Peace and war

PEACE.

BRIEF.

BRIEF.

Project synopsis: “Earth Artefact”

Outcomes

Promoting research, creative thinking, experimentation, semiotics, media channels and visual narrative.

“For millions of years mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened which unleashed the power of our imagination. We learned to talk, we learned to listen. Speech has allowed the communication of ideas enabling people to work together ... to build the impossible. Mankind’s greatest achievements have come about by talking ... and its greatest failures by not talking. It doesn’t have to be like this. Our greatest hopes could become reality in the future with the technology at our disposal - the possibilities are unbounded.

All we need to do is make sure we keep talking”.

Stephen Hawking

Research & Concept Generation:

Background

A final piece of work, developed from your visual research and experimentation, which could be used across a range of media channels. This could take the form of one or more of the following.

The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records, which were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft, which were launched in 1977. They contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. The Voyager spacecraft’s are not heading towards any particular star, but Voyager 1 will be within 1.6 light years of the star AC+79 3888 in the Ophiuchus constellation in about 40,000 years. As the probes are extremely small compared to the vastness of interstellar space, the probability of a space-faring civilization encountering them is very small, especially since the probes will eventually stop emitting any kind of electromagnetic radiation. If they are ever found by an alien species, it will most likely be far in the future as the nearest star on Voyager 1’s trajectory will only be reached in 40,000 years. Carl Sagan noted that “The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space. But the launching of this ‘bottle’ into the cosmic ‘ocean’ says something very hopeful about life on this planet.” Thus the record is best seen as a time capsule or a symbolic statement rather than a serious attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life. wikipedia.org

Possible outcomes

Brief Over the next few weeks you are required to submit creative proposals through to finished design work/animation for a new version of the ‘Golden Record’ entitled, ‘Earth Artefact’. This does not have to be a slavish reproduction of the original golden record, but could be a more contemporary version, which should be reflected in the content and the format/media channel of your choice.

You should document all stages of the research and design process, which should demonstrate a critical understanding of the design challenge.

You should be inventive and demonstrate your ingenuity in solving this creative challenge. It is important you generate several creative solutions, taking one justified idea forward to a final solution.

Research Your research will need to be conceptually led and you should be prepared to present and justify your research.

You should undertake research methodologies and annotate your finding rather than slavishly using Google images.

Your research should evidence a deep understanding of the project and you should be prepared to debate and explain your research.

You may wish to take a different social and or political stance, rather than the NASA and Carl Sagan approach.

Communication is top of the agenda and you should be able to justify and critically reflect on your research.

Care should be taken in the preparation and presentation of your research, as this is a major part of the brief.

The research should be presented in logical format and should be annotated.

Any photo’s used in research and design work which are not your own must be credited. You should document all stages of the development process.

A body of visual research, which demonstrates multiple solutions and visual discrimination in selection of a final design proposal.

Materials & Process:

Exploration of materials and process involved in your chosen concept.

Final outcomes:

Information graphics Data visualisation Book Installation Film Animation

Think There are many ways you could approach the challenge, on one hand the graphic language is rather charming but crude. You could decide to take the existing graphic language used by NASA and re design with more contemporary visual language.

You may wish to look at the time the first record was developed, when the social, political and economic climate was very different.

This is not a tourist brief, so postcards of the Eiffel Tower etc. will not really answer the brief. This is about the experiences of you and the people of planet.

You are visual language students, be objective, aim for multiple solutions and contrasting ideas. Look around you, investigate and use primary and secondary sources.

Develop your own project plan with milestones and deadlines. This will help working to deadlines.

Please ensure you bring all research and ideas to the seminar and be prepared to talk and present ideas and current areas of investigation.

Keep reading the brief.

BRIEF.

BRIEF.

Programme

Key words

Briefing: 18th Dec 2014 9.15 Graphic Design 10.15 Animation & Graphic Design & Animation

Research - Experiment - Tactile - Ephemera - Photo - Found - Observation - Type - Image - Materials - Insights Recording - Symbolism - Metaphor - Message - Stories - Narrative - Refinement - Media channels - Discrimination Data visualization - Message - Client visual standard (CVS)

Week 1 Term 2: Friday: 23/01/15: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Studio to discuss your understanding of the brief and the importance of research techniques. One to one with staff and meet study groups in the afternoon with tutor.

Glossary of terms

Week 2: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Review initial concepts with staff, justify and explain research and develop further research methodologies, which lead to meaningful visual strategies. Meet with study group and tutor.

Study group theme: Road map, project plan and research methodologies. Presentations of then and now, visual with text .

Study group homework: Select three meaningful visual ideas from your research, ready for presentation to the group.

Week 3: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Studio, one to one with staff . Study group: Three meaningful ideas presentations Study group homework: Idea transcription to multiple platforms/channels Week 4: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Studio, one to one with staff .

Study group: Refinements and amends Study group homework: Preparation for presentations Week 5: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Preparing presentations for review open studio Week 6: Formative review week

Study group theme:

Your understanding of the brief.

Political & social differences in time periods.

Review of your research over the xmas period.

Study group homework: Road map of ideas to be completed for the next meeting of the group. Observations of then and now, presented as visual with text to be view next study group meet. Develop a project plan

Essential Requirements You should document all stages of the development process You must evidence research influencing to visual experiments You must evidence multiple solutions.

You must evidence visual discrimination and refinement.

You should demonstrate your ability to work too a deadline All work should be documented on CD/DVD, clearly labelled and tested for PC/Mac

Methodology: The science of method, or a body of methods, employed in a particular activity such as the research aspects of a project.

Semiotics: The study of signs and symbols. A core strategic method by which graphic marks, texts and images can be de-constructed and interpreted to determine there under meaning.

Primary Research: The raw materials, which a designer directly works with in relation to research. Primary research approaches might include audience interviews, direct testing of potential visual solutions.

Secondary Research: Established or existing research already undertaken in the field and used to support the designer’s own research.

Transformation: Building on knowledge gained through research and discourse, the design process moves to transform ideas and experiments outlined in the brief.

Convergence: The correlation of the results of all research and experimentation conducted throughout all the stages of the design process in order to create an appropriate and functional outcome. This will include justification of the platforms/media channels appropriate for the design.

Insight: The capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing. Channel: The means used to transmit a message, including spoken words, print, radio, television, Internet and installation. Also called the medium and platform.

Data visualization: Data visualization is a general term that describes any effort to help people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. Patterns, trends and correlations that might go undetected in text-based data can be exposed and recognized easier with data visualization software.

Information graphics: Information graphics or info-graphics are graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended to present complex information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual system’s ability to see patterns and trends.

Iconography: A set of specified or traditional symbolic forms associated with the subject or theme of a stylized work of art.

GOLDEN RECORD.

GOLDEN RECORD.

Pioneers 10 and 11, which preceded Voyager, both carried small metal plaques identifying their time and place of origin for the benefit of any other spacefarers that might find them in the distant future. With this example before them, NASA placed a more ambitious message aboard Voyager 1 and 2-a kind of time capsule, intended to communicate a story of our world to extraterrestrials. The Voyager message is carried by a phonograph record-a 12-inch gold-plated copper disk containing sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth.

The top drawing shows the typical signal that occurs at the start of a picture. The picture is made from this signal, which traces the picture as a series of vertical lines, similar to ordinary television (in which the picture is a series of horizontal lines). Picture lines 1, 2 and 3 are noted in binary numbers, and the duration of one of the “picture lines,” about 8 milliseconds, is noted. The drawing immediately below shows how these lines are to be drawn vertically, with staggered “interlace” to give the correct picture rendition. Immediately below this is a drawing of an entire picture raster, showing that there are 512 vertical lines in a complete picture.

Immediately below this is a replica of the first picture on the record to permit the recipients to verify that they are decoding the signals correctly. A circle was used in this picture to insure that the recipients use the correct ratio of horizontal to vertical height in picture reconstruction.

The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University, et. al. Dr. Sagan and his associates assembled 115 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind and thunder, birds, whales, and other animals. To this they added musical selections from different cultures and eras, and spoken greetings from Earth-people in fifty-five languages, and printed messages from President Carter and U.N. Secretary General Waldheim. Each record is encased in a protective aluminium jacket, together with a cartridge and a needle. Instructions, in symbolic language, explain the origin of the spacecraft and indicate how the record is to be played. The 115 images are encoded in analogue form. The remainder of the record is in audio, designed to be played at 16-2/3 revolutions per minute. It contains the spoken greetings, beginning with Akkadian, which was spoken in Sumer about six thousand years ago, and ending with Wu, a modern Chinese dialect.

Following the section on the sounds of Earth, there is an eclectic 90-minute selection of music, including both Eastern and Western classics and a variety of ethnic music. Once the Voyager spacecraft leave the solar system (by 1990, both will be beyond the orbit of Pluto), they will find themselves in empty space. It will be forty thousand years before they make a close approach to any other planetary system. As Carl Sagan has noted, “The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space. But the launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean says something very hopeful about life on this planet.”

The definitive work about the Voyager record is “Murmurs of Earth”

by Executive Director, Carl Sagan, Technical Director, Frank Drake, Creative Director, Ann Druyan, Producer, Timothy Ferris, Designer, Jon Lomberg, and Greetings Organizer, Linda Salzman. Basically, this book is the story behind the creation of the record, and includes a full list of everything on the record. “Murmurs of Earth”, originally published in 1978, was reissued in 1992 by Warner News Media with a CD-ROM that replicates the Voyager record. Unfortunately, this book is now out of print, but it is worth the effort to try and find a used copy or browse through a library copy.

“In the upper left-hand corner is an easily recognized drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds, expressed in time units of 0,70 billionths of a second, the time period associated with a fundamental transition of the hydrogen atom. The drawing indicates that the record should be played from the outside in. Below this drawing is a side view of the record and stylus, with a binary number giving the time to play one side of the record - about an hour.

“The information in the upper right-hand portion of the cover is designed to show how pictures are to be constructed from the recorded signals.

“The drawing in the lower left-hand corner of the cover is the pulsar map previously sent as part of the plaques on Pioneers 10 and 11. It shows the location of the solar system with respect to 14 pulsars, whose precise periods are given. The drawing containing two circles in the lower right-hand corner is a drawing of the hydrogen atom in its two lowest states, with a connecting line and digit 1 to indicate that the time interval associated with the transition from one state to the other is to be used as the fundamental time scale, both for the time given on the cover and in the decoded pictures.

“Electroplated onto the record’s cover is an ultra-pure source of uranium-238 with a radioactivity of about 0.00026 micro-curies.

The steady decay of the uranium source into its daughter isotopes makes it a kind of radioactive clock. Half of the uranium-238 will decay in 4.51 billion years. Thus, by examining this two-centimeter diameter area on the record plate and measuring the amount of daughter elements to the remaining uranium-238, an extraterrestrial recipient of the Voyager spacecraft could calculate the time elapsed since a spot of uranium was placed aboard the spacecraft. This should be a check on the epoch of launch, which is also described by the pulsar map on the record cover.” “ In the upper left-hand corner is an easily recognized drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds, expressed in time units of 0.70 billionths of a second, the time period associated with a fundamental transition of the hydrogen atom. The drawing indicates that the record should be played from the outside in. Below this drawing is a side view of the record and stylus, with a binary number giving the time to play one side of the record – about an hour.

The information in the upper right-hand portion of the cover is designed to show how pictures are to be constructed from the recorded signals. The top drawing shows the typical signal that occurs at the start of a picture. The picture is made from this signal, which traces the picture as a series of vertical lines, similar to analogue television (in which the picture is a series of horizontal lines). Picture lines 1, 2 and 3 are noted in binary numbers, and the duration of one of the “picture lines,” about 8 milliseconds, is noted. The drawing immediately below shows how these lines are to be drawn vertically, with staggered “interlace” to give the correct picture rendition. Immediately below this is a drawing of an entire picture raster, showing that there are 512 (29) vertical lines in a complete picture. Immediately below this is a replica of the first picture on the record to permit the recipients to verify that they are decoding the signals correctly. A circle was used in this picture to ensure that the recipients use the correct ratio of horizontal to vertical height in picture reconstruction. Colour images were represented by three images in sequence, one each for red, green, and blue components of the image. A colour image of the spectrum of the sun was included for calibration purposes.

The drawing in the lower left-hand corner of the cover is the pulsar map previously sent as part of the plaques on Pioneers 10 and 11. It shows the location of the solar system with respect to 14 pulsars, whose precise periods are given. The drawing containing two circles in the lower right-hand corner is a drawing of the hydrogen atom in its two lowest states, with a connecting line and digit 1 to indicate that the time interval associated with the transition from one state to the other is to be used as the fundamental time scale, both for the time given on the cover and in the decoded pictures.”

NASA.

CARL SAGAN.

What is NASA? NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA is a United States government agency that is responsible for science and technology related to air and space. The Space Age started in 1957 with the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik.

NASA was created in 1958. The agency was created to oversee U.S. space exploration and aeronautics research.

What does NASA do?

Many Americans may be aware of some of NASA’s major responsibilities. Astronauts in orbit conduct scientific research. Satellites help scientists learn more about Earth. Space probes study the solar system, and beyond. New developments improve air travel and other aspects of flight. NASA is also beginning a new program to send humans to explore asteroids, Mars and beyond. In addition to those major missions, NASA does many other things. The agency shares what it learns, so that its information can make life better for people all over the world. For example, companies can use NASA discoveries to create new “spin-off” products.

NASA’s Education Office helps teachers to prepare the students who will be the engineers, scientists, astronauts and other NASA workers of the future. They will be the adventurers that will continue the exploration of the solar system and universe in the years to come. NASA has a tradition of investing in programs and activities that inspire and engage students, educators, families and communities in the excitement and discovery of exploration. NASA offers training to help teachers learn new ways to teach science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The agency also involves students in NASA missions to help them get excited about learning.

Who runs NASA? The administrator of NASA is Charlie Bolden. Before becoming the head of NASA, Bolden was an astronaut who flew into space four times. He commanded two space shuttle missions. Bolden has worked both for the government and for private companies. He has a bachelor’s degree in electrical science and a master’s degree in systems management. The NASA administrator is nominated by the president and confirmed by a vote in the Senate.

Who works for NASA? NASA’s Headquarters is in Washington, D.C. The agency has ten field centers and seven test and research facilities located in several states around the country. More than 18,000 people work for NASA. Many more people work with the agency as government contractors. Those people are hired by companies that NASA pays to do work for it. The combined workforce represents a wide variety of jobs. Astronauts may be the best-known NASA employees, but they only represent a small number of the total workforce. Many NASA workers are scientists and engineers. But people there hold many other jobs, too, from secretaries to writers to lawyers to teachers.

What has NASA done?

When NASA started, it began a program of human space-flight. The Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs helped NASA learn about flying in space and resulted in the first human landing on the moon in 1969. Currently, NASA has astronauts living and working on the International Space Station.

NASA’s robotic space probes have visited every planet in the solar system and several other celestial bodies. Telescopes have allowed scientists to look at the far reaches of space. Satellites have revealed a wealth of data about Earth, resulting in valuable information such as a better understanding of weather patterns. NASA has helped develop and test a variety of cutting-edge aircraft. These aircraft include planes that have set new records. Among other benefits, these tests have helped engineers improve air transportation. NASA technology has contributed to many items used in everyday life, from smoke detectors to medical tests.

“

In the annals of exploration, the achievements of the two Voyager spacecraft are unprecedented. The piddling journeys of Columbus and Magellan spanned a few tens of thousands of miles on the watery surface of one small world. Voyagers 1 and 2 have travelled billions of miles through the ocean of space, exploring dozens of new worlds along the way and revolutionizing our knowledge of the solar system in which we live. And as a gift of the brilliant mission design, these robot ships are no longer bound by the Sun’s gravity. They have passed the outermost planets and are on their way to the cold, dark near-vacuum that constitutes interstellar space. Nothing can stop them. Their radio transmitters are unlikely to work beyond the year 2020. Thereafter, they will wander silently and forever in the realm of the stars. Who knows who’s out there? Perhaps the rest of the Milky Way Galaxy is populated by desolate, wasteland worlds circling a hundred billion stars. Or maybe the Galaxy is rich in life forms and intelligence and technology much further beyond our reach than the Voyagers are beyond the reach of Columbus and Magellan. Someday - maybe millions of years in the future - one of these ghostly, derelict ships may be detected and captured by the representatives of some devastatingly advanced interstellar culture. They will wonder about the shipbuilders. If you could send a long message to such extraterrestrial beings - words, pictures, sounds, music - what would you say? How would you describe us? What would you leave out? Could you communicate intelligibly to very different beings with a wholly independent evolution? In 1977, at NASA’s behest, a few of us had a remarkable opportunity to attempt such a (one-way) communication. Frank Drake suggested not a plaque, but a phonograph record. As described in the book, Murmurs of Earth, we designed and prepared the record to carry a rich message to the stars - 116 pictures and diagrams about our global civilization and our species, greetings, samples of the world’s great music, the brain waves of a young woman in love and much else. The Voyager mission has already become the stuff of myth, the premise for many works of science fiction. Brief excerpts from the Voyager record have been heard in films, television and radio. But the record itself has never before been available to the public, because of corporate rivalries and copyright restrictions. Warner New Media has broken through the logjam. Those of us who created the interstellar record - well-aware that different people would have made different selections - are delighted to help bring this message to you, essentially complete, as carried by Voyager. This is what the extraterrestrials will learn about us, should the spacecraft - now the fastest and farthest machines ever launched by the human species one day encounter someone else in the depths of space. A billion years from now, when everything on Earth we’ve ever made has crumbled into dust, when the continents are changed beyond recognition and our species is unimaginably altered or extinct, the Voyager record will still speak for us.

CARL SAGAN was the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He played a leading role in the American space program since its inception. He was a consultant and adviser to NASA since the 1950’s, briefed the Apollo astronauts before their flights to the Moon, and was an experimenter on the Mariner, Viking, Voyager, and Galileo expeditions to the planets. He helped solve the mysteries of the high temperatures of Venus (answer: massive greenhouse effect), the seasonal changes on Mars (answer: windblown dust), and the reddish haze of Titan (answer: complex organic molecules). For his work, Dr. Sagan received the NASA medals for Exceptional Scientific Achievement and (twice) for Distinguished Public Service, as well as the NASA Apollo Achievement Award. Asteroid 2709 Sagan is named after him. He was also awarded the John F. Kennedy Astronautics Award of the American Astronautical Society, the Explorers Club 75th Anniversary Award, the Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Medal of the Soviet Cosmonauts Federation, and the Masursky Award of the American Astronomical Society, (“for his extraordinary contributions to the development of planetary science…As a scientist trained in both astronomy and biology, Dr. Sagan has made seminal contributions to the study of planetary atmospheres, planetary surfaces, the history of the Earth, and exobiology. Many of the most productive planetary scientists working today are his present and former students and associates”). He was also a recipient of the Public Welfare Medal, the highest award of the National Academy of Sciences (for “distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare…Carl Sagan has been enormously successful in communicating the wonder and importance of science. His ability to capture the imagination of millions and to explain difficult concepts in understandable terms is a magnificent achievement”). Dr. Sagan was elected Chairman of the Division of Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society, President of the Planetology Section of the American Geophysical Union, and Chairman of the Astronomy Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. For twelve years he was the editor-in-chief of Icarus, the leading professional journal devoted to planetary research. He was co-founder and President of the Planetary Society, a 100,000-member organization that is the largest space-interest group in the world; and Distinguished Visiting Scientist, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. A Pulitzer Prize winner for the book The Dragons of Eden: Speculations of the Evolution of Human Intelligence, Dr. Sagan was the author of many best-sellers, including Cosmos, which became the best-selling science book ever published in English. The accompanying Emmy and Peabody award-winning television series has been seen by a billion people in sixty countries. He received twenty-two honorary degrees from American colleges and universities for his contributions to science, literature, education, and the preservation of the environment, and many awards for his work on the long-term consequences of nuclear war and reversing the nuclear arms race. His novel, Contact, is now a major motion picture. In their posthumous award to Dr. Sagan of their highest honour, the National Science Foundation declared that his “research transformed planetary science… his gifts to mankind were infinite.” Dr. Sagan’s surviving family includes his wife and collaborator of twenty years, Ann Druyan; his children, Dorion, Jeremy, Nicholas, Sasha, and Sam; and grandchildren.

