick drying as well as permanent and The stopper is usually equipped with a quill to be used in Tilling waterproof. drawing and ruling pens.
PASTED COLORED PAPERS The problem plified 1.
2.
3.
of putting color
by the use
on a graphic chart
is
further sim-
of colored paper.
Plain colored paper
may be pasted on with rubber cement. a gummed back may be obtained either
Colored paper with in tape form or in sheets. Colored paper with a back which adheres to any clean, smooth surface and which requires no water may be obtained in a variety of widths and colors.
Sources:
Dennison Manufacturing Co., Framingham, Mass., City (and various other cities). Industrial Tape Corporation, New Brunswick, N. J. Minnesota Mining &' Manufacturing Co., Chicago, City (and various other cities). Poster Products, Inc., Chicago,
Van Chef
.1.
Bros., Chicago,
New York
New York
..I.
New York New York
City,
City.
Ii.
:
372
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ERASERS Erasers are necessary implements in the drafting room. may be classified into the following types: 1.
velvet
—
They
for erasing pencil
5.
—for erasing typewriter type — erasing smudges, charcoal, — cleaning up drawings cleaning kneading erasers —
6.
ink erasers and ink eradicators
7.
erasing machines
2.
sandpaper
3.
scrubbing
4.
roll-off
for
pencil, etc.
for
pencil, etc.,
for
from walls
Sources
Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. Eagle Pencil
Company,
Inc.,
New York
J.
City
Eberhard Faber Pencil Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Co., Newark, N. J.,
Weldon Roberts Rubber
New York
City
Erasing Machines:
Chicago Wheel Charles
W. Speidel
No. 00 Kcuflrl
S
Esser
& Manufacturing Co.,
1
Co
.
2
Chicago.
&> Co., Philadelphia.
3
4
Illllll 6
5
7N
8N
9
10
12
14
N<-w York City.
Leroy Let+ering Pens and Width of Letters. While these pens are designed primarily in
373 they
socket which
may fits
for use
with the scriber and lettering guide shown and line drawing. A special
also be used for free-hand lettering
into an ordinary
pen holder
is
necessary for
this.
SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART
373
INK A good
waterproof permanent ink is essential. Colored inks such and green are often standard equipment in an office. These be used to color graphic charts and maps. See 371.
as red
may If is
there
is
a choice of colored inks, the following order of choice
recommended: 1.
black
2.
carmine red or scarlet
3.
green
4.
blue
5.
yellow
6.
brown
7.
orange
I
KeufTrl
H
Esscr Co..
New York
City.
Leroy Lettering Guide and Scriber. 1.
This lettering guide center section.
is
of three-ply construction,
The
letters arc cut
two white
sections,
with one blacic
only in one white section, revealing the black
one underneath. 2.
There are two types of scribers: the adjustable one that produces both vertical and slanting letters, and the fixed scriber that produces vertical letters only.
-I|i
"III-. 374
â&#x20AC;˘I'
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Wood Rrgan InsUumcnt
A. 1.
Co..
New York
Tubular points on
this
Steel
pen prevent ink from getting on the edges of the openings of needles regulate the flow of ink and prevent the points from
becoming clogged with
The under guide
side
of
the
ink.
guide
is
moved from one
is
grooved so that ink character
to
another.
will
Thro. Altcnrdrr
1.
Qi
of this
pen makes the pen easy to clean.
firm from
whose catalogue
10,
This
this illustration
called a "Spacing Divider." to
to
when
placed
the
directly
be done.
"Hinged" Type.
The hinge arrangement The
is
is
Sont. Philadelphia, Pa.
Ruling Pen of the
able in a variety of sizes and shapes. 2.
not be smeared
The guide
over the portion of the paper on which the lettering
B.
.6
Wrico Lettering Pen and Lettering Guide. the guide.
2.
SCALE
City.
is
Ruling pens are avail-
the actual size of the pen.
was taken
also handles a helpful device
This instrument consists of
11
teeth,
numbered from
and so designed that they always divide the extreme setting
of
the
dividers into 10 equal parts.
I III
I III
I III
I"
Ill
I SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART
III I
375
I
Poster Products, Inc., Chicago, and Tablet
Sl
Ticket Co., Chicago.
Cut-Out LeHers. 1.
Another method to put
of lettering a chart
them on the
chart.
The
is
secure cut-out letters and (inures and then
to
letters
come
in a
variety of styles and sizes and
be secured cither with a gummed back or a back wliich adheres to any clean smooth surface and which requires no water. The latter are both removable and
may
reusable. 2.
The
letters
(Tablet
"OSNX" are K^in^i^^<l-t'3<^l< a"d come & Ticket Co.). The letters W2"
protects the adhering surface and
come 3.
A
third
13
stripped
from 'g to
off
just
letters
from
1
inch to
18
inches in height
2
A
require no water.
white backing
These
before using.
16 to 9 inches in height (Poster Products Inc
company making Company, Los
Letter
I III
in sizes
is
in sizes
inches in
letters
).
height
is
The Rcdicut
Angeles, California.
III I
nil I
376
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
lip PACRAtti
or
TYHE
m^'
ASSORTED FURNtTURt
The Kclsey Company. Meriden, Conn.
A. Small Portable
and Outfit.
Printing Press
press shown above prints a type space 6 x 10 inches. A downward pressure on the lever gives the impression. Ink is spread on the ink table, which may be removed for cleaning. From 600 to 2000 sheets may be run through per hour.
1.
The small
2.
These small presses are available
number
in a
Picaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; No.
1
of sizes.
(10)
This is a sample of writing with No. 1 Pica type, the style most used for general correspondence. 10
123456789
Elite No. 6 (12 or 10 Special)
ILITE. Is used largely for personal correspondence. Much matter in small space without crowded appearance. L. C.
Smith Typewriter Co.,
B. Pica 1.
and
Elite
New York
Typewriter Styles.
Graph paper may be
may
City.
be typed.
A
inserted in the typewriter so that the lettering and
standard typewriter makes a legible chart.
used type styles are the pica and 2.
There are ten
On 3.
A
letters to the inch
the elite type there
elite.
on the pica type and
may be
six
lines of
type to the inch.
either twelve or ten letters to the inch.
A new machine makes same typewriter. See 379.
large variety of type styles are available on typewriters today. it
numbering
The most commonly
possible to use several styles of type on the
.. ....
377
SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART 19^
OROrrH Of Trg ILfCTHIC LIOUT AHP rOfIR HCDUSTBT -- 190? TO
y^wi
3
TTTTlTm
1937.
1932. 1927.
1922.
1917... 1912.
.
1907.
.
1902.
.
ahh ijuipmimt
MlUloQ.
la
XliL
vuHT
or
of Dollar.
Million' T 5 5^
zzzz zzzz zzzz
—
-2_I
1
"i
8
7
1
*
9
«•
10
11
Ik
13
mLUR TnLmLnminL mi JUL zza
umim zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz JUL TEL TEL TRL m ummi zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz mLTULUR mnuR ZZZZ2ZZZ B nmmLUR ummni
nmuE
r anRQT agyiRATiD— BUUOMs or tiLowArr-HOUHg B
XttL 20
10
1937...
International
Two 1.
1932.
••
1927.
.
1922.
.
1
1
of
a t
i
50
30
50
k 50
1
1
w a
fo
10
t
t -
fO
h
tt
100
r «
110
120
I
jmLmmmmmR ZZZZZ ma mR ZZZZZ Rmmmm ZZZZZ ma zzzffizzzzLznzz mmmmwu ZZZZIZZZZZ ZZZZZ ZZZZL ZZZZZ 77777 mR 77777
ZZ3
mmmiL ZZZZLZZZZL
1917...
ZZZZZ
1912.
.
ZZZZZ
1907.
.
1902.
.
mR
ZZ3
7773
H
Business Machinrs Corp
Bar Charfs
1
Made
For the employee
on
in
,
Nrw York
SCALE
City.
.7
a Typewriter.
a business office, lacking
the tools and the
lettering of a draftsman, the typewriter offers an opportunity
skill
for
in
drawing and
quick and easy
preparation of graphic presentation of data through charts and diagrams.
It solves
the problem of lettering and asures that vertical and horizontal lines will be at right angles without the use of a 2.
Making bar
charts
is
drawing board and T-square.
a simple process.
By
a unit quantity, the character selected
number of times to which when written
letting for
one space on the machine represent
a given bar can be struck the correct
represent any specified amount. so that one
attractive "all over" pattern.
There are several characters row exactly touches the next one will make a very
â&#x20AC;˘!
I'
378
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION DisTÂŤnoTio>r OF
ncH dolus
International Businrss Machines Corp.,
A
Sector Chart
A
sector chart can be
Made
LXSS COST or
New York
MATP I AU)
SCALE
City.
.5
on a Typewriter.
made
quickly -and easily on a typewriter by the following method:
1.
Draw
2.
Indicate the division of the circle into
the circle of convenient size with any ordinary school compass. its
parts by a protractor and
draw the dividing
lines in ink. 3.
Type
in the
4.
With
the compass set as
of the sectors.
it was to draw the original circle, draw another circle exactly on a sheet of thin typewriter second paper. By running the sharp point of the compass around the circle several times on the thin paper, the circle will drop out and leave a hole in the second sheet.
like
5.
names
it
Place the copy in the machine with the second sheet over
excepting the circle 6.
itself is
it
so that
all
of the
copy
covered.
Roll the copy up in the machine and place a strip of second sheet along one of the dividing lines and another strip along the adjacent dividing of
paper
will
cross
at
the center
of
the circle and will
line.
cover
The two
strips
th*
circle
all
of
but one sector. 7.
8.
Beginning at the bottom of the exposed sector, make rows of the desired character to make the "all over" pattern for that sector, allowing the rows to extend beyond the edge of the sector a few spaces. The excess typing will fall on the second sheets and a very sharp edge of the pattern will appear on the copy. Adjust the strips of paper each time to expose one sector and fill in each sector, running the pattern carefully around the lettering. It
takes as long to describe
III I
it
as
it
does to do
III I
it.
I
-ll-
III--
-III
SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING A CHART
379
I
The Varl- Typer Electric Composing Machine Is â&#x20AC;˘*nuf *c tured by the Ralph C. Coxhead T. Corporation, with their main office at 17 Park Place, Mev Tork City, II
Vari-Typer,
an Electric Typewriter with
.
Interchangeable Type
The Vari-Typer Electric Composing Machine is used to "cut" stencils and The to compose the master copy for reproduction by Photoâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Of f set Control, Spacing machine features Interchangeable Type, Horizontal Vertical Spacing Control, Uniform Impression Control, Bold Face Repeat .
Justification Mechanism, Open End Carriage, Standard Keyboard and Shadow Light. The machine is simple to operate.
Key, Margin
The above was typed on
I III
the Vari-Typer.
I III
III I
380
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
GRAPHIC
GRAPHIC
GRAPHIC
GRAPHIC GRAPHIC GRAPHIC
RAfHllG
MiPiHinŠ Martin J Weber,
New York
City.
Photographic Method of Securing Various Types of Lettering Effects. 1.
All
the above letter eFfects were
camera from the same 2.
3.
The
letters
made photo-mechanically by The original is the top
original line.
can be made to slant either to the right or
a
special
device on a
line of the left
column.
left.
In addition to altering the letter effects, this process invented by Martin J. Weber, New York artist, will produce variations of the original which will register perfectly
with that original for color registration work.
Green and red as favorable and unfavorable originated with railroad signals which were based upon the idea of red for danger and green for safety. Today, red and green are used in traffic signals for stop-and-go.
When
there is to be a gradation from dense to least dense there a question as to how the gradations should be crosshatched. Generally, black represents the unfavorable and white the favorable. Since the question is one of interpretation, the decision should be made relative to the particular problem.
is
381
Chapter 45
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
o
n the following pages are abstracts from Time Series Charts. 1938, prepared by the Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation under the procedure of the American Standards Association, with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sponsor body.
A Manual of Design and Construction,
Other abstracts from
this report will
be found in the following
chapters:
Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
12. 13.
33. 34. 36. 42. 51.
MULTIPLE BAR CHARTS CONTRASTING BAR CHARTS CURVE CHARTS COMPARISONS WITH TWO CURVES COMPONENT PARTS SHOWN BY CURVES RATIO CHARTS METHODS OF PRINTING
The pamphlet number
of this report
may
is
ASA
Z15.2
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1938.
It
be secured for $1.25 from the Publications Department of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West 39th Street,
New York
City.
The Committee on Preferred
Practice for
Time
Series Charts,
with Arthur H. Richardson as Chairman, prepared the report Time Series Charts. It is a subcommittee of the Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation. Within the next year, it is expected there will be a report by the subcommittee on Engineering and Scientific Graphs, of which W. A. Shewhart is Chairman.
382
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
DESIGNATION OF CHART COMPONENTS
REFERENCE
GENERAL NOTE
SYMBOL
AMOUNT-
SCALE NUMERALS
HORIZONTAL RULINGS
LABELS
AMOUNT-
(curve
SCALE PTION
captions)
/Vye of Paper REFERENCE
NOTE
The arrow and
BASE LINE (ZERO LINE)
designation "Edge of Paper" have been added to the original in order to
indicate that the outside hne to
TIME DESIGNATIONS
is
not a frame.
The author beheves
it
is
undesirable
put a frame hne around a chart because of the possibihty of that hne being
falsely interpreted as a zero line.
.
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
383
GRIDS Grid Structure ploys a controlling port in interpreting the However, grid specifications should seldom if ever be determined without tokmg the scales into consideration. In the matter of influencing the behavior of the curve, the two facts.
are of equal importance. The proper construction of a grid involves more than simply covering a convenient space with cross rulings. As in the matter of general layout, the nature of the doto ond purpose of the presentation must be considered. A grid unsuifed to the doto moy be not only lacking in effectiveness but
may
actually
FÂŤw
plotting*
be misleading.
GRID DIMENSIONS 1
Grids should be so proportioned as not to
2.
Grid proportions should not be
3.
Grids should be of pleasing proportions.
distort the facts.
rigidly standardized.
Many
plottings
FREQUENCY Of VERTICAL RULINGS 1.
The number of
rulings should
be
sufficient to indicate the
frequency
of plotting. 2.
There should be a sufficient number of rulings to ing of time values on the horizontal time-scole.
facilitate the
read-
WEIGHT OF VERTICAL RULINGS 1.
Vertical rulings should
be of
sufficient
weight to guide the eye readily
Emphasis on chonge
to the time-scale designations. 2.
The weight
of vertical
rulings should
be varied so as to indicate
clearly the nature of the time intervals or the subdivisions of time for
which data ore shown.
FREQUENCY OF HORIZONTAL RUUNGS 1.
2.
3.
Horizontal rulings should be so drawn as to meet the requirements of their two-fold purpose: To assist in reading values on the vertical scale and to provide a series of horizontal bases of comparison
The number of horizontol rulings should vary according to the closeness with which it is desired to read values of the vertical scale. Rulings should not be so frequent as to imply a greater accuracy of the data than actually exists.
Indkotlng omUsion of rulings
In general, there should be no more rulings than ore necessary to guide the eye to on approximate reading of the curve values.
WEIGHT OF HORIZONTAL RULINGS 1.
2.
Horizontal rulings should be sufficiently heavy amount scale without conscious effort.
to
guide the eye to the
Horizontal rulings should be heovy enough to serve os supplementary "boses" of comparison for the curves.
3.
Horizontal rulings should be the curves.
light
enough
to contrast
sharply with
Infrequent rulings generally desiroble
I
384
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
ROOT-TWO
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
IMPORTANCE OF PROPER SCALE SELECTION EFrECT OF SCALE ALTERATION
OAiCINAL SCALC
*
ARnANCCUCNT
-
CHART SHOWING MOVEMENT
385
386
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
RELATION OF TIME SCALE TO 1.
AMOUNT
SCALE
and the amount
scale has a deThe relofion between termining influence on the movement of time-series curves. the time scale
Note: The movement of o curve ij here understood to meon the o'opf^ic effect of the progressive chonges in the quantity considered The trend is the graphic effect of the overoil changes in the quontity considered 2.
pression of the trend 3.
be made to convey and movement of the series.
Selection of both scales should
Manipulating the scales so as to picture a movement contrary to the facts is never justiPied.
True picture
.L
Distortion fMultino from oinitslon of
zero value
20
the correct im-
387
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
RANGE AND SPACING OF AMOUNT SCALE Principl*! 1.
Since the omount scole has a controlling effect on the movement it is highly important that a scale be selected which will
oi the curves
a true picture of the
result in 2.
facts.
The amount scale should be divided
in
a manner
that will facilitate
accurote reading of the curve values.
Procedures 1.
RANGE
DESII^ABLE. Generally the amount scale should begin should extend continuously to a point somewhat beyond the greatest value, to avoid crowding the grid. In cases of marked upward trends, curves generally should not point obove the upper right-hond corner of the grid.
FULL
at zero.
2.
AVOID WASTE SPACE should be avoided thus
Ploclng the curve
It
if
Unnecessary extension of the scale range
blank space which serves no useful purpose
is
added.
Noie Eoendino Curves
When
scole range reduces the fluciuotion and separation of desirable it mov be belter accomplished by reducing the the resulting chorl con still be made ol the desired pro-
't<e
this
Koie dimensions
is i(
portions.
3.
"FREAK" VALUES. Where a
series contains
a few widely divergent
they ore really significant) it is often better not to attempt to select a scale that will include them all. Inclusion of these points will tend to depress the fluctuations of the rest of the curve. points
4.
lunless
DIVISION OF SCALE.
It
is
desirable to select a scale range that
Method
of showing "freok" values
I
is
divisible into convenient scale intervals. lal
SCALE VALUES
For reading
it
is
generally well to subdivide the
scale into intervals that are familiar
and easy
to visualize
leg.,
5, 10, 15, 20). (bl
For reading ing
CURVE VALUES
for
purposes of interpolation or read-
between the main points on the
scale,
it
may be
desirable to
divide the scale into even units rather than odd, as the eye can more readily divide the space into even ports than into odd. 5.
AMOUNT
SCALE. Although the amount scale should "BREAKING" generally be continuous, it is sometimes permissible to omit on intermediate portion 111 when the curves on the grid ore widely seporoted and it is desired to compare them more closely, or (2| to magnify the fluctuations of the different curves which may be widely separated on the amount
6.
7.
scale.
INDICATING BROKEN SCALE. When
there is any break in the amount scale or any intermediate portion is omitted, the fact should be clearly indicated by some accepted convention.
Division of
amount scale
^H
SPACING BROKEN SCALE When ing
in
the amount scale is broken, spacboth resulting portions of the scale should remain identical.
Breaking amount scale (SeÂŤ procedures 6 and
7)
1
)
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
LOCATION OF AMOUNT-SCALE DESIGNATIONS Principle
1.
Amouni-scole designations iiiould be ploced where they con be read most easily in coniunction with the curves.
Procedures 1.
AT BOTH SIDES: general To provide for any reading requirement. (b) To give balance to the chart. In
la)
Especially Ic)
Idl
2.
When When
the grid
extremely wide.
is
the horizontal rulings are
dose
together.
AT RIGHT SIDE OF GRID ONLY: lal (bl
When When
interest
definitely centered of the right,
is
a noturol reading of the chart requires reading the curve
before the scale. Noie
The theory of plocing 'he scole oi the right is ihoi o oerson will normolly read the chort trom let' to right (thoi is. from the curve to the scole ro'her thon (rcn 'he scole lo the cu'vel. 3.
AT LEFT SIDE OF GRID ONLY: lal
jbl
When When
interest
is
definitely centered at the
left.
interpretation of the chart requires reading the scale before
the curve. 4.
NEITHER SIDE It is sometimes feasible to place amount designations adiacent to the plotted values on the curve. iThis treatment is most effective when grid Imes ore omitted, and is especially suited to charts for popular appeal
AMOUNT-SCALE NUMERALS 1.
Amount-scale numerals should be so written and placed that they clearly
and
Scales both sides o*rierolly (See proceduie
recommended
Interest ot right 1
will
easily indicate the value of the horizontal rulings.
Interest at left
389
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
TONS
AMOUNT 1.
A
SCALE CAPTIONS
scale caption should always
I..
accompany
unless the character of the scale units 2.
I.
400
is
the amounl-scole numerals otherwise indicated.
Amount-scale captions should be located where they mdicate the units of value.
will
most effec-
tively
CopMon
Caption
above
at the
numerali
tide
»io
RANGE AND SPACING OF 1.
TIME SCALE
The time scale should correspond to the characteristics of the data both in regard to the span of time covered and the frequency with which values ore recorded.
$e
—
Caption combined with numerals
1
RELATION OF TIME SCALE TO VERTICAL RULINGS POINTS
AND PLOHED
Note: Time icale^ consist of a series of successive equally spaced points of time Idates. time of doy, etc.) the intervals between such points representing periods of time. "f^INT DATA" are values in a time series as of specific points of lime "PERIOD DATA" ore volues in o time series for periods of time. ;
1.
IN THEORY,
vertical rulings should
always indicate
specific points of
time on the time scale. |a| Point data should be plotted on such point-of-time rulings, lb)
Period data
should be plotted
midway between
point-of-time
rulings.
2.
IN
ACTUAL PRACTICE, however,
garded
in
showing period data.
this principle
may
often
be
disre-
1
I
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION LOCATION OF TIME-SCALE DESIGNATIONS Principle
1.
Time-scale designations should be placed where they con be read most easily in conjunction with the curves.
Procedures 1.
USUALLY AT lol (b)
|cl
(dl
2.
BOnOM
SOMETIMES AT TOP (al When the grid is (bl
OF GRID BECAUSE:
The bottom o( the chart is the conventional location. The base line is ordinarily the principal line oi relerence to which the eye travels lor a basis of comparison. In many coses, the curve starts near the bottom of the grid, eg., growth curves starting near the base line. The scale designations at the bottom odd to the appearance of the chart in balancing the weight ol the composition.
When
AND BOHOMâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; unusually high.
numerous as to cause difficulty following them to the scole at the bottpm. When a considerable portion of the curve lies near the top of the the vertical rulings are so
in
Icl
grid.
3.
AT TOP ONLY, IN SPECIAL CASESâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; la)
When
it
with the lb) |c)
4.
When When
is
desired to emphasize the time periods
in
conjunction
title,
the space at the bottom
is
insufficient.
the principal line of reference
lies
near the top of the grid.
WITHIN THE GRID.
In very simple charts it is sometimes effective- to place time designations within the grid directly under or over the plotted points. (This treofment is well suited to advertising or publicity charts, especially when the curve is shown without grid lines.)
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1936
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
Usual location of time-scale designation
Procedure for unusual coses
391
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
ARRANGEMENT OF
TIME-SCAIE DESIGNATIONS
Principle
I.
Time-scale designations should be so arranged as to focilitote the reading of time values lor all plotted points on the curves. l»2S
l»M IMT ins
WM
l«2«
It3l
W33
Procedures 1.
DESIGNATION FOR EACH RULING. A normally
2.
3.
accompany each
time
designation
should
vertical ruling.
Arrong«menl
OMISSION OF DESIGNATIONS. When
rulings ore so vertical numerous that designations cannot be shown in legible size lor each ruling, it is well to omit some of them; e.g., every other ruling.
PLACING. Time designations should be centered under
for
yoort
the vertical
grid rulings or spaces to which they relate. 4.
READING POSITION: la)
Designations should,
(b|
When
there
if
possible, read horizontally.
insuFTicienf
is
space
1930
to place time designations in
it is generally desirable to place them reading upward.
horizontol position, vertical position
Note is
5.
some cases where
In
it
is
in
important to retain horizontal reading
a a
1931
1932
Arrongemenl
1933 1934
1935
for quarters
it
possible to "stogoer" captions.
