BIM Implementation in the new practices with accordance to sustainable design

VIA University College Campus Horsens

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 7TH-SEMESTER ELECTIVE PROGRAM ELEMENT – DISSERTATION

BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN THE NEW PRACTISES WITH ACCORDANCE TO SUSTAINABLE DESIGN IN TERMS OF LEED AND BREEAM BUILDING CERTIFICATES

Author: Karolina Ewa Piotrowska Student number: 264621

The dissertation is written under the direction of: Per Christensen Horsens, Denmark 27.09.2019

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

PREFACE The report is the part of Bachelor Diploma Thesis on Architectural Technology and Construction Management studies in VIA University College in Horsens. It corresponds to the 7th-semester dissertation for the Elective Element Part.

The thesis of the report – How come the overall of the companies yet not implemented BIM to achieve a better sustainable outcome, that leads toward a better LEED and BREEAM certificate use, and how early in the design process they should consider introducing that approach? – was chosen as part of the current worldwide perspective on the field and author’s personal interest in gaining and expanding knowledge as well as trying to find a solution to the stated problem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT As the topic of my interest that I chose was challenging, I would like to thank all the people who contributed and make it possible for me to finish and prepare it. Special thanks I send to my coordinator for the Elective Element Program, Per Christensen, for all the consultations and time we spend discussing the problem, as well as leading me toward the right angle and correct path in writing this paper.

Also, I would like to thank Tomasz Rospędek and Simon Arnbjerg, for providing me with essential information for my thesis, as they work in the field. Especially Simon Arnbjerg for finding some time to meet me in person. I am also sending big thanks to all who helped me within my online questionnaire – among them they are – Piotr Smolira, Mette Christensen, Gregory LJ Holland. Thank you for your time and participation.

Finally, I am grateful for all my friends and family who encourage me to grow deeper into the topic and motivate me to write.

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

ABSTRACT The main subject of matter on this 7th-semester final report is the process of implementation of BIM in new practices, especially in the early project stages with accordance to sustainable design and its connection with LEED and BREEAM certificates.

The additional comparison to Polish and Danish building standards was made to show the better angle of the problem.

Problem formulation was based on today’s problematic approach toward sustainability among BIM methodology. The research for the answer of the central question – How come the overall of the companies yet not implemented BIM to achieve a better sustainable outcome, that leads toward a better LEED and BREEAM certificate use, and how early in the design process they should consider introducing that approach? – is going to be the main aim of this paper.

The data chosen as a base of this dissertation is both qualitative and quantitative data based on the general research gathering as well as the questionnaires and interviews held within the persons of matter.

BIM has become the necessary tool within today’s architecture and offices development.

It is modernising the work of the design teams and stakeholders of the building investments.

It influences sustainability and creates more opportunities within the design. However, a great tool it also brings some risks and threats toward new offices, wanting to start working with that methodology. The most important would be the time consuming and complexity of the process.

Within this paper, the author will investigate the connections between BIM implementation and sustainability approach, concentrating on the process of introducing BIM in the early design stage and its impact on LEED and BREEAM assessments.

KEYWORDS Architecture; BIM; Sustainable Design; Conceptual Design, BREEAM, LEED, Poland, Denmark, Building standards, BIM implementation

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

ACRONYMS

AEC – Architecture, engineering and construction (sector) BIM – Building Information Modelling/ Management BREEAM – Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method CAD – Computer-aided Design DWG – binary file format, used by several CAD software IDP – Integrated Design Process IFC – International Foundation Class (file format) LEED – Leadership in Energy Environmental Design LOD – Level of Development/ Detailing MEP – Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE.............................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 4 KEYWORDS ........................................................................................................................ 4 ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................ 5

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION WITH PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................. 8 1.1. Problem presentation .................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Problem background – information and introduction of the subject .......................... 8 1.3. Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 9 1.4. Delimitation .............................................................................................................. 10 1.5. Short presentation of the theoretical basis and sources ............................................ 11 1.6. Short presentation of the method and empiric data .................................................. 11 1.7. The structure of the report with argumentation ........................................................ 11

CHAPTER 2. THEORY AND PROBLEM EXPLANATION BASIS ............................... 12 2.1. What is the difference between traditional and BIM way of designing, and what connection does it have to sustainable design? .......................................................... 12 2.1.1. What is BIM? ................................................................................................. 12 2.1.2. How does the traditional design process work?............................................. 14 2.1.3. What is sustainable design? ........................................................................... 16 2.1.4. What LEED stands for? ................................................................................. 18 2.1.4. What BREEAM stands for? ........................................................................... 19

CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL RESEARCH ANALYSIS ................................................ 22 3.1. How come BIM implementation help with achieving a better design with a less negative environmental impact? ................................................................................ 22 3.1.1. Benefits ............................................................................................................ 23 3.1.2. Risks ................................................................................................................. 26 6

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

3.2. How early should we consider implementing BIM, so it has the best environmental outcome? .................................................................................................................... 28 3.3. What is the overall opinion on the use of certificate in the building industry? ........ 29 3.4. How should the process of implementation in the new practices look like? ............ 30 3.5. What are the differences between the implementation of BIM in Polish and Danish standards? ................................................................................................................... 32 3.5.1. BIM in Poland .................................................................................................. 32 3.5.2. BIM in Denmark .............................................................................................. 36 3.6. How come Polish offices are not keen on implementing BIM as much as Danish ones? .................................................................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER 4. PRACTICAL RESEARCH ANALYSIS ..................................................... 38 4.1. Table of participants in the questionnaire ................................................................. 38 4.2. What positive opinions do the users have? ............................................................... 39 4.3. What negative opinions do the users have? .............................................................. 40 4.4. Interpretation of the opinions .................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 41 5.1. The reflection and perspective on the research questions ......................................... 41 5.2. The summary of the problem statement.................................................................... 42

APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 43

LIST OF APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 54 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 54 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 55

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION WITH PROBLEM STATEMENT 1.1. Problem presentation The report is the 7th-semester dissertation for the Elective Element Part of the Bachelor diploma for the Architectural Technology and Construction Management studies at VIA University College in Horsens, Denmark.

The subject of this report was taken into consideration based on the worldwide concern on the topic, as well as the author’s interest in the insides of the matter. The comparison chosen for the base of the thesis was part of the individual opportunity for research between similarities and differences of Polish and Danish standards. It creates the occasion to use the conclusions and knowledge in further job search and self-development.

The sustainable design, as well as BIM environment, are increasingly becoming vital factors in terms of nowadays architecture and building standards. We aim to design the most effective, as well as sufficient architecture, with solutions that could take away destructive influence on the environment. Although what process and approach is the most effective within that field? How does it affect the systems and used methodology within the offices nowadays, and what is the potential in the future toward the improvement of this matter?

Does the idea toward a better life within the building industry have anything in common with introducing BIM in the offices, and how can it change that outcome? Is sustainability still just an additional factor, or can it become the main idea? What problems does it creates and is it worth considering them?

“Nothing is as dangerous in architecture as dealing with separated problems. If we split life into separated problems, we split the possibilities to make good building art.”

(Alvar Alto)

1.2. Problem background – information and introduction of the subject Architecture is a vital aspect of our culture and lifestyle. We live, work, exist within the cities and buildings. It has become primary for humans to own or rent a piece of its property, a part of its architecture and structure. As the world growths and develops, and technology evolves, we become more dependent on architecture itself. The industry that has an essential impact on our planet, continually changing the whole ecosystem and natural process of life. That is why we, as a humanity, need to consider its impact on our world.

However, as we cannot live without buildings now, we have to focus on developing the systems that will help within the creation and evolvement of the building industry that will decrease its environmental impact and provide the better future.

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

Organizations around the world involved in the public investments are starting to enhance the opportunity for the better future of architecture and construction industry within the help of new systems and methodology that provides a better outcome and design development. The growing range of stakeholders such as engineers, architects, designers, technicians, contractors and investors, real estate developers, contract managers, having international connections, are starting to perceive the industry in new ways, trying to prepare for the better results and smoother workflow.

In this paper, the main aim will be to outline the possible solutions of BIM implementation as the method of architecture standard improvements, into the new drawing and construction offices, as well as, the level of knowledge within the topic. The matter will be aiming to research if the application of BIM technology can improve and enhance architecture in terms of sustainable design and help LEED and BREEAM certificate assessments. It will also create the opportunity to study when it is the best to implement that modification – in early stages such as idea and concept development or further construction phases. Does the period of implementation affect the outcome and how? The additional comparison between Polish and Danish standards will be an opportunity to draw a broader conclusion and provide a better result of this paper.

1.3. Problem statement Research questions and sub-questions: • •

•

How can the design process be improved by implementing BIM in the early phases of design?

Does the implementation of BIM create better opportunities within the use of LEED/BREEAM certificate attributes and what elements of BIM environment can be implemented in the conceptual design phase to correspond toward that need?

What are the differences in building standards between Poland and Denmark?

Sub-questions: • • • • • •

What LEED and BREEAM stand for?

What is BIM and where it leads to?

What are sustainable design and sustainable architecture?

How does BIM improve the work of team members?

