K by cathy chuang

2018 中央研究院重要研究成果

ACADEMIA SINICA

Message from the President Academia Sinica is the highest-level research institution in Taiwan, as well as an internationally-renowned scholarly organization. Academia Sinica has three major responsibilities: to enhance research capacities in the humanities and sciences; to conduct, promote, and facilitate scholarly research efforts; and to cultivate outstanding academic talent. Academia Sinica currently has 24 research institutes and 7 interdisciplinary research centers, and has achieved a balanced pattern of development among its three main divisions: Mathematics and Physical Sciences; Life Sciences; and Humanities and Social Sciences. Academia Sinica's mission focuses first and foremost on solid basic research,which drives scientific innovation and the advancement of knowledge. At the same time, in order to address the needs of our nation's overall development, Academia Sinica encourages innovative and forward-looking thinking, while emphasizing high quality and in-depth research for solving the pressing challenges we face today. In order to share the highlights of this year's research with both the scholarly community and the general public, we have put together a special publication entitled Significant Research Achievements of Academia Sinica (2017), which includes summaries of outstanding scholarship in various areas, as well as abstracts of important articles and books published by our scholars. In the Humanities and Social Sciences Division, Academia Sinica researchers have devoted their efforts to in-depth inquiry as well as critical analyses of important issues. In 2017,we perpetuated our superb tradition of archaeological research, while also promoting greater understanding of human civilization and the pluralistic development of culture. In particular, we adhered to high academic standards,clarified and resolved concrete social problems in Taiwan and regional studies,and broke new ground in international relations as well as literary and historical research.Advancements in science and technology have also contributed to the transformation of research approaches in the humanities and social sciences, the stimulation of interdisciplinary collaboration, and the development of more innovative research models. In the Mathematics and Physical Sciences Division, researchers at Academia Sinica not only continued to acquire new knowledge of mathematics, the physical sciences, and nature, but also invented novel techniques to elevate

the technological levels and sustainability of human society. Examples include the use of radio telescopes to address long-standing problems in star formation theories, plus the utilization of new electron-beam imaging techniques to study the mechanical properties of 2D materials. In addition, spectroscopic techniques were adopted to unveil the molecular mechanisms of acid rain formation and air pollution. Research efforts undertaken by the institutes and research centers in the Life Sciences Division investigated the fundamental concepts and action principles of living organisms. Our results have expanded the scope of scientific knowledge, and can be translated into pharmaceutical applications for the improvement of human health. Key breakthroughs include the delineation of the biogenesis of natural products, the discovery of cell proliferation mechanisms by controlling telomere length in cancer cells, and the maintenance and differentiation of stem cells. We will continue scientific exploration, bearing in mind that our research should aim for the benefit of human health, food security, and a sustainable environment. Academia Sinica has talented, creative and interdisciplinary scholars, state-of-the-art research facilities, and an international academic atmosphere. Moving forward, Academia Sinica will continue to perform cutting-edge research aiming at making academic and social impacts, advancing fundamental knowledge and, at the same time, solving the major problems of our age.

President

Contact

02 Message from the President 06 Introduction of Academia Sinica

Academic Achievements 08

Academic Competitiveness

Talent Development 10 12 13

Doctorate Program Nurturing Young Talent-Postdoctoral Training International Academic Exchange and Cooperation

Social Contribution 14 15

Awards and Honors Intellectual Property Management and Technology Transfer

Areas of Strength 18

Eye On You: Fusing Gesture Data from Depth Camera and Inertial Sensors for Person Identification

20 22

Chemical Dynamics Across the Phases GSK3β Negatively Regulates TRAX, a Scaffold Protein Implicated in Mental Disorders, for NHEJ-mediated DNA Repair in Neurons

24 26

Galectins and C-type Lectins in Host Defense against Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens Modernity Reconsidered: An East Asian View on Theoretical Genealogies and Historical Comparisons

Re-thinking “colonial medicine”—Its Nature and Definition

Significant Research Achievements in 2018 Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences

32 Observation of H -> bb Decays and VH Production with the ATLAS Detector ATLAS Collaboration, Song-Ming Wang, Adrian Buzatu, Wei Wang

34 Super-resolution Architecture of Mammalian Centriole Distal Appendages Reveals Distinct Blade and Matrix Functional Components

T. Tony Yang, Weng Man Chong, Won-Jing Wang, Gregory Mazo, Barbara Tanos, Zhengmin Chen, Thi Minh Nguyet Tran, Yi-De Chen, Rueyhung Roc Weng, Chia-En Huang, Wann-Neng Jane, MengFu Bryan Tsou, Jung-Chi Liao

36 A Broadband Achromatic Metalens in the Visible

Shuming Wang, Pin Chieh Wu, Vin-Cent Su, Yi-Chieh Lai, Mu-Ku Chen, Hsin Yu Kuo, Bo Han Chen, Yu Han Chen, Tzu-Ting Huang, Jung-Hsi Wang, Ray-Ming Lin, Chieh-Hsiung Kuan, Tao Li, Zhenlin Wang, Shining Zhu, and Din Ping Tsai

Division of Life Sciences

38 TIC236 Links the Outer and Inner Membrane Translocons of the Chloroplast Yih-Lin Chen, Lih-Jen Chen, Chiung-Chih Chu, Po-Kai Huang, Jie-Ru Wen, and Hsou-Min Li

40 Myosin-Va Is Required for Preciliary Vesicle Transportation to the Mother Centriole During Ciliogenesis

Chien-Ting Wu, Hsin-Yi Chen, and Tang K. Tang

42 PSPC1 Mediates TGF-beta1 Autocrine Signalling and Smad2/3 target Switching to Promote EMT, Stemness and Metastasis

Yeh HW, Hsu EC, Lee SS, Lang YD, Lin YC, Chang CY, Lee SY, Gu DL, Shih JH, Ho CM, Chen CF, Chen CT, Tu PH, Cheng CF, Chen RH, Yang RB, Jou YS

Division of Humanities and Social Sciences

44 Leprosy Doctors in China's Post-Imperial Experimentation: Metaphors of a Disease and Its Control Shao-hua Liu

46 The Sino-Japanese War and the Changes in East Asia Tzu-Chin Huangă&#x20AC; Pan Kuang-Che Pan

48 Resurgence of China: A Dialogue between History and International Relations Yu-Shan Wu

Abstracts of Other Significant Publications in 2018

ç°Ą äť&#x2039;

Founded in 1928, Academia Sinica has earned a reputation for being Taiwan's preeminent academic institution. Our mission is to pursue research excellence, nurture academic talent,and issue policy advisories. President Dr. James C. Liao, assisted by Vice Presidents Dr. Mei-Yin Chou, Dr. Fu-Tong Liu,and Dr. Chin-Shing Huang, has taken the lead in making efforts to achieve further progress in improving research conditions and results. Academia Sinica currently has 24 institutes and 7 research centers located in three different research sections: the Mathematics and Physical Sciences Division, Life Sciences Division, and Division of Humanities and Social Sciences. In addition, the Central Office of Administration and Central Academic Advisory Committee have been established to facilitate the administration and promotion of academic development. At present, Academia Sinica employs more than 2,000 researchers with Ph.D. degrees, while its 274 Academicians include a total of 7 Nobel Laureates. Based on the guiding principle that the purpose of academic research is to improve human life, Academia Sinica is firmly committed to its tradition of undertaking top-quality scholarship while exploring new knowledge and remaining focused on the needs of society in the hope of enriching human civilization.

Organization Council of Academia Sinica

President

Convocation of Academicians

Vice President

General Assembly

Central Academic Advisory Committee

Central Office of Administration

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences

Division of Life Sciences

Division of Humanities and Social Sciences

Institutes and Research Centers Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Institute of Mathematics Institute of Physics

Division of Life Sciences Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology

Division of Humanities and Social Sciences Institute of History and Philology Institute of Ethnology

Institute of Chemistry

Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology

Institute of Modern History

Institute of Earth Sciences

Institute of Biological Chemistry

Institute of Economics

Institute of Information Science

Institute of Molecular Biology

Institute of Statistical Science

Institute of European and American Studies

Institute of Biomedical Sciences

Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences

Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center

Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Genomics Research Center

Research Center for Applied Sciences

Biodiversity Research Center

Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy Institute of Taiwan History Institute of Sociology Institute of Linguistics Institute of Political Science

Research Center for Environmental Changes

Institutum Iurisprudentiae

Research Center for Information Technology Innovation

Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences

Academic Achievements Academic Competitiveness

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Talent Development Doctorate Program

Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) To keep up with the pace of today's rapidly changing scientific and technological world, and to promote the internationalization of higher education in Taiwan, Academia Sinica established the TIGP in collaboration with key domestic research universities in 2002. In addition to its all-English teaching and research environment, state-of-the-art facilities and globally-renowned faculty, the TIGP provides its Ph.D. students with the following benefits: 1) A monthly stipend of up to NT$34,000 (~US$1,133) for 36 months (merit-based from the 13th month on); 2) Free Chinese language courses at the primary level; 3) A cozy, convenient, and affordable on-campus student dormitory. Through the years, the TIGP has taken major steps forward to fulfill its mission.The following features are designed to help TIGP students enhance their learning: ■ Exceptional scientists have been invited to address and share with TIGP students their unique stories on achieving success in their academic career. ■ TIGP Student Travel Grant are provided to encourage students to participate in important international conferences. These travel grants are intended to offer students the chance to meet and learn from experts in their related fields. ■ Academia Sinica has substantial connections with distinguished overseas research universities and institutions, providing TIGP students with great opportunities to visit and conduct research work in renowned laboratories/ institutes. TIGP and Partner Universities

Program Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~tigpcbmb/

Molecular Science and Technology http://tigp.iams.sinica.edu.tw/

Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences http://abrc.sinica.edu.tw/mbas/ Molecular and Cell Biology http://www.imb.sinica.edu.tw/mcb/

Bioinformatics http://tigpbp.iis.sinica.edu.tw/

Nano Science and Technology http://www.phys.sinica.edu.tw/TIGP-NANO/ Molecular Medicine http://www.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/mmp/ Earth System Science http://www.rcec.sinica.edu.tw/tigp-ess/ Biodiversity http://biodiv.sinica.edu.tw/TIGP-BP

Interdisciplinary Neuroscience http://npas.programs.sinica.edu.tw/ins/

Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology http://tigp-scst.chem.sinica.edu.tw/

Social Networks and Human- Centered Computing http://tigpsnhcc.iis.sinica.edu.tw/

Partner Universities National Taiwan University http://www.ntu.edu.tw National Tsing Hua University http://www.nthu.edu.tw National Tsing Hua University http://www.nthu.edu.tw National Central University http://www.ncu.edu.tw/index.php National Taiwan University http://www.ntu.edu.tw National Chung Hsing University http://www.nchu.edu.tw National Defense Medical Center http://www.ndmctsgh.edu.tw National Yang-Ming University http://www.ym.edu.tw National Tsing Hua University http://www.nthu.edu.tw National Chiao Tung University http://www.nctu.edu.tw National Taiwan University http://www.ntu.edu.tw National Taiwan University http://www.ntu.edu.tw National Tsing Hua University http://www.nthu.edu.tw National Yang-Ming University http://www.ym.edu.tw National Central University http://www.ncu.edu.tw National Taiwan Normal University http://www.ntnu.edu.tw National Yang-Ming University http://www.ym.edu.tw/ National Cheng Kung University http://www.ncku.edu.tw National Taiwan University http://www.ntu.edu.tw National Chiao Tung University http://www.nctu.edu.tw National Tsing Hua University http://www.nthu.edu.tw National Chengchi University http://www.nccu.edu.tw

Departments/Institutes 1. Institute of Biochemical Sciences 2. Department of Chemistry 3. Graduate Institute of Pharmacology 1. College of Life Sciences 2. Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Department of Physics International Ph.D Program of Molecular Science and Technology 1. Biotechnology Center 2. Graduate Institute of Biotechnology Graduate Institute of Life Sciences Institute of Biomedical Informatics Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology International Ph.D Program of Bioinformatics 1. Department of Chemistry 2. Department of Physics Department of Engineering and System Science Program in Molecular Medicine College of Earth Sciences Department of Life Science School of Life Sciences Institute of Clinical Medicine International Ph.D Program of Neuroscience Taiwan International Graduate Program of Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Institute of Information Systems and Applications Department of Computer Science

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

In order to attract more young and talented scholars to apply for the TIGP Ph.D. program, the TIGP International Summer Internship Program (TIGP-IIP) was launched in 2010. This is an intensive pre-doctoral training program that prepares all of its participating interns with the necessary knowledge and skills for future research or career development through rigorous hands-on experience. Degree Program (DP) In 2008, Academia Sinica established the Degree Program (DP) to provide a more advanced higher education environment for domestic students. Similar in design to the TIGP, the DP features close collaboration with leading domestic universities. Currently the DP offers 9 interdisciplinary Ph.D. programs with 178 students enrolled. DP and Partner Universities Programs

Partner Universities

Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery

China Medical University Taipei Medical University

http://www.cmu.edu.tw/ http://www.tmu.edu.tw/

Marine Biotechnology

National Sun Yat-Sen University National Taiwan Ocean University

http://www.nsysu.edu.tw/ http://www.ntou.edu.tw/

Translational Medicine

National Taiwan University Kaohsiung Medical University China Medical University Taipei Medical University National Yang-Ming University Tzu Chi University National Defense Medical Center

http://www.ntu.edu.tw/ http://www.kmu.edu.tw http://www.cmu.edu.tw/ http://www.tmu.edu.tw/ http://www.ym.edu.tw/ http://www.tcu.edu.tw/ http://www.ndmctsgh.edu.tw/

Genome and Systems Biology

National Taiwan University

http://www.ntu.edu.tw/

Microbial Genetics and Genomics

National Chung Hsing University

http://www.nchu.edu.tw/

Information and Network Systems (The enrollment of degree program to be stopped from 2018)

National Chiao Tung University

http://www.nctu.edu.tw/

Multimedia Systems and Intelligent Computing

National Cheng Kung University

http://www.ncku.edu.tw/

Translational Agricultural Science

National Cheng Kung University

http://www.ncku.edu.tw/

Data Science

National Taiwan University

http://www.ntu.edu.tw/

P.S. 1. The enrollment of "Information and Network Systems Degree Program by National Chiao Tung University" has been stopped since 2018. 2. The joint enrollment of "Marine Biotechnology Degree Program by National Sun Yat-Sen University" and "Multimedia Systems and Intelligent Computing Degree Program by National Cheng Kung University" has been stopped since 2019.

2018 年本院第 13 屆國際研究生學程結業生合照。

本院國際研究生學程學生參加文化之旅。

Talent Development Nurturing Young Talent-Postdoctoral Training

Academia Sinica has long devoted itself to the

Researchers at Academia Sinica may train PDFs

mission of nurturing young academic talent. Providing

with external funding they receive from agencies

postdoctoral positions to recent Ph.D. graduates is one

such as Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry

strategy we employ to achieve this goal. Academia

of Education, Council of Agriculture, and National

Sinica offers favorable research opportunities for

Health and Research Institutes. Another option is

both domestic and foreign candidates to receive

joining the Government Technology Development

first class training in their fields of interest, including

Program.

mathematics and physical sciences, life sciences, or

From 2009 through 2018, the postdoctoral

humanities and social sciences. Postdoctoral fellows

population at Academia Sinica increased

(PDFs) at Academia Sinica are supported by the

significantly from 716 to 1,093, a more than 50

financial resources listed below:

growth rate. The number of PDFs supported by

1. The Postdoctoral Scholar Program

the Postdoctoral Scholar Program has remained

Inaugurated in 1995, this program benefits from Academia Sinica funding with an annual budget of NT$200 million,which supports 200 PDFs who received their Ph.D. degrees within the last 4 to 6 years.

relatively consistent, though its ratio of total PDFs at Academia Sinica has decreased from 35% to 19% during this time period. This is in part due to a marked rise of 1.4-fold in the number of PDFs recruited by additional internal funding, while the number of PDFs trained by external funding has risen notably as well,

2. Additional Internal Funding Research institutes or research centers at Academia Sinica may hire PDFs using their own institutional budgets. In addition, our researchers may recruit PDFs with funds generated by Academia Sinica research grants.

ďź&#x2026;

with a 50% increase during the last decade. Career Development after Postdoctoral Training Academia Sinica continues to keep track of the career development of its PDFs after they finish postdoctoral training. According to the data we have collected, most PDFs currently work in academia (25% at university and 35% at research institutions) while an additional 16% are employed in

3. External Funding

industry.

Futher Study 1%

Others 23% University 25%

Postdoctoral Scholar Program Internal Funding (excluding postdoctoral fellow program)

External Funding All Funding

Industry 16% Research Institutions 35%

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

International Academic Exchange and Cooperation

In order to build close connection with the international

and molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. In

scientific community, Academia Sinica has signed 568

addition, Professor Chi-Hung Juan of Institute of Cognitive

cooperation agreements with 472 academic research

Neuroscience at the National Central University became

institutions and universities in 49 countries spanning 5

the new TWAS Prize winner in the field of Social Sciences.

continents. On October 4, 2018, Academia Sinica - Indian

Professor Han-Ching Wang of Department of Biotechnology

Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) Bilateral Symposium

and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University

on Life Sciences and Physical Sciences took place on the

was elected a 2019 TWAS Young Affiliate, an honor awarded

campus of Academia Sinica. IIT Delhi Director and Dean

annually to exceptional scientists below the age of 40. As of

of International Programs were invited to give opening

now, a total of 58 Taiwanese scholars were elected to TWAS;

remarks; a total of 23 scholars from both institutes gave talks

29 were awarded TWAS prizes.

in the meeting. In addition, two delegations of Academia Sinica went abroad for promotion visit. In April, a delegation of 13 research fellows led by the Director of international Affairs visited University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD). A second delegation headed for University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) in October. During these visits, symposiums were organized to share research results and cooperation mechanism including researcher exchanges and crossdisciplinary collaboration was discussed. A recruiting program was also organized to attract outstanding scholars and students to pursue their research in Academia Sinica.

Academia Sinica organized the "International Scientific Leaders' Forum" on November 12, 2018 as part of events marking Academia Sinicaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 90th Anniversary. The International Scientific Leadersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Forum provided a platform for the exchange of ideas on common issues facing the scientific community and the world. 20 leaders representing 19 prestigious science academies and institutes from 15 countries were invited to present their views. President Ingwen Tsai of ROC was invited to deliver the congratulatory remarks. Three keynote speakers included: President Dan Mote of U.S. National Academy of medicine; Foreign

Academia Sinica plays an active role in many leading

Secretary John G. Hildebrand of U.S. National Academy

international organizations such as The World Academy of

of Sciences; President Peter Gruss of Okinawa Institute of

Sciences (TWAS). The 2019 class of new TWAS members was

Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Japan

announced in the end of 2018 and two Academia Sinica

and former President of Max Planck Society, Germany.

Academicians were elected to be new TWAS members: Academician Leroy Liu, Chair Professor of Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University; Academician Mei-Yin Chou, Vice President and Distinguished Research Fellow of Institute of Atomic

International Academic Exchange and Cooperation

Every year many distinguished international scholars are invited to give lectures at Academia Sinica. In 2018, the invited lecturers include Dr. Eric Betzig, Nobel laureate in Chemistry (2014) and Dr. Hiroshi Amano, Nobel laureate in Physics (2014).

International Academic Exchange and Cooperation

Social Contribution Awards and Honors

Academia Sinica (AS) is the leading research institution in Taiwan. In 2018, many AS researchers were awarded with highly competitive prizes both domestically and internationally. The academic performance and influence of AS can be seen from the numerous prizes and honors received by its researchers. Examples of international prizes awarded to AS researchers include: Academician Ying-Hui Fu has been Elected as a Member of both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine; The Li Foundation Heritage Prize for "Excellence in Creativity" awarded to Dr. HungJu Yen；The National Academy of Science prize for biology awarded to Academician Yuan-Haw Chang；Harvard-Yenching Institute scholarship awarded to Chiung-Yun Liu(Associate Research Fellow)；Academician Wen-Hwa Lee was elected as a new fellow in the category of structural, cell and molecular biology、Academician Mei-Hwei Chang was elected as a new member in the field of medical and health sciences (including the neurosciences)、Academician Sun-Lin Chung was elected as a new member in the area of astronomy, space and earth sciences. Vladimir Karapetoff lifetime Achievement Award to Academician Mao-Chaun Chang; Academician Lou-Chuang Lee was elected a Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Engineering (NAE )；Marcel Grossmann Awards to Academician Shing-tung Yau。 Domestic prizes awarded to AS researchers include the Academia Award, Ministry of Education to Tzyy-Jen Chiou (Distinguished Research Fellow) and Yu-Cheng Lee (Distinguished Research Fellow); Yi-Hau Chen (Research Fellow); ChuanYing Yen (Research Fellow) and Fang-Yi Chiou (Research Fellow); Ta-You Wu Memorial Award to Yen-Tsung Huang (Associate Research Fellow) and Kai-Min Chung (Associate Research Fellow). List of Domestic Awards and Honors in 2018 Awards and Honors

Academia Sinica Researchers

List of International Awards and Honors in 2018 Awards and Honors

Academia Sinica Researchers Ying-Hui Fu

Hsiang- Nan Li

The United States National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine

Ta-You Wu Memorial Award

Yen-Tsung Huang, Kai-Min Chung

Li Foundation Heritage Prize for “Excellence in Creativity”

Hung-Ju Yen

Tzyy-Jen Chiou, Yu-Cheng Lee, Yi-Hau Chen , Chuan-Ying Yen, Fang-Yi Chiou

NAS Award in Molecular Biology

Howard Y. Chang

Academia Award, Ministry of Education, Taiwan

Chiung-Yun Liu

Academia Sinica Research Award for Junior Research Investigators

Wen-Pin Hsieh, Hwei-Jan Hsu, Jun-An Chen, Hisanori Kuramoto, Le-Yu Chen

Harvard-Yenching Institute Visiting Scholars Program The World Academy of Sciences Members

Wen-Hwa Lee, Mei-Hwei Chang, Sun-Lin Chung

Scholarly Monograph Award in the Humanities and Social Sciences

Fang-Yi Chiou, Jui-Te Chang

Vladimir Karapetoff lifetime Achievement

Mau-Chung Frank Chang

NAE Foreign Member

Lou-Chuang Lee

Dr. Hu Shin Memorial Chair

Hung-Tai Wang

Marcel Grossmann Award

Shing-Tung Yau

Foundations for the Advancement of Outstanding Scholarship, Young Scholars’ Creativity Award

Wen-Pin Hsieh, De-Nian Yang, Yen-Yu Lin, Yen-Ping Hsueh

Foundations for the Advancement of Outstanding Scholarship, Outstanding Scholar Chair

Fu-Tong Liu, Jun-Yi Leu, Chung-Li Wu

Wang Ming-Ning Award, Ph. D. Program Best Paper Award

Chien-Ting Wu, Yi-An Chen, Pierre-Alain Burnouf, Tzu-Hao Tseng

Y. Z. Hsu Science Chair

Din Ping Tsai

Y. Z. Hsu Science Best Paper Award

Yuan-Hao Chang, Yung Feng Liao

TECO Award

Steve Roffler

Astronomical Society of the Republic of China Heaven Quest Award

Ronald Taam

Wu Chien-Shiung Scholarship Foundation, Taiwan Outstanding Woman in Science Award

Yi-Fang Tsay

Yung-Shin TienTe Lee Biomedical Foundation, Outstanding Biomedical Sciences Awards

Ronald Taam, Lie-Fen Shyur

Yung-Shin TienTe Lee Biomedical Foundation, Young Medicine Technology Award

Yun-Ru Chen

Yung-Shin TienTe Lee Biomedical Foundation, Distinguished Thesis Awards

Ya-Ting Wang, Wei-Shien Wu, HsiuChuan Lin, Hsi-Wen Yeh

Chung Hwa Rotary Educational Foundation, National Community Service Award

Tien-Hsien Chang

Taiwan Economic Association Outstanding Contribution Award

Shin-Kun Peng

Ten Outstanding Young Person’s Taiwan Award

Yu-Jung Lu

TASCO Lifetime Achievement Award

Sunney Chan

Luo Jialun Lectures Award

Yu-Shan Wu

Excellent Young Chemist Award

Chun-Hong Kuo

The Executive Yuan Award for Outstanding Science and Technology Contribution

Han-Chung Wu

MOST Special Outstanding Researcher Award

Executive director awards 「2018 The Executive Yuan Award for Outstanding Science and Technology Contribution」。

President Tsai meets the 「Ten Outstanding Young Person's Taiwan Award」winners.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Intellectual Property Management and Technology Transfer

In order to protect and manage results derived from our research and development, Academia Sinica applies patent for those of value with industrial utilization and novelty. In 2018, we applied 141 patents and were granted for 107 patents. There were also 6 patents terminated for maintenance (approved by the National Audit Office). The accumulated number of patents reached 2,235 in application and 1,195 issued patents (including 438 US patents) altogether. Academia Sinica also promotes its research results through process of technology transfer such as licensing, cooperative and commissioned research (CRADA, cooperative research and development agreement). This process turns basic scientific research into potential products that may be beneficial to the society. In 2018, Academia Sinica signed 125 contracts with industry partners. Technology transfer generated total revenue around 53.35 million NT dollars in sum and 68.14 million NT dollars from CRADA.

