Master thesis The Importance of revitalizing Public Open Space by Karin Sunde Persson

The Importance of Revitalizing Public Open Space A concept for the World Heritage Site Stone Town, Zanzibar

Master thesis in Landscape Architecture 30 ECTS Supervisor Gertrud JĂ¸rgensen, Forest and Landscape, Faculty of Life Sciences Copenhagen University July 2009 Karin Sunde Persson

This booklet is the second edition of a master thesis in Landscape architecture from Department of Forest and Landscape on the Faculty of Life sciences Copenhagen University. It was given grade A by the e xamnatior landscapearchitect Torben Schønherr and Professor Gertrud Jørgensen on the 21 of August 2009

All photos and illustration by Karin Sunde Persson unless other stated October 2009 ©

Abstract The aim of the study was to use the holistic tools, survey, analysis and design methods to initiate and contribute to an concept for the use and development of the public open spaces focusing on two sites in Stown Town, Zanzibars High Street Kenyatta Street. The design proposal suggests a concept for how to develop and integrate public open spaces in the Town, to facilitate the everyday life of city dwellers and visitors. Previous research as well as observations in the field show that the unique sociocultural landscape in the UNESCO World Heritage site Stone Town , is urgent to revitalize. Current financial and technical aid have been focusing on safeguarding the traditional buildings, but there have been no clear planning concept and visions for the public space where the local inhabitants and visitors run their daily life. The central parts of the town are highly populated, mainly by the poor local inhabitants where family and extended families live close, sharing little indoor spaces. They are therefore dependent on alternative space to work, gather and interact. Additionally, there is an enormous pressure on the historical part of town due to the urban landscape behind, consisting of informal settlements with a lack of infrastructure and public services. The tourism industry with its western

culture has brought money as well as a new use of public open space, to the traditional Muslim society, a development both welcomed and questioned. The ongoing development, the mix of traditional and new cultures as well as new legislation and planning of Stone Town adds new layers, which emphasize the importance to solve the task on how these places can be saved and developed. Methods used have been data collection in the site during the busy summer months of July and August 2008. Qualitative interviews with local stake holders representing different users. Observations, photo registration, and registration of pedestrian and stationary activities on strategic places. Part of the study was a literature research before and after the field study focusing on city planning and development in the developing world narrowing it down to Stone Town the local design history and the traditional building style and materials. The proposal suggest how to, with the use of local materials with low maintenance cost and high aesthetic and cultural value provide good open space with meeting, seating and play grounds referring to and embracing the rich cultural and social life of the once called Metropolis of East Africa in a Modern World.

Keywords: Public Open Space, Stone Town, Design and Planning, World Heritage

Preface The interaction between people and their environment have always fascinated me. During a one semester field trip and study in Tanzania, East Africa I got introduced to the fascinating city of Stone Town , Zanzibar. I got in touch with Dr. Mohammed Juma at Stone Town Conservation and Development Authorities, STCDA who later offered myself and my colleague Anna Hall to come and do a field study for our Master Thesis. Anna and I studied the public open spaces of Stone Town- we walked the streets, talked with people and in collaboration with STCDA, found two areas of interest to concentrate on. I chose to work with Kenyatta street the old main street of Stone Town since it is a street of historical interest. That with the new traffic plan for Stone Town will be changed into a pedestrian street. Its location, central and close to important buildings and monuments- its closeness to the sea- and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s many tourist shops and enterprises makes it an special and exclusive place with good possibilities to find investors for a future development.

One can discuss the relevance of a Scandinavian landscape architect student going to Zanzibar to study open spaces. Why did I do it ? I got interested in the subject because it surprised me that there are so few open spaces in town and the existing areas are quite neglected. Why were it so? How was the existing ones used? Were there a use for them to be upgraded and in that case how? My hope with this project is that it could work as an inspiration for the planners and developers in Zanzibar on how these places could be developed. I would like to thank all the people of Zanzibar who open up there homes and took time to answer our questions, the helpful and ever so friendly staff at STCDA. Gertrud Jorgensen for her positive feedback and believing in this project from the start. My family and friends both at home and in Tanzania. Especially Mamma and Tuma.

Karin Sunde Persson MalmĂś, Sweden, North Europe October 2009

Index Abstract Preface Intro Methods Themes

Discussion Inspiration Kenyatta street Three nodes Design proposal Concept Proposal

Introduction, aim, and reading manual Description of the different methods used in the study Geographical, and demographical context Stone Town open Spaces Todoay Strength and weaknesses of the open spaces today Urban scene for social life- theories Historical and Architectural context Swahili Culture the Socio-cultural context Popula Urban Spaces; Jaws and Lebanon Open Spaces in Heritage Development Ownership Management and planning

Space I Space II

Final words Refences APPENDIX Appendix 1.List of Local Stakeholders and citizens interviewed Appendix 2. Interview guide for semistructured interviews Appendix 3. Results from interviews Appendix 4. Age and gender distributing and Stationary activities. Appendix 5. Results from registrations Jaws Corner Lebanon Square Gizenga street Dolphin Inn Mazsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

3 5 10 14 16 18 23 24 28 32 35 47 50 56 59 60 62 67 68 70 76 85 86 88

Karibuni Zanzibar- meaning welcome to Zanzibar when arriving from the sea this view meets the visitor, white sand beaches, white stone houses and many exotic trees -behind this facade lies a dense and quite congested town

Intro After five attempts, the Stone Town, the historic part of Zanzibar Town, was listed as a UNESCOs World heritage in the year 2000, representing the last, best and largest preserved living Swahili town. A criteria for being listed is that the site holds an outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. In the case of the Stone Town of Zanzibar it represents among others an outstanding manifestation of cultural fusion and harmonization. When listed, the Zanzibar Government signed a long term contract demanding development according to certain criteria. Stone Town Conservation and Development Authorities, STCDA who is the local authority responsible to make sure these criteria are enhanced, have ever since the establishment in 1984 been facing great challenges in building up their organization. Internally they have had problems of lacking financial resources as well as properly educated human resources, at times lacking staff with appropriate education within heritage management, planning and development, including the economical and juridical resources needed (Syversen 2008; Juma 2008). Much work has since the establishment been done to develop the organisation and their legal framework but no real development and planning has taken place since the Aga Khan Trust for Culture made a survey and plan for the historic Stone Town in 1994, published as a book in 1996 referred to as AKTC,1996. The plan focuses on specific areas of Stone Town, on how to do the upgrading of these, but there has been a lack of an overall vision and plan of how to develop the heritage. One of these Action Areas, The Forodhani Gardens is first now renovated accordingly by the same trust, 14

years after the plan. STCDA is currently working hard with developing as an institution to be able to face the challenges concerning heritage and conservation as well as strategies for sustainable development of the Stone Town. In 2008, a new Traffic Plan as well as a new Heritage Management Program and a Strategic Conservation Plan, SCP, was about to be implemented by the authority. According to SCP, the town is decaying at a greater pace than anticipated. Therefore there is a need to provide an up to date guide to retain Stone Towns cultural landscape since the town should thrive and functions as a prime urban core within Zanzibar. All of the documents emphasize the importance of the public open spaces in the town. Suggestions are stated for how to develop certain places, but the overall grip and vision is lacking on how these small yet important spaces in the dense urban fabric shall be developed. Financial and technical aid has in the past focused on safeguarding the deteriorating buildings, in the historic town, neglecting an overall planning strategy for the public open spaces that form an important platform for the vivid and fascinating street life of this unique Swahili Culture. The deterioration of the Urban fabric is not only a threat to the historical and cultural values of Stone Town but also â&#x20AC;&#x201C;in long term, to its finances and peoples livelihoods, since it means Stone Town might lose its World Heritage Site status. This is seriously emphasized in the latest UNESCO review of Stone Town as World Heritage Site by Pound 2007.

Opposite page â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Stone Town of Zanzibar is a fine example of the Swahili coastal trading towns of East Africa. It retains its urban fabric and townscape virtually intact and contains many fine buildings that reflect its particular culture, which has brought together and homogenized disparate elements of the cultures of Africa, the Arab region, India, and Europe over more than a millennium. â&#x20AC;&#x153; Description on UNESCOs World Heritage Site, introduction. photo by UNESCO Ron Van Oers

Aim

Definition of field of study

The aim of this master thesis in landscape architecture is to come up with a concept, suggesting how the urban open spaces in the Stone Town can be revitalized in a way that both respects the history, the heritage values, the local traditions and facilitate the current and future needs of local users and visitors of the town.

In this work ‘open space’ is defined as all non-built land, excluding streets, with a special focus on the small urban open spaces, including squares, and public gardens. The graveyards, the parks and the beaches and other recreational grounds play an important roll as open spaces in the urban landscape of Stone Town, these are however only briefly mentioned in this work.

In order to do this the following research question were asked - What elements are important to focus on when developing and designing these ‘open spaces’? In order to answer this, different aspects of the development, use and management of these open spaces will be examined with the following sub questions. What meaning and development have these open spaces had?

Narrow alley leading into a semi public open space in inner Stone Town

How and by whom are the open spaces used today? Which stakeholders are there for those places? Are there any plans? What are the needs for the different users? What are the advantages and constraints of the open spaces? Is there a need for a new approach for planning and in that case how?

Reading manual The urban environment in which the open spaces are placed has been examined from different aspects as introduced in the first chapter METHODS page 14-16 Following the case Stone Town, Zanzibar is analysed in different THEMES with focus on the Open Spaces. The geographical and demographical environment The Urban and Architectural development The Spacial aspects and the sociocultural environment The Heritage its Management and briefly the Tourism it includes

Each of these chapters are introduced in a general perspective narrowing it down to the local issues concerning Stone Town, and lastly reflecting the constraints and advantages for the Urban Open Spaces today. From these analyses a plan for the general CONCEPT of important features in the revitalization of the Stone Town is presented. These are then developed for the specific site at Kenyatta Street in the dense and tourist down town area -two dysfunctional urban open spaces are here examined and a DESIGN PROPOSAL is presented for how to develop these.

The importance of Open Space in city planning

Methods An important part of the thesis was a minor field study conducted during the busy summer month of July and August, when Stone Town is visited by many foreign tourists.

Literature and document review

Registration of pedestrian flow at Kenyatta street

Stationary activities registration at Jaws corner

Before going in field, literature on methods, Zanzibar’s history and present situation was studied. Arriving to Stone Town we got introduced to data from STCDA, the drafts for the coming Heritage Management Programme, the Strategic Conservation Plan, and a new Traffic Plan for Stone Town. Agha Kahn Trust for Cultures Historical plan for Zanzibar Stone Town from 1994 was used to get additional background information about management and planning as well as history and other facts. The Norwegian architect Ingerlise Syversen doctoral thesis from 2008 has also inspired the work as well as giving important data and map material for the registration of use of space in Stone Town. Historical understanding for the Swahili Culture was gained through former professor of history at Dar es Salaams University, Abdul Sheriffs work, mainly The History and conservation of Zanzibar Stone Town from 1995. Additionally to understand the development of the Arabic cities, Architect and specialised in Muslim architecture, Stefano Biancos work Urban Form in the Arab World -Past and Present was read. Master students of spacial planning Gunnarsson and Johanssons field study from 2004, about the access and use of public space in a gender perspective with Zanzibar Stone Town as case study, gave ideas as well as crucial reference data to this study.

The Swedish international development cooperation agency, SIDA and UNESCOs papers about development and poverty alleviation in Heritage sites were also studied to get an understanding of the social and cultural aspects in heritage planning and development. Architect and specialist in the Zanzibar context Battle et al... Fighting Poverty in Historical Cities, An example from Africa 2007 were used as a reference as well as SIDA’s reports Urban Assets- Cultural Heritage as a Tool for Development 2006 and A Future for the past- Historic Cities in Development 2004. As well as UNESCO’s latest review of Stone Town as World Heritage Site by architect and advisor Christopher Pound from 2007. To understand how the design of the city affects the inhabitants way of life the Danish architect and city advisor Gehl, research on open spaces and human activities, mainly from Life between Buildings- using public space reviewed 2003, is discussed. As well as Appletons Prospect Refuge theories from The experience of Landscape (1975) and Kapland and Kaplands, The experience of Nature 1989, aspects on what kind of environments and environmental qualities are preferred by humans.

Maps and photos Old and new photos and maps were studied to register and understand the development of the town.

Interviews Except from the plans for the old town not much is written about open spaces therefore we used oral information from different local stakeholders to understand the fields in which the Open Spaces are operating in. Juma Mwalim and Mrs. Hoamoud- Munira were the key informants as well as other helpful staff at STCDA an the munic-

ipality as well as residents in field. Formal and informal interviews were also conducted with citizens representing different groups as well as different stakeholders, to get an overview of the approach to Stone Towns open spaces as well as plans and legislation around them. for list of see appendix 1. The interviews where chosen through a non probability sampling, what anthropologist Bernard, 1994 calls judgement sampling, where you decide the purpose you want an informant to serve and you go out and find one that suits. To get an overall idea on how people, used, saw and valued public open spaces of Stone Town eight different local citizens representing different representative groups of Stone Town population as well as eight stakeholders within the planning sector were interviewed about their relationship to the town. See appendix 1 for detailed list. The interviews were semi structured following the guide, appendix 2 The interviewed were found in collaboration with STCDA. The interviews were conducted in field with the inhabitants and at the offices of the stakeholders. The interview took between 30-50 minutes. Additionally a more indepth interview was made with architect and Principal Secretary, at the ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands Zanzibar. Mwalim Ali Mwalim to get an understanding of the concept of space in the Swahili culture.

Informal Talks During the two months stay in Stone Town, informal talks were conducted with citizens as questions arose. We gained friends with our neighbours people at the market , shop owners and passer bys, at the sites we talked and asked questions, this qualitative however subjective

method added important pieces of information.

Observations Background information for this study was gathered on a one month pilot project during September 2007- were the problems and the lack of visions and development of the public open space in Stone Town was observed. When arriving the second time a weeks work was spent to get to know the structure of the town as well as to observe what kind of open spaces there was, and how they were used.

gizenga street dolphin inn mazsons

lebanon square jawâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s corner

Registrations To gain information about by whom, how and when open spaces were used a pedestrian registration was conducted in field after a method learned and used by Gehl Architects. The places were chosen after the overall registration and in collaborations with STCDA. The passerbys were divided into gender and whether they were locals or tourists, and into four different age groups. See appendix 4. Every hour all passerbyes were counted for ten minutes. In between the counting, a registration of stationary activities was conducted to draw a snapshot of how the open space was used over the day. This was registered on maps also with a system used by Gehl architects. See appendix 4 The registrations were conducted each hour from 7 am to 10 pm during the last two weeks of August. see table 1. In the high season of tourism, made on two weekdays, one full Friday, the most important day of the week in the Muslim society, and on two Sundays. The registration was conducted in collaboration with STCDA.