How to change architects thinking and set up their mind for BIM environment into architecture design?

What is the difference between traditional and BIM environment approach on the design process and how it can correspond to the building environment influence?

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

• • • •

•

How will BIM technology be developed and applied in the sustainable industry and what it will lead to?

What are BIM strategies, and how does the concept of sustainable building revolve around them?

What happens to products at the end of their useful life and how can BIM environment influence that to decrease waste production?

What is the difference in standards between Poland and Denmark in terms of environmental performance, and how can this change in the new need for BIM development?

What is the process of implementation in both Poland and Denmark, and how does it affect the companies workflow and performance?

As to develop the area of the concern in this report, there were considered some questions created, listed, and examined during the research stage. One of the essential and central matter held, and to be answered during this paper research would be: How come the overall of the companies yet not implemented BIM to achieve a better sustainable outcome, that leads toward a better LEED and BREEAM certificate use, and how early in the design process they should consider introducing that approach?

As the topic of BIM is widespread and globally overcoming, within this paper, we will also consider What are the differences between Polish and Danish building standards in terms of BIM implementation?

To fully answer that question, the report will focus on the opportunities, risks, and benefits of BIM implementation in an early stage of the design process, as well as the connection to the sustainable design and its effect on the LEED and BREEAM assumptions.

To reach a more significant conclusion, the differences between Polish and Danish working standards will be mentioned as the example for this completion.

1.4. Delimitation As, the topic of matter, is continually evolving, and its influence varies globally and internationally between countries, the assumptions will be made as a general and overall opinion based on the established research and gathered knowledge. To get a more overall perspective of the problem, the broader look at the comparison between Poland and Denmark will be made.

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

1.5. Short presentation of the theoretical basis and sources The methods of working for this report was based on gaining knowledge from the qualitative data, individual research based on the literature and articles on the problem of matter, as well as the other’s knowledge, experience, and wisdom. The primary source of the research will be the Internet-based articles, as the topic is still evolving, and new information is brought into the theory of matter, continually through that platform.

1.6. Short presentation of the method and empiric data The report will consist of primary data and secondary data. Primary data will be the matter to the qualitative information, which gained during the process of familiarising with the topic, through the literature, articles, and other’s investigations which were concluded in the published research and solutions to the problems around the BIM and sustainable design topics. The secondary data will be the subject to the quantitative formation, gathered during questionnaire and interviews making with the architects, BIM specialist and students from both Poland and Denmark. The survey held through the online tools provided the information about the matter by either anonymous authors or individual persona. The interview hold with BIM managers is more detailed data, based on their experience and knowledge, after working in the field.

1.7. The Structure of the report and argumentation Chapter 1 – Introduction: The introduction of the chosen topic will be implemented in this chapter with the overall situation of the matter and the problem statement formulation as well as the pointed methodology of information gathering and structure of this paper.

Chapter 2 – Theory and problem explanation: The chapter will consist of theoretical data and information about the topic of interest. It will explain BIM and sustainable design as well as outline the approach chosen for the formulation of this paper.

Chapter 3 – Theoretical research analysis – This is going to be the main chapter, that will show the process of knowledge gaining with introducing the questions that the paper stands to answer and outcome. The main aim of this chapter will be to investigate and find the best answer and solution for the problem statement.

Chapter 4 – Practical research analysis – The chapter will focus on the interviews made by the author with the architects, BIM specialists and students from both Poland and Denmark and analyse the outcome, driven from that research.

Chapter 5 – Conclusion – The summary of the research basis will be driven to the conclusion of the stated questions and problems, as well as the overall solutions and possibilities for further evolvement.

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

CHAPTER 2. THEORY AND PROBLEM EXPLANATION BASIS The problems started in the introductory chapter and problem formulation, need some necessary explanation to be completely and thoroughly answered. That is why, in this chapter, the focus will be made on the theoretical aspects of the stated matter. We will try to bring the issue closer to the source and answer some theoretically based questions to investigate the area of interest. Among those questions, there will be an explanation of BIM itself and its difference to the traditional method of designing to show the rightness of the approach and its implementation necessity. We will aim to establish those aspects toward its impact on sustainable design and enhancing LEED and BREEAM assumptions.

2.1. What is the difference between traditional and BIM way of designing, and what connection does it have to sustainable design?

To be able to fully answer what impact does BIM have on the sustainable design, we need first to examine how does BIM work and what does sustainable design mean, as well as study the differences between the BIM and traditional methodology of designing. It will also help within the further solution searching for the problem statement.

2.1.1. What is BIM? BIM – Building Information Modelling – “is a process for creating and managing information on a construction project across the project lifecycle” (NBS, 2016) The Building Information Modelling is 3D digital representation of the building, which includes all the internal information and database about the objects and materials as well as services and components.

According to the definition made by the National BIM Standard, BIM ”is a digital tool disrupting the construction industry as a platform for central integrated design, modelling, asset planning running and cooperation”. (Poljansek, 2017) BIM can correspond to many topics and definitions within, as well as communicate to different areas of building performance. The most important yet, within BIM, is the integrity of the whole project: from concept design, architectural design, analysis – such as lightning, site performance, heating, energy consumption, cost, material usage to building services and technology, construction operation, lifecycle performance, within one model.

The new approach that consists of all data within one model could be introduced to various stakeholders and participants of the building industry process. The collaboration can be then made on a higher level, where all parties can influence and access the database. To make the integration and collaboration even smoother, and reduce errors within the data exchange, 12

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

in 1995, the International Foundation Class (IFC) file format was developed. The idea was created by buildingSMART – the international organisation that aims to help the better information flow between software – and since then, commonly used on the global scale.

The IFC model is specified to be open and available and is registered as an official International Standard (ISO 16739-1:2018). As there is much software within BIM use among AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) sector – such as – Revit, ArchiCAD, Autodesk BIM 360, Navisworks, BIMx, Rhino, and many others, the use of IFC file format is binding then and enhancing the exchange of the data information. The file also gives the opportunities for the collaboration among various tools and programs, e.g. Solibri, that aim to reduce clashes by detecting them on time and decrease the number of errors or ProcessLab, that target toward the best solution and option choice.

Figure 1. Levels of BIM Henin L., 2015 [electronic print] Available at: https://www.hexabim.com/blog/tout-sur-le-bim-level-2 BIM helps within the approach of the offices but can vary between them as they are many different ways of its use. In the work of the offices, we can also clarify the approaches toward the used methodology, based on the way how workflow runs, and what are their goals. The strategies also refer to the LOD – Level of Development – the amount of detail included in the building model and all related information. Based on the approach, the LOD can differ, but the main goal and idea behind the BIM tool stay the same.

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

Approaches of BIM “Lonely” BIM – It works where the drawing office uses BIM tools only internally within the one firm and share the data outside only by two-dimensional drawings. (Arayici, et al., 2012) “Social” BIM – The way is more collaborative, and it enhances the sharing of the model within other fields and disciplines, providing the access for the model to civil engineers, architects, construction managers, and subcontractors. It allows for better information flow within the whole project stage development. (Arayici, et al., 2012) “Intimate” BIM – It is realized in terms of architects’ team collaborating with constructing managers and owners share their knowledge, risks, and rewards within the basis of the contract. (Arayici, et al., 2012) Regardless of the approach and level of BIM development (as well as the LOD) initialising in the designing process has the same basics. The model that corresponds to the real-life investment consists of data and information, that processed should give the fuller and a better overview of the process and help with the decision making. The attribute that here is essential – integrity - in the traditional method is not yet developed as there is the separation between the perspective view of a building and its layouts. However, what exactly is the difference in the process of creating between BIM and traditional methodology?

2.1.2. How does the traditional design process work?

For the past years, the basics of the architectural and construction process of the building industry were based on the 2-dimensional drawing projects (for the development of the drawing methodology see Figure 2.). At the beginning all drawings were made by hand, but that times are already far behind this era. The most common nowadays is the digital drawings made with the lines and polylines, but still lacking the overview and strict connection to the 3D projections, as well as the integrated data of the whole building structure.

Designers and architects use sketches and visualisation of the 3D perspectives, while contractors and engineers are basing the work on the plans and layouts of the specific elements of the project. In the past, stakeholders were using tracing papers, now the CAD (Computer-aided design) industry specialized and modernized the whole process within their digital representations of the drawing plans, including the layers for each specialist. The system, though modernized, is still susceptible to mistakes and errors.

In the traditional process, the work is spread among the stakeholders, where each one is working on the unique, separate industry drawing. That distribution of work needs 14

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

coordination and compatibility check-ups. The system though is popular within years on the global scale, might be time-consuming. The mistakes that show in the process, usually influence not only the plans itself but also cross-sections and elevations, which makes the progress of adapting and adjusting changes longer and less efficient within the time frame of the project completion. (Czmoch & Pękala, 2014) It is though still considered as the most common approach among many countries and as the stakeholders are used to them is very hard within enhancing.

