ikswnW dy im`qr prjIvI
Farmers' Friends iSkwrI
AkIt iSkwrI
kItW iv`c ibmwrIAW
PslI kIt pRbMDn iv`c ikswnW dy im`qr Farmers' Friends in Crop Pest Management
AMifAW dy prjIvI
Egg Parasites bwlg prjIvI
1
Adult Parasite
AMifAW dy prjIvI
àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ, ÕÆó¶ ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú Á³â¶ Çç³çÅ Ô¯ÇÂÁÅÍ ÇÂ¼Õ Trichograma inserting its egg into a pest's egg by piercing with its ovipositor. One female lays 300 àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ îÅçÅ C@@ Á³â¶ Çç³çÆ þÍ eggs.
2 àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ çÅ Á³âÅ ÕÆó¶ ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú
1
bwlg prjIvI
Egg Parasites
Trichograma egg inside the pest's egg.
prjIvI dw AMfw
Adult Parasite
Parasite Egg
3
5 2
kIt dw AMfw Pest Egg
4
4 3
5
prjIvI dw ipaUpw Parasite Pupa
prjIvI dw lwrvw Parasite Larva
àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ ñÅðòÅ ÕÆó¶ ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú òèçÅ Ô¯ÇÂÁÅÍ ÕÆà ç¶ Trichograma larva growing inside pest's egg. Instead of thelepidopteran larva developing inside, ñÅðò¶ ç¶ ÇòÕÇÃå Ô¯ä çÆ Ü×·Å àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ çÅ ñÅðòÅ À°Ã Á³â¶ the trichogramma larva feeds on the egg contents and develops. ç¶ å¼å ÖÅ Õ¶ òèçÅ Áå¶ ÇòÕÇÃå Ô°³çÅ þÍ àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ çÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ ÕÆó¶ ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú òèçÅ Ô¯ÇÂÁÅÍ ÇÂà Trichograma pupa growing inside pest's egg. This makes the egg turning to black in color. éÅñ Á³â¶ çÅ ð³× ÕÅñÅ êËäÅ ô°ð± Ô¯ Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇòÕÇÃå àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ ÕÆó¶ ç¶ Áâ ³ ¶ ÇòÚ ¼ ¯ ìÅÔð ÇéÕñçÅ ÔǯÂÁÅ Í Grown up Trichograma adult coming out of pest's egg. One or two adults may emerge out of the egg. Áâ ³ ¶ ÇòÚ ¼ º¯ ÇÂÕ ¼ Ü» ç¯ ìÅñ× òÆ ìÅÔð ÁÅ ÃÕç¶ ÔéÍ ÕÆàç¶ ñÅðòÅ Instead of lepidopteran larva coming out, the çÆ Ü×Å· àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ çÅ ìÅñ× ÁÅêäÅ ÜÆòé ÚÕ ¼ ð êð±Å ÕðÕ¶ trichogramma adult flies out by completing its life ìÅÔð ÇéÕñ ÁÅÀç ° Å þÍ ÇÂö åðÅ· ÔÆ ÇÂÔ C@@ Ôð¯ ÁdzâÁÅ ÇòÚ ¼ cycle. It lays eggs into 300 more eggs. Á»â¶ Ççç ³ Æ þÍ
lwrivAW dy prjIvI
Larval Parasites 1
brYkn dw bwlg
lwrivAW dy prjIvI
Larval Parasites
ìÅñ× ìÌËÕé ñÅðòÅ Çò¼Ú ÁÅêäÅ ÷ÇÔð êÅ Õ¶ À°Ã Çò¼Ú ÁÅêäÅ Bracon adult by inserting its ovipositor into larva injects sedative toxins and lays eggs into its body. Á³âÅ Çç³ç¶ ԯ¶ Í ñÅðòŠðÃå Ô¯ Ü»çÅ þÍ The larva becomes sluggish.
1 2 ìÌËÕé ç¶ Á³â¶ ñÅðòÅ Çò¼Ú
brYkn dy AMfy kIt dw lwrvw
2
brYkn dw lwrvw
3
3
brYkn dw ipaUpw
4
4
bwlg brYkn
bwlg brYkn 5
Bracon eggs in side larva
5
5
ìÌËÕé ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú¯ ì¼Ú¶ ÇéÕñ Õ¶ ñÅðò¶ ù Á³çð¯ Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Í Bracon eggs hatch inside and grow feeding inside larva. The larva moves sluggish like diseased one. ñÅðòÅ ÇìîÅð ò»× ðÃå Ô¯ Ü»çÅ þÍ
ìÌËÕé ç¶ ñÅðò¶ ÕÆàç¶ ñÅðòÅ Çò¼Ú¯ ìÅÔð ÇéÕñ Õ¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ çÅ Bracon larvae may come out of the body of the larva to pupate on its body. ð±ê èÅðç¶ Ô¯Â¶Í ìÌËÕé çÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ ñÅðò¶ ç¶ Á³çð ðÇÔ Ü»çÅ þ Áå¶ ÇÃðë ìÅñ× Bracon may pupate inside larval body and only adult comes out. ìÅÔð ÁÅÀ°çÅ þÍ Bracon adults escaping from pupa ìÌËÕé çÅ ìÅñ× ÇêÀ±êÅ Çò¼Ú¯ ÇéÕñçÅ Ô¯ÇÂÁÅ
ipaUipAW dy prjIvI
Pupal Parasites bwlg prjIvI
1
ipaUipAW dy prjIvI
Pupal Parasites
êðÜÆòÆ ÁÅêäÅ Á³âÅ ÕÆà ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ Çò¼Ú Çç³ç¶ ԯ¶
Parasite laying egg inside the pupa.