JIMMY CARTER.

1977.

James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, Jr. served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development.

1. Tonight’s the Night (Gonna Be Alright), Rod Stewart 2. I Just Want to Be Your Everything, Andy Gibb 3. Best of My Love, Emotions 4. Love Theme (From “A Star Is Born”), Barbra Streisand 5. Angel In Your Arms, Hot 6. I Like Dreamin’, Kenny Nolan 7. Don’t Leave Me This Way, Thelma Houston 8. (Your Love Has Lifted Me) Higher and Higher, Rita Coolidge 9. Undercover Angel, Alan O’Day 10. Torn Between Two Lovers, Mary MacGregor 11. I’m Your Boogie Man, K.C. and The Sunshine Band 12. Dancing Queen, Abba 13. You Make Me Feel Like Dancing, Leo Sayer 14. Margaritaville, Jimmy Buffet 15. Telephone Line, Electric Light Orchestra 16. What’cha Gonna Do?, Pablo Cruise 17. Do You Wanna Make Love, Peter McCann 18. Sir Duke, Stevie Wonder 19. Hotel California, The Eagles 20. Got to Give It Up, Pt. 1, Marvin Gaye 21. Gonna Fly Now (Theme from “Rocky”), Bill Conti 22. Southern Nights, Glen Campbell 23. Rich Girl, Daryl Hall and John Oates 24. When I Need You, Leo Sayer 25. Hot Line, The Sylvers 26. Car Wash, Rose Royce 27. You Don’t Have to Be a Star (To Be In My Show), Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. 28. Fly Like An Eagle, Steve Miller Band 29. Don’t Give Up On Us, David Soul 30. On and On, Stephen Bishop 31. Feels Like the First Time, Foreigner 32. Couldn’t Get It Right, The Climax Blues Band 33. Easy, The Commodores 34. Right Time of the Night, Jennifer Warnes 35. I’ve Got Love On My Mind, Natalie Cole 36. Blinded By the Light, Manfred Mann’s Earth Band 37. Looks Like We Made It, Barry Manilow 38. So In to You, Atlanta Rhythm Section 39. Dreams, Fleetwood Mac 40. Enjoy Yourself, The Jacksons 41. Dazz, Brick 42. I’m In You, Peter Frampton 43. Lucille, Kenny Rogers 44. The Things We Do for Love, 10cc 45. Da Doo Ron Ron, Shaun Cassidy 46. Handy Man, James Taylor 47. Just a Song Before I Go, Crosby, Stills and Nash 48. You and Me, Alice Cooper 49. Swayin’ to the Music (Slow Dancin’), Johnny Rivers 50. Lonely Boy, Andrew Gold 51. I Wish, Stevie Wonder 52. Don’t Stop, Fleetwood Mac 53. Barracuda, Heart 54. Strawberry Letter 23, Brothers Johnson 55. Night Moves, Bob Seger and The Silver Bullet Band 56. You’re My World, Helen Reddy 57. Heard It In a Love Song, Marshall Tucker Band

Jimmy Carter aspired to make Government “competent and compassionate,” responsive to the American people and their expectations. His achievements were notable, but in an era of rising energy costs, mounting inflation, and continuing tensions, it was impossible for his administration to meet these high expectations.Carter, who has rarely used his full name--James Earl Carter, Jr.--was born October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. Peanut farming, talk of politics, and devotion to the Baptist faith were mainstays of his upbringing.

Upon graduation in 1946 from the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Carter married Rosalynn Smith. The Carters have three sons, John William (Jack), James Earl III (Chip), Donnel Jeffrey (Jeff), and a daughter, Amy Lynn. After seven years’ service as a naval officer, Carter returned to Plains. In 1962 he entered state politics, and eight years later he was elected Governor of Georgia. Among the new young southern governors, he attracted attention by emphasizing ecology, efficiency in government, and the removal of racial barriers.

Carter announced his candidacy for President in December 1974 and began a two-year campaign that gradually gained momentum. At the Democratic Convention, he was nominated on the first ballot. He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota as his running mate. Carter campaigned hard against President Gerald R. Ford, debating with him three times. Carter won by 297 electoral votes to 241 for Ford. Carter worked hard to combat the continuing economic woes of inflation and unemployment. By the end of his administration, he could claim an increase of nearly eight million jobs and a decrease in the budget deficit, measured in percentage of the gross national product.

Unfortunately, inflation and interest rates were at near record highs, and efforts to reduce them caused a short recession. Carter could point to a number of achievements in domestic affairs. He dealt with the energy shortage by establishing a national energy policy and by decontrolling domestic petroleum prices to stimulate production.

He prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform and proceeded with deregulation of the trucking and airline industries. He sought to improve the environment. His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 million acres of Alaskan lands. To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education, bolstered the Social Security system, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to Government jobs. In foreign affairs, Carter set his own style. His championing of human rights was coldly received by the Soviet Union and some other nations. In the Middle East, through the Camp David agreement of 1978, he helped bring amity between Egypt and Israel.

He succeeded in obtaining ratification of the Panama Canal treaties. Building upon the work of predecessors, he established full diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China and completed negotiation of the SALT II nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union. There were serious setbacks, however. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan caused the suspension of plans for ratification of the SALT II pact. The seizure as hostages of the U. S. embassy staff in Iran dominated the news during the last 14 months of the administration.

The consequences of Iran’s holding Americans captive, together with continuing inflation at home, contributed to Carter’s defeat in 1980. Even then, he continued the difficult negotiations over the hostages. Iran finally released the 52 Americans the same day Carter left office. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association.

58. Carry On Wayward Son, Kansas 59. New Kid In Town, The Eagles 60. My Heart Belongs to Me, Barbra Streisand 61. After the Lovin’, Engelbert Humperdinck 62. Jet Airliner, Steve Miller Band 63. Stand Tall, Burton Cummings 64. Way Down, Elvis Presley 65. Weekend In New England, Barry Manilow 66. It Was Almost Like a Song, Ronnie Milsap 67. Smoke from a Distant Fire, Sanford Townsend Band 68. Cold As Ice, Foreigner 69. Ariel, Dean Friedman 70. Lost Without Your Love, Bread 71. Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band, Meco 72. Float On, The Floaters 73. Jeans On, David Dundas 74. Lido Shuffle, Boz Scaggs 75. Keep It Comin’ Love, K.C. and The Sunshine Band 76. You Made Me Believe In Magic, Bay City Rollers 77. Livin’ Thing, Electric Light Orchestra 78. Give a Little Bit, Supertramp 79. That’s Rock ‘n’ Roll, Shaun Cassidy 80. Love So Right, The Bee Gees 81. Rubberband Man, The Spinners 82. I Never Cry, Alice Cooper 83. Nobody Does It Better, Carly Simon 84. High School Dance, The Sylvers 85. Love’s Grown Deep, Kenny Nolan 86. Ain’t Gonna Bump No More (with No Big Fat Woman), Joe Tex 87. I Wanna Get Next To You, Rose Royce 88. Somebody to Love , Queen 89. Muskrat Love, Captain and Tennille 90. Walk This Way, Aerosmith 91. Cherchez la Femme / Se Si Bon, Dr. Buzzard’s Original Savannah Band 92. Year of the Cat, Al Stewart 93. Boogie Nights, Heatwave 94. Go Your Own Way, Fleetwood Mac 95. Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word, Elton John 96. Don’t Worry Baby, B.J. Thomas 97. Knowing Me, Knowing You, Abba 98. How Much Love, Leo Sayer 99. Main Title Star Wars, London Symphony Orchestra 100. Devil’s Gun, C.J. and Co.

American Statistics in 1977: Yearly Inflation Rate USA 6.5% Interest Rates Year End Federal Reserve 7.75% Average Cost of new house $49,300.00 Average Income per year $15,000.00 Average Monthly Rent $240.00 Cost of a gallon of Gas 65 cents

LIFE STORIES.

LIFE STORIES.

“Peace of mind is not the absence of conflict from life, but the ability to cope with it.” ~Unknown

Bringing the Practice of Acceptance into Daily Life

Like many people, I lived my life for a lot of years failing to understand inner peace is a choice. I am not sure what I thought. Perhaps I didn’t believe anyone could feel a lasting peace inside. I did know that my own feelings of peace were always transitory. There were many ups and downs in my life, too many claims on my time and too many difficult situations to be dealt with. I think I actually believed inner peace could only be achieved by monks and saints, or anyone living a reclusive life who didn’t have to deal with everyday struggles. I was stuck in a world of confusion, wondering how peace could be mine when there was always something, some drama going on in my own life or the lives of those I loved. In fact, it seemed to me that the whole world was filled with stuff, negative stuff mostly, which I read about in the newspaper, saw on the television, or heard from someone I knew. It was the kind of stuff that pulls at your emotions—the breaking news story of a missing woman being found murdered, the tragedy of a child being killed by a hit and run driver, the numbers of homeless people tripling, and a devastating Tsunami killing thousands and paralysing a country. Then there were the stories closer to home—my friend’s husband being diagnosed with cancer and dying three months later, my father suffering from dementia, my best friend’s marriage falling apart—all tearing at my heart and leaving me hurt and grieving. In my own personal life too, my emotions dipped and peaked along with how much control I felt I had over my own happiness.

I literally felt like a puppet on a string, and asked myself over and over again, “How can I feel a constant inner peace in my heart and life when my emotions see-saw up and down according to what is happening in and around me?” Looking back I know I believed that my emotions were important. After all, wasn’t being emotional an essential part of being alive? Emotions made me feel real and allowed me to extend empathy to everyone else. But in the deepest part of myself, I did not feel good most of the time. I longed to not be so emotional. I wanted to be released from all the conflict in my life—to not react to other people’s words and anger, to feel serenity in my heart. It was an almost desperate need to alter or to stop the negative cycle of events which seemed to dominate my relationships and my life. I believe it was that intention which kept on surfacing in my mind and in my heart that fuelled my spiritual search and led me to discover a more peaceful way to live, despite the conflict in my life. I know that as the months and years went on I became more determined to change the way I was living. It was a few years ago now—I cannot pinpoint exactly when it happened—when I finally felt a peace inside that did not come and go along with my emotions or the drama in my life. I know it was the culmination of making a lot of changes, including…

Perhaps the key to feeling real peace is being able to accept what is. Acceptance simply means recognizing your ego’s voice and rejecting it. Knowing that the only person we can change is ourselves enables us to do this. As soon as we start to think there is something not right, not the way it should be, or we become judgemental about a situation or a person—their words or behaviour—we know we have moved away from accepting what is, by wanting to control what is outside of us. There is a lot of negative energy and craziness in this world, but we can all learn to live with inner peace. If your intention is strong and comes from the deepest part of you, it will happen. Outwardly, nothing changes; peace comes from making changes inside you, it begins and continues through becoming more aware of you really are, knowing you are loved, making changes in the way you think, practicing loving-kindness, and accepting what is. As serenity and unconditional love fill your heart, you will accept that you cannot go back, and will not relinquish what you have now found, that peace that you seem to have been searching for your whole life. Finally, you will come to this—deep inner peace inside you that endures, regardless of what challenges life brings.

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Believing I am Loved Understanding that negative childhood imprinting leads to feeling unloved and having low self-esteem, I looked for and found the truth about myself. It was not what I had been led to believe was true! Believing we are loved comes with knowing who we are, not judging ourselves or others for mistakes we make, and from daily meditation in which we feel the unconditional love of something greater than ourselves.

Monitoring and Changing My Thoughts I once believed I had no control over what I was thinking, because I never considered the idea that thoughts can be changed. Then I started focusing on my thoughts and realized much of what I was thinking did not reflect the way I truly felt. Just paying by attention to them, we see that many thoughts are primarily fear-based and judgemental and, because they come and go unchallenged, most of us struggle through life unconsciously accepting that we are our thoughts. We simply do not look at or challenge them as they appear and disappear. By accepting them, we give them permission to shape our beliefs about ourselves and our lives. Once you start recognizing them, you can go about changing your thoughts. Through observing how your thoughts differ from the way you really feel, you can choose to place a different thought in your mind, which more accurately reflects the way you feel.

Coming from Loving-Kindness and Living from My Higher Self By noticing and appreciating other people’s kindness, we become aware how much it really matters in daily living. In dealing with difficult telephone calls, perhaps an angry person on the other end of the line, we can choose to be kind. When a friend asks us to help with something, we can decide on the kindest thing to say or do. If someone asks for a donation for the umpteenth time, we can deal with the request kindly. Obviously, there are times we cannot give whatever is being asked of us; when we do not have the means or desire to agree to a certain request. In these circumstances, saying no with kindness is the best choice. Sometimes kindly refusing to provide assistance is important in helping promote personal growth in others and allows them to learn some important life lessons. If someone is gossiping about someone we know, we can be silently kind, refusing to be drawn into the conversation. By choosing kindness, we allow positive energy to flow from us to others and prevent negative energy from reaching us or infusing situations. In this way, we create and maintain a connection to our higher selves. And, realize just how good it feels to be kind.

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LIFE STORIES.

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(c) 1998 Patrick Edmondson (Excerpted from a longer work in progress)

You have to understand; it was the sixties. Things were different then. In Atlanta there had started to be free concerts held in Piedmont “liberate” electricity to the Pavilion and there was some music in the park almost everyday, officially permitted or not. The quality varied Hampton Grease Band, to up and comers The Allman Brothers. National acts showed up, too; which “Man you got Days later I checked on the exact date of the concert. It was 7/7/69! (insert Twilight Zone nally I did on 7/7/98. such a large crowd - in Atlanta! Lots of famous musicians of that day and all days performed. A great time to come came from England to hear Led Zeppelin!”. Somehow it impressed us enough to stay to hear the unknown see this” the camp-ground just lingering in the vibe of the evening, the music, and there being SO MANY Passing among the crowd were leaflets declaring simply, “Come to Piedmont Park Monday 1 PM”. Another band trying to get started we Monday about lunchtime we loaded up the Celestial Omnibus with our small circle of friends and headed off to the park, joining lots of was for commerce with straights and all; the Park was for letting your freak flag fly without fear of the attacks still common from red-necks. bus experience. My first bus experience had been when a fellow Beatle maniac’s mother had agreed to drive the two of us 30 miles to the home we were in dreams of being the Beatles going to a gig; a great time! I thought this was the coolest mother to appreciate how much later. Not too much out of the ordinary happened in Tifton. The expressway was a new link to the outside world bringing the outside spot for burgers and fries after school, just off Interstate 75. Our band was old school bus full of crazy people and loud music is stopped for gas next We all ran over to see. A commotion seemed to be erupting from this I had naturally assumed it was since this was still living under the spell of were in a circus swarming out of and all over the bus. Most wore these covthat they were entertainers headed somewhere on the expressway. I just Kool-aid Acid Test”. The chronology seems to fit but I am unsure, it was at Christmas after starting college came the third bus experience, Christmas to the Miami Pop Festival, living on the fringes. Incredible adventures. I lived equipment, but could barely climb a big bump; my long bus trip begins. everything else transplant. My part was to paint the bus. The name in Celestial Omnibus”, about a bus that literally took you to literary heaven ; it aim I had for this vehicle.

Two fish twirled in the yin-yang replaced the VW circle to lead the way. The driver’s door got the zig-zag man, still hip code then. The have any, Mr. Natural said only a fool would follow his advise anyway. We were subtle stealth hippies. We loaded up the bus and headed Upon arriving at the Park and parking by the Pavilion, we found...nothing happening. A beautiful July afternoon even if it had been a hoax. still meandering onward.

The crowd was growing. Drizzling rain was welcomed. A community formed. Someone brought out a giant clear plastic tarp and threw it obscured and it became a personal challenge to see how long you could stay before scrambling to the edge, poke out your head and The rain stopped and on a count the plastic was quickly pulled back at once. A smoke signal was released to Atlanta and everything bemouth.”, they beatifically smiled. A bit of paper was placed on the tongue & and with a cheery, “Enjoy!” they would sashay away. There bear that had to be held a coast away from local authorities. After twenty minutes it was indeed a party with the only music coming from up to the pavilion. As they were unloaded we watched for stencils to identify the bands. The Allman Brother’s mushroom, of course; design.

When our friend Dan, just back from Fran Sanfisco, saw this, he lazily smiled slyly beneath his round blue-smoked glasses and droopy It’s the Dead.” The Dead! San Francisco musicians, emissaries from the Tribes on the West Coast, free, here on a Summer Day in them as of us rather than stars, an “Somehow it impressed antithesis to the new culture. Sixties roadies really worked. they evolved the process into balletic us enough to stay to precision. Zen masters at work in a dance of their own out a hand needed to help get amps, cords, drums and all into place. Everything seemed to hear the unknown various bands.

Led Zeppelin Soon Glenn Phillips prescient-electronica guitar yelps and Harold Kelling’s sweet melodies wove close the show; now the president of the Grammies, played and sang sweet harmonies to counter Bruce antics. Hampton and Martin had first amazing performance!” met when they had been the weird kids at Georgia Military weird; a threat I also received. With a little help from their friends with the paper and cider, this crowd efforts. Everyone was dancing and strolling about meeting or just smiling at people. Some sat in groups and communed with the music. set. The multi-rhythms of Berry, Jaimoe, and Butch set waves of energy moving through the people. Duane’s heartbreaking solos merging stage; two big bass drums mounted slanted sideways over the regular trap set. Older bald head, eyes electric- Ed Casady pounded like introduced by stepson Randy California’s tasty guitar licks interwoven with keyboards and mingled voices created a feeling like a strange band of friends. The Friends featured Jim Keltner’s horn section and Merry Clayton leading the backup vocal trio. Excellent Gospel tinged brass led melodies created “Saturday in the Park” on a Monday evening.

Park. At first they were only for special holidays, then there were concerts nearly every weekend. Soon someone figured out how to widely from garage bands needing lots more practice to local heroes such as Radar or the unbelievable “The crowd was the point of the story I’m setting up here. I have meant to write this down for a long time. Fibrings me to intro here...)

The Atlanta International Pop Festival was held at Hampton Raceway in July 1969. It was growing. was had by Drizzling rain was all. We were about to leave and saw a guy in a leather jacket. Painted on the back was, “I Led Zeppelin close the show; amazing performance! People began to wind their way slowly back to welcomed.”

HIPPIES; we aren’t alone! thought; but we had a feeling...and no one had work or classes Monday afternoon . other small circles of friends coming together in a temporal free-zone, our community, beginning to coalesce around the park. The Strip Here, if only for the moment, weirdness was the standard, and we levered in it. The Celestial Omnibus was a hippie VW bus. My fourth theatre showing “A Hard Day’s Night” a year before it would drag to our town. We went in a VW van, rare in South Georgia. On the way it meant to the two of us, even if adults sneered at her stupidity in indulging us. It wasn’t normal. My second “bus” experience was years world in greater force than old Highway 41. I was killing time waiting on my friend Fred to finish work at the Royal Castle, currently THE In to practice that night and I was impatient for him to come on. “Man, you gotta come see these guys! “, a friend rushed in yelling. “A wild door. Hurry before they leave! You gotta see this!” strange old traveling bus that was gassing-up at the Phillips 66 station. The bus itself was coloured like a circus vehicle, which was what the button-down fifties. Anything so colourful just had to be part of a circus or a fair. And there were certainly people that looked like they eralls. People would probably have been scared since they were acting so unusual if they hadn’t assumed from the vehicle and clothes remember these weird expressions and some kind of excitement they generated. Was it...? I wondered when I later read “The Electric least similar minded folks; still it was a seed. I thought how it would be neat to carry your friends in a rolling party.

1968. A VW bus driven by Martin the beatnik gnome, the Cassidy figure in my life, spirited me from home. Friends from college headed them and I barely believe it all. Now I acquired my first car. A 1959 VW microbus that cost $100 and came with $150 worth of camping With Martin’s mechanical wizardry we gave it a motor and psychedelic bubble smoke letters was “The Celestial Omnibus”. In Senior year English class we had read an E.M. Forster story, “The remained corporeal as long as you didn’t doubt , but if you had doubt. It would come crashing back to normal life. That was much the opposite side doors got a reclining Mr. Natural with a speech balloon declaring, “Mr. Natural says...”. Fill in your own sage advice if you for the hills of Piedmont, park that is.