Areas of Strength

2018 Significant Research Achievements of

ACADEMIA SINICA

Areas of Strength

Imaging the Ryukyu Subduction Structure, and Earthquake Potential Major Participants: Wei-Chun Chang, Cheng-Wei Wu, Richard Yi-Chia Tsai, Kate Ching-Ju Lin, and Yu-Chee Tseng Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica In the activity monitoring and interactive presentation

and 3AC). In each algorithm, we show how to extract

design for active aging project we focus on elder care

features from inertial data Ik , 1 ≤ k ≤ K, and skeleton

services research issues. To apply an application to elder care services, Person identification (PID) is a key

≤j

≤ J, and how to derive their similarity

score SimX ( Ik , Sj ), where X is any fusion algorithm.

issue in many IoT applications. It has long been studied

Our fusion algorithms consider temporal correlation

and achieved by technologies such as RFID and face/

and spatial correlation between inertial and skeleton

fingerprint/iris recognition. These approaches, however,

data. Then, we present a pairing algorithm to identify

have their limitations due to environmental constraints

proper skeleton and inertial data pairs from all the

(such as lighting and obstacles) or require close contact

combinations of Ik and Sj. As Ik and Sj are time-series

to specific devices. Therefore, their recognition rates

data, we partition a data sequence into several

highly depend on use scenarios. To enable reliable and

chunks, each of which includes the samples in a

remote PID, in this work, we present EOY (Eye On You), a

duration T. Specifically, we let I_k (t) and S_j (t) represent

data fusion approach that combines two kinds of sensors,

the data chunks from time t to time t + T, which may be

a 3D depth camera and wearable sensors embedded

abbreviated to I(t) and S(t), respectively, for simplicity.

with inertial measurement unit (IMU). Since these two

The system then pairs Ik (t) and Sj (t) for every time

kinds of data share common features, we are able to fuse them to conduct PID. Further, the result can be transferred to a mobile platform (such as robot) since we have less constraints on devices. To realize EOY, we develop fusion algorithms to address practical challenges, such as asynchronous timing and coordinate calibration. The experimental evaluation shows that EOY can achieve the recognition rate of 95% and is very robust even in crowded areas. ࡵ૚

A. Stop-and-Move(SM) Inspired by the idea of Random Waypoint Model [9], we propose the SM (Stop-and-Move) algorithm that transforms I(t) and S(t) into sequences of moving turns and stopping turns. We then calculate their temporal correlation for PID. The SM algorithm consists of four phases: (a) motion detection, (b) turns generation, (c)

B. Acceleration-Correlation (AC) Skeletons Data

Since the SM algorithm only considers temporal features, it might not estimate movement correlation

…

ࡵ૛

ࡿ૚ ࡿ૛

properly if the timing of a depth camera and the timing

ࡿ࢔ Alice Bob

Nick

…

… ࡵ࢓

interval [t,t + T).

common feature extraction, and (d) similarity scoring.

Sensing Field

ࡵ૚ ࡵ૛ … ࡵ࢓ Fusion Server

ࡿ૚

ࡿ૛

ࡿ࢔

Visualization

Fig. 1: The identification scenario of EOY

Fusion Algorithms We present three fusion algorithms (namely SM, AC

data Sj ,1

of inertial sensors are not well synchronized. To handle slight timing offset, the AC algorithm considers not only temporal but also spatial features. We adopt the first two phases of the SM algorithm to convert I(t) and S(t) into I(t) and S(t), which include "stop" and "move" states of both data. In this algorithm, we further extract acceleration values from those “move” turns as spatial features, and then score the similarity of I(t) and S(t) through cross correlation.

Kinect IMU

20 10 0

200

400

Sample index

600

magnitude of Acc. (m/s 2 )

Magnitude of Acc. (m/s 2 )

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

D. Skeleton and Inertial Data Pairing

Kinect IMU

To pair skeleton and inertial data, we first use the

above algorithms to correlate every possible pair (Ik(t),

Sj(t)). We now identify skeleton data based on those

10 0

similarity scores. The simplest method is to always select

200

400

Sample index

(a) Original

600

(b) Smoothed

Fig. 2: Magnitude of 3-axis acceleration from Kinect and IMU

the pair that outputs the highest similarity score in a greedy manner. However, it may cause an unwanted situation if a skeleton trace is highly correlated with several inertial data but should be matched with the one not giving the highest similarity score. To avoid such ambiguity, our pairing considers not only the similarity

C. 3-Acceleration-Correlation (3AC) We take a step further to process spatial information and consider the direction of motion. Similar to the AC algorithm, the 3AC algorithm also considers the acceleration values in I(t) and S(t) but each axis is processed separately. Intuitively, the acceleration values of I(t) and S(t) in the same axis should have high correlation if they are recorded from the same person.

Acc. (m/s 2 )

quantifies the variation of a set of numeric values. In our problem, it means how much difference among the similarity scores of all the pairs that contain S_j (t), i.e., (I1

(t),Sj (t)),(I2 (t),Sj (t)),â&#x2039;Ż,(Ik (t),Sj (t)). We use the SD measure

to represent the confidence level of a skeleton trace Sj (t) as follows:

0 -10

Kinect IMU

Conclusion

200

400

Sample index

600

issue in many fields, such as HCI and HRI. Unlike previous

Kinect IMU

studies, our EOY system fuses skeleton data (from a depth camera) and inertial data (from wearable devices)

of gesture motions to identify people. To pair skeleton

data and inertial data, we propose a fusion module with

-10 -20

three approaches to calculate correlation. Without any 0

200

400

Sample

600

cumbersome process of data labeling and model training, our pairing algorithm leverages only simple signal

(b) Y-axis

processing and statistical measures to match skeletons

and inertial sensors efficiently. Our prototype experiments

show the feasibility of EOY in different activities and

positions. The identification rate of EOY can be over 90%

-10 -20

We propose a system to address the person identification problem, which is an important research

(a) X-axis

Acc. (m/s 2 )

To estimate the confidence level, we leverage a statistical measure, Standard Deviation (SD), which

-20

Acc. (m/s 2 )

scores but also the confidence level.

Kinect IMU

200

in most practical scenarios. 400

Sample

600

Areas of Strength

Chemical Dynamics Across the Phases Major Participants: Kopin Liu Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica Chemical dynamics concerns the detailed mechanistic of chemical transformation at the molecular level: How do the bond-breaking and bond-formation occur? How do the atoms arrange themselves collectively for such transformation? What is the time scale? etc. The aim of our study is to develop new experimental methods to unravel the complexity of the reaction pathways and to gain deeper insights into the fundamental factors that govern the chemical reactivity. The focus has been on exploring hitherto unobserved new phenomena in polyatomic bimolecular reactions using the product pair-correlation measurement invented in this laboratory in 2003, and on unraveling the entangled multichannel dissociation pathways in the photo-induced unimolecular processes, with special attention to the newly discovered, yet under heated-debate, "roaming" reaction mechanism in the UV-ptotodissociation of acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). Summarized here are some of the represented results. (A) Stereo-Specific Bimolecular Reactions The concept of geometrical constraints and steric hindrance in chemical reactions is deeply implanted in a chemist’s intuition. Yet, a true three-dimensional view of these steric effects has not been experimentally realized in full for any chemical reaction until very recently in this laboratory. By exploiting the polarization of an infrared laser to align a chemical bond and followed by measuring the dependence of the product stateresolved angular distributions on the direction of the reactive bond thus aligned in a crossed molecular beam experiment, we revealed the complete, threedimensional characterization of the stereo-specificity of a benchmark polyatomic reaction, Cl + CHD3(v1=1) → CD 3(v=0) + HC l(v). Figure 1 (left) depicts how the chemical transformation takes place for three representative reactive events delineated directly from the experimental data. A complementary approach to elucidate the geometric structure of the reaction transition state has also been explored by examining the reactivity dependency on the initial rotational quantum state of the reactants CHD3(v1=1, ǀJ,K 〉). We found that the rotation (J) of CHD3(v1=1) promotes the reaction rate. More intriguingly, the rate enhancement also depends on how the reactant rotates, the tumbling (K=0 ) versus the spinning (K=J) motions, as illustrated in Figure 1 (right).

Figure 1 (Left) A cartoon-type representation of the experimental results at three product scattering angles to illustrate the angular correlation between the HCl(v=0) product recoil direction and the initial C-H bond axis direction. (Journal of Chemical Physics, 2016, 145, 144305). (Right) A visualization of how different rotational motions, tumbling (K=0) and spinning (K=J), affect the chemical reactivity. (A cartoon illustrating the work reported in Journal of Chemical Physics, 2018, 148, 244307)

(B) Direct Mapping of the Angle-Dependent Barrier Using Polarized Scattering Data The textbook Arrhenius rate equation k = A exp (-Ea/ kBT), with kB denoting the Boltzmann constant, is widely used in describing chemical reactivity for many chemical processes occurring in both the gas and condensed phases. Embodied in the expression are two key factors: activation energy (Ea) and the pre-exponential or steric A-factor. The former gives the energetic requirement to overcome the reaction barrier, and the latter accounts for that a certain collisional geometry will be preferred in breaking and forming chemical bonds. The driving force for the colliding reactants to arrange themselves into such favorable geometry arises from the anisotropic intermolecular interactions. Hence, the central concept of Arrhenius expression is the transition state that gates and modulates the reactive flux. The barrier height of the transition state can be estimated from the activation energy in thermal kinetics data or from the energetic threshold in the measured excitation function (the dependence of reaction cross sections on initial collision energies). However, another critical and equally important property, the angle-dependent barrier to reaction, has not yet been amenable to experimental determination until our recent report. Therein, using the benchmark reaction of Cl + CHD3(v1 = 1) as an example, we showed how to map this anisotropic property of the transition state as a

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Figure 2 (Left) Schematic illustration on how the transition-state structure affects chemical reactivity. (Right) Comparison of experimentally measured angle-dependent barrier to reaction (the data points) with theoretically calculated potentials (the lines). (Nature Chemistry 2017, 9, 1175-1180)

function of collision energy from the preferred reactant bond alignment of the backward-scattered products â&#x20AC;&#x2019; the imprints of small impact-parameter collisions. The deduced bend potential at the transition state show excellent agreement with concurrent ab initio calculations. We expect that this new experimental method should be applicable to many other direct reactions with a collinear barrier. (C) Tracking the Multichannel Reaction Paths in the UVPhotodissocation of CH3CHO Upon absorbing a UV photon at 267 nm, the excited acetaldehyde (the S1 state) undergoes non-radiative processes, followed by dissociation into two major fragment channels, the radical channel of CH3 + HCO and the molecular channel CH4 + CO. Traditionally, this molecular channel is conceived being a dominant dissociation channel and proceeds through a tight transition state (TS) on the ground S0 potential energy surface (PES). More recent studies, however, revealed a bimodal rotational state distribution of the CO fragments. Theoretical investigations indicated that in addition to the conventional TS pathway that yielded rotationally hotter CO, the colder CO fragments could come from an unconventional "roaming" reaction pathway. Roaming is a newly discovered mechanism in unimolecular reactions and refers to a process involves near dissociation to a pair of radical products followed by intramolecular abstraction to yield instead closedshell products. Radical roaming is an unconventional dissociation pathway, which can be viewed as an intramolecular reaction as a result of frustrated dissociations and is closely related to the reverse radical recombination reaction of cold collisions. Up to now, experimental claim for roaming in numerous photochemical systems is universally based on a bimodal rotational distribution of one of the closed-shell fragments, for which the cold component is attributed to roaming and hotter one to the alternative direct dissociation pathway. However, it is known that a bimodal rotational distribution of products can have several different mechanistic origins; roaming is merely one of them. To shed more light on this intriguing mechanism, we exploited ultrafast picosecond pump-probe scheme to explore the detailed roaming dynamics in both the

species/states and time-dependent manner. Almost all fragments, CH3, HCO, CH3CO and CO, were probed by suitable REMPI schemes + TOF mass spectra. The temporal evolutions and correlations of the signals for CH3, HCO, and CO were tracked in picosecond resolution in the pump-and-probe fashion. Moreover, we also mapped out the fragment-correlated speed distributions as the dissociation proceeds. Two major findings are: (1) after absorbing a 267 nm photon, the excited S1-state of CH3CHO deactivates exponentially with a time constant of about 190 ps. This decay corresponds to the sum of all non-radiative processes including the S 1 â&#x2020;&#x2019; T1 transition and the departure of the photo-excited S1-parent from the FrankCondon region. And (2) both the radical and molecular fragments are each characterized by three distinct dissociation pathways. The overall formation time of the fragments through various pathways span over a wide range of scale, from ~190 ps to about 1750 ps. This finding is intriguing and clearly indicates that the photochemistry of CH3CHO is more complicated than the numerous prior reports in the literature. Moreover, the distinct six pathways appear entangled and highly correlated as depicted in Figure 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; far beyond what one would have envisioned for this relatively small and extensively studied system. We are currently collaborating with several theoretical groups for deeper insights.

Figure 3 Schematics illustrating how the photo-excited CH3CHO(S1) at 266.7 nm dissociates to the two major product channels, CH3 + HCO and CH4 + CO, via the complicated and entangled reaction pathways. Each path is characterized by a distinct product recoil energy distribution and a unique formation time from the time-resolved product imaging measurements.

Areas of Strength

GSK3ß Negatively Regulates TRAX, a Scaﬀold Protein Implicated in Mental Disorders, for NHEJ-mediated DNA Repair in Neurons Major Participants: Ting Chien, Yu-Ting Weng, Shu-Yung Chang, Hsing-Lin Lai, Feng-Lan Chiu, Hung-Chih Kuo, De-Maw Chuang, and Yijuang Chern Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Mental disorders affect millions of people around the world and account for an increasingly significant proportion of medical expenses. Many risk genes involved in mental disorders (such as bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia) are associated with DNA repair and sensitivity to DNA damage. In addition, recent studies have discovered that neurons in patients with mental illnesses contain excessive free radicals and are unable to fully repair damaged DNA. The translin-associated protein X (TRAX) was initially identified as a scaffold protein that interacts with the translin and the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR), which have been associated with mental illnesses. Our earlier studies demonstrated that stimulation of the Gsα protein-coupled A2AR markedly reduced the DNA damage caused by elevated oxidative stress. In the present study, we report that TRAX mediates a new mechanism underlying DNA repair in neurons. We first demonstrated that stimulation of A2AR using a specific agonist, CGS21680 (CGS), provides a protective effect on DNA double-strain breaks (DSBs) and apoptosis caused by elevated oxidative stress in rodent and human neurons, suggesting that the protective effect of A2AR in neurons is authentic. Human neurons were derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We next demonstrated that the major signaling pathway that mediates the protective effect of A2AR is the cAMP/PKA pathway using PKA inhibitors (Figure 1). Under conditions that TRAX was downregulated, treatment with CGS did not rescue the oxidative stress induced-γH2AX foci formation at DSBs in primary neurons prepared from TRAX-null mice, a rat neuronal cell line (PC12) containing low level of TRAX (designated PC12-shTRAX), and human neurons with reduced level of TRAX. Given that genetic reduction of TRAX effectively eliminated A2AR’s protective effect in all cell models tested, TRAX appears to play a key role in DNA repair by A2AR stimulation. We have previously demonstrated that, in the nucleus, TRAX binds with the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and mediates the detection of DSBs and facilitate DNA repair. How the A2AR-TRAX complex contributes to the DNA repair response remains elusive. We first identified that, in the cytoplasmic region, TRAX

interacts with the glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) and Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and form a complex in PC12 cells and mouse brains by immunofluorescence assay and immunoprecipitation. Because the availability of human neurons derived from iPSC is limited, direct interaction among TRAX, GSK3β, and DISC1 was demonstrated by the proximal ligation assay (Figure 2). Most importantly, biochemical analyses also showed that stimulation of A2AR dissembled the TRAX/GSK3β/ DISC1 complex and triggered the transport of TRAX into nuclei. It is interesting to note that stimulation of A 2A R suppressed GSK3β by a PKA-dependent phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser9. This is critical because exogenous expression of a dominant negative mutant of GSK3β (i.e., GSK3β-S9A), which prevented the phosphorylation and suppression of GSK3β by PKA, markedly reduced the protective effect of CGS on oxidative DNA damage assessed by measuring the amount of γH2AX and the subsequent apoptosis in PC12 cells and human neurons. In line with the negative role of GSK3β in regulating the TRAX/ GSK3β/ DISC1 complex, inhibition of GSK3β by SB216763 also protected human neurons and PC12 cells from oxidative stress-induced DNA damage (Figure 3). Collectively, A2AR activation or GSK3β blockage allows the release of TRAX from the TRAX/ GSK3β/ DISC1 complex located in the cytoplasmic region, and the entrance of TRAX into nuclei to interact with ATM to facilitate the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair response upon elevated oxidative stress. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of therapeutic treatments for mental disorders over the past decades, many important aspects regarding these disorders remained elusive. Findings regarding the TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex from this study offer new insights into the illnesses resulting from deficiencies in DNA repair and may aid the development of new treatments for mental illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases in the future. This paper was published in the Molecular Psychiatry, and is available at: https://www. nature.com/articles/s41380-017-0007-z?WT.feed_ name=subjects_cell-biology

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Figure 1 The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) interacts with TRAX, which forms complex with GSK3β and DISC1. Inhibition of GSK3β by A2AR activation or GSK3β inhibition would release TRAX from the TDG complex to facilitate the ATM-mediated DNA repair.

Figure 2 The TRAX/DISC1/GSK3β complex exists in human neurons derived from iPSC. Protein-protein interactions were monitored by the proximity ligation assay using the corresponding antibodies. Each red dot represents the detection of protein-protein interaction. Scale bar, 5 μm.

Figure 3. Inhibition of GSK3β enables TRAX-dependent DNA repair. Human iPSCs-derived neurons were treated with SB216763 (10 μM) or vehicle for 1 day and then treated with H2O2 (100 μM) for 2 hr. DNA damage was assessed by determining the intensity of the DNA damage marker γH2AX by immunofluorescence staining using the anti-γH2AX antibody (green) in neurons identified by a neuronal marker (TUJ1, red). Scale bar, 50 μm.

Areas of Strength

Galectins and C-type Lectins in Host Defense against Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens Major Participants: Subproject 1: Kuo-I Lin1, Ying-Hsiu Wang1 3 3 3 Subproject 3: Betty A. Wu-Hsieh , Sheng-Yang Wu , Jia-Lin Weng

Subproject 2: Fu-Tong Liu , I-Chun Weng 1 1 Subproject 4: Shie-Liang Hsieh , Pei-Shan Sung

Genomics Research Center in Academia Sinica, 2Institute of Biomedical Sciences in Academia Sinica, Graduate Institute of Immunology in National Taiwan University

1 3

This project is to study the functions of galectins and C-type lectins in host defense against fungal and bacterial infection. Subproject 1 is aimed to develop new strategies for the control of pathogen infection via studying the functional roles of adaptive immunity, focusing on B cell responses. In adaptive immunity, fungal infection is thought to be controlled by T helper 1 (Th1)/ Th17 biased responses. Whether and how B cells are involved in the anti-fungal responses is less clear. We here address the importance of various subsets of B cells in defense against fungal infection. We found that lack of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, by using the RBP-J knockout mice, did not affect Candida albicans infection. However, transfer of sera collected from mice infected with Candida albicans protected the recipient mice from the Candida albicans infection, suggesting that certain components in sera are crucial for the clearance of fungus. In addition to producing antibody, B cells, such as Bregs, can secrete cytokines to regulate inflammatory and autoimmune, but the role of Bregs in fungal infection is still unclear. We found that the number of splenic Bregs was reduced in mice after Candida albicans infection. Adoptive transfer of Bregs into Candida albicans infected mice reduced the fungal load but increased the mortality. Besides, we found that galectin-3 promotes the apoptosis of B cells induced by mannose from the cell wall of Candida albicans . Consistently, galectin-3 knockout mice had increased numbers of B cells and antibody titers after Candida albicans infection. Together, our results suggest that Candida albicans utilizes galectin-3 to control antibody responses and reduces Bregs to adapt its infectivity in host.

Figure 1 The functions of various subsets of B cells in defense against fungal infection.

In subproject 2, we investigated the role of galectin-3 in Listeria monocytogenes (LM)-induced cellautonomous immune response in galectin-3-deficient (gal3 -/-) and gal3 +/+ mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and mouse macrophage cell lines. We demonstrated that endogenous galectin-3 is rapidly recruited to LM capable of lysing phagosomal membrane in a host N-glycan-dependent manner. Lack of galectin-3 inhibited intracellular LM growth, which was attributed to enhanced LC3 recruitment to LM, indicative of delivery of LM to autophagosomes. The autophagy inhibitory effect of galectin-3 was dependent on the binding between galectin-3 to host N-glycans. We found that alterations in cell surface glycosylation by extracellular factors can be deciphered by cytosolic galectins during the process of phagocytosis/endocytosis, followed by rupture of phagosomal/endosomal membrane. Notably, treatment of cells with sialidase, which removes sialic acid from glycans, resulted in increased galectin-3 accumulation and decreased galectin-8 recruitment at damaged phagosomes, and led to a stronger antiautophagic response. Our findings demonstrate that cytosolic galectins may sense changes in glycosylation at the cell surface and modulate cellular response through differential recognition of glycans on ruptured phagosomal membranes.

Figure 2 Galectin-3 protects intracellular Listeria by suppressing the autophagic response in a host N-glycan-dependent manner. Galectin-3 and -8 antagonize each other in antibacterial autophagy.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Subproject 3 studies Candida albicans-induced NETosis. We found that gal3 was not involved in C. albicans -induced neutrophil NET formation. However, we discovered a novel NADPH oxidase-independent pathway of NET response to unopsonized C. albicans . Employing receptor-deficient neutrophils, we identified dectin-2 but not CR3, dectin-1 or MyD88-related receptors that mediated this novel NET response. By pharmacological inhibition, we demonstrated that dectin-2 engagement activated downstream SykCa2+-PKCδ-PAD4 pathway, which triggered histone H3 citrullination leading to NETosis. Furthermore, Necroptosis but not autophagy is involved in unopsonized C. albicans -induced NET formation. In a C. albicans peritonitis model we observed Ki67+Ly6G+ NETotic cells in the peritoneal exudate and mesentery within 3 h of infection and dectin-2 deficiency reduced % Ki67 +Ly6G + cells. While dectin-2-sufficient mice restrained the spread of C. albicans from peritoneal cavity to kidney, the spread was rapidly increased in dectin-2-deficient mice. Taken together, unopsonized C. albicans triggers NADPH oxidase-independent NETosis through necroptosis and dectin-2-mediated signaling pathway. Dectin-2-dependent NET functions to restrain C. albicans dissemination.

Subproject 4 is to study the roles of CLEC5A in host immune response against pathogens, and explore the significance of dual recognition by CLEC5A and TLRs in host defense mechanisms. The C-type lectin member 5A (CLEC5A) is a pattern recognition receptor for members of the Flavivirus family and has critical functions in response to dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Here we show that CLEC5A and TLR2 is involved in inflammasome complex activation and proinflammatory cytokines in response to Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inoculation of Clec5a-/- mice with L. monocytogenes causes the decrease of IL-1β production in the inflammatory monocytes and large numbers of CD11b + Ly6C hi CCR2 hi CX3CR1 lo inflammatory monocytes infiltrate the liver. Moreover, Clec5a -/-/ TLR2-/- mice are more susceptible than Clec5a-/- mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection, suggestion both receptors are involved in recognition and immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes . In addition, CLEC5A contributes significantly to host survival and inflammasome activation after P. aeruginosa infection. Thus, CLEC5A has a critical function in the activation of inflammasome of innate immunity against bacterial invasion.

Figure 4 Coactivation of CLEC5A and TLR2 leads to NET formation and γδTh17 cell development.

Figure 3 Unopsonized C. albicans recognition by dectin-2 on the surface of neutrophils triggers Syk-PKCδ/Ca2+-PAD4 signaling pathway resulting in NETosis.