Á³â¶ ç¶ Á³çð êðÜÆòÆ Á³âÅ
Parasite egg inside the pupa
êðÜÆòÆ ñÅðòÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ ç¶ Á³çð Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶
Parasite larva feeding inside the pupa
ÕÆà ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ Á³çð êðÜÆòÆ ÇêÀ±êÅ
Parasite pupa inside the pupa
êðÜÆòÆ ìÅñ× ÕÆà ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ ç¶ Á³ç𯺠ìÅÔð ÁÅÀ°ç¶ ԯ¶
Parasite adult coming out of the host pupa
prjIvI dw AMfw
1
2 2
3 3
prjIvI dw lwrvw 4
4 5 5
prjIvI dw ipaUpw bwlg prjIvI
iSkwrI
Predators 1
iSkwrI
Predators
Insect predators are basically two typesBugs, bees and chrysopa etc -suck the fluids of egg ì¼× Áå¶ ÕÌÅÂÆïêÅ ÁÅÇç ÕÆà çÆ Á³â¶ Áå¶ ñÅðò¶ çÆ ÁòÃæÅ or larval stages ò¶ñ¶ À°Ã ç¶ ôðÆð ÇòÚñ¶ çÌò ù êÆ ñËºç¶ ÔéÍ ÕÆÇóÁÅ ç¶ ÇôÕÅðÆ ç¯ êÌÕÅð ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ Ôé -
2
lyfI brf bItl pwieryt bg
2
1
ìÆàñ Áå¶ í±³â ÕÆà ç¶ ôðÆð ù ÖÅ Ü»ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ À°Ã Óå¶ êñç¶ Beetles and wasps- devour the insect body and feed on them ÔéÍ
3 3
kItwhwrI pMCI
4
mkVI
ê³ÛÆ À°¼âç¶ Ã ÕÆà» ù ÖÅ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Birds pick up the insects while flying and feed on them
î¼ÕóÆÁ» ÕÆàÅ ù êÕó Õ¶ À°Ôé» çÅ Ö±é ڱà ñ˺çÆÁ» é¶Í
Spiders catch the insects and suck body fluids
4
tRweIkogRwmw
Trichogramma
tRweIkogRwmw
Trichogramma
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ ëñ ¼° » ç¶ ðà ù êÆ Õ¶ Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) Food habits : Adult is free living feeding on flower ÇÜÀº°ç» þ ÜçÇÕ Àà ° çÆÁ» ìÅÕÆ Çåé ³ ÁòÃæÅò» î÷ ¶ ìÅé ÕÆà» ç¶ nectar, whereas all other stages are parasitic on eggs of their host insects. ÁdzâÁÅ Àå ¼° ¶ êðÜÆòÆ ìä Õ¶ ðÇÔç ³ ¶ éͶ î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- B@@ 寺 ò¼è êÌÕÅð çÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ» ç¶ Á³â¶
ìÅñ× àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ ÔËñÆÕ¯òðêÅ ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú Á³âÅ Çç³ç¶ ԯ¶ Trichogramma adult inserting its eggs into Helicoverpa egg
ìÅñ× àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ ÔËñÆÕ¯òðêÅ ç¶ Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú¯ ìÅÔð ÇéÕñ綶 ԯ¶ Trichogramma adult coming out of the Helicoverpa egg
Host insects : Parasitize eggs of over 200 species of caterpillars.
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ ìÔå ° ÔÆ Ûà ¯ Å Life stages : Trichogramma adults are extremely small. The female adult lays her eggs on other Ôç ³° Å þÍ ìÅñ× îÅçÅ Ôð¯ êådz×Á» ç¶ ÁdzâÁ» Àê ¼° ð Áâ ³ ¶ Ççç ³ Æ þÍ moths' eggs. First, she examines the eggs by Ãí 庯 êÇÔñ» îÅçÅ àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ ÁÅêä¶ ÁºËàÆéÅ éÅñ ÀÔ ° é» antennal drumming, then drills into the eggs with her ovipositor, and lays eggs inside the moth's eggs. ÁdzâÁ» çÆ Ü»Ú ÕðçÆ þ ÇÜé ³ »· ÇòÚ ¼ Àà ° é¶ Áâ ³ ¶ çä ¶ ¶ Ôç ³° ¶ ÔéÍ She usually stays on or near the host eggs until all or Àà ° 庯 ìÅÁç ÀÔ ° ÁÅêäÆ êÛ ³± éÅñ ñ× ¼ ¶ ÇÂÕ ¼ õÅà Á× ³ most of them are parasitized. When the parasitized ÒúòÆêǯÃàðÓ éÅñ çÜ ± ¶ Áâ ³ ¶ ÇòÚ ¼ Çâñ ¼Ì ÕðÕ¶ ÇÂÕ ¼ îð¯Æ ÕðÕ¶ Àà ° moth's eggs turn black, the larvae parasites develop within the host eggs. The larva eats the contents of îð¯Æ ÇòÚ ¼ Áâ ³ ¶ Ççç ³ Æ þÍ ÀÔ ° î÷ ¶ ìÅé ÁdzâÁ» ç¶ éó ¶ ¶ åç åÕ ¼ ðÇÔç ³ Æ the moth's eggs. Adults emerge about 5-10 days þ Üç åÕ ¼ ÃÅð¶ Ü» Ç÷ÁÅçÅåð ÁdzâÁ» ÇòÚ ¼ ÀÔ ° ÁÅêä¶ Áâ ³ ¶ éÅ later depending on the temperature. Adults can live çò ¶ Ͷ Ü纯 î÷ ¶ ìÅé êå× ³ ¶ ç¶ Áâ ³ ¶ ÕÅñ¶ Ô¯ Ü»ç¶ Ôé å» Àà ° ÇòÚ ¼ up to 14 days after emergence. Female adults can lay up to 300. êðÜÆòÆ ñÅðòÅ ÇòÕÇÃå Ô¯ Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇÂÔ êðÜÆòÆ àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ çÅ ñÅðòÅ êå× ³ ¶ ç¶ Áâ ³ ¶ ù Áç ³ 𺯠ÖÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ åÅêîÅé ç¶ Áéà ° Åð àÅÌÂÆÕ× ¯ ÅÌîÅ çÅ ìÅñ× E-A@ Ççé» ÇòÚ ¼ ÇòÕÇÃå Ô¯ Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇÂÕ ¼ ìÅñ× ÇòÕÇÃå Ôä ¯ 庯 AD Ççé» åÕ ¼ ÇÜç ³ Å ðÇÔç ³ Å þÍ ìÅñ× îÅçÅ C@@ åÕ ¼ Áâ ³ ¶ Ççç ³ Æ þÍ
bYRkn
Bracon
bYRkn
Bracon
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× ëñ ¼° » ç¶ ðà ù êÆ Õ¶ ÇÜÀº°ç» þ ÜçÇÕ Bracon spp. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) Food habits : Adult is free living feeding on flower Àà ° çÆÁ» ìÅÕÆ Çåé ³ ÁòÃæÅò» î÷ ¶ ìÅé ÕÆà» ç¶ ÁdzâÁÅ, nectar, whereas all other stages are parasitic on eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult parasitoid. ñÅðò,¶ÇêÀê ± ¶ Áå¶ ìÅñ× Àå ¼° ¶ êðÜÆòÆ ìä Õ¶ ðÇÔç ³ ¶ éͶ
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- ÕÆóÆÁ», Ú¶ê¶, ð³âÆÁ», ê¼ÇåÁ» ç¶ Çà¼â¶, îË×à, Host insects : Ants, aphids, bollworms, caterpillars, leafhoppers, leafminers, maggots, êñ»à ì¼×, ÃÕ¶ñ Áå¶ ñÆøîÅÂÆéð plant bugs, scales.