We were grooving on the park as other groups of our friends and acquaintances arrived. Many folks were left over from the Pop Festival out for people to crowd under. The edges were tucked down and, this being the sixties, joints came out everywhere. Vision was soon gulp purer air before returning under the plastic. gan to shift. Lovely hippie women in long skirts swirled and danced through the crowd stopping at various individuals. “Please open your were also jugs marked “acidophilus cider” being offered for swigs. Legend has it that this was a going away party for a certain teddy someone’s portable eight-track in the pavilion. “Make way for equipment!” The crowd was parted so trucks and funky vans could drive Spirit; Delaney and Bonnie and Friends; the Chicago Transit Authority; The Hampton Grease Band; and some lighting bolt through a skull ended mustache. His laconic drawl informed us, “Ya’ll are in for a treat.

Piedmont Park! The Dead were of our culture, but we really considered From installing the exact setup on varied stages once or twice a day, devising. Barely giving each other a notice, they knew just when to put grow almost organically as layer after layer of equipment was installed for threads around sonic blues riffs from attacked guitars. Mike Greene, Hampton’s fabled screamed/sung dada linguistics and insane stage Academy where their parents had sentenced both to do time for being was really getting into the music driving the musicians to redoubled The Allman Brother’s blues flowed in accompaniment to a glorious sunwith Greg’s plaintive vocals touched your soul. Strange trap set on a spirit possessed wailing the enigmatic Spirit lyrics. “Fresh Garbage” and enveloping tapestry. Bonnie Bramlett with husband Delaney led a southern rock. The party was in full swing as Chicago Transit Authority’s

LIFE STORIES.

DICTIONARY.

With the night came more magic. Dan got a cot from the Celestial Omnibus and lay in the open with a sign saying “Feed Me.”.

Throughout the rest of the evening innumerable paper bits, a few joints, and a few female breasts were inserted in his smile. Gabi and I being purists who endured eating Morning Glory seeds to get to the natural source, passed on over five hits to he and Ronnie.

Now the Dead began to tune. Word spread through the telephone pipeline to the suburbs; A beckoning from the bathhouse pay phones.As the crowd grew the officers of the law had at first grown tense. Since the crowd was all peaceful and grooving together; a gathering of the tribes, they relaxed.

Love really began to prevail. Dealer’s opened their stores and set phalanxes of joint rollers to work. Cops asked for some of the cider, were warned and tried it anyway. They let pretty women try on their hats. They danced and let people decorate them with flowers and incense. They winked at people passing joints and even took mostly ceremonial hits at first. Cops got kissed. Soon cops were joining the circles around water pipes.

“I can’t do this any more!” yelled one young cop as he tore off his uniform. For his trouble two hippie women soothed him under a hedge by the stonewalls. Giggle, moans, and body parts occasionally protruded from the shrubbery during the rest of the evening.

The Dead began playing I watched a skinny longhaired guy in hanging jeans climb a scraggly elm in front of the Pavilion. He sat on the one branch protruding vertically about 15 ft. from the ground. It didn’t look like it could possibly hold even his weight. We watched in expectation of his imminent descent; The rhythm seemed to get him before gravity. Unbelievably he let go of the main part of the tree and stood erect on the limb. He began to sway with the music and shift from foot to foot. Then he jerked still and stayed as paralyzed for a few minutes. Just as suddenly he began to prance and gyrate wildly breaking laws of physics. I glanced at him every few minutes from then on. He continued to be a marionette pulled by every chord Jerry played. Finally I looked back and he was gone without a trace. I asked but no one around saw him ever come down...

It was midnight and Dead had played most of the songs for which they were becoming known and they stopped after about three hours. But now more equipment was added to the stage?!

Most of the musicians retook the stage to play with the Dead. Big horn section, background singers, eight drummers, a bass quintet, and Harold Kelling, Glenn Phillips, Duane Allman and Dickie Betts, Delaney Bramlett, Chicago’s guitarist, Randy California, and Jerry Garcia trading and interlacing lead lines.This was a two-hour shakedown song before they settled into “Dark Star” experimentation. This became a rock symphony full of the once and future hits of all concerned.

About 3:30 AM Jerry’s guys shifted to their closing song. Coda after coda rang into the darkness of Atlanta’s late July night stillness.

The musicians hung out a while. No one wanted to leave and break the spell. We watched the roadie’s performance as they prestidigitate loads of equipment into their small spots within the trucks and vans. When loaded, these spirited away into the night. Only naked bulbs over the pavilion competed with the moon. Light around both seemed to hang in solid Van Gogh visions of colors streaks.

Cops and the crowd felt the shift back almost to the normality we had forsaken for a while. All our faces had been stolen. We collected our stimulated to satiation group into the Celestial Omnibus. Dan’s face became animated, “Was I right?” He had been. it had been a night to live in memories. We’d forever know that skull split by a lightning bolt.

Peace

(c) 1998 Patrick Edmondson (First published in Smash magazine, Excerpted from a longer work in progress) http://www.thestripproject.com/TheStripProject/Hippies_Stories/Entries/2007/5/19_Dead_in_Piedmont_Park.html

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noun noun: peace; noun: the peace

1.

freedom from disturbance; tranquillity. “he just wanted to drink a few beers in peace” Synonyms: tranquillity, calm, calmness, restfulness, peace and quiet, peacefulness, quiet, quietness, quietude, silence, soundlessness, hush, noiselessness, stillness, still; More antonyms: noise, irritation mental or emotional calm. “the peace of mind this insurance gives you” synonyms: serenity, peacefulness, tranquillity, equanimity, calm, calmness, composure, placidity, placidness, rest, repose, ease, comfort, contentment, content, contentedness, security; More antonyms: agitation, distress

2.

a state or period in which there is no war or a war has ended. “the Straits were to be open to warships in time of peace” synonyms: law and order, lawfulness, order, peacefulness, peaceableness, harmony, harmoniousness, accord, concord, amity, amicableness, goodwill, friendship, cordiality, non-aggression, non-violence; More antonyms: conflict a treaty agreeing peace between warring states. “support for a negotiated peace” synonyms: treaty, truce, ceasefire, armistice, end/cessation/suspension of hostilities, moratorium, agreement, alliance, concord, appeasement, reconciliation “the envoy hopes to set the seal on a lasting peace today” antonyms: war the state of being free from civil disorder. “police action to restore peace” synonyms: law and order, lawfulness, order, peacefulness, peaceableness, harmony, harmoniousness, accord, concord, amity, amicableness, goodwill, friendship, cordiality, non-aggression, non-violence; More antonyms: conflict the state of being free from dissension. “the 8.8 per cent offer promises peace with the union” 3. a ceremonial handshake or kiss exchanged during a service in some Churches (now usually only in the Eucharist), symbolizing Christian love and unity.

Origin

Middle English: from Old French pais, from Latin pax, pac- ‘peace’.

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE 60’S? “At the beginning of the 1960s, many Americans believed they were standing at the dawn of a became president of the United States. His confidence that, as one historian put it, “the decade. However, that golden age never materialized. On the contrary, by the end of the 1960s it The Great Society:

During his presidential campaign in 1960, John F. Kennedy had promised the most ambitious domestic agenda since the New Deal: the “New Frontier,” a package of laws and reforms that sought to eliminate injustice and inequality in the United States. But the New Frontier ran into problems right away: The Democrats’ Congressional majority depended on a group of Southerners who loathed the plan’s interventionist liberalism and did all they could to block it.

Did You Know?

On June 27, 1969, police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village. The bar’s patrons, sick of being subjected to harassment and discrimination, fought back: For five days, rioters took to the streets in protest. “The word is out,” one protester said. “[We] have had it with oppression.” Historians believe that this “Stonewall Rebellion” marked the beginning of the gay rights movement.

It was not until 1964, after Kennedy was shot, that President Lyndon B. Johnson could muster the political capital to enact his own expansive program of reforms. That year, Johnson declared that he would make the United States into a “Great Society” in which poverty and racial injustice had no place. He developed a set of programs that would give poor people “a hand up, not a handout.”

These included Medicare and Medicaid, which helped elderly and low-income people pay for health care; Head Start, which prepared young children for school; and a Job Corps that trained unskilled workers for jobs in the de-industrializing economy. Meanwhile, Johnson’s Office of Economic Opportunity encouraged disadvantaged people to participate in the design and implementation of the government’s programs on their behalf, while his Model Cities program offered federal subsidies for urban redevelopment and community projects.

The War in Vietnam:

Unfortunately, the War on Poverty was expensive–too expensive, especially as the war in Vietnam became the government’s top priority. There was simply not enough money to pay for the War on Poverty and the war in Vietnam. Conflict in Southeast Asia had been going on since the 1950s, and President Johnson had inherited a substantial American commitment to anti-communist South Vietnam. Soon after he took office, he escalated that commitment into a full-scale war. In 1964, Congress authorized the president to take “all necessary measures” to protect American soldiers and their allies from the communist Viet Cong. Within days, the draft began.

The war dragged on, and it divided the nation. Some young people took to the streets in protest, while others fled to Canada to avoid the draft. Meanwhile, many of their parents and peers formed a “silent majority” in support of the war.

The Right For Civil Rights:

The struggle for civil rights had defined the ‘60s ever since four black students sat down at a whites-only lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, in February 1960 and refused to leave. Their movement spread: Hundreds of demonstrators went back to that lunch counter every day, and tens of thousands clogged segregated restaurants and shops across the upper South. The protesters drew the nation’s attention to the injustice, brutality and capriciousness that characterized Jim Crow.

In general, the federal government stayed out of the civil rights struggle until 1964, when President Johnson pushed a Civil Rights Act through Congress that prohibited discrimination in public places, gave the Justice Department permission to sue states that discriminated against women and minorities and promised equal opportunities in the workplace to all. The next year, the Voting Rights Act eliminated poll taxes, literacy requirements and other tools that southern whites had traditionally used to keep blacks from voting.

But these laws did not solve the problems facing African Americans: They did not eliminate racism or poverty and they did not improve the conditions in many black urban neighbourhoods. Many black leaders began to rethink their goals, and some embraced a more militant ideology of separatism and self-defence.

The Radical 60’s:

Just as black power became the new focus of the civil rights movement in the mid-1960s, other groups were growing similarly impatient with incremental reforms. Student activists grew more radical. They took over college campuses, organized massive antiwar demonstrations and occupied parks and other public places. Some even made bombs and set campus buildings on fire. At the same time, young women who had read The Feminine Mystique, celebrated the passage of the 1963 Equal Pay Act and joined

golden age. On January 20, 1961, the handsome and charismatic John F. Kennedy government possessed big answers to big problems” seemed to set the tone for the rest of the seemed that the nation was falling apart.” the moderate National Organization for Women were also increasingly annoyed with the slow progress of reform. They too became more militant.

The counter-culture also seemed to grow more outlandish as the decade wore on. Some young people “dropped out” of political life altogether. These “hippies” grew their hair long and practiced “free love.” Some moved to communes, away from the turbulence that had come to define everyday life in the 1960s.

The Death of the 1960’s:

The optimistic ‘60s went sour in 1968. That year, the brutal North Vietnamese Tet Offensive convinced many people that the Vietnam War would be impossible to win. The Democratic Party split, and at the end of March, Johnson went on television to announce that he was ending his re-election campaign. (Richard Nixon, chief spokesman for the silent majority, won the election that fall.) Martin Luther King Jr. and Bobby Kennedy, the two most visible leftists in American politics, were assassinated. Police used tear gas and billy clubs to break up protests at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Furious antiwar protesters took over Columbia University in New York as well as the Sorbonne in Paris and the Free University in Berlin. And the urban riots that had erupted across the country every summer since 1964 continued and intensified.

Shreds of the hopeful ‘60s remained. In the summer of 1969, for example, more than 400,000 young people trooped to the Woodstock music festival in upstate New York, a harmonious three days that seemed to represent the best of the peace-and-love generation. By the end of the decade, however, community and consensus lay in tatters. The era’s legacy remains mixed–it brought us empowerment and polarization, resentment and liberation–but it has certainly become a permanent part of our political and cultural lives.

PEACE WALKS/MARCHES. Slovakia to host peace conference on Ukraine in March; BRATISLAVA, Feb. 14 (Xinhua) -- Slovakia will host a peace conference on the Ukraine crisis in March, Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico said on a radio talk show on Saturday. His government has been approached by the German Social Democrats with a proposal to organize a peace conference (on Ukraine) in Slovakia, according to local news agency TASR. “It’s going to concern top-level officials from Social Democratic parties. I’m glad that we’ve received such an offer, and I’m glad that the peace conference will take place indeed, in Kosice in early March,” TASR cited Fico as saying. Fico has been the leader of the Direction-Social Democracy party of Slovakia since 1999. He led the party to a landslide victory in the 2012 parliament election and has been the country’s PM ever since. The Slovak PM said “strange political games” are being PLAYED in Ukraine, and the ceasefire deal expected to take effect on Sunday morning would do little to prevent the crisis devolving into a major war.

Makurdi Residents march for peace; Youths in Benue State under the umbrella of Global Peace Project Initiative, have staged peace walk in Makurdi, the State capital following last week’s political violence in Vandeikia. The youths with the theme “I Stand For Peace”, marched from St. Theresa Primary school through Wurukum roundabout to the school gate of the Benue State University to register the message of peace. Leader of the peace walk, urged Nigerians to avoid acts capable of inciting violence as neither the general elections nor communal differences are worth risking the peace of the country. At the school gate of the Benue state university were they spoke to Channels Television, the YOUTHS said they hoped young people would embrace peace rather than resort to violence. Confirming the outbreak of political violence in parts of the State, the police command said that, it had made some arrest, assuring that adequate measures had been put in place to check election violence. Among those who took to the street for the peace walk, were secondary school students who appealed to politicians to ensure the reign of peace during the elections. Some of the participants asked Nigerians to obtain their voter cards in order to in the electoral process. The Resident Electoral Commissioner (REC) for Benue State, Prof.

Istifanus Defwang put the total PVC distribution figure at 75%, noting that distribution were still on-going across the State.

Manatee School of Arts and Sciences students hold peace walk; BRADENTON -- As “Dream,” a new song by the band Imagine Dragons, played in the background, the 130 students at Manatee School of Arts and Sciences silently made their way around the school’s courtyard Friday afternoon. Holding signs with messages of peace, or simply holding up their hand with the peace sign, the students celebrated peace in honor of Black History Month and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Principal Miriam Jolly challenged the students at her K-12 charter school: “Today we’re going to be walking into your future,” she said. “The future starts now.”

After the walk, the students heard from three of their classmates. Alli Couch, a 10-year-old fourth-grade student, Fabian Mares, a 12-year-old sixth-grade student and E.J. Allan, a 12-year-old sixth-grade student, spoke about the dream that King had when he marched to bring peace and offered students different ways to be more peaceful. Alli told her students they could hold doors open and respect others’ ideas even if they don’t agree.

“Sometimes, just a smiles helps brighten people’s day,” she said. E.J. reminded students that respect is fragile and must be earned.

“Peace is the way to EARN respect,” he said. Fabian spoke of a potential service project the school could participate in to help the county’s homeless.

“Mrs. Jolly and I would like more peace,” he said. The students were joined in their walk and ceremony by Manatee County Commissioner John Chappie, who said the student speeches were incredibly important to the community and to achieving peace.

“This is a big deal,” he said.

Protest erupt in wake of choke-hold death decision; Protesters are flooding the streets of New York and elsewhere -- chanting, blocking traffic and demanding change after the decision not to indict in the choke-hold death of Eric Garner. Demonstrators staged a “die-in” in Brooklyn, New York, late Thursday. They lay in the middle of Atlantic Avenue. An eerie silence descended as the protesters, who had cardboard coffins, stopped chanting.

The march was being led by three mothers, all of whom had lost a son to police. Protesters stopped other marchers from getting ahead of the women. They wanted them to walk in front. “I’m so happy that people of all cultures, all ethnicities, came out to show their love and support, and basically we have to make a change because they’re killing us off,” a protester told CNN. A part of the Brooklyn Bridge was closed. Protesters marched up Broadway, and police used pepper spray on the West Side Highway near Houston Street. The vast majority of the demonstrations were peaceful.

“What do we want? Justice! When do we want it? Now!” protesters shouted in New York’s Foley Square. They chanted Garner’s final words: “I can’t breathe!” Garner, a black man, died in July after a white officer put him in a choke-hold on Staten Island.

The case cracked open a wider discussion around policing practices in communities of colour. “I’m out here because the system has failed us too many times,” Courtney Wicker, a protester, told CNN affiliate NY1. “It makes me feel like there’s no justice.”

Now laying in the street w 11 and west side hwy #ericgarner #nycprotest https://t.co/spFrWBpOnL — Shimon Prokupecz (@ShimonPro) December 5, 2014 Another DC protester tells me: I’m here because of Eric #Garner. There’s no nuanced argument. There was a great injustice, so I’m here.

— Athena Jones (@AthenaCNN) December 5, 2014 Demonstrations also erupted in Boston, Washington, D.C. and Chicago, where they shut down one of the major roads downtown.

Robert Spriggs, 22, a young protester in Washington, told CNN: It feels like we’re moving backwards, so if we have to march like it’s the ‘60s, we will.

Earlier in Pittsburgh, protesters marched and lay down in the middle of a street. “It’s happening in every city, every town. It’s happening here in Pittsburgh,” Julia Johnson told CNN affiliate WPXI. “Police are racially profiling people. They are harassing people,” she said. “There is just no accountability and no justice for the victims.” The demonstrations raise the question: If the way we police in America is wrong, as many suggest, then what’s right? That’s the problem police and communities now face in the wake of three high-profile investigations that, collectively, have sparked a national conversation around changing the status quo.

In Ferguson, Missouri, violence and chaos erupted after a different grand jury elected not to indict a white officer for killing a black teenager. Obama: We must strengthen trust Tense moments during protests in Chicago What exactly is a chokehold? NY police officer: We are all saddened, A nearly two-year investigation by the Justice Department revealed a pattern of excessive force by police in Cleveland. And in New York, officials are still in the midst of grappling with what to do in the wake of Garner’s death.

His encounter with Officer Daniel Pantaleo was captured on video. Another video shows the dying man lying on the street for more than six minutes as officers calmly wait for an ambulance, showing no sign of urgency.

“Fundamental questions are being asked, and rightfully so, about how we respect peoples’ rights -- how we reduce the use of force in the relationship between police and community, in each encounter between police and community -- how we get it right,” New York Mayor Bill de Blasio said. The mayor said: “This tragedy is raising a lot of tough questions. There’s tremendous resolve here in this city to answer those questions, to get it right.” Feds launch civil right investigation, Pantaleo may not stand trial in Garner’s death, but he’s not off the hook. Attorney General Eric Holder said that the U.S. Justice Department will conduct an “exhaustive and fair” civil rights probe into the incident. The New York Police Department is taking a fresh look at the case as well, escalating its internal investigation of Garner’s death by interviewing more officers. Even if it’s not illegal, the city’s police department patrol guide states its officers “will not use chokeholds,” which it defines as any action pressuring the throat or windpipe.

“Whenever it becomes necessary to take a violent or resisting subject into custody, responding officers should utilize appropriate tactics in a coordinated effort to overcome resistance,” the patrol guide says.

Once this investigation is finished, it’s possible that a negotiated settlement will be reached or that there will be a department trial.

“If there’s a finding of guilt, a decision will be made as to an appropriate penalty or discipline for that,” said police Commissioner William Bratton, who would decide on the punishment. Garner’s family angry, calls for justice Is the justice system divided on race?

So who was Eric Garner? Before his death at the age of 43, he was a father of six, as well as a grandfather. He was also someone with a history of run-ins with the law, including 30 arrests. When police confronted him in July, they suspected that he was illegally selling untaxed cigarettes -- something for which he had previously been arrested. But his family, and ITS SUPPORTERS, can’t understand how anyone could think officers’ actions that day were justified. Garner’s mother, Gwen Carr, wondered how the grand jury -- which was of mixed race and heard from dozens of police and civilian witnesses between September 29 and December 3 -could decide there wasn’t “probable cause” for an indictment after seeing the widely distributed video. And his widow, Esaw Garner, was angry that “somebody that GETS PAID to do right did wrong” and was not held accountable for it.