Areas of Strength

Modernity Reconsidered: An East Asian View on Theoretical Genealogies and Historical Comparisons Major Participants: Wei-Hsian Chi, Wen-Kai Lin, Michelle Fei-yu Hsieh, and Chih-Chieh Tang Institute of Sociology, Institute of Taiwan History The classical theories of sociology universalize Western Europe's transition to the modern time. Later on, Western Europe's case not only becomes the model but has been integrated into the discourse of modernity. This discourse of modernity presupposes a double misrecognition of history: to overrates the progress of modernity in Europe and to undervalue the development of non-Western civilizations. Recently, studies of modernity have no longer taken the European experiences as self-evident. On the one hand, the theory of multiple modernities has been justified to claim that when and how different regions enter the modern time are significant questions, and wait to be adequately investigated. On the other hand, the postcolonial studies criticize the coloniality of modernity fiercely and demonstrate well plural passages to modernity with examples of hybridity. However, the camp of multiple modernities never gets rid of the specter of Eurocentrism, then being trapped in the myth of parallel development between different civilizations. Most postcolonial studies are blind to the real history of Europe, and do not craft an another competing narrative that can modify the current understanding of modernity or replace it. In fact, they focus too much on critique and avoid consciously to repeat the same mistake made by "grand narratives". Standing on the shoulder of multiple modernities

Figure 1 Poster of the Conference “Modernity Reconsidered: An East Asian View on Theoretical Genealogies and Historical Comparisons” (2017.03.24~25) Figure 2 Poster of the Workshop “A Reflection on Modernity : Perspectives from Reciprocal Comparison” (2018.12.07~08)

and postcolonialism, our project tries to explore the formation of modernity and to reconsider its implications by using the approaches of reciprocal comparison and connected histories. Our goal is to elaborate a competing, alternative framework for understanding the formation of modernity. Using the view from reciprocal comparison, we try not only to dismantle the Eurocentric historical narrative, but also to make new reflections and interpretations about modernity from Taiwanese perspectives. Meanwhile, combing theoretical reflections and historical studies, we seek to go beyond the mode of knowledge production which presupposes the ossified dichotomy East/West or the colonized/colonist. The book Modernity in Reciprocal Comparison : A Taiwanese Perspective consists of three parts. In the first part, general issues, both historical and theoretical, on modernity are under discussion. The articles from the first part attempt to build an adequate standpoint for our re-cognizing modernity. The second part is to revisit the Western experiences by discussing the emergence of the idea of self-regulating market, the evolution of the concept culture/civilization, and the relations between professions and citizenship. While debunking the myth of bourgeois as the only carrier in transition to modernity, we also aim to demonstrate the importance of earlier historical basis for the formation of modernity, and to point out the decisive role of ideas for re-understanding modernity that emerges in solving practical problems. The third part is to relocate Taiwan's experience of modernity. It explores the early-modern rationality of Qing empire's governance, the modernity of Taiwanese popular belief of God, the flexible production network of small and medium scale enterprises, and the Sinocentrism of contemporary China. In addition to revising the wrong images of Qing Taiwan as backward or stagnant region, we highlight the character of state governance in East Asia, which can orchestrate the articles contributed by the researches who profess different fields of politics, economy and religion, and also help to make a reciprocal comparison with the West.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Reciprocal comparison can switch our thinking and viewpoints of modernity, and also can allow us to escape the trap of essentialism. Connected histories contribute to revealing the inherent heterogeneity of modernity and to unfolding a different approach of multiple modernities that goes beyond the current

version. By combining reciprocal comparison and connected histories, we are able to maintain the advantages of multiple modernities and postcolonialism and to avoid their shortages. It is a step forward in the right direction of remaking modernity.

Figure 3.4 Modernity in Reciprocal Comparison: A Taiwanese Perspective Book Cover

Figure 5 (Left) 2019 Taipei International Book Exhibition Poster Figure 6 (Right) Authors Meet Critics Poster (2019.04.26)

Figure 7 2019 Taipei International Book Exhibition Activity Photo

Areas of Strength

Re-thinking “colonial medicine” — Its Nature and Definition Major Participants: Yu-Chuan Wu, Shang Jen Li, Wen Ji Wang, and Chih-Hsing Ho Institute of History and Philology, Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica In a long time, the concept of colonial medicine proposed by Western medical historians has been the main framework in which the histories of medicine and public health in colonies were narrated and understood. It has also been applied to understanding the modern medical and public health histories in East Asian societies. However, it is debatable whether this concept derived from studies of British and French colonial medicine can be used without qualification in the analysis of modern East Asian medical history. Indeed, the concept of colonial medicine has been subject to reflection and critique recently. In its place, some scholars adopt the broader framework of global medical or health history for the exploration and analysis of the history in colonies and pay close attention to the reciprocal exchange between the central and the peripheral. Moreover, although East Asian societies had been, to different extents, invaded by Western powers since the mid-nineteenth century, they were not colonized in a stricter sense. There are limitations to the approach of directly applying the existing concept of colonial medicine to the understanding of their modern medical history, particularly of the international health work in East Asia after the Second World War. Hence, further reflections and discussions about the nature and definition of colonial medicine are urgently needed for the study of modern medical history in East Asia. This research project comprises five sub-projects, aiming to provide some reflections on the concept of colonial medicine based on studies of medical or public health histories of different East Asian societies in different periods. Shang-Jen Li's study, Western Medicine and Public Health in the Nineteenth-Century Shanghai English Settlement, examines the medical practice at a hospital in Shanghai English Settlement in the period from mid-nineteenth century to early twentieth century. Chih-Hsing Ho's study, Law, Public Health and Governmentality in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth- Century British Colonial Hong Kong, examines the transplantation and implementation of British medical and public health law in Hong Kong. Wen-Ji Wang's study, Westerners and Chinese Mental

and Nervous Disease in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, investigates Western doctors' discussions and practices regarding mental and nervous diseases among Chinese people. Yu-Chuan Wu's study, From the Colonial to the Postcolonial: The Psychiatric Career of a Colonial Psychiatrist, explores the psychiatric work of Kyūzō Naka, the psychiatric professor of Taipei Imperial University, spanning from the colonial to the post-colonial period. Shi-Yung Liu's study, Cold War Medicine in East Asia, explores the international cooperation in public health and epidemic prevention in East Asia in the cold-war period. There have been some important findings regarding the nature and definition of colonial medicine. First, there was great diversity and complexity in colonial public health and medicine. Although medicine and public health administration were inevitably influenced by the prevailing ideologies of racism, colonialism, and imperialism, they nonetheless enjoyed some degree of autonomy and adapted to the particular natural and socio-cultural surroundings in colonies. Second, the relationships between the metropolitan central and the colonial peripheral were complicated and characterized more by reciprocal exchange than one-way diffusion. There were also efforts to build new centers in colonies within the new framework of comparative, Asian, or international. Third, there is continuity between the colonial and the post-colonial. For instance, social psychiatry and cultural psychiatry developed in the post-colonial period have precursors in the colonial period and share with them some features that make them appealing to researchers and practitioners holding various kinds of marginal positions. Moreover, some features in old colonial medicine had been continued into the framework of international public health in the cold-war period. Lastly, all of the five studied have made clear the particularities of East Asia, both as a geographic region and a conceptual framework, and highlighted the necessity of further reflections and discussions on the study of the history of 'colonial medicine' in East Asia.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Figure 1 The Board of Directors of Tung Wah Group of Hospitals were bestowed official titles by the Qing government in recognition of their charitable donations for the disaster relief initiatives. The directors were therefore allowed to don court robes and receive officials visiting Hong Kong from other core areas of the Qing empire. This group photo, taken circa 1885, depicts the directors wearing court robes and official caps with peacock feathers in the Assembly Hall of Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. Source: Official website of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Figure 3 Cleaning and sweeping of Tai Ping Shan Street in the aftermath of the 1894 Hong Kong bubonic plague. Source: Photographic duplication by Dr. Chih-Hsing Ho(IEAS, Academia Sinica) Description: Cleaning and sweeping of Tai Ping Shan Street in the aftermath of the 1894 Hong Kong bubonic plagueâ&#x20AC;&#x192;

Figure 2 Pacific Area - The Imperial Powers 1939 Source: Wikipedia https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Area_-_The_ Imperial_Powers_1939_-_Map_-_ru.svg

Figure 4 Book cover of Psy Sciences and Modern East Asia (Taipei: Linking Publishing, 2018)

Significant Research Achievements in 2018

2018 Significant Research Achievements of

ACADEMIA SINICA

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Observation of H -> bb Decays and VH Production with the ATLAS Detector ATLAS Collaboration, Song-Ming Wang1, Adrian Buzatu1, Wei Wang2,1 1

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan、2Nanjing University, China

Publication： “Observation of H Decays and VH Production with the ATLAS Detector,” Physics Letter B 786 (2018): 59-86. DOI : 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.013

Abstract： A search for the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson decaying to two bottom quarks when produced in association with a vector boson (W or Z) is performed with the ATLAS detector. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 79.8 fb-1 of p-p collisions at center of mass energy of 13 TeV. An excess of events over the expected background from SM processes is found with an observed (expected) significance of 4.9 (4.3) standard deviations for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV. The observed (expected) significance increased to 5.4 (5.5) standard deviations when combining the results of this search with results from other searches in Run 1 and Run 2 of the same decay channel of the Higgs boson, thus establishing the observation of the Higgs boson decaying into b-quarks. Additionally, when combining the Run 2 results in searches for Higgs boson produced in association with a vector boson, an observed (expected) significance of 5.3 (4.8) standard deviations is obtained. Background

state contains 0, 1 and 2 charged leptons (electrons or

The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in the gauge boson decay

muons), which correspondingly target the decays and

. These decayed leptons provide the

channels. Since then observation of several production

means to trigger the signal efficiently and to reject the

modes and decay channels predicted by the SM have

background. The search is conducted at medium and high

been established when analyzing more data. According

transverse momentum of the vector boson (pTV>150 GeV

to the SM Higgs boson decaying into a pair of b-quarks

for 0-lepton, pTV>150 GeV for 1-lepton and pTV>75 GeV for

) has the largest predicted decay branching

2-lepton) where the signal purity is higher. The selected

fraction (~58%). It is very challenging to observe this

events of each leptonic channel are divided into several

decay channel via the main Higgs production mode at

categories to maximize the search sensitivity. The division

the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), gluon-gluon fusion (ggF),

is based on the transverse momentum of the vector

due to the overwhelming b- quark pair background that is

boson and also on the number of reconstructed jets in

produced via the strong interaction at the LHC. The most

the final state. Several control regions are also defined

sensitive production mode for detecting H

decays is

to help in determining the normalization of the main

through the production in association with a vector boson

background processes, and to validate the modeling of

(V=W or Z ). This measurement will allow to constraint the

the distributions of discriminating variables most relevant

overall Higgs boson decay width and provides the best

to the analysis.

sensitivity to the VH production modes. The observation

In the search the signal is separated from the

of this decay channel will further strengthen the mass

background by constructing multivariate discriminants.

generation mechanism predicted in the SM.

Boosted Decision Tree (BDT ) algorithm is trained separately for each category of leptonic channel on

Methods

several discriminating variables that exploit the signal's

The search is done by selecting signal events with

properties. For example the long lifetime of the b -hadrons

the requirement of two identified b-jets and that the final

in the jets of the b-quarks from the Higgs decay, and the

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA invariant mass resonance form by the two-b-jet system

the results from other searches in Run 1 and in Run

(mbb). The BDT output distribution is used as the main

2 for the Higgs boson in the

discriminant. The mbb mass distribution is one of the

observed (expected) significance is 5.4 (5.5) standard

key discriminating variables. Corrections are applied to

deviations. The ratio of the measured event yield for a

improve the mbb mass resolution and its mean value.

Higgs boson decaying into

These corrections include "muon-in-jet", "b -jet energy

is 1.01

respond correction" and "kinematic likelihood fit". These

combining the Run 2 results in searches for Higgs

corrections improve the m bb resolution by ~18-40%.

boson produced in association with a vector boson, an

Figure. 1 shows the BDT output distribution from the

observed (expected) significance of 5.3 (4.8) standard

0-lepton in the 2-jet category. Excesses in the data over

deviations is obtained. Thus ATLAS has also observed

the predicted background yield can be seen at the high

the VH associated production. The combined m bb

BDT region. Results and Conclusions

To extract the H iggs signal, global fits are performed on the BDT output distributions of the signal region, and on the other kinematic distributions of the control regions. The extracted observed (expected) significance of VH associated production in the H decay channel is 4.9 (4.3) standard deviations for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV. By combining with

Figure1 BDT output distribution from the signal region of 0-lepton 2-jet category.

decay channel, the

to the SM expectation

0.12(stat.)+0.16-0.15(syst.). Additionally, when

distribution, from the three leptonic channels, after subtracting all predicted background contributions except the diboson WZ and ZZ productions, is shown in Figure. 2. A clear peak of the diboson can be seen at around m bb~90 GeV, and the shoulder at around m bb ~120 GeV indicates the presence of the Higgs signal. A display of a selected data candidate event for the Higgs boson decaying into two b-quarks in association with a Z boson decaying to a pair of neutrinos, is shown in Figure. 3.

Figure3 An ATLAS candidate event for Higgs boson (H) decaying to two b -quarks, in association with a Z boson decaying to a pair of neutrinos, which escape undetected.

Figure2 after subtraction of all backgrounds except the WZ and ZZ diboson processes. The grey histogram is the predicted WZ and ZZ background. The red histogram is the measured H signal.

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Super-resolution Architecture of Mammalian Centriole Distal Appendages Reveals Distinct Blade and Matrix Functional Components T. Tony Yang1, Weng Man Chong1, Won-Jing Wang2, Gregory Mazo3, Barbara Tanos4, Zhengmin Chen1, Thi Minh Nguyet Tran1, Yi-De Chen1, Rueyhung Roc Weng1, Chia-En Huang1, Wann-Neng Jane5, Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou3, Jung-Chi Liao1,6 1 Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, 3Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA 4 Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom, 5Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 6 Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Publicationďź&#x161; Nature Communications 9.1 (2018): DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04469-1.

Abstractďź&#x161; Distal appendages (DAPs) are nanoscale, pinwheel-like structures protruding from the distal end of the centriole that mediate membrane docking during ciliogenesis, marking the cilia base around the ciliary gate. Here, we determined a superresolved multiplex of 16 centriole-distal-end components. Surprisingly, rather than pinwheels, intact DAPs exhibit a cone-shaped architecture with components filling the space between each pinwheel blade, a new structural element we termed the distal appendage matrix (DAM). Specifically, CEP83, CEP89, SCLT1, and CEP164 form the backbone of pinwheel blades, with CEP83 confined at the root and CEP164 extending to the tip near the membrane-docking site. By contrast, FBF1 marks the distal end of the DAM near the ciliary membrane. Strikingly, unlike CEP164 which is essential for ciliogenesis, FBF1 is required for ciliary gating of transmembrane proteins, revealing DAPs as an essential component of the ciliary gate. Our findings redefine both the structure and function of DAPs. Background

All cilia grow from the distal end of centrioles/ basal bodies. In particular, distal appendages (DAPs) are previously defined as nine -bladed, pinwheellike structures protruding from the distal periphery of vertebrate centrioles and are thought to be involved in many of the aforementioned steps of ciliogenesis. CEP83, CEP89, SCLT1, CEP164, and FBF1 are core DAP components recruited to centriole distal ends prior to and independently of ciliogenesis. However, the pinwheel-like morphology, as defined by electron microscopy (EM), does not intuitively suggest how DAPs can serve as a barrier, given that the large space between each pinwheel blade would allow many substances to pass through with little or no resistance. Thus, DAPs may simply function as the anchor mediating membrane docking or IFT machinery recruitment. Alternatively, however, the pinwheel shape may not morphologically reflect the full complexity of DAPs, due the limitations of EM. Result and discussion

Using superresolution microscopy, we determined the detailed molecular architecture of centriolar DAPs and the surrounding structure at the ciliary base, thereby bridging the gap between structural biology and cell biology, which is essential for precise functional studies. Our work provides an unprecedented roadmap to functional investigation based on more than 12 molecular elements at the interfaces of the centriole and cilium, and the plasma and ciliary membranes (Figure 1). Most

importantly, instead of a pinwheel-like structure based on previous EM studies, our findings reveal that DAPs have a conical-shaped architecture composed of nine DABs within an embedded matrix that we termed the DAM. Both DABs and the DAM have distinct molecular elements that serve distinct functions. DABs contain CEP164, SCLT1, CEP89, and CEP83, all of which play an essential role in cilia initiation, whereas the previously unexplored DAM is filled with IFT molecules and FBF1, which is intriguingly found to facilitate ciliary gating of transmembrane proteins. As FBF1 is known to be associated with the apical junction complex that forms the barrier of epithelia, it may also play a similar role at the junction between the ciliary membrane and the plasma membrane at the base of the ciliary pockets to gate the ciliary compartment. Accumulation of IFT88 molecules in the gaps between DABs indicates a unique molecular arrangement in this region. In order to have protein molecules concentrated/ localized at a specific region of the cell, where they can dynamically enter/attach and exit/detach, the region must either be gated with a structural barrier, or alternatively include a scaffold that can bind to these protein molecules with the required affinity. In either case, dedicated structures must be present in this. In our current study, we found that FBF1 and IFT88 were concentrated/ localized at the space between DABs, outside of the ciliary compartment, in a region previously thought to be empty based on EM studies. We thus conclude that, rather than being empty, the region is equipped with structures that

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

are able to trap protein molecules to form the DAM. We use the term 'matrix' to indicate a surrounding structure or material in which something develops, rather than pointing to any defined architecture (Figure 2).

the recruitment of both FBF1 and CEP164 to centrioles, recruitment of each is independent of the other. Thus, loss of FBF1 alone is completely different from loss of SCLT1, which leads to removal of both FBF1 and CEP164 from centrioles. This previously determined 'nonlinear' assembly hierarchy is consistent with the observations in our current study; Both SCLT1 and CEP164 are components of DABs, and knockout of either prevents cilia initiation. By contrast, FBF1 is a matrix-associated protein occupying the space between the blades, and loss of FBF1 affects cilia maturation/maintenance (the integrity of the ciliary membrane), rather than cilia initiation (Figure 3).

Figure1 Hierarchical and patterned radial localization of proteins at the distal appendage (DAP) region revealed by superresolution microscopy. (a) dSTORM superresolution images showing the distribution patterns of various DAP, subdistal appendage, and centriolar proteins in order of radial size. (b) Axial view EM image overlaid with singlecolor superresolution images of CEP164, SCLT1, CEP83, Cby1, CP110, and C2CD3.

Figure3 Model showing that FBF1 plays a role in gating transmembrane proteins, presumably at the junction between the ciliary membrane and the plasma membrane.

Figure2 Localization of IFT88 revealing the existence of a distal appendage matrix (DAM) between distal appendage blades (DABs). (a,b) 3D two-color superresolution image revealing IFT88 proteins in the gaps between neighboring SCLT1 regions. (c,d) The region between adjacent DABs is designated as the DAM. (e) 3D model based on all axial and lateral superresolution images illustrating the molecular architecture on the framework of DABs, DAM, axoneme, and ciliary membrane.

This current work provides a functional extension of our previous finding of a hierarchical relationship among SCLT1, CEP164, and FBF1. While SCLT1 mediates

Our previous genetic studies showed that SCLT1 acts upstream of CEP164, whereas our superresolution studies showed that SCLT1 is "sandwiched" by the signal from the "blade-like" CEP164, not immediately obvious how this localization relationship occurs. The initial recruitment of CEP164, which depends on CEP83 and SCLT1, may be completely separate from the propagation of CEP164 along the structure that forms the final localization structure. In particular, CEP164 harbors the coiled-coil domains known to mediate selfoligomerization. That is, in the absence of CEP83/SCLT1, CEP164 molecules were not detected at centrioles. However, once initial CEP164 molecules are recruited, they can recruit other CEP164 molecules through protein-protein interaction or self-oligomerization processes. Our previous determination of the assembly hierarchy was based on genetics, rather than the actual, stepwise, biochemical assembly pathway. The findings of the present study suggest that the basic framework of the DAP structure can in principle be assembled in the cytoplasm or in the DAP region initiated by recruited seed molecules to form the final molecular architecture.

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences A Broadband Achromatic Metalens in the Visible Shuming Wang, Pin Chieh Wu, Vin-Cent Su, Yi-Chieh Lai, Mu-Ku Chen, Hsin Yu Kuo, Bo Han Chen, Yu Han Chen, Tzu-Ting Huang, Jung-Hsi Wang, Ray-Ming Lin, Chieh-Hsiung Kuan, Tao Li, Zhenlin Wang, Shining Zhu, and Din Ping Tsai Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Publicationďź&#x161; Nature Nanotechnology 13 (2018): 220-226.

Abstractďź&#x161; Metalenses consist of an array of optical nanoantennas on a surface capable of manipulating the properties of an incoming light wavefront. An open issue, especially problematic for colour imaging and display applications, is the correction of chromatic aberration, an intrinsic effect originating from the specific resonance and limited working bandwidth of each nanoantenna. As a result, no metalens has demonstrated full-colour imaging in the visible wavelength. Here, we show a design and fabrication that consists of GaN-based integrated-resonant unit elements to achieve an achromatic metalens operating in the entire visible region in transmission mode. The focal length of our metalenses remains unchanged as the incident wavelength is varied from 400 to 660 nm, demonstrating complete elimination of chromatic aberration at about 49% bandwidth of the central working wavelength. The average efficiency of a metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.106 is about 40% over the whole visible spectrum. We also show some examples of full-colour imaging based on this design.

Metasurfaces are capable of tailoring light properties at subwavelength resolution, making them promising for developing flat optical components. By producing a hyperbolical phase profile, metasurfaces can work as lenses (also referred to as metalenses) that are able to converge incident light beams with considerable efficiency. Compared with conventional bulky lenses, which specifically rely on a polished surface profile on transparent optical materials to attain the required

gradual phase change, metalenses are capable of focusing incident light with a more compact dimension. However, the previously demonstrated metalenses still suffer from strong chromatic aberration. Here, we successfully demonstrated broadband achromatic metalenses by incorporating an integrated-resonant unit element (IRUE) with the Pancharatnamâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Berry phase (PBP) method. The required phase shift over the entire metalens surface was realized by carefully designing

Figure1 The schematic diagram of the achromatic metalens working in visible wavelength.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

and arranging the IRUEs. In this study, we demonstrate a broadband achromatic metalens working in the visible light region in transmission mode. A lossless semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN), was used to construct unit elements to access waveguidelike resonant modes in the visible spectrum as shown in Figure 1. The achromatic focusing can be observed from experimental and the working wavelength is from

400 nm to 660 nm as shown in Figure 2. We also have demonstrated full-color imaging performance as shown in Figure 3. Finally, the low-cost and semiconductor manufacture compatibility makes our metalens suitable for applications in nanophotonics and integrated optics in the visible, such as robotic vision, light field imaging, autonomous vehicles, vehicle sensing, unmanned aircraft detection and virtual reality.

Figure2 Experimental light intensity profiles for the achromatic metalens at various incident wavelengths. The white dashed line indicates the position of the focal plane.

Figure3 Full color images by the achromatic metalens

Division Life Sciences TIC236 Links the Outer and Inner Membrane Translocons of the Chloroplast Yih-Lin Chen, Lih-Jen Chen, Chiung-Chih Chu, Po-Kai Huang, Jie-Ru Wen, and Hsou-Min Li Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica Publication： “ TIC236 Links the Outer and Inner Membrane Translocons of the Chloroplast”, Nature 564 (2018): 125-129. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-0180713-y.

Abstract： The two-membrane envelope is a defining feature of the chloroplast. Most chloroplast proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and translocated across the chloroplast envelope by the TOC and TIC (translocons at the outer and inner envelope membranes of chloroplasts, respectively) machineries, but how TOC and TIC are assembled together is unknown. Here we report the identification of a new TIC component TIC236. TIC236 is an integral inner-membrane protein protruding into the intermembrane space and directly binds the outer-membrane channel TOC75. The knockout mutation of TIC236 is embryonically lethal. In TIC236-knockdown mutants, less inner-membrane channel TIC20 was associated with TOC75 and the amount of TOC-TIC supercomplexes was reduced, resulting in a reduced protein import rate into chloroplasts. The size and the essential nature of TIC236 indicate that a long and stable protein bridge in the intermembrane space is required for protein translocation into chloroplasts. Furthermore, our evolutionary analyses show that TIC236 has co-evolved with TOC75 throughout the plant lineage, suggesting that the backbone of the chloroplast protein import machinery evolved from a bacterial protein secretion system.