Çܳç×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× ìÌËÕé, ÇÂ¼Õ åð·Å çÅ í±³â Life stages: Adult wasps are tiny, about 2.5 mm in size, slender black or brown with threadlike waists. ÇÜÃçÅ ÁÅÕÅð ñ×í× B.E ÇîñÆ îÆàð Ô°³çÅ þ Áå¶ ÇÂÔ êåñÅ, Eggs are laid inside the hosts' bodies. The larvae ð³× ÕÅñÅ Ü» í±ðÅ, èÅ׶ ò»× êåñÆ Õîð òÅñÅ Ô°³çÅ þÍ ÇÂÔ are feed in or on other insects. Pupate within the î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà ç¶ ôðÆð ç¶ Á³çð Á³â¶ Çç³çÅ þ Áå¶ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ host or in silken cocoons in or on the outside of the body of the host, while others spin silken cocoons î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà ç¶ ôðÆð ç¶ Á³çð Ü» À°¼å¶ êñç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ î¶÷ìÅé away from the host. About a week later, the adult ÕÆà ç¶ ôðÆð ç¶ Á³çð Ü» À°Ãç¶ Õ¯Õ±é ç¶ Á³çð ÔÆ ÇêÀ±êÅ Bracon wasps cut round holes in the aphid mummies and emerge. ÁòÃæÅ å¼Õ êÔ°³Ú Ü»çÅ þÍ Áå¶ Ôøå¶ ìÅÁç ìÅñ× ìÌËÕé îð¶ ԯ¶ î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà ç¶ ôðÆð ç¶ Á³çð¯ ìÅÔð ÁÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ
bYRkn ipaUpy
bYRkn lwrvw
kotYsIAw
Cotesia
kotYsIAw
Cotesia
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× ë°¼ñ» ç¶ ðà ù êÆ Õ¶ Áå¶ êðÅ×ä À°¼êð Cotesia spp. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) ÇÜÀ°ºç» þ ÜçÇÕ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ êðÜÆòÆ ìä Õ¶ ðÇÔ³ç¶ é¶Í
Food habits : Adults are free living and feed on nectar and pollen of flowers. Larvae are parasities.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- åäÅ Û¶çÕ, éðî·¶-ÕêÅÔ çÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ», Host insects: Bollworms, stem borers and âÅÇÂî³âìËÕ êå³×¶ ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ÇÂÃç¶ ìÅñ× ×ÇÔð¶ ð× ³ ç¶ Àâ ¼° ä òÅñÆÁ» ÕÆóÆÁ» Ü» Ûà ¯ ÆÁ» îÖ ¼ ÆÁ» ò»× ÇçÖä òÅñ¶ Ûà ¯ ¶ íâ ³± ÔéÍ ìÅñ× îÅçÅ êǼåÁ» Áå¶ ëÃñ ç¶ îØǯðÁ» ÇòÚ ¼ î÷ ¶ ìÅé ù ñí ¼ çÆ þÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ êà ¶ ç¶ Ôá ¶ ñ¶ êÅö à± Æ ò»× ÇåÖ ¼ Å ÒúòÆêà ¯ àðÓ ñ× ¼ Å Ôç ³° Å þÍ ÇÂÃçÆÁ» ÕÞ ¼° êÜ Ì ÅåÆÁ» î÷ ¶ ìÅé ç¶ ôðÆð Àå ¼° ¶ îð¯Æ ÕðÕ¶ Àà ° ÇòÚ ¼ AE å¯ FE Áâ ³ ¶ Ççç ³ ÆÁ» Ôé ÜçÇÕ ÕÞ ¼° ÇÃðë A Áâ ³ Å ÔÆ Ççç ³ Æ þÍ ÁdzâÁ» ÓÚº¯ ìÚ ¼ ¶ B Ççé ìÅÁç ÇéÕñç¶ ÔéÍ
kotYsIAw ipaUpw Cotesia Pupa
bwlg kotYsIAw lwrvy 'c AMfw idMdw hoieAw Adult Cotesia inserting its egg into a larva
ñÅðòÅ ìäé çÆ ÁðdzíÕ ÁòÃæÅ, ÇÜà ÇòÚ ¼ ÇÂÔ ÇÔñÜñ ° éÔÄ ÕðçÅ, ÇòÚ ¼ î÷ ¶ ìÅé ù Áç ³ 𺯠ÖÅäÅ ôð°± Õð Ççç ³ Å þ Áå¶ Àà ° ù Ö»ç¶ Ô ¯ ¶ ìÅÔð ÇéÕñ ÁÅÀº°çÅ þ Áå¶ åð°å ³ ÔÆ ÕÕ ¯ é ± çÆ ìä ° ÅÂÆ ôð°± Õð Ççç ³ Å þ Áå¶ ÇêÀê ± Å ÇòÚ ¼ ìçñ Ü»çÅ þÍ Çëð ÇÂÔ ðô ¶ îÆ ÇêÀê ± Å ÇòÚ ¼ D-F Ççé ðÇÔä 庯 ìÅÁç ìÅñ× ç¶ ðê ± ÇòÚ ¼ ìÅÔð ÁÅÀº°çÅ þÍ ÇÂÕ ¼ Õà ¯ Ã Ë ÆÁÅ A@ å¯ AD Ççé çÆ ÁÅêäÆ ÇÜç ³ ×Æ ÇòÚ ¼ B@@ -C@@ Ãâ ³° ÆÁ» ç¶ ôðÆð ÇòÚ ¼ ÁÅêä¶ Áâ ³ ¶ ç¶ Õ¶ ÀÔ ° é» ù îÅðçÅ þÍ ÇÕÃÅé» ç¶ ÃÚ ¯ ä òÅñÆ ×ñ ¼ þ ÇÕ Üç ÇÂÕ ¼ Õà ¯ Ã Ë ÆÁÅ B@@-C@@ Ãâ ³° ÆÁ» îÅð ÃÕçÅ þ å» E@ Õà ¯ Ã Ë ÆÁÅ ÇÕé ³ ÆÁ» Ãâ ³° ÆÁ» õåî Õð çä ¶ ×,¶ ÀÔ ° òÆ Çìé» ÇÕÃÅé çÅ ÇÂÕ ¼ ðê ° ÇÂÁÅ ÖðÚ ÕðòÅÂͶ
diamondback moth.
