RE-TUNING THE DELTA by Kazufumi Shimomura

RE-TUNING THE DELTA

KazuFumi Shimomura | andrew spears | nicholas wittkofski 3

le leagal delta boundary

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subsidence

-4 -8 -12 -16

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1850

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1.6 M 1.2 0.8 0.4 sea level rise

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subsidence

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subsidence (0 - 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122;) legal delta boundary

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1.6 M 1.2 0.8 0.4 sea level rise

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1928: Big Break

subsidence

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1850

1963: Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel

constructed waterway subsidence (10 - 15’) subsidence (5 - 10’) subsidence (0 - 5’) legal delta boundary

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195

1.6 M 1.2 0.8 0.4 sea level rise

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1933: Stockton Deep Water Channel

1938: Franks Tract

subsidence

-4 -8 -12 -16

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1850

subsidence ( > 15’) subsidence (10 - 15’) subsidence (5 - 10’) subsidence (0 - 5’) legal delta boundary

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1.6 M 1.2 0.8 0.4 sea level rise

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1969: Clifton Court Forebay

1983: Mildred Island

1986: Sherman Lake

California Sediment 1849 Hydraulicking Mining flushes mountainsides downriver.

Present Day Dredging routines remove sediment from waterways when necessary

1925-1975-Present Subsidence wreaks havoc on infrastructure embedded in dehydrating Delta soils.

1862 Great Flood of Sacramento inundates Capital building

1860â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chinese immigrants build first round of levees throughout the Delta

1945 Dams, like Shasta Dam, serve as giant sediment barriers and alter seasonal water flow 1950s - Present Sediment flow is regulated

SUBSIDENCE

grondwater pumping

crop needs

soil strength surfacewater availability

arsenic

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY

carrying capacity

SJKF

cougars

San Jo & Sacram DEL

amphibians riparian zone

HABITAT FRAGMENTATION

vegetation type

salmon

VELB waterfowl

extinction

road building

drought

INFRASTRUCTURE levee usage necessity

SOCIAL VULNERABILITY

dam

ﬂood

oaquin & mento LTA

historic

failure water allocation

ﬁeld ﬂooding

POLICY ENACTMENT

SUBSIDENCE AGRICULTURE Drought accelerates subsidence. People shift the way they get water for agricultural use from surface water to groundwater. Continuous water demand ends up generating new pumps. Because of the change of water pressure in aquifer, water gets conterminated by arsenic, and this chokes people.

Subsidence & Agriculture

Sacramento

Agriculture

Subsidence

major cities

15 ft >

irrigated crops (> 500 acres)

10 - 15 ft

municipal pumpage

5 - 10 ft

irrigation wells

1 - 5 ft

divergent locations surface water network isohaline (1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122; - 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;)

0 mile

Subsidence & Agriculture

Stockton

Tracy

Antioch

Water use by California crops (3 year average)

Potato Tomato Pasture Alfalfa Dry bean Corn Rice Grain 0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

alfalfa

Most of the crops in the Delta are corn. Corn consumes a great deal of water, but alfalfa consumes the greatest amount of water, though they are situated north of the delta.

Subsidence & Agriculture

pasture rice corn legal delta boundary

0 mile

5,000 6,000 (AF/year x 1,000)

rou

Irrigation water flow mechanism

SIERRA NEVADA

Pro

lon

COAST RANGES

Melt water

Thinned river

River

Pumping well

Corcoran Clay

UnconďŹ ned aquifer system

Bedrock

Clayey lenses ConďŹ ned aquifer system

Marine deposits

observation well

Irrigation canals and ditches for agricultural use can be seen throughout the delta. And though wells are typically around the periphery, observation wells are drilled throughout the heart of the delta.

Subsidence & Agriculture

irrigation + stock water well canal / ditch legal delta boundary alluvial boundary

0 mile

Groundwater extraction concentrating Arsenic in soil

Difference in water pressure Arsenic coming out

Arsenic is a major concern for farmers, which is exacerbated by pulling of groundwater out of the dehydrated peat soils. The poisonous substance fallows land and pollutes water.

Subsidence & Agriculture

isohaline high arsenic concentration legal delta boundary

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INFRASTRUCTURE FAILURE SOCIAL VULNERABILITY Drought has the potential to leave many social groups vulnerable. Drought weakens the soil strength of the land on which the earthen levees of Central Valley were built, especially in the counties surrounding the delta. Flood risk tends to increase after drought periods and this leaves specific groups of people such as the impoverished and Hispanic communities at higher risk for inundation from rising floodwaters.