SUBDIVIDED TIME PERIODS. When major divisions on the time scale ore divided into minor divisions, it is normally desirable to indicate both, by means of primary and secondary scale designations. Major divisions should be indicated by captions placed under the minor designations to which they apply.
1933
1934
Arrongemenl
for
monlhi
API!
UAV
Note: Dropping secondory designations As a means of retaining horizontal reading, designations for minor time divisions con often be dropped entirely where interest lies in the general trend rather than in specific points on the curve, eg, for time series plotted weekly it is often sotisfactory to show only monthly captions under the weekly rulings. iSee illustration at the right I
6.
DESIGNATION FOR EACH PLOHING.
For series containing irregu-
sometimes effective to designate on the time scale only those points for which there ore plotted values. lar
7.
time intervals,
it
is
TIME-SCALE CAPTIONS. If necessary to on understanding of time .. I J L ij u _i characteristics of a series, a descriptive caption should be placed below the time designation; e.g., "end of each month." .
.
•
.
••
I
JAN ^ r(B
t^AII
.lUN
weeks (Oindicotes beginning ond end Arrongemenl
for
.
^
montt»i)
ot
392
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
ABBREVIATION OF TIME-SCALE DESIGNATIONS Principles
1.
It is desirable to abbreviate time designations whenever the complete designations v^ould be too crowded or require o size of lettering too
small to 2.
SUN MON TUE WED THU
legible.
Only stondord or recognized obbreviations should be used.
SAT
FRI
Abbreviations for days of the
be
week
Procedures 1.
IN
GENERAL,
time-scale designations should not be abbreviated
the possibilities of other
until
methods have been considered Isuch as stag-
gering or placing verticollyl. 2.
3.
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
DAYS. The days of the week should conform to the usual method of abbreviation except that Tuesday and Thursday should generally be written '"Tue" and "Thu" in order that all may be of equal length and emphasis.
MONTHS. breviations
Months also should generally conform to three-letter abin order that all months may be of equal length.
Note: If it is importoni to retain horizontal reodino but sufTicient space lor stondord obbreviolion is not ovoiloble, the initio! letters of the month This form is not recommended for generol use. Another oliernolive sometimes used to retain horizontal reading is to indicate months by numerals: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. This is not oeneroMy recommended becouse many people do not readily associate month numbers with month names.
con sometimes be used:
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JfMAMJJASOND. I
Abbreviations for months of the year
4.
QUARTERS. Designation of quarters can be 1, 2, word "quarter" below, or, if space
4th, with the
second quarter, 5.
I
"27
I
â&#x20AC;˘28
I
'29
I
1930
I
"31
Abbreviated yeorly designoilont
1st, first
2nd, 3rd, quailer,
YEARS. Where possible, years should be written out in full, whether horizontal or vertical, but if abbreviated, should be shown as '28, "29, '30, etc. When abbreviations are used, it is well to have some of
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
1920
I
or
etc.
the years written out, as follows:
1925*26
3, 4,
permits,
'21
'22 '23 '24
1925 '26 '27 '28 '29 1930
393
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
CURVE WEIGHT Noi*^ Proctlcet rec6mm«nd*d
In Ihli
tecllon apply primarily to lolld lin*
curvai.
Principlet
1.
2.
Corves should be sufficiently heavy to attract immediate attention and to impress a visual image on the mind of the reader. In
general, time-series curves should be heavier than
in
the case of engineering
and
is
the practice
scientific charts.
Procedures 1.
RELATION TO WEIGHT OF RULINGS. Curves should be heavy
2.
to
be distinguished readily from the co-ordinate
sufficiently
Curve 5 limes
rulings.
grid rulings
Curve 2
to 3 times grid rulings
RELATION TO WEIGHT OF REFERENCE
LINES. Single curves should normally be heavier than the zero line or other principal line of reference. Multiple curves should normolly be no lighter than reference lines.
3.
RELATION TO NUMBER OF CURVES. Curves usually should be heovier when shown singly than when several are shown together Iperhaps decreasing
4.
5.
%
for
each additional curvel.
RELATION TO CHARACTER OF CURVES.
Irregular curves should normally be lighter than relotively smooth ones (the greater the irregularity the lighter the curvel.
RELATION heovy as
to
TO OTHER COMPONENTS. appear crude or
to
Curves should not be so
overpower the other elements
of the
chort. 6.
GENERAL PICTURE vs. CLOSE READING. The weight of curves should vary according to the use from relatively heavy lines in charts for popular appeal to very light lines in charts used for close reading of
—
values. 7.
VARIATION OF WEIGHTS on la) (b)
8.
the
same
chart:
To distinguish one curve from another. To indicate the relotive importance of curves.
OVERLAPPING CURVES. The more same
grid, the greater should
pattern).
curves intersect or overlap on the in weight las well os
be the contrast
I
.
394
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION LABELS 1
labels should be brief.
2.
Labels should be of sufficient size to be easily read.
3.
Labels should be placed where they to
4.
which each
will
Labels should be so placed as to assist position.
clearly identify the curves
relates.
in
effecting
a balanced com-
STANDARDS FOR TIME SERIES CHARTS
MCOUUINOCO
RELATION OF CURVE TO PIOHED POINTS Not* Quesiions on this subieci arise mainly in coses of very heavy curves where the difference >n volues of the upper and lower sides of the curves ore sufTiciently Qreat to give sionificanl differences of interpretation. Where extreme occurocy is required heovy or wide curves should not be employed. 1.
Curves should be so drown as to depict accurately the trends and relative values of the plotted points.
2.
A
uniform procedure should be followed
relation to the plotted points.
in
locating the curves
in
395
396
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
INCLUSION OF DATA
Supplementary dota Inserted the grid
397
Cnnirra Corp Amrrica, Chicngo. III.
Cnniliil
B.
E
Inc
Lcitr,
A.
Leica
.
Nfw
ol
Perfex 44. Carl Zciii, Inr
York.
Camera.
C.
Chapter 46
THE CAMERA AND ITS USE REPORTS, publicity, etc., now consist largely of A camera
a necessity and edge of photographic possibilities imperative.
and graphic
charts.
is
.
New
York,
Contax Camera.
photographs
some knowl-
For the inexperienced, a reflex such as E, below, showing a full image in the focusing finder, is desirable. Imported miniature cameras like A and C above, of high quality, have interchangeable if lenses and attachments covering the whole photographic field expertly handled. American miniatures are cheaper but only the Perfex 44, B above, approaches the Europeans in quality and flexi-
size
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
bility.
D
For contact prints cameras of the Speed Graphic or Linhof type, and F below, are widely used by reporters and professional pho-
tographers. plates,
Made
and can be
Folmer Graflrz Corp. Rochritrr. N Y D.
The Speec Graphic.
they use film pack, cut film or with lenses of different focal lengths.
in several sizes, fitted
Burleigh Brooks. Inc.
New
York, N. E.
The
Y Rolleiflex.
F.
The Linhof.
398
New
Dcvin Coloruraph Co., York. N. Y.
Thomas S
Curtis B.
A.
Lab
.
HuntinRton Park, Cal.
The Curtis Color Scout.
Devin Tricolor Camera.
OPTICAL SYSTEM OF DEVIN TRICOLOR CAMERA A portion o* iho Ughl possmo I'lrough itip lens is retlecled by iho Iranspoieni pellicle minor lAI lo blut> Tliei Ibl. All colors e«(epting blue ore Tillered oui and Ihis blue light posst-s on lo opusu a pluio ICI. thus (orming the blue record The
light
reflecti-d
the plata
romommg
ofter passing through the
bv tie second minor 101 lo the red IFI, to form the 'red record
Tirst
Tricolor
cameras come and makes.
«n
is ogain thence lo
mirror
filler (El,
'
light posses lo the rear of Iho comervi. iind through ore» n hlter iGi lo lonii Iho greon record at IMI
Tho residual tiie
'
TWO METHODS
of color photography are in general use. One requires a tricolor camera. A and B above, making simultaneously by one exposure three separate negatives on panchromatic plates, using color filters and mirrors. Process plates are prepared from these for three-color halftone or offset printing, or one of the
photographic color printing processes such as Carbro or Wash-Off Relief. The other method uses color film or plates in an ordinary camera. Kodachrome and Dufay film. Lumiere and Finlay plates are examples. When developed they show the image as a color transparency which must be viewed by transmitted light, directly or by projection. For printing, three-color separation negatives are made from them by contact or enlargement. The Kodak exhibi-
CAMERA AND
'HE
ITS
USE
tion at the New York World's Fair, 1939, shows Kodaclirome 35mm. film l" x 1^4" projected to 17' x 22' with perfect color rendering, clear definition, no grain, and a remarkable three dimensional effect. It is obtainable in 35mm. rolls and several sizes of cut film. Development at the Eastman plant in Rochester, New York, is included in the price. "Dufay color film, in both roll and
may
be used with almost any camera and developed anywhere. Lumiere and Finlay plates are used chiefly in lantern slide size or larger and are not difficult to develop.
cut film types
for black and white photography are too nuto mention. The manufacturer or an experienced photographer should be consulted as to the one best suited
Films and plates merous and varied to your work.
.
3.Smm. Kodachrome him is also developed Kodak, Ltd., Wealdstone. Middlesex, England: Akt. Fabrik, Friedrirhshapener â&#x20AC;˘
at
Strasse Pathe,
9.
Germany; KodakAvenue Victor Hugo,
Kopenick,
S.A.F.,
Sevran, France.
A.
How
Various
Are
Lenses
Con-
structed and the Approximate
Speeds That 1.
It
is
easy
to
see
Result.
why
the
price
in-
creases with the speed. 2.
The
illustration does not indicate the
greater size of a fast lens, but
it
does suggest the added weight.
Eastman Kodak
Co., Rocheiter. N. Y.
lens is the camera. In choosing a lens, sharp definition and correction are important. High speed is of value for color good set of lenses with different focal lengths special uses. only a few
The
A
is
most advantageous.
Portable dark rooms, daylight loading developing tanks, and it possible to do most photostore room boasting hot and cold water. Opaque curtains or a wall board screen may be drawn when necessary to exclude light. Portable equipment appears in 400A.
compact and efficient enlargers make graphic work in a drafting room or
39
400
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
^^^JE^ I
— Vorking
—Sptec
2
lopa Urge
for Irimmer,
eooH^
to t*ke four (4)
blotun, tquMigM pUlM,
tUndard
Degttive*. — Four (4) driwrn for paper*, — Foldind doora 6tled with lock and key. meaauring chemicala, storage S— Section for 6— S«fivcl filnu,
J
traft.
etc. etc.
4
bottle*,
glaaa, etc.
caatorv.
G A.
Grniicrt.
New
York.
N
Y.
Portable Darkroom.
of photoUSING a variety techniques
graphic
add
will
interest to a record or re-
Photomontage, as seen 401 A, effectively presents much information in a small space by combining several negatives or parts of negatives port. in
in
one
print.
Photomosaic
is
somewhat
similar but combines several prints or portions of prints, drawings, etc., by cutting and pasting, using either photographic or other back-
Simmon B.
Bros..
Omega
Long Island
City, N. Y.
Enlarger.
grounds.
may be thickened as in 40 IB. Figures, lettering, models, may be made to look taller or wider by photographic methods. Shading, bas-relief, etc., may be added photographically in copyLines
etc.,
ing quite simple designs as indicated in 380. Distortion can be pracin photographic cartoons. Pagano, Inc., Ray Albert, and Martin J. Weber, all of New York, N. Y., specialize in this work. ticed
A photograph of present conditions may be strikingly contrasted with a drawing of future plans or possibilities as in 402A and 402B, or a drawing made on the actual photograph of existing conditions may indicate the effect of suggested changes as shown in 404A and 404B.
THE CAMERA AND
ITS
USE
Analyzing the Facts Walter P. Burn
A.
Aisociatet,
New
York, N. Y.
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Photomontage "Analyzing Ai
the Facts."
of charts, LARGE collections may be plans,
etc., maps, photographed on 35mm. film in either black and white or full color and stored in a small space. All government census records are being reduced to this form. Rare and valuable original documents, prints, maps, etc., in private or public collections may be copied and
Martin B.
J
ing charts in which the lines are
recorded in this way at small expense and with great accuracy. Ancient documents copied on infra-red film are often more legible than the
too fine as originally drawn.
original.
Wcbrr.
New
York.
N Y
Thickened by Reproduction.
Lines
This method
is
Photographic
valuable in reproduc-
401
402
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
From
o
BoDklrt o( thr Civic Crntrr Union Station Coniinittrc of Los Ant;rlrs. Califurnia,
Panorama Made from Three Separate Photographs Taken from One Location,
A.
New
From B.
Union Railroad Station, Los Angeles.
a Booklet of the Civic Ccntrr
Architectural Buildings
1.
2.
I') .17
The method
Union Station Committee
Perspective in
A Above
Drawing
of
Accurately
Should Be
of using three photographs as
LoÂť Angclej, California, 1Q3 7.
Representing
Removed and Minimum in
A
is
the
View That
of Landscaping
one that can be applied anywhere
Though the Civic Center Buildings were mostly completed, an oblique aerial photomajestic buildings so well as the perspective drawing looking upward rather than
Kf:
THE CAMERA AND
C
Will.ird
Showing Buildings Blotting Out the Civic Center
ITS
Bnriton
When
'^':f^i'i^.
403
USE
ContullmR
Viewed
EiiKinrrr
fronn Site of
I
Willard
C
Brinton, Coniulting Enginrrr.
Could Be Had from the
New
RrndcrifiK hy
Aintm
Wiltlr^py, Anhitrrt
P.ts.nlrn.i
Union Railroad Station of Los Angeles
C.tl.
if
Added. without special eq-jipment.
The
street, really straight,
graph could not have illustrated the possibilities
downward.
for
appears to be elbowed, an impressive vista toward
404
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
New York
A.
Cily Tunnel Authority.
New
New York B.
York City from the Bay, Governors Island on the
left.
City Tunnel Authority.
The Same View as Above with Superimposed Sketch Showing Proposed Bridge from New York to Brooklyn as It Would Appear, Cutting Off Most of the View of Lower New York as Seen from the Bay. somewhat
1.
This
is
2.
The
possibility of exaggeration
a
different technique is
from that shown
in
402A and 402B.
always present in the use of this and similar tech-
niques.
REFERENCES Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. How to Make Good Pictures. Clear and concise. Morgan and Lester, The Leica Manual. Wide technical and scientific field.
Scacheri, yet.
Mario and Mabel, The Fun
of
Photography.
The
best
405
Chapter 47
LANTERN SUDES
B.
Ready - Mount Ready-Mount Changer.
Kodaslide
Red bordered
for
side faces screen wl>cn
in projector.
Eattman Kodak
A.
Co.. Rochcitrr.
N
Y.
Kodaslide Projector With Ready-Mount
Changer
In
in
Place.
movie-minded
world, shows projection photographic Kodaslide Ready - Mount C. materials constant improvement in Metal Franne for Use and methods. The rapid rise of Other Projectors. color film for both moving pictures and lantern slides has brought projectors such as the Kodaslide below, with lenses in A above and the Spencer Delineascope in and illumination corrected for accurate rendering of color. Several of the less expensive models give good results with audiences up to two hundred while the 750-watt Leica and Spencer machines are effective for two thousand. The Spencer is equipped to handle this
D
all sizes of slides.
^
4i% Sprnccr
I"" r^
B-
ff .1
N
V
.
,
Li ghtness and convenience
is
push-
ing the 2" X 2" slide ahead of the 3i>4"x4" D.
Spencer
Auditorium
Color
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
Delineascope Watts. Equipped to use any sue slide. Slide
750
]
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
A.
The Selectroslide.
1.
Holds 48 Klass-mounted 2"
2.
May
be operated by remote control.
J.
Can
be
equipped
for
x
2" slides.
continuous
automatic
operation. Sptndlcr
Sauppe,
fli
San Francitco. Cal.
Inc.,
Standard American lantern slide and the 3%" x 3%" used in Europe, Lightest of all is the cardboard Ready-Mount shown in 405 B, now included in the development charge for Kodachrome film. Fifty 4 0.S A are moved into posiof these in the Kodaslide Changer in Glass-covered slides are mounted small plunger. tion by working a B.
800 Foot Con+inuous Projection Attachnnent
for
mm.
6
1
Film.
t
.It
I
w
1
.
itli.
<, I
I
\<.
i!h
/
r
1
1
or
With sound runs without Sil>nt J,i
I
i( II
<c
I
tors
witliiiut
22 niin.
cpt'.itin^;
pKSMitat ii-'n
l.')sts
mjn.
Bell
&
Howrll, ChicaKO.
Ill
with tape or metal bindings. slide in
A
Projectors similar to the Selectroglass-covered slide or one with a metal a above require
frame.
The recognized value of moving pictures and lantern slides for the effective presentation of facts and ideas has recently produced several easily operated machines for projection by remote control or continuous automatic action. Some of these are illustrated the Selectroslide in A above, the Kodaslide in 405A, the Bell 8g Howell automatic machines in B and C, and the Contimovie in 407A. For advertising, exhibitions, and educational work some equipment of this type is almost a necessity.
C.
600
Foot
Attachment with Bell
(k
Howell. ChifttKo.
.1.
Ill
Place.
Shadow
Continuous in
Projection
Case Sound-Proof Screen in Box and
407
LANTERN SLIDES Sources of Screens Da- Lite Screen Company, Chicago, Illinois. Motion Picture Screen &> Accessories, Inc., New York
(See
City.
C
below) Raven Screen Corporation, New York City. Sasco Photo Products, Los Angeles, California.
(See
B
below)
Eighteen Kodachrome films in Ready-Mounts 2" x 2" cost $2.2 5, about 14 cents each if there are no failures. Glass-covered black and white slides of the same size may be made for about the same
Some
other types and larger sizes are higher. It is as easy and white, but the slides are not so duraHeat and concentrated light affect color, especially the yelble. lows, though the dyes are improving in this respect. price.
now
to use color as black
A. 1.
The Contlmovie.
Can
ust(!
fic
w.ith
uith
pf<)jti"ti>r
any
or \».ith-
out Sound 2
16
35 3.
mm. mm.
iOOO
f(
for rt
Conlimovir Salrs Co
.
SOti-.^OOO
fet-t.
SOO-.iOOO (cet. <
\t\
»
mm.
hour
Hilt
runs
without
ptdtion.
New York
^^^^"TT^
I
i.
L
^
5^^ Motiun Picturr Scrcrn »oric4
Satco Pholo Product! B.
Lo« Angrlrt Cal
C.
X
42
.
-
28
X
50
Inc
.
Britelite
Crysta
.
-
I
fii
New
Arrr»York.
Truvislon
Beaded
Screen.
The Sanders Screen. 28
Co
30
X
40
and other
sizes.
408
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION A.
Chart Reduced to Lantern Slide Size.
1.
The
original chart
wat 6f^"
x 9" in-
cluding margins. 2.
The
cut from which this illustration was taken was standard lantern slide size
3Vi" x 4", one-third re-
The
to
above about
Directions on the right of the
illus-
duction.
illustration
was reduced Va from that the 2" X 2" slide size. "Engineering and Scientific Charts for Lantern Slidet," Prepared by Sulicommittee of Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation. Sponsored by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York City. 1932.
3.
tration refer to the dimensions of
the original drawing.
Line Width of Letters Approx.
Size of Letters
Approx. Designation
Sample
Letters
HI
ABCDE
H-2 H-3 Same Source B.
Height, inches
0.025
ABCDE
0.140
iV-2
0.017
ABCDE
0.120
W-2
0.017
as
A
Above.
for Lantern Slides.
Valuable be damaged if left on the screen too long. The Lynhoff Laboratories, Rochester, N. Y., makes a heat-reglass,
diffusing,
either
which
may
clear
or
be placed
slide and the light source in the projector. As a further precaution, irreplaceable slides may be copied in full color at no great expense
between the
and with satisfactory results. Cardboard Ready-Mount Kodachrome slides are light and thin.
inches
W-1
may
flecting
Width,
Sample Line
175
Key to Letfering
slides
Designation
They may be
filed 19 to
the inch, and are easily packed The boxes in mailing. for which they are returned, 18 to the box, fit well in a 3" x 5"
card index
file.
LANTERN SLIDES Reading by projection is of increasing importance in the larger public libraries, universities, scientific
business research cal
and where
institutions,
organizations is
carried on.
machine
for this
illustrated at the
A
typi-
purpose
is
left.
Through the cooperation of more important libraries throughout the world, immense the
resources are rapidly being available to the research worker by this cheap and convenient method. Prices vary
made
Science Service, Inc., Washington. D. C.
somewhat but complete books
Microfilm Reader. 1.
2.
For
books or records photographed on 35 mm. film. reading
Turning the handle changes the pages either backward or forward.
3.
The image
4.
The Reader may
is
magnified 12 diameters. also
be
used as a
projector for ordinary screen. 5.
It
may
also
printer,
be used as an enlarging making enlarged paper
print copies of any microfilm terial.
ma-
may
usually be copied for from to three cents a page. Work in color is slightly more expensive, but sometimes invaluable. The photographing of old documents and manu-
one
on infra-red film frequently brings to light erasures, scripts
changes, and sometimes forgeries hitherto unsuspected.
The American Documentation Institute, Washington, D. C, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture, public libraries, and other research institutions, acts as a clearing house for much of this Bibliofilm Service. Publication by this film method is also coming into use for research material which does not require a large edition. The economy and convenience of this can easily be seen. The use of Microcolor film by Bibliofilm Service adds to the scope and value of research extract copying, since colored specimens and objects as well as illustrations may be reproduced and used either for individual reading or projected on a wall screen for class or lecture use.
REFERENCES: D., and Henry M. Lester, The Leica Lester, New York City, 1937.
Morgan. Willard
Morgan &
Manual,
410
Chapter 48
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS preceding chapters have shown the many ways which THE information may be presented graphic chart form as well as in
in
information on
how
which material not always the
will
Bausch
A 1.
2.
6t
Lomb
first
to read a graphic chart. Choice of the form in be best presented, while an important step, is or last step. The following chapters will show
Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y.
Reducing Glass.
The diameter of this glass is three inches. It will reduce in the ratio of about two to one. The reducing glass is made with a double concave lens of white ophthalmic glass, protected by a wide chromium rim.
A
criterion is
about
in all
reducing an illustration might be that an area measuring about 3 the eye can hold at one time.
"
x 6
"
In planning page lay-outs, a reducing glass may be used to determine whether reduction to fit a given space will cause loss of detail. It is possible to sec how an illustration will appear when it is reduced by adjusting the distance between the illustration and the glass until the correct ratio between the original and the reduced image is obtained.
411
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS some
of the
problems involved
in the actual presentation of the
chart.
When
presenting material in a pamphlet or book, it is possible to use only graphic charts. Illustrations of other types may be included and many times should be included. The choice of illustrations will depend upon a number of factors. The material to be presented will be the most important
and sometimes a good policy
criteria.
SIZE OF COPY
t^ n
u
SIZE OF FINISMED CUT
*^
5
Copy.
Scaling
B.
Since the ori^mal drawing or photo-
seldom
graph space,
copy," that
is,
to
height and width
one
side
the
fits
allotted
necessary to "scale the
is
it
is
figure it
will
reduced
or
out
the
be when length-
ened.
A E
W,
A.