Life stages: Adults are small wasps, dark-colored and look like flying ants or tiny flies. The adult female looks for hosts in leaves and in tunnels of crops. These wasps have needle like ovipositor at the tip of the curved abdomen. Some species lay about 1565 eggs in the body cavity of the host while some lay a single egg. Eggs hatch 2 dayslater. The first instar parasitoid larvae begin feed internally and emerge from the host by chewing through the skin and immediately spin cocoons and pupate. Pupte in silken cocoons. Pupa rests for 4-6 days, after which adults emerge. A single wasp can parasitize 200-300 host caterpillars during its 10-14 day life.
ienkwrsIAw
Encarsia
Encarsia
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× ë°¼ñ» ç¶ ðà ù êÆ Õ¶ Áå¶ êðÅ×ä À°¼êð Encarsia spp. (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)
bwlg ienkwrsIAw ic`tI m`KI dy lwrvy 'c AMfw idMdw hoieAw
Encarsia adult coming out of white fly pupa
bwlg ienkwrsIAw ic`tI m`KI dy lwrvy 'c AMfw idMdw hoieAw bwlg ienkwrsIAw ic`tI m`KI dy lwrvy 'coN bwhr AwauNdw hoieAw Encarsia adult inserting its egg into White fly larva
Encarsia adult coming out of white fly pupa
ienkwrsIAw Xukq ic`tI m`KI dw ipaUpw
ienkwrsIAw duAwrw KwDy ic`tI m`KI dy ipaUpy dy Kol
ienkwrsIAw skyl kIt au~pr Encarsia on scale insects
Parasitized whitefly pupa
ienkwrsIAw
white fly pupa destroyed by Encarsia
ÇÜÀ°ºç» þ ÜçÇÕ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ êðÜÆòÆ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ
Food habits : Adults are free living and feed on nectar and pollen of flowers. Larvae are parasities.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ãë¶ ç î¼ ÖÆ(ÇÚ¼àÅ î¼Ûð) çÆÁ» ÇòÇí³ é êÌÜÅåÆÁ»
Host insects: Various whitefly species
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ÇÂ¼Õ ìÅñ× ÇÂéÕÅðÃÆÁ» í±³â Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ (Çڼචî¼Ûð) ç¶ ñÅðòÅ Çò¼Ú Á³â¶ Çç³çÅ þÍ Üç ÇÂéÕÅðÃÆÁ» í±³â çÅ ñÅðòÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ ÓÚ ìçñäÅ ô°ð± Ô¯ ÜÅçÅ þ å» Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ (Çڼචî¼Ûð) çÅ ñÅðòÅ çÅ ð³× ÕÅñÅ êË Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇÂà Ã å¼Õ Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ çÅ ñÅðòÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ ìä Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇÂà 寺 ìÅÁç ìÅñ× ÇÂéÕÅðÃÆÁ» í±³â Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ (Çڼචî¼Ûð) ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ ù ÚìÅ Õ¶ À°Ã Çò¼Ú À°åñ¶ êÅö î¯ðÆ ÕðÕ¶ ìÅÔð ÇéÕñ ÁÅÀ°ºçÅ þÍ ìÅñ× ÇÂéÕÅðÃÆÁ» ìÔ°å Û¯àÅ ÇÃðë ÇÂ¼Õ ÇîñÆ îÆàð çÅ Ô°³çÅ þ ܯ A@ å¯ ñË Õ¶ C@ îÆàð ç¶ Ø¶ð¶ Çò¼Ú ìóÆ Ãð×ðîÆ ç¶ éÅñ Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ ù ñ¼íçÅ þÍ îÅçÅ í±³â F@-A@@ Á³â¶ Çç³çÆ þÍ ìÅñ× çÆ Çܳç×Æ B 寺 D Ôøå¶ å¼Õ Ô°³çÆ þ ܯ ÇÕ Áé°Õ±ñ êÇðÃÇæåÆÁ» Óå¶ Çéðíð ÕðçÆ þÍ
Life stages: The adult wasp lay eggs inside white fly larva and it turns black when Encarsia pupates inside. Adult wasps emerge from the parasitized pupae by chewing a hole in the top of the scale. Adults are very tiny wasps, about 1 mm in size can look actively and effectively for whiteflies in radius of 10-30 m looking for hosts. An adult female wasp can lay 60-100 eggs. The life cycle is completed within 2-4 weeks depending on the climatic conditions.
tYkIinf m`KI
Tachynid fly
tYkIinf m`KI
Tachynid fly
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× ë°¼ñ» ç¶ ðà ù êÆ Õ¶ Áå¶ êðÅ×ä À°¼êð Bombyliopsis abrupta (Diptera:Tachinidae) ÇÜÀ°ºç» þ ÜçÇÕ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ êðÜÆòÆ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ
Food habits : Adults are free living and feed on nectar and pollen of flowers. Larvae are parasities.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ú¶ê¶, éðî·¶-ÕêÅÔ çÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ», ñÆëÔ½êð, êå³×¶, Host insects: Aphids, bollworm, leafhoppers, ÃÕ¶ñ ÕÆà Áå¶ åäÅ Û¶çÕ
ìÅñ× î¼ÖÆ Adult Flies
àËÕÆÇéâ î¼ÖÆ ç¶ Á³â¶
àËÕÆÇéâ î¼ÖÆ ç°ÁÅðÅ éôà ñÅðòÅ
Eggs of Tachynid fly
Larva infected by Tachynid fly
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× ÕÅëÆ Ô¼ç å¼Õ Øð¶ñ± î¼ÖÆ ò»× ÇçÃç¶ Ôé êð ÇÂÔ Ã°ðîÂÆ ÕÅñ¶ ÚàÕÆñ¶ ð³× ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÇÂÔé» çÅ ôðÆð Øð¶ñ± î¼ÖÆ å¯º æ¯ó·Å ò¼âÅ Ô°³çÅ þÍ ìÅñ× îÅçÅ ÁÅêä¶ Á³â¶ ñÅðò¶ ç¶ é¶ó¶ Ü» À°Ã ç¶ À°¼êð Ü» î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà Çò¼Ú î¯ðÆ ÕðÕ¶ À°Ã Çò¼Ú Çç³çÆ þÍ ÇÂéÜËôé å¯ ìÅÁç Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú¯º ñÅðòÅ ÇéÕñçÅ þ Ü» ôðÆð çÆ À°¼êðñÆ Ãå·Å À°¼êð ñÅðòÅ ÇéÕñçÅ þ Áå¶ î¶÷ìÅé ñÅðòÅ Çò¼Ú î¯ðÆ ÕðçÅ þÍ Üç ñÅðòÅ î¶÷ìÅé ç¶ ôðÆð Çò¼Ú Ü»çÅ þ å» ÇÂÃçÅ ð³× Çë¼ÕÅ ÔðÅ Ô°³çÅ þ Áå¶ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú ÇêÀ±êÅ çÅ ð±ê èÅðé Õðé 寺 êÇÔñ» ÇÂÔ î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà ç¶ ñÅðòÅ ù ÖÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ îÅçÅ ÁÅêä¶ ÜÆòé ÕÅñ ç½ðÅé A@@@ 寺 B@@@ Á³â¶ Çç³çÆ þÍ ìÅñ× C Ççé å¯ ñË Õ¶ B îÔÆé¶ å¼Õ ÇܳçÅ ðÇÔ³ç¶ ÔéÍ
moths, scale insects and stem borers.
