R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the people who helped me overcome the greatest challenge of my 5-year stay in the College of Architecture.

To Arch. Markel Cesar Luna, our thesis faculty, for your unending guidance to the whole class, and pointing us in the rightful path every time we had our difficulties.

To Engr. John Arvin Manaloto, my thesis adviser, for all the generous and unfailing support throughout the entire nine months of this dissertation process. I am eternally grateful that you were my adviser. Your knowledge and expertise of Engineering greatly guided me into finishing this.

To my family, for their full support and encouragement. Thank you for not letting me give up.

To my friends, for being my inspiration into doing my best and for being my stress-reliever especially during the last stressful weeks before the deadline.

To everyone who helped me in finishing this thesis in one way or another, from the bottom of my heart, thank you so much.

Ma. Katrina Joy R. Seno

DESIGN APPROACH

AND MODEL

FIGURES

Fig. 1 Location of Manila 18

Fig. 2 View of Pasig River (Flying Ketchup, 2018) 19

Fig. 3 PRRC removes sacks of water hyacinth from the Pasig River (Theriverman.org, 2019) 20

Fig. 4 Theoretical Framework 25

Fig. 5 Collaborative learning of students 26

Fig. 6 La Marina de Valencia, A waterfront development in europe (Valencia, 2007) 27

Fig. 7 The Nudge Concept (Rai, 2018) 28

Fig. 8 The effects of water as a planning element in urban area (Timur, 2013). 31

Fig. 9 Typical pattern of waterfront development phases (Timur, 2013). 31

Fig. 10 The Harbor Park (Project for Public Spaces, 2017) 32

Fig. 11 Kenosha HarborMarket (Czerniec, 2005) 32

Fig. 12 3D Visualization of the project (Kamalia, 2017) 33

Fig. 13 Components’ Relationship Diagram 33

Fig. 14 Concept Diagrams of the project (Kamalia, 2017) 33

Fig. 15 Valencia waterfront innovation district (Consorcio Valencia, 2007) 34

Fig. 16 Concept diagram (Hefnawy, 2017) 35

Fig. 17 Design translation (Hefnawy, 2017) 36

Fig. 18 Design translation (Hefnawy, 2017) 36

Fig. 19 NOAA Southwest Fisheries Center. 37

Fig. 20 Building diagram 37

Fig. 21 Zidell Yards Visualization (Miner, Pieprz & Grove, 2017) 38

Fig. 22 Zoning of The Zidell Yards (Miner, et. al, 2017) 38

Fig. 23 Zidell Yards Master Plan (Miner, et. al, 2017) 38

Fig. 24 CLSB featuring its suspended walkways (Bitterman, 2014). 39

Fig. 25 CLSB featuring its suspended walkways (Bitterman, 2014). 39

Fig. 26 Land Classification Map of Manila 45

Fig. 27 Flood Hazard Map, 2013. 46

Fig. 28 Ground Shaking Hazard Map, 2013 46

Fig. 29 Map of College Institutions, High schools, and Elementary schools 46

Fig. 30 Map of different parks, sports centers, and malls 47

Fig. 31 Current Pasig River Ferry Stations 48

Fig. 32 Existing Land Use Map of Manila 49

Fig. 33 Intramuros Grid Street Pattern 49

Fig. 34 Tondo, Manila’s housing density in Aerial view 50

Fig. 35 Student Population in Metro Manila (CHED, 2019) 50

Fig. 36 Age group division 52

Fig. 37 Age Distribution in Manila 52

Fig. 38 Gender distribution 52

Fig. 39 PUP Condotel Building 56

Fig. 40 1691 M. H. Del Pilar St. 56

Fig. 41 829 Zone 90 in Paco 56

Fig. 42 Site Vicinity Map. 58

Fig. 43 Sun and Wind Paths 58

Fig. 44 Road and Ferry Stations Map 59

Fig. 45 Different vehicular and transit paths along the vicinity of the site 60

Fig. 46 Pedestrian path along the vicinity of the site 60

Fig. 47 Nodes and Landmarks within the vicinity of the site 61

Fig. 48 Proximal zoning of the vicinity of the site 61

Fig. 49 Site Inventory: showing two existing structures and groups of trees 62

Fig. 50 Site views key map 62

Fig. 51 (1) Pureza - Anonas Int. (Facing PUP Eng’g Building) 62

Fig. 52 (2) View facing Mabini Bridge 62

Fig. 53 (3) GSIS Metrohomes with commercial spaces 63

Fig. 54 (4) GSIS Metrohomes with commercial spaces 63

Fig. 55 Proposed Research Center Organizational Structure 64

Fig. 56 Pasig River Ferry Station Organizational Structure 64

Fig. 57 College students behavior pattern 65

Fig. 58 Visiting researchers behavior pattern 65

Fig. 59 Neighboring community residents behavior pattern 65

Fig. 60 Business operators behavior pattern 66

Fig. 61 Administrative staff behavior pattern 66

Fig. 62 Research staff behavior pattern 66

Fig. 63 Utility staff behavior pattern 66

Fig. 64 Security staff behavior pattern 66

Fig. 65 Process of research to execution 66

Fig. 66 Macro Bubble Diagram 82

Fig. 67 Reseach Center Bubble Diagram 83

Fig. 68 PRRC Office Bubble Diagram 83

Fig. 69 General Spaces Bubble Diagram 84

Fig. 70 Pasig River Ferry Station Bubble Diagram 84

Table 1 Student Population in Manila’s SUCs (CHED, 2019)

Table 2 Student Population in Manila’s private institutions (CHED, 2019)

Table 3 Comparison of student support services vs. alternative spaces.

Table 4 Industry and Site use SWOT Analysis

Table 5 Summary of Findings for site selection

Table 6 Site SWOT Analysis

Table 7 Proposed Tabulation of Spaces for the Research Center (Zone 1)

Table 8 Proposed Tabulation of Spaces for the PRRC Office (Zone 2)

Table 9 Proposed Tabulation of Spaces for General Spaces (Zone 3)

Table 10 Proposed Tabulation of Spaces for the Pasig River Ferry Station (Zone 4)

Table 11 Summary of Tabulation of Spaces 82

DRAWINGS

Site Development Plan 89

Lower Ground Floor Plan 91

Upper Ground Floor Plan 93

Second Floor Plan 95

Third Floor Plan 97

Fourth Floor Plan 99

Fifth Floor Plan 101

Sixth Floor Plan 103

Front Elevation 106

Right Elevation 106

Rear Elevation 107

Left Elevation 107

Cross Section 108

Longitudinal Section 109

MEPFS: Structural 111

MEPFS: Electrical 112

MEPFS: Mechanical 113

MEPFS: Plumbing 114

MEPFS: Plumbing Detail 115

MEPFS: Fire Suppression 116

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CASCO

A house boat used by many Filipino families to reside on the river, but has not been used in the last 70 years or so.

CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT

refers to the electoral districts or constituencies in which the country is divided for the purpose of electing 243 of the 303 members of the House of Representatives (with the other 60 being elected through a system of party-list proportional representation)

DEVELOPMENT

A group of designed buildings in a landscaped site.

DOMESTIC WASTE

Domestic wastes are those produced by individual activities. In common with other living organisms, humans discharge waste substances to the environment that in turn reenergize the endless cycle of nature (Saad, 1999).

ECOLOGICAL URBANISM

A study about the ideal relationship and harmony between mother nature and the built environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Environmental degradation is the exhaustion of the world’s natural resources: land, air, water, soil, etc. It occurs due to crimes committed by humans against nature (El-Haggar, 2007).

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

An interdisciplinary academic field that draws on ecology, geology, meteorology, biology, chemistry, engineering, and physics to study environmental problems and human impacts on the environment (Kte’pi, 2018).

FACILITY

A specific place in a building intended for a specific use.

FERRY STATION

A building/structure where ferry boats stop by to pick up and drop off passengers.

LOCAL BUSINESS SHOPS

A series of shops supporting local business owners. It can be any store such as sari-sari store, computer shops, small diners, etc.

MECH. / ELEC. ROOM

A space in a building dedicated for mechanical and electrical equipment and needs.

OPEN LAB

An open-plan laboratory that is flexible to every user’ needs. It usually has common equipment needed for most science experiments. It also has rows of laboratory desks and exhausts ready for usage.

OVERPOPULATION

Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of the existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. Overpopulation is caused by a number of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which result in overpopulation (Rinkesh, n.d.).

RESEARCH AND EXTENSION HUB

A development or a complex dedicated for researches of different fields. Users can be both students and professionals.

RESEARCH CENTER

An establishment that has facilities for researching activities such as laboratories and libraries. Sometimes, research centers are dedicated to a specific subject matter. In this case, a research center for hydrologic studies.

RESEARCHER

A student or a professional that travels from one place to another to study a particular type

of topic, subject, or field.

REVAMP

to reconstruct, or to remake.

RIVERWALK

A long paved walkway beside a river intended for tourism and sightseeing.

SBR

Sequencing batch reactors or sequential batch reactors are industrial processing tanks for the treatment of wastewater (IWA Publishing, n.d.).

SITE

A place in Manila wherein this project will be hypothetically based on.

STUDENT CENTER

A student center is one-stop place for student needs or support services. It may have the following: tutorial services, cafes, reading spaces, sleeping pods, small meeting spaces, etc. The purpose of this space is to meet the needs of students outside the campus boundaries.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Urban development is a system of residential, commercial, and industrial expansion in an urban area. Although residential expansion is the main component of an urban development (Brooks, 2017).

WATERFRONT

A place or a building developed facing a body of water such as lakes, rivers, or seas.

GLOSSARY

COMMERCE

the exchange or buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place (MerriamWebster, n.d.).

HYDROLOGIC STUDIES

Hydrologic sciences, the fields of study concerned with the waters of Earth. Some topics included are the sciences of hydrology, oceanography, limnology, and glaciology (Encyclopedia Britannica).

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Industrial waste is defined as waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes. The types of industrial waste generated include cafeteria garbage, dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metals, trash, oil, solvents, chemicals, weed grass and trees, wood and scrap lumber, and similar wastes (SWDF, n.d.).

INFRASTRUCTURE

the resources (such as personnel, buildings, or equipment) required for an activity (MerriamWebster, n.d.).

PRISTINE STATE

Pristine State or Pristine Condition a state of being like new; perfect condition (MerriamWebster, n.d.).

URBAN AREA

An urban area is the region surrounding a city. Most inhabitants of urban areas have nonagricultural jobs. Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways (National Geographic, n.d.).

URBAN SPRAWL

the uncontrollable spreading of urban developments (such as houses and shopping centers) on undeveloped land near a city (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

ACRONYMS

DENR

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DILG

HLURB

LRT

Department of Interior and Local Government

Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board

Light Rail Transit

MEPFS

Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, Fire Protection, and Sanitary / Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, Fire Protection, and Structural

MRT

MWSS

NCR

Metro Rail Transit

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewage System

National Capital Region

PRFS

PRRC

PUP

Pasig River Ferry Station

Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

R&D

SBR

Research and Development

Sequencing batch reactors or sequential batch reactors

RATIONALE

Fig. 1 Location of Manila

The City of Manila or “Lungsod ng Maynila” is the capital of the Philippines, and a highly urbanized city. It is known as the country’s center for education, tourism, business, and transportation. Manila is home to the major port for the trading industries of the Philippines.

It is located in Luzon and has a total land area of 4,045.8 hectares (Fig. 1), including areas that were reclaimed along the eastern coast of Manila Bay at the mouth of the Pasig River. In the existence of Manila’s port, the city serves as the major location for trading in the country, as it is also the center of the country’s shipping network. Manila also functions as the link to numerous island destinations of the country.

The city is bounded by seven cities of the National Capital Region: Navotas and Caloocan on the North; Quezon City, San Juan, and Mandaluyong on the East; and Pasay and Makati on the South. Located at the edge of Luzon, on the city’s west is the Manila Bay. The city is composed of six congressional districts and 17 administrative districts. Each district is then divided into 100 zones and 896 barangays.

Reaching a population density of 71,263 people per square kilometer, Manila also became the world’s most densely populated city in 2018 (Caruncho, 2018). The rapid population growth of Manila had caused more serious urban problems in

the city, such as slum creation or habitat loss, traffic congestion, environmental degradation, shortage of natural resources, all kinds of pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. One may notice that all of these comes from the “centralized” characteristic of Manila.

The city, or better yet the National Capital Region, has most of the government agencies, famous institutions, and significant private infrastructures, therefore, people migrate to the NCR in order to find jobs and live near it, or visit frequently when arranging something with the government.

This study focuses on two urban effects of overpopulation namely, environmental degradation and traffic congestion. These two particular problems can be tackled at the same time using the Pasig River (Fig. 2). The Pasig River is one of the two prominent bodies of water in Manila, the other one is the Manila Bay. It bisects the whole of Manila and connects the Manila Bay to the Laguna de Bay.

The Pasig River, like all other rivers, is a supplier of water, an agent of commerce, and a great alternative route of transportation. Back then, it was a significant part of the development of Manila in terms of food, commerce, trade, and transportation. It was the center of different variety of activities, trading activities, ferry services, culture and traditions, etc.

After World War II, there was a huge population growth in the city. Industrial buildings sprouted here and there, and the urban sprawl grew. The river was fully neglected and basically became a dumping site for different industrial and domestic wastes. The domestic waste came from the river’s tributaries wherein it was overpopulated by informal settlement.

