Building Science 2

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413)

Integration with Design Studio 5

Student name & ID : Lecturer : Submission date :

Teh Kah Khen 0314502 Mr. Rizal 3rd July 2015

Integration with Design Studio 5

Contents 1.0

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….3

2.0

Lighting Proposal

3.0

4.0

2.1.1

Daylighting – Public Vendor Space……………………………………………..….9

2.1.2

Daylighting – Café…………………...……………………………………………..13

2.2.1

Artificial Lighting – Café……………………………………………………...........17

2.2.2

Artificial Lighting – Office Space…………………………………………….........21

Acoustics Proposal 3.1.1

External Noise Sound Pressure Level……………………………………………25

3.2.1

Reverberation Time – Café (Indoor)….…………………………………………..26

3.2.2

Reverberation Time – Office Space…..…………………………………………..29

3.3.1

Sound Transmission Loss – Café (Indoor)………………………………...........32

3.3.2

Sound Transmission Loss – Office Space……………………………………….34

References……………………………………………………………………………………36

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1.0

Introduction

This project aims to integrate the understanding of the principles of lighting and acoustics in the context of the final design project of Studio 5. It encompasses advance daylighting systems and the integration of electrical lighting, strategies for noise management and room acoustics.

The design, a Denim Shop, is a contemporary market-place which is an urban infill project in

Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. To achieve a modern and contemporary touch to the overall design, glazing were opted as a dominant material that provides a strong visual statement and connections which also allows illumination of natural daylighting into the market place. Nature considerations were also included as part of the design which improves the scarcity of greeneries of the whole site and ultimately, were used as means of attention and attraction.

Below are the final set of drawings :

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Floor Plan

Figure 1: Ground Floor Plan, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Figure 1: First Floor Plan, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

Figure 1: Second Floor Plan, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Figure 1: Third Floor Plan, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Elevation

Figure 1: Front Elevation, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

Figure 1: Back Elevation, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Section

Figure 1: Section AA, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

Figure 1: Section BB, nts. (Source : Author, 2015)

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2.0

Lighting Proposal 2.1.1

Daylighting – Public Vendor Space

Figure 1: Daylight factor distribution according to MS1525. (Source : MS1525, 2007)

The selected space is the Public Vendor Space located at the ground floor. This space faces the Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman and a Back Alley in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur whereby both

sides including a skylight above are sources of daylighting for the space. Besides, this linear space has a considerable floor-to-ceiling height and the area below the void and skylight has the greatest height (floor-to-roof) so as to achieve a sense of public realm in the design.

Meanwhile, the entrance that is almost-completely permeable with usage of dynamic doors and the back of the space that is security-guarded using roller-shutters does not compensate the source of natural daylighting. This is due to the importance of natural daylighting that is considered so as to provide natural illumination and perform energy saving during operation hours in the day.

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Figure 1: Public Vendor Space located at the Ground Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor area (m²)

308.28

Window/ opening area (m²)

74.25 + 39.19 = 113.44

Skylight area (m²)

53.92

Total area of skylight & window (m²)

113.44 + 53.92 = 167.36

Skylight & window to floor area ratio / daylight factor, DF

167.36 ÷ 308.28 = 0.543 = 54.3% × 0.1 = 5.43%

Conclusion This Public Vendor Space at the Ground Floor has a daylight factor of 5.43% which is bright and sufficient for trading and other related activities to take place.

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Natural Illumination Calculation

Formula

DF = (Ei ÷ Eo) x 100%

Given that Eo = 32000 (daylight level in Malaysia)

Ei = (DF × Eo) ÷ 100% = (5.43% × 32000) ÷ 100% = 173 760 ÷ 100% = 1737.6 lux

Conclusion The natural illumination at a reference point for this Public Vendor Space is 1737.6 lux.