Life stages: Adults look very similar to the common housefly but are larger with gray black to brightly colored bodies. The female adult lays her eggs near or into the larvae, or in the vicinity of the insect. The larvae hatch after ingestion or hatch on the body surface and bore in to host larvae. The larvae are greenish-white in color enter into its host and feed on the content before pupating into the soil. She can lay as many as 1000-2000 eggs in her lifetime. Adults can live from 3 days to 2 months.
hovr m`KI
Hover fly
hovr m`KI
Hover fly
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× ë°¼ñ» ç¶ ðà ù êÆ Õ¶ Áå¶ êðÅ×ä À°¼êð Eristalis spp., (Diptera:Syrphidae) ÇÜÀ°ºç» þ ÜçÇÕ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ ÇôÕÅðÆ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ
Food habits : Adults are free living and feed on nectar and pollen of flowers. Larvae are generalist predators.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ú¶ê¶, ÇæÌêÃ, Û¯àÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ», ÃÕ¶ñ ÕÆà Áå¶ Host insects: Aphids, thrips, scale insects, small ÔÆñÆúæÃ ç¶ ñÅðòÅ
ìÅñ× î¼ÖÆ
ÇÃðÇëâ ñÅðòÅ
Adult Flies
Ô¯òð î¼ÖÆ çÅ ñÅðòÅ Ú¶ê¶ ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Hover fly larva feeding on Aphids
Syrphid Larva
Ô¯òð î¼ÖÆ çÅ ñÅðòÅ Ú¶ê¶ ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Hover fly larva feeding on Aphids
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× Ô¯òð î¼ÖÆ ÁÃñ Çò¼Ú ç¯ Ö³í» òÅñÆ, ×ÇÔð¶ ð³× ç¶ ôðÆð Áå¶ ÕÅñ¶ Áå¶ êÆñ¶ ê¶à òÅñÆ î¼ÖÆ þÍ ÇÂÔ î¼ÖÆÁ» çÆ ìÜŶ ôÇÔç çÆÁ» î¼ÖÆÁ» Áå¶ í±³â» ç¶ éÅñ Ç÷ÁÅçÅ î¶ñ Ö»çÆÁ» ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ë°¼ñ» ç°ÁÅñ¶ ê³ÛÆÁ» çÆ åð·Å ×ä×°äÅÀ°çÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ ÔòÅ Çò¼Ú ÇìñÕ°ñ ÃÇæð Öó·ÆÁÅ ðÇÔ ÃÕçÆÁ» ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ÁÅêä¶ ÚîÕÆñ¶ Ãë¶ç ð³× ç¶ Á³â¶ ê¼ÇåÁ», àÇÔäÆÁ» Áå¶ ê½ç¶ ç¶ åÇäÁ» Çò¼Ú ÇòÕÇÃå Ô°³çÆ Ú¶ÇêÁ» çÆ ìÃåÆ Õ¯ñ Çç³çÆÁ» ÔéÍ ÇÂÃç¶ ÇÚåÕìð¶ ððîÂÆ ð³× Ü» Çë¼Õ¶ Ôð¶ ð³× ç¶ ñÅðòÅ ÇôÕÅð ç¶ ÃÅð¶ å¼å Ú±Ã Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ À°Ôé» ç¶ ÇéòÅà ÃæÅé éÅñ ÇìñÕ°ñ ðñ-Çîñ Ü»ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÇÂÔé» ñÂÆ À°Ôé» ù ñ¼íä ñÂÆ À°Ôé» ò»× ÇçÃäÅ ÷ð±ðÆ Ô°³çÅ þÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú Ü» ê½ç¶ ç¶ ë½ñÆ妆 Çò¼Ú Çîñç¶ ÔéÍ
caterpillars, and larvae of Heliothes
Life stages: Adult hoverflies are true flies with only two wings dark body and banded yellow and black abdomen. They closely resemble bees or wasps rather than flies. They hover over flowers like humming birds and are able to remain absolutely stationary in midair. Glistening white colored eggs laid close to the developing aphid colony in the leaves, shoots, or stems of the plants. The larvae are in a mottled gray, beige, or light green colorand suck out the contents of the preys. They blend well with their habitat and therefore they must be looked for closely to locate them. Pupae are found in the soil surface or in the plant's foliage.
pweIryt bgz
Pirate Bugs
pweIryt bgz
Pirate Bugs
íÜ ¯ é çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× Áå¶ Çéîë(ì¼Ú¶) î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà çÅ Ö±é Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) Ú±Ãç¶ ÔéÍ
Food habits : Adults and nymphs suck body fluids of the host insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Úê ¶ ,¶ éð ÕêÅÔ çÆÁ» Ãâ ³° ÆÁ», ñÆëÔê ½ ð, ÃÕñ ¶ Host insects: Aphids, bollworm, leafhopper, scale ÕÆà, ÕÆà» ç¶ Áâ ³ ,¶ Çæê Ì Ã, Ôð¯ Ûà ¯ ÆÁ» Ãâ ³° ÆÁ», Ãëç ¶ îÖ ¼ Æ Ü» îÛ ¼ ð ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× B ÇîñÆîÆàð ñ³ì¶, Á³âÅÕÅð Áå¶ Ãë¶ç àÅÕÆé°îÅ Ö³íÅ òÅñ¶ ÕÅñ¶ ð³× ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔéÅ ç¶ ÇÃð Áå¶ ÛÅåÆ ÕÅñ¶ Áå¶ ÚîÕÆñ¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔé» çÆ Ú°³Þ ÇÂÔé» çÆ êÇÔñÆ Ü¯óÆ ñ¼å» ç¶ ÁÅèÅð ç¶ ÇòÚÕÅð å¼Õ ëËñÆ Ô°³çÆ þÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ Çéîë(ì¼Ú¶) Û¯à¶, Ö³íÇòÔÆé, Ô³Þ± çÆ ôÕñ ç¶ Áå¶ êÆñ¶-óåðÆ Ü» í±ð¶ ð³× ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ÇÂ¼Õ Ççé Çò¼Ú C@ Ü» ÇÂà 寺 ò¼è ÃêÅÂÆâð îÅÂÆàà ù ÖÅ ÃÕç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÃç¶ Çéîë Áå¶ ìÅñ× ÁÅêäÆ B@ 寺 C@ Ççé çÆ Çܳç×Æ ç¶ Çò¼Ú ÇÂ¼Õ Ççé Çò¼Ú Áñ¼×-Áñ¼× ÇÕÃî ç¶ Ø¼Á¯Ø¼à C@ ÕÆà ÖÅ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ
êÅÂÆð¶à ì¼×÷ ðà ڱÃÕ ÕÆÇóÁ» ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Pirate bugs feeding on sucking pests
insects, insect eggs, thrips, other small caterpillars, whiteflies
Life stages: Adults are about 2mm long, ovate, and black with white wing patches. Their head and thorax are shiny and black, and their beak extends to between the bases of the first pair of legs. Nymphs are small, wingless, teardrop-shaped and yellow-orange to brown in color. They can consume 30 or more spider mites per day. Both nymphs and adults feed on a variety of pests at the rate of 30 insects per day in their 20-30 days life cycle.