Figure 2. The development of the drawing methods BibLus, Acca Software, 2018 [electronic print] Available at: http://biblus.accasoftware.com/fr/niveaux-de-maturite-du-bim-au-royaume-uni-il-serapproche-de-lobjectif-du-niveau-3-pour-2020/bim-evolution-uk/

However, we can see that those two – BIM and traditional – forms and systems are different, but yet seems to flow one from the other. BIM becomes the modern tool, that within time probably will replace known methods, same as CAD and digital layouts, replaced pencil and tracing papers. As it gives more opportunities within the project, we can already state that the implementation of BIM is a need in today’s building industry that can improve the entire process on the workflow and collaboration level within the office and designing teams.

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

Although, how does it impact the sustainable design itself? Does it encourage the offices toward a better solution to research and improve the impact on the environment?

First, we need to answer what is sustainable design and what opportunities do LEED and BREEAM certificates create within the architecture.

2.1.4. What is sustainable design?

Given by the Oxford English dictionary, sustainability is: • the ability to be maintained at a specific rate or level.

"The sustainability of economic growth." (Oxford Dictionary, 1993) • avoidance of the depletion of natural resources to maintain an ecological balance. "the pursuit of global environmental sustainability." (Oxford Dictionary, 1993) As the definition provides, sustainability refers to two aspects: economic and ecological, combining them as they influence each other and bound through the third aspect – social factor. The whole process of becoming sustainable, according to the dictionary is, for architecture, focusing on fulfilling the demands the technology, society, environment, and economy brings, to reach a balance between all aspects (Figure 1.). Only within the balance, the best outcome can be made and the most influence on the refreshing approach.

Three aspects of sustainable design Environment – The component of the environment in terms of sustainability is the ability placed on nature even without the reduction of its capacity. It is established in the times that all humanity can live in balance, as well now as in the future. The main goal of environmental sustainability is to avoid degradation and depletion of the natural sources by defining the responsible interactions with nature itself. It is focused on the aspects such as energy consumption, CO2 emissions, reuse of materials and rainwater, choice of the heating source and the impact of material productions of building materials on the environment, waste and demolition components. (Mortensen , 2017) Society – Social aspect of the sustainability focuses on the creation of the proper quality level for human life, taking into consideration both individual well-being and overall of the social welfare, making improvements. It mostly refers to the interaction between space and human being in terms of personal aspects and functioning of the whole community. In terms of architecture, it revolves around public areas, indoor atmosphere, green spaces, and landscape design, making sure the environment is created with respect, safety, accessibility, and liveability. (Mortensen , 2017) 16

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

Economy – Economic aspect creates the possibilities of the economic growth within the respect for environmental limits. It has become the critical aspect of architectural development in terms of operating cost (and its reduction), value and profits of establishments (also enhancing its assets), the lifecycle of economic performance (optimizing it). The aspects of economic sustainability can be accomplished by setting the balance on the environmental impact and applicability of natural resources. (Mortensen , 2017)

Figure 3. Three aspects of sustainability Owczarski, 2008 [electronic print] Available at: https://louisville.edu/sustainability/images/Sustainability3RingDiagram.png/image_view_f ullscreen Sustainability itself does not give us yet the whole picture of the sustainable design, but its translation into the standards and most important issues within the definition can be seen in the tools providing the better outcome within the building industry itself. There are many technical regulations regarding environmental impact and sustainability of the created architecture. Ones that are the most suitable for the general knowledge and provide the 17

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

opinion about the level of durability within the projects are ecological “green” certificates.

So far, the most common and used are LEED and BREEAM certificates – see Figure 4.

Figure 4. LEED and BREEAM diagram (Guldager & Birgisdottir, 2018)

Studies have shown that a connection between sustainable certificates (LEED/BREEAM) within the Building Information Modelling increase. In the last years, the “Design for the Environment” approach has become more significant. It changes the process of building the industry into more environmentally focused and friendly, taking into account the assumptions of Environmental Assessment Criteria. In cooperation with BIM, implemented in the early stages can become an effective motivator and concept basis.

2.1.5. What LEED stands for?

Leadership in Energy Environmental Design (LEED) – The American system of ecological certification, that includes green building, based on the multi-criteria. It was developed in the early 90s in the United States by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). The points are given across the seven aspects to the building, and the sum of them shows one of the 4 rating levels - Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum. (Guldager & Birgisdottir, 2018)

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

Table 1. The criteria of LEED (Bolognesi, et al., 2012) Location Usage of water sources Energy and atmosphere Materials and resources The level of internal climate Innovation Regional priorities

max. 26 points max 10 points max 35 points max 14 points max 15 points max 6 points max 4 points

2.1.6. What BREEAM stands for?

Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) – is the multi-criteria green building certificate that is based in the United Kingdom. The buildings are evaluated through 10 different categories, each of which has a specific number of sub-categories and transferred into the percentage shows the result of the one out of five certification levels – Pass; Good; Very good; Excellent; Outstanding. (Guldager & Birgisdottir, 2018)

Table 2. The criteria of BREEAM (Bolognesi, et al., 2012) Management Health and internal climate Energy Transportation Water Materials Waste Pollution Ground usage and ecology Innovation

max. 12% max 15% max 19% max 8% max 6% max 12,5% max 7,5% max 10% N/A max 10%

Building Information Modelling focuses on designing the building and finding the best possible solution to architecture and construction. Therefore, in the early stages, it pays particular attention to the analysis evolving around the object and within, such as location, building orientation on the plot, building form and envelope, daylight, water harvesting, energy modelling and potential materials and its aspect toward sustainable design. With the help of BIM, those analyses and various alternatives within can be transferred onto information about energy and simulation tools, that validate the efficiency of the investment.

BIM gives the team a great control over the products that are installed in the building, and 19

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

so the team can introduce more sufficient ideas and concepts into their creation. Based on the LEED and BREEAM Environmental Assessments, the options regarded during the analytical process can be adjusted so that it has a better outcome and achieve higher certificate results.

Figure 5. The integration of LEED within the process in the flowchart (Jalaei & Jrade, 2015)

That approach can influence the project mostly on the earlier, concept stages but also in the later phases, when within the corrections and modifications, thanks to BIM, the project can be elevated into the higher level.

The effectiveness connected with having the Environment Assessment Criteria in developed building puts the property in the better stage not only in the environmental 20

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

aspects. It can also affect the attractiveness within the possible buyers and tenants. Usually, a building classified within LEED or BREEAM is more accessible within renting, and the cost of maintenance and operation is lower.

However, the certificates are still more additional aspects on which the designers not always have an influence. The clients and investors are more responsible for decision making when it comes to the use of certificates within the investment. The whole process (Figure 5.) while taking into consideration is based on the steps and prequalification of the chosen options and testing of the impacts of the building, that will have an influence on the further stages of project development and at the end leading toward the certified building.

Unfortunately, the idea of sustainable design, yet significant and world-changing, it is still dependent on the money – the leading and most important factor in today’s building industry. Due to that, the current project, yet trying to follow better ideas on the environmental impacts still lack restrictions that could help to move toward improvement.

(Jalaei & Jrade, 2015)

Within this paper, we will focus on the process of implementation of the BIM in the drawing offices, that concludes the idea behind the sustainable design, according to the LEED and BREEAM certificates, as well as its advantages toward that matter. The whole implementation process, its risks, and benefits will be developed later in the next chapter, in order to answer the main problem – How come the overall of the companies yet not implemented BIM to achieve a better sustainable outcome, that leads toward a better LEED and BREEAM certificate use, and how early in the design process they should consider introducing that approach?

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BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

CHAPTER 3. THEORETICAL RESEARCH ANALYSIS 3.1. How come BIM implementation help with achieving a better design with a less negative environmental impact?

All over the world, BIM has become the tool for a better and more understanding process of architectural and construction design, integrating all involved stakeholders. It has been a part of the mandatory requirement, already in the United States, within the public investments as well as in the United Kingdom. (Grzyl, et al., 2017) The research of the possible solutions and systems that are beneficial for BIM implementation, as well as the problems within the matter, should be taken into account, as it is crucial to remember the whole technology of BIM and the tools that might be helpful within the project. For the system to be implemented the focus on the following assumptions should be taken into consideration (Grzyl, et al., 2017): • • •

•

The model is controlled and is made up to date, so every change and modification in the design is considered within it The data storage in the model should be made with the possibility of access from all the stakeholders taking part in the investment The data storage is made as a part of a digital model showing the real-life plan building within its capacity, materials, equipment, and components and through its entire lifecycle. The information should be as well specified within the Level of Development A model is a tool for the cooperation between various stakeholders

Building Information Modelling brings the companies a lot of opportunities, possibilities, and benefits, as it makes the design process smoother and more manageable, developing the whole building industry. However, it is also exposed to various threats and risks.

In all investments using BIM technology, there is a basis for the collaboration, which means that all the parties involved had their tasks, elements, and aspects of fulfilling — from the investors, architects, engineers, constructing managers to contractors, technicians, and installers. The harmony within those tasks can influence the workflow and get a more satisfactory outcome. For all the parties involved, there are though both benefits and risks within the implementation of BIM in general.

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3.1.1. Benefits The concept of making sustainable design is a complex process that spread beyond the usage of energy- efficiency systems. The idea impacts the whole design process and construction phases, also effecting the further maintenance and operation of the building.

