Energy Efficient Design Education Through Architectural Design Studio Projects

Energy Efficient Design Education Through Architectural Design Studio Projects Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Presentation Outline 1. Introduction 1.1. Aim and Objectives 1.2. Methodology

2. „Energy Efficient Designâ€&#x; as a Design Studio Lesson 3. The Experiment of Designing a Zero Net Energy Building 3.1. Planning for the Experiment 3.2. Design Process Activities

4. Results and Attainments 4.1 Objectives Achieved 4.2. Obstacles and challenges 4.3. Suggestions for future development

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

1. Introduction Saudi Arabia is one of the major oilproducing countries, as demonstrated by: • extraction rates, • domestic reserves, and • size of exports.

Domestic demand for gas and oil increases by 7% annually, i.e. the domestic consumption of energy doubles every ten years.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Actions should be taken to avoid the potential concurrence of production and consumption by 2038.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

These actions might include: • • • • • • •

reviewing energy prices, discovery of new wells, raising extraction rates, reducing population growth rates, increasing energy utilization efficiency, renewable energy resources, or altogether.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

To reduce electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia, National Campaign for Electric Consumption Guidance was launched in 1429 H (2008).

Activities included: • executive programs, • energy efficiency centers, • laws and legislations, • field visits, • training sessions and workshops, and • awards for successful practices.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Communication with the community took place through: • press, • TV and radio ads, • road signs, • mobile messages, • mobile fairs, and • the campaign website.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

These efforts opened the door wide for all community groups to support.

Higher Education institutions are argued to contribute in two main directions: (1) preparing the trained staff, and (2) raising public awareness.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Responding to that, an experiment of designing “a zero-net energy office building” was conducted, as an educational design studio project in the Department of Architecture at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah.

“A zero-net energy office building” means that a building which produces the energy it consumes.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Design proposals are to be explored; falling under two main approaches: (a) reducing energy consumption, and (b) maximizing possibilities.

energy

production

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

1.1. Aim and Objectives The aim is to document and analyze the experiment of designing a zero netenergy building.

Goals achieved are highlighted, obstacles and challenges are identified, and suggestions for future development are provided.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

1.2. Methodology •

Identifying the motives behind the experiment

•

Addressing the reasons of selecting the design studio as an environment for investigation.

•

Giving a theoretical background: o The VDS system, o SGU educational plan, and o „Energy efficient design‟ lesson.

•

Documenting the activities and outcomes of the design process .

•

Analysing the experiment Energy Efficient Design Education Through Architectural Design Studio Projects Slide 12 of 40

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

2. ‘Energy Efficient Design’ as a Design Studio Lesson Design courses can be taught under two main design studio systems:

Vertical Design Studio (VSD)

(1) Horizontal Design Studio (HSD), (2) Vertical Design Studio (VSD).

HDS system introduces students of the same educational level to step-by-step, serial learning processes.

Horizontal Design Studio (HSD)

On contrary, VDS students of multiple educational levels, and sometimes of different disciplines, study design courses altogether.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

VDS system offers the possibility to redesign the design studio, identifying a set of lessons to be assigned to each educational level.

The educational plan of the Smart Growth Unit (SGU) include the following design lessons include: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

rationality and minimalism, beauty and experience, style and character, flexibility and organization, energy efficient design, housing, urban design, and integration, respectively.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3. A The Experiment of Designing a Zero Net Energy Building 3.1. Planning for the Experiment •

Raising economic/environmental awareness and improving skills • Realizing the economic and environmental challenges.

• Building the knowledge base, e.g. definitions, motivation, scope, measures, case studies, etc.

• Developing students‟ skills, e.g. software packages that will be used in the comparative analysis stage.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

•

Promoting rationality and objectivity • Relying on calculations and computer simulation rather than on immeasurable or hypothetical suppositions.

• Measures included: • average energy consumption, • energy reduction rates due to thermal insulation (based on a study conducted by Saudi Electric Company), • energy production capacities of photovoltaic cells and wind turbines (specifications of manufacturing companies), and • computer simulation results.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

•

Alignment of efforts • Application on an office building type with a given architectural program and a fixed total built up area of approximately 4000 m2.

• This building type was selected to:

given given given given given

• avoid the functional complexity, • neutralize social issues, and • Celebrate a higher level of flexibility (plan organization and façade articulation).

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

given given given given given

given given given given given

•

Diversity of application environments • Multiple sites in two different cities: Riyadh and Jeddah, are selected.

• Jeddah‟s climate is characterized by high temperatures, high levels of humidity, light-to-moderate winds, and mild-to-moderate rainfall • Riyadh has hot arid/desert climate with lower relative humidity levels.