“But my husband’s death will not be in vain. As long as I have a breath in my body I will fight the fight ‘til the end,” she added.

Battalions of police watching the protesters wore no riot gear Wednesday night in New York and refrained from the show of armoured vehicles and assault rifles that appeared in the St. Louis suburb of Ferguson. Officers -- on the lookout for people trying to block traffic for long periods of time -- ended up arresting 83 people. Bratton pointed out there was no violence, no vandalism, no looting.

This was no accident. Garner’s family wanted it that way, with father Ben Carr telling a crowd outside the store where his son gasped in the chokehold, “We ain’t tearing up nothing. We ain’t burning up nothing... The police is our problem. No violence. That is all I ask.”

Police union says officer just tried to tackle Garner, Pantaleo offered his condolences to Garner’s family in a statement.

“I became a police officer to help people and to protect those who can’t protect themselves,” he said. “It is never my intention to harm anyone and I feel very bad about the death of Mr. Garner.” In addition to the internal investigation, Pantaleo has been the subject of two other lawsuits. In both, the plaintiffs allege false arrest, unlawful imprisonment, civil rights violations and other charges.

One suit from 2013 was dismissed in January 2014, while the second, from February 2014, remains open. Speaking specifically about the Garner case, Bratton said he understood people’s anger over the scenes on the video, but that he also trusted the legal process and the grand jury’s judgment in spite of the images.

“As much as we think video is the final determinant, it is not,” he said. The grand jury saw much more evidence and argument than the public or he have seen, he said. A judge ruled Thursday against releasing some of the testimony and evidence presented to jurors, one day after the Staten Island district attorney filed a motion asking for such a release, given the public interest in the case.

Certain facts about the jury, however, were released. It sat for nine weeks and heard from a 50 witnesses, including civilians, officers and medical personnel. Sixty exhibits were admitted into evidence, including four videos. Pantaleo’s police union defended his tackle, with Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association President Patrick Lynch saying “it is clear that the officer’s intention was to do nothing more than take Mr. Garner into custody as instructed and that he used the takedown technique that he learned in the academy when Mr. Garner refused.” “No police officer starts a shift intending to take another human being’s life,” Lynch said.

PEACEFUL SONGS.

SING A SIMPLE SONG OF FREEDOM. Come and sing a simple song of freedom Sing it like you’ve never sung before Let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere We, the people here, don’t want a war Hey there, Mister Black Man, can you hear me?

I don’t want your diamonds or your game I just want to be someone known to you as me And I will bet my life you want the same So come and sing a simple song of freedom Sing it like you’ve never sung before Let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere We, the people here, don’t want a war Seven hundred million are you listening?

Most of what you read is made of lies But speaking one to one, ain’t it everybody’s sun To wake to in the morning when we rise?

So come and sing a simple song of freedom Sing it like you’ve never sung, before Let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere We, the people here don’t want a war Brother soldier Nixon are you busy?

If not won’t you drop this friend a line?

Tell me if the man who is plowing up your land Has got the war machine upon his mind Come and sing a simple song of freedom Sing it like you’ve never sung before Let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere We, the people here don’t want a war Now no doubt some folks enjoy doin’ battle Like presidents, prime ministers and kings So let us build them shelves Where they can fight among themselves And leave the people be who like to sing Come and sing a simple song of freedom Sing it like you’ve never sung before Let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere We, the people here don’t want a war I sat, let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere We, the people here don’t want a war Freedom Freedom Freedom

This song was made famous by Bobby Darin in 1969. In the first verse of the song we hear Bobby sing “Let it fill the air, tell the people everywhere, We, the people here, don’t want a war’’ from this I can imagine a group of protesters, silence, one person speaking. I also feel that these lyrics are very acurate “Most of what you read is made of lies, But speaking one to one” I feel this also shows how the media lies, most of the stuff you read is so outstretched that you don’t hear the full through through secondary resources, where as if you hear it from the primary resource you know it will be acurate.

PEACE TRAIN. Now I’ve been happy lately, thinking about the good things to come And I believe it could be, something good has begun Oh I’ve been smiling lately, dreaming about the world as one And I believe it could be, some day it’s going to come Cause out on the edge of darkness, there rides a peace train Oh peace train take this country, come take me home again Now I’ve been smiling lately, thinking about the good things to come And I believe it could be, something good has begun Oh peace train sounding louder Glide on the peace train Come on now peace train Yes, peace train holy roller Everyone jump upon the peace train Come on now peace train Get your bags together, go bring your good friends too Cause it’s getting nearer, it soon will be with you Now come and join the living, it’s not so far from you And it’s getting nearer, soon it will all be true Now I’ve been crying lately, thinking about the world as it is Why must we go on hating, why can’t we live in bliss Cause out on the edge of darkness, there rides a peace train Oh peace train take this country, come take me home again

I feel that this song written by Cat Stevens back in 1971, is about how her country isn’t being the same anymore, it is has a theme of getting away and being able to leave, get out of a place you no longer love. ‘Oh peace train sounding louder’ I feel this is aiming at the protests getting louder and louder, and could be a metaphor to more people talking about peace happening, and more people supporting. About bringing the good friends too, I feel this represents trying to help your friends to convert into the mind of anti-war.

CONVERSATION. Staring right at 2000 ad As if mankind’s atrocities to man has no history But just a glance at life in 2000 bc We find traces of man’s inhumanity to man There’s no mystery All for one, one for all There’s no way we’ll reach our greatest heights Unless we heed the call Me for you, you for me There’s no chance of world salvation Less the conversation’s peace We can’t pause, watch and say “no” this can’t be When there’s a plan by any means to have Cleansing of one’s ethnicity And we shouldn’t act as if we don’t hear nor see Like the holocaust of six million jews and A hundred and fifty million blacks during slavery All for one, one for all There’s no way we’ll reach our greatest heights Unless we heed the call Me for you, you for me There’s no chance of world salvation Less the conversation’s peace When publicly or privately convened May love, positivity and life’s preservation Be the basic theme And should you put your trust in some Prophet in life Give him trust but your faith must stay With the one Who gave the ultimate sacrifice for...

All for one, one for all There’s no way we’ll reach our greatest heights Unless we heed the call Me for you, you for me There’s no chance of world salvation Less the conversation’s peace (repeat)

Stevie Wonder- 1995, with Stevie Wonder I feel his songs always are sung with meaning, so naturally his songs will be powerful, he discusses the way in which he talks about the future of the 2000’s and he looks back into 2000bc and the way the world has changed, I also like the way he isn’t afraid to discuss’ the problems of the world which countries wouldn’t admit to such as the ‘holocaust’ and ‘slavery’.

I WAS ONLY 19.

Mum and Dad and Denny saw the passing-out parade at Puckapunyal It was a long march from cadets.

The sixth battalion was the next to tour, and it was me who drew the card.

We did Canungra, Shoalwater before we left.

And Townsville lined the footpaths as we marched down to the quay This clipping from the paper shows us young and strong and clean.

And there’s me in my slouch hat with my SLR and greens.

God help me, I was only nineteen.

From Vung Tau, riding Chinooks, to the dust at Nui Dat I’d been in and out of choppers now for months.

But we made our tents a home, VB and pinups on the lockers And an Asian orange sunset through the scrub.

And can you tell me, doctor, why I stil can’t get to sleep?

And night-time’s just a jungle dark and a barking M16?

And what’s this rash that comes and goes, can you tell me what it means?

God help me, I was only ninteen.

A four week operation when each step could mean your last one on two legs It was a war within yourself.

But you wouldn’t let your mates down til they had you dusted off So you closed your eyes and thought about something else.

Then someone yelled out “Contact!” and the bloke behind me swore We hooked in there for hours, then a Godalmighty roar Frankie kicked a mine the day that mankind kicked the moon, God help me, he was going home in June.

I can still see Frankie, drinking tinnies in THE GRAND HOTEL On a thirty-six hour rec leave in Vung Tau And I can still hear Frankie, lying screaming in the jungle Til the MORPHINE came and killed the bloody row.

And the Anzac legends didn’t mention mud and blood and tears And the stories that my father told me never seemed quite real.

I caught some pieces in my back that I didn’t even feel God help me, I was only nineteen.

And can you tell me, doctor, why I still can’t get to sleep?

And why the Channel Seven chopper chills me to my feet?

And what’s this rash that comes and goes, can you tell me what it means?

God help me, I was only nineteen.

Redgun-1983, This song was released in 1983 was about a man being taken into war and how he was so young, he was so scared and he didn’t understand, ‘The Greens’ is a short term phrase for khaki uniform out in places such as America. It explains how the doctor wouldn’t help him to sleep and he couldn’t understand why he couldn’t sleep or why he had ‘chills’ on his feet. He wasn’t getting any help for ‘rashes’ or other problems, and it explains the badside to war, this is like a primary resource instead of hearing the positive side to war which we see in the media.

IMAGINE.

WHAT A WONDERFUL WORLD. Imagine there’s no heaven It’s easy if you try No hell below us Above us only sky Imagine all the people Living for today...

Imagine there’s no countries It isn’t hard to do Nothing to kill or die for And no religion too Imagine all the people Living life in peace...

You may say I’m a dreamer But I’m not the only one I hope someday you’ll join us And the world will be as one Imagine no possessions I wonder if you can No need for greed or hunger A brotherhood of man Imagine all the people Sharing all the world...

You may say I’m a dreamer But I’m not the only one I hope someday you’ll join us And the world will live as one

I see trees of green, red roses too.

I see them bloom, for me and you.

And I think to myself, what a wonderful world.

I see skies of blue, And clouds of white.

The bright blessed day, The dark sacred night.

And I think to myself, What a wonderful world.

The colors of the rainbow, So pretty in the sky.

Are also on the faces, Of people going by, I see friends shaking hands.

Saying, “How do you do?”

They’re really saying, “I love you”.

I hear babies cry, I watch them grow, They’ll learn much more, Than I’ll ever know.

And I think to myself, What a wonderful world.

Yes, I think to myself, What a wonderful world.

Imagine is one of the most recognisable songs known still today which was written by the legendary John Lennon in 1971, John Lennon I feel this song, still represents a lot of peace wars. Even after his death, the lyrics are still recognisable and are being made recognisable to the new generations. The lyrics in which it says ‘Above us only sky’ is now printed at the John Lennon Airport. In it I feel John is discussing getting rid of all the problems by just imaging, I think that the way he is trying to discuss imaginging all this stuff was the most clever lyrics and thats why it became so successful because he was so passionate people genuinley started to change and believe.

Oh yeah.

This song is always played at weddings, I feel it represents happiness, and I love the way Louis Armstrong discusses only the happy stuff in the world the things people love; such as roses, colours ,rainbows, shaking hands of friends. The only sad thing is babies growing but it shows how that a babies cry changes to them growing up and becoming independent adults. This is my favourite song out of all the songs I researched as I genuinely feel happy by the lyrics and I smile to myself when he sings ‘yes I think to myself what a wonderful world’.

PEACE, LOVE, UNDERSTANDING. As I walk on through this wicked world, Searching for light in the darkness of INSANITY, I ask myself, Is all hope lost?

Is there only pain, and hatred, and misery?

And each time I feel like this inside, There’s one thing I wanna know, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?

And as I walked on through troubled times, My spirit gets so downhearted sometimes, So where are the strong?, And who are the trusted?, And where is the harmony?, Sweet harmony ‘Cause each time I feel it slipping away, just makes me wanna cry, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?

So where are the strong?, And who are the trusted?, And where is the harmony?, Sweet harmony ‘Cause each time I feel it slipping away, just makes me wanna cry, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?, What’s so funny ‘bout peace, love, and understanding?

Elvis Costello- 1974, In 1974 Elvis Costello wrote ‘Peace,Love and understanding’, I felt that he is just looking for answers, the lyrics speak for themselves.

COLOUR SEMIOTICS.

FAMOUS SPEECHES FROM VARIOUS WARS.

JOHN F.KENNEDY. I am proud to come to this city as the guest of your distinguished Mayor, who has symbolized throughout the world the fighting spirit of West Berlin. And I am proud -- And I am proud to visit the Federal Republic with your distinguished Chancellor who for so many years has committed Germany to democracy and freedom and progress, and to come here in the company of my fellow American, General Clay, who has been in this city during its great moments of crisis and will come again if ever needed.

Two thousand years ago -- Two thousand years ago, the proudest boast was “civis Romanus sum.”¹ Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is “Ich bin ein Berliner.” There are many people in the world who really don’t understand, or say they don’t, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world.

Let them come to Berlin.

There are some who say -- There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future.

Let them come to Berlin.

And there are some who say, in Europe and elsewhere, we can work with the Communists.

Let them come to Berlin.

And there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress.

Lass’ sie nach Berlin kommen.

Let them come to Berlin.

Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect. But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in -- to prevent them from leaving us. I want to say on behalf of my countrymen who live many miles away on the other side of the Atlantic, who are far distant from you, that they take the greatest pride, that they have been able to share with you, even from a distance, the story of the last 18 years. I know of no town, no city, that has been besieged for 18 years that still lives with the vitality and the force, and the hope, and the determination of the city of West Berlin.

While the wall is the most obvious and vivid demonstration of the failures of the Communist system -- for all the world to see -- we take no satisfaction in it; for it is, as your Mayor has said, an offense not only against history but an offense against humanity, separating families, dividing husbands and wives and brothers and sisters, and dividing a people who wish to be joined together.

What is -- What is true of this city is true of Germany: Real, lasting peace in Europe can never be assured as long as one German out of four is denied the elementary right of free men, and that is to make a free choice. In 18 years of peace and good faith, this generation of Germans has earned the right to be free, including the right to unite their families and their nation in lasting peace, with good will to all people.

You live in a defended island of freedom, but your life is part of the main. So let me ask you, as I close, to lift your eyes beyond the dangers of today, to the hopes of tomorrow, beyond the freedom merely of this city of Berlin, or your country of Germany, to the advance of freedom everywhere, beyond the wall to the day of peace with justice, beyond yourselves and ourselves to all mankind.

Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free. When all are free, then we look -- can look forward to that day when this city will be joined as one and this country and this great Continent of Europe in a peaceful and hopeful globe. When that day finally comes, as it will, the people of West Berlin can take sober satisfaction in the fact that they were in the front lines for almost two decades.

All -- All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin.

And, therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich bin ein Berliner.”

BARACK OBAMA. Barack Obama’s watched since

most listened to speech, from May 1st 2011 which has been reover 6,000,000 times on youtube.

THE PRESIDENT: Good Osama bin Laden, the

evening. Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed leader of al Qaeda, and a terrorist who’s responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children.

It was nearly 10 years seared into our national up from the Pentagon; And yet we know that without their mother or hole in our hearts.

ago that a bright September day was darkened by the worst attack on the American people in our history. The images of 9/11 are memory -- hijacked planes cutting through a cloudless September sky; the Twin Towers collapsing to the ground; black smoke billowing the wreckage of Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, where the actions of heroic citizens saved even more heartbreak and destruction. the worst images are those that were unseen to the world. The empty seat at the dinner table. Children who were forced to grow up their father. Parents who would never know the feeling of their child’s embrace. Nearly 3,000 citizens taken from us, leaving a gaping

On September 11, blood. We reaffirmed what race or ethnicity we this vicious attack to jusopenly declared war on to protect our citizens,

2001, in our time of grief, the American people came together. We offered our neighbors a hand, and we offered the wounded our our ties to each other, and our love of community and country. On that day, no matter where we came from, what God we prayed to, or were, we were united as one American family. We were also united in our resolve to protect our nation and to bring those who committed tice. We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al Qaeda -- an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe. And so we went to war against al Qaeda our friends, and our allies.

Over the last 10 years, thanks to the tireless and heroic work of our military and our counterterrorism professionals, we’ve made great government, which had given bin Laden and al Qaeda safe haven and support. And around the globe, we worked with our friends and capture and escaped across the Afghan border into Pakistan. Meanwhile, al Qaeda continued to operate from along that border and the killing or capture of bin Laden the top priority of our war against al Qaeda, even as we continued our broader efforts to disrupt, a possible lead to bin Laden. It was far from certain, and it took many months to run this thread to ground. I met repeatedly with my deep inside of Pakistan. And finally, last week, I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action, and authorized an operation

strides in that effort. We’ve disrupted terrorist attacks and strengthened our homeland defense. In Afghanistan, we removed the Taliban allies to capture or kill scores of al Qaeda terrorists, including several who were a part of the 9/11 plot. Yet Osama bin Laden avoided operate through its affiliates across the world. And so shortly after taking office, I directed Leon Panetta, the director of the CIA, to make dismantle, and defeat his network. Then, last August, after years of painstaking work by our intelligence community, I was briefed on national security team as we developed more information about the possibility that we had located bin Laden hiding within a compound to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice.

Today, at my direction, the United States launched a targeted operation against that compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. A small team civilian casualties. After a firefight, they killed Osama bin Laden and took custody of his body. For over two decades, bin Laden has been marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation’s effort to defeat al Qaeda.

of Americans carried out the operation with extraordinary courage and capability. No Americans were harmed. They took care to avoid al Qaeda’s leader and symbol, and has continued to plot attacks against our country and our friends and allies. The death of bin Laden

Yet his death does not mark the end of our effort. There’s no doubt that al Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us. We must

–- and we will -- remain vigilant at home and abroad.

As we do, we must also reaffirm that the United States is not –- and never will be -– at war with Islam. I’ve made clear, just as President Indeed, al Qaeda has slaughtered scores of Muslims in many countries, including our own. So his demise should be welcomed by all where bin Laden was. That is what we’ve done. But it’s important to note that our counterterrorism cooperation with Pakistan helped ordered attacks against the Pakistani people. Tonight, I called President Zardari, and my team has also spoken with their Pakistani counto join us in the fight against al Qaeda and its affiliates. The American people did not choose this fight. It came to our shores, and started These efforts weigh on me every time I, as Commander-in-Chief, have to sign a letter to a family that has lost a loved one, or look into the

Bush did shortly after 9/11, that our war is not against Islam. Bin Laden was not a Muslim leader; he was a mass murderer of Muslims. who believe in peace and human dignity. Over the years, I’ve repeatedly made clear that we would take action within Pakistan if we knew lead us to bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding. Indeed, bin Laden had declared war against Pakistan as well, and terparts. They agree that this is a good and historic day for both of our nations. And going forward, it is essential that Pakistan continue with the senseless slaughter of our citizens. After nearly 10 years of service, struggle, and sacrifice, we know well the costs of war. eyes of a service member who’s been gravely wounded.

So Americans understand the costs of war. Yet as a country, we will never tolerate our security being threatened, nor stand idly by when make us who we are. And on nights like this one, we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to al Qaeda’s terror: Justice achieve this outcome. The American people do not see their work, nor know their names. But tonight, they feel the satisfaction of their alism, patriotism, and unparalleled courage of those who serve our country. And they are part of a generation that has borne the heaviest ten your loss, nor wavered in our commitment to see that we do whatever it takes to prevent another attack on our shores.

our people have been killed. We will be relentless in defense of our citizens and our friends and allies. We will be true to the values that has been done. Tonight, we give thanks to the countless intelligence and counterterrorism professionals who’ve worked tirelessly to work and the result of their pursuit of justice. We give thanks for the men who carried out this operation, for they exemplify the professionshare of the burden since that September day. Finally, let me say to the families who lost loved ones on 9/11 that we have never forgot-

And tonight, let us think back to the sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11. I know that it has, at times, frayed. Yet today’s achievement complete. But tonight, we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to. That is the story of our history, values abroad, and our sacrifices to make the world a safer place. Let us remember that we can do these things not just because of

is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the American people. The cause of securing our country is not whether it’s the pursuit of prosperity for our people, or the struggle for equality for all our citizens; our commitment to stand up for our wealth or power, but because of who we are: one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

Thank you. May God bless you. And may God bless the United States of America.

MARTIN LUTHER KING. I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro a shameful condition.

In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the “unalienable Rights” of “Life, Liberty concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people, wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably

We cannot turn back.

There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be satisfied?” We can never be satisfied as long as the travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. *We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro’s basic of their dignity by signs stating: “For Whites Only.”* We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New and righteousness like a mighty stream.” I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorI have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppresI have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of “interpowhite girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today!

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made

This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of erhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom with new meaning: My country ‘tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.

Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim’s pride, From every mountainside, let freedom ring!

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.

Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.

But not only that: Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.

From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual Free at last! Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we’ve come here today to dramatize of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. and the pursuit of Happiness.” It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are marked “insufficient funds.” But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift children. will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those as usual. And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead.

Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until “justice rolls down like waters, you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back will be changed. row, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. all men are created equal.” down together at the table of brotherhood. sion, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. content of their character. sition” and “nullification” -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; “and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.” despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brothtogether, knowing that we will be free one day. And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing

WINSTON CHURCHILL.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

I have, myself, full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made, as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our Island home, to ride out the storm of war, and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone.

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At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. That is the resolve of His Majesty’s Government-every man of them. That is the will of Parliament and the nation.

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The British Empire and the French Republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength.

Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous States have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag or fail.

We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God’s good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

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Comrades, Red Army and Red Navy men, commanders and political instructors, men and women workers, men and women collective farmers, intellectuals, brothers and sisters in the enemy rear who have temporarily fallen under the yoke of the German brigands, our glorious men and women guerrillas who are disrupting the rear of the German invaders!

On behalf of the Soviet Government and our Bolshevik Party I greet you and congratulate you on the 24th anniversary of the great October Socialist Revolution. Comrades, today we must celebrate the 24th anniversary of the October Revolution in difficult conditions. The German brigands’ treacherous attack and the war that they forced upon us have created a threat to our country. We have temporarily lost a number of regions, and the enemy is before the gates of Leningrad and Moscow.

The enemy calculated that our army would be dispersed at the very first blow and our country forced to its knees. But the enemy wholly miscalculated. Despite temporary reverses, our army and our navy are bravely beating off enemy attacks along the whole front, inflicting heavy losses, while our country-our whole country-has organized itself into a single fighting camp in order, jointly with our army and navy, to rout the German invaders.

There was a time when our country was in a still more difficult position. Recall the year 1918, when we celebrated the first anniversary of the October Revolution. At that time three-quarters of our country was in the hands of foreign interventionists. We had temporarily lost the Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. We had no allies, we had no Red Army-we had only just begun to create it-and we experienced a shortage of bread, a shortage of arms, a shortage of equipment.

At that time 14 states were arrayed against our country, but we did not become despondent or downhearted. In the midst of the conflagration of war we organized the Red Army and converted our country into a military camp. The spirit of the great Lenin inspired us at that time for the war against the interventionists. And what happened? We defeated the interventionists, regained all our lost territories and achieved victory.Today our country is in a far better position than it was 23 years ago. Today it is many times richer in industry, food and raw materials. Today we have allies who jointly with us form a united front against the German invaders. Today we enjoy the sympathy and support of all the peoples of Europe fallen under the yoke of Fascist tyranny. Today we have a splendid army and a splendid navy, defending the freedom and independence of our country with their lives. We experience no serious shortage either of food or of arms or equipment.

Our whole country, all the peoples of our country, are backing our army and our navy, helping them smash the Nazi hordes.

Our reserves in manpower are inexhaustible. The spirit of the great Lenin inspires us for our patriotic war today as it did 23 years ago. Is it possible, then, to doubt that we can and must gain victory over the German invaders? The enemy is not as strong as some terror-stricken pseudo-intellectuals picture him. The devil is not as terrible as he is painted. Who can deny that our Red Army has more than once put the much-vaunted German troops to panicky flight?

If one judges by Germany’s real position and not by the boastful assertions of German propagandists, it will not be difficult to see that the Nazi German invaders are facing disaster. Hunger and poverty reign in Germany. In four and a half months of war Germany has lost four and a half million soldiers. Germany is bleeding white; her manpower is giving out. A spirit of revolt is gaining possession not only of the nations of Europe under the German invaders’ yoke, but of the Germans themselves, who see no end to the war.

The German invaders are straining their last forces. There is no doubt that Germany cannot keep up such an effort for any long time. Another few months, another half year, one year perhaps-and Hitlerite Germany must collapse under the weight of its own crimes.

Comrades, Red Army and Red Navy men, commanders and political instructors, men and women guerrillas! The whole world is looking to you as a force capable of destroying the brigand hordes of German invaders. The enslaved peoples of Europe under the yoke of the German invaders are looking to you as their liberators. A great mission of liberation has fallen to your lot.

Be worthy of this mission! The war you are waging is a war of liberation, a just war. Let the heroic images of our great ancestors-Alexander Nevsky, Dmitri Donskoi, Kusma Minin, Dmitri Pozharsky, Alexander Suvorov, Mikhail Kutuzov-inspire you in this war!

Let the victorious banner of the great Lenin fly over your heads!

Utter destruction to the German invaders!

Death to the German armies of occupation!

Long live our glorious motherland, her freedom and her independence!

Under the banner of Lenin-onward to victory!

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

JOSEPH STALIN.

regime with WMD. But back away now from this confrontation and future conflicts will be infinitely worse and more devastating.

But, of course, in a sense, any fair observer does not really dispute that Iraq is in breach and that 1441 implies action in such circumstances. The real problem is that, underneath, people dispute that Iraq is a threat; dispute the link between terrorism and WMD; dispute the whole basis of our assertion that the two together constitute a fundamental assault on our way of life.

There are glib and sometimes foolish comparisons with the 1930s. No one here is an appeaser. But the only relevant point of analogy is that with history, we know what happened. We can look back and say: there’s the time; that was the moment; for example, when Czechoslovakia was swallowed up by the Nazis - that’s when we should have acted.

But it wasn’t clear at the time. In fact at the time, many people thought such a fear fanciful. Worse, put forward in bad faith by warmongers. Listen to this editorial - from a paper I’m pleased to say with a different position today - but written in late 1938 after Munich when by now, you would have thought the world was tumultuous in its desire to act.

“Be glad in your hearts. Give thanks to your God. People of Britain, your children are safe. Your husbands and your sons will not march to war. Peace is a victory for all mankind. And now let us go back to our own affairs. We have had enough of those menaces, conjured up from the continent to confuse us.” Naturally should Hitler appear again in the same form, we would know what to do.

But the point is that history doesn’t declare the future to us so plainly. Each time is different and the present must be judged without the benefit of hindsight. So let me explain the nature of this threat as I see it. The threat today is not that of the 1930s. It’s not big powers going to war with each other. The ravages which fundamentalist political ideology inflicted on the 20th century are memories. The Cold war is over. Europe is at peace, if not always diplomatically.

But the world is ever more interdependent. Stock markets and economies rise and fall together. Confidence is the key to prosperity. Insecurity spreads like contagion. So people crave stability and order. The threat is chaos. And there are two begetters of chaos.

Tyrannical regimes with WMD and extreme terrorist groups who profess a perverted and false view of Islam. Let me tell the house what I know. I know that there are some countries or groups within countries that are proliferating and trading in WMD, especially nuclear weapons technology. I know there are companies, individuals, some former scientists on nuclear weapons programmes, selling their equipment or expertise.

I know there are several countries - mostly dictatorships with highly repressive regimes - desperately trying to acquire chemical weapons, biological weapons or, in particular, nuclear weapons capability. Some of these countries are now a short time away from having a serviceable nuclear weapon. This activity is not diminishing. It is increasing. We all know that there are terrorist cells now operating in most major countries. Just as in the last two years, around 20 different nations have suffered serious terrorist outrages.

Thousands have died in them.

The purpose of terrorism lies not just in the violent act itself. It is in producing terror. It sets out to inflame, to divide, to produce consequences which they then use to justify further terror. Round the world it now poisons the chances of political progress: in the Middle East; in Kashmir; in Chechnya; in Africa. The removal of the Taliban in Afghanistan dealt it a blow. But it has not gone away. And these two threats have different motives and different origins but they share one basic common view: they detest the freedom, democracy and tolerance that are the hallmarks of our way of life. At the moment, I accept that association between them is loose. But it is hardening. And the possibility of the two coming together - of terrorist groups in possession of WMD, even of a so-called dirty radiological bomb is now, in my judgement, a real and present danger.

And let us recall: what was shocking about September 11 was not just the slaughter of the innocent; but the knowledge that had the terrorists been able to, there would have been not 3,000 innocent dead, but 30,000 or 300,000 and the more the suffering, the greater the terrorists’ rejoicing. Three kilograms of VX from a rocket launcher would contaminate a quarter of a square kilometre of a city. Millions of lethal doses are contained in one litre of Anthrax. 10,000 litres are unaccounted for. 11 September has changed the psychology of America. It should have changed the psychology of the world. Of course Iraq is not the only part of this threat. But it is the test of whether we treat the threat seriously.

Faced with it, the world should unite. The UN should be the focus, both of diplomacy and of action. That is what 1441 said.

That was the deal. And I say to you to break it now, to will the ends but not the means that would do more damage in the long term to the UN than any other course. To fall back into the lassitude of the last 12 years, to talk, to discuss, to debate but never act; to declare our will but not enforce it; to combine strong language with weak intentions, a worse outcome than never speaking at all. And then, when the threat returns from Iraq or elsewhere, who will believe us? What price our credibility with the next tyrant? No wonder Japan and South Korea, next to North Korea, has issued such strong statements of support.

I have come to the conclusion after much reluctance that the greater danger to the UN is inaction: that to pass resolution 1441 and then refuse to enforce it would do the most deadly damage to the UN’s future strength, confirming it as an instrument of diplomacy but not of action, forcing nations down the very unilateralist path we wish to avoid. But there will be, in any event, no sound future for the UN, no guarantee against the repetition of these events, unless we recognise the urgent need for a political agenda we can unite upon. What we have witnessed is indeed the consequence of Europe and the United States dividing from each other. Not all of Europe - Spain, Italy, Holland, Denmark, Portugal - have all strongly supported us. And not a majority of Europe if we include, as we should, Europe’s new members who will accede next year, all 10 of whom have been in our support.

But the paralysis of the UN has been born out of the division there is. And at the heart of it has been the concept of a world in which there are rival poles of power. The US and its allies in one corner. France, Germany, Russia and its allies in the other. I do not believe that all of these nations intend such an outcome. But that is what now faces us.

I believe such a vision to be misguided and profoundly dangerous. I know why it arises. There is resentment of US predominance.There is fear of US unilateralism. People ask: do the US listen to us and our preoccupations? And there is perhaps a lack of full understanding of US preoccupations after 11th September. I know all of this. But the way to deal with it is not rivalry but partnership.

Partners are not servants but neither are they rivals. I tell you what Europe should have said last September to the US. With one voice it should have said: we understand your strategic anxiety over terrorism and WMD and we will help you meet it.

We will mean what we say in any UN resolution we pass and will back it with action if Saddam fails to disarm voluntarily; but in return we ask two things of you: that the US should choose the UN path and you should recognise the fundamental overriding impor-

tance of re-starting the MEPP (Middle East Peace Process), which we will hold you to.I do not believe there is any other issue with the same power to re-unite the world community than progress on the issues of Israel and Palestine. Of course there is cynicism about recent announcements. But the US is now committed, and, I believe genuinely, to the roadmap for peace, designed in consultation with the UN. It will now be presented to the parties as Abu Mazen is confirmed in office, hopefully today.

All of us are now signed up to its vision: a state of Israel, recognised and accepted by all the world, and a viable Palestinian state. And that should be part of a larger global agenda. On poverty and sustainable development. On democracy and human rights.

On the good governance of nations. That is why what happens after any conflict in Iraq is of such critical significance. Here again there is a chance to unify around the UN. Let me make it clear. There should be a new UN resolution following any conflict providing not just for humanitarian help but also for the administration and governance of Iraq. That must now be done under proper UN authorisation.

It should protect totally the territorial integrity of Iraq. And let the oil revenues - which people falsely claim we want to seize - be put in a trust fund for the Iraqi people administered through the UN. And let the future government of Iraq be given the chance to begin the process of uniting the nation’s disparate groups, on a democratic basis, respecting human rights, as indeed the fledgling democracy in Northern Iraq - protected from Saddam for 12 years by British and American pilots in the no-fly zone - has done so remarkably.

And the moment that a new government is in place - willing to disarm Iraq of WMD - for which its people have no need or purpose then let sanctions be lifted in their entirety.

I have never put our justification for action as regime change. We have to act within the terms set out in resolution 1441.

That is our legal base. But it is the reason, I say frankly, why if we do act we should do so with a clear conscience and strong heart. I accept fully that those opposed to this course of action share my detestation of Saddam. Who could not? Iraq is a wealthy country that in 1978, the year before Saddam seized power, was richer than Portugal or Malaysia. Today it is impoverished, 60% of its population dependent on food aid.

Thousands of children die needlessly every year from lack of food and medicine. Four million people out of a population of just over 20 million are in exile. The brutality of the repression - the death and torture camps, the barbaric prisons for political opponents, the routine beatings for anyone or their families suspected of disloyalty are well documented. Just last week, someone slandering Saddam was tied to a lamp post in a street in Baghdad, his tongue cut out, mutilated and left to bleed to death, as a warning to others. I recall a few weeks ago talking to an Iraqi exile and saying to her that I understood how grim it must be under the lash of Saddam.

“But you don’t”, she replied. “You cannot. You do not know what it is like to live in perpetual fear.” And she is right. We take our freedom for granted. But imagine not to be able to speak or discuss or debate or even question the society you live in. To see friends and family taken away and never daring to complain. To suffer the humility of failing courage in face of pitiless terror. That is how the Iraqi people live. Leave Saddam in place and that is how they will continue to live. We must face the consequences of the actions we advocate. For me, that means all the dangers of war. But for others, opposed to this course, it means - let us be clear - that the Iraqi people, whose only true hope of liberation lies in the removal of Saddam, for them, the darkness will close back over them again; and he will be free to take his revenge upon those he must know wish him gone.

And if this house now demands that at this moment, faced with this threat from this regime, that British troops are pulled back, that we turn away at the point of reckoning, and that is what it means - what then? What will Saddam feel? Strengthened beyond measure. What will the other states who tyrannise their people, the terrorists who threaten our existence, what will they take from that?

That the will confronting them is decaying and feeble. Who will celebrate and who will weep? And if our plea is for America to work with others, to be good as well as powerful allies, will our retreat make them multilateralist? Or will it not rather be the biggest impulse to unilateralism there could ever be. And what of the UN and the future of Iraq and the Middle East peace plan, devoid of our influence, stripped of our insistence?

This house wanted this decision. Well it has it. Those are the choices. And in this dilemma, no choice is perfect, no cause ideal. But on this decision hangs the fate of many things: Of whether we summon the strength to recognise this global challenge of the 21st century and meet it. Of the Iraqi people, groaning under years of dictatorship. Of our armed forces - brave men and women of whom we can feel proud, whose morale is high and whose purpose is clear. Of the institutions and alliances that will shape our world for years to come.” I can think of many things, of whether we summon the strength to recognise the global challenge of the 21st century and beat it, of the Iraqi people groaning under years of dictatorship, of our armed forces - brave men and women of whom we can feel proud, whose morale is high and whose purpose is clear - of the institutions and alliances that shape our world for years to come. To retreat now, I believe, would put at hazard all that we hold dearest, turn the UN back into a talking shop, stifle the first steps of progress in the Middle East; leave the Iraqi people to the mercy of events on which we would have relinquished all power to influence for the better. Tell our allies that at the very moment of action, at the very moment when they need our determination that Britain faltered. I will not be party to such a course. This is not the time to falter. This is the time for this house, not just this government or indeed this prime minister, but for this house to give a lead, to show that we will stand up for what we know to be right, to show that we will confront the tyrannies and dictatorships and terrorists who put our way of life at risk, to show at the moment of decision that we have the courage to do the right thing.

I beg to move the motion.

TONY BLAIR.

I beg to move the motion standing on the order paper in my name and those of my right honourable friends.

At the outset I say: it is right that this house debate this issue and pass judgment. That is the democracy that is our right but that others struggle for in vain. And again I say: I do not disrespect the views of those in opposition to mine.

This is a tough choice. But it is also a stark one: to stand British troops down and turn back; or to hold firm to the course we have set. I believe we must hold firm. The question most often posed is not why does it matter? But why does it matter so much? Here we are, the government with its most serious test, its majority at risk, the first cabinet resignation over an issue of policy. The main parties divided. People who agree on everything else, disagree on this and likewise, those who never agree on anything, finding common cause. The country and parliament reflect each other, a debate that, as time has gone on has become less bitter but not less grave.

So: why does it matter so much? Because the outcome of this issue will now determine more than the fate of the Iraqi regime and more than the future of the Iraqi people, for so long brutalised by Saddam. It will determine the way Britain and the world confront the central security threat of the 21st century; the development of the UN; the relationship between Europe and the US; the relations within the EU and the way the US engages with the rest of the world. It will determine the pattern of international politics for the next generation.

But first, Iraq and its WMD. In April 1991, after the Gulf war, Iraq was given 15 days to provide a full and final declaration of all its WMD. Saddam had used the weapons against Iran, against his own people, causing thousands of deaths. He had had plans to use them against allied forces. It became clear after the Gulf war that the WMD ambitions of Iraq were far more extensive than hitherto thought. This issue was identified by the UN as one for urgent remedy. Unscom, the weapons inspection team, was set up. They were expected to complete their task following the declaration at the end of April 1991.

The declaration when it came was false - a blanket denial of the programme, other than in a very tentative form. So the 12-year game began. The inspectors probed. Finally in March 1992, Iraq admitted it had previously undeclared WMD but said it had destroyed them. It gave another full and final declaration. Again the inspectors probed but found little. In October 1994, Iraq stopped cooperating with Unscom altogether. Military action was threatened. Inspections resumed. In March 1995, in an effort to rid Iraq of the inspectors, a further full and final declaration of WMD was made. By July 1995, Iraq was forced to admit that too was false. In August they provided yet another full and final declaration.

Then, a week later, Saddam’s son-in-law, Hussein Kamal, defected to Jordan. He disclosed a far more extensive BW (biological weapons) programme and for the first time said Iraq had weaponised the programme; something Saddam had always strenuously denied. All this had been happening whilst the inspectors were in Iraq. Kamal also revealed Iraq’s crash programme to produce a nuclear weapon in 1990.

Iraq was forced then to release documents which showed just how extensive those programmes were. In November 1995, Jordan intercepted prohibited components for missiles that could be used for WMD. In June 1996, a further full and final declaration was made. That too turned out to be false. In June 1997, inspectors were barred from specific sites. In September 1997, another full and final declaration was made. Also false. Meanwhile the inspectors discovered VX nerve agent production equipment, something always denied by the Iraqis.

In October 1997, the US and the UK threatened military action if Iraq refused to comply with the inspectors. But obstruction continued. Finally, under threat of action, in February 1998, Kofi Annan went to Baghdad and negotiated a memorandum with Saddam to allow inspections to continue. They did. For a few months. In August, cooperation was suspended. In December the inspectors left.

Their final report is a withering indictment of Saddam’s lies, deception and obstruction, with large quantities of WMD remained unaccounted for.

The US and the UK then, in December 1998, undertook Desert Fox, a targeted bombing campaign to degrade as much of the Iraqi WMD facilities as we could. In 1999, a new inspections team, Unmovic, was set up. But Saddam refused to allow them to enter Iraq. So there they stayed, in limbo, until after resolution 1441 when last November they were allowed to return.

What is the claim of Saddam today? Why exactly the same claim as before: that he has no WMD. Indeed we are asked to believe that after seven years of obstruction and non-compliance finally resulting in the inspectors leaving in 1998, seven years in which he hid his programme, built it up even whilst inspection teams were in Iraq, that after they left he then voluntarily decided to do what he had consistently refused to do under coercion.

When the inspectors left in 1998, they left unaccounted for: 10,000 litres of anthrax; a far reaching VX nerve agent programme; up to 6,500 chemical munitions; at least 80 tonnes of mustard gas, possibly more than ten times that amount; unquantifiable amounts of sarin, botulinum toxin and a host of other biological poisons; an

entire Scud missile programme. We are now seriously asked to accept that in the last few years, contrary to all history, contrary to all intelligence, he decided unilaterally to destroy the weapons. Such a claim is palpably absurd.