Considering the broader aspects of sustainable architecture, we can provide better results for the design.

Building Information Modelling has been for the last years, one of the most influential technology when it comes to modern architecture thinking and construction process. What is the relation to sustainable design and how those two aspects relate? During the BIM implementation, we can see the project clearer, and there is better transparency within the design itself. Thanks to the BIM tools, better efficiency and control can be taken through the whole process, starting from the design and toward construction and operation phase among all the parties and stakeholders (Figure 6.).

Figure 6. BIM flow among stakeholders within the levels Audier, et al., 2017 [electronic print] Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2017/process-industries-engineered-products-bimrevolution-comes-building-materials.aspx Better transparency | Better efficiency | Better control What do transparency, efficiency, and control of BIM look like? Within BIM, we can see the data of the building in one multi-field model. It allows architects, designers, contractors, engineers, and suppliers to provide their knowledge into the project and share in the multidisciplinary environment. Having access to the database of the project offers the opportunity for the decisions to be made more environmentally responsible, which will have 23

BIM implementation in the new practises with accordance to sustainable design in terms of LEED and BREEAM building certificates |Karolina Ewa Piotrowska | 27/09/2019

a better outcome in the further lifecycle of the building. It means that all involved stakeholders have their access and can put their investments into the project during its whole lifecycle. It creates the possibilities to store all necessary information and characteristics, helping each stakeholder for the decision making, as the process of designing is complicated and complex. BIM within 3D modelling provides better real-time simulation through all the stages, step after step, allowing better workflow and more straightforward and reliable decision making. It provides advantages such as time savings, better efficiency, design improvement, reduction of errors and mistakes as well as the better look of the environmental impact through the whole lifecycle of the building. The definition of helping and providing those possibilities assume that the building is a product itself, with its lifecycle, and the materials and geometrical parameters. (InterFocus, 2019) As for the clarity and issue check-ups, the mentioned earlier in chapter 2.1.2. Solibri program can help within the design team, decreasing the clashes and errors. When using the software of BIM, there is a possibility of exporting the model into IFC file format and then passing it through the systems (such as e.g. Solibri). In that case, the better visuality and control over the project can be taken. The integrity and quality of the model, created space, extracted quantities, and verification toward building codes and regulations, can be enhanced through that inspection. The more control over the project in its early stages, the better the outcome, and performance. For the better workflow, there are also advantages that various stakeholders itself can take and develop, so the process of data exchange and decision making can be run smoothly.

Additionally, while making the decisions within the sustainability aim, the BIM models can be run not only through programs like Solibri that will check them for the clashes and the compatibility with the regulations and restrictions. The model can be made within the various scripts (made in, e.g. Grasshopper or Ladybug) and then, according to Simon Arnbjerg run through the program called ProcessLab, that will produce the analysis within the sustainable aspects and factors, showing the designer the most balanced option. Within that tool, the process of decision making can be simplified. The lack of the “human factor” make a choice less susceptible to mistakes and errors, providing a better performance within the entire investment.

BIM technology within various stakeholders Engineer and Architect – possibilities created within BIM technology allows for the better workflow and parallel work of multiple parties involved in the design process. The work made on the model is possible within more than one user thanks to the central model, which cooperates on the higher level and makes the collaboration between different engineers, specialists, technicians, and architects easier. The digital model within all the data helps with better changing and modifications of the project from the architectural concept, through inventors’ changes and operation phases. It eliminates collision and, in the outcome, 24

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decrease the cost of the design, which is more complicated to find during the traditional techniques. It provides more flexible adjustments even on further stages of the process thanks to automatically generated information and technical issues, as well as all the documentation needed within the whole progress. (Grzyl, et al., 2017) Contractor – using the technology that BIM creates, the work of contractors becomes easier.

The work with the digital models on the levels of 4D or 5D allows contractors to generate all kinds of schedule, such as work schedule, products prices bills, and quantities, deliveries schedules with the detailing, all within the flexible document formats. The software that is compatible with BIM can also optimise the logistics of contractors work thanks to the actions such as the natural control and management over the information data like timelines for the prefabricated elements and construction plans and operations (within the usage of special equipment) and placement of cranes and other work equipment. It is also suitable within the construction phase, referring to the MEP (Mechanical, electrical and plumbing) aspect of building development. MEP refers to the points that in the public sector of the building industry are specialized by the engineering companies. MEP is essential in terms of planning and cost and performance estimation, as well as the operation and maintenance of the chosen construction. Contractors within the help of BIM can control the MEP process smoother and rely on a better outcome. The system can be improved with accuracy and clashes reduction.

(Grzyl, et al., 2017) Investor – investor’s work is dependent and focus on the value and cost of the investment, considering so that it will become profitable and worth investing. Within the decision always lies the risk of failure and money loss. Implementation of BIM helps with prediction even in the early stages, and thanks to that, makes the decision process more realistic and based on the more positive aspects. What is more, technology is providing control over managing the building parameters, and it affects the cost of the entire investment. The profitability that makes the investment worth the effort is defined as the total cost of it, including the prices for the 1m2 3-dimensional space and 1m3 of volume, as well as the additional costs that consist of location, usability and attraction drove to the investment itself. That is why, using BIM is crucial within the work of investors, as the great responsibility comes within their management. (Grzyl, et al., 2017)

Sustainable benefits Cost reduction of the investment itself The studies driven in the United States are showing that BIM can help within the cost reduction of the total investment budget. Beginning from the early stages such as the design phase of the building, it helps within the project delivery and preparation, improving the quality of the driven data and reducing the amount of the errors within the design. The research shows that adjusting the design process even only for 2-3%, changes the cost of the

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entire investment dramatically improving and leading toward a better outcome. (Grzyl, et al., 2017) Material reuse and reduction As BIM cooperates with the information data about the entire project, it can show the quantities and qualities of the used materials, enhancing the options and improving the choice. Thanks to those parameters, the less loos of the materials can be seen. As it also provides the lifecycle performance overview, the designers can see the potential reuse of the used materials and its recycling process.

Energy efficiency BIM, within its tools, provides the opportunity for the minimalisation of the energy used in the project and finding solutions that can affect the outcome, making it more efficient. Connecting models of the investment with energy analyses can show during the whole process the insights of the various options and enhancing possibilities. It makes the entire process clearer, providing fewer errors and better changes emplacements. The technology can also show the overall behaviour of the building within its predicted maintenance and lifecycle. (Burczyk , 2018)

3.1.2. Risks The fact that there are multiple advantages of BIM in unspeakable. However, as all method and approach, this one also has some threats. What are the risks of implementing BIM then?

Comparing the traditional and BIM approach, the results show that the more collaborative ways draws more attention and has better results in the overall outcome.

However, being a small company that still cannot implement BIM techniques, in most cases, disclaims those offices within the game of customers win. It may result in the job losses and overall elimination of the marketplace. Within this, the other issues occur about using the specific formats of the software and changing that from the traditional. It is still considered, among the stakeholders that documentation provided with .dwg and other traditional file formats are more dependable. In that case, the problems may occur among all the parties involved in the process.

Implementation of BIM focuses mostly on the long-term and complex projects, as that is what is worth within this methodology the most, as it is associated with the cost, knowledge, and experience of the whole process and its participants. It concludes the disadvantage at the beginning of the BIM use that draws bigger budget into consideration before it becomes sufficient and adequate. The whole process of collaboration between the stakeholders must also be organized on the matter and legal level. The workflow between the participants should be considered, especially within the new offices, where the BIM 26

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environment is not known on a large scale. The changes made within the legal level, introducing original copyright and agreements also makes the whole implementation progress slower and more complex. As for this, the time that always plays a massive role within the investments can be the issue of the matter. The additional hours needed for its participants to overcome all obstacles and learn the new approach makes the entire timeline increased.

Another risk that is drawn within BIM, but mostly within the demands, that regulate the use of BIM, that force stakeholders to continually grow and develop within a small amount of time, dictated by the threat of losing contracts. On the long-term, this though becomes an opportunity for the companies to evolve and extend their borders, which can lead toward a more considerable amount of job opportunities. Depending on the perspective, analysis of this aspect can provide either a positive or negative outcome.

The designing aspects of creating the architectural object require a significant amount of interaction, planning, and thought. The whole process reflects on the further developed idea and its assumptions. It brings us to the diversity of used option within the entire designing process and its capability to reflect the real-life architecture. When using BIM, the process of developing in terms of analytical aspects is simplified, and the options are better visible. However, when it comes to the tedious elements of making the model itself, architects must rely on the integrated libraries, that have various objects, features, and components. To be able to use the diversity of options within the analyses, we must be able to proceed with the modelling work. Unfortunately, in today's global resources, the components are still standard and straightforward, reducing creativity. Digital representation can be transferred into the model and show the desired effect, but the data and information, that lead toward functional features that are the essence of the BIM environment are still not wholly aligning. That barrier can extensively reduce and limit innovative solutions. (Grzyl, et al., 2017) Now when we established the most important aspects of BIM implementation, its risks, benefits, and overall influence of the offices’ workflow, we should ask ourselves when exactly should that process be introduced? Does application in the new offices should be related only for the latest projects, where the approach change can be implemented from the initial stages or does the later implementation is better?