Map over Stone Town showing where the registrations were done. P u b lic S pa c e P u b lic L ife S u rve y S to n e T o w n 2 0 08 A ug ust T im e S ha ngh an i 7.00-1 0.0 0 10.0 0-13.00 13.0 0-16.00 16.0 0-19.00 19.0 0-22.00

22th F ri I

24th S un

26th T ue I

27th W ed I

28 th T hur

29th F ri

31st S un

Table 1.Timetable for counting pedestrians and marking stationary activities on the chosen sites in Stone Town, the registration was done in collaboration with STCDA

Geographical and Demographical Context Six degrees south of the Equator, forty kilometres off the mainland coast of Tanzania, East Africa, in the Indian Ocean lies the palm fringed Island Zanzibar, locally called Ugunja, the largest island in the Zanzibar archipelago, 85 km long and 36 km wide at its most. Zanzibar is a separate state within the United Republic of Tanzania.

sist of 80 percent informal settlements and has a size of 230 square km and an annual growth rate of 4,5. In Zanzibar Town about 50 percent of the population falls below the age of 15 years This is representative to the average African population and six percent reflects people above 60 years of age.

The monsoons winds dominate Zanzibars tropical climate, with the northeast wind from November till February, heavy rains from March to the end of May , the southwest winds from April to September and the short rains in November. The temperature is relatively consistent ranging from 26-28 degrees. The high humidity around 80 percent is tempered by sea breezes.

In Stone Town, the historical part as well as the commercial and cultural centre of the island there are about 18,000 permanent inhabitants, and a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;floating populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of more than 100,000, including the 90 percent of civil servants who work there.

The islands fertile land once covered with indigenous forest, has been replaced by plantations especially cloves, a major export as well as other spices and coconut products. Today the primary economic activities are fishing and agriculture. Tourism is increasing drastically, giving a new economic growth to the island as well as social changes for the conservative Muslim society. The islands holds approximately 1 million inhabitants, of which 60 percent live on Ugunja. The population density is roughly 450 persons per square kilometre, which grants Zanzibar one of the highest rural densities in the world. The island urban centre, the Urban West Region has approximately 460 000 inhabitants and in the capital city Zanzibar Town, 205 870 inhabitants. The city con-

According to Tanzanian 2002 population census, 29 percent of Stone Towns inhabitants are under 15 years old. 66 percent are between 15-64 years old , the so called working population, and only 4.5 percent are above 65 years old. These demographical differences are explained with the trend for young families with small children, to move out of the dense old town, especially middle-class families. (AKTC 1996; Pound 2007). Another explanation is the high immigration rate of young people from the mainland and other parts of the Island looking for employment in this tourism-,service- as well as commercial- centre of the region. However the unemployment rate is high last year it were estimated 53 percent of the working population on the island.

Primary and secondary level schools are frequent but higher education is very limited on the islands therefore many students go to the main land to complete there studies and due to the high unemployment rate on the island not many return. (Pond 2007; Juma 2008) Muslim, Hindus and Christians live side by side in Stone Town 98% of the islands population are Muslim. The traditional Islamic way of life is dominating the everyday life and conduct of the citizens of Zanzibar.

My Notes and reflections The climate is warm and humid with heavy rains and burning tropical sun. Here close to the equator the day is as long as the night. According to the local time the day and the time starts at six o’clock in the morning. Seven am is one o’ clock in swahili time, at noon it’s six o’clock and the sun sets at 12 o’clock Swahili time. The night population in Stone Town is mainly in the working age 15-64 years. Due to the Muslim culture being dominant, there is a huge separation between women and men. Women represent approximately 50% of the population.

Stone Town

URBAN WEST

Zanzibar Town

Above, Stone Town, map by Pound 2007 the black line marks the boarder for the Heritage Site . Left. Stone Town in the Urban west region. Background map from The Department of Surveying and Urban Planning. The Urban West Region have almost half a million inhabitants. Stone Town have approximately registred 18 000 inhabitants but a floating daytime population of 100 000 due to the concentration of services, governmental institutions, educational institutions as well as the islands most important commercial nodes; the port, the fish market and the Darajani market.

Open Space Today

HARBOUR Co m

rce

SVAMP

Initially to get an overall view of the open spaces in town a Swot-analyses was done. With the aim to understand the Strength Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of the urban open spaces. The Stone Town is divided into different Sheas or wards, - administrative areas governed by a local inhabitant and adminstartive officer, Shea standing inbetween the government and the people.

n tio tra n e nc

ti rac t t ta

uri f to

Shopping street

concentration of hotel and restaurants

HOSPITAL

100

Un ive rs

ity

residential and commercial quaters

BUSSTATION

PARK

500m

SPORTS GROUND

Different areas and their functions in Stone Town

When seeing a map over Stone Town it looks as if there are many open space, uncovered space, but then as one starts walking the streets, one realise it is mostly inaccessible space behind closed gates, walls or non accessible since it is used for parking or left as ruins and used as garbage dumps. This was also the case in 1994 (AKTC 1996). The few open spaces in the densely build up interior of Stone Town had problems with inadequate drainage, poor paving and lighting and a general lack of planting. Back then and now on the few accessible places one finds informal business such as food or coffee vendors as well as people selling fresh fruit and snacks from transportable stands. The use of these open spaces are then very flexible.

Semi-private backyards access not denied for the public but difficult

Malindi North

House of Wonder

forodhani gardens

Private backyards fenced og areas only for the inhabitants in the buildings nearby

Old fort

Forodhani

Malindi South

Public open spaces green areas with free access either low maintenance or high maintenance sponsored by business nearby

P Shangani

Darajani Kiponda

Mkunazini

Graveyards these traditional family graveyards have created small pocket parks which Unfortunately are inaccessible. This has lead to their decay since left unmanaged.

P P P

Kajifichani

Sokomohogo

P P P

Vuga North

Vuga South

Fenced gardens public open space that has been fenced and in that way privatised

200m semi private backyard

P P

private backyard public green graveyard

Parking Public open space that is used for parking.

fenced garden

The open spaces can be divided into different categories At first glance Stone Town holds a lot of open non build spaces specially in the dense Shanghani and Sokomohogo shea...

parking

but when examining the area closer one sees that most non build space are inaccessible

When seeing the aerial photo of Stone Town one sees a partly green city with many palm trees and banana leaves sticking up in between the buildings. But when on ground level most of these are behind closed walls like the medieval urban city centres of European towns.

Harbour

Forodhani Garden

Creek road

Darajaani street

Estella Maket Kelele Square busstation

!"#!$"%&'($" Africa House Jamhuri Garden Masi Moja sports ground Masi Moja Hospital

North

Aerial photo over Stone Town 2006 Zanzibar Municipality

Inspite of the lack of open areas within town. Stone Town is surrounded by a green belt of open grounds and public gardens. From the seafront south to Vuga and all along the Creek road.The distribution of these are however uneven among the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wards. And also many of these areas are in great need for proper management and rehabilitation however they provide the much needed social and recreational space to the dense urban area. (AKTC 1996)

Stone Towns Open Spaces Today

When the old buildings fall apart open spaces are created in town

As it is now many of these simply become parkinglots or rubbish dumps

Traditionally families were buried close to their homes. These graveyards have created small pocket parks but with out owners and managers these are adding to the cities decay.

The growing tourism industry has created a rich elite where public space become private space.

Strenght and Weaknesses of Open Spaces Today

Strength - A big variety of many different small open spaces in between buildings create interesting openspaces and necessary out door rooms with air. The many people and users out door add to the lively- rhythm of the town

Opportunities -become catalysts for a healthier and more organised and welcoming urban environment for both locals and tourists as well as serve as platforms for new development in town working with public access and de-privatisation.

Weaknesses - bad management and organisation about what these places function are -many are sun lit and used as garbage dumps or for parking. Due to lacking form and function problem with encroaching and privatization.

Threats -without plans and vision they will be left abandoned and increase the deterioration of town or be used in a destructive manner with new buildings and worsen the congestion built upon or privatized. Once gone always gone

The Urban scene for the social life The Danish architect and city adviser Gehl has become world famous for his ideas of revitalizing cities by making them more human. He argues in his work, Life between the buildings , using public space reviewed in 2003, that the open spaces are like the living rooms of the citywhere people meet and interact. His work is based on the simple fact that people attract people. According to his research build environment without people can no matter how colourful or fascinating in its architecture, compete with lively cities with many people interacting. Therefore planning for people is one of the cheapest and best investment to develop and to revitalize a city for the future. But why is a lively city so attractive? Outdoor activities can be divided into three categories, necessary, optional and social.

Under the Big Banyan tree facing the sea is a popular place to gather in the shade

The necessary activities like going, to work, to shop to school, are everyday activities that in one way or another has to be done. They are influenced by the physical surroundings they are participated in, since there is no choice. The optional activities on the other hand is about what people want to do, if the physical surrounding allows it, like going for a stroll or having a rest in the shade, these activities are only taking place if the physical rooms, the weather and the environment allows it. According to Gehl outdoor environments of low quality only allows necessary activities whereas in outdoor environments of high quality necessary activities, take longer time since the environment is more comfortable and many optional activities take place since the room now invites passer byes to stop and stay. That is in the

poor streets and streetscapes people hurry home while in the good streetscapes people linger and many different human activities take place, especially the Social. Including all kinds of human activities, that occupy the common rooms. Children playing football in the street, people greeting each other, playing games, drinking coffee all of these represent some active social activities but there are also the other just as important activities; the passive social activities just seeing and hearing other people in the street. For the social activities, the presence of other people, the possibilities to meet others, is a quality in itself as well as an important set off for other encounters. These activities give inspiration and stimulation and are the most important qualities of public open spaces according to Gehl. The Urban street life is a complex net created by necessary, optional and social activities making the streetscapes and public open spaces attractive and of great importance. Just seeing other people, offers possibilities for information about the society, as well as it works as inspiration. It gives a possibility to maintain established contacts as well as to establish new ones. Without the life between the buildings the various form of being alone or being together are gone. The life between the buildings is an offer, an extra possibility to be with others in a quiet and undemanding way. It also is the start from where other interactions can grow- the spontaneous and unplanned social activities. The meetings and the possibility to be with others in the same outdoor room is the fundament for further interaction.

To meet spontaneously in daily activities raises the possibilities for contacts to develop- when meeting naturally in the street it is easier and less demanding to establish contact and eventual friendship. According to Gehl, gaining information about the social surrounding is best explored by walking the street, watching people and by having the possibility to interact one gains information about how other people dress and behave and this gives significant information about the society one is in, as well as important clues on how to behave in this social environment. Seeing and hearing other humans also gives inspiration and ideas for action, we are simply inspired by seeing how other people function, children see other children play and want to join, grown ups can be inspired to act together and solve common problems in the neighbourhood. Another important factor is that people need to be stimulated and other people represent both colourful and inspirational experiences. Opposite to buildings and other still objects, the experience of people who walk talk and interact create new and endless situations and experiences. Places where there are people to be seen are also the ones most used. Seats facing high streets or areas where a lot of people are moving about, cafe chairs in Europe are without exception orientated towards the most active area nearby. According to an attraction analysis that has been carried out in the main shopping street StrĂ¸get in Copenhagen every year in the last twenty years. People quickly pass by windows with banks, offices and showrooms, more people stop along shops and

exhibitions with direct relation to other people such as kiosks, photo exhibitions cinemas etc. whereas other human activities like children playing in the streets people walking by or more extra ordinary things like an artist drawing a picture, a musician playing music these are the most attractive events on the street making most people stop and enjoy. The outdoor activities, the optional and recreational activities and indirectly the social activities are determined by the quality of the public open spaces â&#x20AC;&#x201C; these attractive activities are lost when the circumstances are bad, and improved when the places are developed. Research show that when these the outdoor environment have been improved there has been a huge development of the assets of the outdoor activities for example Project for Public Spaces in New York City .

photo people attract people

By reducing the numbers of cars in an area by traffic regulation or by making the motor traffic slow down, the public life will automatically be improved. Improving the entrances and pedestrian streets as well as by developing the physical design one can improve the activity patterns in the city. The patterns can be affected in terms of how many, for how long as well as which activities take place. The development in Copenhagen were many car streets have been turned into pedestrian streets shows that â&#x20AC;&#x153; When better physical possibilities are created, out-

door activities will grow in number duration and variety”. Gehl 2003 Activities Necessary

Walk A-B Wait

For an urban open space to be of high quality it should hold

Optional

Linger Play

Social

passive seeing hearing

Beneficial conditions for necessary outdoor activities optional recreative activities as well as additional social activities .

active

playing greeting

The optional activities inspire and stimulate social activities. Social activities in the street scene are important not only for the local life but also important spaces for the visitors to gain information about the social life and the local traditions and behaviour. Interesting and welcoming build environments in a human scale inspire naturally necessary activities to become optional and social activities.

Allowing the pedestrians to move safe and comfortably through town, to make a rest and - enjoy the spaces, the buildings and the city life, to meet and gather both informal and more organised.

To develop open spaces that are safe and inviting one needs to understand what people prefer from those open spaces. From the interviews, for details se appendix 3, it was found that there was a wish for clean and green spaces. But where should one plant and how should one place the so important seats in the active area of the town? According to Appleton 1975 who has developed the theory of prospect -refuge from how animals choose their habitat. According to the theory there are three important elements in a landscape, threats, views and prospects. Consequently the most preferred place to be in a landscape, is where one can see without being seen hence one feels safe. This has also been found from Gehls study that the most used seats indoor at cafes as well as outdoors are those where on sits by a wall feeling safe looking out at the landscape.

Gehls studies that human activity stimulate the observer goes well with, Stephen and Rachael Kapland (1989) research in environmental psychology that state the human beings prefer, after the necessary needs of safety and security are fulfilled, environments were their needs to understand and explore are being challenged. Environments that challenge these needs should accordingly hold the following four aspects. • • • •

Coherency - how the environment is structured. Legibility- how the reader of the environment can understand, read and orientate within the space Complexability- the degree of different elements in the environment Mystery- if the environment holds some hidden information that arouses the users curiosity.

One could argue that other peoples behaviour and actions creates, as Gehl explained endless sources of activating and fascinating experiences in the urban landscape both adding to the environments, complexability and mystery. The design of the physical urban landscape should hence focus on giving the open spaces, Coherency, an inner logic as well as making them Legible, comprehensible for the user.

My notes and reflection When using this knowledge in the Stone Town setting were there, due to the dense population, rich social culture, high unemployment rate and tropical environment already is a natural growing grownd for a much richer social life by simply improving the outdoor scene. By providing shade and shelter from the burning sun. on the open spaces one would improve the conditions for necessary outdoor activities at daytime. To provide for the important social activities, comfortable seating possibilities in the active areas of the town should be made a priority. To make the open spaces safer after dark it is important with street lights and furniture made of easy maintained and sturdy materials that can manage the tropical climate, the heat and the heavy rains. As well as minimising vandalism and the risk of theft. To provide good conditions for optional and recreational activities including the social activities- one should develop open space that are welcoming and accessible for all, no matter gender, ethnicity or socio-economic status. By providing open spaces with a clear and understandable structure and inner logic as well as allowing safe passage through these would improve the development towards a more equal and democratic society.