The only activity left there was industrial shipping, an acitivity where the unpleasant smell and sight is not important. With the river neglected, ferry services were stopped for a long time and more bridges were built over the river to fill in. Also, losing our water transportation resulted to great traffic in Manila that we can’t seem to solve.

Restoration efforts for the Pasig River were executed side by side, their strategies were reducing waste flows and flood risks. They were successful, but the only problem is that the results are only short-term. In January 1999, the administration created the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) in order to transform the river and its environs back to its glory and showcase a new quality of urban life.

The PRRC believes that “within Metro Manila, riverbased transport and recreational benefits are not fully realized” (PRRC & UP PLANADES, 2018).

Fig. 2 View of Pasig River (Flying Ketchup, 2018)

To this day, the rehabilitation commission has achieved plenty of things that proved that the river can be revamped back to its pristine state, when it was biologically alive and was a source of economic activities. They spearheaded several clean-up and flood control programs (Fig. 3), monitored the water quality, eventually revamped the Pasig River Ferry Service (PRFS) and relocated informal settlement along the river and its tributaries.

Comparing R&D statistics to other countries, a lot of information are evident on any country in Asia but the Philippines.

This project is dedicated to contributing in the Science and Technology sector of the country, as well as helping the City of Manila solve its two major problems: Environmental Degradation and Traffic congestion. The project helps with the re-integration of the Pasig River, a significant waterway in the Philippines, to the life of the Filipino people; an indirect solution to the city’s worsening traffic conditions. Having a clean river means attracting more ferry users, and more ferry users means less road traffic.

Addressing the specific issues of the city that will be discussed as the paper goes further, it is crucial that the solution to these problems are created, or the rapid urban growth of Manila will continue to the path of neglecting the country’s natural resources. The City of Manila, as the capital of the Philippines, shall serve as a role model for other cities; therefore building a solution in this city to solve its problems is important so that the city can be an inspiration and affect the whole country in the future.

In the 2017-2032 Pasig River Integrated and Strategic Master Plan (PRISM) of the PRRC, they recommended several projects that can potentially aid the restoration efforts of the Pasig River. One of those is a research and extension hub that “reflects an academic culture that student may be able to relate to.” The recommendation made by PRRC served as a guide to this study, although a few tweaks were made in order to make the project appropriate to its site. This project ties up with the PRRC in order to make sure that the river would maintain its rehabilitated setting and find ways to make it sustainable for the benefit of future generations. Although the rehabilitation commission was already dissolved last November 2019, the study assumes that the commission will be revamped in the future with the same principles and goals.

It is undeniable that there are gaps in the research and development here in the Philippines, such as lack of support from the government, underfunded research, gaps in manpower, etc. According to Ramos Del Rosario (2014), a professor in De La Salle University, only a few academic quarters were making noise for research and development. Many universities and colleges have a publications facility, but very few of them identified clear-cut research programs.

Fig. 3 PRRC removes sacks of water hyacinth from the Pasig River (Theriverman.org, 2019)

1-2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

MAIN PROBLEM

Manila, with its rapid urbanization, is prone to problems such as environmental degradation and traffic congestion. With this in mind, how can the project provide solutions to these problems by simply promoting the Pasig River to the city once again through a waterfront development? Can building this project produce a longterm solution for future generations?

SUB-PROBLEMS

1. How can the project unify the academe and the city in providing a solution to Manila’s traffic congestion and at the same time promote and protect the Pasig River?

2. Aside from environmental degradation and traffic congestion, what other problem does the project need to contribute to, in order to be useful to the people in its location?

3. What specific spaces do the project need in order to solve the main problem?

4. What architectural interventions are needed to lessen the impact of natural hazards to the site?

5. What characteristics or qualities shall the development have to possess in order to encourage target users to appreciate the waterfront development?

CHAPTER 1-3

THESIS STATEMENT

A research facility that shall support the rehabilitation and utilization of the Pasig River, and potentially other freshwater ecosystems in the country. It shall initiate a waterfront development along the riverbanks that celebrates the beauty of the Pasig River, promotes sustainability, water transportation, and environmental awareness from locals and students.

1-4 THESIS GOALS

The project goal is to initiate waterfront development along the Pasig River that can be used as a model for future developments. The development shall support a facility that further studies and analyzes the conditions of the Pasig River and other bodies of water; and promotes the conservation of freshwater ecosystems here in our country. Situated within the site is the development of transportation on waters to encourage people to try it to get to their destinations and eventually can lessen the traffic of Manila.

1-5 OBJECTIVES

Based on the sub-problems, the following objectives were formulated:

1. To develop a research facility that can accommodate students and researchers from different universities to study on hydrologic sciences and other fields related to it, for the future benefit of the Pasig River.

2. To redevelop or develop a Pasig River Ferry Station, depending on its location, to promote water transportation to target users.

3. To promote the Pasig River through the development of open spaces that appreciates the beauty of the river.

4. The building shall have support spaces to cater to its target users, such as students’ center and local business shops.

5. Considering that the site is near the Pasig River, it shall be a structure that can withstand natural hazards prone to areas near water such as flooding.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Since the study focuses on a more indirect solution of Environmental degradation and Traffic congestion, the effect of the study to urban setting might not be instant. However, in the long run, the following are sectors that will benefit from this project:

1) Students and researchers - with the help of the research and student facilities, the students and researchers will be the main beneficiaries of this study. It shall cater to students and researchers taking programs or fields related to hydrologic studies or environmental sciences (e.g. Engineering, Biology, Chemistry, etc.)

2) Commuters and Motorists of Metropolitan Manila – contributing to the solution of a major issue in the city today, traffic congestion, it will be a big help to everyday commuters and motorists specially in saving travel time to and from work or school.

3) Department of Environment and Natural Resources - as a project dealing with the conservation and promotion of freshwater ecosystems, any improvement from this facility may aid the government agency to further enhance their studies to promote solutions in current day issues.

4) Department of Science and Technology - the products of the research facility can be a great opportunity for the development of science in our country.

5) City of Manila Government - this project also takes initiative of the future plans of the city government doing a waterfront design that reintegrates the newly rehabilitated Pasig River to the Metropolitan Manila.

1-7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The architectural project is limited to the architectural solution of environmental degradation and traffic congestion in the City of Manila only. This study is not a direct solution to the problems stated above. It is merely a support facility that can further aid in the solution of these issues in the future. The facility does not guarantee the cleanliness of Pasig River, rather it is an initiative for waterfront development to promote it for water transportation, and a research facility to promote for the researchers to study on. In addition, the study focuses on the Pasig River, but may lead to a research facility concerning other rivers and/or bodies of water in the country.

Although the planned general spaces for this project is for the benefit of students and researchers in general, the main target groups would be focused depending on the location of the site. If the site is located near an institution, the students enrolled there are its main users.

As for the research facility itself, it shall focus on the hydrologic studies of the Pasig River. Hydrology covers the study of the water quality improvement and protection of the river through bioengineering.

1-8 ASSUMPTIONS

The following assumptions were formulated based on previous studies:

1. Water transportation offers solution for urban congestion. An article in The Inquirer argues that there is a great potential in actively utilizing our rivers for transportation. Our three longest rivers (the Cagayan River, Rio Grande de Mindanao, and Agusan River) sums up to 1,000 kilometers of distance. Not only are we rich in rivers, but in coastal lengths. A statistical report shows that 20,000 additional vehicles take over the road every month, and 7,000 of those are from the NCR alone. We have been focused in our land transportation, perhaps we should take advantage of what nature provides us (Habito, 2007).

2. Academic research offers a long-term solution. Researchers don’t study to put a problem to an end immediately. Instead, they are trained to produce results that are long-lasting and can effectively solve a problem “slowly but surely”. They are required to reflect on the implications of innovations that can distill knowledge that will stand through time and can be applicable to other situations (Piccoli &

Wagner, 2003).

3. It is assumed that the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) will still be continuing their rehabilitation programs until their goals are attained. These rehabilitation programs are Clean-Up Drives, Flood Control Program, Environmental Management Program, etc.

4. The research facility of this project will be tied up with the PRRC to further enhance their performance and make the Pasig River sustainable in the future.

5. This facility will be utilized mainly by a main university but can be used by other universities. The said main university will produce researchers/students that can use the facility for their research on hydrologic studies.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The following theories were used into forming the methodologies and analyses for the project. It is based on the ‘needs’ of the city: Academic intervention, Improvement of other modes of transport, and Utilization of the Pasig River.

COLLABORATIVE LEARNING THEORY

Leo Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and the father of Social Learning, argued that learning with peers helps us more because we also learn new things from each other. This constructs an environment that we call “active learning communities”. Vygotsky stated that learning comes from our interaction and communication with other people, whether it may be a learning environment with teachers and experts or fellow researchers and students.

Collaborative learning creates an environment full of discussion, group work, and feedback. These promote the development of students through the following skills:

1) Communication skills

2) Interpersonal skills

3) Knowledge sharing

4) Reasoning

5) Thinking

Learning cannot and should not be separated from the social context. By applying this in an architectural sense, we can control how the distribution of knowledge in the social context, among students and researchers, can always be equal. As learning always occur in real life, the student-student and student-expert way of learning is particularly helpful in real world problems or tasks. This theory alone contributes to a great impact in the scientific sector of our country.

River

Waterfront Development

students

Fig. 6 La Marina de Valencia, A waterfront development in europe (Valencia, 2007)

THE POWER OF 10+ (PROJECT FOR PUBLIC SPACES, 2009)

The Power of 10+ is a concept developed by the Project for Public Spaces in 2009. The idea is that cities become successful when it has destinations that people has at least 10 or more reasons to go to. These reasons may include eating in a restaurant, bicycling in the park, having a picnic, browsing through museums, drinking at the bar, etc. Of course, some activities would unique according to the culture and spirit of the place.

“The Power of 10+ offers an easy framework that encourages residents and stakeholders to revitalize urban life, and it shows big things can be accomplished by starting at the smallest scale. The concept also gives people incremental and tangible goals, and it helps them to visualize, and collectively work towards, a truly great end result.” - Project for Public Spaces

In connection to the project, this theory/concept will greatly help because the main goal is to promote the Pasig River, encouraging people to utilize it. In order to encourage them, they first need reasons to go to the waterfront development. Specific spaces needed for the project will be mainly based on this.

NUDGE THEORY (THALER & SUNSTEIN, 2008)

American academics Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein coined the term “nudge theory” discussed in their book: Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. The book is about influencing the decisionmaking of a person by understanding human behavior. The nudge theory is a concept for helping people improve their decisions, understanding how people think, and identifying and modifying unhelpful influences on people.

“Nudge theory is mainly concerned with the design of choices, which influences the decisions we make. Nudge theory proposes that the designing of choices should be based on how people actually think and decide (instinctively and rather irrationally), rather than how leaders and authorities traditionally (and typically incorrectly) believe people think and decide (logically and rationally). “ - Businessballs, 2013

This theory is related to promoting the use of water transportation to reduce road traffic. By placing other destinations together with the water transport station, the users are presented with choices: either to commute home and go through all the traffic or traverse through the Pasig River to avoid it. Their choice of using water transportation may not be instant, but it slowly influences their way of thinking so that next time, they already know that they have that choice and it is faster and less hassle than the other choices.

Fig. 7 The Nudge Concept (Rai, 2018)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This project is a mixture of not-so-new architectural concepts, ideas, and uses. First off, the main use of the development is hydrological research. The study of hydrology, especially water quality, can also have a huge impact to our environment and to our health. Hydrologic science is basically the study of the water on Earth. It deals with the physical and chemical properties, distribution, occurrence, and movement of water (Beven, 1998). It can be divided into two parts: Engineering hydrology, and Applied Hydrology. Under those two parts has 27 branches, each focusing on a different aspect (Balasubramanian, 2017), some of it are:

• Urban hydrology - investigating water regime in an urbanized environment;

• Ecohydrology - ecological processes in the hydrologic cycle;

• Hydrogeology - distribution and movement of water;

• Surface Water Hydrology - study water near the earth’s surface, (i.e. rivers, dams);

• Hydraulics - behavior, motion, and interaction of fluids. Mostly studied by engineering students

Water is vital to our planet and basically provides most of our core necessities every day. It is one of the main factors that our future depends on. Of course, we want to keep our waters clean for us to utilize it. An article by Senthil Kumar Kurunthachalam of the Savannah State University talks about how water affects many things happening in our environment. He stated that nowadays, our water table is in danger, because of rapid urban development (uncontrollable population increase, industrial developments, negligence of proper use of water) which causes global warming.

Rapid urban development also means that there is an increase of water demand because water is one of our necessities. As this happens, the water level is expected to lower, the more population increases in the future. He pointed out that there are seven ways to achieve water conservation and sustainability:

• Through logical policy;

• From existing resources;

• By mechanical auditing;

• By rainwater harvesting;

• Increasing desalination projects;

• By reusing water; and

• Stringent regulations to improve the quality and quantity of sustainable water (Kurunthachalam, 2014).

The topic of hydrologic research leads us to the research culture itself. As time passes by, certain trends to the research and development industry also emerge. Today, three research trends are becoming popular: (1) Team-based research; (2) Sustainable laboratory design; and (3) Flexible Architecture.