Any
Pikr
S Company
Illuminaied nnagnificr
may
Cranford
Hand
N
SCALE
8
tration
same
may
be used
tration
for this also.
will
be
the
made from
that copy.
di-
illus-
Use
a tissue overlay paper for drawing
be used to secure an
when jt IS enlarged. The method suggested in 410
corner
agonal of a larger or smaller
Magnifiers.
idea of the appearance of an illus-
diagonal line drawn from corner to
opposite
J
the diagonal.
A
slide rule
is
also a useful device to
determine the reduction of a photograph or drawing.
412
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION A
photograph which
is to be printed or reproduced should never absolutely necessary, roll the photograph with the picture outside. Then if the surface should crack the cracks may close up when the photograph is flattened out.
be
rolled.
If it is
Instructions written on a photograph or picture will often appear in the halftone. A paper clip often cracks the photograph and appears in the finished picture. Writing should never be put directly on a photograph or drawing. Instructions should be written on a separate piece of paper and folded over the margin.
Steel Industry
Wrong Way See 413
for
to
Make Crop Marks.
remarks.
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS
413
To determine whether a cut is already a halftone, look at it through a small magnifying glass. If the shaded portions appear as many dots, it is a halftone. Halftone screens are designated as fine or coarse, depending upon the number of lines of dots to the inch.
A
rotogravure illustration
ing glass appears as tone.
when looked
many
at through a small magnifysmall squares, less clearly than a half-
E
Right
Way
to
Make Crop Marks.
Put crop marks in the margin of a photograph or drawing. If you MUST mark the copy, use a China marking pencil for this purpose. The reason for this is simple:â&#x20AC;&#x201D;crop marks drawn on the photograph oblige the engraver to make the plate smaller than the size indicated by them.
414
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Reproduction Media for Art
IViiiil.
Amt
K»:pR(H)i'(.TloN
UnSUIIABLE KKPRlimiCTlUN
MUIUM
Usi'Ai.i.Y
MrtHom
Charcoal.
Highlight
Pailcl. I
Square Slick, Prim.
Clulk.
or
l.illiiiKr;i|>h
MtvilinM Employki)
I
I
or rrgular finecopper halftone required ID secure fine grada-
screen
tion of tone.
on
to
If
Work CklMMKNTS
Line engraving not suited unless tones are solid, showing
coanc
technique is bold, screen can be used.
If
no gradation.
appear
nou-»print, use a coane-
scrccn halftone.
Wood
I't'iiancl'liik.
Hoard.
Vraitli
Cut,
Reverie
Drawuig. or Black Crayon on Pebbled Board, or Proof
(rom Coarv
Screen
Half-
Brush.
Wash
Line engiavmif: on copper for very fine work, or long runs, on line where work is nut extremely fine in shading, and run is rehitivelv short.
Halftone
Highlight
Line engraving will not produce tone values.
re-
Line engraving will not produce tone values.
re-
is uniuited. as it "breaks up" the solid black
lines
and
be duplicated by or mat. spec-
to
If later
electro, stereo,
areas.
when
ify
the original plate
made.
is
tone Brush.
Dry Drawing.
.Vir
or regular finescreen coppr) hdlllont if to Im'
If
produces
black stippled dots, line engras itig ran l)e used.
on smooth paper: if on
um'cI
bnuh
use of dry solid
co.irv'-Mrecn halftone Mt-wsprini.
Walrr Color or Oil reproduce White. to
in
P.ainting
Black-and
Highlight screen
(
or
regular
tipper hnlflotir
fineif
to
In certain cases, use of color
on smo<iih paper; coarsc-strcen halfloiir if on bo
iiscti
required to
filters
is
serve
tonal
pre-
relations
of
can
be
original.
newsprint.
Combination Line and "Flat" lones (i.e.. tones which Ikixc no >^adalinn of v.ilur)
Line engrailing used with Ben Day. or other shading medium for flat toned areas
Halftone
is
unsuite«l
would make
Line engraving suitcd
it
Stippling
ruling
by a mechanical method.
on
is
work by use
or
done by hand, rather than
un-
.ilone
time
unless
original art
as
"pattern."
a
shading
ol
Bourges screiiis. Craf-tint, Prcs-.i -Tin or other t
.
iiiclhod.
"Dry
from
Point"
or
Etching.
.\cid-Bilten
Where (as
lines
in
and tone
meMOlint)
l'hoirif>rjpli.
Photo-Montage.
etlects
:ire
fine,
nipper
use a fine-xrreen halflone.
Halflone: Coarse screens for rough papers: fine screens
on
copper
Line engraving unsuited unless technique is quite bold
coarse
only
if
screen
halftone
be used on
to
nesvs-
print or rough paper.
Line engraving produce tones
will
If
photograph solid
smooth
for
Use
and simple.
papers.
shows
areas
of
or
lines
only
black-and-
and
no
tones, a line engraving
may
white,
be used.
Oilored Drawings. Water Oilor .ind Oil Painting. Colored Photos, Crayon or Pastel Drawing (to be reproduced in color).
Drawint^ fo|f>r.
;irras
ol
more than one
ii*in(;
or
solid
sli.i(ling\
color
done with
lin<^ or lion
Two-,
three-, four-, five-, etc.,
color process, dejiending upon ttature of copy and fineness of work required. line the
engraviiif^i 2. J.
or
for
more
caih of
colors will
produce a grc.ii variety of tones by overprinting of areas, either solid or shaded
Line engraving
will
not
re-
Color process plates mav be used
proiluce tones.
in
<
on junction
additional
flat
with
tints for spe-
cial effects.
Halftones unsuited, as they form an iMulesirable "pattern"
and
hre.ik
up
the
can often be reduced by having an artist make a separate black and white
(iosts
-
drawing on
solid areas
secure
to different decrees
tissue (so as to
register)
for
each
color. Separate line engrav-
ings
are
then
made from
each.
The Colton
Press,
New York
City,
"Production Yearbook," Vol. V,
Reproduction Media for Art Work.
19.19.
SCALE
.7
415
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS
I W
I>rapKfr. "The Art of Linoleum Cutting. " 1Q38. Apprentice School, Washington, D. C.
Lawrrncr
A 1.
2.
Publithed by Government Printing Office
Linoleum Block Cut. Linoleum or wood blocks may be used for the actual printinj;. In fact, the first printed letters were wood-cut type carved into pictorial wood-cut blocks in explanation of the picture. Its wide use and the ease with which it is cut have made linoleum one of the best known and best liked materials in the reproduction of decorative designs, silhouettes, and the simpler illustrations. In a great for
many
tint
zones or
printing plants, linoleum blocks, which are supplanting wood, are cut
blocks,
routes
second-color plates, for use in graphs and charts,
on maps, and
blotters to letterheads. of a
The block
heavy body should be used.
for
all
prints
for
indicating
work ranging from advertising best on an antique finish paper, and inks kinds
of
416
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
MACHINE
FINISH PAPER
SCREEN Photo-Engravrn Board
Halftone Screen
The purpose
of Trade,
New York
City.
Tints.
of the half cirrles in this illustration and the curves will appear when the various screens are used.
one on page 417
is
to indicate
how
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS
MACHINE SCREEN
110 SCREEN
FINISH PAPER
417
418
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
1
Vz V4
1
Vz 'A
The "1"
1
indicates a
a
"'/a"
half
full
screen
%
V4
color value.
and "54" *
quarter screen.
Those colors that are checked
(r
)
are the ones used generally in this
book.
Because of the possibility of patterns, x" have not the colors marked been used.
The small
areas of color between the
combinations of color are helpful determining the colors and in color values that are
combined
in
adjoining sections.
Colors and Possible Combinations of the Colors Used
in This
Book.
be obtained by using half screen and
tints and shadings of color may quarter screen colors, the combinations of colors shown above that would require a double screen have not been used in this book.
Because enough
For
an example of color combinations, see 186.
419
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS When color is used in printing a pamphlet or book, "tints' of the color or colors may be used to secure shading instead of using cross hatchings. However, because the areas for color tints usually are irregular in shape and require more skill in applying them, the cost of color tinting may be greater than the cost of the halftones. One
problem arose regarding the use of the color "green."
definite
As shown opposite, green may be secured from a combination of full yellow and full blue. If this "combination" green were used, both blue and yellow color plates and an extra press run would have been necessary, whenever green was wanted. As a result, a green ink was used instead of the "combination" green in some chapters.
The subject "Color and
Its
Use"
is
discussed on pages 423 to 428.
DT-60
DS-25 Transograph Corporation,
New York
City.
Shading Film. 1.
A
transparent film on which cross-hatchings and halftones are printed in ink has been
developed by several firms. This shading film is placed over the original drawing on those sections to be shaded and a photograph is taken of the combination. The halftones available in this film are those used for newspaper work, that is, from a 2S-linc to a 60-line screen. Perhaps in the future, they may also be made with a finer screen. 2.
A
Film
is
made
modification of the transparent board, which
when
for light or
film
is
also
dark background.
available
in
the
form of
illustration
treated with a chemical solution brings out the shadings in the
A screen as fine as 80-line may be secured in this form. This be secured from The Craftint Manufacturing Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
desired sections.
may 3.
Other companies from which a similar film may be obtained are as follows: Arthur Brown flk Bros.. New York City. (Artist Improved Shading Sheet.) Grafa-Tone Co.. New York City.
Zip-A-Tone
,
Chicago, Ulinois.
420
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
i
i!ili!!l
;,lhl:,|.'
Courteiy of
A. 1.
Company,
Ch;ii;
Drawing Boards for Securing Halftone
Effects.
These drawing boards and many others may be used to secure halftone a pencil
applied to the board,
is
the surface.
The
iiiillilii!!
Philadelphia.
it
is
effects.
Before
perfectly white with slight indentations
pencil touches only the high spots,
and the
effect desired
is
on
thus
secured. 2.
A
3.
Whenever any drawing material which may smudge
charcoal drawing on rough paper also secures a halftone effect.
will
No. 523.— 9I4X
14J4.
No. 527.— 9I4 X
14I4.
Courtesy B. 1.
of
is
used, spray of liquid "fixative"
prevent any possibility of smudging.
Ben Day.
Inc.,
Ben Day Shading
No.
509.
—9^4 X
No. 512.— 7 X
New
i4'4.
7.
No. 526.—9 J4 X
14^4.
Xo. 5iS.—bHx7'/2
York.
Films.
The Ben Day
process is used to make crosshatchings and shadings on charts, maps, and pictures. The shading medium consists of a transparent film stretched taut upon a wood frame. This film bears a design in relief on the outer side. The work is done on the drawing, on the negative, or directly on the plate before it is etched for printing. If done on the negative, the finished plate will show the tint in reverse as to black and white. When a particular shading and the sections in which it is to appear have been decided upon, all other sections are protected by The inked French folio paper, gum, or gamboge (a semi-transparent solution). film upon which the particular pattern appears in relief is then placed face down upon the drawing, negative, or plate. The top side of the shading medium is rubbed with a stylus or rubber roller, and the pattern is thus transferred to the
copy. 2.
Various shadings are available, as well as textile
3.
See 419 and 422 for other methods of securing shadings.
tints.
PREPARATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Photoengraving and Electrotyping by Otto Kleppner Si-n i>K Arioss
421
422
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Charles T. Bainbridge and Sons, Brooklyn, New York, make a Coquille Bristol that may be used in the same way as the board illustrated in 420A. This company also makes an illustration board for general artwork and a board that is used for work requiring fine detailed drawings. Samples may be secured upon request.
Sunray scratchboard, handled by the Steiner Paper Company, City, may also be used in the same way as the board
New York
illustrated in 420A.
Chicago Cardboard Company, Chicago, Illinois, manufactures a colored art poster board calendered so that both lettering and printing may be done on it.
REFERENCES Wallace, C. E., Commercial Art, McGraw-Hill
New York
U.
8.
2.
2nd
Book
Co., Inc.,
edition, 1939.
Drpartnicnt of Afirirulturr, Bureau of Agricultural Economic*.
A 1.
City,
Series of Density Distinctions.
These cross -hatchings were made on sheets of paper by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. It is possible for any individual using a great many hachures and desiring a large variety, to design several and have sheets of them printed.
To
secure the greatest variety in shadings, every fourth or
black might be selected.
fifth
one beginning with
COLOR AND Recent years have seen the dawn of a new era
An
outline of certain color facts
C.
B.
The above
colors arc approximate.
mium A.
The
D.
may be
obtained generally in high grade
colors.
The Primary Colors as Used and Described by Early Ariists. human vision alone until Newton made the first
Color study was based on of liRht B.
C. 1.
2.
physical analysis
about 1672.
the Radiant Energy Called Light. Maxwell, 1831-1899. and Konig, 1832-1901, proved these three frequencies of light vibration can produce all light colors.
The Primary Frequencies of Vibration
Young.
helpful.
correct hues, vermilion, emerald green, pale cad-
yellow, and light ultramarine blue,
tempera or show card
in the use of color.
and theories may prove
1773-1829;
Hclmholtz,
in
1821-1894;
The Primary Colors in Pigments as Taught During the 18th and 19th Centuries. Green was considered a secondary color during this period.
The pure emerald green
of
Leonardo da Vinci and other early
artists,
however, cannot
be produced by mixing pigments.
The Two Pairs of Primary Color Sensations in Human Vision. D. Hering. 1834-1918. based his color studies and theory on color sensations in the
human
brain instead of on the physical properties of light. E.
1.
The Three Primary Frequencies of Light and the Four Primary Color Sensations Which They Produce in the Human Brain. Through studies in color blindness, Ladd Franklin in COLOR AND COLOR THEORIES. 1929, showed that color vision has developed from the power to see yellow and blue only, into the
was
ability to differentiate red
and green from the yellow
shown that
for
It
3.
This reconcile* apparent contradictions in earlier theories and
of light
rays.
normal human vision, the three primary color frequencies produce four primary color sensations.
clearly
2.
is
now
generally accepted.
424
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
the idea of the spectrum band of colors field of practical use, it was made into a circle by adding the purple hues between blue and red. for which there is no spectral wave length. Scientists and artists divided this circle of hues to suit their needs, usually at regular intervals around the circle, with complementary colors opposite each other. Complementary colors are those producing neutral gray when mixed in correct proportions. Unmixed they tend to intensify s
invaded the
each other.
7 R
A.
Maxwell Discs of
Allcolor Company, Allcolor Paperi."
C. 1.
New York
City, "An Explanation and UÂŤe of Courtesy of Munscll Color Company.
The Horizontal Scale of Chroma. shows the practical advantage
This
chroma steps beginning 2.
3.
Bradlry Co.
New York
City B. 1.
I.
70 BG
Slit
Paper or Cardboard.
Millon
AA
/(4/u
Hues
differ in the
in
numbering
at gray.
number
of their
chroma
steps.
As new pigments of greater intensity become available, new chroma steps can be added. Some hues have acquired four new chroma steps since tliis system came into use.
Color Top. Maxwell discs of slit paper or cardboard, for studying primary and other color relations, can be obtained with small color tops, and larger color wheels, from Milton Bradley Co. and the Abbott Educational Co., New York City. These
discs
arc
easily
made from
water-color paper painted
They should be slit from the edge to the center, so that they can overlap as desired when superimposed.
with tempera or show card colors.
3.
When
spinning
rapidly,
the
colors
of
the
overlapping
discs
D.
metgc. 4.
Light reflected from the surface of revolving discs creates scnsation
of
colored
light,
almost
colored
pigments.
\\\v
Light
cadmium
yellow spun together
pure white, not green.
Vermilion and true
ultramarine blue and pale look
not
emerald green produce
a darkish yellow, not neutral gray.
Contrasting
Even Strongly
Colors
In
Balance. contrasting
mentary
colors,
or
comple-
repeated
in
equal quantities, are confusing and hard on the eyes.
COLOR AND
425
USE
ITS
These diagrams illustrate the Munsell System of Color Notation, and are reproduced through the courtesy of the International Printing Ink Corporation from Three Monographs on Color, a publication of unusual interest and beauty.
The
countless hues, and their modifications,
used in science, art. and industry required orderly arrangement, and some method of accurate identification. This need produced several color systems, of which A. H. Munsell's A System of Color Notation is the most widely used commercially. A.
Hue
1.
indicates
the spectral
grttn
wave length
of a color
and its position in the color circle. In Munsell's notation, hue is indicated by
2.
its
initial
letter.
B.
1.
Value, or brightness, indicates a color's approach to
2.
white or black. In this system,
above C.
1.
it
is
indicated by a
number written
A.
The Hue Circuit.
a diagonal line.
Chroma, intensity, saturation, are here shown as a number of steps away from neutral gray toward full chroma, on the hue at its greatest intensity or satu-
Wh,u 9
ration.
D.
1.
The
three qualities of color, hue, value, and chroma,
are clearly 2.
R
shown
in this
4/14 indicates a a light, gray green.
diagram.
brilliant, intense red,
and
G
8/13
Another version of these is found in 42 7B.
relationships
I
Bhck B.
The Value Scale.
grtm
Blu*
C.
D.
Chroma
Steps.
Correlation of Three Dimensions of Color.
SCALE
.8
International Printing Ink Corporation. New York City. "Color ia U*e" No. 3 of a Scric* of 3 Monograph* on Color, 193S
426
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
VISIBILITY
VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY VISIBILITY
VISIBILITY
1
COLOR AND
mill 11
/I
ax ceo /
427
ITS USE r
I
III
:>is>
AD /CD IZ3 1456
These colors
differ in hue.
I
^
These colors
I
I
differ in value.
Grace Cornfll. "Color." Carter's Ink Company, Boston. Mass.. 1934.
A.
Use of One Color with Black and White. These colors
The use
of red for emphasis on a black and white page is effective because of brightness, intensity and high contrast combined with a wave length on which the eye can
George Welp. "Color tesy
of
B.
All
for
International
New York
focus easily at about reading dis-
differ in
chroma.
Packaging." 1938 CourPrinting Ink Company.
City.
Colors
Differ
in
These
Three
Ways.
tance.
A very fine summary of Ostwald's (1853-1932) color theory and More Business, * system appeared in "The Science of Color," November, 1937, written by Egbert G. Jacobson, President, Association for Color Research. The interrelation of hues is beautifully shown throughout the color solid with unusual accuracy and richness.
Faber Birren follows Ostwald with modifications, using a 13-26 hue circle instead of Ostwald's 12-24. or Munsell's 5-10 circles. His chart gives the natural intervals between hues as seen by the human eye. Printing inkstand tempera colors^in these hues are available commercially. All color charts are good if used intelligently. Published by American Photo-Engravers Association, Chicago, t
General Printing Ink Corporation,
t E.
William Berg.
New
York.
5510 Warwick Avenue. Chicago.
Illinoit.
Illinois.
428
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Company,
New York
The
Allcolor
A.
The Allcolor Cabinefs Containing Colored Papers of 362 Hues.
Each paper shows
Inc.,
its
City.
Munsell Notation number on the back; also the number of the Inter-
national Printing Ink Corporation's ink with which
it
was printed.
A
yellow green is the brightest color in a dim light. Yellow green is used in photographic dark rooms whenever possible. In a large garden, light blue flowers can be seen against a dark green background farther than any other color. A light yellow is next in visibility. Green and blue look brighter in a dim light than orange light
or red, which require full illumination. Effective color schemes may be composed of black and white and another color, different values of one color, adjacent colors in the color circle, near complements rather than exact complements, a color and split complementaries that is the colors on each side of its
complement
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
in the color circle, triads or three colors equally
distant in the color circle.
REFERENCES Birren, Faber,
Monument
to Color,
McFarlane, Ward, McFar-
lane, New York City, 1938. Luckiesh, Matthew, Color and Colors, D. Inc.,
New York
Sargent, Walter, Scribners Sons,
Van Nostrand
Co.,
City, 1938.
The Enjoyment and Use
New York
Others also are referred to
City,
1923.
in the text.
of Color, Charles
429t
Chapter 50
METHODS OF REPRODUCING
THE
materials on hand may be used in some instances, but in others the work must be done outside the office. If you have only certain equipment, your process of publication is limited the need for other equipment.
by Carbon paper
is
one of the simplest methods of securing a num-
ber of copies. If the original is made by hand (pencil or ink), a special type of carbon paper should be purchased. Best results will be obtained by using a pencil with hard lead, or a manifold pen.
Tracings in pencil or ink may be made by placing tracing paper over the copy. Thin paper can be used for small tracings, while for large ones a tracing cloth, which comes in a larger size than the paper, should be used.
|P^F^
430ÂŤ
flRAIH I g IRII ENTATION
A.
Arc Lamp.
Today
it
blue
possible to secure a continuous
is
printing,
washing,
developing,
and drying machine with either trically
The
C. F. Prasr Company. Chicago. Illinois, City.
NfW York
Charle* Bruning B. 1.
Co
,
Inc
,
New York
and
City.
Developing Machine for Making a Whife
Print.
After the print, whether black and white, blue line, or a blue print, has been exposed in a blue print machine, the print must be developed in a developing machine.
The machine shown above develops 2.
elec-
heated or gas dryer.
The Ozalid Corporation, New York
City,
a positive black
makes
a
and white
print.
machine which exposes and dry-
develops a positive print from a positive original.
METHOD
fWfEPRODUC ING
'431
The
principle of the blue print, white print, and blue line print is that chemically treated paper is first exposed to a chemical light action, which prints the design. The print is then developed, that is. treated so that the design will appear clear and remain semi-permanently. The first method of exposure was by
machine
means in the
of blue print frames placed in the sunlight. The next step of the present machines was the use of a single
development
arc lamp. Later a bank of arc lamps placed side by side was employed. Since the convenience of operation seemed to fit into the reproduction field, mercury vapor tubes were utilized. It was later found that such tubes did not compare with arc lamps in the efficiency of printing.
Makers of Blue-Print Machines: The C. F. Pease Company, Chicago,
Illinois,
and
New York
City
Paragon Revolute Corporation, New York City Shaw Blue-Print Machine Company, Newark, New Jersey
I Photcntat Corporation. Providrncf. Rhodr Itland.
Photostat Machine with Engineering Board. 1.
The Photostat
is
a
machine designed
for
the rapid production of copy by
means
of
photography. 2.
The
subject matter is photographed directly upon sensitized paper without the intervention of any plate or film negative. Printed or written documents, drawings, blue prints, records, maps, fabrics, small tools, machinery parts, etc., may be copied in a few minutes at the cost of a few cents.
3.
In addition to copying at original size, enlargements or reductions may be made in any desired size. If enlargements required are larger than the maximum size sheet of
the Photostat used, they may be made in sections and pieced together. Transfer negatives for reproduction by other processes are easily made on this apparatus. ". Standard models produce, on a single sheet, prints up to 18" x 24
432
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Mimeograph Machine.
A. 1.
MimeoKraph
duplicating
stencil
can
reproducr large numbers of copies in black ink or colors at a low
This process
cost.
of 2.
is
widely used
reproducing graphic
for
many
material
kinds.
When
enlargement or reduction of an chart or graph is necessary to effect conformity with original
Mimeograph duplicating size limMimeograph photochem-
itations, ical
stencils
will
be found useful.
The photochemical
stencil
is
fre-
quently used where graphic structures are too complex to be conA. B. Dick
veniently drawn with a stylus on
Company, Chicago.
a stencil sheet.
Standard Mailing Machines Co., Everett, Maai. B. 1.
Liquid or "Fluid" Process Duplicator.
The
original or master
copy
for this duplicator
is
made with
a "spirit" hectograph car-
such a way that a reverse or negative impression is made. This master copy While proceeding through the machine the copy paper is is inserted in the drum. moistened with a thin film of an alcoholic duplicating fluid. When this inserted copy paper is brought in contact with the negative impression of the master copy,
bon
in
This process it dissolves sufficient dye to produce a copy. 300 clear copies from one original. 2. 3.