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3.2. How early should we consider implementing BIM, so it has the best environmental outcome?

Implementation of BIM can influence the workflow of the company, drawing both opportunities and risks within its process. When we say about the long- term effect, BIM has its advantage of helping within the time structure of the project and the whole lifecycle process as well as a better sustainable impact and influence on the environment. However, implementing BIM in the new offices can be tricky and time-consuming, especially when talking about small companies that consist of just a few employees and stakeholders involved in the investment process. When although all the consequences within the implementation, there is still a desire to do so, the question appears and comes into the mind of the management crew. How early then we should consider implementing BIM, so it has the best outcome?

The research-based on the questionnaires and interviews show that the majority of architects and designers consider implementing BIM within the early stages, even already during the tender and concept phase. Why is that system considered the best?

When using BIM, the most important becomes the communication between stakeholders and the impact the tool can influence the whole process. In that case, the most sufficient and making sense seems to introduce it within the earlies stage. Of course, implementing BIM can bring opportunities within the later implementation; however, when we take the whole process into analysis, we can see that this way is the most efficient. During the idea concept, designers focus on various propositions for the same project, as to find the best and most suitable one, that will be implemented in further stages. They need to focus on the analysis and researches that can bring sometimes conflicting data and information.

To be able to examine that in the best way, they need to take into consideration various aspects and factors. BIM can help within that process, making sure that the decision made on this very early stage is at least one of the best ones. Implementing BIM in the primary stages rejects the obvious mistakes and errors, which are more familiar to occur within the traditionally based process. It might affect the schedule and extend the concept process, but the corrections made in the early stage will influence the entire further development and give more positive effects later in the process.

That effect is also known within the IDP (Integrated Design Process) and shown on the MacLeamy curve (Figure 7.). BIM and IDP are known to have the same structure of the process and relativity to the cost, time and overall outcome of the project, and is shown on the diagram. Connecting the IDP within the BIM can bring even better result as they both are based on the same basics. Within this research, we can say that the more effort put in the beginning, the best result we can contribute. When we established that the best way is to introduce the new system in the early stage of project management, we need to think about the entire process of its implementation. As it is involved, it will take time and additional cost.

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Figure 7. The MacLeamy curve for the BIM process ((CURT), 2004)

3.3. What is the overall opinion on the use of certificates in the building industry?

As we can see from the previous chapter, there is a connection between the BIM technology and the more sustainable approach toward building industry. If the link is valid and enhancing the idea of sustainable design, how come not all the building are certified?

Although the best solutions are made within the offices, which implemented BIM, toward the less environmental impact options, especially during the concept development and analysis making, it is still considered as an additional advantage, not a full requirement.

Within the industry, the investors and clients have the most say in terms of sustainability of the investment. The great ideas are still connected within the enormous cost. The higher certified building, the more budget it needs from the client to invest. All come with the price.

As BIM might create more opportunities within the field, the issue is still more about the money, no matter how the grater idea is.

However, the idea of sustainable architecture not only conclude the certificates but the general overview of the building in terms of the environmental impact and the workflow in the company. Within this, even when the money is issued, and the client is the decisionmaking party, BIM is still enhancing the work among the employees and improves the quality of the projects (as stated in the previous chapter). Within this field, we need to 29

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consider the whole process and change that it will make from the traditional methodology toward more developed one and how.

3.4. How should the process of implementation in the new practices look like?

The process of BIM implementation can vary based on the needs and the current designing strategies of the offices itself, as well as the chosen approach (described in 2.1.).

It is then challenging to state the only path, as there is no particular one suitable for everyone.

The small offices will implement BIM on a different basis than larger ones. It will depend on how many people and employees know the methodology and the opinion about the new approach and the overall impression of the BIM among them. Within the various systems and process of implementation, we can, however, state some primary and similar stages almost all of the offices have to embrace when they consider BIM implementation and the change of the used methodology and systems. (Arayici, et al., 2012) Stages of considering during BIM implementation (Sandvik & Fougner, 2018): • • • •

Diagnosis with the review of the current approach Plan of action for the application with the research basis The implementation with the methodology changes Evaluation with the study of the changes and conclusion of the further corrections

Figure 8. The BIM implementation process (Arayici, et al., 2011)

The entire process of the BIM implementation should be held with collaboration between all the involved parties and communication balance. There are many factors to consider, and they have to be taken into consideration to avoid the errors and misconceptions leading toward so-called BIM wash. The state of BIM wash is one of the threats while 30

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implementing the methodology in the new practices. Lack of knowledge or superficial approach toward the matter can impede the entire process and harm further work. Those risks show how important is the initial phase of the BIM implementation and the research provided before the start of the process itself. (Arayici, et al., 2012) Diagnosis – The main aim of this phase would be to research and evaluate the current approach toward the structure of the existing design process to see its advantages and disadvantages. This clarification can help on the further stages within the improvement of the work strategy through BIM. Action plan – The primary purpose is to find the best solution toward the implementation itself. To do that, the offices should introduce the system to all parties involved and take upon themselves the coordination between them. The research toward BIM itself should be a large part of this investigation. The insightful recognition within the matter will affect not only in a better and smoother implementation but will enhance and improve further work efficiency. To use BIM, employees need to know as much as they can, so it will not affect on embracing problems and issues. The action plan phase is the process of learning, researching, gaining knowledge and adaption to the new approach and methodology to find the proper way of the switch. This phase should also serve the planned settlement for the implementation itself.

The implementation process is not only the learning and approaching game but also considering the other issues such as cost, leadership, collaboration and decision making within the practice. Here are some factors to be included in the action plan strategy (McPartland, 2016): • •

• • • • •

There must be leadership for the process that is entirely sure about the rightness of the approach change and who is going to be the decision-making party Standards and methodology for the BIM workflow (level of BIM, software, tools, team management for BIM, rules for the data information storage and structure of technical documentation) Stuff training and education, through courses, lectures, tasks, exercises, and research, experiments The cost of the entire process (software purchase, holding the education process, hiring qualified specialists) Consideration of the impact the change will bring within The time frame and setting up realistic goals Considering the potential threats and risks that may occur during the process

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The implementation phase – The strategy discussed in the previous steps should be now taken into action and implemented. Firstly, we need to recognise the process of adaptation, where the theoretical data will be introduced to the practical system and evaluated during that time. It is still a process of learning, where the new approaches are checked and enhanced alongside the implementation. The phase is crucial as it changes the methodology used before entirely in the end. The steps should be divided, so the change is being introduced more regularly and efficiently within the less risk appearance.

Evaluation – When the implementation phase is over, and the new methodology is used within the projects, and the constant review must be held to avoid errors and implement improvement.

BIM is an extensive technology within different aspects, even after implementing, there is always updates and new elements to learn, research, and embrace. The whole process is never-ending, as the new features are introduced daily. However, this is more the evolution along with the new system, that the practices need to consider developing and grow.

(Arayici, et al., 2012)

3.5. What are the differences between the implementation of BIM in Polish and Danish standards?

To have a better overview of the implementation process and its beneficial aspects of the sustainable design the comparison between Poland and Denmark was made as to the additional research basis, which helps to achieve the full solution within the topic of matter.

3.5.1. BIM in Poland Poland is one of the countries that BIM technology is not yet stated as a requirement within the building industry. It is still more considered as a trend and addition to the Polish architectural and construction standards indifference to the countries like United Kingdom, United States or even Denmark.

The research about BIM in Poland is though still processing and being developed, as to find and state how many companies are using it and on what level. The solutions for the implementation approach and the necessity of BIM methodology are also given as an additional investigation factor. According to the article “Prospects for the use of BIM in Poland and the Czech Republic – Preliminary research results” (Juszczyk, et al., 2015) the survey was done within the Polish building industry about the BIM implementation and knowledge among the cross-disciplinary employees.

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“A web-based survey was carried out to analyze the construction industry’s use of Building Information Modelling in Poland. The survey was conducted to assess the knowledge of the BIM concept, academic research included. The study involved 43 respondents. The survey was completed by individuals in a variety of positions within the construction industry, including owners (2%), designers (21%), designer assistants (28%), site managers (9%), work managers (5%) and others (35%), such as engineers, and estimators. Sixteen per cent of the respondents worked as a building contractor, twenty-five percentage as a structure engineer, nineteen percentage as a sanitary installation engineer, twelve per cent as an architect, seven per cent in the road sector and twenty-eight in other kinds of the construction profession. The participants in this survey worked mainly in microcompanies (39%) and average companies (26%), small (23%) and large companies (12%).

