Figure 2.3 - Wide east-west streets maximize the scope for south winter sun

• Building Design

Water bodies should be avoided in warm & humid climates. The reduced effect of

evaporative cooling would be countered by increased humidity levels.

4) Streets widths and orientation

• Climatic Implications

The quantity of direct radiation received on the street (and, to a lesser degree, on the lower levels) is governed by the width of the street. The time of day when the radiation is received is affected by the direction. Solar radiation may be successfully controlled by varying the width and orientation of the street.

• Building Design

The major requirement in warm-humid regions is for air flow. As a result, streets should be designed to take advantage of natural wind patterns. (Fig. 2.3).

Figure 2.3 - Wide east-west streets maximize the scope for south winter sun

(Source - Climate Responsive architecture: A design handbook foe energy efficient building)

5) Open spaces and built-form

• Climatic Implications

Open areas must be considered in connection with built-form. They can work together to provide for more open air flow and enhanced heat loss or gain. Heat loss and gain might be reduced if there aren't enough open places. As a result, they can make warm & humid climate circumstances more tolerable or uncomfortable.

• Building Design

Buildings in humid conditions should ideally not be connected to one another. Wind patterns should be considered while designing streets and open spaces. The complex's wide areas and the funnel effect may be utilised to maximise ventilation.

6) Ground character

• Climatic Implications Depending on the ground surface, incident radiation can be absorbed, reflected, or stored and reradiated. In other words, radiative heat gain may be reduced, increased, or enhanced throughout the day or at night. We may be able to take advantage of this depending on the weather. • Building Design

In humid environments, ground character is only important if it can absorb moisture.

7) Plan form

• Climatic Implications

The airflow around and through a structure is influenced by its plan form. It has the ability to obstruct natural ventilation. The perimeter to area ratio of a structure is a major indicator of heat loss and gain. As a result, it is involved in ventilation, heat loss, and gain.

• Building Design

The primary problem in warm & humid regions is a plan shape that maximises air flow.

U-shaped and extended plan structures are typical of traditional architecture in warm and humid climates. The structure's form exposes the majority of its surface area to the wind. This aids in excess heat loss for thermal comfort and improved natural ventilation, which is one of the most critical criteria for conquering this climatic zone's extreme humidity. It is also discovered that building orientations are East–West and south facing. This is also the best direction because the courtyard receives the most sunlight in this position.

Because courtyards are located outside of the main building layout, they are frequently used for post-harvesting operations as well as social and cultural services. It is always ensured that sources of moisture, such as bathrooms and toilets, are maintained isolated from the

main construction design in structures in this climate zone. The majority of the structures are single-story, with only a few double-story structures.

8) Plan elements

• Climatic Implications

At the site level, the role of vegetation, water bodies, radiative heat gain, and air movement has been observed. For further benefits, these features might be incorporated with the structure or building complex. They may, in a way, become design components. By evaporation and heat absorption, water bodies and plants aid in the cooling of a place. Space heating is also aided by water bodies and greenhouses. Courtyards, as well as wind-towers in some circumstances, increase heat loss and improve ventilation. As a result, plan components may aid with the heating, cooling, and even ventilation of a space.

• Building Design

In humid climates, courtyards and verandas aid ventilation. Wind catchers can also be employed. They must, however, be taken with caution. Only when there are strong (often directed) and chilly winds are they truly useful. (Fig. 2.4).