Photo illustrating the importance of shade and one of many cultural activities, boardgame.

Historical and Architectural Context The Stone Town of Zanzibar is a complex urban site. To understand the urban open spaces of Stone Town one must look into the history in which the urban landscape has developed.

“The modern Stone Town of Zanzibar owes its present form largely to the economic transformation of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless it’s an heir to a long tradition of life along the East African coast, which has been closely associated with the international economy in the Indian Ocean, and ideologically with Islam as a way of life.” Sheriff 1995, The History And Conservation Of Zanzibar Stone Town p 8

The town was originally a fishing village on the triangular shaped tip of Shangani that was separated from the rest of the island by a creek (Sheriff, 1995) The villages strategic position and natural protected harbour in the Indian Ocean made it an important commercial port. With the monsoons winds came the traders from the east and the south bringing with them their culture and traditions from the long distance maritime trade, creating the Swahili Culture The Portuguese had control of the island from 1503 till 1650 when the Sultan of Oman destroyed their settlement to support the local kingdom. By 1668 the Omans were in control of the East African coast, and its rich trading opportunities. Agricultural products as well as gold, ebony, iron and slaves were traded. The slaves were mainly used for the plantations in Oman as well as on the Indian Ocean islands. At it’s peak up to 13 000 slaves/ per year were traded through Zanzibar Port from the African interior. From this time dates place names such as Suicidal alley and Kelele Square - the site of the old slave market. Kelele meaning noise in Swahili. The Slave trade was first abolished in the 1890 on Zan-

zibar, 80 years after the USA and The British Empires law against slave trade. Due to the slave workers the plantations on the island flourished, especially the clove plantations. Zanzibar was also the key port for the trade routes to the interior of Africa famous western explorer such as Burton, Speke and later Livingstone set off to their expeditions from Stone Town. Due to the increasing trade the Sultan of Oman decided to move his Sultanate to the fertile islands in 1832. This marks an important change in the urban landscape, from this time era dates many of the fine stone houses. The Sultan placed his Place next to the Old Portuguese fort at the Sea Front,. Along with the Sultanate moved other wealthy and important Oman families. They build trade masons in town, close to the palace where all the important meetings where held and had plantations on the islands. This culture, were the family had one households in town, plantations in the country side, as well as family and connections to other harbour towns as Muscat, plays an important part in the “Zanzibar“ awareness of space. The Oman’s brought with them carpenters and business men from India, experts of excellent craftsmanship. The Indians, Borans, created their own local communities in more simple houses, with shops on the ground floor creating the narrow bazaar streets behind the palace. Local materials were used for the buildings. Zan-

zibar is rich in coral rag that when burned become lime shaping the foundation, as well as coral stone for the stone houses- giving the town it’s name. Mangrove poles where used for separating the floors of the houses and these natural materials limited dimensions 3, 5 meters, shaped the width of the houses. The use of mangrove poles made the rooms narrow and long. The traditional buildings from this time are the courtyard building. The extreme climatic conditions in most of the Muslim world demands an indoor climate protected from the outside world. This also suits the strong social and religious urge for a secluded private family space, stated by Sheriff 1995, Siravo 1996 and Bianca 2000. The year 1890 is the balance point between pre modern and modern, pre planing and planing period for Zanzibar. Before 1890 there was no planing , all authority was ruled under the sultan himself. In 1890 Zanzibar became a British protectorate and with the British came a colonial transformation of the town. The creek was a “Cordon Sanitaire” separating the old town with the native town. The “Europeans” built their houses close to the sea front but after western standard allowing light to enter the houses. Planting alleys of trees and parks in between the buildings created a more open city plan noticed in the more open structure of buildings in Shea Vuga South. The English gave all the houses and streets numbers, the streets were paved and every house should have a street light. Efficient

sewage and sanitation systems were set up as well as medical facilities. The Town Planning Board had in 1940’s ideas for upgrading the living conditions in the town “to improve and beautify the township of Zanzibar” in order to bring “ contentment and healthier standards of living... as well as render the country more attractive for our tourist trade”. For the first time tourism as a new economic sector is considered in Zanzibar. (AKTC 1996) The Creek was filled in the 1950’s and the Creek road was established separating the The Stone Town with the N’gambo. The division between the better off landowners and merchants in Stone Town, and the poor class on the other side N´gambo sharpened at this time. The population was split in many different groups against the English colonial power. In 1963 Zanzibar became an independent Sultanate. The year after there was an uprising among the local Africans against the ruling Arabs- there was a bloodshed and a Revolution in 1964. During the revolution the ruling, class rich, mainly Oman’s fled the island and many of the old houses and palaces where abandoned.

Map dating from Indian Survey 1892, showing the Stone town seperation from the main land by a creek

Old postcard of landing

The narrow streets of Stone Town are made for manual transport on wagons and by foot, today many people use motorcycles and mopeds and bicycles adding a new speed to the town. Causing congestion stress and accidents on the narrow streets.

After the revolution, the planning focus moved to the other side of the creek road and the old historical city- Stone Town remained relatively unchanged until the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. In the 1980th when commerce was liberalised in Tanzania a new focus came to the old Stone Town and tourism started to become an important industry. The old, many abandoned, Indian shops were turned into tourist shops and many of the old palaces and masons where turned into hotels and restaurants. Poor people from the countryside moved to town and occupied the old empty houses. The large Oman Masons that were build for one family households was now used by ten . The old houses made of the natural materials, mangrove poles, mud and coral stone needed efficient and regular maintenance and without they slowly deteriorate. A survey conducted by Agha Kahn from 1992 states that 85 buildings collapsed since 1982 and only 13,2% of Stone Towns 1709 buildings were considered to be in good condition. (AKTC 1996) With the liberalisation came new finances and foreign investors, some restoring the old houses with grace others replacing the old buildings with new construction destroying the urban fabric of the town. Old buildings still collapse today and new commercial development is adding to the pressure of the once quite intact urban town. The traditional Swahili houses, symmetric houses with a semi public veranda-baraza and four to six rooms divided by a corridor open to the backyard

where kitchen and washing facilities were /are placed. The Muslim culture as well as the climate shaped the city to a rather closed condensed city with few public spaces except for the market place and waterfront. Due to the Tropical climate of Stone Town with heavy rains, roofs were added to the flat dessert houses. Earlier redbrick Indian tiles as well as traditional palm thatch roof has been used. Today most of Stone Towns roofs are made of the cheap and practical corrugated iron roofs painted in red or plain metal colours.

Reflection The way Stone Town has developed, shaped by the citizens in a direct building process has created a town much like the historic medieval cities of Europe where the town developed according to its functions. The city has never been an aim in it self, rather a tool shaped according to its use, this gives the city good values for the urban life since the streets and open spaces are created in an organic way based on the human movement through town.

Arabic urban planning The architectural context from where the city is shaped Stefano Bianca architect and architectural historian specialised in Muslim architecture argues in his work Urban form in the Arab world 2000, much of the Muslim urban development origins from the Khittat a collective urbanization pattern. It was used especially in the Early Muslim settlements where the relative autonomy clans and tribal units lived side by side. The only city planning was the marking an enclosing, mashjid, a common meeting and prayer place, were different clans could meet for religious and political reasons. In this enclosure palm trees and sometimes light shades were used to provide climatic protection against the burning sun. Nearby, the markets developed spontaneously. There was no planning authority. The social groups, themselves where responsible for their own management of their space. This meant that the definition of land use was left to internal agreements, among individual clans and families and their respective sheikhs. Each of the quarter had its own mashjid to settle community affairs and to resolve internally whatever conflicts that might occur from different development interests. Since the residential districts where not control-

led by a central civic authority individual houses grew together due to family extensions, social convenience or lack of space into large clusters, interrupting, privatizing or simply swallowing the streets . This created a labyrinth street network with private corridors, dead- end lanes branched on semi-private residential alleys connecting to the main public bazars and markets. Bianca 2000

REFLECTION This open space- masdjid evolved into the mosque to bring together related social, religious, administrative and representative functions. A large and variable use of space were needed, with different rooms for prayers, meetings and schooling. When these where build it became less important with the open space. The khittat system explains the lack of institutional control, the absence of formal layouts, the autonomy of the residential units and sub units and the total domination of private arrangements over public regulations, as well as the natural tolerance to privatization of public space and the reduction of the circular network to a bare minimum all seen in Stone Town today.

Nothing in Stone Town is purely decorative. Every element plays a practical function ocoli, the decorative holes in the walls and the carvings at the top of the Zanzibar doors increase ventilation. Also the courtyards increase the ventilation and contribute to a lower temperature inside the buildings, as well as high ceilings allow maximum ventilation. Interior of Tipu Tips House, Shanghani. photo by Marianne Kaasen Dahl September 2007

Swahili culture The Socio Cultural Context The Swahili culture is a mix of African, Indian And Arabic culture, it has under gone many changes. Since the traditional Muslim culture is dominant here, there is a sharp distinction between men and women, this is reflected in all ways of life, from how the architecture of the houses are build to how the city is used and the interaction among the citizens.

Baraza life in Stone town

Baraza life in Stone Town

Baraza culture and use of open space According to A. Mwalim 2008, architect and Principle Secretary at Zanzibar Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Land, there is a rich social culture in Stone Town mainly due to the baraza culture. The word baraza originally comes from the word gathering, it originates from the sultans palace where men of importance meet to discuss political and business matters. It is also the name of a stone seat inside or outside of the entrance to the house ( today the barazas is mainly used by men for social gathering and exchanging of ideas but also used for display of goods fruits and vegetables. In Zanzibar there are some newspapers but very few read them, most information news -habari- is spread word by mouth- in the street. “The mosques play an important role in the culture we have one mosque called the Mosquie di’muta Reuters if you go here in the morning you will have all the news from the town. However women are excluded from this social life and where are they to be?” says Mwalim Ali Mwalim The baraza is officially public space. Anyone is al-

lowed to sit on the baraza, but culturally it is mainly men who sit here. As a local student explains, there is a certain hierarchy on the barazas even if they are for everyone there are some barazas you sit on others you do not, depending on where you live and who you are. Like we will see on Jaws corner. Due to the traditional culture, the streets and the open spaces within the city are mainly used and occupied by men. However in the mornings and evenings one can see the women using the barazas in front of their house for gathering and selling food. According to Mrs. Hamoud founder and leader of the local association (Re)claim women’s space , personal communication, 2008, The women used to have larger open spaces within the houses for themselves but since the revolution there has been a great change. What used to be a one family house for the better off is today used by many families sharing little indoor space. Before the revolution, the women had some outdoor reserved areas for themselves also. The inside of the old Fort was a women sports ground and the Victoria Gardens were a Ladies club however mainly for the rich upper class. According to Mwalim 2008, when understanding the use of space in Stone Town one must understand the everyday life of the citizens. “You have to understand the perception of the people. The people who live in Stone Town work very hard to survive, many have two to three jobs to provide for their families- these people don’t have much spare time. For us

traditionally the open spaces are of no use unless they have a function. There are many different users in the Stone Town. The local population who are shop owners or workers who live their everyday life in the town, many of them have a shamba plantation outside of town. This is also stated by the inhabitants interviewed, when asked which open spaces they go to almost all said that they go to the shamba in the weekend or to the beaches on the east coast. ”In Africa it’s shameful to be urban, if you are urban it means you have no connection to your roots, no sense of belonging like you have no family, is an outcast “ This also explains the lack of interest for the development of the Stone Town of the houses and buildings here. Mwalim Ali Mwalim himself born in the country side has a shamba. He has lived and worked in Stone Town for the last 20 years but his roots are in the country side. As he says his village goes first, he is involved with the village association and he is by nature more dedicated to the development of his village than to the town. “In town I do investment not development as in the shamba. In the villages there were traditionally open spaces with one tree and under that tree, like holly, was the meeting place for the villagers. Here the weeding and other important events took place. If a village have many trees you confuse the villagers which three is the one of importance?”

Traditionally the natural environments are only referred to according to their functions, now the young ones have been enlightened and they have adopted a new way of looking at things and they say that they love and feel proud of the Stone Town of the old buildings just as I do, Mwalim A. Mwalim continues. I love Stone Town. But it is like a national love, communal love and pride not an individual one as the one for the shamba. You will never hear a person explain the same natural love for the Stone Town as for the shamba, the love for the town is an adopted one that has come with the enlightenment of education.” The village tree play an important role in defining “the public open space”

Public open space next to the beach in Stone Town an example of what happens when there is no function or detention of a place it simply turns into a garbage dump... referring to what Mwalim 2008 says “Here in our culture you don’t see an area with flowers and shrubs only for the pleasure of the eyes and nose. No, here it has to have a function, a use. That you use the plants for some kind of production or consumption.”

Mrs. Hamoud, 2008 explains that before, and as seen in smaller villages even today, weddings and other celebrations used to take place in open spaces. This traditional use of open space is however changing, Within the town, private parties like weddings have moved to the local schools and madrass-teaching rooms in the Islamic communities. Some are still held out door but now in the school yards away from the public gaze. The weeding celebrations play a very important role in the social life of the women. Stone Town used to have three cinemas as well as a theatre but none of these cultural establishments exist any more In that sense Stone Town is drained from amusements, alternatively places to meet and interact inbetween the religious establishment and the growing tourist venues bars, discos and restaurants playing music and serving alcohol strictly prohibited by the conservative Muslim laws.

Mwalim finishes the interview with open questions Should we reclaim the original use of open space? Or accept the development? However something has to be done because the picture is changing the city is becoming more and more congested. There is being more and more build development. There is an increasing number of inhabitants. The traffic is increasing and making the city more dense.

Popular urban spaces To understand how urban open space are used today two clean and popular squares were studied. Jaws Corner and Lebanon Square as well as Forodhani Gardens

Many of the small junctions in town are being named and appropriated by the neighbourhoods, there is TV corner, Lebanon Brothers Square. These places have their own sign’s written on the wall and many have blackboards were information about local weddings and funerals as well as the latest football results are announced. In Zanzibar there is a great interest for football. Some of these squares have barazas on others wooden benches and privarte chairs are put out when socialising and playing board games. Fruits or food are also sold on these strategic corners. There are internal agreements on who sells what and when.

At a corner in Shea Malindi some guys decorated the wall next to the neighbourhoods information board.