Type
of
will
make from 200
to
copy may be printing, handwriting, or typewriting.
The master copy can be stored and reused is made from the original. The life of
if less
than the
the master copy
maximum number is
from ten to
of copies
fifteen years.
METHODS OF REPRODUCING Mimeoscope
A.
for Illuminated
433
Draw-
ing Board. 1.
With the
aid of the
â&#x20AC;˘tyli,
both
lines,
either
and curved broken or soHd. are Thus, ruled forms
obtainable. specially
Mimeoscope and
straight
designed to suit current
needs can be quickly and economically produced on the Mimeo-
graph duplicator. Triangle guides,
2.
circle
beam compasses, and
guides,
manufactured espe-
cially for the preparation of
Mim-
eograph
avail-
stencils,
are
also
A. B. Dirk
able.
Company, Chicago.
I
Lithoprint B.
The
Company
Two Steps
in
of
New
York. Inc.
the Lithoprint Process.
A plate coated with special is a simplified form of lithography. composition replaces the lithographer's stone and the copy is obtained by a simple process of contact printing. Lithoprint reproductions duplicate the original draw-
lithoprint
ings.
process
434
METHODS OF REPRODUCING
AddmsoKraph-Multigraph Corp., Cleveland. Ohio.
A 1.
Multilith Plate for
The
Use
Multilith process
is
in
a Multilith
Machine.
"offset" in miniature.
placed in the typewriter.
By
The paper-thin
Multilith plates
may be
using a special typewriter ribbon, typing can be done
on the plate just as it is done on paper. Writing, lettering, or drawing may be done directly on the plate with a special type of crayon having a grease content. 2.
However, the photographic method is
usually used.
lith plate
of transferring an
The photographic
and the negative image
film is
is
image from the copy
to the plate
placed in contact with a sensitized Multi-
"burned into" the plate by exposure
to light.
REFERENCES Binkley, Robert C, Manual on Methods of Reproducing Research Materials, Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1936.
Colton Press, 3, 4,
and
5,
New York, N. Y., Production Yearbook, 1937, 1938, 1939.
Volumes
435
Chapter
51
METHODS OF PRINTING (raised surface), printing are â&#x20AC;&#x201D; three basic methods THE (subsurface). planographic (surface), and of
relief
intaglio
In relief printing, also referred to as letterpress, the design from the surrounding surface and only the raised newspapers, surface portions print after being inked. Examples magazines, booklets, circulars printed from type, electrotypes, stereotypes, halftone plates, line cuts, etc. Relief printing is adaptable to all finishes of paper for type work. Where the screen is coarse enough it is adaptable on rough-surface papers, but the best results for halftone printing are obtained with a fine screen halftone
is
raised in relief
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
on a coated paper surface.
REFERENCES ON RELIEF PRINTING Hoch. Fred W., Handbook
for
Pressmen, Published by Author,
New York City, 1937. New York Employing Printers
How
to
Buy
Association, Inc., Printing Profitably, 1927.
Hamilton Manufacturing Co.,
California 1.
Job Case
City,
River*. Witconiin.
for Type.
In setting type by hand, individual letters of type are picked from a job case and placed into a composing stick in which they are arranged and spaced as desired.
Each
line
the page
is is
removed
The
illustration
as
it
is
set
made
above
is
and placed on
a flat tray called a galley.
When
locked up for the printing press. Simple by removing the letter or whatever is in error and changing it.
complete, corrected,
corrections are 2.
Two
New York
a California
of the cases used for typesetting
etc., it is
Job Case, which is the universal case. About by hand are California Job Cases,
95%
"^^^
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION In planographic printing, which includes lithography (both direct offset), the design is in the same plane as the surrounding or non-printing portions of the plate. The design, however, is greaseattracting, while the non-printing portions are treated so as to make them grease-repellent. On the press, the non-printing portions are dampened with water between impressions to keep them It follows that when the greasy ink is applied in that condition. by the rollers to the plate only the design takes ink and prints. In direct lithography, the design is printed directly upon the paper. In offset lithography, the design is printed upon a rubber blanket which in turn transmits the design to the paper. Practically all lithography is now of the offset type. While both coated and uncoated papers are being successfully used for lithographing purposes, the latter is chiefly used. Blanket resiliency makes it possible to secure excellent results in halftones on uncoated (rough) stock. Examples displays, posters, books, book covers, booklets, circulars, labels, wrapping papers, calendars, inserts, etc.
and
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
REFERENCES ON LITHOGRAPHY Rhodes, Henry J., Art of Lithography, Scott Greenwood & Son, London, 2nd edition, 1924. Miles, Russell N., The Encyclopedia of Lithography, Published by Author, Chicago, Illinois, 1938.
Intertype Corporation, Brooklyn,
New
York.
Slug Cast by a Typesetting Machine of the Line Type. 1.
Type may
2.
One
also be set
of three types of
by composing or typesetting machines.
machine
is
the intertype.
It
composes with matrices, small brass
which have the forms of various characters indented in their sides. The individual matrices are assembled in the desired order for each line of the material, and a type-high metal slug with the letters in relief is cast in one piece from these
dies,
matrices. 3.
Another typesetting machine which operates on the same principle as the intertype
is
the linotype. 4.
and intertype matter are made by resetting the complete which an error occurs.
Corrections in linotype in
line
METHODS OF PRINTING
'^^^
Soderstrom, Walter, Photolithographers Manual, Waltwin pany, New York City, 1937.
Com-
Lithographers National Association, Inc., New York, N. Y., "Books on Lithography" reprint from Bookbinding and Book Production. Lithographic Technical Foundation Publications, 220 East 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. In intaglio printing (also referred to as rotogravure, photogravure, and sheet-fed gravure) the design is etched into the surface of a copper plate or cylinder, thus producing sub-surface recesses. Ink is applied to the plate or cylinder in sufficient volume to fill the recesses following which the surface proper is wiped clean. In rotogravure, the surface is cleaned by a thin steel blade known as "doctor blade" which fits tightly against the surface of the plate as the cylinder revolves. The paper is brought into direct contact with the copper plate or cylinder by means of a rubber roller. As a result, the ink is lifted out of the recesses thereby
a**"*^.
I Lantton Monotype Machine Co.. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania.
Type Set by the Monotype Machine. 1.
The
third kind of typesetting
machine is the monotype. As soon as each letter
vidual letters automatically.
proper place in the line of type.
When
the line
is
and assembles
It casts is
cast,
it
completed,
is it
indi-
moved into the is moved out on
the form that holds the lines of type. 2.
On monotype error,
3.
made by removing the letter or whatever from a case of type of the same style.
forms, corrections are
and replacing
it
is
in
This illustration shows how the monotype machine may be utilized in making "runarounds." The operator of the machine sets "quads" in the space of each line in which the illuatration is to be set. The cut is mounted in position on the quads.
— 438
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
—
transmitting the printed design to the paper. Examples rotogravure newspaper supplements, magazine inserts, booklets, circulars, etc., usually printed from copper cylinders at high speed. A wide range of papers from the finest grade down to newsprint all from the original roll of paper as delivered by the mill is used A substantial percentage, possibly twofor this type of printing. thirds, of the gravure printing being done today is done at newspaper speed on both sides of the sheet and folded on the press ready
—
for delivery.
M
MmMik mU
HoaMrV
piru in ill •!••• Irnm 4 to I* point. Strattkl TjrpMctllnt tyitt in >ll mMauraa up to in fact, all kind* o/ typowttini ajv dona »*tt«r. tabular and int/irat« work, rulad form*. rui« and ficurc work with lUioqualUd facility and apaad. No othar marhina ambodira within th« aoop* ai ila oparation ao wida a raaca ol
Ttx
4 Point
Modem. No.
8
—
—
Seriefl
Under The Monotype System New Type, Decorative Material. Leads, Rules, Slugs and metal furniture are provided in unlimited supply for the use in hand composition and at a cost so low that non-distribution becomes an economy as well as a convenience 6 Point Binny Old Style, No. 21 Series
The Monotype Typesetting Machine to 60 picas wide in
all sizes
Sets
Up
Type
from 4 to 18 point
In All Measures for straight matter work
8 Point Binny Old Style. No. 21 Series
Monotype Versatility Is Known By Every Printer Using Monotype machines for composing room needs and supplies 10 Point Binny Old Style. No. 21 Series
The Monotype Unit System Makes to
fit
It Possible
copy accurately to the space to be occupied 12 Point
Binny Old
Style,
No. 21 Series
Type-&-Rule Caster Supplies Your Needs 14 Point Binny Old Style, No. 21 Series
Cut Mounting Base 30 Point Binny Old Style, No. 21 Series
Artistic Designs .16
Poinl Binny Old Style, No. 21 Series
C_^
TYPE FACE 36H4 Point Kennerley, No. 268
Series
Lantton Monoty|>r Mitrhinr Company, Philntlrlphia.
Range of Type
Sizes.
1.
These are only
2.
The
a
few of the sizes of type available.
four point type
eighteen point
ii
is
the smallest that can be set on the
the largest.
Larger sizes
may
Monotype machine, and
be set by hand.
439
METHODS OF PRINTING REFERENCES ON ROTOGRAVURE Cartwright, Mills H., Photogravure, American Publishing Company, Boston. Massachusetts.
Photographic
Bennett. Colin N.. Elements of Photogravure. American Photographic Publishing Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1935.
GENERAL REFERENCES New York. N. Y.. Production Yearbook. Volumes and 5. 1937. 1938. 1939. Hackelman. Charles W.. Commercial Enf^raving and Printing. Commercial Engraving Publishing Company, Indianapolis, Colton Press. 3. 4.
Indiana, 1924.
University of Chicago Press. nois, 10th edition— 1937.
A Manual
of Style, Chicago,
6 to 3A poink
16 poinl
Cvnlurr OldttTl»6l
Illi-
PACK MY BOX WITH FIVEj Pack my box with five doz|1234 PACK MY BOX WITH FIVEj Pack my box with five do|123 PACK MY BOX WITH FIVE D|
Go»»..c
No 5A4-26J
&tr«>T(o*d Bold
474
le point
IS
poot
6
to
72 point
(16,
04
Pack my box with five dozen Scotch RecHCH
379
36 pent)
(6 to
16 Bainl
130 point)
to
1
12 34
(6 to
PACK MY BOX WITH
Pack my box with Bedoni Book 27
FI|
five cloze|l23 6 to 36 point
18 poiat
34 point)
(42 and 40 point)
PACK MY BOX WITH FIVE DOZE| Pack
my box
American Typ* Foundrr*. Elii«b*th.
Five
Different
Type
For comparison of type
Nfw
with five dozen jug
1
123
Jertey.
Styles. stylet, write to
American Type Founderi, Elizabeth.
New
Jer»ey.
440
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Abstracts from Time Series Charts. A Manual of Design and Construction, 1938, prepared by Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation, under procedure of American Standards Association, with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers as sfKDnsor body.
LETTER SIZES Elite Type
Pica Type
12 characters per inch
-
- 10
characters per
SMALL GOTHIC
-
9
CHARACTER
LARGE GOTHIC
-
9
CHARACTER
TEMPLATE LETTERING J40"TEMPLATE LETTERING .120"
TEMPLATE LET! .240" TEMPLATE
.175"
—^^—
LINE WEIGHTS
POINT POINT 3 2^2 POINT POINT 2 '/2 POINT POINT 3^ POINT I/O POINT
4
I
I
Original Size Note: A
point, in printer's measure, is opproximately 1/12 of a pice, which, in turn is 1/6 of on inch. Therefore, a printer's point is
opproximately 1/72
inch.
441
METHODS OF PRINTING LETTER SIZES Bllt* Typ*
12 oharftctars p«r inch
-
Pica Type
10 characters
-
The
illustration to the left
per
SMALL GOTHIC
-
9
CHARACTER
LARGE GOTHIC
-
9
CHARACTER
TEMPLATE LETTERING .I40"TEMPLATE LETTERING .175" TEMPLATE LET! .120"
of
the
material
it
a reduction
on the opposite
page.
See key
to lettering for lantern slides
on
page 408.
TEMPLATE
.240"
LINE WEIGHTS
POINT POINT 3 2'/^ POINT POINT 2 '/2 POINT POINT 3^ POINT 1/9 POINT
4
^—^^^—
I
I
Courteiy of The Regentteiner Corporation, Chi-
Reduced
cago, Illinoia.
to two-thirds of original size B.
Planographic Printing- Lilhographic Plate.
In planographic printing the image the
surface,
while
the
it
is
ink
is
on
attracting,
non-printing areas are
made chemically
ink-repelling.
I Courtesy
of
The Rrgfrntriner Corporation. Chi-
ca(o. Illinoit
A.
Printing
Relief
— Halftone
Cross
Section. In relief or letterpress printing, the image to
be printed
The
raised
is
above the surface.
portions of the
plate
represent the image to be printed;
they are inked by the rollers and give off the ink by contact with
paper.
Courteiy of The Regeniteiner Corporation, Chicago,
Illinoit
C. Intaglio Printing- Enlarged
Gravure
Plate.
In intaglio or gravure printing the image is
below the surface.
442
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
PROOF-
READERS
MARKS It
imperative
is
corrections
that
be
should
marked
on the margins
of a
proof sheet opposite
the indicated errors.
Do
attempt to
not
make
a
correction
by writing over the print or
between the
Errors
lines. marked are
in this
way
danger of overlooked
in
being
and are
generally
illegible.
Proofs authors or
read
by
depart-
ment readers should be marked to con-
form
to the style as
illustrated at the right.
mil
443
Chapter 52
SELECTION OF PAPER
AFTER
the method of copying or printing has been decided upon, paper suitable to the process chosen should be selected. In some cases a preference for a certain type of paper may be a determining factor in the selection of the copying or printing method. However, the usual procedure is to decide upon a method of reproduction and then to select the paper. For that reason, this chapter on Selection of Paper is placed immediately following the chapter on Methods of Printing. I
REFERENCES What Wheelwright. William Bond, "Choosing thcRight Paper. an Author Should Know About Paper." {Paper and Printing Digest,
Dec, 1939).
Production Yearbook, The Colton Press,
Inc.,
New
York, N. Y.,
Volume IVâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; 1938. The term "paper" covers a great many articles and products and no attempt will be made to cover all of them. This discussion will be confined to those types of paper which would be used most in presenting graphic charts in annual reports, pamphlets, text-books,
and similar publications.
The Mead Corporation.
Kingi|>ort,
Tcnn
Paper Machine With "Wet End" In the "Stacks," and Reel in Foreground.
Distance,
and
Drying
Roils,
Finishing
444
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF PAPER: Reader comfort Paper with a minimum gloss and reflectance 1.
of light
a factor
is
for easy reading. When using the letterpress process, however, a high finish or levelness of surface is vital to the sharp reproduc-
English Finish and semi-dull Coated papers give of reproduction without objectionable reflectance. For the lithographic process high finish is not necessary, but again, tends to increase the sharpness of detail. For the gravure process the same is true.
tion of cuts.
the
2.
maximum
Opacity
opacity is desirable, and in the medium and heavy weights should be no problem. In the lighter weights much depends upon the type of paper selected. The introduction of special materials to increase opacity has produced special papers for this purpose.
Good
Grain direction In all Book paper made on a paper machine, the majority of the fibers run in one direction. Hence we have the terms "with" and "against" grain. Such paper is stronger when torn crossgrain and folds smoother with grain. In general, paper is ordered with the grain running the length of the sheets for all purposes. In the folder, booklet, or bound book the grain should run parallel to the fold or binding. This gives a smoother folded edge and the pages, being more flexible, lie flatter.
3.
Perkins Pressure Bulker to
Measure the
Bulk of Sheets of Paper. 1.
The diameter
of the pressure foot
is
three square inches and the pressure
figured
is
pounds
in
per
square inch of paper. 2.
There
is
no
amount
The
standard
the
requirements.
pressure to
for
The amount flexible to meet
intentionally
is
current 3.
fixed
of pressure.
measure
bulker
used chiefly
is
a specified
number of how
sheets of paper to ascertain thick a book with that
would is
B.
F Perkins
6t
Son, Inc., Holyoke, Mati.
be.
recorded on
left.
many
The number the
pages
of inches
scale
on the
445
SELECTION OF PAPER Physical durability
4.
The
it
physical strength of paper with and against the grain.
may
best be tested
by tearing
Permanence
5.
Book papers are generally made of rag, chemical wood pulp, mechanical wood pulp, or a combination of these. Chemical wood pulp is wood cellulose extracted by chemicals from the wood. In the process, gums, resin, and lignin are eliminated. In the better grades such fiber has much of the characteristics and permanence of rag paper. On the other hand, mechanical pulp is merely the crushing of wood into pulp with nothing eliminated. These fibers deteriorate in strength and color just as wood does under exposure. Mechanical pulp is used only in the cheapest grades of Book paper, which are classified as Groundwood papers whether they contained a large amount, as in news paper, or a small amount. All Book papers free from Groundwood are classified as free sheets, indicating that they contain only chemical wood pulp or rag, or both. In recent years, the improvement in chemical wood pulps has given us papers of fine strength. Trimmed Page S ze
Boolclefs
nches
32, or 64
4'/4x 6
nches
9H
nches
SVax 7Vg
nches
4
X
or 24
6x9 6
X 9'/8
nches
16,
4,
8,
16,
4,
6,
12,
4,
8,
16,
4,
8,
16,
up
Cuts without waste from 38x50 when run 4, 8, or 16 up Cuts without waste from 32x44 (64 pages out) when run
up
Cuts without waste from 35x45 (64 pages out) when run or 32
4, 8,
up
Cuts without waste from 25x38 (64 pages out) when run or 32 up Cuts without waste from 25x38 (48 pages out) when run
or 32 5'/ax 83/i
on Book Paper
Cuts without waste from 32x44 (128 pages out) when run
up
or
nches
Cuts without waste from 25x38 (32 pages out) when run
4, 8,
or 16
up 7^x105/8
nches
Cuts without waste from 32x44 (32 pages out) when run 16
SVixU
nches
Cuts without waste from 35x45 (32 pages out) when run 16
9'/^xl2'/,
nches
Guide
In
4,
8,
or
4,
8,
or
up up
Cuts without waste from 25x38 (16 pages out) when run
4 or 8
up
Determining Size of Sheet to Use to Secure a Desired Page Size
desirable that the page sizes of booklets, etc., permit the printer to use standard â&#x20AC;˘ixes of paper which are regularly carried in stock. The booklet size should cut without waste from such standard size sheets rather than require special size sheets or waste. Much depends upon the size of the printing press and the arrangement of the printing form. Therefore, the printer can best advise on this question. It is
1
mil
446
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION and permanence. As a result, the majority of Book paper today is made from chemical wood pulp. Rag fibers are still used
color,
grades for certain characteristics, although it has been demonstrated that by using the best chemical wood pulp such paper has much of the characteristics and permanency of rag paper. No matter what the material used, paper cannot be permanent in color and strength unless carefully made, and acids or other deleterious materials eliminated.
in the highest
6.
Type
of illustration, or printing process, to be used.
important that the paper be selected with this in the type of paper to use most effectively with various mind. For line screen halftones, see 416 and 417. It is vitally
Machine Finish Book paper has a medium smooth finish suitable for ordinary printing where the cuts used are not too fine and the requirements, from a printing standpoint, not too exacting.
A better grade of similar paper is called English Finish, which, having a more level surface, gives a better printing result than Machine Finish. Both of the above papers are
finished on the paper machine, but polished after being made, giving a higher shine to the surface for sharper reproduction of the details in the cuts when desired. However, the polishing of Uncoated paper has some effect on color, hence Supercalendered papers are not so bright in color as Machine Finish or English Finish and are also somewhat lower in bulk.
Supercalendered paper
Thr Mrad Corporation.
Kin|;s|>ort
is
Tciin
Calender Stacks Which Give Paper
a
Smooth
Finish,
and Winding Rol
mil
447
SELECTION OF PAPER Other types of paper finished on the paper machine are called Antique. Eggshell and Text. These papers have a rough or semirough finish suitable for use where only type or line cuts are used, but have good bulk and color. In general, the terms Antique and Eggshell are used for the medium and low grades, and Text is used for higher grades.
The term Offset paper implies paper made for use in the lithographic process, namely, hard sized or water resistant. Uncoated Offset paper has good color, strength, and bulk. The finish varies from fairly smooth to medium because the lithographic process does not require an absolutely level surface for the reproduction of cuts. Almost any paper can be run offset if sufficiently hard sized. Coated paper is produced by the application to a special paper of a considerable amount of coating material, which is then polished. This coating material is generally composed of clay, casein, and other materials which will impart brightness or color to the final sheet. Either a high glossy finish or a semi-dull finish may be secured, depending upon the composition of the coating material used. Both are suitable for fine, detailed cuts, and the glossy Coated gives sharpness where semi-dull Coated gives softness. Coated paper is used for the best reproduction of halftone illustrations. Good strength and folding quality are implied when the
BOOK PAPER Bulking Table showing ihe
Approximate Number of Pages Per Inch of Various Types Weights Available
of Papers According to the Various
WEIGHT OF ONE REAM
(500
SHEETS)
25x38 40
Machine Finish
4S
50
60
70
960
Supercalendered or English Finish
Antique or Eggshell Offset
GloHy Coated
,
_
Semi-Dull Coated
670
574
500
450
400
640
548
480
426
384
80
448
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION paper is called Folding Coated. Also Coated Offset paper has been developed and when so termed is suitable for the lithographic process.
Writing or cates a sheet heads, forms,
Bond paper as differentiated from Book paper indimade for hardness, crackle, and strength for letter-
etc., rather than for printing surface and opacity. In other words, Book paper is a "filled" sheet to secure printing qualThese qualiity and opacity, whereas Bond paper is not "filled" ties are not as important as the other requirements desired in Bond Paper.
In the selection of paper, samples of various suitable papers should be obtained from the printer, who best knows the problem and can best advise on the selection. The final appearance of the finished job should be determined by the making of a dummy to demonstrate bulk, opacity, color, strength, etc. Paper sold under the manufacturer's brand implies full value, uniformity, and availability.
A
more
S.
D. Warren Company Boston, Mass., "A ning Printing" and "Estimator's Book."
may
detailed explanation of the factors in selection of paper be found in booklets published by various paper companies: ,
Workbook
HammerTnill Paper Co., Erie, Pennsylvania. Champion Paper & Fibre Co., Hamilton, Ohio. American Writing Paper Co., Holyoke, Mass.
'
â&#x20AC;˘"
f
for Plan-
449
Chapter 53
BINDING TECHNIQUES TYPE of binding to be used THE pends not only on the the
for a
pamphlet or book de-
pamphlet, but also on the final appearance of the binding. If a permanent binding is not needed, a simpler binding than that for a reference book might be selected. See 451. Whether the binding job is large or small, the following specifications should be given to the binder: size of
BINDING SPECIFICATIONS Title
Headbands
Quantity
Cloth
No. Pages
Leather
Plates:
Boards
Stamping
Single Tips
To Jacket Tissues
Maps
Wraps
Whipstitch^ Reinforce \
Boxes "-
"
Deliver to
Tapes
When
Linings
Charge to
Trimmed
Size
Edges
Round and Back
Required
Special Instructions
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION If the book is to have an edition binding, there are a features that should be considered. See below. 1.