hor b`gz
Other bugs
hor b`gz
Other bugs
í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå»: ìÅñ× Áå¶ Çéîë ç¯ò¶º ÔÆ î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà» çÅ Ö±é Food habits : Nymphs and adults suck sap from Ú±Ãç¶ ÔéÍ
ò¼âÆÁ» Á¼Ö» òÅñÅ ì¼× Çڼචî¼Ûð (Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ) ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Big eyed bug feeding on white fly
host insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ú¶ê¶, ñÆëÔ½êð, îÅÂÆàÃ, êå³Ç×Á» ç¶ Á³â¶
Host insects: Aphids, leafhoppers, mites, moth eggs.
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- âËîÃñ ì¼× ç¶ ìÅñ× Û¯à¶, B-D ÇîñÆîÆàð ñ³ì¶, êåñ¶ ôðÆð òÅñ¶ Áå¶ êÆñ¶ Ü» ððîÂÆ Ü» ñÅÇñîÅ ñ¶ í±ð¶ ð³× ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ÁÅêä¶ Á³â¶ ê½ç¶ ç¶ éðî å³å±Á» Çò¼Ú Üî·Å Õðç¶ ÔéÍ ìÅñ× Áå¶ Çéîë ÁÅêäÆÁ» êåñÆÁ» ÇêÛñÆÁ» Áå¶ Áå¶ Á×ñÆÁ» ò¼âÆÁ» ñ¼å» çÆ î¼çç éÅñ ÇôÕÅð ù êÕóé ñÂÆ ìÔ°å å¶÷ ç½óç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ÁÅî å½ð å¶ Ôð øÃñ Çò¼Ú, ÖÅà ÕðÕ¶ ëñÆçÅð øÃñ» Çò¼Ú Çîñ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Life stages: Damsel bug adults are tiny, about 2-4 mm long, with slender bodies and are yellowish or gray or reddish-brown in color. Eggs are deposited in soft plant tissues. Adults and nymphs are fast runners with long slender back legs and enlarged forelegs for grasping prey. They are commonly found in most agricultural crops, especially legumes.
krweIsopw
Chrysopa
krweIsopw
Chrysopa
í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå»:- ìÅñ× ë°¼ñ» ç¶ ðà Áå¶ êðÅ×ä å¶ í¯Üé ñÂÆ Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae) Çéðíð Õðç¶ ÔéÍ ñÅðòÅ ÇôÕÅðÆ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ
Food habits : Adults are free living and feed on nectar and pollen of flowers. Larvae are predators.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ú¶ê¶, ÇæÌêÃ, Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆ/î¼Ûð, éðî·¶-ÕêÅÔ çÆÁ» Host insects: Aphids, thrips, whitefly, bollworms, ð³âÆÁ», ñÆëÔ½êð ç¶ ì¼Ú¶ Áå¶ Á³â¶, ÃÕ¶ñ ÕÆà
ÕðÅÂÆïêÅ çÅ ñÅðòŠð³âÆ ù ÁÅêäÅ ÇôÕÅð ìäÅÀ°ç¶ ԯ¶ Chrysopa larva feeding on a caterpillar
ÕðÅÂÆïêÅ çÅ Á³âÅ Chrysopa egg
ÕðÅÂÆïêÅ çÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ Chrysopa pupa
ÕðÅÂÆïêÅ çÅ ñÅðòÅ ðà ڱÃÕ ÕÆó¶ ù ÁÅêäÅ ÇôÕÅð ìäÅÀ°ç¶ ԯ¶ Chrysopa larva feeding on sucking pest
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× Ôð¶ Áå¶ êÆñ¶-Ôð¶ ð³× ç¶ Áå¶ ÇüèÆÁ»-à¶ãÆÁ» éÅóÆÁ» òÅñ¶ êåñ¶ êÅðçðôÆ Ö³í» òÅñ¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ìÅñ× AH ÇîñÆîÆàð ñ³ì¶ Áå¶ ñÅñ-ðéÇÔðÆ Á¼ÖÅ òÅñ¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÃç¶ Á³â¶ ê¼ÇåÁ» ç¶ Ô¶áñ¶ êÅö Ü» Õî÷¯ð àÅÔäÆ À°¼êð ñ¼í¶ ÜÅ ÃÕç¶ ÔéÍ Ôð Á³âÅ òÅñ» òð×Æ îÔÆé åÅð ç¶ ÇôÖð éÅñ Ü°ÇóÁÅ Ô°³çÅ þÍ ÇÂ¼Õ ìÅñ× îÅçÅ A@@ 寺 ò¼è Á³â¶ Çç³çÆ þÍ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ ÇÂ¼Õ ÃË.îÆ. å¼Õ ñ³ì¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ÁÅêä¶ ÇôÕÅð ù ÁÅêä¶ ò¼â¶ Ú±Ãä òÅñ¶ ÜìÅó¶ Çò¼Ú ñË Õ¶ À°Ã Çò¼Ú ñÕòÅ Õðé òÅñÅ ÷ÇÔð íðçÅ þ Áå¶ ÇÂÃå¯ ìÅÁç À°Ãç¶ ôðÆð çÅ Ö±é Ú±ÃçÅ þÍ ÇÂ¼Õ ñÅðòÅ ÇÂ¼Õ Ôøå¶ Çò¼Ú B@@ Ü» B@@ 寺 ò¼è ÕÆà Áå¶ ÕÆà» ç¶ Á³â¶ ÖÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇÂ¼Õ ò¼âÅ ñÅðòÅ ÇÂ¼Õ Ççé Çò¼Ú C@ å¯ E@ 򦐦 ÖÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ ñÅðòÅ ÁÅêĶ ÇòÕÅÃ ç¶ Ççé» Çò¼Ú D@@ å¼Õ 򦐦 ÖÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇêÀ±êÅ E Ççé» å¼Õ ð¶ôîÆ èÅÇ×Á» òÅñ¶ Õ¯Õ±é Çò¼Ú ðÇÔ³çÅ þÍ
leafhopper nymphs and eggs, scale insects.