Zanzibar is undergoing a mayor change going from “traditional life” to “a modern life”- for instance when cable television showing films was introduced some years ago there has been a big change in the night scene of the street life.( Juma 2008)

Evening life at Jaws corner men playing boardgames women passing through

The local grocer at Jaws Corner

Jaws Corner One of the liveliest barazas is Stone Town is in Sokomohogo Square, situated in a dense junctions in the heart of the old town. Connecting five narrow streets in between the market and the seafront. It is a rather small ( 9 x 12 m) open space framed with two to three stories high buildings. The square was renovated as part of the UNCHSprogram in the late 1980s, it was paved and provided with seating areas, the barazas where restored and a palm tree was planted. It has got it’s name “Jaws” after the shark film but also due of all the talk going on here, and one can always find a shaded baraza here. The junction is decorated with posters and initials of the opposition Civic United Front, CUF party and many of its members are discussing politics here. But since it is such a central junction most people pass it every day. During the time of research there was between 8 to 22 people passing the square each minutes with an average pedestrian flow of 14 per minute( from data see appendix 5) Coffee and ginger tea is sold here from the early morning till late night, an old man sells fruit from a baraza, another one bags of peanuts. And there are many who stop for a quick coffee and to catch the latest news. Over 50 percent of the people flow are men and this number is quite representative to the normal flow of people through Stone Town. But since it’s mainly men who sits on the barazas and this being

Coffee sold from early morning at Jaws photo Marianne Kaasen Dahl September 2007

Registrations a Weekday, a Friday and a Sunday at Jaws Corner

Men 50%

Gen d er an d Ag e Jaw s W eekd ay

y outh 13%

O ld m en O ld wom en

W omen

100

M en W om en

Men

y outh Child

Old w omen

0 1

Cultural ac tivity

y outh

150

W omen 20%

Child

200

Old men

nr of people

Old w omen 2%

S tatio n ary Acctivities W eekd ay Jaw s

Child 10%

nr of people

Old men 5%

Com m erc ial ac tivity

P lay ing

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities

S itting on c hairs S itting on baraz as

S tanding

0 11

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

hour of the da y

Friday

Child 11%

250

Child 200 nr of people

y outh 18% M en 46%

y outh

O ld wom en

W om en

150

M en

100

y outh

M en

Child

O ld wom en 0

O ld1 m 2en

W om en 20%

O ld wom en 1%

P lay ing

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities

S itting on c hairs S itting on baraz as

S tanding

hour of the da y

Acctivities S u n d ay Jaw s Child 12%

Gen d er an d Ag e S u n d ay Jaw s S u n d ay 60

y outh 15%

250

Child y outh M en

O ld wom en 150

M en

100

W om en y outh

O ld wom en50 W om en 18%

O ld m en

Child

0 1

h o u r o f th e d a y

Cultural ac tivity

O ld m en

200

W om en M en 49%

Com m erc ial ac tivity

hour of the da y

nr of people

O ld m en 5%

Cultural ac tivity

O ld m en

nr of people

O ld wom en 1%

Acctivities F rid ay Jaw s

Gen d er an d Ag e Jaw s F rid ay

nr of people

O ld m en 4%

Com m erc ial ac tivity

P lay ing

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities

S itting on c hairs S itting on baraz as

S tanding

0 1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

hour of the da y

Gender and Age groups

Pedestrian flow over the day

Stationary activities over the day

the most frequent activity on the square, it is mainly an open place for men. One can also note that more cultural activities take place in the afternoon and weekend when many people are free and then use the place for recreation for the playing of board games etc. As well as in the evening when a TV is placed on the corner showing football games, films or other important events. But it is really a male place, and most of the youths registered are boys. No women really stop here for long except tourists and expatriates who may join the coffee drinkers on the barazas. Approximately 7 per cent of the pedestrians by were registered as Tourists on Jaws Corner. Most quickly pas by with a guide, some come by themselves stop look at their map and usually return shortly. This is a really easy place to lose once sense of direction. A female student from the university who helped us do the registrations did not at all enjoy being at Jaws because of all the men. She did not feel comfortable. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard to be unnoticed especially as a woman. When entering it is like being on a stage and you feel being watched. In this way the design of the place and its intimacy, is excluding many possible users, especially women.

Women doing registration at the male dominated Jaws Corner

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Coffee shopâ&#x20AC;? at Jaws notice the buzy baraza in the background

The small local shops add to the local life

Children playing at Lebanon Square

Lebanon Square In a side street 100 meter south of Jaws corner is Lebanon square. This open urban space is 48 meter long and 8 meter wide. The square has its name after the local football team, the Lebanon Brothers. Five small shops selling everyday products as well as one tourist shop have their entrances facing this area. Here the pedestrian flow were 0,5- 12 people per minute with an average of 8 people per minute. The area is alive with a varied local life quite different from the life observed at Jaws corner. The long shape of this outdoor space makes it more open, allowing people to interact in a more indirect way. Even if there are hardly any barazas here, many activities take place especially many youths and children use this area for playing. Here many women were observed shopping, greeting each other as well as stopping and talking.

People passing through at Lebanon Square photo Marianne Kaasen Dahl September 2007

Registrations a Weekday, a Friday and a Sunday at Lebanon L eb an o n W eekd ay

Acctiv itie s Le b an o n W e e kd ay

140

nr of people

Gen d er an d Ag e L eb an o n W eekd ay

Child y outh W om en M en

120

O ld m en

100

O ld wom en

M en

W om en

y outh

Child

O ld wom en

# R e fe re n s ! C u ltu ra l a ctivity C o m m e rcia l a ctivity P la yin g

S e co n d a ry s ittin g p o s s ib ilitie s S ittin g o n ch a irs S ittin g o n b a ra za s S ta n d in g

O ld m en

1 2

3 4 5

hour of the da y

6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Activitie s Le ba non Frida y 35

L eb an o n F rid ay Gen d er an d Ag e L eb an o n F rid ay

y outh W om en M en O ld wom en O ld m en

Cultural ac tivity Com m erc ial ac tivity

120

O ld m en

100

O ld wom en

M en

W om en

y outh

Child

nr of people

Child

nr of people

140

P lay ing

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities S itting on c hairs

S itting on baraz as

S tanding

5 0

0 1

hour of the da y

Activitie s Le ba non S unda y

L eb an o n S u n d ay

Gen d er an d Ag e L eb an o n S u n d ay

30 25

140

y outh W om en M en O ld wom en O ld m en

nr of people

Child

120

O ld m en

100

O ld wom en

M en

W om en

y outh

Child

Cultural ac tivity Com m erc ial ac tivity

P lay ing 15

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities S itting on c hairs

S itting on baraz as S tanding

5 0

hour of the da y

Gender and Age groups

Pedestrian flow over the day

Stationary activities over the day

At Lebanon Square there were more women, children and youth registred. the stationary activities were more varied many of people passing through are stopping and standing one can also note the use of the open space in the evening.

Approximately 10 percent of the people passing trough were tourists. One day when passing through Stone Town, there was a different feeling in the air it was also very quite and the atmosphere was heavy. Huge sails were hung up over the open space at Lebanon Square and plastic tarpaulin where spread out on the ground. All people stopped and gave the condolence- in silence some stayed for a while, others were sitting down. A funeral was held for a young man who lived in the neighbourhood.

Children at Lebanon square

Forodhani Gardens When asking the inhabitants as well as stake holders of which open spaces they used themselves everyone mentioned The Forodhani Gardens. Therefore it will be mentioned here as a reference since it is such an important open space. The Forodhani Gardens were originally the Sultans garden with a private landing. It is a 200 meters long and 80 meters wide area with shading trees and grass lawns. It used to be a beautiful place for recreation and was frequently visited mainly by families. Its outstanding position facing the sea and the Palace of Wonders in the background makes it a very attractive place. In this garden there is a tradition for having big family picnics. The Forodhani has be come a popular place where local and tourist meet and mix at the food stalls selling local culinary dishes at night. However the use has becoming more and more business orientated mainly due to the fact that markets, attracts many tourist. Hence there has been an extreme development of other small informal businesses such as ‘papazis’ selling souvenirs and Maasai selling their jewellery.

The area has been severely neglected management wise and is now restored by the Aga Kahn Trust of Culture after a plan from 1994. The renovation project started in March 2008.

There is however an outspoken fear among the population and some stakeholders that the renovation will make the gardens into a place mainly for tourists and “well of” residents since the prices have gone up for renting the food stalls. If this will be the case it will ad to the fact that there is a lack of central places where the local can meet after dark. According to all the people we talked with there is a great interest for nice clean and green spaces But the management of these open spaces are not priorities from the government. As Mwalim 2008 says .”Forodhani ...if it was not for the Aga Khan we would just keep the park as it was, we have no vision and no conception of these spaces you know we don’t have a Swahili word for Park or Garden- only foreign words. “

My reflection and notes on use of open space When doing the observations on how the open spaces was used It were observed that different people, used different spaces. The use of open space can be seen as a reflection of the society, its hierarchy and unwritten rules, the different patterns of men and women, of rich and poor of outsiders and locals of who is seen with whom and when and where. This makes me as a place designer wonder if there is a way to design spaces that allows many users to be there at the same time without directly interfering with each others conversations and access to the space. As in Jaws Corner when entering that space one is really seen by everyone, it is like entering a stage with public all around the edges on the barazas. From the observation mostly men were seen in the streetscape both as vendors and for using the space for cultural and social activities, such as playing board game, playing football, sitting down talking on the barazas etc. These kinds of activates were mainly seen including men and male youths.

Women however are also in the streetscape but they are moving through the streets and town. Women where hardly ever seen sitting down and socialising with few exceptions. Most women where outdoor after dark of some on the barazas at evening time, many and at the night market or just stopping and socializing in the street. Children were mainly seen playing on the narrow streets within the dense town in the afternoons. But due to the congestion and heavy traffic many children were not allowed to play alone in the streets in town and are therefor kept indoor. Like one mother tells she doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want her children to play in the street and since they have no other place to go, they must stay inside. Most importantly The open places need to be given a function and to be integrated so they add missing elements to in the vivid and lively urban carpet of the town.

tea house private open space

indian veranda semicovered

indoor private veranda

Mosque religious open space

private

Private -semiprivate backyard

attrium

Public place infront of mosque

r za ee str tw ith

z ra

s za ra

rd rtya cou

t ee str

ith

ous

ic h

tra

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Even if Stone Town is very dense there are many different small open spaces. This rough illustration shows some of them

Open Spaces in Heritage Development

According to the United Nations, by the year 2050 two thirds of the world’s population will be urban. The trend is especially strong in the developing countries. Today, Sub Saharan Africa is the least urbanized area in the world, but by the year 2020 half of the population is estimated to live in cities. The informal settlements are dominating in this region mainly due to inappropriate government policies, poor urban management and a fragmented urban sector. In Stone Town of Zanzibar, as in many developing countries, it is the poor people that live in the undeveloped old, historical buildings in the historical core, since the standard is low there. Battle et al., 2007

The sub saharan cities will becoming more populated here illustrated with commuting to Mombasa.

pendent.” Urban poverty differs from rural poverty in many ways. Urban poor are more cash depending but also often forced to live in poor environmental conditions affecting their health, and their social networks are often smaller than those of the rural poor. Yet there is no social security network replacing it in town. As other environmental challenges such as lack of sanity, lack of water, extreme demographic increase etc. is putting an enormous pressure on the urban environment and its infrastructure This situation is very visible in Stone Town and the whole of Zanzibar.

Poverty is multidimensional and not only income related. To attain a sustainable economy both tangible and intangible assets need to be estimated and not capital alone. Poverty can also mean lack of knowledge, sanity and culture. Culture is one of several assets that contribute to peoples livelihoods, and it is in that perspective that world heritage is significant to alleviate poverty. ibid.

According to the ongoing discussions within heritage management, World Heritage properties are dynamic entities where cultural and social values evolve. They should not be frozen in time for purposes of conservation. The continuity between the past and future should be integrated in management systems accepting the possibility for sustainable change making sure the development of the local values of the place will not be destroyed.

The significance of culture to all people’s livelihoods is also emphasized in the UN Millennium development goals, stating that: “A program for sustainable environment should necessarily include the cultural environment.” Further on, the Stockholm Action Plan from 1998 underlines that “Sustainable development and the flourishing of culture are interde-

World Heritage is about people as well as places’. The inscription of a property on the World Heritage List should benefit the international and the local community as a whole. The benefits for the local communities need to be considered in the context of both safeguarding the values of the property and the social and economic development. The benefits

can include, among others, respect for traditional lifestyles. Raquel Rolnick, architect and urbanist sums it up by saying “....The participation of the people is not only a matter of local politics but of policy making all the way up to national level. We need policies that pay attention to the public space” Cultural Tourism and economic growth Cultural Tourism is becoming an increasingly important part of the global tourism industry. Tourism have however a tenancy to turn cities into museums compromising the authenticity and either expelling the inhabitants or turning them into exotic exhibition objects. Therefore, according to Alfredo Stein economist and advisor for SIDA “Heritage preservation is part of not only a policy for urban development but also as vehicle for economic growth, poverty alleviation and social and democratic development. “ Senior advisor for SIDA on urban development, Göran Tannerfeldt, stresses that in the rapid urbanisation that is taken place, the cities must live and the promotion of a socio-economic revitalisation within a financially sound and sustainable framework is therefore of great importance. The development must deal with the social issues, emphasizing the link between urban poverty and urban heritage. “The urban heritage must be seen as an

asset for the cities’ and act as a crossroads between the past and the future. “ Heritage sites should not be treated as museums but as a vibrant neighbourhood”. Pelle Persson, head of Sida’s Urban Development Division argues at the same conference The Historic Cities in Development, Stockholm 2003. The heritage of historic cities are both threatened by poverty neglect as well as economic growth and modernisation. As in Stone Town, there is as rise in land values as well as a high density pressure on the urban development. In Stone Town as in many other places, this leads to a destruction of the historical properties. The financial explosion by external activities and new inhabitants, with secondary residences, forces the vulnerable and poor social groups out of the historic town. This gentrification and social exclusion may be the unwanted result of the restoration of the city centres. It is therefore of great importance that the restoration not only include monuments and houses but also the urban environment for the ordinary town dwellers.

Christiane Nasser, from the Centre of Cultural Heritage Preservation in Bethlehem argues that it’s an important parallel to the conservation to improve the infrastructure- water, sanitation electricity etc. “Improving the quality of life touches the local people directly and gives quantitatively pay off”. This is also stated by Saud Amiry, architect and director of Ri-

waq- centre of Architectural Conservation, located in Ramallah, Palestine: “Raising peoples interest is one of the most difficult parts - intangible values are not enough to convince people - real changes happen when real improvements take place, when the people living in the area see the improvements. When they start seeing the value of their neighbourhood then the real changes start, because the local people feel that they are important. “

Minja Yang, director at World Heritage Cities program and Jeanne Pharès, urban planners at UNESCOS World Heritage Centre, argue that maintaining or reinforcing a neighbourhood’s social diversity is the key to avoid gentrification as well as poverty. This calls for specific policies, ensuring that cultural identity is enhanced, not destroyed. Yang & Pharès 2003 suggest among others improving the inhabitants’ recreation spots. Keeping craftspeople and small businesses in the city centre encourages creative and live arts. Reinforcing a neighbourhood social diversity also requires that the local authorities ensure that the upgrading of basic infrastructure respects and develops the special character of the city (ibid.)