Chloroplasts evolved from a Gram-negative cyanobacterial endosymbiont. During the evolution, genes of the endosymbiont have been transferred to the host nuclear genome. Most chloroplasts proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and post-translationally imported into chloroplasts via the TOC and TIC complexes at the chloroplast envelope. One of the biggest unsolved questions concerning chloroplast protein import is how TOC and TIC complexes are assembled together. To identify new components of the translocon complexes, we immunoprecipitated TOC75 from solubilized leucoplast membranes, rather than chloroplast membranes, to avoid protein detection interference by the extremely abundant photosyntheTIC proteins. Coimmunoprecipitated proteins were then identified by mass spectrometry. In addition to known components of TOC and TIC complexes, a protein we named TIC236 was detected. TIC236 has a transit peptide and a transmembrane domain at its N terminus and a huge soluble domain at its C terminus. We showed that TIC236 is an integral inner membrane protein protruding into the inter membrane space, is associated with other TOC and TIC components and is detected in the TOC-TIC supercomplexes (Figure 1). Knockout mutation in TIC236 is embryonically lethal. We obtained two TIC236-knockdown mutant alleles. Both mutants showed severe growth defects and reduced protein import into chloroplasts (Figure 2). Sequence comparison revealed that TIC236 is a distant homologue of E. coli TamB. TamB uses its C-terminal

DUF490 domain to bind the POTRA domains of the outermembrane protein TamA, which is a homolog of TOC75. Like TamB, TIC236 has a DUF490 domain at its C terminus. We therefore tested the interaction between TIC236 and TOC75. Recombinant protein pull down assays showed that TIC236 DUF490 interacted with TOC75 POTRAs in vitro. We then treated isolated intact chloroplasts with the chemical crosslinker SMCC and showed that TIC236 and TOC75 can be crosslinked together by SMCC, which has a spacer arm of only 8.3 Å. The data indicated that there are direct contacts between TIC236 and TOC75 in vivo. We further showed that in TIC236 mutant chloroplasts, the amount of TOC-TIC supercomplexes are reduced, and much less TIC20, the channel protein of TIC complexes, can be co-immunoprecipitated with TOC75 (Figure 3). We therefore concluded that TIC236 is the link between the TIC and TOC complexes. We also performed evolution analyses to determine whether TIC236 and TOC75 have co-evolved throughout the plant lineage, which would provide further support for their functional interaction. Sequences of DUF490 domains of TIC236 orthologues and POTRA domains of TOC75 orthologues from 48 representative species — including cyanobacteria, red algae, green algae and land plants—were aligned and input into the MirrorTree server. A strong correlation was generated (r = 0.943, P < 10 6) (Figure 4), which suggests that the DUF490 and POTRA domains co-evolved from cyanobacteria to land plants. This implies that the backbone of the chloroplast proteinimport machinery evolved from a possible orthologous

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA TIC236–TOC75 complex in cyanobacteria, and that it is related to the TamB–TamA protein secretion systems of proteobacteria. Other components of the chloroplast import machinery— such as TIC channel proteins and

stromal chaperon ATPases—were recruited later and new components — such as TOC159 and TIC110 — evolved, resulting in the establishment of the current chloroplast translocon.

Figure1 TIC236 is an integral inner-membrane protein and a member of the TOC– TIC supercomplexes. All panels show results of SDS–PAGE and immunoblotting with antibodies as labelled, except where indicated. a, Schematic of domain structure of Arabidopsis TIC236. TP (white box), transit peptide. TM (grey box), predicted transmembrane domain. The numbers designate the amino acid residue number, with the initiation methionine of TIC236 preprotein as 1. b, Pea chloroplasts (Ch) were fractionated into the outer (OM) and inner (IM) envelope membranes, stroma (S) and thylakoids (Thy). The blue dot indicates a degradation product of TIC236. GS2, stromal glutamine synthetase. CAB, thylakoid chlorophyll a/b binding protein. c, Pea chloroplasts were separated into pellet and supernatant (sup) fractions by alkaline extraction. Bottom panel shows samples stained with Coomassie blue. d, Pea chloroplasts (left lane) were treated with thermolysin (T-lysin) or trypsin. e, Membranes of chloroplasts treated with 1 mM dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP) were solubilized with 1% decylmaltoside (input) and immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-TOC75, antiTIC110 or anti-TIC236 antibodies. f, Pea chloroplasts that contain translocating [35S]prRBCS were solubilized by 1% decylmaltoside and analyzed by a 15–45% linear sucrose density gradient. Fractions were analyzed by SDS–PAGE followed by fluorography for [35S]prRBCS. RBCL, the large subunit of RuBisCO. g, Pea chloroplasts were solubilized with 1% digitonin and analyzed by 2D BN-PAGE.

Figure2 tic236 mutant phenotypes. a, Exon and intron organization of TIC236 and the T-DNA or transposon insertion positions of the three tic236-mutant alleles. Black and white boxes represent exons and introns, respectively. Grey triangle, 3’ UTR. The exact length of the TIC236 5’UTR has not been determined. LB, left border of T-DNA; ATG, the translation initiation methionine. b, Siliques from tic236-1 heterozygous (tic236-1+/−) and wild-type (Col) plants. c, Leaf phenotypes of tic236-2 and tic236-3 mutants and their corresponding wild types (Col and No-0, respectively). Inserts, 24-day-old seedlings. Scale bar (red lines), 1 cm. d, Preproteins (Tr) were imported into isolated chloroplasts from tic236-2 or tic236-3, and the corresponding wild types (Col or No0, respectively). The region of the gel around CAB is shown below the fluorograph. prTIC40 and prRBCS were imported together into the same chloroplast preparation, as were prHSP93 and prOE23. pr, precursor form of the respective preprotein; m, mature form of the respective preprotein.

Figure3 TIC236 directly binds to TOC75 and tic236 mutant chloroplasts have reduced amounts of TOC–TIC supercomplexes. a, Proteins were synthesized by in vitro translation. Equal moles of GST, GST–DUF490 or GST–DUF490ΔC were incubated with a quarter amount of POTRA1–POTRA2–POTRA3–His6 (POTRA1+2+3-His6). Proteins pulled down by metal affinity resin were analyzed by SDS–PAGE and fluorography. The amounts of GST–DUF490 and GST– DUF490ΔC pulled down were quantified. b, Membranes from Arabidopsis chloroplasts treated with 0.5 mM SMCC were solubilized by 1% LDS (input) and immunoprecipitated with anti-TOC75 or the preimmune serum, analyzed by SDS–PAGE and immunoblotting, and then hybridized to anti-TOC75 or anti-TIC236 antibodies. c, Total membranes of isolated Arabidopsis wildtype ( WT ) and tic236 -mutant chloroplasts were solubilized (input) and immunoprecipitated with anti-TOC75 antibodies. d, ATP-depleted [35S]prRBCS was incubated with ATP-depleted wild-type (WT) and tic236 (236)-mutant chloroplasts under various concentrations of added ATP in the dark for 10 min. Chloroplasts were solubilized with 1% digitonin and analyzed by BN-PAGE or SDS–PAGE.

Figure4 Evolutionary relationship of TIC236 and TOC75. a, Co-evolution of DUF490 domain of TIC236 and POTRA domains of TOC75. r , Pearson correlation coefficient. One-sided t -test. b, The TamB–TamA and TamB–BamA systems in E. coli and Borrelia burgdorferi , and the TIC236–TOC75 system in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Major chloroplast translocon components are drawn. Cyanobacterial homologues for chloroplast translocon components, if present, are also drawn. Whether cyanobacterial TIC236 and TOC75 orthologues form a complex remains to be investigated. The grey circles in B. burgdorferi and E. coli represent other components of the BAM system. cpHSC70, chloroplast stromal HSC70.

Division Life Sciences Myosin-Va Is Required for Preciliary Vesicle Transportation to the Mother Centriole During Ciliogenesis Chien-Ting Wu1,2, Hsin-Yi Chen2, and Tang K. Tang1,2 1

Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Publicationďź&#x161;

Nature Cell Biology 20 (2018): 175-185. DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0018-7.

Abstractďź&#x161; Primary cilia play essential roles in signal transduction and development. Defects in cilium assembly cause a number of genetic disorders known as ciliopathies, including loss of vision/hearing, disturbing kidney function, organ left-right displacement, and defects in brain development. The docking of preciliary vesicles at the distal appendages of a mother centriole is an initial/critical step during ciliogenesis. Here, we show that myosin-Va-mediated transportation of preciliary vesicles to the mother centriole is the earliest event that defines the onset of ciliogenesis and reveal its underling mechanism. This important finding should have a significant impact on the molecular basis of ciliogenesis and provide a fundamental understanding of ciliopathies.

Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles protruding from the apical cell surface to perform a wide variety of biological functions. Defects in cilium assembly cause a number of genetic disorders known as ciliopathies, which are characterized by loss of vision/ hearing, disturbing kidney function, organ left-right displacement, and defects in brain development. Cilium assembly is a highly ordered process, which has been classified into the intracellular and the extracellular pathways, depended on cell types. At the very beginning of ciliogenesis, several small preciliary vesicles (PCVs) first appeared and transported to the distal appendage (DA) of the mother centriole (M-centriole), followed by fusing to form a large primary ciliary vesicle (CV). The axoneme, a microtubule-based cytoskeleton, then grows and elongates within the CV, which later forms the ciliary sheath that surrounds the ciliary shaft. The ciliary shaft eventually becomes the ciliary membrane, while the ciliary sheath docks and fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing to protrude a cilium. Although, the structure and morphology of primary cilia has been well documented, the molecular basis that defines the onset of ciliogenesis remains mysterious.

We uncover for the first time the role of MyosinVa in the initial step of cilium assembly and reveal the underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that the Myosin-Va-mediated transportation of preciliary vesicle to the M-centriole is the earliest event that defines the onset of ciliogenesis. We found that Myosin-Va is the earliest marker that first appears on PCV, CV, and ciliary sheath during ciliogenesis (Figure 1). Furthermore, MyosinVa is required for the trafficking of PCVs to the mother centriole in ciliated cells using both the intracellular and the extracellular pathways, implying that this process is universal (Figure 2). Importantly, we reveal the molecular mechanisms of the initial step of cilium assembly. MyosinVa mediates the transportation of PCVs to the centrosomal region surrounding the centrosome through a dyneinand microtubule-dependent pathway, followed by trafficking of Myosin-Va-associated PCVs to the M-centriole via the centrosome-associated branched actin network (Figure 3). This important finding provides the molecular basis for in-depth understanding of cilium assembly and human ciliopathy.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Figure1 Myo-Va localizes to the preciliary vesicle, ciliary vesicle, and ciliary sheath during ciliogenesis. (a) Correlative fluorescence light electron microscopy (CFLEM) analysis of the localization of GFP-Myo-Va-GTD during ciliogenesis. (b) A schematic shows the localization of Myo-Va (green) with other ciliary membrane proteins during ciliogenesis. DA, distal appendage; sDA, subdistal appendage.

Figure2 The spatial-temporal localization of Myo-Va in RPE1 and IMCD3 cells, which use the intracellular and extracellular pathways, respectively. RPE1 (a) or IMCD cells (b) were serum starved, released at different time points, and analyzed by 3D-SIM using the indicated antibodies. (c) A schematic model showing the localization of Myo-Va (green) in cells that use the intracellular or extracellular pathways for ciliogenesis.

Figure3 Model for the role of Myo-Va in the trafficking of PCVs to the DAs of the mother centriole during ciliogenesis. Myo-Va is required for the trafficking of PCVs to the DAs of the mother centriole at the very early stage of ciliogenesis and this process occurs via a dynein- and MT-dependent pathway and requires the centrosome-associated Arp2/3 complex to locally nucleate F-actin at the centrosome. DA, distal appendage; sDA, subdistal appendage.

Division Life Sciences PSPC1 Mediates TGF-beta1 Autocrine Signalling and Smad2/3 target Switching to Promote EMT, Stemness and Metastasis Yeh HW1,2, Hsu EC1, Lee SS1,3, Lang YD1, Lin YC1,2, Chang CY1,3, Lee SY1,2, Gu DL1, Shih JH1,4, Ho CM1,5, Chen CF6, Chen CT7, Tu PH1, Cheng CF1, Chen RH8, Yang RB1, Jou YS1,2,3,4,5 1 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 2Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center 3 Taiwan International Graduate Program and Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, 4Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, 5Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, 6VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, 7Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 8Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Publication： Nature Cell Biology 20.4 (2018): 479-491.

Abstract： Tumor metastasis is the main cause of death of cancer patients. However, mechanisms of metastatic reprogramming remain elusive. We identified PSPC1 (paraspeckle component 1) as a master modulator for metastatic switch due to its aberrant copy number alteration with altered gene expression associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Expression of PSPC1 increased aggressive metastatic phenotype such as tumorigenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness and metastasis. PSPC1 is the contextual determinant of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) pro-metastatic switch in cancer cells. PSPC1 preferentially switches Smads targets from cytostatic genes in normal cells to pro-metastatic ones in malignant cancer cells. We concluded that PSPC1 is the reprogramming factor for pro-metastatic switch led to poor prognosis of cancer patients.

Tumor metastasis and the invasion of cancer cells are the main causes of death in cancer patients. However, the mechanisms of metastatic reprogramming in tumor progression remained elusive to scientists. To identify the key gene for cancer metastasis, we used integrated cancer genomic approaches to study and analyze tissue samples of malignant tumors from lung cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, and prostate cancer to look for gene mutations, abnormalities, and other factors related to the survival rate of patients. We identified paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1) located on human chromosome 13q12.11 region is overexpressed in numerous of cancer types and associated with poor prognosis and low survival rates (Figure 1). Expression of PSPC1 in cancer cells promote cell proliferation, invasion and tumor metastasis. Moreover, PSPC1 increased aggressive metastatic phenotype such as tumorigenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT ), stemness and metastasis via up-regulation of the core transcription factors (EMT-TFs, CSC-TFs and c-Myc). These results suggested that PSPC1 functions as a master regulator in tumor progression could serve as a theranostic target to counter cancer metastasis (Figure 2). Previous studies have shown that the activation of the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β 1), a secreted protein that performs various cellular functions,

is a key mechanism of cancer metastasis. In general, TGF- β 1 controls cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis, activating cytostasis to sustain homeostasis in normal cells. However, this protein exerts dichotomous roles. In contrast to normal cells, in cancerous cells, TGF-β1, in its altered gene expression, acts in the opposite manner, promoting the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. During the late and advanced stages of cancer, TGF-β1 can be found in large amounts in tumor tissues. Yet, exactly how this “two-faced” protein functions has puzzled scientists since the specific function of TGF-β1 varies depending on the progression of cancer. We identified PSPC1 as a master modulator for the metastatic switch. We found that PSPC1 is upregulated or overtly expressed in tumor tissues and also responsible for reprogramming the TGF-β1 protein in cancer cells. In other words, in normal cells, PSPC1 is expressed in low levels, and TGF- β 1 functions normally, inhibiting cell proliferation; however, when expressed in high levels in cancer cells, PSPC1 interacts with the Smad2/3 protein, which are main signal transducers for receptors of the TGF-β1 protein, to increase TGF-β1 expression and the autocrine signaling of cancer cells. More importantly, PSPC1 preferentially switches Smads targets from cytostatic genes in normal cells to pro-metastatic ones

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA in malignant cancer cells, ultimately creating a favorable environment for the growth and proliferation of cancer cells (Figure 3). Together, we identified PSPC1 is a key regulatory gene for controlling the deterioration and spread of cancer is uncovered by the scientific community. The discovery of the lead role that the PSPC1 oncogene plays in reprograming the mechanism of cell proliferation as well as the corresponding changes found in the function of the TGF- Î˛ 1 protein are novel and cutting-edge breakthroughs in the field of cancer research. Since PSPC1

can be suppressed to diminish proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, stemness and metastasis, PSPC1 is a new theranostic target for drugs that can counter cancer metastasis, spurring progress in anticancer drug research (Figure 4). The study was published online as an article in the Nature Cell Biology on Mar 28 and highlighted by the News & Views of Nature Cell Biology in April issue 2018. Moreover, the article was highlighted by other Journals including Cancer Research and Faculty 1000.

Figure1 PSPC1 is overexpressed in multiple cancer types and associated with

Figure3 PSPC1 interacted with Smad2/3 to preferentially switch Smad2/3 targets

poor patient survival.

from tumor suppressor/apoptotic genes to EMT/stemness genes.

Figure2 PSPC1 promote cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, stemness and metastasis in vitro and in vivo.

Figure4 PSPC1 is lowly expressed in normal cells to keep homeostasis of normal cells. However, when PSPC1 is overexpressed in cancer cells, PSPC1 will hijack Smad2/3 and switch their binding preference from tumor suppressor genes in normal cells to tumor progressive genes in cancer cells.

Division of Humanities and Social Sciences Leprosy Doctors in China’s Post-Imperial Experimentation: Metaphors of a Disease and Its Control Shao-hua Liu Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica Publication： Leprosy Doctors in China’s Post-Imperial Experimentation: Metaphors of a Disease and Its Control (Taipei: Acropolis, 2018), 512 pages.

Abstract： This book investigates China’s leprosy control during its collective era and sheds light on the invisible history of leprosy doctors. Leprosy control is a highly stigmatized profession formed by the Chinese government in the 1950s. These doctors worked strenuously on leprosy control during China’s 30-year political turmoil. In 1980, leprosy prevalence in China hit below one per ten thousand, a criterion of elimination according to the WHO. This book examines nationalist politics, public health campaigns, disease metaphors, and individual lives under China’s “Post-imperial experimentation” that began in the 1950s. The political discourse and practice unraveled the socialist humanitarianism and its impacts, and pushed us to inquire how China achieved its success and its social cost. It also informs us how we may evaluate the implications of China’s health success to the world.

This book investigates China's leprosy control during its collective era and sheds light on the invisible history of leprosy doctors. Leprosy control is a highly stigmatized profession formed by the Chinese government in the 1950s. These doctors worked strenuously on leprosy control during China's 30-year political turmoil. In 1980, leprosy prevalence in China hit below one per ten thousand, a criterion of elimination according to the WHO. This research is an inquiry related to socio-medical history: how can we evaluate the efficacy, cost, and impact of disease control? This book uses the vantage point of leprosy doctors, rarely focused in current literature, to examine China's leprosy control campaign and analyze nationalist politics, public health campaigns, disease metaphors, and individual lives under China's "Post-imperial experimentation" that began in the 1950s. The political discourse and practice unraveled the socialist humanitarianism, and pushed us to inquire how China achieved its success and its social cost. It also informs us how we may evaluate the implications of China's health success to the world. These historical explorations originated from the questions developed in my ethnographic fieldwork, and it took me over ten years to complete the interdisciplinary inquiry. My initial anthropological encounter began with a few medical professionals who were unusually low-key, compared to general medical doctors, and reluctant to talk about their past medical practices. My exploration of China's leprosy control further indicated that a long history of missionary medicine prior to 1949 and the health infrastructure established during the Republican era were virtually erased, or at least brushed aside, in the post-

1949 official historiography and related medical literature. Socialist China generally attributes its success in leprosy control exclusively to its socialist humanitarianism— a claim I found puzzling. To explore my inquires, this book engaged in systematic collection of oral histories from doctors and patients, official archives, and medical publications in order to reconstruct a historical process with a focus on leprosy-affected people. In so doing, this book can also explain the present challenges facing leprosy control and care in China. This book addresses three main arguments. First, by defining and positioning China's post-imperial experimentation in its socialist modernity drive, we can see clearly the attitude and practice of Chinese collectives toward history, Western missionaries, Soviet hegemony, biomedical genealogy, and the development paradigm and its practice during its collective era. Moreover, we can also see the accommodation and ambivalence of the public toward such discourse and practice. Second, although China's official discourse on the history of its biomedical development after 1949 denied various Western influences and shifted toward the Soviet paradigm, judging from medical institution, medical infrastructure, medical education and the languages of medical texts, as well as the paradigm of health development, we can still see clearly the legacy of those health professionals in the biomedical training sponsored mostly by Western missionaries or the Republican government. Under a myriad of politicomedical influences beyond their control, these leprosy doctors developed and shaped the characteristics of

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA China's public health at the grassroots level. Third, the current literature on healthcare improvement in socialist China mostly stressed the positive effects of political campaigns, the professionalization of public health at the grassroots level, or the diffusion of scientific disease control in the countryside during its collective era. In contrast, in the case of leprosy control, this book sheds light on the two sides of a coin: the effective and negative implications of scientism practiced in China's grassroots health campaign. On one hand, a health campaign that emphasized scientific knowledge did implement effective disease control and mobilized health workers in the

Figure1 Book cover.

Figure2 Leprosy victims climb up to

countryside. On the other hand, unscientific fear of leprosy contagion was also an entrenched belief and prevailed among health workers in the so-called scientific disease control. Scientism and its stigma effect in China's leprosy control is not only an important aspect to understanding the situations of leprosy patients; it is also a crucial point to examining the politics that has enmeshed leprosy doctors and their profession, as well as to understanding the challenges and obstructions of leprosy control and care at present. All these issues point to the longlasting controversy between public health practices and individual freedom.

Figure3 A leprosy doctor provides health education to a leprosy patient in

their segregated village on the top of a hill after shopping daily goods. Photo by Shaohua Liu.

the field. Courtesy: Guifang Zhang.

Figure4 The Second International Conference on Leprosy was held in Bergen, Norway, in August, 1909. In the fourth row and the third from the left is Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Representative Dr. Hao Zheng. Courtesy: Bergen City Museum/Leprosy Museum.

Division of Humanities and Social Sciences The Sino-Japanese War and the Changes in East Asia Tzu-Chin Huang、Pan Kuang-Che Pan Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica Publication： The Sino-Japanese War and the Changes in East Asia (Daw Shiang Publishing, 2018), pages.

Abstract： The war between China and Japan from 1937 to 1945 without a doubt played a significant role in shaping the 20th century. The basis of Sino-Japanese war research is often nationalist in outlook; the countries involved in the war each have their own interpretation of its history. Scholarly research stemming from different perspectives has made reaching a consensus in the history of the war extremely difficult and has hindered the possibility of mutual reconciliation. In order to solve this problem, this book provides a unique and innovating addition to the research field of “Sino-Japanese War” studies. Furthermore, the book argues that the countries of Asia, existing together, can use history as a resource in the search for “co-prosperity.”

Background

Brief Introduction

Without a debate, the war between China and Japan from 1937 to 1945 played a significant role in shaping the 20th century. The cause, development and effect of the Sino-Japanese war are topics that have been studied extensively by scholars around the world. Unfortunately, the basis of Sino-Japanese war research often comes from a nationalism perspective because the countries involved in the war each have their own interpretation of the history. Scholarly research stemming from varying perspectives has made reaching a consensus in the history of the war extremely difficult and has hindered the possibility of mutual reconciliation. In order to solve this problem, scholars around the world are cooperating with each other to provide cross-border perspectives on historical research. As a consequence, this book includes Sinology of East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Western, through transnational academic interaction attempt to establish more objective historical interpretation. Not only promote the study of the SinoJapanese war take it up a notch, but also enhance Taiwan’s academic status in the history of Sino-Japanese war.

The authors of this book include scholars from Taiwan, Mainland China, Japan, Korea, Western Countries, India, Burma, Vietnam and Malaysia, moving past the limitations of a nationalistic perspective on history. This book contains 28 articles and examines modern Asian history through five main themes: "The wartime socialeconomical system and its legacy," "Various aspect of party politics, government and military during the war,""The war and international diplomacy," "The plan and practical actions for Post-war Asia," and "The war and Asia". The 28 articles are breaking the Sino-Japanese War only discussing the "China and Japan," from the perspectives of the Asia as a whole, included explore the process of Sino-Japanese war from multiple angles and discusses its influence on the Asian history after the war. Conclusion and Outlook

This book is based on the perspective of Asia as a whole, trying to understand the multiple perspectives in its analysis of history, this book hopes to provide a unique and innovating example to the research field of "Sino-Japanese War." Hope that the historians of the world will get rid of ideology, such as Imperialism, colonialism, nationalism or communism, at the same time collaborative research in the Sino-Japanese War to establish a new historical perspective. Furthermore, it also seeks to reveal the fact that all Asian countries are existing together and searching for "co-prosperity" by inspirations of history.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Figure1 This is the bookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cover image. Rather than discussing the Sino-Japanese War only as a conflict between "China and Japan," the book looks at it from the perspective of Asia as a whole.

Figure3 The situation in North China after the conclusion of the Tanggu Truce. After the conclusion of the Tanggu Truce, among the six provinces of North China, the Nanjing National Government only controlled Henan Province. The others had a semi-independent status.

Figure2 Scale distribution of the power industry in early 1940s Northeast China. The power industry prospered in northeast China in the early 1940s, especially in Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, and Harbin.