• This would promote students to explore the potential of „energy efficient design‟ concepts in different climatic conditions.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3.2. Design Process Activities 3-2-1 Preliminary group research  Theoretical background, including: • terminology, • energy crisis, • measurement methods/units, • renewable energy resources, • technical resolutions • building materials, • cross-ventilation, • natural lighting, • passive cooling, • thermal insulation, • shade and shadows, and • thermal mass, etc.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

 Energy production technologies • solar energy, and • wind power, etc.  Simulation and programming software packages, • Autodesk ® VASARY • Climate Consultant 5.4 • Rhinoceros 3D, and • Grasshopper 3D  Relevant case studies

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3-2-2 Site selection and analysis • 6 different sites were selected (3 in Riyadh and other 3 in Jeddah).

• Land lot area: 10,000 m2.

• Site analysis focused on the issues that would have direct impact on energy production/consumption potentials, such as: • orientation, • obstacles to day-lighting and natural ventilation, • heights of surrounding buildings effecting air movement, and the possibility to make use of shade and shadow.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3-2-3 Architectural design activities  Generation of concepts targeting:

(1) maximum reduction of energy used, and (2) accommodation of production technologies

energy

‌. Via means of architectural desin

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3-2-3 Architectural design activities  Comparative analysis (crosscomparison) and selection of best alternative By using Autodesk® following information available:

Vasari, the would be

• annual energy consumption, • different approaches to reduce energy consumption, • reduction percentages, • renewable energy production capabilities, and • cross-comparison of design alternatives • Etc. Energy Efficient Design Education Through Architectural Design Studio Projects Slide 23 of 40

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3-2-3 Architectural design activities  Design development – the final solution Architectural Design

The recommendations of Climate Consultant 5.4 and the simulation results of Autodesk® Vasari helped students develop the selected alternatives, moving a step by step towards the final solutions.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

3-2-4 Design products: Students’ projects Design products were: (1) Architectural design (individual work), and

projects

(2) A model for a self-responding kinetic louver system that automatically reacts to any change in lighting projecting on the building (group work)

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

(1) Architectural design projects

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Yousef Yehyaâ€&#x;s Project

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

(1) Architectural design projects

Yousef Yehyaâ€&#x;s Project

Bird-eye view

Perspective

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Perspective

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Yousef Yehyaâ€&#x;s Project

(1) Architectural design projects

Location and site design Energy production and cooling systems

Plans, facades and section

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

(1) Architectural design projects

Yousef Yehyaâ€&#x;s Project

Shade and shadow

VASARI analysis

Calculations of energy production and consumption

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

(1) Architectural design projects

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Moaaz Gedaanyâ€&#x;s Project

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

(1) Architectural design projects

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Ty Abo Shoshaâ€&#x;s Project

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

(2) Self-responding kinetic louver system

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Group work

Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

4. Results and Attainments 4.1 Goals Achieved • Students came to the conclusion that architects can play a vital role in addressing energy issues within their specialization.

• Students have had the skills of calculating the consumed/ produced energy, with the help of software packages.

• The experiment managed to raise the environmental awareness of: participating students, faculty students, staff, guests and jury members.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

• A "hidden curriculum" is developed, i.e. linking the design studio to urgent domestic, regional, and global concerns.

• There was a chance to “Redesign the design studio“; i.e. through the "Problematization" of design projects.

• Both „explicit knowledge‟ (knowwhat), and „tacit knowledge‟ (know-how, know-why, know-who and know-when) were transferred from senior to junior students.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

• Explicit knowledge was in the form of theoretical background and direct results, whereas, tacit knowledge was in the form of experience, culture, and methods of performing tasks.

• The interrelationship between architecture and other disciplines concerned with the topic was realized.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Discussion: Results and Attainments 4.2. Obstacles and challenges • Acquiring basic knowledge and building skills consumed much time and effort.

• Nevertheless, repeating the experiment ensures aggregation and regular update of the knowledge base.

• The absence of research infrastructure (labs, equipment and software) was a major challenge.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

• Lack of infrastructure and specialized staff led to spending more time and effort to make the experiment succeed. • The absence of financial support.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

4.3. Suggestions for future development • Due to the importance and the complexity of the experiment, the engagement of post-graduate students is promoted. • It is worth mentioning that a M.Sc. program was recently launched in the department, with a track for awarding M.Sc. degree by architectural projects.

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

• To promote the success of the experiment in the future, coordination should be made with: (1) authorities that support research/experimental work inside KAU (e.g.

KAU Endowment-Waqf and Deanship of graduate studies), (2) entities that can benefit from the trial (e.g. companies working in the field of intelligent/ sustainable/ green building materials and technologies), or (3) institutions that make similar efforts to reduce energy consumption or promote energy production in buildings (e.g.

Ministry of Electricity and Water).

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Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef Department of Architecture Faculty of Environmental Design King Andulaziz University Saudi Arabia

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank: Dr. Osman Khafagy, and Arch. Abdulaziz Afandi for their participation in performing the experiment of designing a zero net energy office building as an application to the „energy efficient designâ€&#x; lesson.

Thanks for Attention