My reflection

According to the studied research and documents about World Heritage Conservation and Development, it is agreed that the inclusion and respect of the local people and their culture is an important set off when developing the urban landscape in heritage sites. Focusing on enhancing the local people’s social life, hence the urban open spaces in which much of it is taking place, can among other initiatives, work as poverty reduction as well as health improvement, but most importantly strengthen the local societies’ awareness, pride and responsibility for the management and development of the heritage site.

Ownership Management and planning Ownership Today the management of the urban spaces in Stone town are mainly divided between three parts: private, governmental (Department of Housing and Human Settlements, DHHS) and religious (Waqf ) There are 2700 Households in Stone Town and 76 % of these are tenants , 31% of these are private housing and 34 % belonging to Waqf. The policy of the government has for a long time been to keep rents low, meaning remnants are poor and means to renovate and manage are hardly existing. Statistics show that buildings under Waqf ownership receive less maintenance than others. Land tenure Buildings belong to different owners, but the land itself-and the urban, open spaces- are legally governmental property. Although long term use of different areas have turned some of these into private property. Today there is no register of land tenures but this is about to be established. One issue stressed in the HMP is the importance of reclaiming abandoned spaces for public purposes before these turns into private ownership.

Management and responsibility -Important actors The Ministry of Construction, Lands, Water and Energy, MCLWE is officially the institution with most authority over Stone Town. Responsible of national policies for land, housing, construction and urban development and planning. Zanzibar Municipal Council, ZMC is the main, local authority technically recognized by the UNESCO as the custodian of Stone town as World heritage site, but for practical reasons day to day work is done by the STCDA. STCDA is the authority responsible for conservation and development in Stone Town. The main task for STCDA have been conservation and it is not until last year 2008, that a revision and visions of the situation has been elaborated by the STCDA. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Even if STCDA had all legal status when it was created in 1985 it did not have nor legal limits neither regulations of its ownâ&#x20AC;? (Juma, 2008) But much work was done to create legal tools for STCDA. These have later on turned out not to be efficient enough and are to be improved. Currently effort is put to strengthen the legislative act for STCDA. Since 2002 STCDA is working hard to develop as an institution to be able to deal with it the new challenges concerning heritage and conservation of Stone Town , concerning strategies for sustainable

development. This ambition is visible in the new visions of STCDA presented in the Heritage Management Plan â&#x20AC;&#x153;STCDA will protect and enhance the Stone Towns cultural heritage leading to its cultural diversity and maintaining its outstanding universal values.â&#x20AC;? Zanzibar Stone Town Heritage Society, ZSTHS, is an NGO established in 2000 with the aim of giving a voice to the citizens and different actors of Stone Town. It is open to everybody and has elaborated several programs concerning restoration, international networking, communication and out reach but so far their role has not been developed and there is a vision for defining and uplifting there role. The Sheas are neighbourhood officials representing the Regional Commissioners on ground. In the different Shehias (areas) of Stone Town. They Sheas are an important link between the authorities and the inhabitants and the first contact when applying for building permit as well as petty crime and dispute resolution in the area. Public private partnership This way of managing and developing open spaces is becoming more and more popular. It involves private investors finance the development for the government.This way of developing public open spaces have been already been used for instance at Kelele Square where the five star hotel SERENA IN pawed for the development of the green area in front of the

hotel and established a fenced playground nearby for the children to play. Kelele has huge trees giving pleasant shade but quite hard and uncomfortable baraza benches.The way the whole place is designed makes it more or less a front garden to the hotel not a public park- the same is the case for the small gardens in front of Mazons hotel and Africa House. Management and planning challenges One of the basic requirements for improving the situation of Stone Towns urban carpet, is to have a well functioning management of the buildings and out door areas. Stone Town is currently facing many different problems concerning its management, at all levels. Scarce legislative implementations, corruption, as well as a lack of traditional skills and materials. One problem concerning the management is the lack of cooperation between different authorities. For example licenses are given for businesses that from a heritage point of view are unwanted. The over all problem can be identified as unawareness. This unawareness or disrespect to the historical inheritance when constructing new is also a big threat to the urban fabric There are many guidelines but few people know how to use them. This is often the case in Stone town: much is written, but little done because of lack of financial and educational resources.

Green space in front of Africa House . Notice the lack of shade and the person sitting underneath the small Indian almond tree.

Traffic issues The over dimensioned traffic is another big problem to Stone Town. Until the 1990th cars were not so common in the old city centre but have increased drastically (Interview with M. Badodin 2008). But already in 1994 the motor traffic was a hazard in Stone Town causing congestion, stress and accidents on the narrow streets. Without defined rules or spaces earmarked for parking, virtually all available spaces including open and green areas and side walks within the town turned into parking spaces if they where not fenced or protected by bollards. (AKTC 1996) According to the new traffic Plan in Stone town by STCDA October 2008 The traffic has become one of the most serious problems for conservation, planning and development. The traffic is threatening the safety and security of the pedestrians and inhabitants of the Town, the fragile structure and infrastructure of the old Town as well as the tranquillity and comfort of the Stone Town life.

Traffic is a problem also for the safety and security of the inhabitants.

Problems caused on traffic issues, observed by STCDA • Congestion • Pollution, both noise and environmental • Damage of infrastructure and building • Safety and security of the inhabitants • Encroachment of Open space • Vandalism

On the issue of encroachment of open space the new traffic plan states. “The increasing number of vehicles in the Stone Town adds a lot of pressure on the small number of parks, walkways and paved areas available in town”. Stone Town do not have parking capacity for all vehicles that enter the town. “The situation encourage some drivers to use whatever open space available in the Town as parking” The situation creates an atmosphere of insecurity and congestion- since the parked cars forces the pedestrians to use the road for passage “Even garden areas are currently being used for car parking” STCDA therefore propose a new traffic plan for the town- closing Kenyatta street for motor traffic and making it into a pedestrians street includes as part of this plan to make Stone Town less congested and more visitor and pedestrian orientated. Poor administration Bad organization of data of tenants and the land tenure is yet another problem. Regarding the tenants of buildings belonging to Waqf or DHHS information is often outdated and not in a digital form, which makes it difficult to know if the righteous person is living in the apartment, what repairs have been made, by whom, etc. This is well described by Battle, Melin and Forsman, 2006: “When a tenant comes to the authority with a request for assistance with maintenance it is difficult for the housing officer to know whether he is the rightful tenant, up

to date with the rent, or what has been invested in his home before, and in the absence of an overview, decision-making is paralysed!â&#x20AC;? In short there is a lack in communication between residents and authorities, this STCDA, for instance, is well aware of and working on to find a solution. Some of the consequences is that the collection of rent is not always working properly. This in combination with the governments policy to keep rents low however have negative financial consequences, affecting the possibilities for good management, maintenance and restoration of the properties as well as the urban landscape. Further on there is a problem with black-market and sub-renting. Economically the system is un sustainable. The Heritage Management Program (HMP) The new Heritage Management Program (HMP) from 2008 is a complement to the Strategic Conservation Plan (SCP, a review of the Conservation Master Plan from 1994) done by the STCDA. The HMP is focusing mainly on the protection and conservation of the heritage, the SCP is concentrating on general planning and conservation proposals. In the plan it is stressed the importance of visitors experiencing and discovering Stone Town, amongst others to get funds for conservation. The Management Program, has been prepared to conserve the outstanding universal value of the heritage site- It states that Heritage management does not only include ensuring the physical survival of the site and the historic buildings within an accessible physical historical landscape but also en-

hancing the visual character of the landscape setting, improving the interpretation and understanding of the cultural landscape to visitors and social and economic regeneration. The HMP presents several visions for the future of Stone Town. One is the democratic aspect that everyone should have access to the historic environment, another that everyone should be aware of the value of Stone Town, everyone should be able to make a contribution to heritage conservation, citizens should live and work in a prosperous, secure and peaceful atmosphere, adequate housing, health care and education should be available to anyone, visitors feel safe, welcome and provided with world class facilities, vehicular traffic is subdued and access to all parts of town is easy, and available to all (included handicapped). HMP and the Urban Landscape The status of the urban landscape within the heritage context is clarified by the Heritage Management Plan. It states that the public sphere should be â&#x20AC;&#x153;regarded and understood as a historic element of the town, and that any alterations to it should take the historical and cultural significance of the public realm into consideration.â&#x20AC;? Furthermore that there should be established agreed standards for workmanship, design, materials and maintenance for work carried out in the public realm, ensuring that work is of high quality appropriate to the international importance of the city.

The heavy tropical rains cleans the street notice the baraza also protect the buildings

Enterance light here on Sokomohogo street makes the barazas attractive at night, notice women socializing and men playing board games in the background.

Some of the objectives concerning the management of the urban landscape is to § 37 improve provision of street furniture, lightening and road signs § 38 encourage planting of traditional Zanzibari trees §40 encourage optimal use of open areas by identifying those areas that can be developed and fully utilized by the public for cultural and social purposes One ambition is to develop minor open spaces, such as ruins etc., for play grounds for example so that they can be catalysts for social interaction of Stone Town. Safe open spaces for social interaction is especially needed for women and children “To design an abandoned open space is to reclaim space for public realm; the whole process plays a tremendous role in improving life of surrounding neighbourhoods.” The HMP states. The significance of green trees and plants is equally underlined. In HMP it is stated that “Trees play a tremendously important role in Stone Town. (…) Green spaces and grass help diminish dust particles in the air. They contribute to make the town more livable.” The awareness among the inhabitants are important to ensure good management of the heritage.

This is a challenging ambition requiring good relations between citizens and the authorities. Long term holistic planning instead of short term is favoured. The ambition of the heritage Management Plan is that all planning should be done within the context of heritage. In the Strategic Management Plan it is proposed §4.2.3.10 Protection of public Spaces that STCDA should identify the public open spaces and integrate them in the land management system. STCDA has the main responsibility for these places and should educate the citizens on the conservation as well as safeguarding them from further encroachment. Further “there is a need to identify other viable open spaces / recreational sites within town and provide necessary infrastructure including drainage public toilets and street furniture.” In order to avoid over dependence on specific open spaces – decentralization of the functions of opens spaces should be well spread throughout Stone Town.

Discussion My aim was to come up with a concept, suggesting how the urban open spaces in the Stone Town can be revitalized in a way that both respects the history, the heritage values, the local traditions and facilitate the current and future needs of local users and visitors of the town. My main question was - What elements are important to focus on when developing and designing these â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;open spacesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;? In order to answer this, different aspects of the development, use and management of these open spaces were examined with the following sub questions. I will here go through some of the answers that where found. What meaning and development have these open spaces had? The Stone Town of today was build by an upperclass who had plenty of access to open space both indoor in their large houses, as well as in there country houses shambas. The open spaces are seemingly very important for the citizens and the culture but they are not prioritized and therefore have not been managed and developed accordingly. In the traditional village life trees were important for defining the open spaces. All small squares and corners the baraza culture have a great importance for getting news and develop connections in the Swahilli society. Much of the social life, is found in connection to the mosques and therefore excluding half of the

population, the women. The Arabic building tradition on which stone town is build explains partly the lack of open spaces as well as the tradition, and acceptance of lack of legislation on keeping the existing open spaces free from development. How and by whom are the open spaces used today? The open spaces are used by the local population as well as by visitors. However there are few places where visitors are seen using the open spaces. Today the culture excludes women to use the few existing open spaces to the same extent as the men. Whoever many of Stone Towns new inhabitants the large amount of working people have a need for places to recreate, meet and interact. This is seen in the lively night food market as well as people sitting down on barazas at night where there is light, playing board games and interacting. The children are using all space possible for playing and many young people use the open space for playing football. Which stakeholders are there for those places? According to the law all open space belongs to the municipality, however due to lack of management and regulations many open spaces are being congested for private use. A development is the Private Public Partnership were hotels and other investors finance restoration of open spaces however in most seen cases the development have been mainly for the benefit of the investor not the public realm,

example Kelele, Masons and lately Forodhani gardens.

Are there any plans? Many stakeholders have a wish to develop the open spaces but it is not prioritized by the politicians and the authorities. As Mr. Mwalim says we do not have any plans for these spaces only to keep them inbuilt. This approach makes them more accessible for unwanted development, rich investors have much to say in the financially poor society. What are the needs for the different users? As seen from the observation and from the interviews there is a wish for more clean and green open spaces. Shade and a nice, clean and safe environment to sit down are the universal needs. Many stated something for the children and asked for spaces for the women. It was also observed that different places included some groups excluding others. One can not change the cultural environment but by changing the physical environment and making open spaces that is inviting for all people no matter gender and age one could hopefully plant the seeds for a more democratic use of the open spaces. As seen from the research there are quite a few open spaces in the town and I wanted to know.

What are the advantages and constraints of the open spaces? The advantages for the open spaces today is mainly the many possible users. When ever there is a place with shade at daytime and up light at night time it is used. This indicates that there is a great need for these urban spaces. The main constraints observed was the lack of sanity, access, daytime shade and night time light on many of these. The lack of vision and ideas for these places are also a major constraint. Leading us to the last question Is there a need for a new approach for planning and in that case how? According to my observations there is certainly a need for the development of these spaces. Following is a suggestion for a concept for how to revitalize two open spaces. My suggestion is to start the development in the tourist area and involve the well off- business in the neighbourhood in financing the project as a Private Public Partnership. The aim is to be win-win situation were a cleaner and safer urban surrounding will benefit the business as well as it could create natural platforms for interaction among the local population, the businesses as well as welcoming the visitors. There is today a union of local business with an aim of cleaning up and refurbish the streets with light.

Inspiration

Inspiration for the urban open spaces are found in the Gardens of Seville, Spanin The streetscape of Croatia and the unique Baraza culture of Zanzibar

Kenyatta Street Forodhani Gardens

PORT

post office

Kelele Square

Residential Local mixed shops Hotels / restaurants Tourist shops

VUGA JUNCTION

Mosques Governmental building $

Bank School

Registration on the use of the buildings along Kenyatta

Kenyatta street is situated on the western part of town, in Shea Shangani. A one way street leading from the sea and a provisory harbour for traffic and cargo boats in the north, to the Vuga junction in the south. The street, almost 400 meters long, slopes gradually down towards the sea. The street has the status of the old main street, differ from three to nine meters in width.

STCDA suggest in the new traffic plan from 2008, to close Kenyatta Road from motor traffic and turning it into a pedestrian street. Therefore no parking should be allowed.