Division of Humanities and Social Sciences Resurgence of China: A Dialogue between History and International Relations Yu-Shan Wu Institute of Political Science, Academic Sinica Publication： Resurgence of China: A Dialogue between History and International Relations (Taipei: Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, National Taiwan University, 2018), 311 pages.

Abstract： This volume approaches the issue of China’s resurgence from three perspectives: Theoretical Overview; Is China Unique: Judged from the Behaviors of Various Historical Dynasties-Han, Tang, and Qing; Is China Unique: Judged from China’s Relations with Neighbors-North Asia, Qinghai-Tibet, and Vietnam. The authors find that it takes both realist and culturalist factors to account for external behaviors of historical China, with the realist factors playing a more significant role. This volume crosses the boundaries not only between humanities and social sciences, but also between academic and policy research. It offers a pioneer, highly innovative investigation into a most significant development in world politics and international relations. It also serves as a cornerstone for a comparative and transtemporal study of cross-Strait relations.

For the study of contemporary international relations, the most significant development in the Post-Cold War era is the resurgence of China and its drive toward the country's historical prominence in the East Asian region and the world. The very nature of China's resurgence as a research subject requires collaboration between international relations scholars well versed in theoretical training and social scientific methodology and historians with deep understanding of Chinese history, a condition uniquely present in Taiwan but rarely exploited with vigor. In Taiwan, international relations and history are academic disciplines separated by their different curiosities, concepts, methodologies, research agendas, institutions, and personnel. While history is rooted in humanities as a core discipline therein, international relations (particularly in its American tradition) is a branch of social sciences that strictly adhere to the "scientific"paradigm. However, in order to explore into China's resurgence, it is imperative that the perspectives of both disciplines be brought to interact and add to each other. In order to break the disciplinary boundaries, this volume assembles distinguished scholars from international relations and history for an unprecedented dialogue. We approach China's' resurgence from three perspectives: Theoretical Overview ( Western theories, the China School, and the Taiwan School); Is China Unique: Judged from the Behaviors of Various Historical Dynasties ─ Han, Tang, and Qing; and Is China Unique: Judged from China's Relations with Neighbors ─ North Asia, Qinghai-Tibet, and Vietnam. The main question is whether the "universally applicable" IR theories (particularly the most influential realist school) suffice to explain China's external behaviors, and weather it is necessary to invoke a culturalist explanation. In short, we investigate into the applicability 48

of universalism and culturalism in the explanation of China's historical behaviors. This is a critical question. The current resurgence of China that we are witnessing is the fourth wave of China's rise in history, after the prominent dynasties of Qin-Han, Sui-Tang, and Ming-Qing. China has begun exerting great influence in East Asia and in the world, with Taiwan taking the brunt. Through theoretical, time-specific, and region-focused studies, authors in the volume find that it takes both realist and culturalist factors to account for foreign policies of historical China, with the former playing a more significant role in the long term and in a general sense. Such findings put the authors (the Taiwan School) in the middle position between the universalists and the culturalists. It challenges both Western IR theories and the Chinese culturalist paradigm by pointing out the insufficiencies of both in rendering a full explanation of the Chinese historical behaviors, and integrates the two types of factors (realist and culturalist) in a framework that recognizes the long-term prominence of realism, and the critical role played by China's national capacity in determining the relative importance of these two types of factors. In essence, this volume argues a specific prioritizing and sequencing of the two theories, and not the two theories in themselves, offers a sufficient understanding of China's external behaviors. It provides a "historically-informed IR studies" perspective to analyze China's historical behaviors, treads a new path in the field, measure the explanatory vigor of Western theories and Chinese culturalist paradigm, explores the analytical depth of an effective dialogue between history and international relations studies, and in so doing builds confidence in the interactions between the two disciplines, and between humanities and social sciences. At a time when China's resurgence defines the rapid structural changes of the

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA international system, this volume captures the main theme of international relations in the 21st century, and applies it to cross-Strait relations. It crosses the boundaries not only between humanities and social sciences, but also between academic and policy research. It offers a pioneer, highly innovative investigation into a most significant development in world politics and international relations. It also serves as a cornerstone for a comparative and transtemporal study of cross-Strait relations by providing a deep understanding of China's historical behaviors towards its neighbors in East Asia, and exploring into how its neighbors interact with this regional hegemon. Finally, it points out a promising future agenda that looks into the mechanisms that sustain historical patterns in modern times, and a greater comparative reach that expands into

other regions (such as Eastern Europe) and times (such as the Hellenistic period).

Figure1 This volume takes advantage of Taiwan’s unique academic endowment by putting together international relations and historical studies scholars for an interdisciplinary investigation of the resurgence of China. It signifies the birth of the “Taiwan School” in the field of Historically-Informed International Relations Studies.

Figure2 During the high-Tang period, China responded to stimuli from non-vassal states with constraint. Even with enormous power in its hands, the Tang Court took a low-intensity response strategy in dealing with non-vassal states.

Figure3 During the high-Tang period, China responded to stimuli from its East Asian vassal states with great intensity. The Tang Court met challenges with punitive actions while reciprocated generously to submissive gestures by its vassal states. Compared with the low-intensity response pattern in its relation with non-vassal states, the Tang Court responded to its closest neighbors with much more carrots and much bigger sticks. Here we see the impact of culture on China’s external behaviors.

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Multi-dimensional Wave Propagation over a Burgers Shock Profile Tai-Ping Liu, Shih-Hsien Yu Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 229.1 (2018): 231-337.

Shock waves occur in many physical situations and represent drastic changes in the media. There is a good mathematical understanding of shock propagation in one spatial dimension. Due to the dispersion of waves, there is only preliminary study of propagation of shock waves in several spatial dimensions. This paper consider the core issue of waves dispersing around a compressive shock profile in two spatial dimensions. With Shih-Hsien Yu of Singapore National University, we initiate a new approach for this study. Our analysis is based on the new algorithm of explicitly constructing the Green’s function for the system linearized around the shock profile using the Fourier-Laplace transform to study the wave propagation, see Figure. We first construct Green’s function for the system linearized around the inviscid profile by matching the two half space problems. The Green’s function around the shock profile is then constructed by iterations. Our approach is of general nature. We carry out the approach for a simple model possessing the Burgers shocks and wave structure similar to acoustic cones in multi-dimensional gas flows. The approach exhibits a rich phenomenon of wave propagating along and dispersing away from the shock profile.

Strong Maximum Principle for Mean Curvature Operators on SubRiemannian Manifolds Jih-Hsin Cheng, Hung-Lin Chiu, Jenn-Fang Hwang, Paul Yang Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica Mathematische Annalen 372.3-4 (2018): 1393-1435.

We study the strong maximum principle for horizontal (p - ) mean curvature operator and p -(sub)laplacian operator on subriemannian manifolds including, in particular, Heisenberg groups and Heisenberg cylinders. Under a certain Hormander type condition on vector ﬁelds, we show the strong maximum principle holds in higher dimensions for two cases: (a) the touching point is nonsingular; (b) the touching point is an isolated singular point for one of comparison functions. For a background subriemannian manifold with local symmetry of isometric translations, we have the strong maximum principle for associated graphs which include, among others, intrinsic graphs with constant horizontal (p -) mean curvature (see Figure 1). As applications, we show a rigidity result of horizontal (p -) minimal hypersurfaces in any higher dimensional Heisenberg cylinder and a pseudo-halfspace theorem for any Heisenberg group.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA LETTERS NATURE PHYSICS

NATURE PHYSICS

Here, the steady-state balance of the transition rates Γk→l deterb Here, the steady-state balance of the transitio mines the level populations ρkk. In this model, PaD is: limited by the 2.0 5.8 mines the level populations ρkk. In this model, reciprocal quality factor Qr−1 ≡ γ ; non-vanishing at all 5.8 values of flux reciprocal quality factor Qr−1 ≡ γ ; non-vanishing even far away from the resonance; affected, around fq = fr, by fast 1.5 even far away from the resonance; affected, ar 1.5 variation of populations, energy splitting, and matrix elements. variation of populations, energy splitting, an 5.4 Experimental data for a QH-type sample recorded at Tph = 45 mK 5.4 Experimental data for of a QH-type recoC 1.0 capacitance of magnitude lower than the quantum of thermal conductance a couplingsample are presented in Fig. 3a. Here, different traces, representing the 1.0 presented inthree Fig.orders 3a. Here, trace in Fig.different 2a. Inspection total thermal conductance betweenare the reservoirs to be estimate for the power absorbed by the drain reservoir, correspond apply standard perturbation theory to describe Wepower expect absorbed the dard29bytransmission estimate for it.the the drain rea re to different thermal biases applied between the source reservoir 5.0 0.5 voir–reservoir coupling to be relatively weak, which allows us to feedline. Typical two-t to different thermal biases applied between 0.5 (TS, controlled in the 100–330 mK range) and the5.0 drain reservoir In modelling the system, one can consider the photonic reser- arm of the transmon is (TS, its controlled in the 100–330 mK range) and nator (fd ≈ 7.4 GHz) is source of losses in the resonator, so that quality factor Qr ≡ 1/γ. (unbiased temperature TD ≈ 100 mK). The traces show a sizeable temperature TD ≈ ground 100 mK). trac planeThe without factor. In our design the relaxation(unbiased to the reservoir is the dominant 0.0 amount of flux-independent power transmitted to the drain reser- PHYSICS NATURE LETTERS 0.0 4.6 amount of the flux-independent power transmitted the source and dra additional dissipation can significantly decrease effective quality in voir. This is particularly impressive for complete 4.6 resonator–qubit 0.66 0.68 0.70 0 1 2 nation; depending on the transparency the is metallic interfaces,impressive QHV in the limit voir. of This particularly forFH compl 0.66 0 1 2 a γ γ ∕ 6ℏhalf-integer ) T at temperature detuning for an applied flux values singlecorresponding channel GQ = (πkB2 to T0.68 (refs 20,280.70 ). Here g g resistance of the N termiwaveguide. Here RN ≈ 2 Ω is the nominal directly probe the flux r = fq/fr Φ/Φ0 detuning for an applied flux corresponding to r = fqZ/f∞r = 50 Ω is the design impedance of the coplanar Φ/Φbased we explore twobetween photonic weak-coupling models, on the 0 of Φ0. The origin of this power flow the reservoirs lieseach in impedance and the dominant transitio of Φ . The origin of this power flow between t appropriate to the impact of reservoir-induced dissipaquality factor Qr = Z0/RN ≈ 20, where Z00= πZ∞/4 is the resonance dent in the dispersion the role of the two mixedformalism S/D resonator eigenmodes spanning the tion compared to the qubit coupling rate. We call these the quasithe role of the mixed resonatorinteracts eigenm Fig. 2 | Fundamental excitations of the resonator-qubit-resonator 6.4 GHz and S/D wave resonator, with expected eigenfrequency fr =two combination f Fig. 2 | Fundamental excitations of the resonator-qubit-resonator wholef resonator–qubit–resonator assembly. Remarkably, approachγ ≃ g Hamiltonian (QH) model for , and non-Hamiltonian (NH) whole resonator–qubit–resonator assembly. Rem Nb ground plane (Fig. 1d). This configuration results in a quarter- are in general non-deg assembly. a, Two-tone transmission spectroscopy data centred in ≫ assembly. g , respectively. ing the fq > fr condition near integer flux when bias γvalues resultsa,inTwo-tone an ini- transmission model applicable Conceptually, these two spectroscopy data centred in combinations of theval ei ing the fq > fr condition near integer flux bias the fr ≈ fq region for a sample in the fully Hamiltonian limit. Thin lines, models showcase a different for the Heisenberg cutin(that fr ≈ fq region for a sample the fully Hamiltonian limit. Thin lines, Source Drain f (Φ) tial increase of the absorbed power, followed bythe alocation step-like decrease of eigenstates correspo tial increase of the absorbed power, followed by representing eigenvalues derived from equation (4), are superimposed to is, the separationinteger between the quantum subsystem and its classicalfrom equationelement representing eigenvalues derived (4), are to the scale bar corresponds to 10 μm. In the a → 0, r → 0 limi in superimposed the transmon structure; and a partial revival when reaching Φ/Φ 0 values, where 2 and a partial revival when reaching integer environment): either at the qubit–resonator to reservoir boundaries the experimental data set; optimal matching isbobtained with parameters a is maximal. γat the qubit–resonator γ is obtained bar corresponds 3 μm. e, Scanningsingle electron micrograph of the SQUIDG = (πk ∕ 6 ℏ )Φ T the experimental data set; optimal matching withtoparameters T channel g g fq(Φ) The comparison with the theoretical prediction Q B or interfaces, respectively. In both models, f (Φ) is maximal. The comparison with the th listed under column FH in Supplementary Table 1 with the addition of P (Φ) = –P (Φ) q normal-metal element; the scale of the area We reported a quan listed under column FH in Supplementary Table orthogonal 1 with theview addition of spanned by the provided by equation (5) the with thetonominal Qr = 20 value power each reservoir is given by indicates P provided by shows equation (5) with the nominal Qr = (light grey) on a sapphire substrate (dark grey). The inset a magnified resonator asymmetry a = 0.008 to reproduce thePsecondary avoided we explore two photonic weak G G r resonatorIn asymmetry secondary avoided that the model captures all these features quantitatively. this case,a = 0.008 to reproduce the Ĥ = hf aluminium leads (light blue, online) connecting to the patterned niobium film that the model captures alltwo these features quanti crossing visible at f2nd ≈ 5.47 GHz. b, Overview of the dominant steadybetween nominall PS∕D = ρkk EklΓkaccording T → l ,S∕ D at f2nd crossing visible the dominant (2)b, Overview oftunnel optimal reproduction of experimental data is ∑ found, to ≈ 5.47 GHz. electrodes. Asteadycopper resistor (pink, online) is reproduction in clean contact with formalism appropriate to data theis if optimal of experimental k ,l state transitions between eigenstates contributing to heat transport in the state between eigenstates contributing to heatelectron transport in theof a waveguide termination, including three d, Scanning micrograph the estimates presented in Supplementary Table 1, transitions with g ≈ 0.019 switch is in a Supplementary X-mon qubit the estimates presented Tab quasi-Hamiltonian limit according to equation c(5). For visual clarity, here transmoncompared to each LrCr resonator. to the qubit co of the device; capacitors Cg couple thetion limit ∼ and g∼ ≈ −0.020. These values wellmatrix toquasi-Hamiltonian the directly where ρcompare is the density and ones Ek,l, Γk→l,S/D are theaccording transition to equation (5). For visual clarity, here and . These values compare wellof tb g ≈ − 0 . 020 nators), this choice of the heat valve. b, Thermal model. c, Lumped-element idealization ∼ g = −g∼ = 0.1, a = 0.05. frfor eachofrespective =and 0.05 g =FH-type −g reservoir, = 0.1, asamples; energy and rate the. sum runsfover r applied magnetic field measured from the two-tone spectroscopy the minor asymmetry b measured fromdepiction the two-tone spectroscopy ofΔfth resonant frequency of the transmission lines. a, Conceptual Hamiltonian (QH) model for L C L C q/fr, where fr is the fundamental notably, g/γ = gQr ≈ 0.4. all the eigenstate indices k, l. the addition of the par f the source reservoir TS and of the ratio r ≡ C C notably, g/γ = gQr ≈ 0.4. In the absence of dissipation, a fully Hamiltonian (FH) descripwavelength γ19.≫ gpow the coplanar the when ,qur of applicable the temperature of temperature of the drain reservoir TD model The NH model isv described in ref. 19that with the symmetric resonator eigenmode,v consistent with g = 0.02. . The from The NH model is described inS-resonator, ref. with the symmetric with g = 0.02. as a function The tion considers thepower qubit and the S-reservoir two resonatorsresonator form a sys- eigenmode, consistent drain source { ∣ 000 ⟩ , ∣ 100 ⟩ , ∣ 010 ⟩ , ∣ terminated by a mesoscopic normal-metal reservoir. We study the Additionally, a small (<1%) asymmetry in resonator eigenfrequen- to the D-reservoir reads tem of three coupled harmonic oscillators with level (< spacing coupled the qubit a0 q, Additionally, a small 1%) hfasymmetry insuperconducting resonator eigenfrequento the D-reservoir reads toature different lo argument above, transmission lines ofmodels identical length =showcase 4.6 mm, each Drain fq(Φ) dynamics Φ Source R C L R hfr. This neglects both nonlinear SQUID and occupacies allows the interaction between the qubit and the antisymmetcies allows the interaction between the qubit and the antisymmetresonator-to-resonator by magnetic flux Φ, is capacitively embedded between two fq is tunable tion of higher resonator harmonics, under the justification of copper strip at the oth ric S/D resonator eigenmode, visible as a minor avoided crossing is, the separation between the hilation operators for Fig. 1 | Quantum heat valve design. A transmon qubit, whose level spacing ric S/D resonator eigenmode, visible as a minor avoided crossing 2 quasi-static and)low temperatures in the two reservoirs πhgf n(β hfqubit )−ndrive (β hf πhgf r2 for n(βthe hfS/D-resonators )−n(βDhfq ) at f2nd ≈ 5.47 GHz. These figures set the typical power scale of theX-mon f2nd ≈ 5.47 GHz. These figures set the typical power scale the [βSr∕ Dhfr S≡ hfqr∕(kBTS∕ DD) ≫q1]at SINIS source & of drain , respectively. The second-quantized S q d e electrodes ∕ D andqub environment): either at = at center bPDqubit where a 2 PD = aluminum a Sthe a S∕ Dth qubit-mediated heat transfer to hf r2 g ≈ 0.4fW. 2 hybrid system 0.4fW. qubit-mediated βDreads + coth( hfq ∕as ∕2) [1 + Qr2(r −1∕rT)Hamiltonian ][coth(βSofhfthe 2)] heat transfer to hf r g ≈ T [1 + Qr2(r −1∕r )2 ][coth(βS†hfq∕2) + co q D S We now consider the effect of introducing moderate dissipation +∼ g We now consider moderate dissipation or at the (6) the effect of introducing qubit–resonator inter a superconductor-ins † ∞ † † ∞ (Φ) = –P (Φ) P a S asystem bvia the S/D reservoirs—that is, the quasi-Hamiltonian to the system via the S/D reservoirs—that is, the quasi-Hamiltonian n(xβS hfr )−n(xβĤDhf=r )hfr3[(a Dato D+ S ) + rb S D the n(xβS hfr )−n(xβDhfr ) 3 +g 2 2 + πhκf x dx † regime. † each reservoir tunneling device + (SINIS) πhκf to xis dxg (QH) regime. Equation (2) allows us to determine the power from (3) (2) allows us to determinePthe power from the power r ∫ + b a D + b a S† + b Equation a S ) Penv, S r ∫ [1 + Qr2(x−1∕x )2 ]2 +g (b a D†(QH) [1 + Qr2(x−1∕x )2 ]2Ĥ = hfr env, D 0 the S-reservoir to the D-reservoir as the S-reservoir to the D-reservoir as a

2.0

Ek / (hfr)

f2nd (GHz)

Ek / (hfr)

f2nd (GHz)

Tunable photonic heat transport in a quantum heat valve

Tunable photonic heat in a quantum heat v Alberto Ronzani, Bayan Karimi, Jorden Senior, Yu-Cheng Chang, Joonas T. Peltonen, ChiiDong Chentransport and Jukka P. Pekola Alberto Ronzani, Bayan Karimi, Jorden Senior, Yu-Cheng Chang, Joonas T. Pelton Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica Physics, Aalto University and Institute of Physics, Academia Sin Department of Applied Nature Physics 14 (2018): 991. Nature LETTERS Physics, 14, 991 (2018) r

We reported a quantum switch that can control the heat transport between two nominally identical incoherent heat reservoirs. The heat switch is a X-mon qubit whose level spacing is tunable by an externally applied magnetic field. Each heat reservoir consists of a quarter-wavelength coplanar waveguide resonator which is capacitively coupled to the qubit at one end and terminated to the ground via a copper strip at the other end. The G G one reservoir and ther copper strip is DC connected to two aluminum electrodes through 10 μm 2πhf (E ∕hf ) where n(β hf) = 1/(exp(β hf) − 1) is the equilibrium Tmode popu2πhf (E ∕hf ) where n(βtunable hf) = 1/(exp(β hf)P− equilρ ∣ ⟨k∣ a −a ∣l ⟩∣ ∑ ∣ ⟨k∣ a −a ∣l ⟩∣ photonic heat S∕1)Dis=the (5) lation in each resonator; the second term describes direct P = ρ ∑ (5) lation in each resonator; the second P = ρ ∑ resonatorterm describ aluminum oxide tunnel barriers, forming a Qsuperconductor1 + Q (f ∕f −f ∕f ) 1−e Q 1 + Q (f ∕f −f ∕f ) 1−e ,κ.l O circuit and quantified noted byktha to-resonator photon transfer, quantified by κ. Overall, P is: limited to-resonator photon transfer, coupling g and the reso insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor (SINIS) tunneling Quasi Hamiltonian regime, g ≈ g c Non-Hamiltonian regime, g ≫ g where ρdissimilar is the density matrix switching beh device. The SINIS devices plays the roles of heater in one reservoir energy andThe rateexperimental for each respecw all the eigenstate indices k, l. L C L C sabbatical leave at Prof and thermometer in the other reservoir. We observed tunable C C In the absence of dissipation Jan. - Sep, 2017. The ex tion considers that the qubit v photonic heat transport through this reservoir-qubit-reservoir circuit v Ronzani and tem of Alberto three coupled harmon actively and noted that the interplay between the qubit-resonator coupling Φ C L R R hfr. Thisparticipated neglects both nonlint analysis as well as regu tion of higher resonator har g and the resonator-SINIS coupling g can lead to qualitatively quasi-static qubit drive and low [βS∕ Dhfr ≡ hfr∕(kBTS∕ D) ≫ 1] , dissimilar switching behaviors. d e Hamiltonian of the hybrid syst The experimental work was performed during ChiiDong LETTERS Chen’s sabbatical leave at Prof. Pekola’s lab in Aalto University, Finland during Jan. - Sep, 2017. The experiment was mainly Ĥ = hfr [(a D† a D conducted by post doctor Alberto Ronzani and our graduate student Yu-Cheng Chang. We participated actively the devise design, + g (b a D† + measurement circuit, data analysis as well as regular discussions. +∼ g (a Da S† + D

env, S

env, D

el–ph, S

el–ph, D

n,D

n,S

g (a Da S† + a D†a S )] el–ph, S + ∼

Power (fW)

1.6

1.2

0.8

superconducting transmission lines of identical length = 4.6 mm, each terminated by a mesoscopic normal-metal reservoir. We study the temperature of the drain reservoir TD as a b function of the temperature of Experiment QH themodel source reservoir TS and of the ratio r ≡ fq/fr, where 1.0 fr is the fundamental resonant frequency of the transmission lines. a, Conceptual depiction of the heat valve. b, Thermal350 model. c, Lumped-element idealization 0.8 of the device; capacitors Cg couple the transmon to each LrCr resonator. d, Scanning electron micrograph 300 of a waveguide termination, including threer, 0.6is in clean contact with tunnel electrodes. A copper resistor (pink, online) aluminium leads (light blue, 250 online) connecting to the patterned niobium film (light grey) on a sapphire substrate (dark grey).0.4 The inset shows a magnified orthogonal view of the area spanned by the normal-metal element; the scale n,S 200 bar corresponds to 3 μm. e, Scanning electron micrograph of the SQUID element in the transmon structure; to 10 μm. 0 150 the scale bar corresponds

300

⎛0 0 g ⎜⎜ 0 1 +250 a∕2 ⎜ Ĥ = hfr ⎜⎜ 0 g ⎜⎜ 200 g∼ ⎜⎝⎜ 0

0 0 1.2 ⎟⎞ g g∼ ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟ r g ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ g 1−a ∕ 20.8 ⎟⎠

2 r −β DE kl

S/D

vn,S

Lr, Cr

1.0Cg

350

300

(4)

250

Gel–ph, S

Penv, S

n,D 200

Hamiltonian of the hyb [βS∕ Dhfr ≡ hfr∕(kBTS∕ D) quasi-static qubit drive tion of higher resona hfr. This neglects both tem of three coupled tion considers that th NH model In the absence of di all the eigenstate indice energy and rate for eac where ρ is the densit

S/D

vn,D

QH model

Power (fw)

Experiment

† D

Experiment Lr, Cr

0.8 0.6

PS∕

Tph

0.4

el–ph, D

† 2 where a S∕ D and a S∕ D are the creation and annihilation operators † S/D for the S/D-resonators, while b and b phare the rcreation and anni- D D kk direct2 ∼ hilation operators for the qubit; additionally, g quantifies r resonator-to-resonator coupling. Following the k , llow-tempera-r kl D ture argument above, we choose the minimal four-level basis of { ∣000⟩ , ∣100⟩ , ∣010⟩ , ∣001⟩ } , where the entries in each state refer to the S-resonator, the qubit, and the D-resonator, respectively. With a model of the parameter a = Δf ∕ f ≪ 1 (quantifyingExperiment theNH addition possible r minor asymmetry Δf between350 the eigenfrequencies 1.6 of the two resonators), this choice of basis results in the matrix representation

Power (fW) Drain absorbed power (fW)

2 r

2 S/D r β DE klvalve design. A transmon qubit, whose level spacing Fig. 1 |2Quantum−heat r f iskltunable by magnetic flux Φ, is capacitively embedded between two kl

Source temperature (mK) T (mK)

k ,l

† D

TS (mK)

Drain absorbed power (fW) Power (fw)

2 r

Source temperature (mK) T (mK)

Gel–ph, D

Penv, D

NATURE PHYSICS | www.nature.com/naturephysics NATURE PHYSICS | www.nature.com/naturephysics

NATURE PHYSICS | www.nature.com/naturephysics

Fig. 1 | Quantum heat valve design. A transmon qubit, whose level spacing fq is tunable by magnetic flux Φ, is capacitively embedded between two superconducting transmission lines of identical length = 4.6 mm, each terminated by a mesoscopic normal-metal reservoir. We study the temperature of the drain reservoir TD as a function of the temperature of the source reservoir TS and of the ratio r ≡ fq/fr, where fr is the fundamental resonant frequency of the transmission lines. a, Conceptual depiction of the heat valve. b, Thermal model. c, Lumped-element idealization of the device; capacitors Cg couple the transmon to each LrCr resonator. Scanning electronChen, micrograph of a Ing-Shouh waveguide termination, including three Chia-Wei Lee, Ya-Ling Chiang, Ji-Ting Liu, Yi-Xian Chen, Chau-Hwang Lee,d,Yeng-Long and Hwang tunnel electrodes. A copper resistor (pink, online) is in clean contact with aluminium leads (light blue, online) connecting to the patterned niobium film Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica (light grey) on a sapphire substrate (dark grey). The inset shows a magnified orthogonal view of the area spanned by the normal-metal element; the scale Small 14 (2018): 1802133. bar corresponds to 3 μm. e, Scanning electron micrograph of the SQUID element in the transmon structure; the scale bar corresponds to 10 μm.