Team-based research. Modern scientific research is heavily dependent on social engagement. Instead of competition, modern science focuses on support and cooperation. Managing how the scientific world pursues team-based research is

significant to produce successful results that would determine our future. The article by Professor Howard Aldrich (2017) states that there are four structural elements in managing successful teambased research: (1) Defining the Scope and Logic of the Project; (2) Agreeing about Responsibilities; (3) Enforcing Deadlines and Give/Receive Timely Feedback; (4) Using Coordination Mechanisms that facilitate the Collaboration Process.

According to Daniel Watch (2016), designing for a team-based research facility means designing two main spaces, namely:

Meeting places

It is critical for a group of people to communicate their ideas properly in order to come up with different projects to pursue. This mainly focuses on “planning” the project. Meeting places does not only mean the formal room for meetings, this also includes the assembly areas of a building, such as atrium spaces, break rooms, etc. where people can congregate and talk amongst themselves.

Team-based Laboratories

This focuses on the “execution” of a project. These laboratories should support every research team; therefore, its design should be flexible. One example is the laboratories of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Building 110. Their research teams were able to create 60 different configurations of their laboratories customized specifically to their research needs.

Also, collaborative research suggests that each team of scientists must have members working in other disciplines, which would make the team multidisciplinary. In this way, through collaborative research, the members would communicate with each other, always learning new things other than their respective expertise. Laboratory designers can achieve these by accomplishing the following:

• Creating flexible engineering systems and casework that encourage research teams to alter their spaces to meet their needs;

• Designing offices and write-up areas as places where people can work in teams;

• Creating “research centers” that are team-based;

• Creating necessary spaces for research members to operate properly near each other;

• Minimizing spaces that are identified with a department;

• Establishing defined circulation patterns; and

• Provide interior glazing to allow people to see each other (Watch, 2016).

Sustainable Laboratory Design. Research facilities generate high demands of energy because of the following reasons (Watch & Tolat, 2016):

• They contain large numbers of containment and exhaust devices;

• These facilities have heat-generating equipment;

• Scientists sometimes needs 24–hour laboratory access; and

• Irreplaceable experiments require fail-safe redundant backup systems and uninterrupted power supply or emergency power.

Because of this, sustainable laboratory designs are a must have in research facilities to be more environmentally friendly. The authors stated some key aspects to keep in mind when designing sustainable laboratory designs:

• Increase energy and water efficiency

• Reduce or eliminate all kinds of wastes (especially harmful ones)

• Improve facility environments, both interior and exterior to promote productivity to researchers

• Use recycled materials, and recycle materials as much as possible

The authors also enumerated sustainability steps in all aspects of building design: architectural (e.g. glazing, roofing and walls, lighting) and engineering (e.g. mechanical, plumbing, HVAC systems) considerations.

Flexible Architecture is defined by Professor Kronenburg (n.d.) is when building is designed to respond to changing situations or usage of spaces. This type of architecture is more dynamic than stagnant, it ‘responds’ rather than it ‘denies’. The professor mentioned that this type of architecture was based on us humans. Humans are flexible, dynamic, mobile, and creative. It was pointed out in the essay that there are three ways to achieve the flexibility of a space:

• Use of changeable elements - specific spaces that are designed for specific use can also be adjusted to encourage other uses also. For example, in a large theater, the high ceiling can be adjusted down to accommodate the acoustics of a smaller gathering. Changeable elements allow future users to be creative in using a space.

• Adding multi-purpose spaces - the professor mentioned a ‘theatre park’ as an example. It is a multi-purpose space that can cater to anything: an art show, a workshop, a wedding, or a dance performance.

• Freedom of operation - it is important for community buildings to make the public feel that they have freedom of access into it. In that way, it gives people encouragement to come in, and use the space in creative ways (Kronenburg, n.d.).

In the scientific research point of view, flexible architecture supports a lot of things. The Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG) Productive Committee (2018) stated that the following are the effects of flexible architecture, and can be helpful in designing research facilities:

• Supports Mobility

• Enables Informal Social Interaction

• Design for a Variety of Meeting Sizes and Types

• Supports Individual Concentration

• Supports Stress Reduction and Relaxation

On the other hand, the concept of waterfront development is also used in this study. Urban waterfront evolves as it plays different significant roles in cities (Wei, et.al, 2017). It is popular back then for transportation services, and commerce and trade industries which has always been the center or business in cities, therefore waterfront developments were always in demand to gain all kinds of customers.

According to the authors, successful waterfronts have these elements in common:

• City leadership has become vital to enabling transformation.

• People-centered planning and community engagement is the most important.

• Leveraging public assets to finance development is the key.

• Development and conservation must go hand in hand in order to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

Waterfronts fall into different categories, depending on where they are placed: on a peninsula, bay, riverbanks, or on a large body of water. However, there are three different design factors affecting the shape and form of the of the development:

• Natural structure of the city;

• Physical structure of the city; and

• Social structure of the city.

Umut Timur (2013) adapted a framework from Önen (2007) that shows the aesthetic and functional effects of developing in waterfronts (Fig. 8). This chart indicates that developing in waterfronts also offers functional effects instead of just focusing on aesthetics.

The author (Timur, 2013) also shared the typical pattern that shows the life cycle of urban waterfront transformation through time (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9 Typical pattern of waterfront development phases (Timur, 2013).

The concepts or ideas mentioned above are going to be utilized accordingly in this project. The following precedents shown are past projects and theses that are either a waterfront development or a research center:

Fig. 8 The effects of water as a planning element in urban area (Timur, 2013).

HARBOR PARK, WI, USA (FORESTER, 2002)

The Kenosha Harbor Park (Fig. 10) is a redeveloped industrial space on the Kenosha Harbor that now has a public museum, housing, and a commercial district. From a heavily industrialized space, this area is now the biggest attraction of Kenosha. This example proves that waterfront developments are indeed for the public.

The local government of Kenosha initiated the redevelopment of the Lake Michigan shoreline, a 69-acre of land to be developed for public activities. The mixture of spaces mentioned above resulted to hundreds of thousands of visitors each year, therefore keeping the space alive and full of community engagement. They can attend plenty of festivals throughout the year, visit the lakeside promenade, find several unique attractions, fish from the shore,

shop at different local stores, enjoy plenty kinds of locally made food and products from their Sunday market (Fig. 11), and do much more activities.

This type of architecture proves that developing a waterfront project and enabling various activities for the public has an opportunity to be successful for the locale’s economy and environment. This also shows that a waterfront development has a lot of advantages. Apart from the magnificent view that the water offers, having a waterfront development enhances the public space therefore attracting people even from outside the area, and especially, an additional transportation (water transportation) also made the locale more accessible to visitors.

Promoting the Pasig River Through Waterfront Development

Fig. 10 The Harbor Park (Project for Public Spaces, 2017)

Fig. 11 Kenosha HarborMarket (Czerniec, 2005)

CO LAB- RESEARCH PARK AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP CENTER (KAMALIA, 2017)

This architecture undergraduate thesis is done by Ayush Kamalia in 2017 at the School of Planning and Architecture in Delhi. The thesis is about innovating a new approach towards designing a research park that understands the function of research and the innovation industry a lot better. The author expounded on the need for research and development in India, enumerating several issues that needed to be addressed:

• Lack of awareness on the skills and knowledge of large institutions is a major issue;

• Limited number of spaces or areas wherein people can develop an idea or innovate a product; and

• Red tape leaves the average Indian entrepreneur too tired to focus on innovation (Kamalia, 2017).

• The design of this research park envisioned the creation of an ecosystem that brings innovators and executors with diverse cultural backgrounds together to foster collaboration in a common platform. This aims for “designing

a workplace for the emerging idea-based economy”. But of course, this project is not only a pure research facility, it also has an entrepreneurship center, semi-public spaces such as conference rooms, and temporary lodging for users (Fig. 12).

The concept of this study is “Different Organs - One Organism”. The idea is that, from a liner thinking process of a team or a group of people, it is transformed into all of them collaborating at once. This promotes the paradoxical idea that different people have different ways of thinking and process (e.g. Concentration vs. Communication; Formal vs Informal Workspaces; and Outgoing vs. Inward looking. From this idea, the bigger aim is to create an environment that caters to the collaboration of these spaces, therefore creating a hierarchy of interaction spaces.

The approach of “Streets and Hotspots” was taken in this study. Active streets are established to avoid monotony and create interactive zones (Fig. 13). Playrooms and informal meeting areas are located along the main street to increase chances of visitors, therefore achieving a high probability of collaboration. More private areas are placed behind the main charged areas to restrict accessibility.

Fig. 12 Components’ Relationship Diagram

Fig. 13 Concept Diagrams of the project (Kamalia, 2017)

Fig. 14 3D Visualization of the project (Kamalia, 2017)

RECONNECTING EUROPE’S WATERFRONTS: THE VALENCIAN EXPERIENCE (CONSORCIO VALENCIA, 2016)

Until recently, the La Marina de Valencia was unattractive and isolated from its adjacent neighborhoods. In 2016, the primary institution responsible for La Marina, Consorcio Valecia 2007 (CV07), released a masterplan and its strategy was to use a new approach other than the industrial type.

Instead of thinking about big investments, the Consorcio Valencia used soft tactics to provide smaller-scale interventions for the area. They used the idea “lighter, quicker, and cheaper”, and has produced successful results.

“The idea is to avoid the ghettoization of the district as an urban island that is accessible solely by car, and exclusively dedicated to selected technological companies. Instead, innovation at La Marina de Valencia is visible, accessible, and open to the public.” - Yankova, 2018

A year after the release of the masterplan, the La Marina de Valencia experienced a 80% increase in visitors, and 30% increase in profits. It turns out that residents from neighboring places and visitors really liked their experience in the newly rehabilitated La Marina de Valencia. The became a success: parents were bringing their children to skate, groups of friends visiting, and couples were attending their sunday concerts (Yankova, 2018).

Fig. 15 Valencia waterfront innovation district (Consorcio Valencia, 2007)

SCIENCE PARK PROJECT, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL THESIS (HEFNAWY, 2017)

This Landscape Architecture Thesis features the landscape architecture design process of a Science Park, as the name suggests, including the master development of the different zones required in the site. The author defined a science park as an area managed in a manner designed to promote innovation. It is a physical place that supports university-industry and government collaboration with the intent of creating high technology economic development and advancing knowledge (Hefnawy, 2017). Its objectives are to upgrade regional economic development, and to create technology development.

The concept of this project revolves around the idea of Biomimicry Science (Fig. 16). It was mentioned that the nature such as plants, microbes, etc. are good at solving its own problems independently. This concept is an approach to an innovation that promotes sustainable solutions to human problems. The project then used the principle “use nature as a teacher”.

Fig.

Concept diagram (Hefnawy, 2017)

In the approach to site planning, the author considered the following: (1) site, (2), wind direction axis concept, (3) three main areas, (4) three main areas configuration, (5) formation process, (6) three main squares, (7) urban context linkage idea, (8) horizontal and vertical circulation idea, and finally the (9) future imagination. After, the layout zoning was formulated (Fig. 17 & Fig. 18).

Fig. 17 Design translation (Hefnawy, 2017)

Fig. 18 Design translation (Hefnawy, 2017)

NOAA SOUTHWEST FISHERIES

SCIENCE CENTER, SAN DIEGO, USA (GOULD EVANS, 2013)

The design of the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center was led by Gould Evans design team. It is a world class facility that helps recruit researchers and talented scientists to support and promote the research for the conservation of living marine resources in the region. The site itself is threatened by coastal erosion, so the design team a unique environment that appears from the surrounding bluffs. The 124,000 square foot structure was inserted into a steep contour, and was designed to correspond to its topography, creating outdoor gathering spaces, rooftop terraces, and courtyards that symbolizes the culture of the NOAA’s former facility. The facility has seven user groups, namely, the Fisheries Resource Division, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, SWFSC Administration, The Marine and Mammal and Turtle Division, Information Technology Services, and the Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division.

The facility is broken down into smaller buildings which are clustered together like “villages” to avoid the massiveness of a single building. It accommodates clusters of offices, science laboratories, conference rooms, parking areas, a library and a 528,000-gallon ocean technology development tank. The facility was also designed to look like not more than three stories from the exterior to foster a feeling of a scientific environment to the scientists (Fig. 19 & Fig. 20).

Fig. 19 Building diagram

Fig. 20 NOAA Southwest Fisheries Center.

THE ZIDELL YARDS: EXPANDING PORTLAND’S PUBLIC WATERFRONT (MINER, et.al, 2017)

This project is a waterfront development made by Sasaki Associates, Inc. Their goal was to transform an underdeveloped site into a center of gravity for the South Waterfront District. The development features an integration of maker spaces, public art and vertical farming to the mixed-use (retail and residential) plan (Fig. 2121). Their team developed parks, plazas, and art around publicly accessible areas, to connect the public with their structure (Fig. 22).

Five important concepts underlie the Zidell Yards master plan; to create a new heart for Portland’s South Waterfront district, to honor the history and legacy of the Zidell community and land, to be a regional destination that offers unprecedented access and activation of the Willamette River’s edge, to focus on a high quality pedestrian realm, and to foster innovation and sustainability (Fig. 23) (Miner, et.al, 2017).