1441 is a very clear resolution. It lays down a final opportunity for Saddam to disarm. It rehearses the fact that he has been, for years in material breach of 17 separate UN resolutions. It says that this time compliance must be full, unconditional and immediate. The first step is a full and final declaration of all WMD to be given on 8 December. I won’t to go through all the events since then - the house is familiar with them - but this much is accepted by all members of the UNSC: the 8 December declaration is false. That in itself is a material breach. Iraq has made some concessions to cooperation but no-one disputes it is not fully cooperating. Iraq continues to deny it has any WMD, though no serious intelligence service anywhere in the world believes them.

On 7 March, the inspectors published a remarkable document. It is 173 pages long, detailing all the unanswered questions about Iraq’s WMD. It lists 29 different areas where they have been unable to obtain information. For example, on VX it says: “Documentation available to Unmovic suggests that Iraq at least had had far reaching plans to weaponise VX ...

“Mustard constituted an important part (about 70%) of Iraq’s CW arsenal ... 550 mustard filled shells and up to 450 mustard filled aerial bombs unaccounted for ... additional uncertainty with respect of 6526 aerial bombs, corresponding to approximately 1000 tonnes of agent, predominantly mustard.

“Based on unaccounted for growth media, Iraq’s potential production of anthrax could have been in the range of about 15,000 to 25,000 litres ... Based on all the available evidence, the strong presumption is that about 10,000 litres of anthrax was not destroyed and may still exist.” On this basis, had we meant what we said in resolution 1441, the security council should have convened and condemned Iraq as in material breach. What is perfectly clear is that Saddam is playing the same old games in the same old way. Yes there are concessions. But no fundamental change of heart or mind.

But the inspectors indicated there was at least some cooperation; and the world rightly hesitated over war. We therefore approached a second resolution in this way. We laid down an ultimatum calling upon Saddam to come into line with resolution 1441 or be in material breach. Not an unreasonable proposition, given the history. But still countries hesitated: how do we know how to judge full cooperation? We then worked on a further compromise. We consulted the inspectors and drew up five tests based on the document they published on 7 March. Tests like interviews with 30 scientists outside of Iraq; production of the anthrax or documentation showing its destruction. The inspectors added another test: that Saddam should publicly call on Iraqis to cooperate with them. So we constructed this framework: that Saddam should be given a specified time to fulfil all six tests to show full cooperation; that if he did so the inspectors could then set out a forward work programme and that if he failed to do so, action would follow.

So clear benchmarks; plus a clear ultimatum. I defy anyone to describe that as an unreasonable position.Last Monday, we were getting somewhere with it. We very nearly had majority agreement and I thank the Chilean President particularly for the constructive way he approached the issue. There were debates about the length of the ultimatum. But the basic construct was gathering support.

Then, on Monday night, France said it would veto a second resolution whatever the circumstances. Then France denounced the six tests. Later that day, Iraq rejected them. Still, we continued to negotiate.

Last Friday, France said they could not accept any ultimatum. On Monday, we made final efforts to secure agreement. But they remain utterly opposed to anything which lays down an ultimatum authorising action in the event of non-compliance by Saddam.

Just consider the position we are asked to adopt. Those on the security council opposed to us say they want Saddam to disarm but will not countenance any new resolution that authorises force in the event of non-compliance. That is their position. No to any ultimatum; no to any resolution that stipulates that failure to comply will lead to military action.

So we must demand he disarm but relinquish any concept of a threat if he doesn’t. From December 1998 to December 2002, no UN inspector was allowed to inspect anything in Iraq. For four years, not a thing. What changed his mind? The threat of force.

From December to January and then from January through to February, concessions were made. What changed his mind? The threat of force. And what makes him now issue invitations to the inspectors, discover documents he said he never had, produce evidence of weapons supposed to be non-existent, destroy missiles he said he would keep? The imminence of force. The only persuasive power to which he responds is 250,000 allied troops on his doorstep. And yet when that fact is so obvious that it is staring us in the face, we are told that any resolution that authorises force will be vetoed. Not just opposed. Vetoed. Blocked.

The way ahead was so clear. It was for the UN to pass a second resolution setting out benchmarks for compliance; with an ultimatum that if they were ignored, action would follow. The tragedy is that had such a resolution issued, he might just have complied.

Because the only route to peace with someone like Saddam Hussein is diplomacy backed by force. Yet the moment we proposed the benchmarks, canvassed support for an ultimatum, there was an immediate recourse to the language of the veto. And now the world has to learn the lesson all over again that weakness in the face of a threat from a tyrant, is the surest way not to peace but to war.

Looking back over 12 years, we have been victims of our own desire to placate the implacable, to persuade towards reason the utterly unreasonable, to hope that there was some genuine intent to do good in a regime whose mind is in fact evil. Now the very length of time counts against us. You’ve waited 12 years. Why not wait a little longer? And indeed we have. 1441 gave a final opportunity. The first test was the 8th of December. He failed it. But still we waited. Until January 27, the first inspection report that showed the absence of full cooperation. Another breach. And still we waited.

Until February 14 and then February 28 with concessions, according to the old familiar routine, tossed to us to whet our appetite for hope and further waiting. But still no-one, not the inspectors nor any member of the security council, not any half-way rational observer, believes Saddam is cooperating fully or unconditionally or immediately. Our fault has not been impatience. The truth is our patience should have been exhausted weeks and months and years ago. Even now, when if the world united and gave him an ultimatum: comply or face forcible disarmament, he might just do it, the world hesitates and in that hesitation he senses the weakness and therefore continues to defy. What would any tyrannical regime possessing WMD think viewing the history of the world’s diplomatic dance with Saddam? That our capacity to pass firm resolutions is only matched by our feebleness in implementing them.

That is why this indulgence has to stop. Because it is dangerous. It is dangerous if such regimes disbelieve us. Dangerous if they think they can use our weakness, our hesitation, even the natural urges of our democracy towards peace, against us. Dangerous because one day they will mistake our innate revulsion against war for permanent incapacity; when in fact, pushed to the limit, we will act. But then when we act, after years of pretence, the action will have to be harder, bigger, more total in its impact. Iraq is not the only

that Russia suddenly even further intentions against Romania could now have.

2. Question Molotov: Russia feels threatened again by Finland, Russia was determined not to tolerate this. Germany was ready to give any assistance Finland and withdraw especially the marching through to Kirkenes to replace German troops immediately?

My answer: Germany was still in Finland no political interests. A new war against Russia but the small Finnish people could be considered by the German Government as unsustainable, the more so as we could never believe in a threat to Russia through Finland. But we did not, that in the Baltic Sea again arises a war zone.

3. Question Molotov: Germany was willing to comply, that Soviet Russia in turn go to Bulgaria a guarantee and Soviet Russian troops chic for this purpose to Bulgaria, where he - would declare that they have no intention on this occasion, for example - Molotov to eliminate the king.

My answer: Bulgaria is a sovereign state and I do not know that much like Romania Germany, Bulgaria had ever asked Soviet Russia for a guarantee. Also, I would have to talk about it with my allies.

4. Question Molotov: Soviet Russia need under all circumstances a free passage through the Dardanelles and also calling for its protection, the occupation of some important points in the Dardanelles and Bosporus. Be Germany agree or not?

My answer:Germany was ready at any time to give his consent to an amendment to the Statute of Montreux in favor of the Black Sea countries. Germany was not prepared to consent to the occupation of Russian bases on the Straits.

put out feelers and were driven back after prolonged firefight. But that the hour has now come when it is necessary to confront this conspiracy of Jewish-Anglo-Saxon warmongers and the equally Jewish rulers of the Bolshevik Moscow headquarters.

German People!

At that moment, a parade, which is the largest in extent and scope, the world has seen so far accomplished. In association with Finnish comrades are the fighters of the victor of Narvik on the Arctic Ocean. German divisions commanded the conqueror of Norway protect together with the Finnish hero of freedom under their Marshal Finnish soil. From East Prussia to the Carpathians rich formations of the German Eastern Front. Unite on the banks of the Prut River, the lower reaches of the Danube to the shores of the Black Sea under the head of state Antonescu German and Romanian soldiers. The object of this front is no longer qualifies for protection of individual countries, but the protection of Europe and thus the salvation of all. I have decided therefore today to lay the fate and future of the German Reich and our people back into the hands of our soldiers.

May the Lord God help us in this particular battle!

Nazis!

I have adopted the attitude that I could adopt as the responsible leader of the German Empire, but also as a responsible representative of European culture and civilization alone. The result was a gain of Soviet directed against the kingdom of activity, but especially the immediate start of the internal cavity of the new Romanian state and the attempt to eliminate propaganda by the Bulgarian government.

With the help of confused, immature heads of the Romanian Legion managed to portray in Romania a coup, whose aim was to overthrow the Head of State General Antonescu to create a chaos in the country to go through the elimination of legal violence prerequisite for entry into force to remove the German Guarantee promise.Nevertheless, I still thought best to maintain my silence.

Immediately after the failure of the company was held but one-time gain of Russian troop concentrations on Germany’s eastern border.

Armored units and Fallschirrntruppen were moved in ever increasing numbers in a threatening near the German border. The German Wehrmacht and the German homeland know that was still not a single German Panzer Division or mot on our eastern border until a few weeks ago. If it had been necessary but a final proof for despite all the distraction and camouflage have taken place since coalition between England and Soviet Russia, it has provided the Yugoslav conflict. While I tried to make a final effort to bring peace to the Balkans and invited in sympathetic cooperation with the Duce Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact, organized collaboratively England and Soviet Russia those coup that removed the former understanding Ready government in one night.

Because it can be communicated to the German people today: the Serbian coup against Germany was not just among English, but essentially under Soviet flags instead. Since we were silent also, but was now the Soviet Russian leadership one step further. They not only organized the coup, but it has taken a few days later with her new submissive creatures known the friendship agreement, which was intended to strengthen the Serbs in their will to resist against the pacification of the Balkans and incite against Germany. And this was no platonic intention.

Moscow called for the mobilization of the Serbian army. Since I still believed prefer not to talk about the rulers of the Kremlin went one step further: The German Government has today announced the documents from which it is proved that Russia, in order to bring Serbia finally in the fight, gave the assurance to deliver weapons, aircraft, munitions and other war materials against Germany on Salonika.

And that happened almost at the same moment, as I nor the Japanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka gave the Council to reach with Russia, a relaxation, always so peace to serve in hope. Only the rapid breakthrough of our incomparable divisions to Skopje and the taking of Thessaloniki themselves have prevented the intentions of this Soviet Russian-Anglo-Saxon conspiracy. The Serbian Air Force officers but fled to Russia and were taken there immediately as allies.

The victory of the Axis powers in the Balkans has initially thwarted the plan alone, Germany this summer caught up in months of fighting in the south-east and meanwhile the deployment of Soviet Russian armies to accomplish more and more to increase their readiness for war, then together with England and supported by the expected American deliveries to stifle and suffocate the German Empire and Italy. Thus, Moscow has not only broken the agreements of our friendship pact, but betrayed in abject way! And all this while the rulers of the Kremlin until the last minute just to the outside as in the case of Finland and Romania feigned peace and friendship and seemingly harmless denials written.

When I was but so far forced by circumstances, not to mention over and over again, yet the time has now come when another Watching would not only be a sin of omission, but a crime against the German people, yea, in the whole of Europe. Today, around 160 Russian divisions are on our border. For weeks, permanent injuries that limit will take place not only in our country but also in the far north, as in Romania. Russian airmen do it for fun, carefree easy to overlook these limits to well to prove to us the fact that they already feel themselves to be the masters of these areas. On the night of the 17th and 18th of June Russian patrols on German territory have

ADOLF HITLER. German People!

Nazis!

Oppressed by heavy cares, condemned to months of silence, the hour has come when I can finally talk openly. September 3, 1939 as the German Reich was awarded the British declaration of war, repeated again the British attempt to thwart every beginning of a consolidation and thus a rise of Europe by fighting against each strongest power on the continent. So England has once ruined Spain in many wars. Thus, it led its wars against Holland. So it fought with the help of all of Europe later France. And so it began at the turn of the century the encirclement of the then German Empire and in 1914 the World War. Only by its internal dissensions of Germany has failed in 1918. The consequences were terrible. Nachdern you only hypocritically claimed to have fought alone against the emperor and his regime, began after the resignation weapons of the German army with the scheduled destruction of the German Reich. While the prophecies of a French statesman that 20 million people are too much in Germany, that would have to be eliminated by hunger, disease or emigration, apparently literally fulfilled, the National Socialist movement began its work of unification of the German people and thus initiate the re-emergence of the empire.

This new collection of our people from poverty, misery and shameful disregard was characterized by a purely inner rebirth.

Especially England was not affected or even threatened. Nevertheless, the new policy of encirclement hateful, Germany informed immediately back on. Inside and out it came to that we know of conspiracy between Jews and democrats, Bolsheviks and reactionaries with the sole objectives of preventing the establishment of the new nation state to overthrow the kingdom again fainted and misery. Beside us the hatred met this international conspiracy those folks who just overlooked by luck, in the hardest struggle for existence daily bread were forced to earn. Especially Italy and Japan, the proportion of the goods of this world was just as Germany denied even formally prohibited. The merger of these nations, therefore, was only an act of self-protection against deterioration of all kinds egotistical world coalition of wealth and power. Only in 1936, Churchill declared by the statements of the American General Wood before a committee of the US House of Representatives that Germany would again too powerful and must therefore be destroyed.

In the summer of 1939, England seemed the time had come to start again intended destruction with the repetition of a comprehensive policy of encirclement against Germany. The system of organized for the purpose of campaign of lies was to tell other people as threatened, they once capture with English guarantees and assistance promises and then, as before the war, to march against Germany. This enabled England to launch from May to August 1939 in the world, the assertion that Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Bessarabia both the Ukraine were directly threatened by Germany. Some countries, was misled by accepting the promise of guarantee offered by these allegations and took it into the new encirclement front against Germany over.Under these circumstances, I believed it to my conscience and to be able to answer to the history of the German people to insure not only these countries and their governments falsehood of the alleged British assertions, but also the strongest power of the East nor particularly by solemn declarations to calm beyond the borders of our interests.

Nazis!

You did it once probably all felt that this step was a bitter and difficult for me. Never the German people have cherished against the peoples of Russia hostile feelings. Alone for more than two decades, the Jewish-Bolshevik rulers stem from Moscow has sought to put not only Germany but all of Europe on fire. Non Germany has its National Socialist ideology ever tried to wear to Russia, but the Jewish-Bolshevik rulers in Moscow have constantly made our and other European nations impose their rule, and not only spiritually, but also militarily makes default. The consequences of the activity of this regime but were in all countries only chaos, misery and famine. I on the other hand tried for two decades, to come up with a minimum of interference and without any destruction of our production to a new socialist order in Germany, which not only eliminates unemployment but also winning the job ascending the creative people accrue more leaves. The success of this policy of economic and social restructuring of our people, which tends towards the ultimate goal of a true national community in a planned overcoming of rank and class antagonisms, are unique in the world. It was therefore in August 1939 for me overcome a heavy, my minister to Moscow to send to there trying to work against the British policy of encirclement against Germany. I did it only in the sense of responsibility towards the German people, but especially in the hope, but come to a lasting relaxation at the end and can perhaps reduce the otherwise required by us victims. By now Germany solemnly in Moscow the listed areas and countries - except Lithuania - as outside all German political interests insured lying, a special agreement has yet been reached in the event that it should succeed in England, Poland actually agitate against Germany in the war. But again, to limit German claims took place, which was disproportionate to the benefits of German weapons.

Nazis!

The consequences of this even desired by me and completed in the interests of the German people contract were very heavy especially for those living in the countries concerned Germans. Far more than half a million German citizens - all small farmers, artisans and workers - were forced, almost overnight, leaving their former home in order to escape a new regime, which they initially with boundless misery, sooner or later, but with the utter extermination threatened.Nevertheless, thousands of German are gone! It was impossible to ever their fate or even their stay Among them are only about 160 men of German citizenship of the Reich. I did not speak to the particular; because I had to mention! For it was my desire to make a final relaxation and if possible bring about a permanent settlement with this State. Even during our advance in Poland but claimed the Soviet rulers suddenly, contrary to the contract and Lithuania. The German Reich never intended to occupy Lithuania and has not only made no such suggestion to the Lithuanian Government, on the contrary, to send the request of the then Lithuanian government to Lithuania in this sense German troops than not the objectives rejected according to the German policy. Nevertheless, I added myself in this new Russian demand. But it was only the beginning of continued new exactions, which have since repeated. The victory in Poland, which had been exclusively erfochten by German troops, caused me to re-set up Friedensangehot to the Western powers. It fell through the international and Jewish warmongers of rejection. The reason for this rejection was but even then the fact that England still had the hope of being able to mobilize a European coalition against Germany including the Balkans, and Soviet Russia. So it was decided in London to send Mr. Cripps as ambassador to Moscow. He received a clear mandate to retake all circumstances, the relations between England and Soviet Russia and develop in the English sense. On the progress of the mission told the British press, as long as they do not tactical reasons prompted to silence.

In the fall of 1939 and spring of 1940 also showed in fact already the first episodes. While Russia was preparing to subjugate not only Finland but also the Baltic States militarily, it suddenly motivated this process with the equally mendacious as ridiculous assertion that protect these countries from an alien threat and the need to anticipate it. But this should only be meant Germany. For another power could ever penetrate into the Baltic Sea areas neither lead nor there about war. Still, I had to mention. But the Kremlin leaders went on immediately. While Germany’s armed forces within the meaning of the so-called friendship pact far retired in the spring of 1940 by the eastern border, so these areas at all exposed to a large extent by German troops, already the deployment of Russian forces began at this time to an extent only as a deliberate threat to Germany could be considered. According to a statement delivered by hand then Molotov were already in the spring of 1940, 22 Russian divisions alone in the Baltic States. Since the Russian government itself always claimed that she had been called by the local population, the purpose of her where one could therefore only be a demonstration against Germany. While now had broken on 10 May 1940, the Franco-British power in the West, our soldiers, the Russian march at our eastern front but was continued in a gradually increasingly menacing proportions. From August 1940 on, I believed, therefore, it can not answer for the sake of the kingdom to leave his unprotected from our already so often devastated eastern provinces of this vast forces marching Bolshevik divisions.But this occurred, what the British-Soviet Russian cooperation intention, namely: the bond so strong German forces in the East that particularly moderate air could no longer be responsible for a radical conclusion of the war in the west of the German leadership. However, this not only met the target of the British, but also of the Soviet policy. For both England and Soviet Russia intend to keep this war last as long as possible in order to weaken throughout Europe and to put it in an increasingly faint. The menacing attack by Russia against Romania should also serve only the task in the last analysis, not only of German, but the economic life not to get an important base in Europe in the hand or destroyed under the circumstances, at least.

Especially the German Reich but has tried since 1933, with infinite patience to win the Southeastern European countries as trading partners. Therefore, we also had the highest interest in their internal government consolidation and order. The collapse of Russia in Romania, the Greek bond of England also threatened these areas in a short time to transform into a general theater of war. Contrary to our principles and practices I have given to an urgent request of the former in this development itself guilty Romanian Government the Council to give in peace because of the Soviet extortion and cede Bessarabia. The Romanian government but thought it only on condition still be able to submit their own people, when Germany and Italy would be to compensate them for at least a guarantee that will not be shaken nor the remaining inventory of Romania. I’ve done this with a heavy heart. Mainly for that reason, if the German Reich gives a guarantee, it means that it also vouches for it. We are neither British nor the Jews. So I still believed in the last hour to have served the peace in this area, albeit assuming a serious commitment own. However, in order to solve these problems permanently and over the kingdoms also obtain clarity about the Russian attitude, and under the pressure of constantly enhancing mobilization of our eastern border, I invited Mr. Molotov to come to Berlin.

The Soviet foreign minister now demanded the clarification and approval by Germany in the following four questions: 1. Question Molotov: Should the German guarantee for Romania in case of attack Soviet Russia against Romania directed against Soviet Russia?

My answer: The German guarantee is a general and we absolutely binding. Russia had us but never stated that there still own interests besides Bessarabia in Romania. Even the occupation of Northern Bukovina was a breach of the insurance. I believed, therefore, not

V.KULAGINA.

ALFRED LETTE.

LUDWIG HOHLWEIN.