Emerging Roles of Air Gases in Lipid Bilayers

Ing-Shouh Hwang, Yeng-Long Chen of Institute of Physics, and Chau-Hwang Lee of Research Center for Applied Sciences, together with their co-workers, reported enrichment of dissolved air gases in lipid bilayers, which affects the mechanical properties and stability of lipid bilayers in aqueous solutions. Experimental measurements were based on differential confocal microscopy and fluorescence microscopy on lipid vesicles, and atomic force microscopy on supported lipid bilayers. In comparison to lipid bilayers in ambient solutions (without gas control), the bilayers in degassed solutions were softer and less stable. High concentrations of nitrogen increased the bending moduli and stability of the lipid bilayers and impeded phase separation in ternary lipid bilayers. Molecular dynamic simulations verified the enrichment of nitrogen and oxygen inside the lipid bilayer and found higher nitrogen aﬃnity to the lipid tails accounts for increased bending rigidity. These findings have fundamental and wide implications for phenomena related to lipid bilayers and cell membranes.

PD(Φ) = –PS(Φ)

Power (aw)

the power to each reser or at the qubit–resona 150 b environment): either at In the a → 0, r → 0 limit, the photon cavity modes contribute a pair 0 150 0.4 0.4 is, the separation betw of eigenstates corresponding to the symmetric and antisymmetric q q D S 100 fq(Φ) −25 Source Drain models showcase a dif combinations of the eigenmodes localized in each resonator. They −25 100 100 model applicable when Nb ground plane (Fig. 1d). This configuration results in a quarter- are in general non-degenerate due to ∼ g ≠ 0, and only the symmetric 0.0 −50 0.0 −50 wave resonator, with expected eigenfrequency fr = 6.4 GHz and combination interacts with the qubit via g. These features are eviHamiltonian (QH) m fr fr quality factor Qr = Z0/RN ≈ 20, where Z0 = πZ∞/4 is the resonance dent in the dispersion of the eigenenergies shown in Fig. tion 0 1 2 3 compared 4 to the q 0 2b, where 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 impedance and Z∞ = 50 Ω is the design impedance of the coplanar the dominant transitions between the levels are also indicated. To formalism appropriate Φ/Φ0 Φ/Φ0 Φ/Φ0 0 probe the flux-dependent spectrum of eigenstates of the waveguide. Here RN ≈ 2 Ω is the nominal resistance of the N termi-Φ/Φdirectly we explore two photon nation; depending on the transparency of the metallic interfaces, QHV in the FH limit (γ ≪ g ) , we use a design where the CPWs g g single channel GQ = (π γ γ a additional dissipation can significantly decrease the effective quality in the source and drain resonators are connectedofdirectly to the Fig. 3flux | Modulation Fig. 3 | Modulation of photonic heat transport. Total heating power absorbed by the drain reservoir as a function of the applied magnetic Φ. Different photonic heat transport. Total heating power absorbed by the drain reservoir as a function of the applied magn factor. In our design the relaxation to the reservoir is the dominant ground plane without resistors. In this design, a diagnostic resotraces to the source temperature values TS shown in the adjacent legend bar. The unbiased temperature of the drain reser traces correspond to the source temperature values the adjacent bar. The unbiased of7.4 theGHz) drainis reservoir is correspond here marked source TofS shown losses ininthe resonator, so legend that its quality factor Qr ≡ 1/γ.temperature nator (fd ≈ capacitively coupled (Cd ≈ 3.4 fF) to the top by ainductively triangle. In each to plot, experimental data are juxtaposed to the optimal fit of the appropriate theoretical model. a,b, Plots correspo In modellingtothe system, onefitcan the photonic reser- model. arm of the island and coupled a microwave by a triangle. In each plot, experimental data are juxtaposed the optimal of consider the appropriate theoretical a,b,transmon Plots correspond to the quasiHamiltonian (equation (5)) and the non-Hamiltonian (equation (6)) regimes, respectively. Relevant modelling parameters are listed voir–reservoir coupling to be relatively weak, which allows us to feedline. Typical two-tone spectroscopic data, obtained by stanHamiltonian (equation (5)) and the non-Hamiltonian (equation (6)) regimes, respectively. Relevant modelling parameters are listed in Supplementary apply standard perturbation theory to describe it. We expect the dard29 transmission readoutTable of the1.diagnostic are shown coupling, mediated by weak on-chip thermal conductance, is represented by an additional power Residualresonator, reservoir–reservoir Table 1. Residual reservoir–reservoir coupling, mediated by weak on-chip thermal conductance, is represented by an additional power-law contribution total thermal conductance between the reservoirs to be three orders in Fig. 2a. Inspection of thePtransition branches indicates that the n 0 = ξ[(TS/TD) − 1], where ξ = 5.14 aW and n = 4.63 are empirical parameters. P0 = ξ[(TS/TD)n − 1], where ξ = 5.14 aW and n = 4.63 are empirical parameters. of magnitude lower than the quantum of thermal conductance of a coupling capacitance Cg induces a 216-MHz-wide avoided crossing TS

Nb ground plane (Fig. 1d). This configuration results in a quarterwave resonator, with expected eigenfrequency fr = 6.4 GHz and quality factor Qr = Z0/RN ≈ 20, where Z0 = πZ∞/4 is the resonance impedance and Z∞ = 50 Ω is the design impedance of the coplanar waveguide. Here RN ≈ 2 Ω is the nominal resistance of the N termination; depending on the transparency of the metallic interfaces, additional dissipation can significantly decrease the effective quality factor. In our design the relaxation to the reservoir is the dominant source of losses in the resonator, so that its quality factor Qr ≡ 1/γ. In modelling the system, one can consider the photonic reservoir–reservoir coupling to be relatively weak, which allows us to apply standard perturbation theory to describe it. We expect the total thermal conductance between the reservoirs to be three orders of magnitude lower than the quantum of thermal conductance of a

† where a S∕ D and a S∕ D are the for the S/D-resonators, while b hilation operators for the qub resonator-to-resonator coupli ture argument above, we cho { ∣000⟩ , ∣100⟩ , ∣010⟩ , ∣001⟩ } , w the S-resonator, the qubit, and the addition of the parameter minor asymmetry Δf between nators), this choice of basis resu

⎛0 0 ⎜⎜ ⎜0 1 + a Ĥ = hfr ⎜⎜ 0 g ⎜⎜ g∼ ⎜⎝⎜ 0

In the a → 0, r → 0 limit, the ph of eigenstates corresponding t combinations of the eigenmod are in general non-degenerate d combination interacts with the dent in the dispersion of the ei the dominant transitions betw directly probe the flux-depend QHV in the FH limit (γ ≪ g ) in the source and drain reson ground plane without resistor nator (fd ≈ 7.4 GHz) is capaciti arm of the transmon island and feedline. Typical two-tone spe dard29 transmission readout of in Fig. 2a. Inspection of the tr coupling capacitance Cg induce

NAT

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences One-Pot Tandem Photoredox and Cross-Coupling Catalysis with a Single Palladium Carbodicarbene Complex Yu-Cheng Hsu, Vincent C.-C. Wang, Ka-Chun Au-Yeung, Chung-Yu Tsai, Chun-Chi Chang, Bo-Chao Lin, Yi-Tsu Chan, Chao-Ping Hsu, Glenn P. A. Yap, Titel Jurca, and Tiow-Gan Ong Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57 (2018): 4622-4626.

The combination of conventional transition-metal-catalyzed coupling (2e- process) and photoredox catalysis (1e- process) has emerged as a powerful approach to catalyze diﬃcult cross-coupling reactions under mild reaction conditions. Reported is a palladium carbodicarbene (CDC) complex that mediates both a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and photoredox catalysis for C-N bond formation upon visible-light irradiation. These two catalytic pathways can be combined to promote both conventional transition-metal-catalyzed coupling and photoredox catalysis to mediate C-H arylation under ambient conditions with a single catalyst in an eﬃcient one-pot process.

Tricopper Cluster Complex Functionalized Carbon Electrode: A Strategy to Overcome the Overpotential and Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Natarajan Thiyagarajan, Damodar Janmanchi, Yi-Fang Tsai, Wondemagegn Hailemichael Wanna, Ravirala Ramu, Sunney I. Chan, Jyh-Myng Zen, and Steve S.-F. Yu Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57, (2018): 3612-3616.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the fundamental reactions in chemistry. In biology, the 4-e- reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water (H2O) is key to cellular respiration of aerobic organisms and in biological oxidations. Technologically, this reaction is also one of the two most important processes in the H2/O2 fuel cell. Here, the cathodic process affects the efficiency of the fuel cell. There is considerable impetus in developing novel materials to fabricate electrodes for the ORR. In this work, we have reported on a study of the ORR on a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface mediated by the tricopper cluster complex Cu3(7-N-Etppz(CH2OH)) dispersed on electrochemically reduced carbon black, where 7-N-Etppz(CH2OH) is the ligand 3,3’-(6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4diazepane-1,4-diyl)bis(1-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl) propan-2-ol). Our study presented an unprecedented discovery that the rapid delivery of three electrons to the O2 molecule is essential for the efficient cleavage of the O–O bond during ORR.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Effects of Iron on the Thermal Conductivity of Earth’s Deep Mantle and Implications for Mantle Dynamics Wen-Pin Hsieh, Frédéric Deschamps, Takuo Okuchi, and Jung-Fu Lin Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (2018): 4099–4104.

We found that the thermal conductivity of iron-rich ferropericlase drops significantly across spin transition of iron, resulting in an enhanced iron substitution effect in the low-spin iron-rich ferropericlase. Combined with prior results and data modeling, we demonstrated that iron plays critical roles in affecting the thermal conductivity, thermo-chemical structures, cooling rate, and geodynamics in the lower mantle. These results further help better understand the thermal history of ultra-low velocity zones at the bottom of the mantle: if these regions are hot and enriched in iron, their exceptionally low thermal conductivity may delay their cooling and keep them substantially hotter than their surroundings.

Thermal conductivity of iron-rich ferropericlase drops across the spin transition of iron, resulting in an enhanced iron substitution effect in low-spin ferropericlase.

Thermal conductivity of hot, iron-rich aggregate, e.g., ultra-low velocity zones, at the bottom of the mantle is estimated to be much lower than surrounding mantle.

SKS Splitting and the Scale of Vertical Coherence of the Taiwan Mountain Belt Ban-Yuan Kuo, Shu-Chuan Lin, Yi-Wei Lin Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 123 (2018): 1366–1380.

In the Taiwan arc-continent collision zone, SKS shear wave splitting shows fast directions parallel to the mountain fabrics and delay times of 1-2 s, thereby suggesting coherent deformation across lithosphere. However, recent dynamic modeling demonstrated that the SKS splitting in Taiwan can be generated by the toroidal ﬂow in the asthenosphere induced by the suducted slabs. Here we estimated the scale of vertical coherence to be 10-40 km in the lithosphere and 100-150 km in the asthenosphere, conﬁrming that lithospheric deformation is unfavorable for accumulating large delay times. The low coherence results from the disparity in deformation style between Eurasian subduction and the compressional tectonics above it. This suggests that the mountain building in Taiwan is a shallow process, rather than lithospheric in scale.

In this figure, (left) Ryukyu (blue) and Minila (brown) subduction zones drive the toroidal flow surrounding each of them. (Right) SKS shear wave splitting apparently tracks the general trend of the Taiwan mountain belt, but this study bolsters the view that this pattern is caused by the toroidal flow beneath the lithosphere.

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Supervised Learning of Semantics-Preserving Hash via Deep ConvolutionalNeural Networks Huei-Fang Yang, Kevin Lin, and Chu-Song Chen Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 40.2 (2018): 437 – 451.

We have presented a supervised deep hashing model, SSDH, that preserves the label semantics between images. SSDH constructs hash functions as a latent layer between the feature layer and the classification layer in a network. By optimizing an objective function defined over classification error and desired criterion for binary codes, SSDH jointly learn binary codes, features, and classification. Such a network design comes with several merits: (1) SSDH unifies retrieval and classification in a single model; and (2) SSDH is simple and is easily realized by a slight modification of an existing deep network for classification; and (3) SSDH is naturally scalable to large scale search. We have conducted extensive experiments and have provided comparative evaluation of SSDH with several state-of-the-arts on many benchmarks with a wide range of image types. The results have shown that SSDH achieves superior retrieval performance and provides promising classification results.

On the Complexity of Simulating Auxiliary Input Yi-Hsiu Chen, Kai-Min Chung, Jyun-Jie Liao Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica The 37th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT 2018)

We investigate the following simulating auxiliary input problem: Given a joint distribution (X, Z) where we view Z as a short ι-bit leakage, what is the complexity of a simulator Sim that can simulate the leakage Z in a way that (X, Z) and (X, Sim(X)) are E-indistinguishable by any distinguisher circuits of size s? This problem has several applications in cryptography, such as leakage-resilient stream ciphers, zero-knowledge proofs, and establishing lower bounds, and connections to complexity theory, such as Impagliazzo’s hardcore lemma, regularity lemma, and dense model theorem. Given its importance, there have been several works improving the complexity of the simulator for this problem. In this work, we give an almost tight characterization on the complexity of the simulating auxiliary input problem. We construct a new simulator with complexity õ(s・2ιξ(-2), improving over all previous simulators. For the lower bound, we formulate and establish the ﬁrst black-box lower bound showing that the relative complexity of the simulator is at least Ω(2ιξ(-2), showing that our upper bound is optimal up to poly-logarithmic factors.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Joint Significance Tests for Mediation Effects of Socioeconomic Adversity on Adiposity via Epigenetics Yen-Tsung Huang Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sincia The Annals of Applied Statistics 12 (2018): 1535-1557.

Mediation effects can be expressed as a product of two parameters: one for the exposure-mediator association and the other for the mediator-outcome association conditional on the exposure. Under multi-mediator models, we study joint significance tests which examine the two parameters separately and compare with the widely used product significance tests which focus on the product of two parameters. Normal approximation of product significance tests depends on both effect size and sample size. We show that joint significance tests are intersection-union tests with size and asymptotically more powerful than the normality-based product significance tests. Based on the theoretical results, we construct powerful testing procedures for gene-based mediation analyses and path-specific analyses to investigate whether epigenetic variations mediate the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage on adiposity. Our analyses suggest that methylation of FASN gene mediates the effect of socioeconomic adversity on adiposity.

Covariate-adjusted Heatmaps for Visualizing Biological Data via Correlation Decomposition Han-Ming Wu, Yin-Jing Tien, Meng-Ru Ho, Hai-Gwo Hwu, Wen-chang Lin, Mi-Hua Tao, and Chun-houh Chen Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica Bioinformatics 34 (2018): 3529–3538.

Heatmap is a popular visualization technique in biology and related fields. This study extends heatmaps within the framework of matrix visualization (MV) by incorporating a covariate adjustment process. MV can explore the embedded information structure of high-dimensional large-scale datasets effectively without dimension reduction. The benefit of the proposed method is in the exploration of conditional association structures among the subjects or variables that cannot be done with conventional MV. For adjustment of a discrete covariate, the conditional correlation is estimated by the within and between analysis. When a covariate is of continuous nature, the conditional correlation is equivalent to the partial correlation under the assumption of a joint normal distribution. A test is then employed to identify the variable pairs which possess the most significant differences at varying levels of correlation before and after a covariate adjustment. In addition, a z-score significance map is constructed to visualize these results.

The HCT-R2E (hierarchical clustering tree guided by rank-two ellipse seriation) dendrograms with corresponding sorted correlation coefficient matrices and gene expression profiles for (a) without and (b) with human–mouse covariateadjustment on the 1301 orthologous genes for 91 human HCCs tissues and 64 mouse tissues.

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Rotating Atomic Quantum Gases with Light-Induced Azimuthal Gauge Potentials and the Observation of the Hess-Fairbank Effect P.-K. Chen, L.-R. Liu, M.-J. Tsai, N.-C. Chiu, Y. Kawaguchi, S.-K. Yip, M.-S. Chang, and Y.-J. Lin Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica Physical Review Letters 121 (2018): 250401.

We realize synthetic azimuthal gauge potentials for Bose-Einstein condensates along with spin-orbital-angular-momentum coupling. This is achieved by engineering atom-light interactions. We characterize the spin textures of the atoms and exploit the azimuthal gauge potential to demonstrate the Hess-Fairbank effect, the analogue of Meissner effect in superconductors. Our demonstration serves as a paradigm to create topological excitations by tailoring atom-light interactions where both types of SO(3) vortices in the manifold, coreless vortices and polar-core vortices, are created in our experiment. The gauge ﬁeld in the stationary Hamiltonian opens a path to investigating rotation properties of atomic superﬂuids under thermal equilibrium.

A Magnetic Field Connecting the Galactic Center Circumnuclear Disk with Streamers and Mini-spiral: Implications from 850 μm Polarization Data Pei-Ying Hsieh, Patrick M. Koch, Woong-Tae Kim, Paul T. P. Ho, Ya-Wen Tang, and Hsiang-Hsu Wang Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica Astrophysical Journal 862 (2018): 150.

Sagittarius A* (SgrA*), being the closest supermassive black hole (SMBH) in our Milky Way Galaxy has been targeted by many scientists over the past decades to understand the nature of gas accretion. Observing the gas accretion onto the SMBH is critical to understand how it releases tremendous amounts of energy. The circumnuclear disk (CND) is a molecular torus rotating with respect to SgrA*, within which are the ionized gas streamers called mini-spiral filling the molecular cavity. The mini-spiral is believed to originate from the inner edge of the CND. The CND, being the closest “food reservoir” of SgrA*, is therefore crucial to the understanding of the feeding of the SMBH. However, the search for physical evidence connecting the CND to the mini-spiral has baffled astronomers since their discovery 50 years ago. We have used dust polarization data obtained with the JCMT-SCUPOL instrument to image the orientation of the magnetic field, which is expected to be important for material orbiting within and around the CND. The magnetic stress acting on the rotating disk can exert a torque to extract angular momentum from rotating gas, and thus drives gas inflows. A detailed comparison with higherresolution interferometric maps from the Submillimeter Array (SMA) reveals that the magnetic field aligns with the CND and the minispiral coherently. This is the first successful experiment to reveal the inflow-to-SMBH transitioning from neutral to ionized phases. By comparing with a self-similar model for a magnetized disk, we have found that the magnetic field is able to guide the motion of the ionized particles from the CND and produce the observed spiral pattern of the mini-spiral. Our results can also help explain the inflow structures in distant galaxies hosting SMBHs similar to SgrA* once the high- resolution imaging of magnetic fields is possible in the future.

Color-composite image of the CND (blue) and the mini-spiral (red). The magnetic field derived from the JCMT data and model are overlaid with the white segments in the left and right panel, respectively. The location of SgrA* is labeled with the black cross.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Baryon Content in a Sample of 91 Galaxy Clusters Selected by the South Pole Telescope at 0.2 < z < 1.25 I Chiu, J J Mohr, M McDonald, et al. Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 478 (2018): 3072–3099.

Galaxy clusters represent peaks of cosmic density ﬂuctuation, for which the abundance of galaxy clusters provides powerful constraints on the underlying cosmological model. To utilize clusters as a cosmological probe, one of the most important tasks is to obtain the observable-to-mass relation, describing how an observable behaves as a function of cluster mass and redshift. In this work, we use an unprecedentedly large sample of 91 clusters selected in the South Pole Telescope (SPT) SZ survey, in which we are able to find galaxy clusters in a nearly redshift-independent way since the first galaxy cluster forms. For each cluster, we measure their mass budgets, including baryonic components and dark matter, followed by the state-of-the-art bayesian framework to derive their observable-to-mass relations. In the right figure, we show and quantify, for the first time, that the total baryonic mass for a given cluster mass does not change with respect to the cluster redshift. Instead, the baryonic mass mainly depends on the cluster total mass. This work is the ﬁrst time we can uniformly study galaxy clusters with a sizable sample (91 clusters) out to redshift ~1.3. This work demonstrates the power of combining multi-wavelength observations and paves a way to the cluster science at high redshift (early Universe).

The lower panel shows the baryonic mass as a function of cluster mass (left) and redshift (right). The upper panel shows the ratio of the baryonic mass to the total mass as a function of cluster mass (left) and redshift (right). Our sample in the black points with the previous work indicated by different colors. In the redshift scaling plots (the right panel), we show the absence of redshift-dependent baryonic mass in clusters.

Electrofluidic Circuit-Based Microfluidic Viscometer for Analysis of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Liquids under Different Temperatures Tse-Ang Lee, Wei-Hao Liao, Yi-Fan Wu, Yen-Long Chen, and Yi-Chung Tung Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Analytical Chemistry 90 (2018): 2317-2325.

We develop a novel microfluidic viscometer with an embedded pressure sensor constructed using electrofluidic circuits, which are circuits built by filling ionic liquid into microfluidic channels. The viscosity is estimated by measuring hydrostatic pressure generated when a fluidic sample flowing through a microﬂuidic channel. The viscometer can be exploited to measure viscosity of either Newtonian or non-Newtonian power-law fluid under various temperatures and shear rates with small sample volume. The developed sensorintegrated microfluidic viscometer is made of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) with transparent electrofluidic circuit which makes it feasible to real-time monitor samples under tests. In addition, the entire device is fully disposable to prevent cross contamination between samples, which is desired for biomedical applications.

Viscosity Measurement of Newtonian Fluids

Viscosity Measurement of NonNewtonian fluid under Different Temperatures

Division of Mathematics and Physical Sciences Distinct influences of the ENSO-like and PMM-like SST Anomaly on the Mean TC genesis Location in the Western North Pacific: The 2015 Summer as an Extreme Example C.-C. Hong, M.-Y. Lee , H.-H. Hsu, and W.-L. Tseng1 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica Journal of Climate 31 (2018): 3049-3059.

This study reports the different effects of tropical (ENSO-like) and subtropical (PMM-like) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) on the mean tropical cyclone (TC) genesis location in the WNP (Fig.1& 2), a TC-SSTA relationship that has been largely ignored. Numerical experiments forced by the ENSO-like and PMM-like SSTA reveal that the positive PMM-like SSTA forces an east-west overturning circulation anomaly in the subtropical North Pacific with anomalous ascending (descending) motion in the subtropical central (western) Paciﬁc. The TC genesis location in the WNP therefore shifts eastward when warmer SST occurs in the subtropical eastern Paciﬁc(Fig.3). This finding supports the hypothesis that the extreme positive PMM-like SSTA in the summer of 2015 caused the unprecedented eastward shift of TC genesis location in the WNP.