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2.0

Lighting Proposal 2.1.2

Daylighting – Café

Figure 1: Daylight factor distribution according to MS1525. (Source : MS1525, 2007)

The second selected space is the Café located at the ground floor. However, this space only faces the Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman (due to consideration of user permeability, this space is

allocated to the front of the market) and is the primary source of daylighting for the space. This space has the same floor-to-ceiling height as the Public Vendor Space as both are located on the same floor. Apart from having one side facing the street that receives the greatest daylighting, this space is also enclosed on the side facing the Public Vendor Space whereby both uses windows in order to segregate this space from another as well as creating both indoor and outdoor (terrace) experience. Usage of glass doors also improves the efficiency of natural illumination into the space as daylighting is crucial which does not only provide natural illumination but also creates an ambience of comfort and coziness which can be seen in many cafes.

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Figure 1: CafĂŠ located at the Ground Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor area (m²)

61.02

Window/ opening area (m²)

6.00 + 17.00 = 23.00

Skylight area (m²)

nil

Total area of skylight & window (m²)

23.00

Skylight & window to floor area ratio / daylight factor, DF

23.00 ÷ 61.02 = 0.377 = 37.7% × 0.1 = 3.77%

Conclusion According to MS1525, average daylight factor of 5% gives the impression of generous daylighting. Therefore, the Café located at the Ground Floor with a daylight factor of 3.77% provides a natural lit space with no glare and thermal problems.

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Natural Illumination Calculation

Formula

DF = (Ei ÷ Eo) x 100%

Given that Eo = 32000 (daylight level in Malaysia)

Ei = (DF × Eo) ÷ 100% = (3.77% × 32000) ÷ 100% = 120 640 ÷ 100% = 1206.4 lux

Conclusion The natural illumination at a reference point for the Café is 1206.4 lux.

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2.0

Lighting Proposal 2.2.1

Artificial Lighting – Café

The Café located at the Ground Floor is proposed to have an operation hours from day to night.

Thus, artificial lighting is also required for the space to allow illumination for user activities at the night although natural daylighting is sufficient but however, limited to the extent of the day only.

Figure 1: Café at the Ground Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Proposed Lightings & Specifications

Type of fixture

Suspended Track Lighting

Type of light bulb

LEDARE LED bulb GU10

Material of fixture

Suspended aluminium track with steel, nickel-plated glass shade

Product brand & code

IKEA Model S1201 Husinge

Nominal life (hours)

25 000

Wattage range (W)

8

Colour temperature, K

2700

Colour designation

Warm white

Lumen / F (lm)

1200

Type of lighting

Ambient

Luminaire Design

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Lumen Method Calculation

Location

Cafe

Activity

Dining

Dimension (m)

Length, L = 8.05 Width, W = 7.58

Total floor area / A (m²)

61.02

Standard illuminance required (lux)

150 - 300

(according to MS1525 recommendation)

Ceiling height (m)

3.75

Height of luminaire (m)

3.25

Height of work level (m)

0.8

Mounting height / H (hm)

3.25 – 0.8 = 2.45

Reflection factor

Ceiling : concrete (0.2) Wall : concrete + brick (0.7) Floor : concrete screed (0.15)

Room index / (RI) K

(8.05 × 7.58) ÷ (8.05 + 7.58) × 2.45 = 61.02 ÷ 38.29 = 1.59

Utilization factor /UF

0.51

L ×W RI = L+W ×H

(based on given utilization factor table)

Maintenance factor / MF

0.8

Number of fittings required / N

(150 × 61.02) ÷ (1200 × 0.51 × 0.8) = 9153 ÷ 489.6 = 18.69 ≈ 19 Since luminaire comes in a set of triplets, 19 ÷ 3 = 6.33 Thus, 7 units of track lightings are required to meet the standard illuminance of 150 lux.

N=

E ×A F × UF × MF

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Assuming spacing to height ratio (SHR) is 1 : 1, Hm = 2.45m, thus, maximum spacing is to be not more than 2.45m (taking the value of 2.45m itself).

Taking width, W = 7.58m divided by maximum spacing = 2.45m, 7.58m ÷ 2.45 = 3.09

≈ 4 rows of lamps Since number of fittings required, N = 7, 7 ÷ 4 = 1.75 ≈ 2 lamps for each row Therefore, a total of 4 × 2 = 8 lamps are needed for this space as shown in the below array of fittings.

Figure 1: Reflected ceiling plan for Café at the Ground Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

Conclusion

LED track lights are used to illuminate the area to achieve a required lux level for the area.