2.
number
of
Imposition. See 452A. The binder should be consulted in determining whether the imposition should allow for folding in 16- or 32 -page units (signatures) before the book goes to press. From a binding standpoint, it is important that the bulk of the paper be considered in determining the method of folding and that the grain of the paper run the way of the fold. Inserts.
Pages that are printed on different paper from the
body
of a book, such as illustrations, maps, etc., constitute inserts. They are commonly pasted to the text pages.
3.
Reinforcements. The first consideration for strength in the joints of the cover is the end papers (the papers pasted to the inside of the cover and forming the first page of the book). The strength and durability of the binding depend largely upon the tearing strength of this paper. Other means of reinforcing are "turned ends," "muslin guards," and "cloth joints."
To
secure "turned ends," the end papers are cut about half inch width than usual to allow a quarter of an inch stub. These stubs are placed around the first and last signatures and then pasted down. In sewing, the threads pass through the stubs of the end papers as well as the first and last signatures. larger in
^ A uddle
wire
slitchH book
A
side wire slilched
book
A
side Singer
(with cover omiHed)
sewed book
A Smyth sewed book
(cover omilte<l)
Four Forms of Edition Binding.
The
choice of binding depends somewhat on the size of the book or pamphlet.
and small catalogs require the saddle wire require the sewed types.
stitching.
Books
Pamphlets
of 64 pages or
more
Li^^iilii...iil.i...iilii...iil
III-IIIIII'I'IIIII'IJIIII-I'III 451
BINDING TECHNIQUES "Muslin guards" arc strips of muslin pasted around the first and last signatures. The threads pass through the first and last signatures as well as the muslin, preventing the threads from cutting through the paper.
"Cloth joints" are obtained by cutting the end paper it with a strip of harmonizing book cloth.
in
two and
joining 4.
The front and back of a cover (or cases) are made of pieces of binders boards. A strip of manila or bogus forms the backbone. These are covered with cloth or leather. When paper is substituted for cloth, the style is commonly known as
Covers.
two
"bound 5.
in boards."
Stamping.
This term covers lettering or finishing the cases.
Flat Bindings. 1.
The advantage pages
2.
Various sizes and shapes of inserts is
3.
of using this ty(>e of binding
is
that every page
is
100%
visible
and
all
lie flat.
may
be used, and no special imposition of page form
necessary.
The binding on
the
left
is
metal; the one on the right
is
plastic.
A
variety of shapes,
These two were drawn from samples obtained from Spiral Binding Company of New York City and Brewer-Cantelmo Co., Inc., of New York City. forms, and styles are available.
I.I
.I.I
I.!.!
l.l.l
l.l
452
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
PROBLEMS
THE CREATION OF THIS BOOK
IN
thi* hooh may hr rrviKd, any tugBrttioni rtthrr in make-up or rontrr«t, arr invited.
Ai
mml.
from thr rradrr friativr to
(iOMlhtlill««
for
im|>rovr-
The aim of this hook was to srciirr the Kreateit potsihie numhcr of illuitrationt and to reduce the text to the minimum.
A
majority of the charts prrarntcd in thu hook were rrilured to fit our page plan. scale notation should therefore he considered if a chart seems too small to be read easily. It may be advisable in some instances to use a readmit ((lass.
The
Color has been introduced on many charts in which the original was black and white. has resulted in an accentuation of a part of the chart not intended by the producers, we hope they will understand our difficulty, since enough charts with color were not available. If this
In our attempt to secure a book of about 500 pages, we found that by printing 32 pages on one 25" x 38" sheet of paper 16 pages on each side we could secure a book of 512 pages with a 6' x 9" page. There would be 16 such sheets.
—
—
By printing color on one side of each of these 16 sheets, there would be two pages of color alternating with two pages of black print. In order to have more than one color on several color forms. 24 colorplates were distributed throughout 16 forms. One form, the color form of the 14th sheet (pages 417 to 448) has all four colors. The color form of the 3rd sheet (pages 65 to 96) has three colors. All the others have either one or two colors.
—
—
The four colors used red, yellow, blue, and green were selected as the ones that could be used to the best advantage in "dressing up" graphic charts. This necessitated colors that were strong enough to be used alone and that could also be combined effectively with others. Printing was done by Gray Photo-Offset Corporation, New York City. following offset inks of The Fuchs & Lang Manufacturing Company, 100 Sixth New York City, were used: Red NY-10876. Green # 4697-A6690. Yellow #41 Ink, Blue #26 Litho Ink. Domino Black Litho Ink. The ink for the end paper was
The Avenue. Litho
Fuchs
fls
Lang
Offset
Brown #60 Litho
Ink.
The paper was furnished by Mead Sales Company, New York City. It is Moist rite Offset 70 #. The paper for the end papers is Weycroft Ivory 100 #, manufactured by
W.
C.
Hamilton
The
dt
Sons, Miquon, Pennsylvania.
illustration for x 11".
the end papers was redrawn
from a photostat of the original,
measuring 195^"
The topical index (1st half tabs on the pages of the book space and yet divide the topical of the pages were eliminated in
on page 1. 2nd half on page 247), should be noted. The were planned to overlap in order to give a large thumb index into only two parts. Bleed-outs on the outside edge order not to conflict with the tabs.
The flexible covers are Red #700 Fabrikoid. The stamping on the backbone and front cover is in Peerless Gold Leaf. The book was bound in 16-page signatures in order that the pages would open as flat as possible. The color lines at the top and bottom of the pages were designed to differentiate the various chapters and to suggest possible borders for use by anyone reading this book. The effect of shading on the borders was secured on pages 34, 35, 42, 43, 92, and 93 and several others, by using Transograph Shading Film DT-60, manufactured by Transograph Corporation, 30 West 15th Street, New York City. Transograph Shading Film DT-60 was also used in the following charts: 47. 82B. 90A, and 366.
The
first letter
of the
paragraph
first
in
many
of the chapters
is
in
one of the follow-
ing forms:
See Page 194
DOTS, base When
See Page 354
cir
ma
used
applied.
in
Syn
1^^ lENER
tm
I
maps
1
Interio
photographs a
See Page 263
^See
T'
X
he term "c divided into ponent bars in
Page 286
[^^/)ne well graphic distri numerical val
—
6 point Bookfollowing type faces and sizes were used in this book: Credit Line 12 point 8 point Bookface. Text 10 point Vogue Bold, Comment Line Bookface. The type was set on Intertype machines by Allied Typographers. Inc., New
The
face,
Title
York
City.
—
—
—
453
454
|l' illli
' Chapter 54
of Shnrp ARrncy. Srattle. Wash.
From Lfttcrhrad AilvrilisiiiK
GRAPHIC CHARTS
IN
'U
illli
ADVERTISING
l^ince graphic charts present an idea clearly and concisely, their use in advertising should be encouraged. The utility of graphic charts in advertising is clearly demonstrated in this chapter.
REFERENCES Carlyle. Paul,
and Guy Oring. Layouts and Letterheads, Mc-
Graw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., New York City, 1938. Kleppner, Otto, Advertising Procedure. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1938.
O Yeah!
Success MW Ac THE tmnwM m^iMMiii pntUM *hn
bcfo«v and
Tlvr
MOi* Mi«««a
houad
n dt
in*>
bu*knj
u. •
Tb« wcnM doa
UwW
iy
two coki ot our awnf* cImm otcupvinf lh« w«rrho««»
<rf
l
liM
•
«ri»oJ vom«
oT ou. d~»i>.
no* drpcnd
pUiM»*d
upon
(o«.
"t»
"nd
M
iliUiiiMch
UUunL Ev«T fcoiu™ tkM long «udr •W «H>"«nn h» pnxn piodl.hU lo ihc cWm • put imo ormort. ihc buUnf ln«*«T\ti«ddtnKih*f*nonr, .
.fluiid.
iMMinJ idrM dr*»to|»«l
(f\«n thr
tlirni".
niwvlN*TU |S« you«ndono br«r».»h*n wni c.|»»ding. lK.n con-* Ihnk of h>t«n( u—.
Bl
~
Moorcs 6 Dunford bulk
744 Finl National CKicago.Ill.
Moorcs B.
Thp
Elfctric Storaer delphia. Pa.
A.
Battery
The Use of 100% Advertising.
Comiiany.
Phila-
SCALE
Bar Charts
.4
in
A
&
DunforH. ChicaRO,
SCALE
III.
.3
Proportion Connparison.
Since the figures in each individual case would differ, these bars have no scale,
but
their
the comparison. 19 to
heights
The
ratio
indicate is
about
7.
l|||l Ill Illli Illli III
Il" .III. "Ill" .III. "Il GRAPHIC CHARTS
The Story
This Little
Of
Three
Little
Mink Went to
ADVERTISING
IN
Minks
Joeclcel
This Little
Mink Stayed
lis
Little
at HÂŤ lome
Mink Got too Much Heat
and now there
only ONE
is
JAECKEL Fur Storage costs no more than ordinary storage and protects
and
Jacckcl Fur Storagr.
New
w
you against every
risk
Telephone BRyant 9-8720 will tall for
your furs iimtfdiatmly
SCALE
York.
.6
Graphic Narrative. This simple graphic narrative which was printed in a small folder chiefly because of the use of the illustrations.
Ill
tells its
story convincingly,
Mill iih, iiiii
III
'^^^
456
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Stevrni Hotel, Chicago,
A
SCALE
III.
Guide Map.
Note that
just
enough points
of interest are given
on
this
map
to locate the hotel
.6
457
GRAPHIC CHARTS IN ADVERTISING
WHY Any
lO-Year
Old Locomotive
is
inadequate
WHAT HAS HAPPENED TO
HORSE POWE 192
19 14
475 H.
575 H.
P.
R
19
4
OVER
P.
1,000 H. axU
P.
p«r drivinj
p«r drivinf txlc
p«f drivinf •«!(
3 4-
WHAT HAS HAPPFNED TO
FUEL
CONSUMPTION 1924
19 14
6^
LBS.
COAL
5 LBS.
3 LBS.
OR
par drawbar
LESS
hooapew*
rapid has been the advance of locomotive design that not a
locomotive
single
hold
A
COAL
par drawbar kortapowar
p«r drawbar koncpowar
DO
19 34-
its
known
own as the
LIMA
Lima Locomotive Works
Inc..
in
this
with the
country over ten years old can begin to really
up-to-date
power
plant
on wheels
Super-Power locomotive.
LOCOMOTIVE JNCORPORATED
Lima. Ohio.
Volume Representations.
WORKS
SCALE
.6
|l" .Ilia "III" .III. "11 GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OOVfllllMENT P«V
taati
ROUS
HP!
UOtER^MEl^I
nt
RltllR 8T4BIEI
K
.III. "Ill" .III. "Il 459
Il"
GRAPHIC CHARTS IN ADVERTISING
LOOK TO TOUR SALES MILEAGE Tha topmott
map npnaunit America
•//ectiV* covera0« cu«a
(tbown
at
}ooka
il
when
In th* concsntrated area east oi the Missiuippi valley, of
the country's square mileage yields
78%
business (and encircles Here,
deep
mileage
in
in
Mutual
80%
40%
of the nation's radio listeners).
territory, is
by
far
the richest sale*
America. is
the only ma)or network
deliberately organized for low-cost coverage of this highly
Mutual
is
the only network
stations are all of super-power
and whose
whose basic
station locations
oMiure freedom from costly over-lapping coverage.
The
in
yardttick of productive broadcoMting.
sales-scientists in the past nine
$1,180,722
in
Mutual
And Mutual expands
nths
have invested
facilities
a touch.
at
or as few, extra stations as
We
America, explain
shall
You may
enlist as
you may require
many,
for sales
em-
you
of resuIlM
achieved by clients
Mutual
for Males
mileage
to tell to
.
.
.
Costs?
Mutual's comprehensive planning makes available these low basic rates un|}aralleled in major network history:
One
why advertisers use Mutual,
be glad
who have looked
52 weeks 26 weeks .... Three quarter hours night for 13 weeks One half hour night for 13 weeks
resulting economies, for coverage of the richest sales
mileage
— quick
phasis or market extension.
The Mutual Broadcasting System profitable area.
47
butintu trantacfed. Mulual'i
in proportion to
in tarmt of tola*
the nation's
of
drawn
ttattt are
twtlh doubJe
ia bJack)
half
hour night
for
Five quarter hours day for
bcih
.
alone and in conjunction with other network activities— why
.
$90,000 S75,000 $50,000 $25,000
THE MUTUAL BROADCASTING 8TSTEM America's Newest Major Network orricss!
cmcaoo. tsisumi Towts-wair
DITSOIT WIIIDSOS. SADIO
S T*T
I
O
C X
1
•
IIW Tots
W
1440
SOADWAT-I
BOSTON. TANKIl
N I T
WOS
Comparison of
III
a Distorted
ClMCIMMATI. SADIO STATIOM WLW riTTSSUSOH. SAOIO STATIOM WCAi •
SCALE
Thr Mutual BroadcastinK Syttrm.
A
S
Map
.6
and an Actual Map.
Mill iill,
illli III
I
460
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION UPHILL—
WITH DOWNHILL SPEED!
Why Your Electric Light Bills Vary Wkr RmmWdIi^
The Rruoci
ar« Higher ia
Lifhtinc Bdli
December Uutn
June
in
People Ute EJectric Light Nearly Four and One Half Time* a* Long in December a* Tliey Do in June
—
Thii chart divides the 24 hours
of a day into three periods the period of ileep, the period of using Elcctnc Light and the period of dajrlight
A
A.
of
Component
Northern
FIRST
Illinois.
SCALE
Bakers' Helper, Chicago.
.5
Part Chart.
A
B.
Induttriol
IkjO
Bush Terminal
'
dty whar* monufacturart ond dltttibuton can cut cost* IS
not o butldmg
^ onyWior* than N«w York iio ilreel.
al
oparimenl houses,
for they
economies ond conveniences
provide for
You ore
ufacturing or distributing merchandise
ness
sooc* devoted completely to the mon-
thai ore OS carefully
planned and exe-
cies
of
it
distribution
M you find
of m«rchondise to picture that
and
much
it
difficult
floor tpac*. Ihmk
ces of your dwelling oportment house
a
tell all
the story of Bush Terminol
would be
OS a twenty-foot
to
tell
staff
would r»och o hundred milM.
about hundreds of
iies to
prominent
manufac-
and
6wth Terminol
a building of butldingi
nory
loftt
.
-
and
distributors
but a city
who hove
used Bush
Not ordibut new
hundreds of real
is
not
turers
neel
types of (ndustnol buildings
They may
problems. Mom <«»Ii *nd »w*fc w»r«w* M^i and »roill«
w«llb«call«dtndustri-
In
each of
these instances the results
were economy.
who
ond
Bush
billty
we
will
Wdl KNOWN nOOOCTS
hovied ot— or distributed
needs.
cxMirms •nCNNUT
COffff
tiur oirvis sncn Mt MOMTI cofm
f
of these trained men, us help
•
Miaoiss kAnffus
you
which you
effect
(ocililiei for
DISTRIBUTION.
WAREHOUSING AND MANUFACTURING
Ixaoitlva Offkaat 100 tread Str*«t, Worehouwi, Truck Depot and Monufocturiog
P<eri, Sldingt.
Bush Terminal Company. New York
C.
An
City.
Inverse Relationship Curve.
Naw York loflt
own
responti-
conduct o free
Industriol
of
your our
business.
If
suggestions
ore of
volue.
adopt them.
you wish
tf
not.
discard them.
wRiTCKMDcscarTnn liKtATUtf
on Mon.
Ware-
ufacture
housing or Oistrlbu-
hon or at
can
economy
BUSH TERMINAL COMPANY MelropolDon
Bush T« no obligotion. At
cost,
set
o lime
which a Bush ndut ot exper moy trierview you
determine the eitent to
ncy
if
from Bush Tenninol
not talk obout
lei
no
ore monufoctured or wore-
facili-
your business to one
and
is
your request but on Our
efficien-
soles.
efficie
There
your busi-
THESE
ore
individuol
specific
CITY Survey
fitting
Bush Terminal
Why
In
— your
of industrial
conjtontly
hundreds
stories
Its a
momtams
engineers
itrlp of ttoor that
of
economies
and your enlarged
Terminal
.5
wh«r« ainclanclM multiphr MrfM o^porfvnHtM
orvd
interested only
— your
cuted as the economiesond convenien
To
hoH
efficiency or enlarged soles.
man-
Imogin* t«n millon iquar« fa*! of floor ufacture, warehousing
In
SCALE
III.
Growth Curve.
BUSH TERMINAL UnlaUUh^ — An
@
Bakers'Helper TMi
Company
Public Service
on
New
Yofi Boy
GRAPHIC CHARTS
ADVERTISING
IN
5
y^/ there's
we're
H.
LONE^ST.
FalliniE
Hcrr'n why.
ytt «rel
been
.\re
mIct ^hakr people up. They're willing
you
periocl
a
|;oing lo
lo ilo thinf:* differenlly. They'll liolen lo new,
drprcMiion? Call in
ir« actually a prat time to
ahead.
iarf;e
Some
of our cuctomer* have been doinf; ju*t
that.
Ilerr'n
Bv
nrt tfUing poinu
And a SELLS
re-
al-
hntrr pmdurt rtnrrffa.
ri|;ht
now
i«
not
mi(:ht
all it
But you thould aee the unall order* pour-
in|[ in
They're Mmple», really
here!
peninent»
.
and belter are
Thr>
and more
in thrir product.
A
nmi for
the
— tUs today!
Of course buaineM be.
dLwttr
fTr arr aiked /or nru
troctifr finiahn.
.
.
.
.
.
Ki-
Progrnal There are good times
aalea
tlie
ahead
(or thoac people
who
thmkinf out and wnrkinf out belter way*
of finixhinf; their pniductt.
your *h»rr vtju
Maybe we can nearest Kgyptian
No obligation,
in
the next
he glad for the
help you to be.
man and
of course.
It
gel his
may lum
the tide for vou.
"Kpyptian Lacquer"
how:
cnrrjul rrarardi lhr>
dniffi.
advice.
|tel
of prosperity? Will
Mlen-buildini;
ideati.
DEPRESSION
in
listnl in the
boiiku of the following cilien:
\rHNTA
phone
461
462
iiii
||| .III.
.III. Ill
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
lii4UA«»0ll«
Si
Louit
iwiiimiiiuiiiiimiiuiimiiiiimmiimiimiiimiiiiiiiuiiiiiii II I » I ( I «
.
WkhltA
Clevb
.nBimnniHHiinmnuiiimiim
Albl*4v«fQiiC
Wlmlow
uwimniiiimDiimiuumuiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuhinpim^^^
Airports EVERYTHING that goes up
—A Market
has to
come down. So airports are
quite
essentia! to the aviation industry.
But
if
muddy
you think of an airport as a nice field
olTering a soft landing spot
you know what you ought to be interested in the accompanying chart. It shows the progress made on a baker's dozen of flying fields undertaken by mufor airplanes, or even if
an airport
really looks like,
nicipalities or ijrivate airport operators.
A glance at this chart should convince almost any manufacturer that the airport not a muddy field, but a field is a field
—
—
perhaps a field which for his products he has completely overlooked in his search for
new markets.
Reproduced from "Plane Talk", which published by Transcontinental Air is Transport, Incorporated, the chart shows the various steps all the way from selection of site to completed airport.
in
black
TAT
Are you,
as
will
a
it
bepn
operations.
maker of equipment
adapted to airports, missing any bets?
SCALE
Transcontinrntnl and Writtrn Air. Inc.. N. Y. C.
A
And
more than an inkling of the airport's demands from the manufacturer. Incidentally, when all the units can be shown
gives
.7
Progress Chart.
Seldom does one found
find a chart as
complicated as
this
in
an advertisement.
This one was
in a technical journal.
Ill l|||l
lllh
lllll III
|l> .III.
Mil'
GRAPHIC CHARTS TME TREND TODAY
IS
IN
.ill. Ill 463
ADVERTISING
TO GAS
fF
AjiJL FOR BROODING CHICKS
Amrrican Gai Assn.,
Nrw York
Two Methods
of
City.
Presenting
the
Same Trend Curve
for
DifFerent
Types of
Advertising.
The curve for
at the
top was used as part of an advertisement for promoting the use of gas
brooding chicks.
The one
at the
bottom was used
in a
beauty shop "ad."
BLACKBOARDS Blackboards may be used to display graphic charts. White blackboards on which black chalk is used are now available. Swinging panels and easel blackboards also aid in exhibiting information. Sources:
New York
Book Slate Company, New York Weber Costello Company, Chicago, Illinois. White Blackboard Company. Elgin. Illinois. Silicate
City.
Bulletin boards are especially useful since material may be tacked up temporarily. Two manufacturers of bulletin board
material are;
Armstrong Cork Company, Inc., Lancaster. Pennsylvania. The Celotex Corporation, Chicago. Illinois.
III
i||l> illii illli ill
I
464
Chapter 55
QUANTITATIVE CARTOONS
raphic charts
may
be used effectively
REFERENCES Briggs, How to Draw
in cartoons.
Cartoons, Harper edition, 1926.
Garden
City edition, 1937.
How to Draw Comics and Commercial Art, Bridgman, Pelham, New York, 1939. Thorndike, Chuck, The Secrets of Cartooning, House of Little
Byrnes, Gene,
Books, New York, 1936. Thorndike, Chuck, The Art of Cartooning, House of Little Books, New York, 1937.
ALL ACCIDENTAL DEATHS (Kl
95.104
96.258
1928
/attm.s pate
THK OMITtO STA,TtS
1929
99,300
1950
1911
I9S2
American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boiton.
The Safety Movement
Sawing
OfF Accidental Deaths
in
the United States.
465
QUANTITATIVE CARTOONS
"During
this period ire couldn^t even afford ireic"
Copyricht. April 1938. by EÂťquire-Coronet, Inc.
A New
Low.
SCALE
.7
466
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION fe
A vV-
GOOD
BAD AWFUL
I
7
e
9
lO
n
11
13
14
13
It)
17
16
19
20
11
22
2J
24
467
QUANTITATIVE CARTOONS
Jtttt
iround iKc co<ntt
SCALE
Thf Nfw Yorkrr
7
The Search for Prosperity.
A.
too
a
90
80
xlO
acSO
^
>40
y
30
Sufficiency-Curve-
I
zo
I i
Bkcu
10
HAi.rL»AD' B.
A
"Sufficiency" Curve
20
i»
•Puu.
LoAl'
30
'Ovt>.L«A»'
468
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
The
New York
Herald Tribune, Cartooniit
How Our
Dollar
Would Look
Professional "Liberar
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; If
SCALE
Darling.
Indirect Taxes
Were
Actually Removed.
.8
469
QUANTITATIVE CARTOONS
New York
World-Tflegram, Cartoonist
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;WiU
I SCALE
B. Johnitone.
9
Curves of Emotions.
The news item which accompanied charts of colored lines other."
this cartoon read:
show
likes
and
"Emotions mapped by new geography, and groups for each
dislikes of individuals
'
470
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
^m '
SCALE
Lifr It's
—
All in
How You
Look at a Thing.
.7
QUANTITATIVE CARTOONS
SPECIME.V
The Los Ansflfs Times
A.
Big
AT THE WASHINGTON ZOO
— Cartoonist —
Russell.
and LiHie Business View With Alarm
a
New
Species of Industrial Curve.
PERPETUAL MOTION AT LAST
471
472
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
^
<
473
QUANTITATIVE CARTOONS INJURY FRE.QUENCY AND SEVERITY RATES IN
ALL INDUSTRIES
noiSKr. ^«»^*•^oo Axes^p;;^
1924 American Mutual
A.
A
19 2&
1927
Liability Insurance Co.