Fig. 21 Zoning of The Zidell Yards (Miner, et. al, 2017)

Promoting the Pasig River Through Waterfront Development

Fig. 22 Zidell Yards Master Plan (Miner, et. al, 2017)

Fig. 23 Zidell Yards Visualization (Miner, Pieprz & Grove, 2017)

COLLABORATIVE LIFE SCIENCES BUILDING & SKOURTES TOWER, USA (CO Architects, 2014)

The Collaborative Life Sciences Building (CLSB) is designed to achieve an interdisciplinary goal of a multiinstitutional campus. It has a concept of daylighting, and a principle of “health science on display”. The 500,000-square feet building is comprised of classrooms, lecture halls, student lounges, research and testing laboratories, and high-tech team-based laboratories.

Suspended walkways were provided to symbolize as bridging the gap between different disciplines. It also enables efficient and smooth circulation in its atrium, where people gather, to promote conversation and collaboration (Fig. 24 & Fig. 25).

Fig. 24 CLSB featuring its suspended walkways (Bitterman, 2014).

Fig. 25 CLSB featuring its suspended walkways (Bitterman, 2014).

DATA GATHERING

1. Existing Data - The Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Zoning Ordinance was requested to the Manila City Hall for analysis. It contains numerous maps, figures, and numerical data may support this research. In addition, demographic data were also collected from Philippine Statistics Authority.

2. Map and Site Observations - The locale was visited and researched for existing macro problems. From there, three sites were observed for micro site analysis and for the data that will be used in site selection. Photographs were also taken for site analysis.

3. Participant Observations - different participants such as commuters, tourists, and students were observed near potential sites to get behavioral data and pedestrian patterns.

4. Interviews - Aside from observations, users from/near the site were interviewed to confirm data from observations. People interviewed were commuters, college students, locals, and different government agencies such as the Manila City Gov., and the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission.

5. Related Literature - Books from the architecture library, electronic books, journals, and articles with topics similar to the project were gathered to further study unfamiliar topics. Theses with related structures were studied to see examples of different analysis.

RESEARCH ANALYSIS

After the gathering of respective data, the following analyses are done in order to proceed with the study:

1. Existing data analysis - the following were analyzed based from raw maps and data: Market analysis, Review of related structures, Macro analysis, and Micro Analysis of the site.

2. Site Selection - data collected from maps and site observations, and participant interviews were analyzed to select the best site for the project. A ‘site selection criteria’ was formulated, and a point system was used to determine the most suitable site for the project.

The following criteria shall be used: Proximity to the river, Availability of land, Zoning, Accessibility of site, Accessibility to public transport, Utilities, Proximity to nodes and public spaces, Easy access to necessary lot plans and data, Land area, and Safety.

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PRESENT CONDTIONS ANALYSIS

THE NEED

MACRO SITE ANALYSIS

Local Profile

The City of Manila or “Lungsod ng Maynila”, as the capital of the Philippines, is a highly urbanized city. It became the world’s most densely populated city in 2018, reimagined by Harvard (Caruncho, 2018). Manila is home to the major port for the trading industries of the Philippines.

The Spanish city of Manila was established in 1571, by a spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Although 1571 was considered the official founding year of Manila, the place already existed way before the Spanish found their way to the Philippine islands, dating as early as 1258.

The city’s name “Manila” is usually used by a lot of Filipinos when they refer to the Metropolitan Manila or the Metro Manila. The name “Manila” was adopted when the Spaniards came here in the country. Before, the city was originally called “Maynila” as many Filipinos would call it today. Maynila came from the word May-nila which meant “where the indigo is found” because of the growing indigo-yielding plants found around the settlement a long time ago (Bumgartner, 1975).

The City of Manila is located in Luzon and has a total land area of 4,045.8 hectares, including areas that were reclaimed along the eastern coast of Manila Bay at the mouth of the Pasig River. In the existence of the port of Manila used for the trading industry, Manila serves as the major location for trading in the country, as it is also the center of the country’s shipping network. Manila also functions as the link to numerous island destinations of the country.

There are basically four entry and exit points of the city: (1) from North - R10; Honorio Lopez, Juan Luna, Rizal Avenue and the railways, (2) from East - A. Bonifacio St., Dapitan, Espana, Magsaysay Boulevard, South Super Highway, Vito Cruz Extension, (3) from South - Taft Avenue and Roxas Boulevard, and lastly (4) from the westNorth Port and South Port.

Manila is bounded by seven cities of the National Capital Region: Navotas and Caloocan on the North; Quezon City, San Juan, and Mandaluyong on the East; and Pasay and Makati on the South. Located at the edge of Luzon, on the city’s west is the Manila Bay. The city is composed of six congressional districts and 17 administrative districts. Each district is then divided into 100 zones and 896 barangays.

Geophysical Characteristics

The slope of Manila is generally flat, except there are some areas that are below sea level. Being the “sprawling center of government and business”, the city is found to be sinking by around 10 centimeters per year (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2019). Also, during high tides, sea water goes around two kilometers inland along Pasig River, going to the Laguna de Bay.

Along with the rest of the cities in the National Capital Region (NCR), the City of Manila is resting on a ridge that is bounded by alluvial deposits of sand, gravel, and clay. An ample part of the city lies with swamps, marshes, and close to major waterways which makes it a good area for trading and commerce.

The whole of Manila is bisected into two parts by the Pasig River: The North and the South Manila. The river, about 25 kilometers long, is the main drainage of the city, which links the Manila Bay at the west and Laguna de Bay in the east. The Manila Bay coastline, however, is about 190 kilometers long and has a gradual deepening rate of 1%. The hierarchy of drainages of Manila ranges from the Pasig river - Manila Bay segment, going to the creeks, esteros, and large storm sewers that collects rainwater from all over the city. Then finally, the smallest drains or drainpipes that serves each block or property.

Manila’s climate belongs to the 1st Type, which has two pronounced seasons - dry during the months of November to April, and rainy or wet for the rest of the months.

Natural Resources and Environment

The City of Manila has a total land area of 4,045.8 hectares; and approximately three percent of those are green spaces (Fig. 26).

Theater, is the city’s “last lung” which was developed in 1993. Manila-mayor, Francisco Domagoso vowed to preserve the park and plans to make it a “nature park” (Taculao, n.d.).

Aside from the Arroceros Forest Park, the city also has the Manila Zoo and the Manila Ocean Park which is a home to Manila’s fauna, such as the Bengal Tiger and Malayan Civet, that tourists and young children can visit. Although the Manila Zoo remains to be closed indefinitely because of sewage treatment plant issues.

Major water and coastal resources are the Manila Bay and the Pasig river, although there are minor creeks and esteros that run all over Manila. The Manila Bay serves as a center for plenty of economic activities such as fisheries, aquaculture and agriculture.

The whole of Metropolitan Manila generally has a poor air quality because of the pollution that industrial infrastructures and vehicles emit. According to the World Health Organization, Manila has a mean PM2.5 of 29 (guideline value: 10) and PM10 of 118 (guideline value: 20).

On the other hand, the water quality of the Manila Bay and Pasig River was found to be improving but remains as poor quality. Last January 2019, samples were collected along Manila Bay and was quality tested.

Results showed that Manila Bay’s average fecal coliform level was at 330 million most probable number (mpn). While the ideal level for swimming is at 100 mpn (DENR, 2019). Meanwhile the water quality details of the Pasig River after its rehabilitation remains unknown.

The usual types of solid wastes that being thrown in Manila are the following: wet and dry household waste, industrial waste, commercial waste, and some hospital waste. Because of the rapid urban sprawl, and the density of industrial and commercial areas in Manila, the solid wastes in the city resulted in a total of 1,174.82 tons or 7,650.07 per day (Open Data Philippines, 2018). According to a study about Solid Waste Management in the cities of the Philippines, Metro Manila contributed 22.2% of PH solid waste generation in 2010 (Sapuay, 2018).

Classification Map of

Even though the City of Manila is a highly urbanized and densely populated city, it is a home for several wildlife animals, green spaces, and a forest which act as the city’s breathing space amidst the skyscrapers. The Arroceros Forest Park, located beside the Metropolitan

According to Environment Secretary Roy Cimatu, the current landfill (Rodriguez Landfill in Rizal) that is taking up 6,000 tons/day of solid wastes of Metro Manila is soon to close in 2022. The Rodriguez Landfill was an alternative landfill of Metro Manila when the Payatas Landfill was closed a while ago (Parpan, 2017).

Natural Hazards

Flooding - The flood hazard of Manila ranges from low to high flood susceptibility, based on the 2013 Flood Hazard Map, because of Manila’s esteros and the Pasig River. North Manila has more areas with high flood susceptibility than the South.

Fig. 27 Flood Hazard Map, 2013.

Earthquake - Manila is 10.4 kilometers away from the West Valley Fault. As a result, earthquakes with Intensity VII High is the worst-case scenario that will cause damage to Manila.

Fig. 28 Ground Shaking Hazard Map, 2013

Human and Culture

The population of Manila according to the 2015 census is 1,780,148, which makes the population growth rate of 1.43 and the population density 71,263 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015). The city’s population is the second biggest in the Philippines, next to Quezon City (2,936,116), but Manila remains the most densely populated in the whole country.

Since the City of Manila is a center for urbanization, the demand for education is also high. According to a statistical report on the status of educational institutions per district of Manila in 1990s, Manila has a total of 4045.8 hectares for educational facilities. According to the Department of Education (DepEd), the teacher pupil ratio is at 1:31, which is within the standard limit ratio given by HLURB which is 1 teacher is to 50 pupils.

Fig. 29 Map of College Institutions, High schools, and Elementary schools

Pasig River

Waterfront Development

Manila has been known to be colonized by the Spaniards back then, so the strong influence of the Spanish religion has not fully washed out in our culture today. Approximately 90% of Manila’s population is still Christian, most of them are Roman Catholic. Several churches from the 1500s onwards are still open and functioning until today, such as the Binondo Church, Quiapo Church, and the San Agustin Church. However, Buddhist and Taoist temples are also present around the city. These are located particularly in Binondo, Manila’s Chinatown (InterNations GO, 2016).

The City of Manila has a city hall located at Padre Burgos Ave, Ermita. It holds the office of the Mayor, the chambers of the Manila City Council, and different divisions of the Manila administration. Meanwhile, since Manila has a large area, several barangay halls were scattered in different barangays and zones.

The City of Manila has numerous public parks, whether big or small, for tourists to visit (Fig. 30).

The main park of Manila would be the Rizal Park also

River.

• Manila Bay Cleanup Program- implemented by the DENR, MWSS, and the DILG, the rehabilitation started its initial phase last January 2019 at the Baywalk to jump start the project. Phase 1 includes clean up or water quality improvement; phase 2 includes rehabilitation and resettlement; lastly, phase 3 includes education and sustainment. This program is planned to last until the year 2022.

• Pasig River Rehabilitation - Last October 2018, the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) received an award for its successful efforts in redeeming the beauty of the 27-kilometer river. According to the International River Foundation, the PRRC was able to manage approximately 22,000 kilograms of solid waste from the river.

City Economy

Mentioned earlier are the leading industries in Manila. According to statistical data in the 1990s, the textile and garment industry comprises about 47.6 percent. A total of 25.16 percent for pharmaceuticals, food, rubber and plastic, and personal products; and the rest of the 27.22 percent are for other industries. The following are the classification of economic sectors in Manila:

• Primary sector - fishing industry

• Secondary sector - manufacturing, food, clothing industry

• Tertiary sector - shipping and cargo services, retail, tourism, banking, leisure, entertainment, IT services, etc.

Fig. 30 Map of different parks, sports centers, and malls

known as the Luneta Park, the location of the famous Rizal Monument. Other parks are the Arroceros forest park, Malacanang park, and Paco park. Also, other open spaces include the Manila zoo, small public plazas maintained by the Parks development office, and golf courses such as the Intramuros golf course. Sport centers and Shopping Malls, on the other hand, are concentrated on the east side of Manila, near famous tourist attractions and parks.

Rehabilitation programs of Manila are mostly for its water resources, which is the Manila Bay and the Pasig

As for tourism, The City of Manila has the densest collection of heritage buildings, therefore the first city in attracting foreign and local tourists. The city has the sunset boulevard from the Manila Bay, the historic Intramuros Walls, old Churches from the 1500s, theaters and movie houses, the food haven in the world’s oldest Chinatown in Binondo, etc.

Transportation and Infrastructures

The City of Manila has a circumferential and radial road system, connecting to its neighboring cities in Metropolitan Manila. Since it was mentioned earlier that Manila is bisected by the Pasig River, a total of eight bridges (Manuel A. Roxas Memorial, William A. Jones Memorial, McArthur, Manuel L. Quezon Memorial, Ayala, Mabini, Padre Jacinto Zamora Memorial, New Panaderos Ext) and one railway (LRT-1) were built to connect North and South Manila as of 2018.

All of Manila’s road network is composed of approximately 770 kilometers of roads, and less than 3% of those are still unpaved until now. Every road is classified whether it is national road or city road. The national government develops all those national roads, and the local government for the city roads.

Aside of private vehicles, other modes of transportation include the Rail Transits (LRT-1, LRT-2, MRT-3), Public Utility Jeepneys, Public Utility Vehicles (i.e. UV Express, City and Provincial Buses), Tricycles and Pedicabs, the Pasig River Ferry (Fig. 31), Air transport, and even the Kalesa which is still used in some historical parts of Manila (e.g. Intramuros). The project proposes a new station, Station X, of the Pasig River Ferry in the site that will be chosen. If an existing station is situated within the chosen site, the station will be re-designed.