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2.0

Lighting Proposal 2.2.2

Artificial Lighting – Office Space

The second zone selected for artificial lighting analysis is the Office Space located in the Third Floor of the market. This space caters for the management of the entire building and operates throughout the operation hours of the market. Therefore, artificial lighting is important in order to allow activities to be carried out efficiently in a conducive environment.

Figure 1: Office Space at the Third Floor. (Source : Author, 2015) ARC 3413 Building Science 2

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Proposed Lightings & Specifications

Type of fixture

Parabolic T5 2x4 Grid Light Fixture

Material of fixture

Black reveal support rails with aluminium louvers

Product brand & code

Texas Fluorescents SKU: TF-PARA18C328MV

Nominal life (hours)

20 000

Wattage range (W)

32

Colour temperature, K

5000

Colour designation

Warm white

Lumen / F (lm)

1600 per lamp 4800 per grid lighting

Type of lighting

Ambient

Luminaire Design

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Lumen Method Calculation

Location

Office space

Activity

Work

Dimension (m)

Length, L = 5.15 Width, W = 4.28

Total floor area / A (m²)

22.04

Standard illuminance required (lux)

500

(according to MS1525 recommendation)

Ceiling height (m)

3.75

Height of luminaire (m)

3.25

Height of work level (m)

0.8

Mounting height / H (hm)

3.25 – 0.8 = 2.45

Reflection factor

Ceiling : Plastered false ceiling (0.8) Wall : concrete + brick (0.7) Floor : concrete screed (0.15)

Room index / (RI) K

(5.15 × 4.28) ÷ (5.15 + 4.28) × 2.45 = 22.04 ÷ 23.10 = 0.95

Utilization factor /UF

0.48

L ×W RI = L+W ×H

(based on given utilization factor table)

Maintenance factor / MF

0.8

Number of fittings required / N

(500 × 22.04) ÷ (1600 × 4 × 2) × 0.48 × 0.8 = 11 020 ÷ 4915.2 = 2.24 ≈3 Thus, 3 units of parabolic grid lights are needed to satisfy the standard illuminance of the office space.

N=

E ×A F × UF × MF

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Assuming spacing to height ratio (SHR) is 1 : 1, Hm = 2.45m, thus, maximum spacing is to be not more than 2.45m (taking the value of 2.45m itself).

Taking width, W = 4.28m divided by maximum spacing = 2.45m, 4.28m ÷ 2.45 = 1.75

≈ 2 rows of lamps Since number of fittings required, N = 3, 3 ÷ 2 = 1.5 ≈ 2 lamps for each row Therefore, a total of 2 × 2 = 4 lamps are needed for this space as shown in the below array of fittings.

Figure 1: Reflected ceiling plan for Office Space at the Third Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

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3.0

Acoustics Proposal 3.1.1

External Noise Sound Pressure Level

External noise sources on-site Activity noise = 30 dB

Traffic noise = 65 dB

Intensity 30 = 10 log (Iactivity/Io) log (Iactivity /1 × 10−12) = 3.0 log −1 log(Iactivity/1 × 10−12) = log −1 3.0 (Iactivity/1 × 10−12) = 1 × 103 Iactivity = 1 × 10−9

Intensity 65 = 10 log (Itraffic /Io) log (Itraffic /1 × 10−12) = 6.5 log −1 log(Itraffic /1 × 10−12) = log −1 6.5 (Itraffic /1 × 10−12 ) = 3.16 × 106 Itraffic = 3.16 × 10−6

Therefore, total intensities, Itotal,

Meanwhile, SPL

= 1 × 10−9 + 3.16 × 10−6

= 10 log (Itotal/ Io)

= 3.16 × 10−6

= 10 log (3.16 × 10−6 ÷ 1 × 10−12 ) 65 dB

The external noise with a combined SPL of 65dB generated from the vehicles and street activity travels directly into the market without passing through walls that will cause transmission lost in sound. Therefore, the combined SPL of the external noise of the front street is approximately the total sound pressure level in the Public Vendor Space at the Ground Floor . According to the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a marketplace is required to have an acoustic tolerance level of between 56dB to 67dB. The combined SPL of external noises (external traffic noise and external activity noise) present on-site is within the recommended acoustic noise level range, which is 65dB. The market is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of ANSI.