Work experience of the respondents was for 32% below two years, for 26% between 2 and 5 years, for 21% between 5 and 10 years and 21% above ten years.� (Juszczyk, et al., 2015)

The results show that the knowledge about BIM is high and grows up to 81%, although only 23% of them is implementing technology into their daily work. What is more important the majority of the surveyed said that they do not know any plans introducing BIM technology within their drawing offices and the main reason for that was pointed to be not enough information about the system from the owners and providers. (Juszczyk, et al., 2015)

Do you know the possibility of applying the BIM methodology in the process construction? It is a technology for modelling information about buildings, with the possibility of designing in a 3D environment (KPMG, 2016)

Yes, I know about the method, but I do not have any experience in it

Yes, I know about the method and I use it entirely Yes, I know the method and I use some of its elements

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Would you be able to use the BIM methodology within the public investments in today’s work environment? (KPMG, 2016)

No, I am not able due to the lack of knowledge and experience among the stuff No, I am not able due to the lack of software No, I am not able (other reasons) Don't know Yes, I am able Yes, I am able, if there will be provided right collaboration from other stakeholders

Does your company consider investing in BIM technology in the future? (KPMG, 2016)

Yes, within next five years

Yes, within next one year

No

No, unless the requirement will change

Don't know

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Are the investors prepared to the BIM implementation in the public investments?

(KPMG, 2016)

Yes, I believe they will be able to manage that

Yes, but additional courses must be held

No, they do not have basic knowledge about that

No, they are not prepaird enough

I do not have an opinion

The conclusion of the research would consist of: •

•

•

•

•

•

The general opinion that rapid deployment of BIM could bring risks such as lack of standards and that both architects and contractors will not be able to cooperate due to not sufficient knowledge about the matter There is a diversity of opinions about the cost of BIM – the companies that have already implemented it has a positive impression, the ones that still work on traditional methods believe that cost of implementing BIM will be high and exceed the benefits that the methodology brings within The issue of the risks also mentioned according to the knowledge, and general standards show that it is challenging to implement BIM, due to lack of knowledge and experience in the investors, architects, and contractors, as well as the lack of standardised requirements from the country and government The implementation of BIM in the Polish standards also requires the change in the agreements between the stakeholders of the entire project – this means the new development of contracts between the participants The pilot projects are not widely accessible and analysed in Poland within the matter of BIM implementation. That is why it makes it even more difficult for new companies to change their approach Most of the companies in Poland are consist of a small group of employees, which can drive risks during BIM implementation due to the different structure of the companies and offices (KPMG, 2016)

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3.5.2. BIM in Denmark The history of implementing BIM in Denmark goes back to the year 2006. At that time, the regulation, concerning information and communication technology, was issued. It is called the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and was used since 2007 on the part of the newly started projects, that was financed with the country budget. The requirement applied to all the investments over three billion Danish Krones. It was providing the requirements to use of: •

Use of ProjectWeb solution, within all the information about the project, should be sent through the Internet with the assurance that all the projects can be accepted and analysed ProjectWeb is the process that creates the opportunity of transferring the data through the network that be either accessible for everyone on only restricted for individual users. It is used within the architecture field among stakeholders, to have the proper data and information flow

•

The investor was obligated to specify the content of the 3D model, including all quantity and quality of geometrical requirements. It means that stakeholders had to have significant competence and knowledge within the BIM technology Creating the description and data about building components The use of IFC file format for the model files (from 2011)

• •

Within the years, it was changing into more strict rules applying toward more projects, no matter their costs and budget. Although, the more regulations concerned not the method of creating the aspects of BIM but introducing the system of BIM technology itself. (KPMG, 2016) The research-based in the Danish building industry, held by the company MT Hojgaard in 2014, showed that within 100 projects from years 2009-2014, 74% was made with the BIM technology, but the model was supplied for the contractor in 61%, which means that it was used only within the design matter, without the construction use. 37% of projects had technical documentation on a very high level that didn’t need any changes and modifications.

The analyses show the connection between the use of the 3D modelling to the technical documentation – the one with the high result was made within 2-dimensional software only in 15%, and the one with reduced quality – in 79%. (KPMG, 2016)

As we see from this comparison, there are many differences between the stage of BIM development within the Polish and Danish standards. Some are faster and on the higher stage of evolvement, some on just initial phase, both of them, however, leading toward the approach changes. How come the process varies between those countries and what is its reason?

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3.6. How come Polish offices are not keen on implementing BIM as much as Danish ones?

The research made within the Polish and Danish industry shows that the approach to projects following the BIM use is different in both those countries. The difference mostly results in the stage in which those industries are right now. In Denmark, BIM technology was already started being implemented in the year 2007. Since that time, it has become the national requirement supported by the regulations and building standards. Over those years, the use of BIM was adapted and customised to the drawing offices and projects itself. That approach changed the general opinion toward the matter, making it easier to apply nowadays.

On the other hand, Polish industry is still in the stage where BIM is treated only as an addition to the project, not a requirement. The lack of knowledge and experience within the stakeholders makes it complicated to change the entire industry approach. Taking into consideration that all the stakeholders and parties involved in the building process as a whole would have to collaborate and work together, allowing everyone to adjust and access the data of the project, one program has to be in use. Within this additional cost of software that supports BIM environment and the cost of implementation makes the offer not worth taking, even considering the long-term benefits within the building itself.

The industry of architectural construction is yet in a rapid and constant change. The world approach can also have a significant impact on both Polish and Danish standards, pushing them toward more prominent development and evolution.

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CHAPTER 4. PRACTICAL RESEARCH ANALYSIS 4.1. Table of participants in the questionnaire The questionnaire made for the quantitively base of this report was divided into two types and produced among the majority of Poland and Denmark, but also worldwide: • •

The online survey with the possibility of the anonymous made opinions The questionnaires sent through e-mails and made through personal interviews with the individual persona connected to the BIM field.

Table 3. Participants in the research questionnaire Name

Company/ School

Type/Occupation Age

Simon Arnbjerg

Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects

Architectural drawing office

Mette Christensen

N/A

Gregory LJ Holland

N/A

Experience Country 11

Denmark

Architectural office 30

1

Denmark

N/A

Student

21

3

UK

Tomasz Rospędek

RR Architekci/ BIM Department Poland

Architectural drawing office

N/A

8

Poland

Piotr Smolira

Aalborg University

Student

24

1

Poland/ Denmark

N/A

NIRAS/ Aalborg University

Engineering company/ Building Informatica Master student

27

3.5

Denmark

N/A

N/A

Construction company

27

2

Australia

N/A

N/A

Vendor

36

1

Poland

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4.2. What positive opinions do the users have?

“You see the results of your work immediately, 2) it's easy to correct what you've done wrong, 3) you decide if you want to make your project more and more detailed and featured - there is always a chance to develop or to stop it”. – Annonymous, Online questionnaire

“So far we had projects that introduce us to file exchange and collaboration. I can say that you have to be competent in tools which you're about to use and know your goal (if you're BIM manager, or want to implement BIM in your company and projects). If the company won't utilize BIM properly, there's no point to implement it. In this semester we're learning Dynamo, python - so more software-oriented. But we also learn about knowledge management in AEC industry, so that is going to be interesting. And projects will be more focused on actual BIM, file, information exchange, analysis, and automatization”. (Piotr Smolira, Aalborg University, Online questionnaire 2019)

“I believe the quality improves, critical problems are found in early stages, makes the collaboration between different companies easier”. (Anonymous, NIRAS/ Aalborg University, Online questionnaire 2019)

“It is positive as I can see a lot of potential and tools. Which makes the process shorter and less time consuming for the architect”. (Mette Christensen, Architectural drawing office, Online questionnaire 2019)

“Fewer clashes in the short term means fewer mistakes when on site. This leads to fluency during the construction process and less time spent fixing mistakes made during the design process.” (Gregory LJ Holland, United Kingdom, Online questionnaire 2019)

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4.3. What negative opinions do the users have?

“Because of a lack of people who can implement it correctly.” (Anonymous, Construction company, Online questionnaire 2019)

“For people who come into contact with BIM for the first time, the expectations are sometimes enormously high. If these are not immediately paid for, BIM is sometimes immediately written off.” (Bibert, N/A, Online questionnaire 2019)

“Not every partner can familiarise themselves with BIM, so they fall back on the old, traditional method” (Frank, N/A, Online questionnaire 2019)

4.4. Interpretation of the opinions The questionnaire made for the basis of the papers shows that most of the views toward BIM are positive, even though some negative aspects were also pointed out. As the system is still developing in many countries, there are issues to be held and improved in further evolvement.

People who were taking part in the investigation stated that within BIM the work and overall workflow in the offices are getting more comfortable. The quality of projects is better and the job more efficient. The general opinion says that it is worth implementing BIM and that it can relatively change the building ideas and concepts, evolving and pushing them toward better-balanced options with less negative environmental impact.

There are only some of the opinions stating that BIM implementation is hard and has more negative than positive impact. Most of those opinions drive from too high expectations toward the system and lack of knowledge among the leaders who are implementing the method. The lack of education may affect the correctness of its introduction and cause problems, even on the same beginning.

In summary, the BIM is a great tool that can influence and enhance the work of the design teams as much as the constructing companies. It improves the workflow and the clarity of the investment but can be challenging during the implementation process and due to the lack of knowledge lead toward more errors and mistake. That is why it is crucial to put an effort and time into the process, dividing into stages and making the transformation smoother and within a better quality of the outcome.

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CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 5.1. The reflection and perspective on the research questions How can the design process be improved by implementing BIM in the early phases of design?