MAX PECHSTEIN. Painter, printmaker. After studying in Dresden, joined Brücke group in 1906 at invitation of Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Moved to Berlin in 1908, but continued to spend time with fellow Brücke artists in Dresden and at rural retreats. Expelled from Brücke in 1912 for breaking policy of only exhibiting as a group when he submitted paintings to the Berlin Secession. Regarded as the paradigmatic Expressionist in 1910s and 1920s to the ire of other Brücke members. Interested in “primitive” cultures and traveled to Palau Islands in South Pacific in 1914; interned by Japanese with outbreak of World War I. Returned to Germany and was drafted into army in 1915. Saw action at Somme; had nervous breakdown. In 1918 was instrumental in founding the Novembergruppe, a left-wing artists’ group demanding artist involvement in new social policies. In posters supporting fledgling republic, united Expressionist aesthetics with socialist propaganda.

Over career, made more than nine hundred prints, mostly lithographs and woodcuts between 1906 and 1923. During Brücke years, most were self-printed in tiny editions. Beginning early 1910s, collaborated with several leading Berlin-based publishers, including Fritz Gurlitt, who commissioned some seventeen portfolios and illustrated books.

After 1933 expelled from the Prussian Academy of Arts, was forbidden from painting, and lost teaching post in Berlin. Nazis removed 326 works from public collections.

Selected Bibliography Krüger, Günter. Das druckgraphische Werk Max Pechsteins. Tökendorf, West Germany: R. C. Pechstein-Verlag, 1988.

Moeller, Magdalena M., ed. Max Pechstein im Brücke-Museum Berlin. Exh. cat. Berlin: Brücke-Museum, 2001.

Moeller, Magdalena M., ed. Max Pechstein: Sein malerisches Werk. Exh. cat. Berlin: Brücke-Museum, 1996.

Max Pechstein’s deliberately crude execution—rough gouges, simplified forms, and contrasts of color—heightens the primitivist atmosphere of his subject, an African dance. The closed-eyed flutist is totally given over to the raw power of the music. The dancers move ecstatically to the beat of the drum, with their heads thrown back and feet pounding the earth, completely in touch with nature.

Pechstein, like his fellow members of the Brücke, embraced the arts of Africa and other non-European cultures as more authentic and uncorrupted antidotes to the stultified refinement of German society. These performances, however, were no less artificial or commercialized than cabarets featuring European performers. Pechstein based this print, for example, on a Somali dance he saw at an ethnographic show in Berlin or Dresden. These Völkerschauen, products of colonialism that were usually held in zoos, displayed the lives of “natural peoples” for the entertainment of European audiences.

This catalogue for the Brücke’s breakthrough exhibition in September 1910 at the prestigious Galerie Ernst Arnold in Dresden reflects the spirit of collectivity that pervaded the group at the time. Eleven of the book’s twenty woodcuts see Brücke artists interpreting paintings by fellow members rather than highlighting their own artistic creations, each composition a flattened, simplified black-and-white version of its colorful counterpart. On the cover, Erich Heckel tackled Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s Fränzi mit Puppe (Fränzi with doll).

The type matches the style of the images. Designed especially for the project, a strong, grotesque font appears throughout the book, except in four woodcuts in which Kirchner carved a list of the group’s sixty-eight “passive members”—supporters who received the group’s annual print portfolios—in a complementary rough script.

In the seminal show that the catalogue documents, the Brücke’s four main members—Heckel, Kirchner, Max Pechstein, and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff—were given equal wallspace. The checklist notes twenty works, including paintings, watercolors, and prints, by each artist, although Heckel and Kirchner also exhibited several wood sculptures that are not listed. Cuno Amiet, a Swiss member, contributed two paintings, and Otto Mueller, who joined soon thereafter, exhibited five paintings and watercolors as a guest.

Promising forgiveness and deliverance from evil, the Lord’s Prayer resonated powerfully in postwar German society, which was saddled with war guilt and reparations, beset by hunger, and racked by civil unrest and political violence. Pechstein illustrated a single verse of the Lord’s Prayer on each of this portfolio’s twelve sheets, following the German translation from Martin Luther’s Small Catechism, which emphasizes the power of individual prayer. Pechstein’s woodcuts contrast God’s grandeur and omnipotence with his humble followers’ modest lives. The artist clothed the faithful in the simple garb of Baltic fishermen, familiar to him from his repeated stays in Nidden on Prussia’s easternmost border. Their masklike faces and blocky, angular bodies combine the styles of medieval German woodcuts and forms sourced from the South Pacific, which Pechstein had visited before World War I, and from Africa.

Pechstein created the portfolio during a time of intense personal and social upheaval. Only two years earlier, he had been an instrumental figure in revolutionary artists’ organizations that had agitated for social reform in Germany’s newly established democracy. But like many others he quickly grew disillusioned, and, it seems, he began looking for change not through politics but through heavenly intervention.

GRAPHIC DESIGNERS OF WARTIME.

STRAKHOV BRASLAVSKIJ.

This image was created in 1934 by Strakhov Braslavskij. It shows communist leaders apparently according to other research I found on http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/13-the-reality-of-our-plans---is-you-and-i-.html?authorId=9, the image is called ‘The reality of our plans - is you and I’ The man in the middle of the image is the leader of Soviet Union, Russia from mid 1920’s until 1953 when he passed; Joseph Stalin.The words at the bottom are underlined with a red banner, this to me as a colour semiotic means danger, as previously I have known Joseph Stalin to be a dangerous man, however the way in which the people look into your eyes and create a focus point I feel like it may be representing a political party and that the red represents love, as everyone shown is workers, families and generations and they look so happy/pleased so I feel that it is showing Stalin in a different light. The image shows natural lighting threw shadowing done on the faces, as it couldn’t be altered on photoshop or other creative software as the image was created in the 30’s. I feel that the image shows people in authority and importance format, with the elderly pushed to the back and the younger generation of a young boy at the front as he will have only known Stalin as a leader. Although this image is irrelevant to my project it is still relevant, as it shows the way people manipulated others.

MARK QUINCE-AN AFGHAN CHRISTMAS DAY. From snow covered hills to dusty plains, A FOB on the front line and a base that is Main.

A chef in the kitchen preparing the veg, A patrol in the Sangin walking a hedge.

Clerks in the office checking the pay, A Chaplin at altar preparing to pray.

Doctors and Nurses to rest, now committed, Hoping a 9-liner is not burst transmitted.

Pilots and ground crew checking the weather, Fighting the brown outs with blades that they feather.

Families at home with children excited, Preparing to unwrap, with faces delighted, GIFTS with love that have been gladly bestowed, From Mums and Dads and Santa who’s towed In a big red sleigh with reindeers a-panting, Rushing through towns and villages snowing.

As they sit to eat all gathered around, The table with Christmas fayre abound.

A moment of silence befalls them all and one To think of their Daughter, Mother, Father or Son, Brother or Sister, Aunt or Uncle deployed, In Afghanistan this Yule time, creating a void.

Our heroes away, again far abroad, Our heroes at home at peace with their Lord.

To those that have given all that they could, To those that still fight in a ward that they would, Return once more to ditch and gulley, To be with their mates in a hail and flurry.

The toast, my friends, families and lovers This Christmas in Afghan is to our Brothers In Arms who protect us from foes in the fray, So that we may enjoy this Christmas Day.

JAMES T CLARK-FREEDOM’S HORROR. Fate again bows its ugly young head, as two more pine coffins carry two more brave dead, two union jacks and the streets neatly lined, two more proud mothers, their grief intertwined.

One was from England the other a Scot, they both died for each other whether you knew it or not.

Well why did they go there, for the glory? The tan?

Or to protect the defenceless and to come back a man.

The uniform they wore, like a statement of our time.

It says they were different, perhaps two of a kind?

Nah just young lads in the Army, there are plenty around, but these two now heroes, for they rest in the ground.

The same ground which you walk on when you shout and you scream, about murder and invasion in the pay of the Queen.

Well let me just ask you, as you stand and you shout, what freedom of speech, is really about?

When a woman is hanged, for humming a song, when an infant is beaten for crying so long.

Does it make us lads evil for ending these crimes?

For leaving our own children to give those people our time?

When an Islamist shouts about the Infidel, he knows he’s no true Muslim and Allah knows this as well.

To beat on your women, to rape young boys after tea, are no things that any almighty can wish to be.

For a middle class student, from here or a foreign state, to call a working class soldier scum, makes me more than irate.

Your own rights of freedom are paid by us scum, who stand up against evil, in front of hells guns.

We’ve seen many things that would bring you to tears whilst some of us have only been alive eighteen years.

So next time you start, with your rights to rant, try and study our eyes, and I’ll BET that you can’t.

Behind them lie horrors that you’ll never see, and the reason you won’t is the soldier like me.

JOHN MCCRAE- IN FLANDERS FIELD.

In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high.

If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.

ROBERT KIELY-AFGHAN SKIES.

‘Neath Afghan skies I lay my head and dream of soft brown dancing eyes.

Your sweet scent from my senses fled, your gentle touch, a distant smile.

‘Neath Afghan skies I see you sleeping, yet when I awake you are gone.

We SHARE the same constellations fleeting but countless miles see us alone.

The ceiling stares – a ticking clock and still no calm to wistful sighs.

The shadows in the corner mock while pictures PLAY before my eyes.

I see across Drumavish hills, the waves break on Rosnowla beach.

As winter blows its icy chill your splendour smile just out of reach.

The passion that we often know.

The pleasure as our spirits ‘twined.

Breast to breast, a knowing glow our heart beats beat as one defined.

As slumber breaks, alone again but images of you endure.

I hold them as my thoughts remain, I save them in my mind secure.

‘Neath Afghan skies I write a while and as I wish this night to fade (a soldier’s curse, a spouse’s trial) I wait for our reunion made.

POETS OF WAR.

ALEX COCKERS-THE BRUTAL GAME.

I’m sitting here NOW Trying to put pen to paper Trying to write something That you can relate too It’s hard to relate To my PERSONAL circumstances I’m out here in Afghanistan now Taking my chances Read what you read And say what you say You wont understand it Until you’ve lived it day by day Poverty-stricken people With medieval ways Will take you life without a thought And now we’re all the same Each PLAYING our part in this brutal game

CHRIS KYLE.

range on SATURDAY. Yet, in his best-selling memoir, “American sales bump in the aftermath of Kyle’s death — the commando also Clauswitz wrote, is the CONTINUATION of politics by other means. very deeply about his SERVICE, or wanted to. The red-blooded specialty: He boasted of having killed over 250 people during his imperviousness to any nuance, subtlety or ambiguity, and his lack of imagination and curiosity, seem particularly notable in light of the ciryears. A self-described “regular redneck,” Kyle grew up in Odessa, Texas, and spent his YOUTH hunting, collecting guns and competing force’s training program and the extravagant hazing to which new members are subjected. (Kyle was handcuffed to a chair, loaded up with Presumably his bride got the message about whom he really belonged to.)

“I am not a fan of politics,” wrote Chris Kyle, the 38-year-old former Navy SEAL sniper who was shot and killed with a friend at a Texas firing Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History” — originally published last year and currently experiencing a wrote, “I like war.” The problem, as Kyle would have known if he’d read his Carl von Clausewitz, is that the two aren’t separable; war, as Chances are, though, that Kyle never heard of Clausewitz; certainly there’s nothing in “American Sniper” to suggest that he ever thought superficiality of his memoir is surely the quality that made it appealing to so many readers. Well, that and Kyle’s proficiency at his chosen four deployments as a sniper in Iraq. While Kyle’s physical courage and fidelity to his fellow servicemen were unquestionable, his steadfast cumstances of his death. They were also all-too-emblematic of the blustering, tragically misguided self-confidence of the George W. Bush in rodeos until he found his life’s purpose in the Navy SEALs. “American Sniper” lovingly recounts both the rigors of the special-operations Jack Daniel’s, stripped and covered with spray paint and obscene marking-pen tattoos by his buddies on the night before his wedding.

story is explained briefly in this extract taken from http://www.salon. ing! The autobiography or if your not a reader then definatley catch book so spoilers are in this; you’ve been warned!

Chris Kyle is an American Sniper that fought as a SEAL for 10 years, from 1999-2009. In this time he has over 160 confirmed kills. His com/2013/02/07/death_of_an_american_sniper/ however his book I really recommend as I have just finished reading it and it was amazthe film, then you don’t have to understand the guns (insert wink face). However this extract will be a brief overview of both the film and

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patriotic conception of the Iraq War. He went from one drunken brawl to another, The former Minnesota governor has always forthrightly expressed his opposition to seem to have understood the difference, or to have considered the possibility that connection. Kyle finally sobered up. (It was totaling his pickup that did it, but he also legacy, establishing a nonprofit that donated in-home fitness equipment to veterans can be great therapy. Still, the preference for activity over rumination and considerwith post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of his experiences in the war. In the to a firing range. One-time presidential candidate Ron Paul provoked a firestorm of is not an appropriate forum for complex argument.) In fact, controlled exposure guidance, first imagine and then gradually encounter the objects of their fears. Over issues. He’d been hospitalized multiple times for threatening to kill both himself and that Routh was receiving any kind of psychotherapy or that Kyle and Littlefield had the politicians, who had never been in the shit, know about it, anyway, compared to incapable of doing anything evil.

Kyle’s account of his return home suggests that it was not just the rationale for the invasion that messed with his simplified, sentimentally including an alleged altercation with Jesse Ventura. Kyle’s description of that led to a libel suit: Ventura says the fight never happened. the Iraq War, but Kyle claimed that Ventura had insulted American troops. To judge by other passages in “American Sniper,” Kyle doesn’t opponents of the war also wanted to save American lives. War and politics: difficult to separate even when you’re hellbent on denying the missed one of his kids’ birthday parties because was in jail for a bar fight.) By all accounts, he had begun to wrestle with the war’s toxic suffering from the physical and psychological toll of battle. Kyle’s dedication to his fellow fighters was admirable and selfless, and exercise ation remained a persistent theme. Eddie Routh, the veteran who shot Kyle and his friend Chris Littlefield, had reportedly been diagnosed immediate aftermath of Kyle and Littlefield’s murders, many people expressed incredulity at the notion of taking a person troubled with PTSD criticism by questioning this choice and tweeting, “he who lives by the sword dies by the sword.” (Word of advice: Twitter, like video games, to triggering stimuli is an established TREATMENT FOR PTSD. It works much like phobia therapies that have patients, under a therapist’s time, the triggers can be desensitized. But Routh also appears to have had other underlying MENTAL HEALTH and substance abuse family members. He may have had problems that pre-existed his service or that were exacerbated by it. Furthermore, there’s no indication run the firing range idea past a therapist who was familiar with his case. Why should they? What would some egghead, like the brass and someone like Kyle who had actually been there? Routh was not just an American, but an American soldier, a person who was by definition

icans, who are good by virtue of being American, and fanatic Muslims whose “savage, despicable evil” led them to want to kill Americans had a blood-red “crusader cross” tattooed on his arm.) While he describes patriotism as the guiding force in his life, Kyle’s patriotism is of specifically, being overwhelmed emotionally by the National Anthem and flag, and filled with a desire to dedicate one’s life to such symbols such as civilian oversight of the military. That Iraqis, too, might have been patriotically motivated to defend their own country against foreign Kyle’s mind. As for Americans, they come in two varieties: “badasses,” of which Navy SEALs are the premiere example, and “pussies.” The restrictions on, say, a SEAL sniper’s freedom to shoot anyone he deems a “bad activities. The recurring designation of “bad guy” suggests just how profoundly Kyle’s games, where moral inquiry takes a back seat to heroics, exhibitions of skill, gear by their superiors, hotly competed to be the one to officially kill the most people.) In kill, and the reason (they’re “bad guys”) is just an excuse. In real life, the reason is But when soldiers are part of an invading army, the more thoughtful among them resolve in bitterness and betrayal. The heroism and sacrifice of the troops were very really want is to read about exciting house-to-house battles, amazing long shots that sort of book, you need that oxymoronic thing, an unthoughtful writer. “American genic reputation because he sure wasn’t going to produce it on his own; you get WMD fraud or the pre-war absence of al-Qaida operatives in these pages.

In Kyle’s version of the Iraq War, the parties consisted of Amersimply because they are Christians. (Later in his service, Kyle the visceral, Toby Keith variety. It consists of loving America — — rather than a commitment to tangible democratic principles, invaders like himself does not appear to have ever crossed latter could be anyone from congressmen who impose onerous guy,” to journalists who present unflattering reports on military view of the conflict was shaped by comic books and video and scoring. (In Ramadi, Kyle and another sniper, egged on the world of the video game, there’s no difference between a reason to kill people and a pretext for doing so; the point of the game is to everything (unless, that is, the killer is a psychopath). A soldier almost always has an excellent reason: protecting himself and his comrades. usually end up asking why they and their buddies have been put in mortal danger to begin with. That’s why so many Iraq War memoirs real, but the war itself was based on lies.All such questions about the origin of wars amount to “politics,” and they’re a bummer if what you made with lovingly described high-end weapons and anecdotes celebrating the strutting prowess of elite American commandos. To get Sniper,” which was produced with two ghostwriters, is a work that would never have existed were it not for Kyle’s own glamorous, mediathe impression that he exerted enormous efforts not to reflect on what happened in Iraq and why. You’ll find no mention of Abu Ghraib, the

soldier’s prime directive: to kill the enemy. In Nasaria, Kyle shot his first Iraqi (an incident that opens the book), a woman he spotted on a dead. I was just making sure she didn’t take any Marines with her.” It is both cruel and perverse to reproach soldiers for killing the enemy you can expect soldiers to kill and still recoil when they kill blithely and eagerly. In “American Sniper,” Kyle describes killing as “fun” and somehis utter conviction that every person he shot was a “bad guy.” Fallujah and Ramadi, where he saw the most action, were certainly crawling that every man he picked off with his sniper rifle was manifestly up to no good. But his bloodthirstiness and general indifference to the Iraqis to make sure. “I don’t shoot people with Korans,” Kyle retorted to an Army investigator when he was accused of killing an Iraqi civilian. “I’d couldn’t give a flying fuck about the Iraqis.” “I hate the damn savages,” he explains. What does matter most to him are “God, country and his ordering of those last two items). As Kyle saw it, he and his fellow troops had been sent to war in this contemptible place “to make sure

When the action-hungry commando finally got to Iraq during the initial push of the war in 2003, he was confronted for the first time with the road pulling a grenade from her clothing to throw at an advancing Marine foot patrol. “I don’t regret it,” he writes. “The woman was already when that’s what they’re sent to war to do, and when they do so in defense of their own lives and the lives of their comrades. Nevertheless, thing he “loved” to do. This pleasure was no doubt facilitated by with insurgents and foreign Islamist militants, and Kyle swears and their country don’t suggest that he was highly motivated like to, but I don’t.” Later in “American Sniper,” he announces, “I family” (although much of the friction in his marriage arose from that bullshit didn’t make its way back to our shores.”

JAMES NACHTWEY.

“

AUTHOR OF WAR.

I , many years ago, felt that I had seen too much and didn’t want to see any more tragedies in this world, but unfortunately the world continues history continues, to produce tragedies.

Photography can put a human face on a situation that would otherwise remain abstract or merely statistical. Photography can become part of our collective consciousness and our collective conscience. It is a way to remember history and to try not to relive the mistakes of the past Many people in this world do jobs that are dangerous and where their life is at risk and they feel that there is some kind of value to their job I guess that’s how I feel about what I do. There is a social function to documentary photography that is very important and it requires people to take risks.

I’m a messenger. I don’t want people to be concerned about me. I want them to be concerned about the people in the pictures. I try to use whatever I know about photography to be of service to the people I’m photographing. I’m trying not to create photographs that viewers will look at and think: “What a good photographer he is,” or “Look what an interesting composition he can make.” I want the first impact, and by far the most powerful impact, to be about an emotional, intellectual and moral reaction to what is happening to these people. I want my presence to be transparent.

I have been a witness, and these pictures are my testimony. The events I have recorded should not be forgotten and must not be repeated.

I want my work to become part of our visual history, to enter our collective memory and our collective conscience. I hope it will serve to remind us that history’s deepest tragedies concern not the great protagonists who set events in motion but the countless ordinary people who are caught up in those events and torn apart by their remorseless fury. I have been a witness, and these pictures are my testimony. The events I have recorded should not be forgotten and must not be repeated.