Infrastructure & Social Vulnerability

Sacramento

Social vulnerability

Infrastructure

highly vulnerable area

levee breaches

flood inundation area

dam locations

100Y flood zone

active gas & oil well

500Y flood zone

divergent locations

major cities

surface water network

Number of breaches

isohaline natural gas pipeline

7-8 5-6 3-4 1-2

0 mile

Infrastructure & Social Vulnerability

Stockton

Tracy

Antioch

Structure of non-project levee + project levee

Non-project (farmer’s) levee in 1,800s phreatic surface

non-circular slip surface

circular slip surface

local slip surface

12’

sediment + slip surface 1

Project (Army Corps of Engineers’) levee waste material

sediment recycle 20’

The non-project levees feature a narrower top and are often collapsed and deteriorating. Underseepage, erosion, etc. all face these roughly made structures. ACOE levees have a 3:1 slope on the water side, which is gentler on average, than farmers’ levees. Project levees have a high concentration north of and near Sacramento. Most levees in the heart of the Delta are farmer’s levees.

Infrastructure & Social Vulnerability

project levee non-project levee legal delta boundary

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pro lon ged dro ugh t

Levee failure mechanism

ORIGINAL LEVEE

Internal erosion

Desiccation crack Surface erosion

Seepage

RIVER

Well structure failure

Soil drying/shrinkage Crack initiation/propagation

UNCONFINED AQUIFER SYSTEM

Breach locations 1980 - 2007 before 1980 Reported issues heavy damage (slumping, sink hole, etc.)

There are a variety of ways by which levees fail, depicted on the left. Depicted on the right are structural levee failures between 1980 and 2007 and then also between 1980. The main take away here is that levees fail, often, in a variety of ways, and that the more subsided islands on the NW of the Delta have experienced many breaches a piece.

Infrastructure & Social Vulnerability

light damage (seepage, sand boil, etc.) Number of breaches 7-8 5-6 3-4 1-2

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Social vulnerability factors Poverty Hispanic Elderly Development density Renters Females African American/Asian Native American Health care institutions 0

Population in delta counties 493 - 1186 338 - 492 0 - 337

Poverty and Population depicted here to help us understand that larger cities tend to garner the larger populations and harbor the greater number of impoverished people. What is unique is that these areas, especially surrounding Stockton, the highly impoverished boundary extends far outside of the city. This is taken from census data, but still helps us to understand the extent of the poverty instead of just relying on some arbitrary standardized distance to define a boundary of concern.

Infrastructure & Social Vulnerability

Ratio of income to poverty level of families in the past 12 months: under 0.50 159 - 371 83 - 158 32 - 82 Municipal boundary boundary of delta counties legal delta boundary

0 mile

HABITAT FRAGMENTATION POLICY Drought already puts stress on local habitats, many of whom thrive near Riparian zones. When policies impacting the movement of the water during these drought times, habitats are further fragmented, leaving species throught the orders struggling to survive and avoid extinction.

Habitat Fragmentation & Policy

Sacramento

Habitat

Urbanization

ecological reserves

major cities

ďŹ eld crops

highway

important bird area

Water feature

northern pintail observed

isohaline

chinook salmon abundance

surface water network

0 mile

Habitat Fragmentation & Policy

Stockton

Tracy

Antioch

Waterfowl appearance Northern Pintail Duck hunting season molt breeding migration

Aleutian Cackling Goose hunting season molt breeding migration

Two species of waterfowl are significant indicators of viable habitat and are specific to the Pacific Flyway, the Northern Pintail and the Aluetian Cackling Goose. Overlaid here are sightings of these two species with the important habitat areas, as defined by the Audubon Society. Recent research shows that these birds are current not able to over winter successfully in the Delta, by a simple calculation of energy requirements per duck compared to viable winter habitat and feeding areas.

Habitat Fragmentation & Policy

important bird area (Audubon) Northern Pintail duck (eBird) Aleutian Cackling goose (eBird) legal delta boundary

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Winter-run Chinook salmon escapement into Upper Sacramento River

40,000 drought

drought

35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1974

The effect of drought on winter-run chinook salmon is incredibly apparent when reading the bar graph at top left. It all but annihilates their numbers. The development of dams and other infrastructures, as well as the reshaping of waterways due to man made, stayin-place canals, all add to the issue. We have outlined potential and existing salmon migratory corridors, as we seek to understand opportunities for habitat development.

Habitat Fragmentation & Policy

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

ecosystem areas potential migratory corridor salmon abundance non-salmonoid abundance isohaline legal delta boundary

0 mile

2005

2010

2015

Sacramento River & Bypass Habitat Arc

Eastside Rivers

Central Delta Lowlands & Lakes

Lower San Joaquin Floodplain

Scales of Thinking

National

Rather than trying to attack the Delta through a single perspective, we took a moment to understand its role across scales, and the possible impacts on each of those scales that Delta-wide interventions might have.