The two to three stories high buildings along the street holds large shops earlier more luxurious retail stores, replaced by exclusive tourist shops. as well as small curious shops, galleries, minimarkets, stationary, travellers agents as well as entrances to hotels. There are also several cafes and restaurants facing the street, Zanzibars general post office as well as three out of the islands four banks with cash withdrawal machines are situated here.

The second open space close to Dolphin inn, Stone Towns first restaurant is today used as a parking lot.

Most building structures, dating from the 1840’s and onwards are white washed holding many fine details from the times when the houses were built, such as street lamps, old signs, facade decorations etc.. At the time of research there were few functioning street lights. When the motor traffic developed in Stone Town the street was considered too narrow and three buildings were demolished in the 1970’s to make room for the traffic. This broke down the rhythm of the street and created three open spaces.

Mazson’s a locally owned hotel turned the open space infront of their hotel into a public garden.

Further down by the sea where the third house were demolished, there is now another fenced garden. The ownership of the first two are without doubt public according to STCDA. The following pages will examine how Kenyatta street and these places function today.

Baraza life in Stone town

Kenyatta street facing south

Gizenga street a narrow baraza street

Kenyatta street sloping towards the sea. The street is suggested to be turned into a pedestrian street. According to the new traffic plan How the shops are to get their goods is not stated. t could be by manual transport on traditional Mikokoteni â&#x20AC;&#x201C; wheel wagons. A more modern way would be to allow motorized access at specific times. For example two hours in the morning. this however demands organization and cooperation between authorities, another challenge.

Map marking the three buildings teared down in the 1970Â´s Buildings marked with x

Three nodes

Gizenga street

At gizenga there were no urban open space exept for the street therefor no stationary activiteies were registred here.

Dolphin Inn to gizenga street , market etc

The open space by Dolphin Inn is a sunlit open space with a small baraza. The daily use is parking of cars. A cafe and a restaurant appropriate the open space with cafe chairs ,a small local stall cells cigarettes, water etc.

Mazsons Hotel

The Open space by Maszons hotel have been designed as a public garden. however it appears more a private garden in front of the hotel than a open space for the public realm.

Giz en g a W eekd ay

nr of people

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Giz en g a w eekd ay

O ld m en 4% Child 4% O ld wom en 2%

O ld m en O ld wom en

y outh vis itors 5%

Child

35%

y outh

loc als

M en

W om en 27%

W om en y outh 2

hour of the da y

11M en12

W om en M en

Child 1

2 65%

Gizenga Street 3,1-14,4 people/min average 10,8 people /min Mostly men few children and a high amount of visitors many in big groups

O ld wom en

O ld m en

58%

hour of the da y

D o lp h in e w eekd ay

D o lp h in W eekd ay S tatio n ary activities w eekd ays D o lp h in e 30 Cultural ac tivity

nr of people

Com m erc ial ac tivity

P lay ing

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities

S itting on c hairs

O ld m en 4% Childy outh 4% 5% O ld wom en 3% W om en 30%

S itting on baraz as

vis itors 41%

hour of the da y

y outh W om en

loc als 59% O ld wom en

M en 54%

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Child

M en

S tanding

O ld m en

M az o n s W eekd ay M az o n s W eekd ay S tatio n ary Activities M az o n s 30 Cultural ac tivity

25 nr of people

nr of people

Giz en g a frid ay

Ag e an d Gen d er Giz en g a F rid ay

Com m erc ial ac tivity

P lay ing

S ec ondary s itting pos s ibilities

S itting on c hairs

O ld m en 3% Children y outh 5% 6% O ld wom en 2%

S tanding

0 1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Children y outh

W om en 26%

S itting on baraz as

V is itors 28%

M en 58%

W om en M en O ld wom en O ld m en

Loc als 72%

Dolphin Inn 3,1-16,7 people/ min. average 8,0 people/min. The cafe chairs als outsidelocStone town cafe are vis itors frequently used mainly by visitors . The small stall ads to the local life and commercial activity after dark Maszons Inn 2,5-14,7 people/min. average 12,6 people/min. Many people pass through this area Loc garden als however the is not used V is itors but the edges of the garden are used for recreational and cultural activities but only by men.

hour of the da y

Parking

commercial

I. Dolphin Inn The Open space at Dolphin Inn is almost triangular in shape, approximately 20 x 25 meters. The open space is today used for parking and holds one small uncomfortable baraza. Stone Town Cafe, a popular tourist venue, have a small terrace outside of the cafe with chairs and tables under a sail and behind decorative plants. At the time of research the restaurant Dolphin Inn was expanding their seating outside, however this was prohibited by STCDA. A small portable kiosk represents the commercial business at the space.

HOTEL

semi private

semiprivate

PRIVATIZED fenced graveyard

GARDEN

PUBLIC

II. Mazsons The second open space is a rectangular in shape approximately 22 x 30 meters surrounded by two to three stories buildings. Maszsons Hotel established a public garden on the open space some years ago, with a star shaped basain. The way the garden is designed shows however that the intention is more a private garden in front of the hotel than a open space for the public realm. This was confirmed by the observations made. Not a single person was seen inside this public open space, but the edges of the garden was used frequently for socializing and playing board games. The ashok trees planted will neither provide shade for this sunlit space.

grid of palms fountain sculptures round benches

Design Proposal Kenyatta street The following design proposals are suggested on Kenyatta street.The proposal should answers the question what is needed for revitalizing the open spaces in Stone Town. To embrace the traditional use of open spaces as well as creating natural places to meet and interact, there is focus on providing pleasant shade and seating possibilities as well as keeping open space for spontaneous use. As a reminder of the architectural history and adding to the natural rhythm of, in this case Kenyatta street- the old house structures outer walls are marked with vegetation filling the empty gaps with structure, shade and life as well as revitalising the climatic situation in street level. The whole street of Kenyatta is suggested to be paved with white preferably marble to mark the street as a pedestrian high street. The marble ads to the prosperity of the street and has a cooling effect on the micro climate.

CONCEPT SPACE I Dolphin Inn

Parking

public

commercial

Existing use and movement

Wanted use and movement

Demolished structure

From parking space to public living room cafe

grid of trees carpet of tiles baraza benches

CONCEPT SPACE II Mazsons

HOTEL

semi private

fenced graveyard

GARDEN

existing use and movement

From privatized hotel garden to public playground

semiprivate

PRIVATIZED

PUBLIC

wanted use and movement

demolished structure

grid of palms fountain sculptures round benches

t Kenyatta stree

I. Dolphin SquareUwanja Wa Pomboo The open space is suggested to be made into a small urban square with hardsurfaced floor and a grid of nine trees providing shade and structure. Smooth polished barazas are suggested to create pleasant seating places, the design is simple yet stylish, with a convenient size to sit and lay down on. The barazas are placed on the edges of the square to keep the middle open and allow a natural flow of pedestrians to cross. The marking of the edges define the space and excludes cars and motor cycles. Since this will be a pedestrian zone

Dolphin inn 0

Stone Town CafĂŠ

Street

Open Space

Alley 0

5 meter

Neem trees The neem Azadirachta indicia is a fast growing evergreen tree, with a round crown and with light foliage giving a pleasant shade. It is originated from Subtropical Asia. It has small white honey scented flowers and produces green-yellow and at last brown fruits. During the rains, when neem-pods fall and are crushed underfoot, they give out a strong, refreshing aroma that lingers in the air for days. The neem gives out more oxygen than most trees. When the sages of old declared that the neem was a great purifier of the air, they were probably quite right, In Swahili the neem is called Mwinzi robarini meaning the tree that can cure â&#x20AC;&#x153;40 diseasesâ&#x20AC;? All parts of the tree are useful within local medicine for its antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial properties.

The floor of -the square- is partly marked with Portuguese tiles as a reference to the old decorative tiles of the street as well as adding colour and detail to the space . The lighting suggested is spotlight shining on the barazas in soft warm tones as well as lighting on the trees from below, giving the open space a more spacious feeling at night. It will attract visitors and allow acclivities such as the traditional playing of board games, the children playing, people to reading and to chatting, to selling snacks and distributing goods even after dark- this will add life to the street after the shops along the street has closed. The revitalization of the open space will create a free meeting place where everyone can for sitting down and socializing no matter origin. In order to drain the space it is sloping 2 permil eastwest allowing access water to flood down kenyatta street towards the sea. The baraza benches will be tunnelled with holes so water can penetrate under them during the heavy rains. See illustration opposite page. Inspirational pictures Above Ceramic glazed tiles in geometrical patterns for the square, mix with stone too slippery otherwise left Details of the neem tree Azadirachta indicia Opposite page the neem and detail of the barazas

Kenyatta street now Facing south -With the small square to the left Kenyatta street proposal - with neem tree and barazas

II. Mazsons

Mazsons Hotel

Place Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Papindi

Palm Square

This public space, a privatized green area will with inspiration from an oasis be made into a small plantation of palm trees defining the place towards the street and creating pleasant shade for the passer byes. The aim is to provide an inviting place allowing people to stop stay and enjoy. There will be different attractions in the small pocket park such as a fountain and playing sculptures.

0 1

Palms Sculptures Fountain Barazas Flowerbed Existing buildings

Graveyard

playsculptures

fountain

Kenyatta street 0

5 meters

For this place the local Pemba palm Dypsis pembana an attractive, medium sized, clustering palm about 12 meter tall has been chosen. It has a slender, smooth, strongly ringed trunk. It has dark green, elegant, leaves with close, evenly arranged leaflets, up to 2.4 meters long. Towards the street, single stemmed palms should be chosen giving a straight homogeneous edge. In the core of the space multi stemmed palms are chosen to give a lighter and more heterogeneous design.

In between the palms circular baraza benches are placed. To separate the Hotel entrance from the park a flower bed is suggested with various scented flowers and small bushes. The lighting scheme is spotlights up lighting the palms, the sculptures as well as small spot lights shining down on the barazas. The grass is replaced by fine gravel that will allow a rougher use as well as rain water to penetrate through the surface.

Right Dypsis Pembana Zanzibar endemic palm Left Inspirational photo for circular concrete bench ÂŠLucile Soufflet, These benches unfold in a circle, extend themselves and return around a tree. The profiles gradually deform themselves and backs slowly appear and create seats.Size : 360 cm x 380 cm Commissioners : the city of Brussels and the city of MonsÂŠLucile Soufflet 79

The starshaped water basin is replaced by a well inspired by the one in Bagamoyo. Added to it is a sculpture made in collaboration with a local artist representing the children and women of the Stone Town. This place will work as a meeting point for collecting water as well as giving grace to those in town not seen so much. Made by the same sculptor, three decorative playing sculptures are placed for the children to climb and play on. The fountain and sculptures are made of the same material as the barazas.

Inspirational pictures clockwise Well from Bagamoyo Uplights on palm trees Animal playsculpture from www.slottsbro.com

Opposite page Sculpture of Mother and child by ÂŠ Walter S. Arnold, www. stonecarver.com

Kenyatta street 1964 -Before widening the street

Kenyatta street now -Notice sunlit open space

Kenyatta street proposal -Row of palms defines streetscape

Final words By looking at the urban open spaces in Stone Town from different angles I have tried to examine their meaning in a historical, architectural, social as well as planning and management context. Old as well as new local documents state that the urban open spaces are of great importance and that they should be a top priority for further town planning. But there is an overall plan lacking for how to develop these. The thesis has come with a suggestion for how these open spaces could be refurbished. The result focuses on two today rarely used open spaces. The report results in a concept with a proposal for how the open spaces can be revitalized. The result connects to the current discussion in Stone Town, on how the future management and development in town should be carried out. It can hopefully work as an inspiration for the city planners. The result is based on theories in city planning especially Gehl 2003, as well as ongoing research within heritage management and poverty alleviation on how revitalizing public space can benefit the lives of the poor local population. This development of these spaces will hopefully add to the prosperity of the neighbourhood, benefiting both the local community as well as invite the visitors to feel safe and enjoy the vivid baraza life of Stone Town. By making a plan and upgrading the public open spaces there is a possibility for an increased life quality for the local inhabitants. As a side effect it would create new platforms for integration between the poor local population and the growing tourism industry.

List of References Background readings Readings marked * referred to in text Arnfred, S. et al. (2001) Discussing Women´s Empowerment. Theory and Practice, SIDA *Appleton, J. (1975) The Experience of Landscape, Wiley, London *Battle, S., Forsman, Å. and Melin, T. (2007) Fighting Poverty In Historical Cities. An Example from Africa, School of Arts and Communication and SIDA, Malmö University Battle, S. and Steel, T. (2001). Conservation and Design Guidelines for Zanzibar Stone Town. Aga Khan Trust for Culture, Geneva. *Bianca, S. (2000) Urban form in the Arab world. Past and Present, ORL-Schriften, Zürich. Cullen, G. (1971) The Concise Townscape, Architectural Press, London *Gehl, J. (2003) Life between Buildings, using public Space, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen, Denmark *Gunnarsson, U. and Johansson, E. (2004). In the Streets of Zanzibar: Constructions of Gender and Place. Master’s Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm: *Hemer, O. et al. (2005) Urban Assets. Cultural heritage as a Tool for Development, Urban Development Division, SIDA, Malmö

*Kaplan, R. and Kapland, S.(1989) The Experience of Nature; a psychological perspective. New York University Press Ljung, P. and Tannerfeldt, G. (2006) More Urban Less Poor. An Introduction to Development and Management, SIDA Lynch, K. (1960) The Image of the city, MIT Press Kombo, Y. H., Makambe, M. K., Juma, K.M., Fakih, S. A.(2003) The Zanzibar Stone Town Large Trees Inventory, The Society for Natural Resources Conservation and Development SONARECO – Zanzibar for the Zanzibar Stone Town Heritage Society ZSTHS, Zanzibar, Tanzania Lekule, C.T. (2004) Place Dynamics: meaning of urban space to residents in Keko Magurumbasi informal settlement Dar es Salaam Tanzania, Ardi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Mrema, L. (2009) Architectural qualities of informal settlements, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania *Sheriff, A. (1995) The History and conservation of Zanzibar Stone Town, Eastern African Studies, London Sheriff, A. (1995) Historical Zanzibar- Romance of the Ages, Hsp Publications, *Siravo, F. (1996) “Zanzibar: a Plan for the Historic Stone Town.” Gallery Publications, Tanzania

*Syversen, I. (2007) Intentions and Reality in Architectural Heritage Management. In search of the influence of International Policy Documents on Contemporary Sustainable Local Heritage Management. Case; Zanzibar Stone Town, Tanzania, Department of Architecture, Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden Åstrand, J. et al.,(1996) Constructing in Developing Countries. A guide for the Planning and Implementation of Building Projects, Swedish Mission Council, Stockholm