,
1929 Boaton
I930
H3I
1932
.
Carfoon Showing the Importance of Keeping the Lines Representing "Injury Frequency" and "Severity Rates" in Industry Close Together.
\ sold anoth«r hcMiborg^r" ThJa Week, Cartoonist B.
— Henry
The Use of Charts
Boltinoff.
in ''Business."
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
"It's
so
CoIIirr't
only a crack in the wall, but it looked I had a frame put around it"
good
Magazinr.
The Efficiency Expert.
lawrfnce iari*r
475
Chapter 56
QUANTITATIVE POSTERS
LTHOUGH
all
their original
the charts in this cliaptcr did not appear in
form as posters, the ronstructiou and
layf)Ut of
the charts are such that tliey could be used as posters.
REFERENCES Richmond. Leonard, The Technique of the Poster, Isaac Pitman & Sons. New York and London. 1M3.S.
UNITED STATES
Workers and Families in the
Sieel
TOTAL POPULATION
UNITED STATES
GERMANY
FRANCE TOTAL POPULATION
American Iron and
A
I
TOTAL POPULATION
TOTAL POPUUTION
Quantitative Poster Showing a Comparison of Car Ownership
Quantitative material
may
be presented
in posters
titative presentation in this poster steel
workers and families
obtained.
I
Strcl Inttitutr. N. Y. C.
in
is
with great success.
in
1937.
Although the quan-
not absolutely correct, the general idea that
the United States have
more automobiles
is
easily
476
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
UNDERWOOD
ELLIOTT FISHER SUPPLIES Will Speed Your Business â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and Reduce Cost
CO ST of CO R tP P O N D E N C E
7int Qwalitif Ihbboiu
& Garbons
M)l*i
PROVEN COST OF 1000 LETTEflS ^KtaHon ....WS.OO 80.00
Shorthand
OuetheaJ
3 7.53
SMioneri^
26.80 24.50
CMa,/,n<f
6.00
cFi/in^
%Uons & ...1.60
Qarboru
$301.63
This Chart Tells the Story Underwood
A
Elliott Fither
Building
The danger
Used as
Company. New York a
100%
It
NOW! SCALE
City.
100%
Thus while the height
tion to the height of the 2
wrong.
at
.6
Bar Chart.
in using a building for a
as height.
- Look
7%
bar
of the
is
41%
that the eye compares
area in this building
area, the volume of the
first
is
volume
as well
correct in rela-
makes the proportion
477
QUANTITATIVE POSTERS
•r«n4 IU^Mb.M
United Statn
Gypaum
A Home Made Mills in
Co., Chicago.
Bulletin
1924.
III.
Giving a Connparison of the Accident Rates
in
Eighteen
.
478
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
IF an accident occurs while your car is traveling* under 4oMlLB$ AN HOUR there is onlyONt CHANCE (N 44 ffiat someoTie iviil be killed
4afi%. 6>ai^ «afiM^ ffiii^
SH^^
^ip"^ fl*"^ <8ap«^ik
9P^^
Ir an accident occurs while your car is traveling- over 4o MILES AN hour there is ONE CHANCE IN 19 l/iat someone wi/l 6e killed
Triivrlrr* Imtininrr
. •
DEATH
CT> . /)ecrzns
,
i
a
all\0/
SCALE
CompHny. Hartford, Conn.
.7
Death Begins at Forty.
The combination of color with the automobiles and speedometer make method of presenting the idea that "death begins at forty."
this
an effective
470
QUANTITATIVE POSTERS
DIVERTED
FROM HIS«WAY TAXES IN
1937 Aiitomoliilr Manufarturrrs Association.
A.
The Use of
a
New
Broken Dollar
Which Was Diverted
fronn
York.
in
a
Poster to Indicate the Portion of the Dollar
Highway Taxes
HOW NEW VORK
in
1937.
CITY U5ES
ITS
LAND
BROOKLYN
QUEENS \nOlilfeSIDeMTiML
(iREATER \lttSIDlHTIPL
NLW YORK ["|,|i ;
V<»»yj /INQ
B.
How New
York City Used
\
\
v»CANT t«Hb
SCALE
The Nfw York Time*. Its
Land
in
1936.
I
R ICHMO ND
CtMCTtnttS
K
480
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Ordiiuir>-
Next
and Kmcrftcnrv Nffd» That Call For an Outlay of Ten Billions Thi» Year and Six Billioae
—The Rrvenues Expected,
the Borrowing Required. an<l the F,ffm on the National Debt
SCALE
The New York Timet.
A.
Balancing the Budget for the Fiscal Years 1933-34 and 1934-35.
SCALE
National Folk Festival Aitociation, Wathington. D. C. B.
This
.8
A
.8
Folk Festival Bulletin.
map was
used
in
various forms as an advertisement for the
held in Washington, D.
C,
in
May
1938.
Twenty-seven
fifth
annual Folk Festival
states participated.
481
QUANTITATIVE POSTERS FARM PURCHASING POWER NEARS
TOP
SCALE
The Chartmnkrrt. Nrw York Cily
A.
'29
.s
Farm Purchasing Power From 1929 Through 1937.
ri Ainrn. B.
Ill
Iron
,..i,l
Sl«
<
1
InMiMilr
NYC
Educational Preparation of Steel Workers
in
1938.
482
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
INCIUOINO THt HUMOROUS TRIOITION AND FEATURES OF
JudRr
iiikI
^
X
K^^
jL
Lifr Matsazinr.
A
Mountain Made Out of an Increase.
A
curve chart
is
easily
imagined as
a series of hills
and
valleys.
a curve, a mountain can be formed as in this cartoon.
was
in colors.
By
The
putting the points in
original of this cartoon
483
QUANTITATIVE POSTERS
THE SSZHRDAY EVJy
Rrprodurrd
by
Publishing
The
Sprcial
Company
New Year
Permission
of
The Saturday
EvcninR
Post.
CopyriRht
1932.
by
The Curtis
Forecasts the Future.
At a time when the public
is thinking in terms of increase or decrease of business, a cartoon utilizing curves attracts attention and carries meaning. This drawing capitalized
on that
fact.
I
484
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
CHART OF ACCIDENTS
cfown thisl/ne! Amrrican Mutual
A
Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass.
Simple Curve Used
The
in
a Poster.
According to correct and the lines are heavy. The and white, and measured 11" by 17".
idea that curves represent man's actions
procedure
in a
original poster
is
vividly portrayed here.
poster, there are few details given,
was
in black, red,
485
QUANTITATIVE POSTERS
CHARLESTON THE PORT OF NO DELy^^^T.
AN AVERAGE OF
MINIMUM HOURS OF FOG
PROXIMITV TO OPEN SEA
ONLY 38 MINUTE9 OF FOO PER DAY
POR TEN YEARS
o
30 MINUTES FROM BAR TO BETRTH .:di£i 1
I
lO
I
BO
I
so
rtro
STRATEGIC LOCATION
SHORTEST AVERAGE OCEAN HAUL TO PRINCIPAI-
KEY PORTS
HARBOR FREE FROM ICE
SPECIAL.IZED SERVICE
TO SHIP THROUGH CHARLESTON 15 TO SHIP WITH EXPEDITION | Bureau
A
of Forrign
Poster Used
Trade and Port Development. Charle»(on, South Carolina. in
a
Campaign
South Carolina.
to Secure
Greater Use of the Port of Charleiton,
486
Chapter 57 'V'f.\
fcâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;
DISPLAYS
AND
EXHIBITS
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; HEN
properly planned, a display becomes a salesman for The value of a good display is tested by its ,JE_?L-. ability to draw buyers to it and in turn tell them a complete and convincing sales story. Graphic charts make an effective tool to use as part of a display. I
^A/
its
sponsor.
Interesting problems in large scale displays were brought to the fore during the construction of exhibits at the New York World's Fair, 1939. The turntable in the Ford Building weighing 152 tons with its exhibit was so heavy that a major foundation problem was The solution was to float the turntable on a circular involved. moat filled with 20,000 gallons of water. The turntable is revolved
by a two horsepower electric motor. The "futurama" of General Motors animated
diorama
panorama
is
ever
constructed.
a conception of America
is
the largest scale model
The 35,538 square-foot and
its
highways
in
1960
Gardner Display* Company, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania.
Mechanical Exhibit of the National Tube Company. This display
tells
operation
how seamless pipe is shown in the center
is
pierced from solid steel. of the display.
The
rolling
and piercing
487
DISPLAYS AND EXHIBITS
Gardner Ditplayt Company, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania.
A. This
Scale
Model
of a Plant.
of a Bethlehem Steel heat treating plant was built synchronized voice explains operations of the model.
model
A
for
industrial
shows.
Gardnrr Displays Co.. Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania. B.
Exhibit of the National
New
Cash Register Company
at the Business
This small stage was
six
feet
ten
The
inches wide, six feet
five
of 1938
inches high, and four
were approximately twenty sound mechanism controlled the action and voice of each of the Business Show, an eight minute playlet was re-enacted.
seven
Show
in
York City. inches
deep.
characters
inches five
feet
high.
A
men. At the
E
488
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
SCALE
Factory Managemrnt and Maintenance. July 1938.
A.
Big-Scale
Model
of the
Even drinking fountains its
New York B.
are
.7
Plymouth Motor Corporation Plant at Detroit.
shown on the big board where Plymouth
lays out
to
scale
1,110,620 square feet of plant.
Herald Tribune
a Model Fighter to Familiarize British Students at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, with Sea Terms.
The Use of
489
DISPLAYS AND EXHIBITS Luminous paint first used as a medium for magic is now being used by industry for display and exhibit purposes. At the New York World's Fair. 1939, this paint, which is luminous only under ultra-violet light, gives the effect of illumination in the night scene in the Perisphere. is on the stars and underground cable lines in
the Consolidated Edison "City of Light" and illuminates the night scene in the General Motors Building. These are just a few of the many places at the Fair in which this ultra-violet paint has been applied.
Sources: Stroblite
Company. New York City
SCALE
Baltimore and Ohio Railway Company. Baltimorr. Md.
Photomural Covering the Entire Wall of the in Rockefeller Center, New York City.
B.
& O.
Ticket
.6
OfRce and Travel Bureau
feet long and 16 feet high. It was enlarged from a panoramic is 35 20 inch negative and required 12 forty-inch strips, each strip 17 feet long in order to avoid horizontal seams.
1.
This picture
2.
The
&
Royal Blue crossing Thomas Viaduct, nine miles west of Baltimore, on the route to Washington. In the foreground is the little "grasshopper" locomotive the Atlantic (built in 1832) hauling the Imlay coaches. picture shows B.
O.'s streamline
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
I
490
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
A.
Schedule Board.
This display fixture
is in production conheadquarters of the Pneumatic Scale Corporation, Ltd., Quincy,
trol
Massachusetts. Charts are lifted out by the production clerk for
day-by-day posting.
Factory ary.
Management and Maintenance, Febru-
SCALE
1938.
Installing photomurals in the
photographs
Kaufmann & Fabry B.
.5
Ford Rotunda building
at
Dearborn, Michigan
â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the
largest
in the world.
SCALE
Co., ChicaRo.
7
Photomurals.
Photomurals are enormous photographic enlargements which are hung the same manner as wall paper.
to
walls
much
in
491
DISPLAYS AND EXHIBITS
Mutlipl" Display
A. 1.
Fixliirr
Cnmpnny,
St.
Louis, Missouri.
Wall Pivot Display. This
display
twenty-four
has
fixture
display area. Material
may
display
surfaces,
each
with
six-square
feet
of
be either fastened to the board, with thumb-tacks or
posted permanently. 2.
Multiplex displays work on the principle of a loose-leaf book except that the swinging wing-panels are considerably larger. Material may be posted on each side. In this way charts, graphs, etc., are shown in full. They are smooth, flat, and always available for quick reference.
3.
If
necessary any display wing-panels
desk where work returned to
its
S|>rrdway Manufacturing Co B. 1.
Electric
may
may be removed from
be done on the posted material.
The
the
fixture,
taken to a
entire display
is
easily
place in the fixture.
.
Cicrro. Illinois.
Motor Driven Turntables.
The turntable on the left operates on an A.C. The platform measures 11^".
2.
The turntable on
3.
These tables may be used
capacity.
No
the right
platform
may be is
for
line
and has a five-pound capacity.
obtained for either A.C. or D.C., and has a 500-pound
provided.
every type of display.
I
492
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION A.
Battery-Driven Turntable.
This turntable when equipped with three turn fifteen pounds
batteries will of
Flrisrhrr
&
Nrw York
Co.. and Aristo lm|>ort City. Di-itritnitnrs
Diorama Cori>oration B.
Plastic
of
Relief
Map
This
map
in
The
table
discs,
one
has
5' i"
interchangeable
and the other
New
".
York.
the Exhibit of the Pan American Union at the
Fair.
8'/a
Inc.
America. Long Island City.
York World's 1.
Co..
display material for 700 hours.
New
1939.
constructed of transparent plastic, phenolic resin base, and is lighted from The map is made in twenty-nine individual panels, modeled from United States topographical maps. is
beneath.
2.
The
map is 27 feet deep and 20 feet wide. It slopes from a height of 10 from the Canadian portion in the rear to 8 inches to South America in the fore-
size of the feet
ground.
map was designed to show primarily the interdependence of North and South America in regard to transportation and communication.
3.
This
4.
There is approximately six hundred feet of neon tubing, nine-tenths of which neath the map. Over one hundred principal cities are shown by lights.
is
under-
493
DISPLAYS AND EXHIBITS T«f tf lIHItll Iktl wrALL or*
Courtrty of RnymoncI Locwy. Drsicntr.
A.
1.
2.
Nrw York
City.
Sketch of the Service Exhibit of the Eastern Presidents' Conference Division of the American Association of Railroads, in the Railroad Building at the New York World's Fair. 1939. This exhibit will be a graphic chart in the form of a huge mirror showing the decline of revenues in comparison with rising expenditures of the American Railroads.
The
following
and
taxes, wages,
Starting at
chart
1922
up
to
appear on the chart: "Revenues are constantly decreasing and overhead are constantly increasing."
title will
a
neon
19.18.
light
will
move
to
the right
and up along the face of the
This line represents the increase in expenditures.
emerge from the back marked "transparencies," showing the improvement line
3.
^
is
completed, pictures
will
Following this the contrasting neon line will emerge on the face of the mirror
-
•
«
will
— the
When
this
of the mirror in the sections in
services
move down, and two
on the railroads. "transparencies"
comparison of old and new service.
494
Chapter 58
DIORAMAS
jJQl diorama
life-like, three-dimensional representation in is a miniature. It is capable of reproducing any scene, sometimes employing sound and motion. The general visual effect of a diorama is similar to that which the observer gets when looking in or out of a window onto the actual scene.
A
diorama, or a series of dioramas, is used principally as the an exhibit, such as a world's fair exhibit, traveling
focal point of
display,
window
The M;irrhan(l Dinramn
Cotji
or industrial
,
Mt Vrrnon. N.
museum.
Y.
Diorama of the Columbia Steel Company, Subsidiary of the U. Under Construction in the Marchand Studio.
S. Steel
This diorama was part of an exhibit at the Golden Gate Exposition in San
Company, Francisco.
495
DIORAMAS DIORAMA
IN PLACE
PLATE
(3iLA$S
LINE OF DIRECT IMAGE
TUNNEL
U
Dfpnrlmcnt
S.
A. Sketch
of Acricultiirc.
Illustrating
the
Exhibit Illustrating
Bureau
of
Public Ro;ulÂť.
Device for the Historical Dissolving Diorama in America from 1539
Reflecting
400 Years of Highway Development
to 1939. Eacli of the dioramas
is
Uniird B.
1.
Sl.ntct Stcrl
To secure tlie apjiearance of a third dimension were molded on the face of a curved piece of tin.
six I'nchcs in dcptli.
in tliis sniall space, the
Cori>oration. N<
lin'ires
w Y.dk
City.
Chart in the Entrance of the United States Steel Subsidiaries' Exhibit at the York World's Fair. 1939. This chart shows
tlie
growth
in
the use of steel per capita in the United States from
the time of George Washington. In 19J9. the use per capita 2.
The indispensability the background.
of steel in
is
In 1789, the use per capita was one-half pound.
19,000 pounds or
modern times
Thin sheets
bridges, tools,
horses, tractors,
mounted on
background
a
New
9', j
tons.
theme
of the huge mural seen in were hammered into miniature buildings, streamliners, airplanes, and automobiles, and were of
is
the
steel
of plain blue steel.
I
496
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION Dioramas can be constructed to almost any size. The average would probably run between four and eight feet in length, two and four feet in depth, and four and eight feet in height. The depth, therefore,
is
usually half the length.
3,600 dioramas including cut-outs, models, and other forms giving the three dimensional effect were used in exhibits at the New York World's Fair, 1939. The price range is from $50. to $150,000.
About
Due probably to the impetus of business from the New York World's Fair, 1939. the diorama business has expanded tremenTwo years ago there was one company specializing in dously. diorama design and construction. Today there are twenty- five active in the
field.
Consolidated Edison
Company
J
of
New
York,
The "City of Light" Diorama at the 1.
New
York World's
Fair.
1939.
It is is the exhibit of the Consohdated Edison Company of New York. almost a city block long and is taller than a three-story building. Four thousand buildings with more than 130,000 lighted windows are included. An eight-foot space beneath the street level demonstrates the city's network of subways and
This diorama
electric, gas, 2.
Inc.
and steam mains.
In the illustration above, the semi-circular wall of the building was especially constructed to house this diorama.
is
quite apparent.
It
497
Chapter 59
GRAPHIC CHARTS
/
CONFERENCE ROOMS
IN
X he display characteristic of graphic charts makes them valuable for use in conference rooms.
In
some
cases, the conference
room
is
Automobilr Manufacturer* Association. Washington. D. C, "Automobile Facts." February 1939.
The Use of
a Pin
Map
fo Indicate
Month by Month 1.
ih
Changing Tastes by States
in
Autonnoblle Colors
the United States.
Differences in color preferences over a period of time and in different sections
make
it
necessary for color experts to study fashion trends in order to anticipate changing
demand. 2.
More than 40%
3.
Light
of the New England drivers and only west elect black cars.
16%
of the motorists in the
South-
hues predominate in California, while Washington and Oregon go in for dark
tones. 4.
Blue
is No. 1 choice in the prairie immediately to the east.
states,
although black tops that color in the states
I
498
||
||
||
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
constructed so that graphic charts may become a part of the genIn others, the display of graphic charts is made possible by means of lantern slide projectors. The display fixtures explained in the preceding chapter could well be used in any board room.
eral plan.
Burroughs Adding Machine Co., N. Y.
Board 1.
The
Room wall
C, "The Burroughs
of the Bowery Savings Bank
maps show
all
sections
in
New
Clearing House," September 1938.
York City.
where the Bowery Savings Bank has or
will
have
real estate loans. 2.
The
projection
machine shown
the
in
lower
photograph can throw enlarged photo-
graphs, layouts, charts, and other pertinent information on a large screen placed at the far 3.
On
the J*4ew
ill
west
end of the room. wall
of
the
room
is
a
35-foot
photomural,
an
aerial
photograph of
York City.
li
III
GRAPHIC CHARTS
Nrw York A.
Hrrnl.l Trituinr
Mayor
F.
J.inuary
1
IN
CONFERENCE ROOMS
l<i.l
H. LaGuardIa of New York City, and Dr. John L. Rice. Health ComBefore a Chart Showing New York City's Death Rate from 1898
missioner,
to 1938.
U B.
S Drpartmrnt
of Juiti.r
Fnlrr.il
Burrau
of IiivcsliK^tioii
John Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Before the Map of the United States on Which Are Tabbed the Location of the Bureau's Investigative Personnel.
ill
^^^
ill
ill
500
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Copyright by Harris and Ewing, Washington, D. C.
Room
New
A.
Board
The
star holders on the walls of this
of the
Federal Reserve Board Building
in
Washington, D. C.
room and the charts that hang on them
are a definite
part of the decoration of the room.
c^c:^o^c:^c:iC^c:sc^c^c^c^c^c^c^c^^^
^ ^zp^^zp^^^zy^^z^^y^y^n^^ip^ip^y^zp^i? B.
The
Sketch of the Lay-out of the General Motors Conference Position of the Projector and Screen. solid black line indicates the screen.
Q
c^
'^
OO
c
C.
The Use of Projectors
The
illustration
in
o
The
Ci
is
Room Showing
the
directly behind the screen.
o
C? C7
Conference Rooms.
shows the general lay-out
conference room.
projector
O
for
the use of a lantern slide projector in a
501
Chapter 60
GLOSSARY
SINCE
there has been little organized work on vocabulary, the in this glossary should be considered as suggestions, and not in any way officially sanctioned.
wordings
—
Absolute Bar Chart. See component bar chart. A photograph or drawing giving a bird's-eye view Aerial Map. of buildings, roads, trees, mountains, cities, etc. Area Bar Chart. A bar chart in which at least one dimension is in percentages, resulting in a comparison of the areas of the sec-
—
—
tions of the bar. Arithmetic Scale. An
—
amount scale on a grid with equal numerical values represented by equal special intervals. Band Chart. See component curves chart.
— —
Bar Chart. Presentation of data in the form of bars whose lengths and divisions indicate values. A frequency chart in which the distribution Bell Curve Chart. assumes the shape of a bell. See frequency chart. A bar chart in which the bars extend both Bilateral Bar Chart. above and below, or both to the left and to the right of, a
— —
common
line.
—An
illustration on a printed page which extends as far as the edge of the page, leaving no white space between the edge of the illustration and the edge of the page.
Bleed-Out
Buck-Shot Chart.
— —
See scatter chart. Carto^ram. See statistical map. Chronology Chart. The presentation of data with the emphasis on time rather than quantity or quality. Presentation of data in the form of a circle. The Circle Chart. area may be proportional to the corresponding facts, or the circle may be divided into sectors. See sector chart.
—
—
—
A chart in which facts, data, etc., are so arClassification Chart. ranged that the place of each in relation to all is readily seen. Column Chart. A bar chart in which the bars are arranged ver-
—
tically.
See bar chart.
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
502
—A bar chart with several contrasting bars. See bar chart. which each bar divided Component Bar Chart. — A bar chart into two or more which the Component Curves Chart. — A curve chart shown graphically divided into indicate the topography of which Contour Map. — A map Compound Bar
Chart.
in
is
parts.
in
total is
parts.
in
lines
The contour method may also be used to show the land. erosion, precipitation, climatic conditions, etc. A chart showing degree and type of relationCorrelation Chart. ship between two variables, Cosmograph. Trade name for a flow chart made from black and white strips of paper, and presenting numerical information or percentages.
—
—
— —
Crosshatched Map. See statistical map. Cumulative Curve. A curve in which each value, except the first which is zero, is a total or accumulation of all preceding values. Curve Chart A chart in which a line is plotted on a grid. Dependent Variable. The data presented in a chart or table which varies according to a change in the independent variable. The amount scale on a time curve chart is the dependent variable.
—
—
—
Disc Chart. See circle chart. Distorted Map. A map in which the areas of states, countries, etc., are proportional to quantitative data. Divided Circle. See sector chart. Dot Map. See statistical map. Extrapolation. Projection of the data beyond known points. Flow Chart. Graphic representation of movements geographically or through an organization or structure. Flow Map. A map in which either or both qualitative and quantitative flow of goods, persons, automobiles, etc., is shown.