Life stages: Adults are green to yellowish-green with four, delicate transparent wings that have many veins and cross veins. Adults are about 18 mm long and red-gold eyes. Eggs are found on slender stalks or on the underside of leaves. Each egg is attached to the top of a hair-like filament. Each adult female may deposit more than 100 eggs. Larvae grow to about 1cm in length. They attack their prey by taking them with their large sucking jaws and injecting paralyzing poison, and then sucking out the body fluids of the pest. A larva can eat 200 or more pests or pest eggs a week. An older larva can consume 30-50 aphids per day. It can consume more than 400 aphids during its development. Pupate for 5 days in cocoons with silken threads.
lyfI brf bItl
Ladybird beetles
lyfI brf bItl ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Menochilus sexmaculatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Food habits : Adults and larvae are generalist predators devour insects and feed on them.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ú¶ê¶, ÃÕ¶ñ ÕÆà, Ãë¶ç î¼ÖÆÁ»
Host insects: Aphids, scale insects, whiteflies.
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× ñ¶âÆ ìðâ ìÆàñ ÚîÕÆñ¶ ñÅñ, êÆñ¶ ÕÅñÆÁ» èÅðÆÁ» Ü» Çì³çÆÁ» ð³× ç¶ Á³âÅÕÅð ôðÆð òÅñ¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ Ü篺 ÇÂÔé» ù Û¶ÇóÁÅ Ü»çÅ þ å» ÇÂÔ ç±Ü¶ ÇôÕÅðÆÁ» 寺 ÁÅêäÅ ìÚÅú Õðé ñÂÆ ìóÆ å¯÷ ׳è òÅñÅ êÆñ¶ ð³× çÅ åðñ Û¼âçÆÁ» ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ê¼ÇåÁ» ç¶ Ô¶áñ¶ êÅö Ü» Ú¶ÇêÁ» çÆ Õñ¯éÆ ç¶ é¶ó¶ A@ å¯ E@ Á³ÇâÁ» ç¶ ×°¼Û¶ Çò¼Ú Á³â¶ Çç³çÆÁ» ÔéÍ
Life stages: Adults are oval to hemispherical and strongly convex brightly colored in yellow and red, spotted or striped with black. When disturbed, some of them emit a strong smelling yellow liquid as a protection against other predators. They lay clusters of 10 -50 eggs on the underside of leaves or near the aphid colony. Newly hatched larvae are gray or black and less than 4 mm long. They emerge as dark alligator-like with black, or blue with bright yellow or orange markings on the body and are adorned with spines. They have long sharp mandibles and feed on small insects like their adults. They pupate on the leaves and stems of plants where larvae have fed and developed. They are the best-known predators of aphids and are capable of eating up to 50-60 per day and about 5000 aphids in their lifetime.
í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× Áå¶ ñÅðòÅ ÇôÕÅðÆ Ô°³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶
ñ¶âÆ ìðâ ìÆàñ ç¶ Á³â¶ Ladybird beetle eggs
Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú¯º ÇéÕñ¶ éò¶º ñÅðò¶ ððîÂÆ ð³× ç¶ Ü» ÕÅñ¶ ð³× ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ D ÇîñÆîÆàð å¯ Ø¼à ñ³ì¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ À°Ô ØÇóÁÅñ ò»× ÇçÃç¶ Ôé Áå¶ À°Ôé» ç¶ ôðÆð À°¼êð éÆñ¶ Áå¶ ÚîÕÆñ¶ êÆñ¶ Ü» óåðÆ ð³× ç¶ ÇéôÅé Áå¶ Õ³â¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ ñ³â¶ Çò¼Ö¶ ÜìÅó¶ Ô°³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÁÅêä¶ ìÅñ×» ò»× ۯචÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇêÀ±êÅ çÆ ÁòÃæÅ Çò¼Ú ÇÂÔ ê¼ÇåÁ» À°¼êð Ü»
ñ¶âÆ ìðâ ìÆàñ ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ Ladybird beetle pupa
ñ¶âÆ ìðâ ìÆàñ ç¶ ñÅðòÅ Ladybird beetle larva
ñ¶âÆ ìðâ ìÆàñ çÅ ñÅðòÅ Ãê¯â¯êà¶ðÅ ç¶ ñÅðòÅ ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Lady bird larva feeding on Spodoptera larvae
ñ¶âÆ ìðâ ìÆàñ çÅ ñÅðòÅ Ú¶ê¶ ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Ladybird beetle larva feeding on aphids
Ladybird beetles
ê½ÇçÁ» ç¶ åä¶ À°¼å¶ ðÇÔ³ç¶ Ôé ÇÜ¼æ¶ ñÅðòÅ Ö»çÅ Áå¶ ÇòÕÇÃå Ô°³çÅ þÍ ÇÂÔ Ú¶ÇêÁÅ ç¶ ÇôÕÅðÆ ç¶ ð±ê Çò¼Ú êÌÇüè Ôé Áå¶ ÇÂ¼Õ Ççé Çò¼Ú E@ å¯ F@ Áå¶ ê±ðÆ Çܳç×Æ Çò¼Ú E@@@ 򦐦 ÖÅ Ü»çÆ þÍ
grwaUNf bItl
Ground beetle
grwaUNf bItl í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× Áå¶ ñÅðòÅ ÇôÕÅðÆ Ô°³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Ground beetle Calosoma spp., Cicindela spp. (Coleoptera:Carabidae) Food habits : Adults and larvae are generalist predators devour insects and feed on them.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- ×ð¼ì, ÕÆà» ç¶ ÇêÀ±ê¶, Û¯àÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ», د׶
Host insects: Grubs and insect pupae, small caterpillars, slugs and snails.