Articles

Local Legal Documents

Marks, R. (1996) Conservation and Community: The Contradictions and Ambiguities of Tourism in the Stone Town of Zanzibar I:HABITAT INTL. Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 265-278

*Zanzibar Stone Town Strategic Conservation Plan, June 2008, Draft by STCDA in collaboration with SYA, RICS, SIDA, and UNESCO

Mturi, A. A. (1986) Problems and prospects for urban conservation in Tanzania: Zanzibar Stone Town, Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam and Kilwa Kivinje. Myers, G. A. (2008) Peri-urban land reform, politicaleconomic reform, and urban political ecology in Zanzibar I:URBAN GEOGRAPHY vol 29 p.264-288 Myers, G. A. (2003) Designing power: forms and purposes of colonial model neighbourhoods in British Africa I: Habitat International 27 (2003) 193–204 Nasser, N. (2003) Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development I: Journal of Planning Literature 0885-4122 vol: 17 (4) 2003 p:467-479 Siravo, F.(1999) “Zanzibar: a Plan for the Historic Stone Town.” Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre 1-2 (1997-9899): 208-219 *Yang, M. and Pharès J. (2003) Safeguarding the development in World Heritage Cities. Culture as a Vector for sustainable Urban Development., Published by UNESCO World Heritage Center. Wu, J. J. and Plantinga, A. J. (2003) 7KH LQÀXHQFH RI public open space on urban spatial structure I: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46 (2003) 288–309

*Zanzibar Stone Town Heritage Management Programme, June 2008, Draft by STCDA in collaboration with SYA, RICS, SIDA, and UNESCO

Key Persons

local stake holders *Mr. Mwalim Ali Mwalim Principal Secretary, ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands Mr. Ghalib Omar Awadh Chief Town Planner Department of Urban Planning, Zanzibar

Zanzibar Stone Town Appendices to Heritage Management Programme and Strategic Conservation Plan, June 2008, Draft by STCDA in collaboration with SYA, RICS, SIDA, and UNESCO

Mr. Muhamad Juma Mugheiry Shea for Mukunasini and Board member of Zanzibar Stone Town Heritage Society

=DQ]LEDU 6WRQH 7RZQ 'UDIW WR 1HZ 7UDI¿F 3ODQ June 2008, STCDA

Dr. Mohammed Juma Mohammed Urban Planner and Head of Research and Coordination Division, STCDA

*Pound, Christopher and Mc Dermott, Jane (2006) Stone Town , Zanzibar State of Concervation Preparation for the periodic Review 2007 Internet resources

*Mr. Mohammed Badudin head of the Control, Implementation and Monitoring Section at The Conservation And Planning Division At STCDA Mr. Mohammed Omar Assistant head of Town Planning dept., Zanzibar Municipality Council Mr. Masoud Rashid planner and architect at STCDA Mr. Baloo Agha Kahn Trust for Culture, Zanzibar *Mrs. Munira Hamoud director and daily leader of (re)claim women space association in Stone Town.

APPENDIX 1 People interviewed Local stake holders

Citizens of Stone Town

Mr. Mwalim Ali Mwalim, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands Zanzibar interviewed..................

Local Women 30 -years old, under education live in Malindi with family and extended family 14 people in 40 m2

Mr. Mohammed Juma Mugheiry Shea for Mukunasini and Board member of Zanzibar Stone Town Heritage Society Mr. Mohammed Badudin head of the Control, Implementation and Monitoring Section at The Conservation And Planning Division At STCDA Mr. Mohammed Omar, Assistant head of Town Planning dept., Zanzibar Municipality Council

Working Woman 30 years old, work in resort has been living abroad for 13 years, has a university degree, lives in central Stone Town. Two local women 30-40 years from from (re)claim women space association in Stone Town. Local investor and businessman have been living abroad for many years now runs several tourism venuesin the central Stone Town.

Mr. Masoud Rashid planner and architect at STCDA

Local male Youth Student at University lives in a old house in Hurumzi, Stone Town with his family.

Mr. Baloo Agha Kahn Trust for Culture, Zanzibar

Local male guide, age around forty lives in central Stone Town

Mrs Munira director and daily leader of (re)claim women space association in Stone Town.

Three Students, about 16-21 years old- Students at the SUZA, live outside Stone Town in Zanzibar Town interview made in Jamhuri garden where the students were doing their homework

APPENDIX 2 INTERVIEW GUIDE PUBLIC LIFE PUBLIC SPACE STONE TOWN 2008 Development, use and management of Open Spaces in Stone Town Semi structured interview with local stakeholders and residents Background information; Age Family Work Where do you live, how long have you lived in Stone Town Interview Questions Has there been a change of the open spaces â&#x20AC;&#x201C; by open spaces we mean graveyards, ruins, squares, parking lots, gardens etc. all the open space inbetween the houses that is accessible to the public? Have You noted any change in management? Is there any open spaces that you know are about to get developed and in that case how? How do you personally use the open spaces of Mji Mkongwe- Stone Town? $UH WKHUH DQ\ VSHFLÂżF RQHV \RX JR WR" ...when? What do you do there? Exercise? Relax? Be alone?

APPENDIX 3 PUBLIC LIFE PUBLIC SPACE STONE TOWN 2008 Development, use and management of Open Spaces in Stone Town Semi structured interview with local stakeholders and residents

RESULTS FROM INTERVIEWS

Spaces that have vanished (or the possibilities to use them have disappeared) •Victoria Garden (Closed today) •Open space for children in Vuga have been sold and two houses have been constructed. •Open area infront of Culture social Club used to be like a park •Around Anglican Church (used to be playground) •Next to Tembo hotel (Fenced area used to be public open space then Oman Embassy now plan to make into open space again) •Area at the Big Banyan Tree (now parking used to be playground) •Beach behind Livingstone (used to be used by women now GRPLQDWHG E\ ERDWV DQG WUDI¿F

•Baobab tree in Mkunazini (used to be graveyard) •Garden close to Clove hotel (now fenced by the owner) •Garden close to Mason hotel (now fenced by owner) •Peace Museum (no.. 70 on map, used to be graveyard) •Area close to Kibokoni-school (now garage) •Malindi Mosque •Open space in residental area in Sokomohogo now Muslim Bar

Spaces that are being used for recreation •Forodhani Gardens •Jamhuri Gardens (relaxing, mainly for students) •For football: Malindi, Mnazi moja, the beaches. •Mnazi moja (sports clubs, mostly men playing football and students. And for celebrating for Eid) •Beaches. Tembo hotel and others from Mbwani to Serena= Good beach, open for everyone. People go jogging, play football etc. •Kelele square has been developed (Serena hotel. =PPP) •East coast (Paje). •Kendwa beach + Mangapwani (military base, near the slave base) •Nungwi and Mton beach

Spaces that have been changed •Victoria gardens •Forodhani Gardens (used to be only gathering place for kids and families, now more and more business) •Opposite Africa house used to be beautiful place. Orchestra used to play in sunset. Spaces that will be changed •Dala-dala terminus (will be part of green belt east of Creek Road) •Swamp (maybe recreational area) •Register house (hotel) •Old Court •Open Space given to Malindi Sports Club 20 years ago •Open Space next to Hurumzi 236 •Open space opposite Tembo hotel

Spaces that are needed. â&#x20AC;˘More places where children can play â&#x20AC;˘More playgrounds (there are some but often sports clubs are dominating them) â&#x20AC;˘More places for women â&#x20AC;˘Places to celebrate weddings . Today there are no, and weddings used to be outdoors so now people have them at hotels etc. Lack of space- security! â&#x20AC;˘More places for football

Problems on the existing open spaces â&#x20AC;˘Used for Garage â&#x20AC;˘Used for Parking â&#x20AC;˘Used for Dumps â&#x20AC;˘Badly lit â&#x20AC;˘Lack of shadow- trees â&#x20AC;˘Lack of benches

General conclusions All the people we talked with seem to be aware of the value of open spaces. Many referred to how Stone Town used to be less congested and as children they used to play in gardens and play grounds that do not exist anymore. All ZLWKRXW H[FHSWLRQ FRPSODLQ DERXW WKH FRQJHVWLRQ WKH WUDIÂżF DQG WKH ODFN RI greenery as well as bad management and shortage of funds.

APPENDIX 4.

PUBLIC LIFE PUBLIC SPACE SURVEY, StoneTown 2008 AGE / GENDER COUNT 10 MIN.

PUBLIC LIFE PUBLIC SPACE SURVEY, Stone Town 2008 Stationary activities

Reg. by:

Reg by: 0DNH DQ QRWH LI VRPHWKLQJ VSHFL多F LV KDSSHQLQJ OLNH D IXQHUDO WUDI多F FKDRV VSHFL多F FRPPHUVLDO DFWLYLWLHV HWF

Time: Date:

Weekday:

Weather:

Weather: Location: Local

Tourists

Total 10 min.

Date:

Time:

Symbol Stationary activity

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20

Standing Sitting on barazas

Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65

Sitting on chairs Sitting on secondary sitting-possibilities (stairs, stones etc)

Elderly women above 65

Lying down*

Elderly men above 65

Children playing

Total

Commercially active (people buying and selling)

Note Locals / tourists by look Age groups by look

Cultural activities (music, playing board games etc) Physical activities(running excersising etc)*

APPENDIX 5. Age and Gender Distrubution-Jaws Corner Weekday 27-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total local weekday

cool 7 18 16 14 43 2 8 101

sun 8 8 11 25 70 2 20 136

sun 9 1 3 17 65 0 1 87

sun 10 8 18 28 60 6 14 134

sun 11 31 2 24 50 3 6 116

sun 12 23 9 29 72 1 0 134

sun 13 13 23 22 73 1 9 141

sun 14 7 22 25 76 1 10 141

sun 15 3 6 27 60 4 6 106

sun 16 29 23 36 46 1 2 137

sun 17 12 16 28 95 1 8 160

clear 18 26 26 20 84 4 2 162

clear 19 9 30 20 85 2 4 150

clear 20 15 37 18 74 0 2 146

clear 21 9 18 9 44 0 1 81

212 260 342 997 28 93 1932

Tourists Weekday Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total tourists weekday

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 6 1 1 0 8

0 0 1 5 0 0 6

0 0 3 2 1 1 7

0 1 15 12 4 1 33

0 0 5 0 0 0 5

0 0 3 5 0 0 8

0 2 12 17 0 0 31

0 0 9 10 1 2 22

1 0 8 7 0 0 16

0 4 6 5 0 0 15

0 0 3 0 0 0 3

1 1 3 2 0 0 7

0 0 2 2 0 0 4

1 1 3 2 0 0 7

3 9 79 70 7 4 172

Friday 29-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total local Friday

rain 7 5 21 18 40 1 7 92

cloud 8 9 2 15 50 2 12 90

cloud 9 8 18 15 35 2 4 82

sun 10 19 20 36 51 4 4 134

sun 11 11 52 20 59 0 0 142

sun 12 12 50 20 60 1 2 145

sun 13 14 20 30 57 1 13 135

sun 14 21 15 37 71 5 5 154

sun 15 7 18 25 52 1 8 111

sun 16 13 23 32 95 1 4 168

sun 17 26 13 18 57 1 2 117

clear 18 23 19 21 90 0 1 154

clear 19 17 35 17 63 0 11 143

clear 20 32 33 15 58 0 12 150

clear 21 2 29 9 62 0 5 107

219 368 328 900 19 90 1924

Tourists Friday Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total tourists Friday

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 3 0 0 0 3

0 0 3 3 0 0 6

5 4 5 7 0 0 21

0 0 3 0 0 0 3

1 0 9 9 0 0 19

0 0 5 3 0 0 8

0 0 4 0 0 0 4

0 0 22 11 1 1 35

0 1 1 1 1 0 4

2 3 7 0 0 0 12

0 0 2 1 0 0 3

0 0 5 2 0 0 7

0 0 4 2 0 0 6

8 8 76 39 2 1 134

Sunday 31-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total local Sunday

sun 7 13 7 6 35 2 14 77

sun 8 14 11 26 79 4 13 147

sun 9 18 6 32 85 8 14 163

sun 10 20 17 27 70 0 7 141

sun 11 32 25 53 87 2 1 200

sun 12 22 23 21 90 0 3 159

sun 13 11 41 24 65 5 6 152

sun 14 7 17 32 51 0 7 114

sun 15 10 16 31 65 0 5 127

sun 16 10 26 15 40 1 0 92

sun 17 17 31 19 40 0 3 110

sun 18 9 13 15 76 1 2 116

clear 19 35 26 7 62 0 9 139

clear 20 14 41 12 79 0 13 159

clear 21 8 16 8 50 1 6 89

240 316 328 974 24 103 1985

Tourists Sunday Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total tourists Sunday

0 0 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 2 1 1 6

0 0 4 4 0 0 8

1 0 8 8 0 0 17

0 0 3 3 0 0 6

0 0 4 6 0 0 10

0 0 7 6 0 0 13

0 0 10 3 0 0 13

0 0 4 3 0 0 7

0 4 7 7 0 0 18

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 2 0 0 3

0 0 2 1 0 0 3

1 4 53 48 1 1 108

Stationary Activities Jaws Corner Weekday 27-8-2008 Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting possibilities Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

7 2 35 0 0 0 0 2 39

8 1 34 2 0 0 2 0 39

9 4 32 0 0 0 2 0 38

10 5 17 2 0 0 1 0 25

11 5 26 2 0 0 1 0 34

12 6 25 1 0 0 0 0 32

13 7 14 0 0 0 0 0 21

14 2 17 0 0 0 2 2 23

15 8 18 1 0 0 0 1 28

16 9 28 0 0 0 3 10 50

17 5 24 0 0 0 0 14 43

18 7 22 0 0 0 0 8 37

19 5 22 0 0 2 5 6 40

20 6 16 2 0 0 5 0 29

21 9 7 4 0 1 0 2 23

tot 81 337 14 0 3 21 45 501

Friday 29-8-2008 Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting possibilities Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

7 1 14 4 0 0 1 0 20

8 11 24 4 0 0 6 0 45

9 8 19 2 1 0 3 0 33

10 9 26 2 0 0 3 0 40

11 10 26 0 0 0 1 0 37

12 12 25 0 0 0 1 0 38

13 10 20 3 0 0 0 3 36

14 6 20 3 0 2 3 2 36

15 5 21 2 0 0 2 30

16 6 24 7 0 0 1 0 38

17 9 21 4 0 0 0 0 34

18 3 14 5 0 0 0 13 35

19 5 16 0 0 0 4 2 27

20 1 34 0 0 0 5 2 42

21 6 14 0 0 3 2 3 28

total 102 318 34 3 5 30 27 519

Sunday 31-8-2008 Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting possibilities Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