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3.0

Acoustics Proposal 3.2.1 Reverberation Time – Café (Indoor)

Reverberation time was calculated to determine the space quality in relation to human comfort.

Therefore, the Café located at the Ground Floor has been chosen but however, analysis is only applied for the Indoor zone because it is an enclosed space where users carry out activities such as dining. Above all, the reverberation time is calculated based on material absorption coefficient at 2000Hz during peak hour.

Figure 1: Café (Indoor) at the Ground Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Reverberation Time Calculation

Total floor area / A (m²)

23.70

Volume of zone / V (m³)

23.70m × 3.75m = 88.88

Occupancy

11

Materials

Wall

Area (m²)

Acoustic absorption coefficient

Area × absorption coefficient

Brick wall

44.52

0.05

2.23

Glass wall

23.37

0.07

1.64

Glass door

13.50

0.07

0.95

Floor

Concrete screed

25.00

0.02

0.50

Ceiling

Plaster on concrete

23.70

0.04

0.95

Furniture

Timber tables

4.12

0.10

0.41

Cushioned chairs

2.53

0.70

1.77

11

0.46

5.06

Occupant Total sound absorption by materials

13.51

RT = (0.16V) ÷ A = (0.16 × 88.88) ÷ 13.51 = 14.22 ÷ 13.51 = 1.05

The reverberation time for the Café (Indoor) during peak hour is 1.05s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the reverberation time for a room with relatively small volume is <1.0s.

However, the RT obtained does not meet the standard requirements thus, to reduce reverberation time in the space, drapery curtains with 0.7 absorption coefficient can be proposed to be placed onto the glass walls.

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Materials

Wall

Area (m²)

Acoustic absorption coefficient

Area × absorption coefficient

Brick wall

44.52

0.05

2.23

Glass wall

23.37

0.07

1.64

Glass door

13.50

0.07

0.95

Floor

Concrete screed

25.00

0.02

0.50

Ceiling

Plaster on concrete

23.70

0.04

0.95

Furniture

Timber tables

4.12

0.10

0.41

Cushioned chairs

2.53

0.70

1.77

23.37

0.70

16.36

11

0.46

5.06

Curtain Occupant Total sound absorption by materials

29.87

RT = (0.16V) ÷ A = (0.16 × 88.88) ÷ 29.87 = 14.22 ÷ 29.87 = 0.48s

With the addition of proposed drapery curtain onto the glass walls, the reverberation time for

peak hour is successfully reduced to 0.48s and satisfies the standard required RT.

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Acoustics Proposal 3.2.2 Reverberation Time â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Office Space

Reverberation time was calculated to determine the space quality in relation to human comfort.

Therefore, the second space selected is the Office Space located at the Third Floor has been chosen. Hence, calculation has been done in this enclosed space whereby occupants carry out activities such as managements. Above all, the reverberation time is calculated based on material absorption coefficient at 2000Hz during peak hour.

Figure 1: Office Space at the Third Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

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Reverberation Time Calculation

Total floor area / A (m²)

22.04

Volume of zone / V (m³)

22.04m × 3.75m = 82.65

Occupancy

4

Materials

Area (m²)

Acoustic absorption coefficient

Area × absorption coefficient

Wall

Brick wall

62.23

0.05

3.11

Floor

Concrete screed

23.50

0.02

0.47

Ceiling

Plaster on concrete

22.04

0.04

0.88

Furniture

Timber tables

5.84

0.10

0.58

Cushioned chairs

0.92

0.70

0.64

4

0.46

1.84

Occupant Total sound absorption by materials

7.52

RT = (0.16V) ÷ A = (0.16 × 82.65) ÷ 7.52 = 13.22 ÷ 7.52 = 1.76s

The reverberation time for the Office Space during peak hour is 1.76s. According to Acoustic Standard ANSI (2008), the reverberation time for office room during non-peak hour exceeds the

optimum reverberation time for office which is 1s. Therefore, to take measure of the exceeded RT, carpets with absorption coefficient of 0.60 can be proposed to be added onto the floor.