Delta

Regional

Territorial

Island

Farm

Sacramento

Number of breach

Social vulnerability major cities

7-8

vulnerable area

5-6

flood inundation area

3-4

levee breach

1-2

oil and gas well

Subsidence 15 ft +

Agricultural vulnerability irrigation well

10 - 15 ft 5 - 10 ft

ďŹ eld crops

1-5

Ecological vulverability

Water feature

ecological reserve surface water network

northern pintail observed

0 mile

Stockton

Tracy

Antioch

Re-Tuning the Delta I: We believe in land management strategies that are not merely sustainable, but adaptive. A sustainable solution would, by deﬁnition, try to preserve the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta’s current condition. But signiﬁcantly subsided islands, fragmented habitat for a global migratory body, and drought-exacerbating agriculture holding world-wide value is not a moment at which to hit pause.

II: Vulnerability is not one-dimensional, nor does it describe the circumstances of only one group. Though perhaps it leaves no speciﬁc interest thrilled with our strategies, the long term existence of the varios players within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta depends upon a strategy that serves them all. We must look at social, agricultural, and habitat vulnerability simultaneously, rather than in a piecemeal fashion.

III: Rather than sustaining the status quo, we are aiming to retune the Delta. Multiple times. The goal is to grow economic and ecological prosperity in perpetuity, not to sacriﬁce these values in favor of short-term gains for only one group. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta’s national and international impact is too valuable to risk using temporary solutions. Therefore, an informed, managed, and adaptive strategy is needed to retune and reshape the Delta over time.

IV: We aspire to be engaged in the formation of multi-use infrastructures, with the landscape as the main infrastructure, for the beneﬁt of multiple groups, both inside and outside of this particular place. A socio-economic construct, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is not what it was 175 years ago. But if it remains the same as it is today, it will certainly fail when disaster strikes. Therefore, managing a strategy based on trial and error that begins now will leave the Delta less fragile in future days.

LANDBUILDING: setback levee + chinampa

Buildup of soil

Chinampa

Setback levee

Sediment

MARSHING: Intentional flooding

Buildup of land

Gate

Flooded land

Prioritization

Retuning the Delta

What is possible

Strategy land building marshing Number of breach 7-8 5-6 3-4 1-2 Conceptualized subsidence 15 ft + 10 - 15 ft 5 - 10 ft 1 - 5 ft

LANDBUILDING: setback levee + chinampa

MARSHING: Intentional flooding

Retuning the Delta

Agricultural vulnerability hotspots

area of interest for agricultural vulnerability area of interest for agricultural vulnerability potential habitat area of interest for agricultural vulnerability potential habitat waterfowl observed isohaline

Retuning the Delta

Ecological vulnerability hotspots

area of interest for ecological vulnerability potential habitat waterfowl observed isohaline

Retuning the Delta

Socio-Economic vulnerability hotspots

area of interest for socio-economic vulnerability flood inundation area area of higher poverty level oil + gas well locations isohaline

Retuning the Delta

Cumulative island prioritization

Sherman Island

Priority urgent high medium low

Retuning the Delta

Middle Roberts Island

LAND BUILDING STRATEGY

levee, n.; /’levē’/

US: a ridge of earth surrounding a ﬁeld to be irrigated. Origin: 18th c.: from French levée, feminine past participle of lever,

‘to lift’ 67

Levee erosion model and photo booth

We built a platform for photo taking with LED strip lights under the top surface. Cardboard sides made it easy to adjust for different inlets and outlets and dodge water everywhere Simple 2x2, brad nail, and screw construction.

Building the Land

Levee Erosion and Sediment Distribution model

Building the Land

This sectional view model gave us a window into the eroding of sediments as they are flooded, up against barriers. Diagramming these changes helped generate an understand of the relationship between existing farmers levees and larger, less permeable, more solid, ACOE levees.

Landbuilding Operational Diagram

3:1

Choice crops

Examining the effect of different ratios of trough and birm on the land rebuilding. Because the biomass accumulation in the troughs is what feeds the growth of the land on the birms, the ratio, all else equal, can determine how long it might take to regain land and how much farming can continue as usual.

Building the Land

Fill

Cut

1:1

1:3

Tule grass

Generated biomass

Landbuilding Operational Diagram and Assessment Timeline

Tule growth period

growth period

Grain planting

harvest

Alfalfa planting

harvest

planting

Rice ﬁeld prep

flooding + seeding

ﬁeld draining

harvest

Corn 2nd planting

1st planting

1st harvest

2nd harvest Measure biomass accumulation

evaulation of biomass accumulation leads to strategy shift prioritizing biomass accumulation over agricultural production

prioritize agriculture after sufﬁcient biomass accumulation

prioritize biomass accumulation

0’ -5’ -10’ -15’ -20’ -25’

2020

Building the Land

2045

2070

2095

2020

2145

Year 1

Forming new system of troughs and birms

Ratio 1:1

Year 100 Ratio 3:1

Previously existing agriculture

Leveling new roads

Remote height sensing devices

Some agriculture productivity maintained When necessary, water is pumped out of canals and into the the troughs.