7 2 18 2 0 0 0 0 0

8 5 29 8 0 0 0 0 42

9 16 16 10 0 0 0 1 43

10 6 12 5 0 0 0 4 27

11 5 19 0 0 0 0 7 31

12 1 10 0 1 0 0 0 12

13 2 18 1 0 0 2 2 25

14 2 12 0 0 0 2 2 18

15 9 14 0 0 0 0 0 23

16 19 22 0 0 0 0 9 50

17 8 17 0 0 0 0 13 38

18 13 12 0 0 5 0 5 35

19 20 16 0 0 0 0 3 39

20 24 26 12 0 0 1 2 65

21 16 11 4 0 0 0 2 33

total 148 252 42 1 5 5 50 503

Age and Gender Distribution Lebanon Square Weekday 27-8-2008 time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total locals weekday

cool 7 6 14 15 20 1 4 60

sun 8 18 10 8 15 1 3 55

sun 9 10 3 26 37 3 5 84

sun 10 5 8 15 44 2 6 80

sun 11 20 2 25 35 1 2 85

sun 12 16 14 26 23 2 3 84

sun 13 7 20 20 37 0 6 90

sun 14 13 12 16 52 2 2 97

sun 15 8 8 30 45 0 4 95

sun 16 30 16 24 35 0 0 105

sun 17 15 13 21 24 0 6 79

clear 18 11 10 11 20 0 2 54

clear 19 14 7 7 42 0 2 72

clear 20 17 15 9 44 0 1 86

clear 21 7 5 4 21 0 0 37

total 197 157 257 494 12 46 1163

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total tourists weekday

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 1 2 2 0 5

0 0 3 3 1 0 7

0 0 5 3 0 0 8

0 2 5 3 1 1 12

0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 6 2 0 0 8

0 0 2 1 0 0 3

1 0 1 1 0 0 3

0 0 2 0 0 0 2

0 1 5 1 0 0 7

0 0 3 10 0 0 13

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 1 0 0 3

1 3 37 27 4 1 73

Friday 29-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total locals Friday

rain 7 3 12 7 7 0 1 30

cloud 8 14 8 12 30 0 0 64

cloud 9 2 4 18 28 1 2 55

sun 10 9 6 19 14 1 1 50

sun 11 20 20 29 27 0 3 99

sun 12 17 28 23 47 0 1 116

sun 13 8 25 15 30 2 15 95

sun 14 7 16 24 30 1 6 84

sun 15 10 5 18 40 0 6 79

sun 16 8 4 17 33 1 3 66

sun 17 31 3 15 45 1 0 95

clear 18 21 6 13 21 1 1 63

clear 19 51 12 2 35 0 1 101

clear 20 12 11 8 31 0 4 66

clear 21 16 11 10 17 0 1 55

total 229 171 230 435 8 45 1118

Tourists Friday Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total tourists Friday

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 2

0 0 2 3 0 0 5

0 0 4 4 0 0 8

1 0 4 5 0 0 10

0 0 2 0 0 0 2

0 0 5 5 0 0 10

0 0 4 3 0 0 7

0 0 2 2 0 0 4

0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1 14 10 0 0 25

0 0 2 2 0 0 4

0 0 4 0 0 0 4

0 0 1 0 0 0 1

total 0 0 3 2 0 0 5

1 1 49 37 0 0 88

Sunday 31-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total locals Sunday

sun 7 10 3 3 8 0 0 31

sun 8 10 4 7 14 0 4 47

sun 9 14 12 20 26 0 1 82

sun 10 9 3 10 20 0 4 56

sun 11 29 23 25 37 3 0 128

sun 12 26 14 10 36 3 0 101

sun 13 11 11 17 42 2 1 97

sun 14 5 14 32 36 0 3 104

sun 15 3 5 12 32 0 2 69

sun 16 18 7 16 37 1 0 95

sun 17 24 16 10 30 0 0 97

sun 18 13 16 6 18 1 1 73

clear 19 20 7 20 26 1 5 98

clear 20 17 10 15 30 0 3 95

clear 21 3 6 11 12 0 0 53

212 151 214 404 11 24 1226

Tourists Sunday Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 Total tourists Sunday

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 3 0 0 5

1 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 4 2 0 0 6

0 0 3 1 0 0 4

0 0 7 4 0 0 11

0 0 4 2 0 0 6

0 0 3 5 0 0 8

0 0 2 3 0 0 5

0 0 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 26 23 0 1 51

Stationary Activities Lebanon Square Weekday 27-8-2008 Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting possibilities Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

7 2 0 0 0 3 1 1 7

8 4 0 4 0 0 2 0 10

9 5 2 0 0 2 1 0 10

10 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3

11 0 0 0 2 7 1 0 10

12 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 38

13 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 36

14 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 5

15 7 1 2 0 0 0 0 10

16 4 2 0 0 8 0 0 14

17 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 5

18 0 0 0 0 7 3 0 10

19 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 8

20 9 4 0 0 0 2 0 29

21 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 5

tot 40 23 9 5 30 17 1 200

Friday 29-8-2008 Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting possibilities Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2

8 5 0 0 2 1 0 0 8

9 3 1 0 0 4 0 0 8

10 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 7

11 3 0 0 0 11 1 0 15

12 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 6

13 1 5 1 0 3 1 0 36

14 1 2 0 0 0 4 0 7

15 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 7

16 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 14

17 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 9

18 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 6

19 3 1 8 0 21 1 0 34

20 8 2 8 0 0 2 0 20

21 1 1 5 0 2 5 0 14

total 55 16 23 5 47 17 5 193

Sunday 31-8-2009 Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting possibilities Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

7 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 6

8 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 3

9 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 6

10 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 8

11 6 1 0 1 2 2 0 12

12 10 0 0 2 0 3 0 15

13 4 1 4 0 5 3 0 17

14 4 0 2 0 3 1 0 10

15 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 8

16 1 0 0 0 2 0 5 27

17 16 1 6 0 4 0 0 27

18 3 1 2 2 5 0 0 13

19 9 2 3 0 0 0 0 14

20 14 3 0 1 5 0 0 23

21 5 1 2 0 0 2 0 10

total 87 10 19 15 28 14 7 180

Age and Gender Distrubution-Gizenga street Weekday 28-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total local

cloudy 7 3 7 6 13 2 0 31

cloudy 8 0 0 9 49 4 1 63

rain 9 1 1 11 59 0 0 72

cloudy 10 2 11 14 41 5 2 75

cloudy 11 4 4 17 55 1 5 86

cloudy 12 3 5 22 58 1 5 94

cloudy 13 4 15 12 75 0 1 107

clear 14 5 3 19 58 0 2 87

clear 15 6 3 20 37 0 0 66

cloudy 16 3 3 5 46 1 10 68

clear 17 7 3 13 56 0 2 81

cloudy 18 4 11 8 50 1 4 78

cloudy 19 6 1 11 29 0 0 47

cloudy 20 5 3 5 50 3 6 72

cloudy 21 2 2 10 22 0 0 36

Total 55 72 182 698 18 38 1063

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total tourists

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 4 7 0 0 11

0 0 10 8 0 0 18

1 3 13 15 2 1 35

3 5 19 22 2 2 53

2 1 23 16 2 6 50

0 1 10 20 0 0 31

0 0 14 29 0 0 43

0 0 25 22 0 0 47

2 0 21 13 5 3 44

1 2 36 21 3 5 68

0 4 22 45 1 5 77

0 0 25 15 0 0 40

0 0 8 7 0 0 15

0 0 20 6 2 3 31

9 16 250 246 17 25 563

Sunday 24-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total local

heavyrain lightrain 7 8 0 5 0 0 0 5 10 28 0 1 0 0 10 39

heavy rainovercast 9 10 0 2 0 5 2 5 14 26 1 2 0 1 17 41

cloudy 11 2 11 5 26 0 2 46

clearing 12 2 4 4 47 0 0 57

clear 13 11 3 12 66 1 4 97

clear 14 6 0 11 51 2 1 71

clear 15 5 3 3 47 0 2 60

clear 16 9 2 12 29 0 0 52

clear 18 10 10 6 54 1 0 81

clear 19 0 0 0 0 0 0

cloudy 20 7 2 11 54 0 4 78

cloudy 21 3 8 8 36 0 2 57

62 48 84 488 8 16 706

Tourists Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total tourists

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 5 6 0 1 12

1 1 53 34 1 6 96

0 0 24 21 0 0 45

0 1 28 13 0 0 42

2 4 43 23 0 1 73

1 0 18 12 0 0 31

2 3 37 28 4 7 81

3 5 42 42 1 0 93

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 8 8 0 0 16

2 1 8 6 0 0 17

11 15 291 208 7 16 548

*Data missing

0 0 1 1 0 0 2

0 0 24 14 1 1 40

17*

Age and Gender Distrubution-Dolphin inn Dolphin Weekday 28-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total local28

cloudy 7 2 0 9 14 1 2 53

cloudy 8 0 0 13 33 3 4 26

rain 9 0 0 4 22 0 0 66

clear 10 2 2 14 48 0 0 94

clear 11 12 2 12 55 4 9 68

clear 12 2 2 8 52 1 3 49

cloudy 13 3 0 11 34 1 0 42

clear 14 2 2 13 23 0 2 39

clear 15 0 2 7 29 0 1 41

clear 16 2 0 8 25 1 5 58

clear 17 4 3 12 35 1 3 55

clear 18 3 6 7 37 0 2 39

clear 19 1 6 4 28 0 0 38

clear 20 0 8 3 25 0 2 27

clear 21 1 4 3 14 2 3 723

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total tourists

0 0 0 1 1 2 4

0 0 8 0 1 0 9

0 0 3 2 0 0 5

0 1 11 7 0 1 20

3 4 27 32 4 3 73

0 1 19 16 0 0 36

1 0 24 15 0 0 40

2 0 15 13 0 0 30

1 0 18 12 1 1 33

1 1 15 17 5 3 42

1 3 28 12 1 1 46

0 3 25 16 3 4 51

0 11 15 22 2 0 50

0 1 13 8 1 2 25

0 0 8 11 0 0 19

Dolphin Sunday 24-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total local3

rain 7 0 0 0 2 0 0 25

overcast 8 3 1 5 15 1 0 36

overcast 9 6 3 6 19 1 1 26

overcast 10 3 3 3 16 0 1 35

overcast 11 3 3 5 22 2 0 50

clear 12 3 0 8 34 1 4 40

clear 13 2 1 9 28 0 0 44

clear 14 9 2 9 24 0 0 23

clear 15 1 0 3 17 0 2 29

cloudy 16 1 1 2 24 0 1 35

overcast 20 4 6 4 19 0 0 22

overcast 21 0 2 3 17 0 0 400

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total tourists

0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 5 5 0 0 10

0 0 7 8 0 0 15

0 0 20 22 0 2 44

0 4 28 25 0 2 59

0 2 20 28 0 0 50

0 1 13 22 0 0 36

2 2 39 21 0 0 64

2 2 24 23 1 5 57

0 1 22 7 0 0 30

0 1 9 15 0 0 25

0 0 14 10 0 0 24

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 1 6 0 0 0 0 8

2 0 4 0 0 0 0 6

6 0 2 0 0 2 0 10

6 1 2 0 0 1 0 10

4 0 8 0 0 0 1 13

7 0 9 1 4 2 0 23

2 0 12 0 0 2 0 16

6 3 9 0 0 3 0 21

8 1 13 0 0 1 0 23

4 2 7 0 0 0 0 13

4 3 12 0 0 2 0 21

3 3 20 0 0 2 0 28

3 5 20 0 0 0 0 28

17*

clear 18 3 1 6 20 0 5 33

19*

1 1 20 10 0 3 35

34 37 128 474 14 36 9 25 229 184 19 17 483

38 23 63 257 5 14 5 14 222 196 1 12 450

Stationary Activities Dolphin Time Dolphin, weekday Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity total

8 4 0 0 3 21

Total 63 19 132 5 4 15 4 242

Age and Gender Distrubution Mazsons Weekday 28-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total local

cloudy 7 2 1 11 18 0 0 32

cloudy 8 1 1 7 50 1 1 61

rain 9 1 3 7 42 0 0 53

clear 10 4 1 24 64 2 2 97

clear 11 1 3 20 47 1 3 75

clear 12 2 5 15 79 0 1 102

clear 13 0 4 17 39 0 0 60

clear 14 2 2 10 48 0 1 63

clear 15 5 1 22 35 0 0 63

clear 16 21 23 12 24 2 14 96

overcast 17 5 7 7 35 0 1 55

overcast 18 10 11 11 46 0 2 80

overcast 19 3 1 6 22 0 2 34

overcast 20 1 2 0 11 0 0 14

overcast 21 0 0 2 16 0 0 18

total 58 65 171 576 6 27 903

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total tourists

0 0 1 0 0 1 2

0 0 7 6 11 10 34

0 0 5 2 1 0 8

0 0 9 27 0 0 36

1 4 17 20 0 2 44

1 0 22 20 1 1 45

0 0 9 9 0 0 18

0 0 9 5 0 0 14

0 0 4 9 0 0 13

0 2 2 0 0 0 4

1 3 23 21 0 1 49

0 2 26 26 0 0 54

0 1 5 9 0 1 16

0 0 7 4 0 0 11

0 0 5 4 0 0 9

3 12 151 162 13 16 357

Sunday 24-8-2008 Time Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total local

rain 7*

cloudy 8 4 0 0 21 0 0 25

overcast 9 3 6 8 26 0 0 43

overcast 10 11* 3 3 4 18 0 0 28

clear 12 1 3 6 26 1 0 37

clear 13 1 0 6 37 1 0 45

clear 14 0 3 7 28 0 0 38

clear 15 1 8 8 12 0 0 29

clear 16 7 0 7 12 3 2 31

clear 17*

clear 18*

overcast 19 0 2 6 17 0 3 28

overcast 20 6 2 9 17 0 2 36

overcast 21 6 6 2 10 0 0 24

32 33 63 224 5 7 364

0 0 6 7 0 0 13

0 1 11 6 0 0 18

0 1 17 13 0 0 31

0 1 21 8 0 0 30

0 4 30 21 0 0 55

0 0 18 9 0 0 27

0 1 7 9 7 5 29

0 0 15 15 0 0 30

0 0 9 9 0 0 18

0 0 15 4 0 0 19

0 2 17 11 1 1 32

0 10 166 112 8 6 302

8 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 5

9 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 7

10 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 12

12 5 0 3 5 0 0 0 10

13 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 8

14 7 0 0 5 0 0 0 12

15 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 9

16 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 14

19 19 0 0 4 0 0 1 24

20 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 5

21 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4

75 0 3 71 0 0 5 154

Children age 0-8 Youth age 9-20 Women age 21-65 Men age 21-65 Elderly women above 65 Elderly men above 65 total tourists

Stationary Activities Mazsons, Weekday Standing Sitting on barazas Sitting on chairs Secondary sitting Playing Commercial activity Cultural activity Total

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 10 0 0 6 0 0 0 16

17 4 0 0 8 0 0 0 12

18 3 0 0 6 0 0 4 13