Listed below are the main utilities of Manila:

• Water Supply - there are two main distributors of clean water in Manila: (1) Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI), and (2) Manila Water Company; as

a result of the privatization of the Metro Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS).

• Telecommunications - the main telecommunications provider is the Philippine Long-Distance Telephone Company (PLDT Co.). Other prominent telecommunication companies are Sky Cable Corporation, Globe Telecom, etc.

• Power and Electricity - approximately 95% of households are connected to the Manila Electric Company (MERALCO). The city’s power requirement is at 540W and still increasing as population density increases.

Land Use and Urban Structure Seen in Fig. 32 is the existing land use map of Manila from the city’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Fig. 32). Manila has different urban patterns, depending on its history. Because of past colonization in the country, Manila’s urban patterns are a mix of those influences. Architectural characters of each district in Manila also

River Ferry Stations

varies from one another.

Aside from its circumferential and radial major roads, majority of Manila’s streets are in a form of grid pattern. One good example would be the grid or quadricula pattern inside Intramuros (Fig. 333).

these patterns are very much visible in an aerial view of the city. Building patterns of Manila vary, depending on its district. For example, Tondo is known to have the large population in Manila, therefore having a dense urban sprawl in the area compared to other parts of Manila (Fig. 34).

As for the sensory aspect of Manila,

• Views and Visual Barriers - The main view of Manila is the Manila Bay. Tourists can view it from the Baywalk during sunset.

Fig. 32 Existing Land Use Map of Manila

Fig.

Intramuros Grid Street Pattern

• Noise Sources - Sources of noise may come from industrial zones, major traffic areas, and commercial spaces. Also, very dense residential zones may be a source of various noises.

• Sources of Smell - foul odor may come from fish ports, and polluted areas of the Manila Bay and the Pasig River.

Relevant Policies - The Water Code of the Philippines

The Water Code of the Philippines establishes basic principles and frameworks regarding the appropriation, control and observation of water resources to achieve optimum development and rational utilization. It is a law governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources.

Enumerated below are sections inside the Code that are relevant in the planning and design of the project:

• Rivers and their natural beds belong to the state

• Drainage systems shall be so constructed that their outlets are rivers, lakes, the sea, natural bodies of water, or such other water course as may be approved by the proper government agency

• The banks of rivers and streams and the shores of the seas and lakes throughout their entire length and within a zone of three (3) meters in urban areas, twenty (20) meters in agricultural areas and forty (40) meters in forest areas, along their margins are subject to the easement of public use in the interest of recreation, navigation, floatage, fishing and salvage. No person shall be allowed to stay in this zone longer than what is necessary for recreation, navigation, floatage, fishing or salvage or to build structures of any kind.

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Researcher Scientists

According to William Dar, the former Agriculture secretary, the Philippines still needs 19,000 scientists/researchers to be able to reach UNESCO’s recommendation of 380 scientists/researchers per million population. We are still at 189 scientists/ researchers per million population. The country is lacking scientists and researchers because according to Chief astronomer Dario de la Cruz, our scientific facilities in the Philippines needs to ‘revamped’ or rehabilitated because it’s too old and already out of date (Jalea, 2018).

College Students

There is a heavy population of students in Manila because of the ‘university belt’. The university belt consists of well-known universities and colleges such as the University of Santo Tomas, Far Eastern University, University of the East, University of the Philippines Manila. The university belt is known to be located in one place only (San Miguel district), but technically there are universities located in other districts (i.e. Sampaloc, Quiapo, Sta. Mesa, and Sta. Cruz) that can be considered in the university belt. There are also a number of major universities along Malate, Ermita, Intramuros. Seen in the figure (Fig. 35) are the population of students in SUCs and private schools of higher education in Metropolitan Manila (AY 2018-19).

35 Student Population in Metro Manila (CHED, 2019)

Fig. 34 Tondo, Manila’s housing density in Aerial view

Meanwhile, Table 12 & Table 13 shows the population in each school in Manila, both in SUCs and in private institutions in the school year 2018-2019. Shown below are only selected anchor colleges and universities in the city, most of them are included in the “University Belt”.

SUCs Population

Philippine Normal University 7,895

Polytechnic University of the Philippines 58,167 University of the Philippines Manila

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila 21,363

Technological University of the Philippines 18,000

Table 12 Student Population in Manila’s SUCs (CHED, 2019)

Private Institutions Population

Adamson University 10,932

Arellano University 3,334

Centro Escolar University - Manila 8,902 Colegio de San Juan de Letran 2.608

De La Salle University - Manila 15,899 Far Eastern University 18,683

FEATI University 615

Lyceum of the Philippines University 7,662 Mapua University 10,480

National University 6,442 Saint Paul University Manila 832

San Beda University 3,437

San Sebastian College - Recoletos de Manila 3,308 St. Scholastica’s College Manila 793

The Philippine Women’s University-Manila 2,759

Technological Institute of the Philippines 7,745 University of Santo Tomas 31,193 University of the East 10,536

Table 13 Student Population in Manila’s private institutions (CHED, 2019)

Residents/Locals

The city’s population is the second biggest in the Philippines, next to Quezon City (2,936,116), but Manila remains the most densely populated in the whole country. The Philippines has a centralized system wherein all government agencies and offices, large corporate and manufacturing companies, and basically the main sources of jobs are in Metropolitan Manila. So, in effect, people migrate from provinces to the metro, to seek jobs for a living.

The population of Manila according to the 2015 census is 1,780,148, which makes the population growth rate of 1.43 and the population density 71,263 (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015). Meanwhile the age distribution (Fig. 36), age groups (Fig. 37), and gender distribution (Fig. 38) are shown in the following figures below:

MARKET ANALYSIS

Target Groups

The facility is not only limited to researchers and college students with similar programs, it also caters to locals and/or residents. As mentioned earlier, since Manila is known to have environmental degradation and congestion problems, and the main problem is to make a facility that can help to bridge the anchor institutions to the city and contributing to solve these problems. The project would not be a success without the following users.

1. College Students

Manila has a huge population of students, as seen in the table earlier. Catering to their needs such as transportation and student facilities would create a

large impact in the current situation of the city. The project also aims to further improve the connection of the academic community and the country, by including facilities wherein students can research, study, and innovate materials that might help not just the city but the country in the future.

2. Research Scientists

The success of the project also depends if there are professionals who can support it. These researchers may come from different government agencies. In that way, the city and the anchor institutions help hand in hand in order to transform the Pasig River into a sustainable body of water.

3. Residents/Locals

River

Waterfront Development

Fig. 36 Age Distribution in Manila

Fig. 37 Age group division Fig. 38 Gender distribution

Building in a city that has the densest population in the world in something else. That means the project has to benefit the locals as well, to maximize its effect to people. These benefits may either be any type of services, or even in a form of leisure.

4. Local Government Agencies

The local government completes the bridge between the institution and the city. They shall invest interest to the success of the project, especially to the knowledge and innovations that the researchers may produce in the future. The local government may consist of the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and/or the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). They are the ones responsible for the execution of the research produced by the students and researchers.

Market Needs

Since it was established that Manila has the densest population in the world, the market’s needs are more in the side of service for the masses rather than the side of leisure. Public services include public transportation, education, public health care, environmental protection, and emergency services. These services are for all, meaning one’s social group must not matter in accessing these services. Manila has still a lot of room for improvement, as its current issues revolve in these services (e.g. lack of public transportation, inaccessible health care, etc.).

This project is focused on the public transportation and education on environmental protection needs of people in Manila. This means that, as mentioned earlier, the main market would be students, researchers, and locals. Listed below are the needs of every target market based on observation, research, survey, and interviews:

1. College Students

College students need to maximize their time in order to have maximum productivity for their schoolwork. Most university libraries close their facilities at some time in the afternoon, which force students to do schoolwork either at home or at cafes. This project aims to question and challenge the existing learning environments of students outside the university.

Changes in the environment promotes more effective studying than sticking to the usual places. They need spaces that doesn’t require money in order to allow them to study, unlike in coffee shops. Survey suggests that students who live in dormitories mostly spend

time in coffee shops to do their work because they don’t have anywhere else to work. Most of their dormitories do not have access to internet, and college libraries closes in the afternoon.

Students also need a space wherein they are free to do whatever they want, for example, when they need to assemble a large piece of model. They certainly can’t do that in the small and cramped tables of coffee shops. A flexible and supportive space for unrestricted collaborative work where students can speak to each other without being too loud for the space would greatly help them.

Aside from spaces for independent and collaborative work, students also need spaces for relaxation or leisure. It is important for them to let their minds wander off a little bit, in order to let the stress out. Regular coffee shops do not have these kinds of spaces.

2. Research Scientists

The needs of research scientists are pretty straightforward: they need valuable information. Information comes from the quality of facilities that are offered to them. For example, a laboratory that has excellent and latest equipment opens new opportunities for researchers to discover new information. Some researchers also sometimes come from provinces, so they might need accommodations if they are attending on a research that might require a number of days to execute.

3. Residents/Locals

People reside in Manila mainly in order to be close to their daily jobs. They build a family and a house in the city. Aside from the basic necessities of family such as shelter, clothing and food, they also need a place where they can play, relax, and socialize with other people without having too much to spend on.

Market Strategies

It is significant for this project to attract the mentioned target groups for its objectives to be satisfied. In order to attract the target market, the following factors are considered:

1. Place - It is important to find a site near a node of the different target groups. It is best to consider sites near institutions and residences.

2. Spaces - Consider including spaces that are important to them to give the user a reason for them to visit the building.

3. User benefits - It is what the building can offer to its users. It is also what keeps them visiting the building from time to time. These benefits can maintain the good image of the building and can potentially attract new market in the future.

2. Research and Development Industry

Many famous institutions in the Philippines support different kinds of research and development centers. This is to enable the interaction between faculty and students to the local government agencies. The following are research centers or institutes from different universities that has a similar field of science as this project (hydrologic science).

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

Trends

The City of Manila is known for its historical sites from the Spanish colonial period, the famous ‘University Belt’, and its diverse culture and cuisine, that is why its most famous industries are the ones that cater to tourists and students, which are the food industry, leisure, and lodging industry. According to the Swedish Trade and Invest Council, the top 5 industries of the Philippines are mining, utility, construction, agriculture, manufacturing, and services (TESDA, 2018).

Main Competitors

The project is going to be included in the following industries:

1. Student Support Services

This is what benefits the students the most. Institutions doesn’t really prioritize these types of services for the students, so the latter use ‘alternative spaces’ to satisfy their needs beyond the school. The following are examples of student support services in comparison to the alternative spaces that students use today (Table 14):

• National Hydraulic Research Center - UP Diliman College of Engineering

• Natural Sciences Research Institute (NSRI)University of the Philippines Diliman

• Marine Science Institute (MSI) - University of the Philippines Diliman

• UP Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology - University of the Philippines Diliman

• Watershed and Water Resources Research, Development and Extension Center (WWRRDEC) - Department of Environment and Natural Resources

• Philippine Center for Water and SanitationInternational Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF)

• Institute for Science and Technology ResearchPolytechnic University of the Philippines

3. Leisure and Recreation

This industry is mainly about recreation, sports, entertainment, and tourism-related products and services. The leisure industry in the Philippines is focused on its tourist spots, because of the logic that tourists only spend time the places for leisure, so they are the ones who are targeted by malls, arcades, etc. The leisure part in this project isn’t really aimed at tourists per se but aimed at the locals and students.

Student Support Services Activity Alternate Spaces

Student Centers Group works Meetings Desk work

Lodging/Dormitories Resting

Library Coffee Shops

Rented Classrooms

Hotels

Apartments

Condominiums

Wellness Center Health maintenance

Table 14 Comparison of student support services vs. alternative spaces.

The City of Manila has numerous public parks, whether big or small, for tourists to visit. The main park of Manila would be the Rizal Park also known as the Luneta Park, the location of the famous Rizal Monument. Other parks are the Arroceros forest park, Malacañang park, and Paco park. Sport centers and Shopping Malls, on the other hand, are concentrated on the east side of Manila, near famous tourist attractions and parks.

There aren’t really leisure places near the chosen site. The closest would be the SM Sta. Mesa, and the Pandacan Linear Park.

4. Transport Industry

Although the project offers a redevelopment of a water transportation, people might still prefer other means of transportation depending on their destination.

Aside from the Pasig River Ferry, other modes of transportation include the Rail Transits (LRT-1, LRT-2, MRT-3), Public Utility Jeepneys, Public Utility Vehicles (i.e. UV Express, City and Provincial Buses), Tricycles and Pedicabs, Air transport, private vehicles, and even the Kalesa which is still used in some historical parts of Manila (e.g. Intramuros).

SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength

• Offers different kinds of services in one place: Student services, Community services, etc.

• Can cater to anyone: the community, students, and even professionals from other cities.

• Leisure spaces besides malls are usually not present near institutions.

Opportunities

• Addressing the unmet needs of target market

• The redevelopment of the Pasig River Ferry offers new opportunities for the community to use.

• Water transportation promotes the newly rehabilitated Pasig River

• Successful research leads to the betterment of the city and the country.

Weakness

• Water transportation is not the best option for everyone, some people would prefer using land-based transportation

• Open spaces is not everyone’s preference, because of the tropical climate of the Philippines

Threats

• Rising competition from the same industries

• Approach could be copied by competitors

• Inefficient site selection may lead to unsuccessful growth of the facility.