Year 125 Ratio 1:1

Adaptive farming practices implemented across whole island.

All land now reclaimed to levee top

7â&#x20AC;&#x2122; rise in last 25 years

18â&#x20AC;&#x2122; rise in first 100 years 75

2019

Sherman Island’s value to the Delta cannot be over emphasized. At the point where both the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers converge to meet the salt water from San Francisco Bay, it maintains the fluid pressure that prevents the isohaline’s encroachment. To ensure its ﬁdelity, setback levees are introduced behind rapidly deteriorating farmer levees, the latter being allowed to breach and introduce a ecological corridor to connect to the new eastern marshes. Subsidence is mitigated by a new landbuilding agricultural regime inspired by Aztec chinampas and the current land building strategies at nearby Twitchell island. Alternating raised beds and flooded wetland channels suppress the aerobic degradation of the peat soils, and slowly build the soil through biomass accumulation. This process is repeated, and retuned throughout all of the Delta’s subsided islands.

Building the Land

2145

Sediment collection + distribution Engineered levee Farmer built levee Wetland corridor Avian movement Aquatic movement Bird landing Fish settling Current isohaline Post intervention isohaline 77

The marshes created on the delta edge offer flood suppression and protection to cities, such as Stockton, to the East. Their creation reintroduce valuable habitat areas lost in the original levee and agricultural construction, including slow water niches for ďŹ sh populations, grazing and hunting grounds for the migrating waterfowl, as well as seasonal hunting and ďŹ shing for Californians.

Building the Land

MARSH CREATING STRATEGY

Wet Land.

Flood Morphology Model

Marsh creation

Flood Morphology model diagrams

We flooded this patch of river sediment multiple times, letting water subside and slip away after each flooding. The successive flooding events generated new boundaries in an otherwise heterogenous field of laid out sediments. These boundaries gave rise to the nuances and intricacies of flooding the land.

Marsh creation

Gate Geometry Model

Marsh creation

Gate geometry model diagrams

Exploration of valve or gate geometries started to inform a simple understanding of how water and sediment move together through such an opening. We cannot quite call these levee breaches, but they might help those managing the evolving landform understand how to direct that process in the future.

Marsh creation

Marsh Creation Operational Diagram and Assessment Timeline

Sturgeon sturgeon juvenile migration

sturgeon migration

sturgeon spawning

Delta Smelt delta smelt migration

delta smelt spawning

delta smelt migration

Fall Salmon fall run salmon juvenile migration Spring Salmon Sacramento precipitation

spring run salmon juveniles

fall run salmon migration

spring run salmon migration

spring run salmon juvenile migration

4” 3”

Stockton precipitation

2” 1”

Flood event

Marsh creation

Cutting and Building

Engineered Gate inserted into existing levee

10’ wide at top

Important-to-note water levels

25’ tall gate - roughly height of levee

Exceedingly flat original topography

20’ wide at ground level

Thick foundation and wide faces

Sediment deposition through flooding

High water level

Small marsh pockets start to develop

First breaching allows land to be reshaped

Settling and Marsh maturation

Lower water levels

Further deposition

Scour enlarged

Ground water penetration increases over time

Marsh creation

tule grass

egret cackling goose

great blue heron

delta smelt

chinook salmon

subsidence

-4 -8 -12 -16

1800

1850

Subsidence

Social vulnerability

15 ft +

urban area

10 - 15 ft

intentional breach

5 - 10 ft 1 - 5 ft

Agricultural vulnerability ďŹ eld crops

Flood inundation area and intensity high

Ecological vulnerability

medium

ecological reserve

low

northern pintail observed

new channel

0 mile

Retuning the Delta

1900

950

1.6 M 1.2 0.8 0.4 sea level rise

2000

0.0

2050

2100

subsidence

-4 -8 -12 -16

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1850

Subsidence

Social vulnerability

5 - 10 ft

urban area

1 - 5 ft

intentional breach

Flood inundation area and intencity

Agricultural vulnerability new ďŹ eld crops

medium

ďŹ eld crops

low new channel

Ecological vulverability new marsh ecological reserve estimated observation of waterfowl northern pintail observed

0 mile

Retuning the Delta

1900

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1.6 M 1.2 0.8 0.4 sea level rise

2000

0.0

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2100

subsidence

-4 -8 -12 -16

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1850

Subsidence

Social vulnerability

1 - 5 ft

urban area intentional breach

Flood inundation area and intensity

Agricultural vulnerability

low

new ďŹ eld crops

new channel

ďŹ eld crops Ecological vulnerability new marsh ecological reserve estimated observation of waterfowl northern pintail observed

0 mile

Retuning the Delta

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2000

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