I want to record history through the destiny of individuals who often belong to the least wealty classes. I do not want to show war in general, nor history with a capital H, but rather the tragedy of a single man, of a family.

I used to call myself a war photographer. Now I consider myself as an antiwar photographer.

The worst thing is to feel that as a photographer I am benefiting from someone else’s tragedy. This idea haunts me. It’s something I have to reckon with every day because I know that if I ever allowed genuine compassion to be overtaken by personal ambition, I will have sold my soul. The only way I can justify my role is to have respect for the other person’s predicament. The extent to which I do that is the extent to which I become accepted by the other; and to that extent, I can accept myself.

Why photograph war? Is it possible to put an end to a form of human behavior, which has existed throughout history, by the means of photography.

In a way, if and individual assumes the risk of placing himself in the middle of a war to communicate to the rest of the world what’s happening, he’s trying to negotiate for peace.

Perhaps that’s the reason for those in charge of perpetuating the war do not like to have photographers around.

”

KENNETH JARECKE.

The Iraqi soldier died attempting to pull himself up over the dashboard of his truck. The flames engulfed his vehicle and incinerated his body, turning him to dusty ash and blackened bone. In a photograph taken soon afterward, the soldier’s hand reaches out of the shattered windshield, which frames his face and chest. The colors and textures of his hand and shoulders look like those of the scorched and rusted metal around him. Fire has destroyed most of his features, leaving behind a skeletal face, fixed in a final rictus. He stares without eyes. On February 28, 1991, Kenneth Jarecke stood in front of the charred man, parked amid the carbonized bodies of his fellow soldiers, and photographed him. At one point, before he died this dramatic mid-retreat death, the soldier had had a name. He’d fought in Saddam Hussein’s army and had a rank and an assignment and a unit. He might have been devoted to the dictator who sent him to occupy Kuwait and fight the Americans. Or he might have been an unlucky young man with no prospects, recruited off the streets of Baghdad. Jarecke took the picture just before a ceasefire officially ended Operation Desert Storm—the U.S.-led military action that drove Saddam Hussein and his troops out of Kuwait, which they had annexed and occupied the previous August. The image and its anonymous subject might have come to symbolize the Gulf War. Instead, it went unpublished in the United States, not because of military obstruction but because of editorial choices.

It’s hard to calculate the consequences of a photograph’s absence. But sanitized images of warfare, The Atlantic’s Conor Friedersdorf argues, make it “easier … to accept bloodless language” such as 1991 references to “surgical strikes” or modern-day terminology like “kinetic warfare.” The Vietnam War, in contrast, was notable for its catalog of chilling and iconic war photography. Some images, like Ron Haeberle’s pictures of the My Lai massacre, were initially kept from the public, but other violent images—Nick Ut’s scene of child napalm victims and Eddie Adams’s photo of a Vietcong man’s execution—won Pulitzer Prizes and had a tremendous impact on the outcome of the war. Not every gruesome photo reveals an important truth about conflict and combat. Last month, The New York Times decided—for valid ethical reasons—to remove images of dead passengers from an online story about Flight MH-17 in Ukraine and replace them with photos of mechanical wreckage. Sometimes though, omitting an image means shielding the public from the messy, imprecise consequences of a war—making the coverage incomplete, and even deceptive. In the case of the charred Iraqi soldier, the hypnotizing and awful photograph ran against the popular myth of the Gulf War as a “video-game war”—a conflict made humane through precision bombing and night-vision equipment. By deciding not to publish it, Time magazine and the Associated Press denied the public the opportunity to confront this unknown enemy and consider his excruciating final moments.

STEVE MCCURRY.

“

Steve McCurry Untold: The Stories Behind the Photographs takes an unprecedented look at the work of Steve McCurry, one of today’s finest and most daring imagemakers. This is the first book to fully explore how the world-renowned photographer finds, takes and develops his uniquely iconic photographs. Presenting a personal archive of material, Steve McCurry Untold features the very best of McCurry’s most beautiful and powerful photo stories, taken from around the world over the last thirty years. Each story is illustrated with never-before-seen notes, images and ephemera – saved by McCurry from his extensive travels – and over 100 lavish, full-colour photo plates of McCurry’s most significant work. Brought to life by newly commissioned essays, the stories offer a critical narrative and give new insight and ideas into the background, experience and ideas behind McCurry’s unparalleled photography. Together, these fascinating documents reveal a new and exciting view of the story behind the story.

Tracing the narrative behind 14 of McCurry’s most important assignments, each story provides a behind-the-scenes look at McCurry’s adventures, from first publication to their afterlife in the world, creating a documentary record of his remarkable career. The featured work covers his entire oeuvre and focuses on a broad range of themes, such as rail travel in India (1983), the plight of the Tibetan people (2000–6), the effects of the Monsoon (1984) and the events of September 11th (2001), alongside his lesser-known bodies of work on the Hazara Tribe in Afghanistan (2007), Yemen (1999), and the environmental fallout from the Gulf War in Kuwait (1991). Richly illustrated and explained, this book provides an inside perspective on Steve McCurry, creating a living biography and archive of one of photography’s greatest legends.

The image was not entirely lost. The Observer in the United Kingdom and Libération in France both published it after the American media refused. Many months later, the photo also appeared in American Photo, where it stoked some controversy, but came too late to have a significant impact. All of this surprised the photographer, who had assumed the media would be only too happy to challenge the popular narrative of a clean, uncomplicated war. “When you have an image that disproves that myth,” he says today, “then you think it’s going to be widely published.”

WAR IMAGERY AFTER THE GOLDEN RECORD.

ADAM FERGUSON.

I was one of the first on the scene. The Afghan security forces normally shut down a suicide bombing like this pretty quickly. I was able to get to the epicentre of the explosion. It was carnage, there were bodies, flames were coming out of the buildings. I remember feeling very scared because there was still popping and hissing and small explosions, and the building was collapsing. It was still very fresh and there was a risk of another bomb. It was one of those situations where you have to put fear aside and focus on the job at hand: to watch the situation and document it. This woman was escorted out of the building and round this devastated street corner. It epitomised the whole mood – this older woman caught in the middle of this ridiculous, tragic event. I wish I could have found out how her life unravelled, but as soon as the scene was locked down, I ran back to the office to file. As a photographer, you feel helpless. Around you are medics, security personnel, people doing good work. It can be agonisingly painful to think that all you're doing is taking pictures.

When I won a World Press award for this photograph, I felt sad. People were congratulating me and there was a celebration over this intense tragedy that I had captured. I reconciled it by deciding that more people see a story when a photographer's work is decorated.

I personally feel this image is more emotional than more imagery of war. I felt that this image shows how the war didn’t stop; I could easily use iconic imagery from both the World War’s however the war has continued and many children aren’t tought on the present, unless they read the news this image was taken by photographer Adam Ferguson. The image shows a true meaning to photography; willing to take risks. If it wasn’t for these photographers, journalists and news reporters, we wouldn’t know what is trully going on in these various countries. We wouldn’t learn about what our soldiers are doing as they can’t phase the things they see, as I have realised from reading the book ‘American Sniper’ by Chris Kyle. In the image we see a servicemen helping civilians, one women is crying as you see blood pouring down her face, she looks injured by what could possibly be the suicder bomber mentioned in the briefing by Adam. There is a fire starting in the background and the buildings are all falling apart, it looks like this could of been where the women and man (not in the Khaki) may have worked or lived.

The top drawing shows the typical signal that occurs at the start of a picture. The picture is made from this signal, which traces the picture as a series of vertical lines, similar to ordinary television (in which the picture is a series of horizontal lines). Picture lines 1, 2 and 3 are noted in binary numbers, and the duration of one of the “picture lines,” about 8 milliseconds, is noted. The drawing immediately below shows how these lines are to be drawn vertically, with staggered “interlace” to give the correct picture rendition. Immediately below this is a drawing of an entire picture raster, showing that there are 512 vertical lines in a complete picture.

Immediately below this is a replica of the first picture on the record to permit the recipients to verify that they are decoding the signals correctly. A circle was used in this picture to insure that the recipients use the correct ratio of horizontal to vertical height in picture reconstruction.

Pioneers 10 and 11, which preceded Voyager, both carried small metal plaques identifying their time and place of origin for the benefit of any other spacefarers that might find them in the distant future. With this example before them, NASA placed a more ambitious message aboard Voyager 1 and 2-a kind of time capsule, intended to communicate a story of our world to extraterrestrials. The Voyager message is carried by a phonograph record-a 12-inch gold-plated copper disk containing sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth.

GOLDEN RECORD.

GOLDEN RECORD.

The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University, et. al. Dr. Sagan and his associates assembled 115 images and a variety of natural sounds, such as those made by surf, wind and thunder, birds, whales, and other animals. To this they added musical selections from different cultures and eras, and spoken greetings from Earth-people in fifty-five languages, and printed messages from President Carter and U.N. Secretary General Waldheim. Each record is encased in a protective aluminum jacket, together with a cartridge and a needle. Instructions, in symbolic language, explain the origin of the spacecraft and indicate how the record is to be played. The 115 images are encoded in analog form. The remainder of the record is in audio, designed to be played at 16-2/3 revolutions per minute. It contains the spoken greetings, beginning with Akkadian, which was spoken in Sumer about six thousand years ago, and ending with Wu, a modern Chinese dialect.

Following the section on the sounds of Earth, there is an eclectic 90-minute selection of music, including both Eastern and Western classics and a variety of ethnic music. Once the Voyager spacecraft leave the solar system (by 1990, both will be beyond the orbit of Pluto), they will find themselves in empty space. It will be forty thousand years before they make a close approach to any other planetary system. As Carl Sagan has noted, “The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced spacefaring civilizations in interstellar space. But the launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean says something very hopeful about life on this planet.”

The definitive work about the Voyager record is “Murmurs of Earth”

by Executive Director, Carl Sagan, Technical Director, Frank Drake, Creative Director, Ann Druyan, Producer, Timothy Ferris, Designer, Jon Lomberg, and Greetings Organizer, Linda Salzman. Basically, this book is the story behind the creation of the record, and includes a full list of everything on the record. “Murmurs of Earth”, originally published in 1978, was reissued in 1992 by Warner News Media with a CD-ROM that replicates the Voyager record. Unfortunately, this book is now out of print, but it is worth the effort to try and find a used copy or browse through a library copy.

“In the upper left-hand corner is an easily recognized drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds, expressed in time units of 0,70 billionths of a second, the time period associated with a fundamental transition of the hydrogen atom. The drawing indicates that the record should be played from the outside in. Below this drawing is a side view of the record and stylus, with a binary number giving the time to play one side of the record - about an hour.

“The drawing in the lower left-hand corner of the cover is the pulsar map previously sent as part of the plaques on Pioneers 10 and 11. It shows the location of the solar system with respect to 14 pulsars, whose precise periods are given. The drawing containing two circles in the lower right-hand corner is a drawing of the hydrogen atom in its two lowest states, with a connecting line and digit 1 to indicate that the time interval associated with the transition from one state to the other is to be used as the fundamental time scale, both for the time given on the cover and in the decoded pictures.

“Electroplated onto the record’s cover is an ultra-pure source of uranium-238 with a radioactivity of about 0.00026 microcuries.

The steady decay of the uranium source into its daughter isotopes makes it a kind of radioactive clock. Half of the uranium-238 will decay in 4.51 billion years. Thus, by examining this two-centimeter diameter area on the record plate and measuring the amount of daughter elements to the remaining uranium-238, an extraterrestrial recipient of the Voyager spacecraft could calculate the time elapsed since a spot of uranium was placed aboard the spacecraft. This should be a check on the epoch of launch, which is also described by the pulsar map on the record cover.” “ In the upper left-hand corner is an easily recognized drawing of the phonograph record and the stylus carried with it. The stylus is in the correct position to play the record from the beginning. Written around it in binary arithmetic is the correct time of one rotation of the record, 3.6 seconds, expressed in time units of 0.70 billionths of a second, the time period associated with a fundamental transition of the hydrogen atom. The drawing indicates that the record should be played from the outside in. Below this drawing is a side view of the record and stylus, with a binary number giving the time to play one side of the record – about an hour.

The information in the upper right-hand portion of the cover is designed to show how pictures are to be constructed from the recorded signals. The top drawing shows the typical signal that occurs at the start of a picture. The picture is made from this signal, which traces the picture as a series of vertical lines, similar to analog television (in which the picture is a series of horizontal lines).

Picture lines 1, 2 and 3 are noted in binary numbers, and the duration of one of the “picture lines,” about 8 milliseconds, is noted.

The drawing immediately below shows how these lines are to be drawn vertically, with staggered “interlace” to give the correct picture rendition. Immediately below this is a drawing of an entire picture raster, showing that there are 512 (29) vertical lines in a complete picture. Immediately below this is a replica of the first picture on the record to permit the recipients to verify that they are decoding the signals correctly. A circle was used in this picture to ensure that the recipients use the correct ratio of horizontal to vertical height in picture reconstruction. Color images were represented by three images in sequence, one each for red, green, and blue components of the image. A color image of the spectrum of the sun was included for calibration purposes.

The drawing in the lower left-hand corner of the cover is the pulsar map previously sent as part of the plaques on Pioneers 10 and 11. It shows the location of the solar system with respect to 14 pulsars, whose precise periods are given. The drawing containing two circles in the lower right-hand corner is a drawing of the hydrogen atom in its two lowest states, with a connecting line and digit 1 to indicate that the time interval associated with the transition from one state to the other is to be used as the fundamental time scale, both for the time given on the cover and in the decoded pictures.”

“The information in the upper right-hand portion of the cover is designed to show how pictures are to be constructed from the recorded signals.

Glossary of terms

Week 1 Term 2: Friday: 23/01/15: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Studio to discuss your understanding of the brief and the importance of research techniques. One to one with staff and meet study groups in the afternoon with tutor.

Research - Experiment - Tactile - Ephemera - Photo - Found - Observation - Type - Image - Materials - Insights Recording - Symbolism - Metaphor - Message - Stories - Narrative - Refinement - Media channels - Discrimination Data visualization - Message - Client visual standard (CVS)

Briefing: 18th Dec 2014 9.15 Graphic Design 10.15 Animation & Graphic Design & Animation

Key words

Programme

BRIEF.

BRIEF.

Week 2: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Review initial concepts with staff, justify and explain research and develop further research methodologies, which lead to meaningful visual strategies. Meet with study group and tutor.

Study group theme: Road map, project plan and research methodologies. Presentations of then and now, visual with text .

Study group homework: Select three meaningful visual ideas from your research, ready for presentation to the group.

Week 3: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Studio, one to one with staff . Study group: Three meaningful ideas presentations Study group homework: Idea transcription to multiple platforms/channels Week 4: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Studio, one to one with staff .

Study group: Refinements and amends Study group homework: Preparation for presentations Week 5: Friday: 9.15 – 17.15: CAA2/04. CAA2/02. CAA2/01: Preparing presentations for review open studio Week 6: Formative review week

Study group theme:

Your understanding of the brief.

Political & social differences in time periods.

Review of your research over the xmas period.

Study group homework: Road map of ideas to be completed for the next meeting of the group. Observations of then and now, presented as visual with text to be view next study group meet. Develop a project plan

Essential Requirements You should document all stages of the development process You must evidence research influencing to visual experiments You must evidence multiple solutions.

Methodology: The science of method, or a body of methods, employed in a particular activity such as the research aspects of a project.

Semiotics: The study of signs and symbols. A core strategic method by which graphic marks, texts and images can be deconstructed and interpreted to determine there under meaning.

Primary Research: The raw materials, which a designer directly works with in relation to research. Primary research approaches might include audience interviews, direct testing of potential visual solutions.

Secondary Research: Established or existing research already undertaken in the field and used to support the designer’s own research.

Transformation: Building on knowledge gained through research and discourse, the design process moves to transform ideas and experiments outlined in the brief.

Convergence: The correlation of the results of all research and experimentation conducted throughout all the stages of the design process in order to create an appropriate and functional outcome. This will include justification of the platforms/media channels appropriate for the design.

Insight: The capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing. Channel: The means used to transmit a message, including spoken words, print, radio, television, Internet and installation. Also called the medium and platform.

Data visualization: Data visualization is a general term that describes any effort to help people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context. Patterns, trends and correlations that might go undetected in text-based data can be exposed and recognized easier with data visualization software.

Information graphics: Information graphics or infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended to present complex information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual system’s ability to see patterns and trends.

Iconography: A set of specified or traditional symbolic forms associated with the subject or theme of a stylized work of art.

You must evidence visual discrimination and refinement.

You should demonstrate your ability to work too a deadline All work should be documented on CD/DVD, clearly labeled and tested for PC/Mac

Research & Concept Generation:

Promoting research, creative thinking, experimentation, semiotics, media channels and visual narrative.

“For millions of years mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened which unleashed the power of our imagination. We learned to talk, we learned to listen. Speech has allowed the communication of ideas enabling people to work together ... to build the impossible. Mankind’s greatest achievements have come about by talking ... and its greatest failures by not talking. It doesn’t have to be like this. Our greatest hopes could become reality in the future with the technology at our disposal - the possibilities are unbounded. All we need to do is make sure we keep talking”.

Stephen Hawking

Outcomes

Project synopsis: “Earth Artifact”

BRIEF.

BRIEF.

A body of visual research, which demonstrates multiple solutions and visual discrimination in selection of a final design proposal.

Materials & Process:

Exploration of materials and process involved in your chosen concept.

Final outcomes:

Possible outcomes

The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records, which were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft, which were launched in 1977. They contain sounds and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth, and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life form, or for future humans, who may find them. The Voyager spacecraft’s are not heading towards any particular star, but Voyager 1 will be within 1.6 light years of the star AC+79 3888 in the Ophiuchus constellation in about 40,000 years. As the probes are extremely small compared to the vastness of interstellar space, the probability of a space-faring civilization encountering them is very small, especially since the probes will eventually stop emitting any kind of electromagnetic radiation. If they are ever found by an alien species, it will most likely be far in the future as the nearest star on Voyager 1’s trajectory will only be reached in 40,000 years. Carl Sagan noted that “The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space. But the launching of this ‘bottle’ into the cosmic ‘ocean’ says something very hopeful about life on this planet.” Thus the record is best seen as a time capsule or a symbolic statement rather than a serious attempt to communicate with extraterrestrial life. wikipedia.org

A final piece of work, developed from your visual research and experimentation, which could be used across a range of media channels. This could take the form of one or more of the following.

Background

Brief Over the next few weeks you are required to submit creative proposals through to finished design work/animation for a new version of the ‘Golden Record’ entitled, ‘Earth Artifact’. This does not have to be a slavish reproduction of the original golden record, but could be a more contemporary version, which should be reflected in the content and the format/media channel of your choice.

You should document all stages of the research and design process, which should demonstrate a critical understanding of the design challenge.

You should be inventive and demonstrate your ingenuity in solving this creative challenge. It is important you generate several creative solutions, taking one justified idea forward to a final solution.

Research

Information graphics Data visualisation Book Installation Film Animation

Think There are many ways you could approach the challenge, on one hand the graphic language is rather charming but crude. You could decide to take the existing graphic language used by NASA and re design with more contemporary visual language.

You may wish to look at the time the first record was developed, when the social, political and economic climate was very different.

This is not a tourist brief, so postcards of the Eiffel Tower etc. will not really answer the brief. This is about the experiences of you and the people of planet.

You are visual language students, be objective, aim for multiple solutions and contrasting ideas. Look around you, investigate and use primary and secondary sources.

Develop your own project plan with milestones and deadlines. This will help working to deadlines.

Please ensure you bring all research and ideas to the seminar and be prepared to talk and present ideas and current areas of investigation.

Keep reading the brief.

Your research will need to be conceptually led and you should be prepared to present and justify your research.

You should undertake research methodologies and annotate your finding rather than slavishly using Google images.

Your research should evidence a deep understanding of the project and you should be prepared to debate and explain your research.

You may wish to take a different social and or political stance, rather than the NASA and Carl Sagan approach.

Communication is top of the agenda and you should be able to justify and critically reflect on your research.

Care should be taken in the preparation and presentation of your research, as this is a major part of the brief.

The research should be presented in logical format and should be annotated.

Any photo’s used in research and design work which are not your own must be credited. You should document all stages of the development process.

WAR.