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

To aid the researcher in choosing the site best fit for the project, the following criteria were made based on the possible requirements of the project.

1. Proximity to the river - As the problems and objectives stated above, the planned project is definitely going to need to be in close proximity to the Pasig River for studies, experiments, and future opportunities.

2. Availability of land - The land must be available for development. The site must not be a protected green area or park.

3. Zoning - The zoning of the site must also be in accordance with the project type. It must be Institutional or Mixed-Use zones.

4. Accessibility of Site - The site must not by physically challenging for pedestrians to access. Ample road width, sidewalks, and pedestrian lanes must be present for it to be considered as accessible.

5. Accessibility to public transport - There are at least two jeepney routes that passes by the site. The site must also be close to major jeepney stops.

6. Utilities - Basic utilities (i.e. Water supply, Power, Telecommunications) must be available.

7. Proximity to nodes and public spaces - The site must be at least in walking distance from any public space, so that it can be considered as convenient to go to.

8. Easy access to lot plans and necessary data. The site must be at least owned by the government so that necessary data can be requested easily.

9. Land area. The site must have sufficient land area of at least 6,000 sq.m. for the project and its potential future expansion.

10. Safety. The security of surroundings must not pose a threat to the future development.

11. Proximity to universities or potential target groups - there must be institution/s within 1 kilometer radius from the site.

POSSIBLE SITES

The following sites are chosen within the boundaries of the City of Manila based on its availability and potential:

• PUP Condotel Building Lot in Sta. Mesa (Fig. 39);

Fig. 39 PUP Condotel Building

• Vacant lot beside Palacio de Maynila in Malate (Fig. 40); and

Fig. 40 1691 M. H. Del Pilar St.

• 829 Zone 90 in Paco (Fig. 41).

Fig. 41 829 Zone 90 in Paco

SITE EVALUATION

After careful observation of the selection criteria for each site, the summary of findings is shown in a tabular format below (Table 16). A point system was used to evaluate each criteria for the site, for better assessment: 1- Poor; 2- Fair; 3- Good; 4- Very Good; 5- Excellent.

Site a b c

Proximity to the river 5 1 3

Availability of land 3 5 2

Zoning 5 4 3

Accessibility of site 5 4 3

Accessibility to transport 3 3 3 Utilities 5 5 5

Proximity to nodes 3 5 2

Easy access to data 4 3 4

Land area 3 3 5

Safety 4 4 3

Proximity to target groups 4 3 1

Total 44 40 34

Table 16 Summary of Findings for site selection

SITE ANALYSIS

The site is located at the West side of Sta. Mesa, Manila (Fig. 42), just above the Pasig River, and currently has existing building called the PUP Condotel Building that is already for disposition. With the Polytechnic University of the Philippines at its East side, the LRT-2 Pureza Station at the North side, and the Pasig River at the south, it opens an opportunity for waterfront development and a facility that helps the institution as well as the city. The University Belt is also just 0.8 kilometers away from the site.

The site is elongated at the East-West axis, therefore sun shading devices might be needed for south, east, and west sides of the building. On the other hand, the wind paths enter the site through its North-East and South-West corners (Fig. 4343).

Fig. 42 Site Vicinity Map.

Fig. 43 Sun and Wind Paths

TRANSPORTATION

Since the proposed project includes the establishment of a Pasig River Ferry Station situated in the site itself, the map below shows all main roads, the LRT line-2, existing ferry stations near the site (the whole ferry station map were shown earlier), and the new station, Station X (Fig. 44). The new station will own two ferry boats, available for transporting users into other stations in a scheduled time frame. Initially, it would be available to pick up and drop off passengers from stations with higher student and tourist population such as Escolta, and PUP Station. Eventually in future, the service radius of the ferry boat will expand according to demand.

VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN PATHS

Pedestrian paths and sources depends on zoning of where they came from. For example, large density of pedestrians come from the north of the site because of the LRT (Fig. 45).

On the other hand, vehicles that pass by the site are only the Pasig River Ferry, private vehicles, and tricycles. Jeepneys and rail transits are within walkable distance to the North of the site (Fig. 46).

NODES AND LANDMARKS

The main nodes near the site is the Anonas and Pureza Street Intersection, where students from PUP and residents in the area intersect. Landmarks closest landmarks to the site are the PUP Main Building and the LRT-2 Pureza Station (Fig. 47).

Fig. 46 Different vehicular and transit paths along the vicinity of the site

Fig.

Pedestrian path along the vicinity of the site

Fig. 47 Nodes and Landmarks within the vicinity of the site

PROXIMAL ZONING

The four zones around the site are residential, commercial, institutional, industrial. Residential areas are scattered around the vicinity, commercial areas are only established along the highway, industrial warehouses were built along the riverbanks, and some institutional buildings of PUP are also scattered (Fig. 48).

SITE INVENTORY

The buildings inside the site are two Condotel buildings built and owned by PUP, though they are assumed to be considered for redevelopment by the institution. In addition, vegetation and small group of trees are scattered around the site (Fig. 49).

Fig. 48 Proximal zoning of the vicinity of the site

SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength

• Close proximity to a university (PUP) which guar antees more users

• Existing buildings on the site are for disposition

• Easy access from Pureza LRT Station

• Easy access from PUP campus

Opportunities

• Great opportunity for waterfront development

• Student housing for college students

• Opportunity to link leisure locals and students

• Faster and accessible transportation for PUP stu dents who lives in the south of NCR

Weakness

• Site is only accessible by tricycles and pedicab, not by jeepneys

• Fenced site, not available for visitations

Threats

• Overbanking of the Pasig River may cause flood to the area if the site.

Table 17 Site SWOT Analysis

USER ANALYSIS

There are different groups of people who will use the Sta. Mesa Mixed-Use Waterfront. They are:

Stakeholders

1. Public Institutions - Most public research centers are usually ran by a large public institution. In this case, the public institution involved in this project is based on its specific site. That way, the said institution would provide the main users (students and researchers) for the facility.

2. Local Government and its agencies - Since public institutions are funded by the government, the academe returns the favor by producing research from its research centers that has an opportunity to be successful when executed by the government. An example of a government agency that can be involved in this project is the

Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC).

Direct Users

1. College Students - May come from anchor institutions in the city or in the region, whether public or private.

2. Researchers from institutions or organizationsMay be a visiting researcher from other countries, a professional from organizations or government agencies, etc.

3. Neighboring Community Residents - Residents depending on the specific site of the project.

4. Free Passers - Those who happen to pass by and take an interest in the facility. May be a tourist, or a resident from other cities.

Fig. 53 (3) GSIS Metrohomes with commercial spaces

Fig. 54 (4) GSIS Metrohomes with commercial spaces

Indirect Users

1. Director - The overall administrator of the facility. In charge of overseeing all directors and officers under him. He also represents the facility from partner government agencies such as the PRRC.

2. Administrative Staff - In charge of administering the whole building and its functions. They manage all information and represent the facility to external relations. Their duties also include gathering other staff for meetings and receiving and directing officers from companies.

3. Research Staff - In charge of running the research facility itself. They assist researchers, and administers all research laboratories, lecture rooms, and libraries. They are composed of research assistants, laboratory aides, and library

operators.

4. Utility Staff - In charge of repairing, maintaining, and fix mechanical and technical equipment. Equipment include plumbing elements, electrical repairs, flooring repair and upkeep, etc. Also, in charge of securing the premises for its safety. They monitor surveillance equipment, patrol around the building, and inspect entry and exit points of the site.

5. Support services staff - In charge of facilitating support services of the facility such as the commercial spaces, the student center, the temporary housing for researchers, and the park grounds. Included here are the retailers and shop owners of commercial spaces.

Executive Director

ASecretary ssistant Director

Administrative Director Research Director Utility

Accounting

Purchasing

Building Grounds Administrator

IT Manager / Network Manager

Research Assistants Laboratory Aides Library Administrator

Janitors Maintenance Electrician Security

Support Services Director

Chief of Housing Chief of Food Services Chief of Student Services Chief of Commercial Services

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS; PEAK AND LULL PERIOD SCENARIOS

Research

Research activities includes the data gathering, experimenting, and innovating process of the researcher. The researcher may opt to use the lodging facilities of the building before or after they use the research facilities.

Frequency of visits from researchers may vary throughout the year, as researchers may come from different institutions and do not have a fixed schedule. Researchers may be a professional, a visiting researcher from government agencies, private and public organizations, or a student of nearby schools.

Student Activities

As we all know, the academic year is almost the same for most universities: classes start in August and end in May. That means from June to July, the academic needs of students outside the school are low to none. The terms of colleges/universities also vary. It is either a semester, trimestral, quad semester.

College classes also vary within the day. But most of

their similarities are the free time they have during lunch time (12:00-1:00 PM), and after most classes in the afternoon (4:30 PM). The said schedule may vary from different universities in Manila. Peak scenarios are usually at the end of every term of classes, such as the month of November-December, and April-May, when all students are busy attending to their requirements and studying for their exams.

Neighborhood Social Activities

Social activities shall include community residents and even students from nearby schools. These activities vary depending on the day of the week or the time of the year. Due to people going to work or school, these activities may be in a peak period on the weekends, and a lull period on the weekdays.

TIME AND MOTION ANALYSIS

The facility to be produced by this study doesn’t have a definite schedule for each of the users, except for its administrative employees and staff, because of the varying schedule of the comings and goings of each student and the rest of the community. However, the behavior of each user is described in the next part.

USER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

Reception

STUDENT

Do

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

BUSINESS OPERATOR

Waterfront

ADMIN STAFF

Open up store Sell / Manage Eat lunch

Sell / Manage Close up store

Fig. 60 Business operators behavior pattern

Time in Work at desk

Go to meetings

Eat lunch

Work at desk Time out

Go to meetings

Fig. 61 Administrative staff behavior pattern

Time in Work at desk Eat lunch

Go to meetings

River

RESEARCH STAFF

Work at desk Time out

Go to meetings Manage labs Manage labs

Fig. 62 Research staff behavior pattern

Time in Work at station Eat lunch

UTILITY STAFF

Time out

Housekeeping Troubleshoot Maintenance

Fig. 63 Utility staff behavior pattern

Time in Guard at desk Eat lunch

Security update Patrol

Guard at desk Security update Patrol

Work at station Housekeeping Troubleshoot Maintenance SECURITY

Fig. 64 Security staff behavior pattern

Time out

BUILDING USE ANALYSIS

The waterfront development covers the following three zones of facilities:

1. Research Facilities

2. Educational Facilities

3. Leisure/Entertainment Facilities

4. Transport Facility

Research Facilities

The Research center has three main laboratories which represents the process of a research (Fig. 65):

1. Research 2. Application

3. Prototype Fig. 65 Process of research to execution

1. Research offices - the first step of a research is to identify the problem and developing background information. These spaces are desk research areas to help the researchers in gathering data from books, past references, and even online. Spaces include Collaboration offices for researcher-toresearcher collaboration, desk research offices, photo-documentation office, and computer room.

2. Application Laboratories - the second step is the experimentation process. It occurs when the researchers are testing previous data to obtain and analyze new data for their study. This project aims on protecting the Pasig river through studying on how it can be revived back to when it can be conducive for transport, aquatic species, and tourism. So, experimental laboratories in this facility may include general laboratories for flexibility, ecological research laboratories for researching flora and fauna of the river, and hydro-chemistry laboratories for researching on water quality and pollution of the river. In some researches that does not include engineering, this is their step before reaching their conclusion.

3. Prototype Laboratories - for researches that requires machineries, the prototype laboratory is the last step before making the final product. As the name suggests, this is where the researchers can build, experiment, and test on their models. Models can range from simple water filters, to heavy machineries that can be actually applied in the river. Under prototype laboratories are general workshop laboratory, cybertechnology laboratory, biotechnology laboratory, and engineering laboratory.

The research center shall also provide lodging spaces for researchers who came from far places and intend to continue their experiments on the next day.

Educational Facilities

As it is located near a significant university in Manila, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, the project also provides 24-hour educational facilities for students of nearby colleges. Spaces included here are services that every student need, but failed to provide by their school. These spaces are: printing areas, workshop areas, collaboration spaces, study rooms, and printing and stationery shops. These facilities would greatly help the students, especially during their finals week, when they need a place to study with an internet connection without having to buy drink or a food.

In addition, adding educational facilities in this project

will attract more students to visit the research center, therefore, the Pasig River and the Pasig River Ferry Station will be more exposed to people.

Leisure/Entertainment Facilities

Aside from being near a university, the site is also situated directly along the riverbanks, so there is an opportunity to promote the Pasig River by developing a linear park for the nearby neighborhood. The linear park will follow the outline of the river, serving as a buffer area between the water and the built structures. Included in the linear park are outdoor display areas or galleries of the research center, to promote their work. It may be interactive exhibits to encourage the people to take part on it.

In addition, their will also be parking spaces for the visitors, and commercial spaces so that the people visiting the park may buy their food there. Food and beverages stores may also have outdoor eating spaces to let the users enjoy the river view while eating.

Transport Facility

In order to slowly transition car traffic along the metro to using water transportation as an alternative, a Pasig River Ferry Mini Station was included in the site. The mini station will only be an extension of the PUP Station, so that the existing Pasig River Ferry System lines would remain the same. Simply put, the passengers boarding in the site’s ferry station will be traveling to PUP station first, before traveling to their desired location.