Fig 2：Time series of JJA mean PMM-like (red dashed line) and ENSO-like (blue dashed line) SSTAs. The ENSO-like SSTA is approximately same magnitude in 1997 and 2015, however, the PMM-like SSTA in 2015 was nearly twice that in 1997.

Fig. 1 (a) JJA mean TC-genesis location in the WNP for each year since 1981. The mark “+” indicates the mean TC-genesis location of the corresponding groups. (b) Correlation coefficients between SST and TC-distance . PMM-like and ENSO-like represent the subtropical and tropical SSTA, respectively. (c, d) Same as in (b) except for correlation coefficients between SST and the longitude and latitude of mean TC-genesis position, respectively. Only the signals exceeding 95% confidence are plotted.

Fig 3：Partial correlation coefficients between ((a) PMM-like SSTA and (b) ENSO-like SSTA on the vertical zonal wind shear (U200hPa–U850hPa). (c,d) Same as in (a,b) except for the simulation.

Construction of the REACHES Climate Database Based on Historical Documents of China Pao-Kuan Wang and Kuan-Hui Lin Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica Scientific Data 8 (2018): 180288.

Climate change is an important scientiﬁc and social agenda presently. But to perform research in this subject requires high quality high resolution long term climate data. Before the existence of instrumental data, human direct recording of weather and climate conditions should be the most reliable source. Chinese historical documents provide vast systematic human records that can serve as the basis for constructing long term climate database. But it requires a set of rigorous conversion rules to convert these descriptive records into digitized database. This research preforms exactly this feat: we have set up such a set of rules and successfully converted the 3000 years of climate records in Chinese historical documents with the help of the Historical GIS of Academia Sinica (CCTS) to form a digitized REACHES database. This database can provide international climate researchers the data source for their research on climate change in East Asia even if they don’t know Chinese language.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Oasis: A Mobile Cyber-Physical System for Accessible Location Exploration Chih-Chuan Cheng, Pi-Cheng Hsiu, Ting-Kuei Hu, and Tei-Wei Kuo Research Center for Information Technology Innovation , Academia Sinica Proceedings of the IEEE 106.9 (2018): 1744-1759.

Users roaming cellular signal coverage with their mobile devices essentially form a mobile cyber-physical system (CPS). By modeling cyber human mentality and physical signal coverage, as well as their interplay, user mobility can be leveraged to improve users’ mobile experience with limited wireless bandwidth. This paper considers the practicality of a mobile CPS called Oasis, which guides users to leave null and hot zones, where mobile devices cannot obtain suﬃciently high data rates for delay-sensitive applications. To realize the system, we model and maximize a user’s travel willingness, which involves the compound impact of the travel distance and the improved perceptual quality. We develop a prototype system that creates a feedback control loop to allow selfadaptation to users’ needs. The results of experiments conducted in downtown Taipei demonstrate that Oasis can further reduce the average distance per unit of quality improvement achieved with OpenSignalMaps by about 80%, and motivate further research.

Incentive Compatible Overlay D2D System: A Group-Based Framework without CQI Feedback Yi Zhang, Chih-Yu Wang, Hung-Yu Wei Research Center for Information Technology Innovations, Academia Sinica IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 17.9 (2018): 2069-2086.

With the large expected demand of wireless communication, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has been proposed as a promising technology to enhance network performance. Nevertheless, the selfish nature of potential D2D users may impale the performance of D2D-enabled network. In this paper, we propose a D2D-enabled cellular network framework, which support a novel group D2D mode under overlay D2D communication. The group-based design is derived from the discussions of two common D2D modes, divided and shared D2D modes, regarded as special cases. The proposed framework provides a pricingbased dynamic Stackelberg game for optimal mode selection and spectrum partitioning. We propose the incentive compatible pricing strategy to provide proper incentive for these selfish potential D2D pairs to make optimal choices in mode selection. Our results show that the pricing and spectrum partition strategy effectively prevents selfish potential D2D users from harming the system performance while fully exploits the potential of D2D communication.

Network utility

2850

2800 Conventional Zhu [7] MD (no payment) MS (no payment) MD (proposed) MS (proposed)

2750

Base Station Cellular User Potential D2D User

Cellular Link D2D Link (Group 1) D2D Link (Group 2) D2D Link (Group 3)

2700 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Proportion p

0.25

0.3

Division Life Sciences Global Impacts of Chromosomal Imbalance on Gene Expression in Arabidopsis And Other Taxa Hou J, Shi X, Chen C, Islam MS, Johnson AF, Kanno T, Huettel B, Yen MR, Hsu FM, Ji T, Pao-Yang Chen, Marjori Matzke*, Antonius Matzke*, Cheng J, and Birchler JA Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 115.48 (2018): E11321-E11330. (*co-corresponding authors)

Changes in dosage of part of the genome (aneuploidy) have long been known to produce much more severe phenotypic consequences than changes in the number of whole genomes (ploidy). To examine the basis of these differences, global gene expression in mature leaf tissue for all five trisomics and in diploids, triploids, and tetraploids of Arabidopsis thaliana was studied. The trisomics displayed a greater spread of expression modulation than the ploidy series. Genome-wide DNA methylation was found to shift most prominently with trisomy 4 but otherwise exhibited little change, indicating that genetic imbalance is generally mechanistically unrelated to DNA methylation. Reanalysis of disomic yeast and trisomic mouse cells detected similar stoichiometric effects across broad phylogenetic taxa, and indicated that these effects reflect normal gene regulatory processes. Overall, the results indicate an impact of genomic stoichiometry on the landscape of gene expression, which has implications for how gene expression operates, the evolution of duplicate genes, the underlying basis of quantitative traits, and deranged expression patterns in human solid tumor cells, which are usually highly aneuploid. Our results represent the first analysis of transcriptome and methylome of all trisomics in any organism.

Figure: Ratio distributions of gene expression in each trisomic and ploidy compared to diploids.

Iron Man to the rescue: Discovery of IMA peptides that control iron transport in plants Louis Grillet, Ping Lan, Wenfeng Li, Girish Mokkapati, and Wolfgang Schmidt Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica Nature Plants 4 (2018): 953–963.

Iron is an essential mineral nutrient which severely affects the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of plants if not supplied in sufficient quantities. Wolfgang Schmidt’s group discovered a novel family of peptides in plants referred to as IRON MAN (IMA), and show that they are a sine qua non for the uptake of iron the soil. Silencing of all eight IMA genes in Arabidopsis by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing resulted in very small, extremely chlorotic plants that died without drastic iron supplementation. IMAs are present in the genomes of all flowering plants but are missing in ferns, algae, or fungi, suggesting that IMA emerged at an early stage in the evolution of land plants. Reciprocal grafting of octuple ima mutants with wild-type plants showed that IMA1 peptides in shoots positively regulate iron uptake in roots, suggesting that IMAs are the long sought-after shoot-borne signal that communicates the iron status of the leaves to tune iron uptake by roots. The discovery of IRON MAN opens a novel route of generating iron-enriched plants that may help to combat iron deficiency-induced anemia, one of the largest nutritional disorder in humans.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Lighting up the doors Kai-Ren Luo, Nien-Chen Huang, and Tien-Shin Yu Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica Plant Physiology 177.2 (2018): 604-614.

Many plant mRNAs can move cell-to-cell or longdistance to execute a non-cell-autonomous function. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying the intracellular sorting of these mobile mRNAs. Our recent publication shows that mobile mRNAs are selectively targeted to plasmodesmata (PD) for cell-to-cell movement. We exploited a fluorescence-based mRNA labeling system to visualize intracellular traďŹ&#x192;cking of mobile mRNAs in living plant cells. The ex vivo mRNA imaging reveals that mobile but not non-mobile mRNAs are selectively targeted to PD, which suggests that PD-targeting of mRNA is a critical step to determine mRNA cell-to-cell movement. (Luo et al., Plant Physiol., 2018).

Target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) transmit light signals to enhance protein translation in de-etiolating Arabidopsis seedlings Guan-Hong Chen, Ming-Jung Liu, Yan Xiong, Jen Sheen, and Shu-Hsing Wu Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 115.50 (2018): 12823-12828.

We showed that light-enhanced translation is orchestrated by a light perception and signaling pathway composed of photoreceptors, CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (COP1), the phytohormone auxin, target of rapamycin (TOR) and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6). In de-etiolating Arabidopsis seedlings, photoreceptors including phytochrome A and cryptochromes perceive far-red and blue light to inactivate the negative regulator COP1, which leads to the activation of the auxin pathway for TORdependent phosphorylation of RPS6. Arabidopsis mutants defective in TOR, RPS6A or RPS6B exhibited delayed cotyledon opening. Cotyledon opening is a characteristic of the de-etiolating process to ensure timely vegetative development of a young seedling. This study provides a mechanistic view of light-triggered translational enhancement in de-etiolating Arabidopsis. This sophisticated regulation also functions to ensure that young seedlings have strict skotomorphogenic development in the dark and a timely switch to photomorphogenic development.

Light activated TOR-dependent RPS6 phosphorylation

An illustration showing light-activated TORRPS6 signaling pathway leading to enhanced translation

Division Life Sciences Chromosome-Level Assembly, Genetic and Physical Mapping of Phalaenopsis aphrodite Genome Provides New Insights into Species Adaptation and Resources for Orchid Breeding Ya-Ting Chao, Wan-Chieh Chen, Chun-Yi Chen, Hsiu-Yin Ho, Chih-Hsin Yeh, Yi-Tzu Kuo, Chun-Lin Su, Shao-Hua Yen, Hao-Yen Hsueh, Jen-Hau Yeh, Hui-Lan Hsu, Yi-Hui Tsai, Tzu-Yen Kuo, Song-Bin Chang, Kai-Yi Chen, and Ming-Che Shih Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica Plant Biotechnol Journal 16 (2018): 2027-2041.

Phalaenopsis aphrodite, an epiphytic orchid, is a major breeding parent of many commercial orchid hybrids. We provide a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the P. aphrodite genome. The total length of all scaffolds is 1025.1 Mb, with N50 scaffold size of 19.7 Mb. A total of 28,902 protein-coding genes were identified. We constructed an orchid genetic linkage map, and then anchored and ordered the genomic scaffolds along the linkage groups. We also established a high-resolution pachytene karyotype of P. aphrodite, and completed the assignment of linkage groups to the 19 chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization. We identified an expansion in the epiphytic orchid lineage of FRS5like subclade associated with adaptations to the life in the canopy. Phylogenetic analysis further provides new insights into the orchid lineage-specific duplications of MADS-box genes, which might have contributed to the variation in labellum and pollinium morphology and its accessory structure. To our knowledge, this is the first orchid genome to be integrated with a SNP-based genetic linkage map and validated by physical mapping. The genome and genetic map not only offer unprecedented resources for increasing breeding efficiency in horticultural orchids, but also provide an important foundation for future studies in adaptation genomics of epiphytes.

The integration of genetic map, genome assembly and FISH mapping.

Genomic composition of P. aphrodite.

Distinct heat shock factors and chromatin modifications mediate the organautonomous transcriptional memory of heat stress Hsiang-chin Liu, Jörn Lämke, Siou-ying Lin, Meng-Ju Hung, Kuan-Ming Liu, Yee-yung Charng, Isabel Bäurle Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica The Plant Journal 95 (2018): 401-413.

Wt signal (P+T)/T (log 2)

2 0

III

-2 -4 -4

-2 0 2 hsfa2 signal (P+T)/T (log2)

-593

Relative transcript levels

Plants can be primed by a stress cue to mount a faster or stronger activation of defense mechanisms upon a subsequent stress. A crucial component of such stress priming is the modiﬁed reactivation of genes upon recurring stress; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we report that dozens of Arabidopsis thaliana genes display transcriptional memory, i.e. stronger upregulation after a recurring heat stress, that lasts for at least three days. We deﬁne a set of transcription factors involved in this memory response and show that the transcriptional memory results in enhanced transcriptional activation within minutes after the onset of a heat stress cue. Further, we show that the transcriptional memory is active in all tissues. It may last for up to a week, and is associated with histone H3 lysine 4 hyper-methylation during this time. This transcriptional memory is cis-encoded, as we identify a promoter fragment that confers memory onto a heterologous gene. In summary, heat-induced transcriptional memory is a widespread and sustained response, and our study provides a framework for future mechanistic studies of somatic stress memory in higher plants.

ATG 5’UTR

LUCIFERASE

APX2 promoter

P+T

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Diet regulates membrane extension and survival of niche escort cells for germline homeostasis via insulin signaling Su, Y.H., Rastegri, E., Kao, S.H., Lai, C.M., Lin, K.Y., Liao, H.Y., Wang, M.H. and Hsu, H.J.* Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Development 145.7 (2018): dev159186.

Diet is an important regulator of stem cell homeostasis; however, the underlying mechanisms of this regulation are not fully known. Here, we report that insulin signaling mediates dietary maintenance of Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) by promoting the extension of niche escort cell (EC) membranes to wrap around GSCs. This wrapping may facilitate the delivery of bone morphogenetic protein stemness factors from ECs in the niche to GSCs. In addition to the effects on GSCs, insulin signaling-mediated regulation of EC number and protrusions controls the division and growth of GSC progeny. The eďŹ&#x20AC;ects of insulin signaling on EC membrane extension are, at least in part, driven by enhanced translation of Failed axon connections (Fax) via Ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Fax is a membrane protein that may participate in Abelson tyrosine kinase-regulated cytoskeletal dynamics and is known to be involved in axon bundle formation. Therefore, we conclude that dietary cues stimulate insulin signaling in the niche to regulate EC cellular structure, probably via Fax-dependent cytoskeleton remodeling. This mechanism enhances intercellular contact and facilitates homeostatic interactions between somatic and germline cells in response to diet.

Diverse populations of local interneurons integrate into the Drosophila adult olfactory circuit Nan-Fu Liou#, Shih-Han Lin#, Ying-Jun Chen#, Kuo-Ting Tsai&, Chi-Jen Yang&, Tzi-Yang Lin, Ting-Han Wu, Hsin-Ju Lin, Yuh-Tarng Chen, Daryl M. Gohl, Marion Silies, and Ya-Hui Chou Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica Nature Communications 9 (2018): 2232.

Drosophila olfactory local interneurons (LNs) in the antennal lobe are highly diverse and variable. How and when distinct types of LNs emerge, differentiate and integrate into the olfactory circuit is unknown. Through systematic developmental analyses, we found that LNs are recruited to the adult olfactory circuit in three groups. Group 1 LNs are residual larval LNs. Group 2 are adult-specific LNs that emerge before cognate sensory and projection neurons establish synaptic specificity, and Group 3 LNs emerge after synaptic specificity is established. Group 1 larval LNs are selectively reintegrated into the adult circuit through pruning and re-extension of processes to distinct regions of the antennal lobe, while others die during metamorphosis. Precise temporal control of this pruning and cell death shapes the global organization of the adult antennal lobe. Our findings provide a road map to understand how LNs develop and contribute to constructing the olfactory circuit.

Model of LN development. LNs in the adult olfactory system are sequentially recruited to the developing adult AL as (1) stage 1 (0-12 h APF): larval LNs undergo pruning; (2) stage 2 (12-48 h APF): larval LNs either re-innervate the AL or die, and adult-specific LNs innervate the AL, and (3) stage 3 (48 h APF-eclosion): some adult-specific LNs sequentially innervate the AL.

Five distinct types of interneurons captured at different developmental stages are pseudo-colored based on stages of observation to illustrate how interneuron diversity is achieved.

Division Life Sciences GLUT10 Maintains the Integrity of Major Arteries through Regulation of Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Function Yu-Wei Syu, Hao-Wen Lai, Chung-Lin Jiang, Hong-Yuan Tsai, Chung-Chih Lin and Yi-Ching Lee Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica Human Molecular Genetics 27 (2018): 307–321.

Mutations in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) alter angiogenesis and cause arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS). However, the physiological role and regulation of GLUT10 in major arteries remain unclear. To further understand its physiological roles of GLUT10 in major arteries, we ﬁnd that targeting of GLUT10 to mitochondria is increased in aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) under both stress and aging conditions, which enhances dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) uptake and vitamin C recycling. This mechanism is important to maintain intracellular vitamin C levels and redox homeostasis, as well as the mitochondrial structure and mitochondrial function in ASMCs. That also prevents over proliferation and migration of ASMCs under stress and aging conditions. In a GLUT10 mutated mouse model, we demonstrated that GLUT10 function is important to maintain vascular wall structure and systolic blood pressure during aging through modulating the levels of redox oxidative stress in aortic tissues and preventing ASMCs proliferation and migration.

Pseudaminic Acid on Exopolysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii Plays a Critical Role in Phage-Assisted Preparation of Glycoconjugate Vaccine with High Antigenicity I-Ming Lee, Feng-Ling Yang, Te-Li Chen, Kuo-Shiang Liao, Chien-Tai Ren, Nien-Tsung Lin, Yu-Pei Chang, Chung-Yi Wu*, and ShihHsiung Wu* Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Journal of The American Chemical Society 140 (2018): 8639-8643.

Pseudaminic acid is found as a component for participating in crucial bacterial virulence and therefore is considered as an attractive target for new therapeutic application over recent years. Glycoconjugate vaccine has been proven to be effective in combating infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this regard, we aimed to prepare the Pse-derived glycoconjugate for vaccination through phage tailspike protein (TSP) instead of chemical method, which impeded the reproducibility and was timeconsuming. Indeed, in the present study, we utilized the TSP that specifically digested Pse-coated exopolysaccharide (EPS) of A. baumannii to form homogenous glycoconjugates. Moreover, the serum boosted by the glycoconjugate represented significant bactericidal activity against antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii, indicating the strong antigenicity of Pse. These eﬀorts provide potential prophylaxis and demonstrate that Pse is a new glycotope for vaccine or immunotherapy development.

TSP recognized Pse

Immunized TSP-digested glycoconjugates

bactericidal assay by serum

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Affinity‐Driven Covalent Modulator of the Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Cascade Jeffy Chern, Chun‐Ping Lu, Zhanxiong Fang, Ching‐Ming Chang, Kuo‐Feng Hua, Yi‐Ting Chen, Cheng Yang Ng Yi‐Lin Sophia Chen, Yulin Lam, Shih‐Hsiung Wu Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 57(24) (2018): 7040-7045.

We studied that isochaihulactone exhibited significant inhibition against multiple drug resistant (MDR) cancer cell lines and mice xenografts and demonstrated that isochaihulactone is a target covalent inhibitor (TCI). By identifying the pharmacophore of 1 (α, β unsaturated moiety), a probe derived from 1 was designed and synthesized for TCI oriented activity based proteome proﬁling. By MS/MS and computer guided molecular biology approaches, an aﬃnity driven Michael addition of the noncatalytic Cys247 residue of GAPDH was found to control the “ON/OFF” switch of apoptosis through non canonically nuclear GAPDH translocation, which bypasses the common apoptosis resistant route of MDR cancers.

Subpocket of BzD

Subpocket of MOBz

Working Mechanism of Isochaihulactone

C-Terminal End-Directed Protein Elimination by CRL2 Ubiquitin Ligases. Hsueh-Chi S.Yen Institute of Molecular Biology Molecular Cell 70(4) (2018): 602-613.

The protein quality control system guards the proteome fidelity by elimination of aberrant proteins, but how these defective proteins are recognized and directed to degradation is not fully understood. We reveal a mechanism, DesCEND (destruction via C-end degrons), by which CRL2 ubiquitin ligase uses interchangeable substrate receptors to recognize the C-termini of abnormal proteins. We also delineated the sequence features of the C-end degrons. The C-end degrons comprise a few indispensable residues at specific positions. DesCEND not only targets truncated proteins generated from translation errors or post-translational cleavage but also eliminates full-length proteins with naturally occurring C-end degrons. This study have uncovered a novel class of degradation signals located at the protein C-terminus.

Division Life Sciences Drosophila mushroom bodies integrate hunger and satiety signals to control innate food-seeking behavior Chang-Hui Tsao, Chien-Chun Chen, Chen-Han Lin, Hao-Yu Yang, and Suewei Lin Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica eLife 7 (2018): e35264.

Like human, the fruit fly can evaluate its energy state and decide whether to pursue food-related cues. In this study, we reveal the mushroom body (MB) in the fly brain integrates hunger and satiety signals to control food-seeking behavior. We discovered five neural pathways in the MB essential for hungry flies to locate and approach food. Starvation bi-directionally modulates the signal transmission of these five pathways, and by manipulating these pathways, we could inhibit foodseek ing behavior in hungr y flies or promote food seeking in fed flies. Finally, we show that the dopaminergic neurons in these pathways receive multiple inputs of hunger and satiety signals. Our work provides a mechanistic view of how hunger-driven food-seeking behavior emerges from the brain.

Loss of Gut Microbiota Alters Immune System Composition and Cripples Post-Infarction Cardiac Repair Tony W.H. Tang, Hung-Chih Chen, Chen-Yun Chen, Christopher Y.T. Yen, Chen-Ju Lin, Ray P. Prajnamitra, Li-Lun Chen, Shu-Chian Ruan, Jen-Hao Lin, Po-Ju Lin, Hsueh-Han Lu, Chiung-Wen Kuo, Cindy M. Chang, Alexander D. Hall, Eugenio I. Vivas, Jr-Wen Shui, Peilin Chen, Timothy A. Hacker, Federico E. Rey, Timothy J. Kamp, Patrick C.H. Hsieh Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Circulation 139 (2018 accepted): 647–659.

The impact of gut microbiota on the regulation of host physiology has recently garnered considerable attention, particularly in key areas such as the immune system and metabolism. Antibiotic-treated mice (ABX mice) displayed drastic, dose-dependent mortality after MI. We observed an association between the gut microbiota depletion and significant reductions in the proportion of myeloid cells, and SCFA. Accordingly, the physiological status and survival of mice were significantly improved following fecal reconstitution, transplantation of monocytes or dietary SCFA supplementation. MI was associated with a reorganization of the gut microbial community, such as a reduction in Lactobacillus. Supplementing ABX mice with a Lactobacillus probiotic prior to MI restored myeloid cell proportions, yielded cardioprotective eﬀects. Gut microbiota-derived SCFAs play an important role in maintaining host immune composition and repair capacity after MI. This suggests that manipulation of these elements may provide opportunities to modulate pathological outcome after MI, and indeed human health and disease as a whole.

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Hierarchical and programmable one-pot synthesis of oligosaccharides Cheng-Wei Cheng, Yixuan Zhou, Wen-Harn Pan, Supriya Dey, Chung-Yi Wu, Wen-Lian Hsu and Chi-Huey Wong Genomics Research Center, Institute of Information Science, and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica Nature Communications 9 (2018): 5202.

The programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis method was designed to enable the rapid synthesis of a large number of oligosaccharides, using the software Optimer to search Building BLocks (BBLs) with deﬁned relative reactivity values (RRVs) to be used sequentially in the one-pot reaction. However, there were only about 50 BBLs with measured RRVs in the original library and the method could only synthesize small oligosaccharides due to the RRV ordering requirement. Here, we increase the library to include 154 validated BBLs and more than 50,000 virtual BBLs with predicted RRVs by machine learning. We also develop the software AutoCHO to accommodate more data handling and support hierarchical one-pot synthesis using fragments as BBLs generated by the one-pot synthesis. This advanced programmable one-pot method provides potential synthetic solutions for complex glycans with four successful examples demonstrated in this work.

The mesomeric effect of thiazolium on non-Kekulé diradicals in Pichia stipitis transketolase Ning‐Shian Hsu, Yung‐Lin Wang, Kuan‐Hung Lin, Chi‐Fon Chang, Syue‐Yi Lyu, Li‐Jen Hsu, Yu‐Chen Liu, Chin‐Yuan Chang, Chang‐Jer Wu and Tsung‐Lin Li Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57 (2018): 1802-1807.

It is theoretically plausible that thiazolium mesomerizes to congeners other than carbene in a low effective dielectric binding site; especially given the energetics and uneven electronegativity of carbene groups. However, such a phenomenon has never been reported. Nine crystal structures of transketolase obtained from Pichia stipitis ( TKps) are reported with subatomic resolution, where thiazolium displays an extraordinary ring-bending effect. The bent thiazolium congeners correlate with non- Kekulé diradicals because there is no gain or loss of electrons. In conjunction with biophysical and biochemical analyses, it is concluded that ring bending is a result of tautomerization of thiazolium with its non-Kekulé diradicals, exclusively in the binding site of TKps. The chemophysical properties of these thiazolium mesomers may account for the great variety of reactivities carried out by thiamine– diphosphate-containing (ThDP) enzymes. The stability of ThDP in living systems can be regulated by the levels of substrates, and hydration and dehydration, as well as diradical-mediated oxidative degradation.

TK-catalyzed reactions, chemical structures, and isomerism of ThDP.