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Materials

Area (m²)

Acoustic absorption coefficient

Area × absorption coefficient

Wall

Brick wall

62.23

0.05

3.11

Floor

Concrete screed

23.50

0.02

0.47

Ceiling

Plaster on concrete

22.04

0.04

0.88

Furniture

Timber tables

5.84

0.10

0.58

Cushioned chairs

0.92

0.70

0.64

23.50

0.60

14.10

4

0.46

1.84

Carpet Occupant Total sound absorption by materials

21.62

RT = (0.16V) ÷ A = (0.16 × 82.65) ÷ 21.62 = 13.22 ÷ 21.62

= 0.61s

With the addition of proposed carpet onto the floor, the reverberation time for peak hour is successfully reduced to 0.61s and satisfies the standard required RT.

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3.0

Acoustics Proposal 3.3.1 Sound Transmission Loss â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CafĂŠ (Indoor)

Figure 1: CafĂŠ (Indoor) at the Ground Floor. (Source : Author, 2015) Wall type : Brick wall with insulation

Wall type : Glass walls & doors

SRI = 10 log (1 / T)

SRI = 10 log (1 / T)

SRIbrick = 44.52

SRIglass = 36.87

44.52 = 10 log (1 / Tbrick)

36.87 = 10 log (1 / Tglass)

log â&#x2C6;&#x2019;1 4.452= (1 / Tbrick)

log â&#x2C6;&#x2019;1 3.687= (1 / Tglass)

Tbrick = 3.53 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 Surface material

Tgđ?&#x2018;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; = 2.06 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4

Surface area / S (m²)

Transmission coefficient / Tcn

Brick wall

44.52

3.53 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5

44.52 Ă&#x2014; 3.53 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 = 1.57 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3

Glass walls & doors

36.87

2.06 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4

36.87 Ă&#x2014;2.06 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 = 7.60 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3

Total

81.39

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Surface area Ă&#x2014; transmission coefficient (ST)

9.17 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 32

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Tđ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ł = (9.17 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 ) á 81.39 = 1.13 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4

SRIoverall = 10 log (1 / Tav )

= 10 log (1 /1.13 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 ) = 39.47 dB

Based on the above calculations, 39.47 dB of noise level can be reduced during transmission from the market interior space to the interior of the CafĂŠ (Indoor) on the Ground Floor. Thus, the interior market noise of 65 dB during peak hour is reduced by 39.47 dB during transmission which results in a sound level of 25.53 dB upon reaching the interior of the CafĂŠ.

Having said that, 25.53 dB is within the range of recommended level for a dining space. So, acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls (brick and glass) as external sound barriers.

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Acoustics Proposal 3.3.2 Sound Transmission Loss – Office Space

Figure 1: Office Space at the Third Floor. (Source : Author, 2015)

Wall type : Brick wall with insulation SRI = 10 log (1 / T) SRIbrick = 62.23 62.23 = 10 log (1 / Tbrick) log −1 6.223 = (1 / Tbrick)

Tbrick = 5.98 × 10−7

Surface material

Surface area / S (m²)

Transmission coefficient / Tcn

Brick wall

62.23

5.98 × 10−7

Total

62.23

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Surface area × transmission coefficient (ST) 62.23 × 5.98 × 10−7 = 3.72 × 10−5 3.72 × 10−5

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Tđ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ł = (3.72 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 ) á 62.23 = 5.98 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;7

SRIoverall = 10 log (1 / Tav )

= 10 log (1 /5.98 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;7 ) = 62.23 dB

Based on the above calculations, 62.23 dB of noise level can be reduced during transmission from the market interior space to the interior of the Office Space on the Third Floor. Thus, the interior market noise of 65 dB during peak hour is reduced by 62.23 dB during transmission which results in a sound level of 2.77 dB upon reaching the interior of the Office Space.

Having said that, 2.77 dB is within the range of recommended level for an office. So, acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.

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4.0

References

Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society Heating, Refrigerating &.

In Gibbs, B.,In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in Building Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Esses: MultiScience Publishing Co. Ltd. Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for nonresidential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.

Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.

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