DESIGN TRANSLATION

PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

REWINDING TIME TO SHAPE THE FUTURE.

The thesis title, R(i)verse, is a word play between “river” and “reverse”. The main concept of this study is to go back in time, identify the situations or the factors that caused the problem, and move forward while reconsidering those factors. The following are the initiatives that will be done in line with the agenda and the project:

GREEN CONNECTION

In the past, the pasig river is very popular to its citizens because it is well-connected to them. They can access it easily, and they do not turn their backs on it. As a result back then, the river became one their sources of income. Now, if one travels along the river, what he would see are the backs of a bunch of buildings and houses.

Approach: (1) Reorienting spaces in order to frame the beauty of the pasig river; (2) Forming a “buffer area” between the building and the river.

CREATING MEMORIES

Open spaces are just as important as buildings. Unfortunately, the climate of the Philippines kept the Filipinos indoors where there is air conditioning such as malls. That is why open spaces are being converted into malls to keep people satisfied. Gone are the days of playing outside, or just walking your dog at the park.

Approach: (1) Providing large areas of open spaces, intended for people to interact and play at (social collaboration); (2) Setting up an elevated park to generate more open space, and can be connected to other elevated parks in the future where in people can just walk or bike their way from place to place.

PROVIDING OPTIONS

Filipinos have became more accustomed to their way of life and they have been focused in their work that they just accepted that way of life even though it gives them inconvenience. One example is their daily modes of transportation. It is important to the site to be easily seen by the pedestrians to attract them into going there.

Approach: (1) Providing visual accessibility from a major node near the site; (2) Connecting land and water by transportation as well as promoting the Pasig River; (3) Including spaces that is new to the area.

LEARNING FROM THE PAST

It is evident that sciences have always been neglected in the country. Recently, through the efforts of PRRC, the Pasig River is a lot cleaner than before. Now that the commission have been dissolved, it is significant for the country to form a new and similar agency that can help scientific research products to be put into good use, to prevent the Pasig River to going back into its unusable state again.

Approach: (1) Realizing scientific research as the focal point of the project; (2) Mimicking the shape/curves of the Pasig River to form the mass of the buildings; (3) Incorporating flexible spaces fit for students and professionals.

PROPOSED SPACES

The following spaces are proposed based on the goals and concept of the project.

is basically divided into 4 zones: (1) Research Center, (2) PRRC Office, (3) General Spaces, and (4) Pasig River Ferry Station.

Research Center

Reception/Information

Central Lounge

Display Area

Restrooms

Research Administrator’s Office

Secretary’s Office

Records Office

IT Office

Finance Office

Security office

Research assistants’ lounge

Meeting Room

Desk Research Office

Collaboration Offices

Copy Room

Lecture rooms

Clinic

Cafeteria

Open Laboratories

Ecological Studies Laboratory

Materials Testing Laboratory

Soils Laboratory

Hydro-chemistry Laboratory

General Workshop Laboratories

Special Projects Lab/ Multi-purpose Lab

Biotechnology Laboratories

Engineering Laboratories

Equipment Storage Room

Utilities

Lodging spaces

Central Lounge

Office

Front desk & Lobby

Executive Director’s Office

Executive Secretary’s Desk

Division Head Offices

Human Resources Office

Accountant’s Office

Cashier’s Office

Division Offices

Conference Room

Pantry

Mail and Copy Room

General Spaces

Parking Lot

Food and Beverage

Souvenir shops

Interactive exhibition area

Mini Museum

Mini Library

Auditorium

Public Linear Park

Breastfeeding room

Prayer Room

Main Utilities

Pasig River Ferry Station

Lobby

Concierge

Restrooms

Breastfeeding room

Ticketing area

Administrative Office

Staff room

Control, Genset, and Utilities Room

Maintenance room

Departure area

Arrival area

Pontoon Berth

TABULATION OF SPACES

Entrance Hall

Lobby

Lounge

Entrance hall and reception area for visitors

NATURAL AND ARTI FICIAL

Sitting area for waiting guests NATURAL AND ARTI FICIAL

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL

PUBLIC Students, Visit ing Researchers, Professionals

PUBLIC Students, Visit ing Researchers, Professionals

150 0.6 90 18 1 108 HIGH

15 0.6 Sofa Set 9 1.8 1 10.8 HIGH

Reception

Restroom

Information area for guests ARTIFICIAL NATURAL PUBLIC Receptionist, Students, Visit ing Researchers, Professionals

Sanitation ARTIFICIAL NATURAL PUBLIC Students, Visit ing Researchers, Professionals, Receptionist, staff

10 0.6 Counter, Stool, Shelves 6 1.2 1 7.2 HIGH

8 1.275 Urinals, WCs, Lavatories, Jani tor's Sink

10.2 2.04 2 24.48 MEDIUM

Research Ad ministration

Research Admin istrator's Office

Workplace for research adminis trator

Workplace for research secretary ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Secretary 1 10 Table, Chair, Shelf 10 2 1 12 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Administrator 1 10 Table, Chair, Shelf 10 2 1 12 LOW Research Secre tary's Office

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION ACCESS LEVEL USERS NO. OF USERS AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL RESEARCH CENTER

Records Office

Long-term storage area for research docu ments

IT Office

Control room for all IT services in the building

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Records staff 1 10 Shelves, Table, Chair 10 2 1 12 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE IT Staff 8 10 Desktop com puters, Tables, Chair, Shelf

Finance Office Office for ac counting staff ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Accounting staff 7 10 Desktop com puters, Tables, Chair, Shelf

Security office

Meeting Room

Research Assis tants Lounge

Control room for all security measures in the facility

Accomodates meetings of staff and other VIPs

Resting area for all research assis tants on break

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Security staff 5 10 Desktop com puters, Tables, Chair, Shelf

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff, VIPs 14 10 Desktop com puters, Tables, Chair, Shelf

80 16 1 96 MEDIUM

70 14 1 84 MEDIUM

50 10 1 60 MEDIUM

140 28 1 168 MEDIUM

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Research assis tants 10 1.5 Sofa Set, Bag shelf 15 3 1 18 MEDIUM

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION ACCESS LEVEL USERS NO. OF USERS AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL

Desk research office

Collab office

Closed office for primary or non-experimental research

Group meeting areas between researchers for exchange of ideas

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers, staff 20 1.5 Study carts, chairs 30 6 1 36 HIGH

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers, staff 35 1.5 Long tables, chairs 52.5 10.5 1 63 HIGH

RESEARCH CENTER

Research Offices and Lab Support

Copy Room

Area equipped for stationery needs of the research center

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Staff 5 1 Shelves, Long tables, Chairs 5 1 1 6 MEDIUM

Application Laboratories

Lecture Halls

Lecture area NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Students, Visiting Researchers, Professionals

20 1.5 Armchairs, Table, Whiteboard

30 6 4 144 MEDIUM Clinic

Area equipped for medical needs and emergencies

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Medical team 10 5 Medical furniture, shelves, benches

50 10 1 60 LOW Cafeteria

MECHANICAL PUBLIC Researchers, staff, administration 50 1.5 Tables, chairs 75 15 1 90 HIGH Restrooms

Open Laboratories

Eating area for lunch breaks NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Sanitation ARTIFICIAL NATURAL PRIVATE Administration and Staff 14 1.275 Urinals, WCs, Lavatories, Janitor's Sink

General laboratory work NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Ecological studies lab

Materials Testing Lab

Research laboratory on flora and fauna, different aquatic species

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Testing of different materials NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Soils Laboratory

Hydro-chemistry lab

Study of soils NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Research laboratory for salinity, fresh water, water quality, pollution, etc.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

17.85 3.57 5 107.1 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 48 11.14 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 534.72 106.944 2 1283.328 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 15 5.1 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 76.5 15.3 1 91.8 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 30 11.14 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 334.2 66.84 1 401.04 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 30 5.1 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 153 30.6 1 183.6 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 12 5.1 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 61.2 12.24 1 73.44 MEDIUM

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION

General Workshop Lab

Special Projects Lab/ Multipurpose Lab

General workshop laboratory of life scale model making

Accomodates large or custom experiments

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Prototyping Laboratories

Biotechnology Lab

Prototype lab dedicated for biological studies

Engineering Lab Laboratory dedicated for eng’g experiments

Lab equipment storage

Chemical/ Samples Holding Area

Pump room

Storage area for huge laboratory equipment

Storage area for sensitive specimen

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

ACCESS LEVEL USERS

NO. OF USERS

AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 48 11.14 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 534.72 106.944 1 641.664 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 40 11.14 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 445.6 89.12 1 534.72 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 20 11.14 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 222.8 44.56 1 267.36 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Researchers 30 11.14 Long tables, Chairs, Shelves 334.2 66.84 1 401.04 MEDIUM

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance, Janitors 2 1 Shelves 2 0.4 1 2.4 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 2 1 Shelves 2 0.4 1 2.4 LOW

Central layout of pumps ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance, Janitors 1 1 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

RESEARCH CENTER

Maintenance Room

Genset room

Janitor's and Maintenance Closet for Labs

Utilities

Contains genset for the needs of the facility

Electrical room Contains electrical panels for all research spaces

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance, Janitors 1 1 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance 1 1 Genset 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Electricians, Maintenance 1 1 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

Mechanical room

Contains mechanical devices according to the needs of research labs

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance 1 1 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

Housing

Control room

Main control area for all mechanical devices in the facility

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance 2 1 2 0.4 2 4.8 LOW

Rooms Sleeping area for the night NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Central Lounge

Overlooking lounge for visitors NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PRIVATE Students, Visiting Researchers 1 10 Bed, Table, Chair, Cabinet 10 2 8 96 LOW

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Students, Visiting Researchers 30 3 Sofa Set 90 18 1 108 MEDIUM

5216.2

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION

Entrance

Front Desk

Receiving area NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Lobby Waiting area for guests NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Executive Di rector's Office

Executive Sec retary's Desk

Workplace for PRRC executive director

Workplace for the executive secre tary

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Major Offices

Division Head Offices Workplaces for division heads NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Resident COA Office Workplace for resident COA NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

ACCESS LEVEL USERS NO. OF USERS AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL

MECHANICAL PUBLIC Staff 5 1.5 Desk, chair, shelf 7.5 1.5 1 9 HIGH

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Guests 5 1.5 Sofa set 7.5 1.5 1 9 HIGH

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Executive Director 1 10 Desk, chair, shelf, sofa set 10 2 1 12 LOW

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Secretary 1 10 Desk, chair 10 2 1 12 LOW

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Division Heads 1 10 Desk, chair, shelf 10 2 3 36 LOW

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Resident COA 1 10 desk, chair, shelf 10 2 1 12 LOW

PRRC OFFICE

Human Re sources Offices Workplace for human resources staff

Minor Offices

Support

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Accountant's Office Workplace for accountants NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Cashier's Office Windowed area for money trans actions

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 1 1.5 Desk, Chair 1.5 0.3 1 1.8 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Accountants 1 1.5 Desk, chair 1.5 0.3 1 1.8 LOW

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Division Of fices Workplace for PRRC Staff NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Conference Room

Pantry

Mail and Copy room

Meeting area between employ ees, admin, and/ or guests

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Break area for staff NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Area equipped for stationery needs of PRRC

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Cashier 2 1.5 Desk, chair 3 0.6 1 3.6 MEDIUM

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 40 1.5 Desk, chair 60 12 1 72 HIGH

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff, Admin 22 1.5 Large Table, Chairs 33 6.6 1 39.6 HIGH

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 15 1.5 Kitchenette Set, Tables, Stools

MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 3 1.5 Photocopy ing machine, Shelves, Cabi nets

22.5 4.5 1 27 HIGH

4.5 0.9 1 5.4 HIGH

SUB TOTAL FLOOR AREA 241.2

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION

Guests

Staff

Parking

For guests with private vehicles NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

For staff with private vehicles NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Shuttle Service Service from ma jor roads/drop off points (e.g. LRT-2) to the site

Food and Bev erage

Commercial Spaces

Selling of food and beverage for casual visitors and passer by

Souvenir shop Sells different pa sig river souvenirs to the public

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

ACCESS LEVEL USERS NO. OF USERS

AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL

NATURAL PUBLIC Guests 20 12.5 Street lights 250 50 1 300 HIGH

NATURAL PUBLIC Staff 10 12.5 Street lights 125 25 1 150 HIGH

NATURAL PUBLIC Delivery 4 36 Street lights 144 28.8 1 172.8 MEDIUM

GENERAL SPACES

Social Spaces

Support Spaces

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors, staff 30 1.5 Counters, ta bles, chairs 45 9 6 324 HIGH

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors, staff 30 1.5 Shelves, count er 45 9 1 54 HIGH

Main Utilities

Interactive ex hibition area

Exhibits different projects of the research center for environmen tal awareness of people visiting

Mini Library Branch national library for public viewing

Auditorium Viewing area for public cultural performances

Linear park and Elevated Park Terrace

Breastfeeding Room

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors 100 0.6 Displays 60 12 2 144 HIGH

NATURAL NATURAL PUBLIC Visitors 150 0.6 Benches, Land scape furniture 90 18 1 108 HIGH Mini Museum Branch national museum for pub lic viewing

MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors 50 1 Book shelves, Tables, Chairs 50 10 1 60 MEDIUM

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors, Staff 150 1 Auditorium Seats 150 30 1 180 HIGH