— — — — — —
—
Form. One side of a printed Frequency Chart. A chart in
—
sheet. either bar or curve chart
form show-
ing distribution of items according to kind, size, location, or time of occurrence. Gantt Chart. A specialized type of production chart. See progress chart. Geneology Chart. A chart used as a method of showing ancestry and heredity traits. Genetics Chart. See geneology chart. Graphic Narrative. A story told by means of pictures. Grid. The surface or field composed of coordinate rulings on which data are plotted or graphed.
—
—
— — —
__^^^^^__^—^-^— GLOSSARY
Guide Map.
— A detailed map on which highways, railroad routes,
of transportation are indicated together with Sec route map. Gun-Shot Chart. See scatter chart. Halftone. A method of reproducing on a printing plate the details of a photograph, drawing, painting, etc.. including all the gradations of color. High- Low Chart. A chart in which the difference between two curves is the center of interest.
or other
methods
cities, etc.
—
—
—
—
Independent Variable. The data presented in a chart or table which does not vary because of some influence within the data. The time scale on a curve chart is the independent variable.
—
A chart in which as percentages relative to a base figure.
Index Numbers Chart.
all
items are expressed
—
Interpolation. Process of locating data between two known points. Key. See legend. Lag. The condition that exists when two curves are not concurrent, but one "lags" behind the other to some extent. Legend. An explanation or identification of symbols, etc., used in a chart. Logarithmic Chart. See ratio chart.
— —
—
— Logarithmic Scale — A scale of numbers on a grid so arranged that the spacial intervals are proportional to the differences between the logarithms of the numbers.
Lorenz Chart.
—A
chart giving frequency distribution with both
and invariable quantities reduced to percentages. Both scales represent 100%. See frequency chart. Map Chart. See statistical map. Moving Average Curve. A curve in which each value is the average for an overlapping period of time. A moving average for the variable
—
—
a period of time "centered" is the average for half the time before the specified date and half the time after the specified date.
—
A curve in which each value is the total for an overlapping period of time. Ogive Chart. A frequency distribution in which "more than" or "less than" data are presented. One scale of the grid represents percentages and the other scale represents "more than" or "less than" values. See frequency chart. See percentage curve chart. 10(P/o Band Chart.
Moving Total Curve.
—
—
503
^^"^
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
—
Chart. A chart in which a single bar represents 100% and the divisions of the bar represent percentages of the whole. 100% Block Chart.— See 100% square chart. 100% Square Chart. An area bar chart in which both dimensions
100% Bar
— See area bar chart. Organization Chart. — Graphic explanation of the structure of a business, government, school, or other unit of operation. Percentage Band Chart. — See percentage curve chart. Percentage Bar Chart. — See 100% bar chart. Percentage Curve Chart. — A component curve chart which data presented on the basis of 100%. See component curves chart. Pictogram. — See graphic narrative, and pictorial unit bar chart. Pictorial Map. — See map. Pictorial Unit Bar Chart. — A bar chart which comparisons are are in percentages.
in
is
statistical
in
made by
using a
number
of symbols, each of
which repre-
sents a specific value. Pie Chart. See sector chart.
Pin Map.
— — See
statistical
map.
— The composition, whether which used to the printed impression on paper. Plotting (Plotted). — Placing a curve or other representations on a Procedure Chart. — A time study by which procedure production may be planned and recorded. See progress chart. Process Chart. — A time study by which production may be analyzed, planned, and recorded. See progress chart. Production Control Chart. — A time study by which production may be planned, controlled, and recorded. See progress Progress Chart. — A time study by which production and transportation movements may be planned and recorded. Progressive Average Curve. — A curve which each value the average the items previously shown. Proportional Map. — See distorted map. Range Bar. — A bar form of high-low chart which the range of Plate.
zinc, lead, etc.,
is
make
grid.
in
chart.
in
is
of all
in
prices of stocks or low chart.
Rank
— — —
commodities
may
be indicated.
See high-
Chart. See rating chart. Rate-of -Change Chart. See ratio chart. Rating Chart. The presentation of the rank of items as determined by the quantitative value of each item. Ratio Chart. A curve chart in which the amount scale rather than an arithmetic scale is so spaced that a straight line diagonally
—
^^^
GLOSSARY across the grid represents a unitorni percentage increase or decrease. Relationship Chart. A diagram in which facts, information, etc., are arranged to emphasize tlicir relation. Relative Bar Chart. See 100% bar chart. Map showing elevations and surface undulations of Relief Map. a geographical unit. Relief maps may also be used to present statistical data. Route Map. A map on which point to point movements of ships, airplanes, railroads, electricity, etc.. are given. Scatter Chart. A chart on which the data has been plotted or distributed as dots on a grid.
— —
—
—
— Schedule Chart. — See progress chart. Screen. — A cross-lined screen, usually is
photographed
glass,
through which copy
for reproduction as a halftone.
—
Sector Chart. The presentation of data in the form of a circle divided so that each sector is proportional to the corresponding facts.
—
Semi- Logarithmic Chart. See ratio chart. Shot-Gun Chart. See scatter chart.
—
—
Signature. A folded printed sheet ready to be assembled with other folded sheets to be bound together. A signature usually consists of 16 pages, but it may be 4, 8. 32, or even 64 pages.
— A chart which a plotted on a grid resembles Staircase Chart. — See chart. Statistical Map. — A map on which dots, bars, curves, symStair Chart.
in
line
stairs.
stair
circles,
have been placed to give the geographic location in accordance with statistical data. Tabulation. The recording of statistical data in the form of tables. Three-Dimensional Chart. A graphic presentation with three variables. Three-dimensional charts may be drawings in perbols, or crosshatchings
—
—
spective or models.
—
Two- Directional Bar Chart. See bilateral bar chart. A flow map showing the flow of automobiles Traffic Map.
—
or
persons on streets and highways. See How map. Two-Way Bar Chart. See bilateral bar chart. Zee Chart. A curve chart presenting periodic (day, week, or month) data, cumulative data, and a moving total on one grid. The positions of the curves form a "Z."
—
—
AF
B
506
INDEX
(.niiiponrnl
Addrrtunnraiih Advrrli>iii|c -Idi
301
434 454 331 It<<l52. 501
Ciirp.
Nf nil iicra|ili
rliarl
.
«nd S.llint
.rtMinit
Arra
MX
Co.
Ahlioll KJiiraliaiml Abtoliilr har rhurl
rliarl
l>ar
Conip
99, 132-141. 2VI.
d
Madr on 100%
Map Kroiininiri,
Air Air
Hiirraii
132.
map
Alriandrr
llaiiiillon
Allrfirdrr,
Thro. & Son*
94B
123A. 12HA I37A. 139A. 144B, I45A. 152,
294. 297B. 454A, 460A, 476. 504 200 207 121-131. 211. 365, .504
_
505
.
2«SA. 2H5H, 504 505
350 1S6
brii»h rniitr
_
51, HH. 92-97. 9)1-105.
lliU
<if
_
377
ITO-ITT, 501 1<>0, \t»
I'lioloKraph
_
t>pi
Arrial:
Agririilliiral
Ml 502
_
Ciiiiiiilativr
15B. I'VJB, 302A
Inililuir
374B
Co. t21l>, 4JKA Aniriiran A>>o<ialion of l.anditrapr Arrhili-rln 171, 235 Aiiirriran Anaorialion of Slair lliicliwav Ufficiali HVB Ami'riean .4 vitit ion .„ 167
Allrolor
„
Amvrican
Hunint'n^
Anirriran (.'ra>on
,
Anirriraii Doriiiiiriilalion Aiiirririiii (^aa
inaliliilr
.\»>»rialioii
Anirriruii (^i-nrlira
3HC
.,
_____________
Co.
___^
370 40<*
,
„. 463
A>»urjalioii
S4B, 55 Anirriran Oonraphiral Sorirly of Nrw York 153 . Anirriran iron & SirrI Inatiluir 3IIA. 215A, 243. 475, 4H1 .-Imciirrin Machinist , „ 1511 Anirriran Map Co. _ . 154 Anirriran Miilual Liability Iniurancc Co 464. 473 A, 4114 Anirriran I'rirolruiii IiiMi(.ulr _... 19SA Anirriran KollinK .Mill Co _ 10KB Anirriran SrhooU of Orirnlal Rrtrarch 170 .\iiirriran Sorirl> of .Mrrlianiral Knginrrri (.S«'i> also Timv .SiTii-j (hurls and Coniiiiilire on Kn|;inrrrinK and Srirnlifir (irapbil IIVA, 3lH Anirriran Slandarda Assorialioii (See Timv Svrivs Charts.) Anirriran Slalisliral Asaorialion 323. 325. 326. 333A Anirriran Trirphonr & Trirgraph Co. 21)1 Anirriran T>pr Kniindrrt 439 Anirriran VI ritinit I'aprr Co 44)1 Anmlral t'lililisliini: & iSupply Co. 57 Arra bar rhart 149-152 Arra roiiiparison (.Si't- ofjo Area bar charl)_ASA, 23H. 457 Aritio Iniporl Co. ..492A Arkin. Hrrbrrt .._ 24,370 Arniilrung Cork Co> 117B Arnold, Bion J. 74A. 223 Art Oa^on Co, - 370 Aloiii rharl ._ 52A. 52B Auilralia, Conininnwrallh 159 Autoniobilr Maiiiifarlurrri Attorialioit 2HB. 94A. 9H. 02B. 131A. 29BA. 349A. 479A. *V /4u(ornurirc lndu$lrie» SO A. 299 A .
•
..
Atrraitr
Monnn
107 B .
_
PruKmiirc
209, 2116, 28HB. 2»9. 291 B. 503 2H6. 2HHA .. 45
425 86A, 2SH, 273, 303 B
.
.
176
B Bainbridgr, Cbarirt Bahvr,' Helper
T
& Sont
Ohio Railway Co.
421'
460B 4H9 JOl 294. 297B. 503
106-114, IIS-120. 363. 364. 464. 501 501
Abiolule
Arra
149.152.501
_
Bilalrral
Column
Stamping %irr«lilrhrd
Kichmond
Bint-linm.
F.-
.24,
3098, 333B, 334, 335, 370
Rinnrv & .Smith Co. Birrrn. Kabrr BitiiKi, I'rrrv A. BIrrd-oul Blork claasifiratioii rhart Blork rnl:
370 427, 42)1
340 501
:
49,
50A. 50B 415 415
l.iliolriiiii
Wood Blork
356B 473B 259A
diiiKruill
Bolicinoff
Bullun, Borgia
Joseph R.
map
.„
153 29 B
Boston Gtohe
Bowrn, M. I.. BoMrrt SavinRt
Bowman,
Isaiah
359R Bank...
49)1
___
162A
Brad>, Dornthy S. __ Brrak-rvrn rhart BrrMrr-tlanlrlnio Co.
323
32HB 451 464
.
.
Aviation Avrri. Dr. F.dward A. A»rri, I.ronard I'. _ Aiiniulhal projrctioit
Balliniorr li Band rharl lOOCc Bar rhart
Kriiiforrriiirnti
Snivllir-srwrd
,
142-14)1. 501
106. 501
Briggs Brinton.
Vlillard
Brooks,
Biirlrigh
C
74B, 124A, 161. 1H6. 192B, 254, 261. 28HA. 293A, 327, 370
.24, 49,
397 K, 397
Brown. Arthur, & Brolhert Hro«n. Brrtrand Brown. Throdorr H.
419 123A, 124B. 12HA 24, 309B. 333B. 334. 335, 370 .
Burk-shol
rharl Burraii of Agrirullurul
Burrau Burrau
F.ronomict
of Chrmistr> & Soils of horrigii Trade k Horl
Charlr.tun,
S.
C.
Burrau of I'ublir Koadt Burrau o( Krclaiiiation Burn. Walter P.. & Attociatei Burns
501 160 160
,,
Oovelopmcnl, 485 ...160. 495 A
156
_242. 401
319B
507
INDEX lllirrouilAf
Riiih
//out
('Irniinn
Trrniinal (irnr
Job eai*
4.1S
397.104
C.inrra
Conlai
Drvin
_ Color Sroiil Tricolor
.lOTC
_
-
^'^:^
i.rira
______
l.inhof
I'rrfu
—
Holl»i(l»«
Sprrd («raphir Trirolor
—
—
—
('anirra Corp. _ Car!>U, I'aiil Carnrnir Inililiilr of WaihlngtOBCarlrrS Ink Co,
Candid
397 K j«:b 397 K .i<)7n .'"H
^
4.VI
.1S3, 3S6A. .1S9R
427A
,
^_—_______
Cartoiirani
Carlooni.
SOI
_______ 464^ 474
c|iianlilalivo
Carlwriithl. Milli H. Caiital rrlalionthip Critiiloid (° orp. -
R
.197
4.19
_27S. 282 A. ..
211)1
R
36H
..,
Crnlral Statitliral Board (Srr frHrral Charl Book.)
Chaddofk. H. Chanibrr of Coiunirrrr
Vlilliuin
Chan,
I'apcr
ft
iiiiinrilioni
ft
United Stale*
^_^
_
Chartmakrri Chatr National Chrniiilrv
of llir F'ihrr (^o. for making
_.
Bank Bureau
_
_
44H 367
1110
4H1A IftO .
chart
251. 501
{See also Sector Chart)..
On map
.
.-
—
-
.
Civilian ConierTation Corp» Clark. Victor M.. and Staff _ Clark. Wallace Clarification chart
194-199
_
61
493 B 262 43-52. 501
_
Block Coait A Geodetic Surrojr Codeii Book Co. ColUrr$ Color _ _ Color*blind .~__«^_.^_.^.. Collon Preti
.49,
SOA. SOB 156. 1511
56A. 367 474 -418. 419. 423-428. 453 .
—
^
426
414. 439. 443
Raymond R. Columbia Steel Co.— Column chart —^ Colton.
24. 370
494 106, 501
439
Commercial Engraving Publithing Co. Committee on Engineering and Scientific
Graphs
381. 40HA, 40HB.
Committee on Standards for (Srf Timr Srriet Chartt.)
Graphic
40HC
Pretentalion
:
9tB 2T!
279, 281A. 126.
H9A. 111.
S02
1JJA 91
198 B 198 B Curlii. Thoniai S.. Laboratory 483 CurtK I'ubliihing Co. 261 159. 502 Curxr chart ..310. 501 Hrll 275 293 Coiiipariinni 294 300. 391. S02 . (!iinipnnent 320 3.10. 502 _ . _ Cnrrrlalinn Cumulative 27S. 279, 28IA. 326. 349A. 502 310 319. 502 ._ l-"Tri|Urnf > 256 262.502 CiintI lligl. lov 275. 276B. 285 A. 28SB. 104B. 503 Index number*- .1148, 142. 301 109, 347B, 361. 164. 503 Ciirlia
Color Seoul
Camera
.
331338.503
l.nreni
209. 286. 288B. 289. 291 B. 503
Moving averaga^ Moving total
S03 331 118. 501
On map
208-210.261.274
—
..
504
286. 28BA. 504
I'ronrenive averag* Ratio letter! Cul-nut
339-353. 504 37S
Darling ___—^_Dartnell Corp DaiKco Product! Co. Da\i>. Harvey N.-.„ — ,
Dependent
3S4 99. 132-141, 294, 502 294-300, 393. 502
Bar chart Curve chaH bar chart Compotile chart .Conference roomi. chart! Coniolidated Editon Co
333A 371 .263, S02
Co..
3S$8 .142. 2718. 324
398A 39HA .432A. 433A 368A. 369A 384
4928
...
Disc
,
_________
chart
Displays Dislorird
-.^
map
Inc. Divided circle J. J.. A!!ociate!, In Diton. Joseph. Crucible Co.. Donnant. D. F
Divine,
Dot map
...
..
-.
.
.
494-496 - 502
.
__293B. 486-493, 497
SOS 169 369B. 370 81 1H7-I93. S02
W.
Lawrence
Drawing: Roard
_
238-242. 459. 502 429
Ditto.
41S
_42eA -369A _369B 466A
.
Instrtiiiient!
Pencils
Dun's
S04 427 A 156 320-330. 502 Correlation *•>*'' Cotmograph 73. 7IA. 788. 79. 80A. 80B. 502 Covert {Srr alto Binding) 451. 453 Cewden. Dudley J. .. _ 24. 286 Coihead. Balph C. Corp. 379 419 Craftint .Manufacturing C*.. 370 Oayont Crotthatched nap .17S-18«. 270. 502 Creiihatching iSrt alto Skadinf). USA. 178 367 CroM-teclien paper
34
-4M8
—
variable
Diorama!
16fl-.16A
.^.^__^______^__^____^-_- ._ 397C Contai camera „ Contimotie Salei Co. 407A Contour map 231-237. 502
429
_
-398
Ediion Co Deviation De\in Colorgraph Co_ Devin Tricolor camera.. Dick. A. B.. Co _ Diel<|ten. Eugene. Co.. Diniensioni Diorama Corp.
Dunn.
497-500 496
_
Detroit
502
Compound
-2398
,
Da». E. ¥ Decker. Richard Denniton. Henry S. Drnniton Manufacturing
Draeger.
Commonwealth Editon Co. Component
Control chart
(Mininlalivr Bar chart Curve chart lrr<|Hrnr> chart Srrlnr chart
284B. 330B, 332R, 340
Soilt.
422 Chirano Cardboard Co. Chifago ^rl^un.• 121. 265A. 26SB. 276B .-. 372 Chirano U hrri & Manufacluriog Co. 424D. 425C. 427B Chroma (Sre aho Color) 248-255. 501 Chronolony chart 145B. ISO Churchill Fnitinrrring Corp. 38B. 65, I25A Cincinnati. Ohio. City Manager _ Circle
24
1..
Percentage
109,
286
21.
\.
Ogive 24
K.
(Thainpinn
159A
r»....lM.«lr
Irr.lrnrk
(rn.lnii.
('iirlii
168 A
Halin Tri...«..l«r Cruiii,
California
1S7B
lionietrir 4Mi(:
i.o.
Rwiiri.
_
Charle!
Review—
116A. I17A. 141A. 141B. USA. 282B. 287C. 297B, 120. 344. 147B. 458 Duplicating machine (.See alto Reproduction) 429 IHipont De Neiiiour!, E. I., t Co. 368 Durost. Walter 3S
(S«« aiao Pro(r*(» chart)
Grace Corpi of Engineora
Cornell.
.
.
.
—
-
.
Eagle Pencil Co. 370. 372 Eastern Air l.inet 163A Eastern Railroad 91. 491A Eastman Kodak Co. _ -368. 399A, 401. 40SA. 40SB. 40SC Eberhard Kaber Pencil Co. 370.372 Kronon.ic rixht price 14S8, ISO Edition binding .. , 4S0 Educational Eihibilion Co. . 1S4. 193. 367. 368 Egyptian l.ari|uer Manufacturing C*. .. 461 ElrrlrUal Borld 239 A. 366 Electric Storage Batlerx Compaajr-73. 25S. 4S4A .
Elrttroniet
—__
-S8. 263.
347A
I
B C
508
B
:
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION r.lrrlrnltpi
tZl
KUin N.I VMlr
Walcb C*.
al
l»pr
.IThR
Brooks
Knii-nt.
SI. 20A IS.1. IS4. ISS
Knrtrlopriiia Anirrirar Knfiinfrrtng K' Mining EnfinrfriniL .V*>u-i Hrro
IIH. I.1H. 3(iO
HSB, IhbB. JS4B. 261 2V1A, .137
KnKinrrririK & Srirnlinr (^rapha.
Coinniillrr
.IHl,
40KA
40HB. 40H(: Kratrrt
372 46S
F.tquirr-C.oronvl. Iiir. Kiigrniri KrroriJ Office F.vant, 11 . Sanford ^ _ _ KihibiU {S,-i- alto Diaplayt)
S3,
122
.
4H6 493 S02
_____
Kklrapolalinn
S4A
Faclory
257
f'attotj hi annfrmvnt it Miiinlrnanev
H2B, K3A, H3B. H7, 134B. 4HHA, 4<»0A
Frdrral Riirraii of ln\ rtliftalion 4<'4B Fnd^ral Chan Hook 03A4. <>3A. 938. 93C. 270. 296B. 305 Frdrral I'oxrr Coniiiiittion 3SA. 97, 173B Frdrral Rr.rrvr Board SOOA Frdrral Krtrrvr. Nrw York lOhA, I I4B, 132A. I32B. 142, 269A. 2HSA, 2HSB. 2H7A, 2H7B. 3hlB, SOOA Firld. R. M. 6«A, 6HB. 72. 144A Film (Sfr Canirra.) Kodarhronir ._ 399 Fir»l National Bank of Botloa 179A Fithrr, Ir\ing 340 Fi.alivr Flat binding FIritrhrr A Co. Florrnrr, I*. Sargent Flow charl
420A 4S|
492A
Flow map Foiiir,
P
F.
F'olnirr
S5
_
73-80. 215-230. 502 216 230, 502 37B. 250, 2SI
397D
(>raflrs
Food Industiift Foolnotr Ford Motor
_ Co.
160.
Forrst Srrvirr F'orm (Si-e alio Printing)
Forlunr Magazine Frrnch fur\r
369A
:
charl Curvr chart BrII
Ira
310 310-319. 502
^
Diilribiition
Fri.brr.
_101. 11». IKO
.
N.
_24. 263. 292
Fuchi & I.ang Manufacturing Co> FunkhouBcr, Gray H ...____ Gantt chart Cantt. Henry I. Gardner Dinplai Co. Gelatine duplicating machineGrnrology chart Grnrolngical charl theet General Klertric Co. ___ General I. and Office Genetici churl ._: Geographic map Geologic map Geological Survey Georgian Bay CanaL Grrard. Dave __^_______ Glotiary _ _ Goldrn Gair Fxpoiilion Coodyrar Tirr & Rubber Co..
453 24
__
262 487 A. 487 . 429 53-58. 502 56A. 57 472 156 S3-S8. 502 156 156 155 122
y2
501-505 494
266A _1SS. 1S6. 160
369B 419 444 2S-32. 455. 502
..
Paper)
Graphic narralite Gravure printing Gray. RumcII T.. Inc. Grid Guide map Gun-thol
256, 262, 502
...486.
GoTrrnmrnt mapi Gradr chart, pencil Grafa-lone Co. Grain {Sfv alto
Gulick.
490B
156 453. 502 .30.94B, 177 B
..
F'rr€|iirncv
47 104
I.ulher .._-
chart
__
44 1 72. 471 383. 386. 502 .161-169. 456. 503 62, 70
_
503
Ilalllonr llaniillon ManliraclnrinK Co lUtiiillon. \l C. S Son*.. Ilaininrrniill Paper Co..
Charles
W..
438 453 44H 154
Maniniond. C. S., & Co. & Kwing lla.kril. Allan C. Ilrrlograph
Ilarri<
SOOA 24. 370
432 B 423
llrlinhnllr
Mrrrdity
chart
.
._
„
.
llrring
Hink«,
3S6A
423 371 27S. 276B. 28SA. 2IISB. 304B. 503 .
« Co.
Charlr
Iliggint,
High-low
chart A. K.
map
Iliilorical
.
_
_
_
Hoch. Frrd W. Holdrn. Arthur C. (loovrr. John Kdgar //oik.' and Gardvn Hubbard. Hrnrt I).
_
..
204. 205
435 141
499B
_
_
_
31
_
S2A. S2B 42SA. 427 218
2.
Hiir (». «/«o Color) Hiirricanr niap^
Htdrographir
Map
_ 156 ._ 156
...