The research made during this paper showed that the earlier implementation of BIM in the design process reflects positive aspects and outcomes at the end of the building construction. That initial introduction into the project creates more opportunities at the same beginning and on the further phases. We can point out the most important one of them: • • •

A better analytical period that leads toward more reasonable decisions and solutions A better clarity through the entire design process, from the concept to construction and further maintenance of the building Fewer mistakes and errors occurrence within later stages, thanks to its fast detection on the early stage

Does the implementation of BIM create better opportunities within the use of LEED/BREEAM certificate attributes and what elements of BIM environment can be implemented in the conceptual design phase to correspond toward that need?

During the paper dissertation, it was stated that BIM itself could influence the sustainable design and create more opportunities within the sustainable approach.

Connecting those aspects within LEED and BREEAM, a better overview is made, and more analyses can be taken into consideration. Introducing BIM in the early – concept stage of the project influences its studies and choosing the best possible option within the alternatives.

Focusing on the assessments that certificates bring and taking them as an analysis basis could affect the concept and develop a more efficient and satisfactory design, taking into consideration a broader overview. However, in the real-life aspects, the money that is needed for the higher certified buildings, not always are considered as worth investing. Even though the premises with the certificates might create better renting and property sales opportunities, they still need a more substantial budget within the beginning. As the idea toward a better lifestyle and smoother sustainability is tremendous and world-changing, when it comes to reality even becomes more ideological than practical, as the world is still mostly revolving around money.

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What are the differences in building standards between Poland and Denmark?

Polish and Danish industries have different backgrounds and the stage of development which influence the amount of BIM use and general approach toward that system. Because of various regulations and the mandatory BIM level use, Denmark states on the higher evolvement phase that Poland. Difference between company sizes and knowledge basis effect on that matter. Due to the lack of experts and the initial phase of Polish BIM implementation, the area is still in its early stage of development. The lack of mandatory regulation toward BIM does not make the conversion smoother and more appealing within the Polish standards.

5.2. The summary on the problem statement As stated in the problem statement - How come the overall of the companies yet not implemented BIM to achieve a better sustainable outcome, that leads toward a better LEED and BREEAM certificate use, and how early in the design process they should consider introducing that approach? – the research made in this paper was based on the area around the matter topics to fully answer the question.

Within the paper, the conclusion was made that the lack of implementation of BIM in the overall companies is based on the complexity of the process itself. The application takes time, budget and the change in thinking, which within the small companies, that are used to traditional methodology is complicated and sometimes inefficient within the entire picture. However, taking the broader aspects of the implementation itself, there can be concluded that in the long-term perspective, the whole process has more positive than negative aspect and creates more opportunities, especially in terms of environmental impact and sustainable design. Thanks to the tools BIM bring within and the collaboration methodology, clarity of the data and a better overview it creates the possibilities for the better LEED and BREEAM usage, through the full analytical phase, which directly connects to the decision making. The opinions of the architects and BIM specialist, as well as the gathered knowledge, shows that to achieve those results, BIM should be considered as a tool even in the initial phases. That early implementation, in the concept and idea development phase, has a more positive impact and is said to be more comfortable and natural to fulfil, as it reflects on the quality of the investment and provides less problem on the further phases.

As for today’s resources, BIM is still evolving, differently in various countries.

Naturally, the system is yet not implemented in the overall practices. However, technology develops fast, and the change can be seen in that process, leading toward different approaches and increase of the BIM usage on the global scale. How will it look like tomorrow, and what is the further possibility? We can only predict.

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Appendix 1.

Name: Simon Arnbjerg

Age: N/A

Type of company/ occupation: Country: Architectural Office Denmark Company/ School: Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical Schmidt Hammer experience: Lassen Architects 11

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes

What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

We used the digital practise, the application for many years. The first time we said we did the BIM implementation was in 2008, and what we saw was like the requirements from government came out and lot of clients especially public clients started to require that. That was also a strategic decision to go in and start working with this method. It is important for us to be in front of it so we can meet every requirement.

It is a long ride, still going on. There are different ways of doing it, Start form the knowledge, start educating people and from the management team to say this is what we are going to do, and we expect you to follow this path. It is very important. A lot of is learning by doing and let them go to confront to take it further.

What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

The time is an endorsement, the risk of doing what is not necessary. Especially in the beginning, there is a risk, that people will not see the result as fast as with AutoCAD. It is the whole new working method that need to be developed and aligned not just by a firm but in a distance in general, it is the cultural thing.

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? The EU is creating new standards, so we need to align new approach, not only in Denmark. Though thanks to that we can start working not only in Denmark but also in general in the whole EU. Of course, they might be the local stuff how to do it, but the overall is the same terms, how we discuss and understand stuff.

In terms of LOD is also useful. The same work in different contexts in different part of the world can have different meaning – there is a lot of standardization to overcome that going on.

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

That is for me in the early stages. There are different layers. In the competition is the overall. The main design for the project. The overall of the sustainability has to be managed there and verified there. That is why we use Rhine with Grasshopper and Ladybug. We have an expert with working with that, and scripts. They analyse the building, with the proposals of the design (each with the different factors – daylight, energy, etc.) in order to find the most balanced design.

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Name: Simon Arnbjerg

Age: N/A

Type of company/ occupation: Country: Architectural Office Denmark Company/ School: Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical Schmidt Hammer experience: Lassen Architects 11

LEED and BREEAM cost money so it usually come from the client, because there is a cost to put in. After that it is okay. This becomes more common, but it depends on the cost. The certification can be itself the money machine.

The number for the business that do the sustainability only by the choice of heart is small. Mostly it becomes from the money and client requirements, as the certificates might be quite expensive sometimes.

At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

In the

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

I wouldn’t recommend any. It depends on what you are doing, and what the scope of how you going to end. We used Rhino at the early phases, cause architects they learn it at school, and it is more like the can handle free form, geometry – the background of doing the work. In the project development we use Revit, because it is very well with documentation and other firms use also ArchiCAD for both departments. It is all about the “religion” and approach.

Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

N/A

Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

They are new services regarding BIM, so we work better as a team. Buildings are becoming more complex so that is why the whole process is getting more expensive but going digital is not really.

It is just a tool. More is about the putting money, in the construction overall, not only just BIM, as the design might be more complex.

Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Positive

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Appendix 2.

Name: Mette Christensen Company/ School: N/A

Age: 30

Type of company/ occupation: Country: Architectural drawing office Denmark Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical experience: 1

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes, but only in some What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

N/A What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

Correspondance with other programs available. The program is not AS flexible and intuitive in my mind - as other programs, why I primarily would use another program in the design fase. But this shift is very time consuming.

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? It is very good for working I groups. The amount of data you are able to produce is really good.

For details and project development fases. This is definitely the best.

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

As I said the amount of data produced through bim. Is really good and a way to ensure sustainable designs. As I don’t have a lot of experience in this field I don’t know how exactly to make it better.

At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

As for now project development fase. But I don’t see it particularly bad in the concept and design fase (as this would save a lot of time) but I feel it is not made intuitively enough for this yet.

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

Revit Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

Yes, it decrease the time Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

Yes, the cost is higher Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Positive Why does it have that outcome?

Lack of knowledge and education in bim programs for me personally - is why I don’t use it so much. It is positive as I can see a lot of potential and tools. Which makes the process shorter and less time consuming for the architect.

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Appendix 3.

Name: Gregory Holland Company/ School: N/A

LJ Age: 21

Type of company/ occupation: Country: UK Student Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical experience: 3

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes, but only in some What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

N/A What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

It can be difficult to implement due to the learning curve for older generations as well as the expenses incurred.

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? Much more accurate and viable projects can be created encasing fewer clashes and modelling mistakes. Interdisciplinary collaboration is made more efficient and applicable.

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

N/A At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

Right at the beginning.

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

Revit, CAD. Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

No Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

Yes, the cost is lower Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Positive Why does it have that outcome?

Fewer clashes in the short term means fewer mistakes when on site. This leads to fluency during the construction process and less time spent fixing mistakes made during the design process.

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Appendix 4.

Name: Tomasz Age: N/A Type of company/ occupation: Country: Rospędek Architectural drawing office Poland Company/ School: Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical RR_Architekci/ experience: 8 BIM Department Poland Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

PL: Tak ENG: Yes

What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

PL: Od początku naszej działalności stawiamy na innowacyjne projektowanie. Od niespełna 8 lat pracujemy w środowisku Autodesk Revit. Z BIM-em przyjaźnimy się od 5 lat, kiedy to zakończyliśmy pierwszy projekt wdrożeniowy.

ENG: From the beginning of our activity, we focus on innovative design. We have been working in the Autodesk Revit environment for almost 8 years. We have been friends with BIM for 5 years, when we completed the first implementation project.

What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

PL: Wysoki koszt technologii (oprogramowanie) przy niskich kosztach projektów. Brak czasu na profesjonalne wdrożenie.

ENG: High technology cost (software) with low project costs. No time for professional implementation.