Division Life Sciences Adaptive transcription-splicing resynchronization upon losing an essential splicing factor Shang-Lin Chang, Hsuan-Kai Wang, Luh Tung, and Tien-Hsien Chang Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Nature Ecology and Evolution 11 (2018): 1818-1823.

Essential genes form the core of a genome and are therefore thought to be indispensable for cellular viability. However, recent findings have challenged this notion in that cells may survive in the absence of some essential genes provided that relevant genetic modifiers are in existence. We therefore hypothesized that the loss of an essential gene may not always be fatefully detrimental; instead, it may pave the way towards genome evolution. We experimentally tested this hypothesis in the context of pre-messenger RNA splicing by evolving yeast cells harbouring a permanent loss of the essential splicing factor Prp28 in the presence of a genetic modifier. We found that cellular fitness can be restored by compensatory mutations that alter either the splicing machinery per se or the transcription apparatus in the cells with no Prp28. Our data argue that the intrinsic interconnectivity within a biological system can be exploited for compensatory evolution and system re-optimization.

Figure 1 (above): Fixing a molecular machine by experimental evolution

Figure 2 (below): Dar winian solution: slow down transcription machinery

MIDORI Server: A Webserver for Taxonomic Assignment of Unknown Metazoan Mitochondrial-Encoded Sequences Using A Curated Database Matthieu Leray, Shian-Lei Ho, I-Jeng Lin, and Ryuji J. Machida Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica Bioinformatics 34 (2018): 3753 – 3754.

The era of massive sequencing has transformed our ability to study Earth’s biodiversity. DNA extracted from various environments (i.e. soil, water, air, food products) can be analyzed and compared to public databases of annotated reference sequences to determine the presence of microbial, plant and animal taxa. The robustness of these technics, however, largely depends on our ability to rapidly and reliably assign taxonomy to sequences recovered from the environment. Recently, we assembled the ﬁrst curated database of mitochondrial-encoded genes, MIDORI, for taxonomic assignments of metazoan sequences. Mitochondrial genes provide higher taxonomic resolution for most metazoan groups than nuclearencoded genes. As a result, they have been increasingly targeted in metagenetics and metagenomics studies. Here, we present MIDORI server, a user-friendly platform to facilitate taxonomic classiﬁcation of mitochondrial-encoded gene sequences with MIDORI. The server currently performs taxonomic assignments with three algorithms that predict taxonomy. http://reference-midori.info/server.php

2018 ACADEMIA SINICA

Metagenomic, phylogenetic, and functional characterization of predominant endolithic green sulfur bacteria in the coral Isopora palifera Shan-Hua Yang, Kshitij Tandon, Chih-Ying Lu, Naohisa Wada, Chao-Jen Shih, Silver Sung-Yun Hsiao, Wann-Neng Jane, TzanChain Lee, Chi-Ming Yang, Chi-Te Liu, Vianney Denis, Yu-Ting Wu, Li-Ting Wang, Lina Huang, Der-Chuen Lee, Yu-Wei Wu, Hideyuki Yamashiro and Sen-Lin Tang Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica Microbiomes 7 (2018 Accepted): 3.

Endolithic microbes in coral skeletons are known to be a nutrient source for the coral host. In addition to aerobic endolithic algae and cyanobacteria, usually described in the various corals and formed a green layer beneath coral tissues, we discovered that the anaerobic green sulfur bacteria (GSB) Prosthecochloris is a dominant group in the green layer of Isopora palifera (Figure 1). Yet the reason for their genetics, niche preference and functions are mostly unknown. We therefore conducted multi-level approaches to understand and clarify the GSB. Our results revealed the advantage of endolithic GSB for residing in skeleton, proposed the potential role of a clade of coral-associated Prosthecochloris (CAP) and conﬁrmed the nitrogen ﬁxation ability of CAP (Figure 2). Taken together, we suggest that diversity and dynamics of coral endolithic microbiota is higher than previously thought, and two factors in the skeleton, light intensity and oxygen concentration, are crucial in shaping the microbiota structure.

Figure 1. Green Layer in the skeleton of Isopora palifera (a) and bacterial abundances in the green layer (b).

Figure 2. Nitrogen fixation analysis. Acetylene reduction analysis (a) and Fluorescence in situ hybridization-Nano secondary ion mass spectrometry (b)

Asynchronous evolution of interdependent nest characters across the avian phylogeny Yi-Ting Fang, Mao-Ning Tuanmu and Chih-Ming Hung Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica Nature Communications 9 (2018): 1863.

Nest building is a widespread behavior among birds that reflects their adaptation to the environment and evolutionary history. However, it remains unclear how nests evolve and how their evolution relates to the bird phylogeny. Here, by examining the evolution of three nest characters—structure, site and attachment—across all bird families, we reveal that nest characters did not change synchronically across the avian phylogeny but had disparate evolutionary trajectories. Nest structure shows stronger phylogenetic signal than nest site, while nest attachment has little variation. Nevertheless, the three characters evolved interdependently. For example, the ability of birds to explore new nest sites might depend on the emergence of novel nest structure and/or attachment. Our results also reveal labile nest characters in passerines compared with other birds. This study provides important insights into avian nest evolution and suggests potential associations between nest diversiﬁcation and the adaptive radiations that generated modern bird lineages.

人文及社 Division of會 Humanities 科學組 and Social Sciences Revisiting the Criteria for Evaluating Military Officials in the Northern Song: Another Side to ”Elevating the Civilian at the Expense of the Military” Nap-Yin Lau Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

Historical Research (2018): 35-58.

The so-called “elevating the civilian at the expense of the military” during the Sung dynasty can be applied to two situations. First, when it is applied to the wrongful behaviors of the military, it is fair and without discrimination. Second, when it is applied by the civilians to the military with the intention of power struggle, etc., it is unjust and discriminating. On the other hand, the military was praised by the civilians for their morality, literacy, civil and judicial administrations. The commoners might be eager to join the army, with the hope of being memorialized in both official and non-official temples（see ﬁg.）

A Memorial Stele on General Kuo Chin's Civil Achievements, with Special Regards to His Expulsion of Thieves inside and outside the Government. Courtesy of Fu Ssu-nien Library

Betel Nut Culture in Medieval China from the Sixth Through the Tenth Centuries Fu-shih Lin Institute of History and Philology, Academia

New History 29.2 (2018): 1-61.

Betel nut was produced and circulated mainly in Lingnan, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Chang’an, Luoyang and Dunhuang from the Sui-Tang Dynasties to the Five Dynasties. It was consumed as a chewed snack only in Lingnan, Yunnan, and Fujian. However, the cultural terrain that betel nut conquered in this period exceeded the previous one and its social impact was deeper. Contemporaries’ knowledge of betel nut was clearly established. They gained new understanding of betel nut’s medical function with various clinical applications. They also knew more about the foreign distribution of betel nut based on an increasing amount of first-hand knowledge, and literary references to betel nut were marked by diverse approaches to its representation and new imagery. Most of the authors of betel nut literature came from the north. As a result, it can be inferred that betel nut attained a wider spread in medieval Chinese society than in the previous periods.

Map of Diffusion of Betel Nut Culture in Medieval China(6th-10th Century)

2 0 1 8 A C2A0D1 E8M重I 要 A研 S I究 N成 I C果 A

Asian Indigenous Psychologies in the Global Context Kuang-Hui Yeh (Ed.) Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan (2018), 330 pages

This volume contains thirteen chapters introducing Asian indigenous psychologies with an emphasis on their major theoretical and practical issues. It deﬁnes Asian Indigenous psychologies as “an intellectual movement across the globe to resist the hegemony of Western psychology in representations of the human mind, and in investigations of local mentality”. The contributions demonstrate the potential for the indigenous psychologies of Asia to offer an alternative model of the internationalization of psychology—an internationalization not dominated by Western psychology. As a whole, this volume explores knowledge production outside of Western psychology; asks important questions about the discipline, profession, and practice of Asian indigenous psychology; makes critical appraisals of cultural and psychological assumptions; sheds light on the dialectics of the universal and the particular in indigenous psychology; and explores the possibilities for a more equitable global psychology.

Best Subset Binary Prediction Le-Yu Chen and Sokbae Lee Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica Journal of Econometrics 206 (2018): 39-56.

We consider a variable selection problem for the prediction of binary outcomes. We study the best subset selection procedure by which the covariates are chosen by maximizing Manski (1975, 1985)’s maximum score objective function subject to a constraint on the maximal number of selected variables. We show that this procedure can be equivalently reformulated as solving a mixed integer optimization problem, which enables computation of the exact or an approximate solution with a deﬁnite approximation error bound. In terms of theoretical results, we obtain non-asymptotic upper and lower risk bounds and establish minimax rate-optimality for the best subset binary prediction approach. We illustrate usefulness of this prediction approach via Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical application of the work-trip transportation mode choice.

人文及社 Division of會 Humanities 科學組 and Social Sciences Family Labor Supply and the Timing of Cash Transfers: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit Tzu-Ting Yang Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica Journal of Human Resources 53.2 (2018): 445-473.

This paper exploits the unique disbursement timing and benefit rules of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) to provide new evidence on how families adjust their labor supply in response to receiving anticipated cash transfers. I find that income seasonality caused by EITC receipt leads to changes in the intra-year labor supply patterns of married women. On average, receiving a $1,000 payment significantly reduces the proportion of married women who work, by 1.3 percentage points, in the month when the EITC is received. Additionally, this labor supply response is mainly driven by those who are secondary earners or liquidity-constrained.

On the Sit-chûn Scholars of Taiwanese Philosophy. Tzu-Wei Hung Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica Philosophy East and West Online first (2018): 1- 35.

This paper examines a speciﬁc set of pre-war Taiwanese philosophers, called the Sit-chûn scholars. Sit-chûn means “existence” in Hokkien and was a frequently discussed notion by these scholars in defying Japan’s colonial assimilation. Armed with Western ideas, the Sit-chûn scholars were devoted to thought resistance against assimilation, which ended up building Taiwan’s cultural subjectivity under Japanese rule (1895−1945). I first present a large body of literature and introduce the overlooked tradition of Taiwanese philosophy that was long regarded as taboo during Chiang’s dictatorship (1949–1987). Next, based on Liao’s (1988) characterization, I argue that the thought resistances of the 1920s are not separate incidents, but systematic responses to cultural and political crises during this period. I then examine some works by Lin Mosei, Liao Wen Kwei, and Tseng Tientsung to clarify my point. Finally, a comparative analysis between the Sitchûn scholars and other East Asian philosophers of the early 20th century is oﬀered.

2 0 1 8 A C2A0D1 E8M重I 要 A研 S I究 N成 I C果 A

Chinatown and Beyond: Ava Chin, Urban Foraging, and a New American Cityscape Shiuhhuah Serena Chou Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 25.1 (2018): 5-24.

In this essay, I consider how urban foraging reconnects urbanites’ body with the materiality of the city through ﬂâneurs’ leisurely strolls. Rather than a fad, foraging wild edibles through ethnobotany subverts images of American cities from food desserts to sites of cultural and environmental fertility. I push towards articulating the ethical responsibility of forging an environmental pedagogy centered around urban foraging, cohabiting, and rewilding that it not at all sentimental, regressive or nostalgic. I interrogate submerged organicist models to show how we can understand literature as an ongoing process of agricultural and cultural world-building.

The Politics of Memory in Sinophone Cinemas and Image Culture: Altering Archives Hsioa-Yen Peng and Ella Raidel Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy London and New York: Routledge (2018), 202 pages.

Sinophone cinemas and image production function as archives, with the capability of reinterpreting the multiple dimensions of past and present. The Politics of Memory in Sinophone Cinemas and Image Culture investigates Sinophone films and art projects that express this desire for archiving and reconfiguring the past. Comprising ten chapters, this book brings together contributors from an array of disciplines - artists, filmmakers, curators, film critics, and literary scholars - to grapple with the creative ambiguities of Sinophone cinemas and image culture. Blending eclectic methods of scholarly research, knowledge-making, and art-making into a new discursive space, the chapters address the diverse complexities of the cinematic culture and image production in Sinitic language regions.

人文及社 Division of會 Humanities 科學組 and Social Sciences Affective Communication and Reverberation: Essays on Tang Jun-yi's Philosophy Kuan-Min Huang Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica Taipei: Linking Punblishing (2018), 408 pages.

Tang Jun-yi uses consciously the concept of aﬀective communication (gang-tong) to connect traditional resources of thoughts and gives it his new significances by putting it into different contexts. This book tries to consider the theory of affective communication through the phenomenological perspective. By way of the difference produced through the shift of point of view, it views the theory in the contemporary atmosphere. The challenge of modernity is the historical fate that Tang encounters. As the modernity produces some ruptures in history, it urges us to rethink the historicity that goes across the territories. Affective communication, as a philosophical model, is the response of Tang to the challenge, in order to ask for a reconnection: connection with traditions, with origin of values, with the land to live in. Thus the connections are not merely in the context of Chinese culture, but also involved with other diﬀerent cultures.

VOC Mariners’ Nautical Investigations along Two Shores of the Taiwan Strait (1622-1636) Weichung Cheng Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica In Shiuh-Feng Liu ed., Transmission of Information and Mutual Understanding Across the Asian Waters, (Taipei: Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, 2018), pp.385-440.

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) expanded its acting range to East Asian waters starting in the 1620s. During their actions occupying the Pescadores from 1622-1624, the commanders realized that information gleaned through looting Portuguese vessels would not meet their needs for further operations in these waters. They decided to collect nautical information on their own, including shore-side geographical features and oceanic dynamics under different weather conditions. To overcome this disadvantage, the VOC authority dispatched flotillas to execute nautical investigations. Their investigations covered the range including the coast of Canton, the west coast of Taiwan, the coast of Fujian and part of the coast of Zhejiang, the Coast of the Jiulong River’s estuary and the Pescadores. In this article the author encodes a detailed description of the Chinese coasts preserved in the VOC’s archives. By relating its information with the VOC’s nautical investigation expeditions, the author re-constructs the VOC personnel’s activities on nautical expeditions during 1622-1636.

Picture 1.all traces of the VOC mariners’ nautical investigations during 1622-1636

Picture 2: the Coast of China from Nanao island to the Bay of Meichou. This chart shows the results of nautical investigations during 1622-1636.

2 0 1 8 A C2A0D1 E8M重I 要 A研 S I究 N成 I C果 A

Land Regime and Economic Development in Qing Taiwan and Early Modern England: a Comparative Institutional Analysis of Governmentality Wen-Kai Lin Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica Thought and Word 55.1 (2018): 65-128.

Taking land regime and economic development in Qing Taiwan and early modern England as its point of comparison, this paper restudies K. Pomeranz’s “the great divergence debate”. This paper agrees that there was a similar development on market economy and economic level in Qing China and early modern England, and that these two economies underwent great divergence after England’s industrial revolution in late 18th century. But it challenges Pomeranz’s explanation that industrial revolution occurred because of exogenous and contingent factors. It demonstrates how diﬀerent institutions underlying market economy in two regions gave rise to the great divergence. This paper suggests that the development of English land regime and modern governmentality formed the institutional basis for the Industrial Revolution. In contrast, Qing Taiwan’s land regime and traditional governmentality could not pave the way for industrial development.

“Taste Mobilization” in the Ritual of Taiwanese Folk Religion:Parade Troupes, Taste-Community and Religious Government Wei-hsian Chi Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Vol. 30(1), pp. 119–161.

By implementing taste theory, this paper aims to analyze the modern popular religion in Taiwan, and to show how taste structure serves as an insightful framework for approaching sociology of religion. I begin with the ritual activity of territorial circumvention, and show new forms of religious grouping resulting from it. I further examine how taste takes place in activities of territorial circumventions, with a particular focus on its discursive and institutional dimensions. Specifically, my analysis demonstrates how the taste structure organizes different discourses of the religious field. From an institutional perspective, I show three types of religious grouping based on the taste mobilization. Such religious groupings invite people of different social statuses to take part in the religious field. The emerging religious phenomena discussed here shed light on the multiple dimensions of modern religious government.

人文及社 Division of會 Humanities 科學組 and Social Sciences Does Inequality Cause a Difference in Altruism between the Rich and the Poor? Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment Yen-Sheng Chiang and Jacqueline Chen Chen Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica Social Indicators Research Online first (2018)

Increasing research evidence indicates that economic inequality leads the rich to be less generous than the poor. While compelling, the underling mechanism of the finding remains elusive. We conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate how inequality influences people’s behavior in a sharing game. We test varying causes of inequality to see how people share payoffs with others when inequality is caused respectively by chance, competition, and choice. The experiment result shows that the rich give less than the poor only when inequality is self-chosen. Yet, different from findings in previous studies, increasing inequality does not reinforce, but instead mitigates the negative relationship of income and giving. Our study suggests that research on the consequences of inequality should be careful on discerning whether self-choice of inequality could account for the spurious effect ofinequality on people’s prosocial behavior.

A Reconstruction of the Proto Puyuma Aspectual and Modal System Stacy Fang-Ching Teng Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica Oceanic Linguistics 57 (2018): 303-334.

This paper compares the aspectual and modal systems in two dialects of Puyuma, Nanwang and Katripul, and as a basis for the reconstruction of the proto system. In modern Puyuma dialects, there is an asymmetry between actor voice (AV) and undergoer voice (UV) in terms of the aspectual/modal value that they may be used to denote. In both dialects, av clauses show a REALIS vs. IRREALIS distinction. In Nanwang, uv clauses display the same dichotomy (REALIS vs. IRREALIS), but in Katripul the distinction is between PERFECTIVE vs. IMPERFECTIVE. Based on these facts, I reconstruct the Proto Puyuma verbal system and shown that the major distinction is between perfective/imperfective in Proto Puyuma, and there were modal aﬃxes for marking future. It is suggested that in the course of time, the modal markers faded out, and then the imperfective av verbs were reinterpreted as progressive and irrealis respectively. In Nanwang, an analogical change has taken place and the pressure for paradigmic leveling pushed the UV IMPERFECTIVE forms to shift to PROGRESSIVE too. In Katripul, where the modal aﬃxes are kept, the system displays an AV/UV asymmetry; av shows a REALIS/ IRREALIS opposition, and UV PERFECTIVE/IMPERFECTIVE.

2 0 1 8 A C2A0D1 E8M重I 要 A研 S I究 N成 I C果 A

Bare Numeral Phrases in Mandarin and the Minimalist Mapping Hypothesis Wei-Wen Roger Liao Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5.1 (2018): 33-58.

We pursue an agreement-based analysis of the bare numeral phrases in Chinese. Bare numeral phrases in Chinese often occur with the you marker in the preverbal position. With the marker, a bare numeral phrase obtains an individual-denoting reading, which has an existential meaning. In contrast, several syntactic environments do not need the you marker, and the bare numeral phrase obtains the quantity-denoting reading. In addition to the existential you marker, we observe that the distributions of the two readings are correlated to the lower (root) modals (Mod) and the middle aspects (Asp). We argue that the correlation can be analyzed through syntactic feature agreement. That is, the bare numeral phrase carries an unvalued quantiﬁcational feature in the null D, and its unvalued feature is valued by the corresponding existential you marker, Asp, and/or Mod heads through (multiple) agreement. We argue that the proposed feature agreement mechanism can improve upon the (Extended) Mapping Hypothesis under the Minimalist Program.

How do Asian Values Constrain Public Support for Redistribution? Alex C. Chang Institute of Political Science, Academic Sinica Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 77 (2018): 139-150.

In this paper I examine how Asian and Southeast Asian people have low preference for income redistribution despite the high income inequality. Unlike convention studies which suggest that Asian values emphasize substantive human rights, I argue that the self-determination of wealth, self-reliance and family duties not only constrain citizens’ demands for social welfare, but further delimit their support for redistribution. I further test the theoretical hypotheses above against Asian Barometer Survey data and the statistical results support my suggestions, showing that Asian values have a negative association with public preference for redistribution. Moreover, while the income level has a negative association with support for income equality in democratic countries, such the relationship does not exist in authoritarian regimes.

The Radar Chart of Preference for Economic Equality in East Asia Note: The numbers in the parentheses is the gini-coefficient of the country in the survey year

The Radar Chart above compares the preference for economic equality and the income inequality in East and Southeast Asian countries. The red line indicates the public support for economic equality (data source: Asian Barometer Survey), the higher the value, the more people prefer redistribution. The number in the parentheses is the gini-coefficient of the country in the survey year.

人文及社 Division of會 Humanities 科學組 and Social Sciences Ideal of Human Right and Constitutional Order: An Introduction to Methodology of Constitutional Theory Chien-Liang Lee Institutum Iurisprudentiae, Academia Sinica Taipei: Newsharing (2018), 213 pasges.

Taiwan’s legal system received constitutionalism institution and human right ideals from the West and Japan. While these institution and ideas are gradually structuralised and internalised, some calibration and adjustments remain in progress. In the process of legal transplantation, a long-lasting issue and diﬃculty shared by the public law community is the linkage between the history of the conceptualization of human right, the constitutionalism institution, and legal methodology. This problem is reflected most prominently in the lack of systematic thinking and historical dimension as foundation. This book endeavours to deduce the human right conception from the stance of historical origins and legal methodology of constitutionalism so as to construct systematic structure of thought concerning constitutional order. It is expected to render ideal of constitutional order and texture of argument intrinsic element of fundamental rights so that fundamental rights could evolve into realistic and applicable legal norms rather than merely political, ethical, or value determination.

Judicial Review as Constitutional Engineering: A Structural Minimalist Approach Yen-Tu Su Institutum Iurisprudentiae, Academia Sinica Academia Sinica Law Journal 22 (2018): 1-76.

When adjudicating cases concerning the separation of powers and the law of democracy, a constitutional court assumes, more or less, the role of a constitutional engineer. As intensified by the judicial constitutionalization of democratic politics, this function of judicial review has generated great uneasiness among students of constitutional democracy, because it is widely held that judicial review is not an ideal forum for democratic institutional design. Using the typology of Cass Sunstein’s Constitutional Personae (2015), this article first analyzes the record of Taiwan’s Constitutional Court as a constitutional engineer of varying styles. This article finds potentials as well as pitfalls in all types of judge-made constitutional engineering, which confronts the Court with a genuine paradox: Whatever the Court does and however methodical it is, the Court is bound to assume a role that goes beyond its competence and legitimacy. While being sympathetic to the age-old plea for judicial self-restraint in so far as constitutional engineering is concerned, this article criticizes the conventional judicial minimalism for its theory averse and its reliance on judicial craftsmanship, a source for judicial over-confidence. This article proposes a structural minimalist approach that seeks to integrate the insights of structuralism in the law of democracy and the moral teachings of judicial minimalism. The Court is further advised to create safe harbors for appropriate democratic engineering, and practice minimalism while applying structural approaches.

2 0 1 8 A C2A0D1 E8M重I 要 A研 S I究 N成 I C果 A

How Are Mothers Faring Across the Globe? Constructing a New Mothers' Well-being Index and Assessing Its Validity Ming-Chang Tsai, Tsui-O Dai Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica Applied Research In Quality of Life 13 (2018): 647-670.

This paper proposes a new index of mothers’ well-being for cross-

Mothers’ Well-being across Countries Rank

Country

Norway

Netherlands

autonomy of the mothers comprises (1) skilled attendants at delivery; (2)

Switzerland

age at first marriage; and (3) maternal protection policy. We calculated the

South Korea

Japan

Australia

USA

100

The Philippines

130

Cameron

140

Gambia

country comparison. Maternal health and the social protection and autonomy of mothers are two distinct dimensions at issue. In operationalization, maternal health is indicated by 1) prevalence of modern contraception, 2) low adolescent fertility; and 3) low maternal mortality. Social protection and

scores for each country and present the ranking of 150 countries for 2010. The mothers in Nordic and Western European countries fared best, and mothers from African countries fared worst. Countries located in the middle of the ranking list should be given more attention because their relative ranking can be contingent on the choice of measures in index construction.

Michael Oakeshott Kuo-Shiang Tseng Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Acdemia Sinica Taipei: Linking Publishing (2018), 320 pages.

Despite the fact that Michael Oakeshott has been acclaimed “the greatest political philosopher in the Anglo-Saxon tradition since John Stuart Mill – or even Burke,” it remains the case that his major works have been largely neglected in the Chinese context. In my view, this is partly because the manner in which Oakeshott presents his philosophical ideas is too unique to be adequately introduced to non-Western linguistic matrixes, not to mention the complexity of translating his masterpiece on political philosophy, namely, On Human Conduct (1975), into Chinese. In line with Oakeshott’s exploration of the conditions of human agency and morality, this book is intended to give a substantial account of the idea of the modern state recognized as societas and the characteristics of the rule of law related to it. Also, through the lens of Oakeshott, it is hoped that my study may help bring to light the interconnections between liberalism, conservatism, communitarianism and republicanism.