Office
Hypotrnuir
_
rectangle
384
I
board. Wolman 421 prrparation ._ 417-422 Impo.ilion (S... aUo Rinding) 450. 4S2A Ind.pendrnI variable _ „ 263.503 Index numbers 14R. 142. 301-309, 347B. 363, 364. 503 India ink . 371 Illustration
llliislralions.
1
Induslrinl Industrial Ind-itlrial I
&
En^int'vrinf
Ckrmittry
_.
Mana^vmenl ._ Tape Corporation
..
India
.
aho Binding)
(>'<>«•
71
63B
.^.
nk
Intrrit Inlaglio
printing . International Boundary Coniniiltion International Businrst Machinrt Corp.
Intrrnalional Printing Ink Corp Intrrpolation Inlerty pe
435. 437. .
_
371 373 371 450
44IC 156
-
7KA. 7HB. 79, HOA. KOB. 377. 37K 42S. 427B. 42HA 40.
503
:
Corporation
436 436
Machine Inverse rrlalionahip Iron AgeIsometric
282A. 460C
i76A. 350 356B 3S7B 3S7A
Paper Protractor
Jaeckrl Fur StorageJohnston. W. IJ.. Jr>. Jonas. S. Theo ^ Jones. Victor O.
Kaplan. A.
KarMen. Krisry
Co.
KruflTel
&
Krp
.3S6B. 3S7A. 469 32
29B
H.
I).
Karl
325. 326 24. 263. 286. 343. 370
(;.
Kaufmann & Fabry
Co.. .
F.iier
.
Map
-.
KIrppner. Otto KnorpprI, Charlei
Kodachrome Kodak
film
Koh-I-Noor Konig
Pencil
E_
l.at.iiardia.
l.a
Rose.
Legend
Co.-
__. 394 423 .276A. 503
Fiiirello
H.
Monotype Machine
499A Co..
—437. 438
______^__
405-409
_______^__^____
_302B. 503
slides
K.
490B 376A
262 399 398 370 423
lag I.anslon I.anlern
_
.156. 357B. 3S9A. 36HB, 372. 373 3028. 394. 503 155 421. 454
I.add-Franklin
l.aughlin.
HackrInian.
113. 416. 417. 419. 420A. 503
.
S.
Harry H.
329A 356A
INDEX l.rttt
Camrr* Manual
404 -IOTA
y.. lat. .- trllrrinf prn* Ilrnr* M.
I. rill.
l.rrov l.rtlrr.
J9:a
.
t::. \:\
Mirrnfiln, Mllr.. Kll..e1l
Mllinn
.riA
riilniil
Lihrtly
Maiiaiinr
Uima
H orkt,
mmrra
4T0 4s:
Inr.
.1<»7K
I
4«« 4)6
Mlii.rnir.pl, ni.rhinr Ml>l<eo.c..pe Minite.ftia Mining and Maiiiifariiinitg Miniieatila \'alle% (ianning Lniiipati*
Morgan. « ilbr.l l> MnlioM I'irli.rr S,rr.,. Moving average Moting loUl Mnllihlh
436
Multiple Atii eharl Mulliplei Diiplat V,Mu{r Miintell. A. II.
prinlinn Trrliniral
Lilhonraphir
Compant KawKond
i.ilhnprini
tralr
l.anarilhtiiir
l.orrni rharl l.orrni. M. O.
Koiindalton of Nrx York, Inr.
437 433 B 4<»3A S03 331 33H, S03 337
.^_^____,_
-_____^
_
Lo* Angrlri:
Timrt I'nion Railroad l.uckirth. Malthrw Luminoui paini
_^____^___^ SlalioB ^—^____^_
-402A. 40JR
^____
42H 489
131 40 .114A. 304A. 30IIB
In<
Marhinr labiilalion Manaiinr of Ball StrrrtMagnilirr Manninic, barren
-
41
-
H
1
.160. 170. 177. SOI 1S6 1S4
.^_^^______
Ba>r Chart {Sem mlto Statiatical map). Contour
_
Dot - . Flow Crographic Crologic
Cuidr
-
_
_
Hitlorical
S03 S02 S02 S02 S02 S02 1S6 . 1S6 161-169. 4S6. S03 204. 20S 218 1S6
_ 231-237. _17»-1H6. 270. -23H-242. 4SV, 1K7-193. 216-230. -
Crot>halche<l Diilorted
.
Hurricane H«droKraphie Information OBrt
ISS ISS 1S6
Kr. device
Mraturinic
Mechanical Navigation Orangr-pecl
„
inlrnailjr
Pin
182B
ihadiiiC.
a_
.
.167. 168. 169. 480B. S04 -187-193, 497. 499B. S04
Pro)rrlien (See Prajection.) Proporlional . Relief
Route Statistical
Topographic TralSr « rather
1S6 1S8
.
Pictorial
.
_
__
„
.
S04 170-177. 492B. SOS 161-169. SOS 1S3-242. SOS 1S6. ISS.
—— ,
200-207 194-199 196. 197. 2t8-210. 263. 274 194-199 211 2IS 494
^'^
J65A. 26SB
Mechanical
inlenaitjr
Median
_ _
Mcrcator,
Ccrardaa
.
Rroailratling
423 -443. 446. 44a. 4S3
(kadioc
411 10^ B
Co
I9IA ;i.
aap
IM2B
120.
USA ISS
427
4S9
(^o.
N National Aanociilinn nf (>i>l ArroiinlanI National Amocialiun nf Motor Bui t)p rralori Nalinnal Nalional Nalional Nalinnal Nalinnal Nalinnal
Anlnmnbile Chaiiih Ca.h Kegiiler Cn.
Com
nf
Bnard
Nalinnal Reinurrei
Uook)
{Sri-
alio
329A 1H2A 2HIB. 286
I90A 4h:b
Kdiiralional Aiinrialion Ke*li\al Aiioeialinn Kleelric Light Aiioeialinn Induilrial Conference Bnard
133B. 27S
480B 32IA III. 119. 146. 117. ISl. 107. 363. 364
Ffd>-ral
(hart
:S. 95. I27B. 110. 16t. 1(,S. l(.hA. 168. 174. 175. 1114. 1H5. 1»H. IW. JIO. 214.
219, 222, 234A. 267. 291B Nalinnal Reiniircei Conwiiilire (Sv National Reiniircei Bnard.) Nalinnal Machine Tool Buildrri Aitocialion 493B Nalinnal Tube Co. 486 Naiion't Hutin.,, ._ 466A Navigation map ^ _ 156 rharl Na% igalinnal 1S6 New Jerse\ Deparlmenl of Indilulioni and Agencies 316 New Jeriev Stale Planning 179B New York Building Congrei. 141 New York Cilv Tunnel Aulhnrily 404A. 404B New Y'nrk l'!niplo«ing Prinleri Aiincialion. Inc. 43S New York Federal Heierve lOhA. lUB. I32A, 132B. 112. 269A. 2H5A. 2K5B. 2«7B. 291A. 301A. 30IB. 309A. 36IB New Ynrk H.rald Trihunr 41. 43. 1H3A. 2HSC. 46«, 488A. 499A New Ynrk Journal & Amrriean 29A New York Tim.-, 63A. 479B. 480A 469 New York K orldTvlrtram _ 60. 1S9. 207. 279. 29JB. New York World'i Fair. 1939 330A. 492B. 49JA. 495B. 496 Nr'U- Yorker 466B. 467A Newinn 423 Nnlan. T. V 3S6B. 3S7A Normal, deviation from ^7 IB _ XM Nnrnial trend Norlh Jerie> Transit Coniniiitiaa J27
Bnard—.
_
.
—
OKre
of
Olfiel OITiet
Gravure Corp.
Indian
32
^
Ink
453 436
Printing
Ogden. r. K. Dgive rharl I00<~^ band chart I00<~(
bar
_
AITairt
26 331 33H, S03 .91. 297 8. S03 51. 88. 92 lOS. 123A. IJ«A. 132. 137A. 139A. 144B. USA. 152. 294. 297B. 4&4A. 560A. S04 9*
chart
1S2
Maswell
Mead Corp. ^_ _
S03
39B
Marki. Lionel S Maitarhuietli inttiiiHa af Tccboalagy
109
2Hb. 2HhB. 2H9, 2V| B. S03 IS. 16
233A
i02B. 219. 222. 223. 224A. 224B, 127. 229. SOS 216A. 216B. 217A. 21H. 232A. 232B. 233B. 234A. 236
With bar chart Uilh circle chart Hilh curre chart Vilh lector chart «ilh xmboli Marchand Diorama Market batkrt
!IN.
I).
171. 23S
Map: Arrial Air route
l-.tB
471
_^____
MarFlwrr & Crandall.
Mutual
Briire
IS6 437 3hH
io:<;
Mlldgell.
I.ilhniiraphir
171
ISA
1.
437
4.16
43JA (
Mixioippi Hirer Conimiiiinn Monol%pe Mnnianin Chemiril < Moore, i Dnnfor.!
39A. :.w
Nalional AMfxialion, Inr.
i:iR <):a
n
IttfrtI
l.ilhoKraphrri
I23B S9A, I9B, S93B
\
ll.a.llr.
4IS
I.inolM'' l.tlrrary
4H.
lilork
l.inolriint
lor«.<.
1
2f>
l.c»romolivr
I.inhof
LIS. 44
375
l.rllrtt,
Uh
3H0
ISS
•
I
404. 400
IVni
I'halnirnphK l.rllrrpmi prinlin(
Merralnr prnjeelion Mrrediin I'uliliihin* « Mrlropniilan ifr III. Ill
Stamp lOCf block chart 100<^ Kjuare chart Opacil. (.See alto Optical illuaion
,
_
_
PaM^)-
149. 152. S04 .149. IS2. 3*4
444 314
_
A
510
C
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION ^. Orsn|tr-prrl map Organifilion rharl — . Oring. Guy Orthonraphic projeclionOrlhological Inilitule
ISH
^9-67,
16S, S04
4S4
-
1S4 27 427
Odwald Pacific
Cat I
KIcclric Co.
______________
Paprr: Colored
Machine
-
Prriturr bulkrr Sclrclion of L'lilily
-
.
.
Paragon Rrvolutr Corporation Paiadrna, California, City Managrr AI«on C. _. „
Palton.
Paullin. Charlri
Pa^nr
371 367 443 444 443-448 367
(Sra alio Croi(>icclion paper)
Croii-irclion
3SSA
411 'i)>,
_.
..
O^
.
Jl
IS3, 204. 205
_
Fund
P»ai». C. v.. Co Prdigrrr chart (Sur aUo Grneology chartt) Pencil lengthjti^r Pen. ruling Prrcrntagr chart Band chart Bar chart Curve chart „ Perfei camera I'erkint. B. ¥., & Son*, Inc. Peroiio. I.uigi _. Philadelphia Evi-ning Bullvlin .—
and
27
430.431 Cenetict 43
374B ^94, 29HA 504 504 504 397 B 444 35H _ 35 B 416, 417 421 412. 413
.
Photo-Kngraveri Board of Trade Photoengra\ ing _. __ „ Photograph, initrucliont for handling
-
Photomontage
401A
Photoniural type Piclogram
498, 490B. 49H ..376B
Pica
n4A.
Pictorial chart Bar charl.
504 457. 461
121-131.211.365,504
Map
167. 168. 169. 4H0B. 504
Pie chart Pike, E. W..
504 ft
Company
411
Pin
192B. 193
Map --
Planographic
_
printing alto Printing). .-
187-193,497.4996.504 ~43S. 436, 44 IB
Platet [Sff Playfair. William Plotting „
504 81.
Ltd..
.2848, 330B, 332B. 340 155 371. 375 -
_
/nik. _
..242.
86B 259A
435-442
Cravure
437. 441C _43S, 437. 441C 435. 441
Intaglio Letterpreii
Lithographic
.
475-478
Power Printing
26bB
488A 490A
Polyconic projection Potter Products. Inc. Potleri. quanlilativePrinler'§
_J
OITiet
.
Planographic ._ Preii, portableRelief
Rologravure paper
Probability
rhmrt chart
Procedure
___________________
436 436
_435. 436. 44 IB
Map Mercator -_________^_____ Orthographic Polyconic Stercographic
Company
Public Srrvicr
Norlhrrn
of
442 S04
36«B 357A 4bOA
lllinoit
464-474 475-478
Quantitative cartooni Quantitative pottert
Rai«i,
Krwin
_
.153. 231. 238
Rand McNally & Co„
154
— —
Range bar chart Rank chart _
500C
____________
I'rolrarlor Itonirlric
JMSA,
2fl5B. 361 B. 504
504 504
Rale-of-change chartRating charl Ratio chart _. ._.. Paper - — — _ — 129 Reading, Kngland. County Borough of.Kediciit Letter Co. 375 410 Reducing glatft .^-__« Reference symbol .3h: 305 _______ Regenaleinrr (]orp. _441A, 44IB. 44 1 Re^ionul Plan .Association .^-___ 184. 202B
—
-
Reiiiforcemrntt (St-e alto Relationship charl _ Relative liar charl
Binding).-—
Map
Relief Relief
____________
printing
methodt Rriifu of Wniru'j Rhode.. Henri J. Rice. John Richardson. Arthur H Richmond, Leonard Higgleman. John R Reproduction,
-
376A
499A
Rolleiflex
24, 263. 292
._
Rubber —
camera
Co_
Charles *J., Co. ________^ Rotogravure printing ____________ Route map Royal Statistical Society of London..
420A
Ross,
.161-169. 505 358 368
Rubber cement Ruling: Horizontal
________________
Vertical
Salva
382. 383. 389. 391
\tnnnf(nntg»wai
-127A, 135A. 173
Sampling
178. 1H7
Walter Sasco Photo Products Saturday t'.vtninft Pott Scucheri, .Mario and MabelSargent,
428 407 B 483 404 385 387 194 392
Seale
Broken _ For area of
Time
______ circle
_____
Scaling copy Scatter chart Schairer. J. F Schedule charl Science Service, Seattle
155 154 155 1S4
283 372 397 K 384
^
Root-two
437 333 B. 338 504 504
171
381 475
______ '
Charles Roberts, Wridon,
Risl,
Screen
176
450 68-72. 505 505 .170-177. 492B. 505 441A. 435 429 434 342 B 436
I
435, 441
Product Enfinevring ______________ i69B Production control chart _ ._.._.__._ 504 Production Yearbook {Set Collen Preil.) Profit graph _ ._. Progreai chart .^_____.___ ^56-262. 462, 504 «v»>«g« Progreitive _ 286, 288A, 504 Protection: Aiiniuthal
49H. SOOB,
tlidrt)
.
„
504
Plymouth Motor Corp. Pneumatic Scale Corp., Pogue. Joieph E,
l.anlrrn
,
J70
,
.
Proceii
2<>H
Projrrlart {Svv alio I'rnofrcadrr't niark> Proportional map
41 .320.
..
505
._271B. 409 505 _ 183B
Inc.
Star .._______ Sector chart ..._______ ('umulative Made on typewriter-
On map
IB
321A, 321B. 505 3SXB
-81-91, 363. 505 91 378 194-199 505
..
Senii-logarilhmic chart ^ (^rr ufso Halftone
Shading
and
Crosshatching)
98. 100. 116, 180. 186. 278A. 278B.
3S0, 380, 420B. 421. 422
Shading
film
Shaw Blue Print Machine Co. Shew hart. W. A Shot-gun Signature
Simondt, Sinclair,
Slide rule
charl (.See
Frank Prior.
alto
PrinllBg).
__—
—___^_.^____
419 431 381 U20, SOS SOS _ . 206
_
.
328B 41 IB
511
INDEX Soil
?f>2
Srrtirr
Ciiiiarrvalian
Mmirhiina
South
Co
H*il»a«
IhO
I
•<UH
I
Timr
IS,;-
Srrirt nivrrtil*
I
(In
:
I
of
I'ublic
of
Kerlaiiiatinii
llepnrtiiirnt
121
.
-^^_
labor
(arm
(redit
24 Arthur R. Trninomrroff. V. A, 24. 309B. 333B. 334. 33S, 370 117 B, 352 Trttilr Kronomict Bureau, '"^ It
arid
27
Timr Time
464 354-3S9. SOS 3'»2
Chartt
113. 116. 264. 272. 2H0. 2<»H. 2<<'*. 3IH. 349. 3H 1-396. 440. 441
Tepiral indrx _ _ 1. 247 Topoicraphir map _ ISS. 15b. 2.13A Toronto Indutlrial ConimUtiaD. 162B. 190B Trar.. .M. K. _ _ . 125B Traftr chart {Ser olio TraKr map) 74A TraSc map 202B. 219. 222. 223. 224A 4B. 227. 229. SOS
Trantronlinrnlal and Wrslrrn Air. loc. Traniil Jouiniil ^ 419. Tranfograph Corporation -.^__^.—_-^— 419. Trantoxraph thadinn film TrantparrnI iiiatrrial _ 32. Travrlrrt Insurance Company 32, 42, 319A. lilB. 275. :H4B. 2KSC, 2S6. 292. 3H5. Trend
.._^_—
Trroholm,
J. T..
t Company
TrianRlri TrianKular C»ardirtale papar Scale Tricolor camera Tricolor Hrvin camera Tnlincar chart
Siae Style
Typcvrilrr Ucclric Si; lea
462 365 4S3 4S3 36H 47U 463
3blA 369A
_
3S9A 3S3 398
398A JS9A. 3S9B 369A 49IB. 4V2A -
1
Turntable Two-directional bar ''">« Two-. at bar chart
T.pc: face
.
'.
T-».|uarr
t06B. UO. 308A 290
2H4A
ion
of
499 B
IlltrtligMll
3SA, 97. i73B
SOOA
Board
1S6 1S6 ISS _ISS. 1S6, 160
of
1$6 liO
Affair.
liidi
Conierva
I
Ser»icc
6IB, 82A, 96. 99, 102A. lOIA. iniR. 104, 105, I07A, lOKA, 110. IIJ. II3B. UO. IJJA. 134A. 136, 137A, 1.1:B, lllH, nil. 149, 177A, I7H, IHO,
Adiiiinitlralion
•
III2B, 1117, IHIIA, IHHB, IH9. 211. 230. 2.HB. 2711. 290A. 300. 304B. 306A, 310. 311. 312. 315. 317,341, 342A, 343, 34S, 346
G>ptuni Company
Slatet Slatrs
I'n'ilrd
.
477
.
28A
.\<'u«
tniled Slalei Steel Conipaoy-. Utility paper
-494.
49SB 367
4738
>ralr
Srrir,
44. 46. 69
499B 86L',
National Kraourcet Board (jie« Nalional Kriourcet Hoard)
Trl.buii.
r/iu U rrk Thorndikr. Chuck Thrrr-dimrniional nirthodi
321, 362. 422. 495
..
Map>
40 193 170 33. 34
Talhinn
^
Adii
, __ 375 33-42, 3V6, SOS
Tallf>. B. B.
ISH
.H. IHI,
.
i7A. 67,
nl
Work. ProKrr
Tackf
>
(ieneral I and Office (ieologira! Surve> I'nited States (.o\ ernnieni— Conlinucd
Soil
MrrhanKal
I
271A, 29:A. JOJA. 32HA. JJ6. 33H
Intrtin Jllatirr
Krdrial linr. federal l'o» lederal lte.< f'orenl Service
.382. 39S
Tabirt S Tirkri C*> Tabulation
.
76. i:ilB, I.I9A, I39B,
r
Itrparlmrnt
Office
Trtiile
Con
of
Drpartiiiriit
Kmpl.
.211 215
_^
Hrfrrrnrr
m.i It.
.
.l.'lll.
Departiiiriil
45()
rharl
Hii \
202A. 27«. 277, 27HB, 2H«B. 7n'l. .'US. 302B, 313, 314,
IS4 421
422 505
61A '.
191. |><5.
Departlnrlil
2'»4.
I9SA IS6
2H7R, SOS
J22 IS3-242, SOS JS3 422
map
I'lU.
Aki iniltiire H4.
of
156 160 160
Hoad.
lOhA
Charuj
Sirinrr I'aprr Co. Strrrographir projrrtion Strrrol* pr Strvrni Holrl Stroblilr Co. Sunrav Srratrh board Siirfarr
moil l<ailrn.id station, l.oi Aniele ni>ri.il< »l < htrago I're.i niird state! (.n«ernnieiil Ariii«, Corpt n( V ngineeri lliiirau o( Acririiltiiral Kronoiiiin Bureau of (.hrniMlrt and Soili
*%\
SlatitlK-al map Slali»tirian** »«alr
S%nibol
ompant
(
Citilian t~onter«ation Corp« CoatI and t.endrlir Siirvet
4]:h Standard Mailing Marliinr Co. . Standard Matnlir.. Inr. SOR. l>ri4A. JHIA. 2H2A. 2V2. .lOoU Comniilirp Standardt (or tiraphir I'rrtrntati on Stanford
( liber
Bureau Bureau
JhIA
_
ndrrxond Mli»t
JT2 insii IS
Hindinii)
«/•<>
I
491B
USB. ZMA. >•<•
I
ii:
J"<Tlt
rliarl
Slampinii
I
489 476 402A. 402B 439
paint
t'llra tinlrl
I'.n
\:il<
Sparinii divijrt Sprrd l.taphir ranirra Sprrdnat Maniirarliintif ^o. Spridrl. Cliarlri « .. ( ». SppiM-rr l.rni (!o. Spiridlrr t Sauppr, Inr. Spiral Hindinii Co. Slahl. 4.iiilav K. Stall
U
376R
Smith, I.. C, T»pr»«rilrr Cu. Smilh. «. II. Stnilhrirwrtl l>lll<llli|| Sodrtalrniii. % alln
1
SOS SOS 4S3
Value
Van
n{jo Color)-
(.Si'f
Broa
Cleef
Variable
_
..
.42SB. 427B 371 320 263. S02 263. SOS 379 ._ _3HA. 3HB. 39, «. 129, 131A. 249, 263. 26SA, 265B. 266A. 267, 36S .
,
Dependent -^_»_». Independent VariTvper Vioual caplioni
w
Kngraving Corporation— Walker. Ileirn M. ^ _ Ward. Robert _ ^
\lalker
Vlarren,
1-
.
I)..
Weather map
2S
24,35
231 440 Company 232A. 232B, 217A. 218. 2I6A. 216B. 233B. 234A. 236
380,4018 Weber, Martin J. Welch, U. M., Mauiifacluring Company S2A, S2B 427B Uelp, (;eor|;c Wen.el, J. 343 64 Writinghouie Ktrelrie Manufarluring Campaajr 443 WheeUrigbt, William Bond - 426 W biting- I'loter I'aper Company Wirettllched *ood block
binding
_-__Vood- Began Initrumrnt Compaa; Horld'$ Uork .. _ \(olnian illuttration b*ar4_^_—
U
ricQ
Wycr,
lettering S.
S.
pen
—^-^^—.^—^.^
Young, Charle* M.
.
.
.
4S0 41S
S74A 342B 411
S74A
- IN -332A. 423
4*8. 4S3
439 377 379
176B
Zee
chart
Zeita,
(Jarl.
Zero line Zip-a-Tonc
Inc.
Compaay
Ml, 3M. 317. 4Sa 41t
I
512
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
f\SVA\UG
Redrawn. Courtesy
of
Dave Gerard. Crawfordsville. Indiana
c/fn old Cliinede
mi 'Onâ&#x201A;Ź Picture
IS
Worth
TcN Thousand Words
to the
present Year 1805.
Uniud %<«u of
Afn«rtc •
llllliir
From
Frontispiece of
Permanent Causes
Book by
WILLIAM PLAYFAIR. An
Inquiry Into the
and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations. London, 1805.
of the Decline