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? N/A

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

PL: Ograniczenie zużycia materiałów, lepsza efektywność realizowania obiektów (szybciej i mniej kolizji) ENG: Reduction of material consumption, better efficiency in the implementation of objects (faster and less collisions)

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Name: Tomasz Age: N/A Type of company/ occupation: Country: Rospędek Architectural drawing office Poland Company/ School: Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical RR_Architekci/ experience: 8 BIM Department Poland At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

PL: Na etapie koncepcji lub nawet wcześniej na etapie analizy chłonności działki ENG: At the concept stage or even earlier at the stage of the plot absorption analysis

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

PL: Korzystamy z Autodesk Revit Suite plus Navisworks Manage lub Solibri Model Checker ENG: We use Autodesk Revit Suite plus Navisworks Manage or Solibri Model Checker

Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

N/A

Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

N/A

Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

PL: Pozytywny ENG: Positive

Why does it have that outcome?

N/A

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Appendix 5.

Name: Piotr Smolira Company/ School: Aalborg University

Age: 24

Type of company/ Country: occupation: Student Poland/Denmark Years of experience: Theoretical or practical knowledge: 1 Practical

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes

What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

Offices and companies have to know the market and the needs of the market. They just can't go buy/rent Revit and say "hey, we're using BIM, I'm off to go". Of course, Revit was created to utilize the BIM , but it has to be implemented for real. Many companies have just this, but they still lack of exchanging information in efficient way; they don't "feed" the project (model) with enough information that they can be use for, let's say an engineer, do to some energy analysis. It requires area which they want BIM to be implemented, e.g. development of design up to detail design or authority documentation. And also question like - will we have an engineering company eager to collaborate in such way, will client want that, etc. To sum up, main risk is lack of experience of initial users (architects, engineers) with Revit, and file exchange to other formats (e.g. in order to to collision check in Solibri). Risky is also lack of idea how successfully implement BIM in the company - not too slow, not too fast - training of staff, right usage of tools, excellent collaboration.

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? It reduces time required to exchange information. Information accessible are up to date. It can be used in design process, but also in the manufacturing process - and all information will come from the one model, so won't be also situation that a few version of the file exists which could lead to misunderstanding. Ultimately using less money in they project so it becomes cheaper.

BIM can be used also in the execution phase so there can be less paper work, quality assurance can run faster, and day-to-day communication between teams can be better. If correctly implemented in the project, BIM can go as far as maintenance phase. To monitor inventor replacement schedule, or to make check of elevators or sprinkles, when to replace/clean ventilation inlets, outlets, etc.

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

In Denmark, there are tools such as BE18 or IV20 which are about indoor climate. Model can me equipped with such parameters that will help to run analytical programs and to create results (as graph, 3D picture, etc.) which can be use to optimise sustainability. They can be examination how evacuation roads work, and simulate the crowd traffic taking into account occupancy of each room. There are many scenarios which can help to design more ecological and sustainable buildings without only assuming, but providing actual examinations of the problem.

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At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

The earliest. There are already tools that can help to automatically generate series of arrangement and geometry of the building. With creating model and putting sufficient (also not too much - we don't want to have overkill in this area, since it can get messy), client, architects, engineers can see they progress, communicate with each other and make changes. The farther is about to get implemented, the less sense it makes. From both scenarios - it is better to introduce BIM at even outline or scheme stage and stop at execution stage, rather than start at execution. Also another reason of it is flexibility of changes during the projects - The Macleamy Curve gives a good overview. The highest impact for change and the least expensive is at the beginning of the project.

The cost of the changes in the project increases as stages pass. Hence, I would say that it should happen from the beginning.

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

First coming to mind is Revit as it has rich library, it is supported by Dynamo (automatisation). It has tools for architects, MEP engineers. It can be exported to different formats. You can export .rvt to IFC file which can be use for clash detection in program named Solibri. As many programs as many solutions. It is worth to use that project which is operated within one vendor creates less hustle. But not any vendor covers all analytic tools which could be necessary for a one project. So I would say that Revit is pretty good choice. The biggest challenge for programmers, vendors, BIM specialists, and specialists of different areas of construction and infrastructor is to develop IFC and MVDs that with least data loss as possible - so when the model with information is exchanged (exporting/importing necessary info) there is almost no loss of information.

Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

Yes, it decrease the time

Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

Yes, the cost is lower

Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Positive

Why does it have that outcome?

So far we had projects that introduce us to file exchange and collaboration. I can say that you have to be competent in tools which you're about to use and know your goal (if you're BIM manager, or want to implement BIM in your company and projects). If the company won't utilise BIM properly, there's no point to implement it. In this semester we're learning Dynamo, python - so more software oriented. But we also learn about knowledge management in AEC industry, so that is going to be interesting. And projects will be more focused on actual BIM, file, information exchange, analysis and automatisation.

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Appendix 6.

Name: Annonymous

Company/ School: NIRAS/ Aalborg Uni.

Age: 27

Type of company/ occupation: Country: Engineering company/ Building Denmark Informatica Master student Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical experience: 3.5

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

BIM started before I become an employee. We are aiming to be more and more BIM, constant improvement and development.

What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

It's a slow process that requires patience. BIM is big so it takes time to find out what BIM solution works for a certain company. Money, lots of money and finding the right people for implementing it. Also the mind set of the people working in the company..

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? Better quality, save time and money, minimising critical mistakes and problems on the building site...

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

Simulations of different scenarios of different solutions, better analysis, use of more bald design that can be evaluated in early stages of the design process At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

From the beginning.

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

Depends on the project, who you wilk work with (how will you collaborate between each other).

There are many factors Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

N/A Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

N/A Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Positive Why does it have that outcome?

I believe the quality improves, critical problems are found in early stages, makes the collaboration between different companies easier.

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Appendix 7.

Name: Annonymous Company/ School: N/A

Age: 27

Type of company/ occupation: Country: Construction company Australia Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Practical experience: 2

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

Automation for manufacturing What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

There are many people and companies that know what BIM is but they are not able to implement it or they are not able to find the right people who can implement it, so no matter how much knowledge they have(specially BIM managers who are mostly architects), at the end in most cases the whole process fails because of lack of right modelers and computational designers.

What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? Computational design and automation (these two specific aspects of BIM) have a great potential, they can potentially become a huge benefit for all the construction and manufacturing companies.

What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

N/A At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

Before even starting a project, maybe even in the tender stage.

What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

Revit, Python

Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

Yes, it extends the time Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

Yes, the cost is higher Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Negative Why does it have that outcome?

As I said because of lack of people who can implement it correctly.

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Appendix 8.

Name: Annonymous Company/ School: N/A

Age: 36

Type of company/ occupation: Country: Vendor Poland Years of Theoretical or practical knowledge: Theoretical experience: 1

Does your company (or you) use BIM technology within their/yours projects?

Yes What was the story of your office concerning the implementation of BIM technology?

We are one of vendors which invited tools for BIM technology What problems and risks, in your opinion, are facing offices that plan to apply BIM to their work?

Not knowing their goals What benefits do you think, can be driven from using BIM? Savings, better decisions, transparency What benefits, in connection with ecological and sustainable design, can be used and developed using BIM technology?

Material and Energy savings, carbon tracking, long-term forecasts At what stage of the construction project, in your opinion, is the best to introduce BIM technology?

At the very beginning, before concept What programs are the best to use BIM environment during the project?

Base is CDE like ProjektWise. Modeling is less important, best tool depends on type of project Does the implementation of BIM, change the time frame for your investments and designs?

No Does the implementation of BIM change the cost of your services?

No Does your experience with BIM has a positive or negative outcome?

Positive Why does it have that outcome?

It enables to make better decisions

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LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix 1. Questionnaire with Simon Arnbjerg (Denmark) Appendix 2. Questionnaire with Mette Christense (Denmark) Appendix 3. Questionnaire with Gregory LJ Holland (UK) Appendix 4. Questionnaire with Tomasz Rospędek (Poland) Appendix 5. Questionnaire with Piotr Smolira (Poland/Denmark) Appendix 6. Anonymous questionnaire (Denmark) Appendix 7. Anonymous questionnaire (Australia) Appendix 8. Anonymous questionnaire (Poland)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Levels of BIM Figure 2. The development of the drawing methods Figure 3. Three aspects of sustainability (Owczarski, 2008) Figure 4. The integration of LEED and BREEAM within the process in the flowchart Figure 5. BIM flow among stakeholders within the levels Figure 6. The MacLeamy curve for the BIM process ((CURT), 2004) Figure 7. The BIM implementation process (Arayici, et al., 2011)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The criteria of LEED Table 2. The criteria of BREEAM Table 3. Participants in the research questionnaire

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Arayici, Y. & Aouad , G., 2010. Building information modelling (BIM) for construction lifecycle management, New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Arayici, Y. et al., 2011. BIM adoption and implementation for architectural practices, N. D.: Emerald.

Arayici, Y. et al., 2011. Technology adoption in the BIM implementation for lean architectural practice. N.D., Elsevier.

Arayici, Y., Egbu, C. & Coates, P., 2012. BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IMPLEMENTATION AND REMOTE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS: ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND CRITIQUES, Manchester: ITcon.

Audier, A. et al., 2017. BCG Henderson Institute. [Online] Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2017/process-industries-engineeredproducts-bim-revolution-comes-building-materials.aspx [Accessed 18 09 2019].

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