Open space on the riverside NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Private area for breastfeeding mothers

Prayer Room Praying area for persons who have religious needs

Solid Waste Management Facility

NATURAL PUBLIC Visitors 500 1 Benches, Land scape furniture 500 100 1 600 HIGH

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Visitors 5 1.5 Nursing Chair 7.5 1.5 1 9 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors 15 1.5 Chairs 22.5 4.5 1 27 LOW

For collection, processing, and storage of solid wastes

Materials Re covery Facility Storage for recy clable materials

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 1 1 Garbage Bins 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Staff 1 1 Material Bins 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION ACCESS LEVEL USERS NO. OF USERS AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL

Rainwater Har vesting Tank

Fire Tank Res ervoir

Water storage for recyclable storm water

Water storage for fire suppression needs

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE 1 1 Tank, Pump 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

GENERAL SPACES Main Utilities

Sequencing Batch Reactor

Electrical Room

Activated sludge system for waste water treatment

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE 1 1 Tank, Pump 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

Mechanical Room

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE 1 1 Sequencing Batch Reactor 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

Main electrical room ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Electricians, Main tenance 1 1 Electrical Panels 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

Main mechanical room ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance 1 1 Genset, etc. 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

SUBTOTAL FLOOR AREA 2137.2

Table 20 Proposed Tabulation of Spaces for General Spaces (Zone 3)

ZONE SPACE FUNCTIONS LIGHTING VENTILATION ACCESS LEVEL USERS NO. OF USERS AREA PER USER (SQM.) FURNISHING UNIT AREA CIRCULATION (20%) QTY AREA ACTIVITY LEVEL

Security/ In spection Area

Lobby

Security of the station NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

Buffer area for visitors NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Security Staff, Visitors 5 1 Tables, Walk through Metal Detectors

5 1 1 6 HIGH

MECHANICAL PUBLIC Visitors 20 5 100 20 1 120 HIGH

PASIG RIVER

FERRY STATION Entrance Hall

Concierge

Breastfeeding room

Information area for first time visitors

Private room for breastfeeding mothers

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Receptionists, Visitors 3 1.5 Counter, Chair 4.5 0.9 1 5.4 HIGH

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Adult women, Nurses 5 3 Chairs, Shelf, Tables 15 3 1 18 LOW

ZONE

Ticketing Win dow Area

Ticketing Area

Acquiring tickets ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PUBLIC Passengers, Tick eting Staff 30 1.5 Chairs 45 9 3 162 HIGH

Ticketing Offic es Managing tickets ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Ticketing Staff 5 1.5 Table, Chairs, Shelf 7.5 1.5 1 9 MEDIUM

Station Adminis

tration Office

Administrative office Workplace for ad ministrative staff

Staff Room Prep and retreat area for staff

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Administrative officers 7 10 Table, Chairs, Shelf 70 14 1 84 LOW

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE PRFS Staff 5 1.5 Lockers, Chairs 7.5 1.5 1 9 LOW

PASIG RIVER FERRY STATION

Mech./Elec. Room

Control Room

Control room for managing all se curity parameters, including security cameras

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Security Staff 5 1.5 Long tables, Computers, Chairs, Shelves

7.5 1.5 1 9 MEDIUM

GENSET Room

Contains gener ator set for the needs of the ferry station

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance 1 1 Genset 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW

Utility Room

Contains electrical panels and me chanical devices for the whole ferry station

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Electrician, Main tenance 1 1 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW Maintenance Rooms

Janitor's closet and maintenance closets

Sanitation ARTIFICIAL NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Passengers, Staff 8 1.275 Urinals, WCs, Lavatories, Janitor's Sink

Food Stalls Area

Departure Area

Area for stalls that sell snacks and beverages to departing passen gers

Arrival Area

10.2 2.04 2 24.48 HIGH

ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PRIVATE Maintenance 1 1 Closets 1 0.2 1 1.2 LOW Restrooms

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Vendors, Passen gers 20 1.5 Food Stalls 30 6 1 36 HIGH

Pontoon Berth

Waiting area for ferry NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

Arrival lobby for newly alighted passengers

Buffer area for boarding and alighting passen gers

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

NATURAL AND ARTIFI CIAL

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Passengers, Staff 65 1.5 Benches 97.5 19.5 1 117 HIGH

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Passengers, Staff 65 1.5 97.5 19.5 1 117 HIGH

NATURAL AND MECHANICAL PUBLIC Passengers, Staff 25 1.5 37.5 7.5 1 45 HIGH

SUBTOTAL FLOOR AREA 2137.2

TABULATION OF SPACES

BUBBLE DIAGRAMS

ZONE FLOOR AREA

Research Center

General Spaces 2137.2

PRRC Office 241.2

Pasig River Ferry Station 765.48

Fig.

Fig. 70 Pasig River Ferry Station Bubble Diagram

Fig. 69 General Spaces Bubble Diagram

MASSING STUDIES

After establishing the overall design approach and identifying the specific spaces needed for the site, the following considerations are taken in order to come up with a definite site development plan and form of the building.

SOURCES OF USERS

- mapping out density of the sources of users depending on neighboring building types to figure out the main entrance for pedestrians and vehicles.

ENTRANCES AND EXITS

- main and secondary access were established based on pedestrian flow and density.

- main access of vehicles were separated from pedestrians. - since the project also includes water transportation, users are also expected to enter through the ferry terminal

INITIAL SITE ZONING

- initial zoning are based on established main entrances and visual access - parking for private vehicles are located farthest from the main entrance

BUILDING FOOTPRINTS

- maximum building footprints are based on site zoning and setbacks

BUILDING HEIGHT AND FLOOR AREA

- extruding mass based on the needed amount

- the mass on top has been enlarged to compensate loss of area on the ground, while maintaining a low building height - enlarging the upper levels also contributes to the sub-concept that will be mentioned below

GENERAL VERTICAL ZONING

- vertical zoning are based on the level of access.

- limited access areas are placed on higher floors, public access areas are on the bottom floors.

VARYING LEVELS

- each level was shortened based on the foreplanned use per floor, to remove excess area

SUB-CONCEPT: A CASCO HOUSEBOAT

- the elevations of the main building was inspired by the shape of a casco, a house boat used by many filipino families living on the pasig river before - on the other hand, the roof of the ferry station and the elevated park are curvilinear to create an illusion of a floating house boat if seen from the pasig river

REVISED ZONING

- Two cores are provided at each side of the building

- All general spaces are located at the first two floors for easy access - Mech. / Elec. areas are located where there are less users circulation. Those sides are also considered as the “back of the building”, since the project is supposed to be waterfront

LEGEND General Spaces Ferry Station

PRRC Office Research Center Utilities Support Spaces

SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

From the Anonas St. and Pureza St. intersection, pedestrians enter the site and be presented with 4 paths to take: (1) Ramp to the main building, (2 and 3) Stairs going down to the river walk, and (4) Stairs going up to the elevated park.

Private vehicles, however, would enter through the Anonas st. to the dedicated parking area. There are also four parking slots for mini shuttles that can pick-up and drop off guests from the LRT-2 or from the main campus area of the PUP. From the parking area, guests can either go down to the river walk, the ferry station, or the main building.

The number of parking slots are not in proportion with the user capacity of the building because this project promotes the use of the Pasig River Ferry Station. Users that are only most likely to have private vehicles are the administrative staff, persons with disabilities, and visiting researchers from other cities or provinces. Other users such as students, neighboring residents, or building staff are more likely to commute or walk to the site because they are coming from nearby areas (based on on-site interviews).

Going down to the river walk, users can do various activities such as exercising on the fixed outdoor equipment, have a picnic on the green open area, or have a chat with their friends on the dedicated little brown benches along the elongated stairs going down the riverwalk. The ground-to-ceiling height on the riverwalk to the elevated park are more than enough so that people can play sports such as volleyball, etc.

LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The lower ground floor basically consists of the main level of the ferry station, and main utilities area of the site.

The site is naturally sloping down so the ferry station was strategically located the lowest point of the site and where it would not block the view of the Pasig River from the main node (the Anonas St. and Pureza St. intersection).

The entrance of the ferry station is located facing the river walk. This is to encourage people to ride it maybe after their activities. After entering the ferry station, users would see its lobby, ticketing area, and escalators going up to the upper floors where there are commercial spaces. After buying their tickets they can either go up to buy food, or to proceed in the departure area of the station where there are also food kiosks waiting for them.

Lastly, the main utilities area is located the base of the main building, with its access doors hidden on the landscaped area so that users wouldn’t accidentally go in it.

UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The upper ground floor consists of the second level of the ferry station and the first level of the main building.

The main building has two entrances for the users, and three back entrances for staff or for emergency purposes. As the users enter the main building they would immediately see the main lobby, reception, and the cafeteria where eat lunch and enjoy the view of the riverwalk. At the center, they would see small stairs going to the second floor; and at the back part, they would see the clinic for the research center, and a mini student center where students can work any time of the day without having to pay for anything.

Two cores are provided in each end of the building, both with two elevators, fire exit, and a mech. /elec. room.

Meanwhile in the other building, users would find shops or food & beverage stores with the beautiful view of the Pasig River.

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

The whole second floor is dedicated to public users. Since the second floor of the main building connects to the elevated park and the ferry station, the users would see that there are many activities to choose from: sightseeing or relaxing at the elevated park, enjoying hot coffee from the coffee shops, browsing through the displays in the outdoor gallery or in the museum indoors, quietly read books or study in the mini library, or eat delicious food in the overlooking restaurant. A breastfeeding room is also provided for breastfeeding mothers.

The mini museums and the library were provided as a satellite location for the larger museums and libraries in Manila such as the National Library of the Philippines, etc. Chosen artworks, books or references can be located here for the users, especially students, to enjoy instead of going through the hassle of travelling there.

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

The third floor is divided into three parts: the auditorium, the PRRC office, and the first level of the research center.

From the elevators, users would see the auditorium first out of the three areas because it is more open to the public. The auditorium basically caters to any event, may it be a cultural event, a big lecture session from the research center, or a large scale presentation from the PRRC. The space can cater up to 150 people at a time.

Meanwhile, the PRRC office is located at the left side. Although it is noted that the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC) was already dissolved in November 2019, the researcher pushed through the decision of proposing this as a main office since the major goal of the thesis is to “promote the Pasig River” as stated in the title. In order for the research center, the Pasig River Ferry Station, and the riverwalk to be a success in promoting the river, there must be a governing body that can focus in fully rehabilitating the river. With the help of the productions of the research center, the PRRC can continue its work and bring back the lively Pasig River.

Lastly, the first level of the research center is composed of the building administration office, research assistants’ lounge, the Desk Research Lab, and the Collab Office. The two latter spaces are strategically located at the bottom level of the research center because that is where all researches start: by brainstorming ideas with a co-researcher or exploration on the internet. Users can go to the fourth floor by using the reading stairs located beside the Collab office.

FOURTH FLOOR PLAN

The fourth floor consists of different laboratories and lecture rooms. This level explores different branches of science that can relate to hydrologic studies in one way or another. These laboratories are also open to the students of the science department of the PUP.

From the stairs, researchers will see the main lounge, and the Open laboratories left and right. Open labs are flexible spaces for the general needs of a researcher. A typical open lab can be seen in the latter parts of the book.

Straight ahead are the lecture rooms to be used by younger students or when a lecturer decided to have a small workshop. Availability and reservations of rooms may be an issue for frequent or urgent users, that’s why reception/info desks were provided beside the elevator so that users can consult there for available laboratories.

More specific laboratories are located in the far corners of the fourth floor. It can be used by students, but most of the time it is used by professionals or graduate students, hence it being a little hidden at first glance.

Users can also go up to the fifth floor by using the reading stairs.

FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

The fifth floor consists of prototyping laboratories. All of these laboratories are dedicated to the creation of physical products produced by researchers/engineers may it be professional or student.

From the stairs, users would immediately see the General Workshop Lab. Beside it are the Biotech Lab and the Engineering Laboratory. Each laboratory are equipped by large working desks and storage for their equipment.

The last laboratory, the Multi-purpose Laboratory, may be seen as similar to the Open Lab but the former is intended for large-scale projects with groups of people working on it, as opposed to an Open Lab where individual/group researchers work on their projects simultaneously.

SIXTH FLOOR PLAN

The sixth floor consists of two spaces: room accommodations and a central lounge.

From the elevators, to get to the rooms, the user goes through the receiving area to know which rooms are available and gather room keys. These room accommodations are dedicated for researchers who are from far places and would want stay in the area because of an on-going project/experiment.

The central lounge is a space for small social interactions and relaxations with the beautiful view of the Pasig River.

LEGEND

General Spaces

Ferry Station

PRRC Office Research Center Utilities Support Spaces

LEGEND

Katrina Seno

Pasig River

Waterfront

Park Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development

Riverwalk Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development Ma. Katrina Seno June 2020

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River Through Waterfront Development

Riverwalk Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development Ma. Katrina Seno June 2020

Main Lobby Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development Ma. Katrina Seno June 2020

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River Through Waterfront Development Research Center Stairs Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development Ma. Katrina Seno June 2020

Open Laboratory Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River Through Waterfront Development

Ferry Station Departure Area

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development Ma. Katrina Seno June 2020

Exterior Perspective

R(I)VERSE: Promoting the Pasig River through Waterfront Development Ma. Katrina Seno

2020

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