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× ×ðÅÀ±ºâ ìÆàñ Ü» ÕËðÅÇìâà B 寺 F ÃË.îÆ. ñ³ì¶ ×±ó·¶ ÚîÕÆñ¶ í±ð¶ å¯ ÚîÕÆñ¶ ×ÇÔð¶ ÕÅñ¶, éÔñ¶, Ôð¶, ÜÅîéÆ Ü» ìÔ°å ÃÅð¶ ð³×» òÅñÆ Ô¯ ÃÕçÆ þÍ ÇÂÔ Ç÷ÁÅçÅåð Á³â¶ ǼÕ-ÇÂ¼Õ ÕðÕ¶ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú Çç³çÆ þÍ ÇÂÃçÅ ÇêÀ±êÅ ÕÅñ¶ í±ð¶ ð³× çÅ, ۯචÁÅÕÅð çÅ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú Ô°³çÅ þÍ ìÅñ× Áå¶ ñÅðòÅ ç¯ò» ç¶ ØÇóÁÅñ ò»× î÷ì±å Çê³Úð÷ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ ñ³ìÆÁ» ñ¼å» Ô°³çÆÁ» Ôé Çܳé·Å çÆ î¼çç éÅñ ÇÂÔ ìÔ°å å¶÷ ç½óç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÃçÆÁ» Ç÷ÁÅçÅåð êÌÜÅåÆÁ» ðÅå ù ÇÕÌÁÅôÆñ Ô°³çÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ Ççé Ã ÇÛê Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍÜç ÇÂÔé» ù Û¶ÇóÁÅ Ü» å³× ÕÆåÅ ÜÅò¶ Ü» Õ¯ÂÆ ðÆó·èÅðÆ ÇôÕÅðÆ ÇÂÔé» Óå¶ ÔîñÅ Õðé òÅñÅ Ô¯ò¶ å» ÇÂÔ ÁÅêä¶ ÁÅê ù À°Ã çÅ í¯Üé ìäé å¯ ìÚÅÀ°ä ñÂÆ ÇÂ¼Õ å¶÷ ׳è Û³âç¶ ÔéÍ ìÅñ× B Ü» C ÃÅñ å¼Õ Ü» ÇÂà 寺 Ç÷ÁÅçÅ Ãî» ÇÜÀ°ºç¶ ðÇÔ³ç¶ ÔéÍ
Life stages: Adult ground beetles or Carabids are about 2-6cm long, dark shiny brown to metallic black, blue, green, purple, or multi-colored. Eggs are normally laid singly in the soil. Pupa is brownish black, small and found in the soil. Both adults and larvae have strong pincher-like mandibles. They have prominent long legs, which make them fast moving insects. Most species are nocturnal and they hide during the day leaf litter. When disturbed or when other vertebrates prey upon them, they emit an odor or gas, as a type of defense mechanism, preventing them from being eaten by other predators. Adults may live 2 to 3 years or longer.
×ðÅÀ±ºâ ìÆàñ Þ¯é¶ Çò¼Ú ÇÂ¼Õ ÕÆà ç¶ ñÅðòÅ çÅ ÇôÕÅð Õðç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Carabid beetle feeding on a larval pest in rice
fYRgn m`KI
Dragon flies and Damselflies
fRYgn m`KI
Dragon flies and Damselflies
í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» : - ìÅñ× ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ñÅðòÅ êÅäÆ Odonata: Calyopterygidae Çò¼Ú ðÇÔ³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÇÂÔ òÆ ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Food habits : Adults feed on insects and larvae are aquatic and also feed on insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- ñÆë Ô½êð÷, êå³×¶ Áå¶ ÇååñÆÁ», êñ»à Ô½êð÷
Host insects: Leafhoppers, moths and butterflies, plant hoppers.
ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ÇÂ¼Õ ìÅñ× çÅ ôðÆð ñ³ìÅ, êåñÅ ÇÜÃçÅ ð³× ÔðÅ,éÆñÅ, ñÅñ, êÆñÅ, ÕÅñÅ Ü» í±ðÅ Ô°³çÅ þ Áå¶ ÁÕÃð ÚîÕÆñ¶ ð³× Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ ÚÅð ÇÞ¼ñÆçÅð, ñ×í× ÃîÅé ÁÅÕÅð ç¶ Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔ ÁÅêä¶ Á³â¶ åËðçÆ ìéÃêåÆ Çò¼Ú À°¼×¶ ê½ÇçÁ» À°¼êð Çç³çÆ þÍ ÁÅÖðÆ ÁòÃæÅ Çò¼Ú ÇÂÔ ÜñÜÆò êÅäÆ Çò¼Ú¯ åËð Õ¶ ìÅÔð ÁÅÀ°ºçÅ þ Áå¶ ÁÅêä¶ ôðÆð ù ðÕÅÀ°ä ñÂÆ ê½ç¶ ù êÕóçÅ þÍ è°¼ê Çò¼Ú Ö°ç ù ðÕÅÀ°ä ç¶ Õ°¼Þ Çîéà» ìÅÁç ÇÂÃçÆ ìÅÔðÆ ÚîóÆ ÇÃð å¯ ëà Ü»çÆ þ Áå¶ ìÅñ× ìÅÔð ÇéÕñ Õ¶ À°¼â Ü»çÅ þÍ À°Ô À°¼âç¶ Ô¯Â¶ ÁÅêäÅ ÇôÕÅð êÕóç¶ Ôé À°Ô ÁÅêäÅ ÇôÕÅð ÁÅêäÆÁ» ñ¼å» Çò¼Ú êÕóç¶ Ôé Áå¶ À°Ãù ÚìÅ Õ¶ Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔé» çÆ À°îð ÇÂ¼Õ å¯ ç¯ ÃÅñ å¼Õ Ô°³çÆ þÍ
Life stages: An adults have a long thin body which is green, blue, red, yellow, black, or brown and is often brightly colored and have four large membranous wings of nearly equal size. Eggs are laid in emerging plants, in floating vegetation. At the last stage, a naiad swims out of the water and clings to a plant to dry its skin. After a few minutes of drying in the sun, its outer skin splits open at the head and the adult flies away.They capture prey as they fly and hold the prey in their legs and devour it by chewing. They complete their life cycle from 1-2 years.
rObrz m`KI
Robber fly
rObrz m`KI
Robber fly
í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× Áå¶ ñÅðòÅ ç¯ò¶º ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ Asilidae (Diptera)
Food habits : Adults feed on insects and larvae also feed on insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- êå³×¶, ñÆë Ô½êð÷, î¼ÖÆÁ» Áå¶ ôÇÔç çÆÁ» Host insects: Moths, leaf hoppers, flies and bees. î¼ÖÆÁ» ÇÜç ³ ×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× ð½ìð î¼ÖÆ çÅ î÷ì±å ê¶à Ô°³çÅ þ Áå¶ ÇÂÔ âÌË×é î¼ÖÆ ò»× ñ¼×çÆ þÍ ÇÂÃç¶ ÇÃðë ÇÂ¼Õ Ü¯óÆ ê³Ö Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÃç¶ ñÅðòÅ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú Ô°³ç¶ Ôé ñ¼ÕóÆ éôà Õðç¶ Ôé ÇÜ¼æ¶ À°Ô ÕÆà» ç¶ ñÅðò¶, ÕÆó¶ Áå¶ ÇÂö åð·Å ç¶ ÔÆ Ô¯ð ÜÆò» ù ÇôÕÅð ìäÅÀ°ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂÔé» ç¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ
Life stages: Adult insect resembles dragon fly with robust abdomen. It has only one pair of leaves. larval robber flies live in soil and decaying wood where they hunt for insect larvae, worms, and similar creatures. They pupate in soil.
tYkIinf m`KI
Predatory wasp
iSkwrI BUMf í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå»:- ìÅñ× ë°¼ñ» çÅ ðà Áå¶ êÅäÆ êÆ綺 ÔéÍ ñÅðòÅ ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Predatory wasp Vespidae: Hymenoptera Food habits : Adults which will feed on nectar and drink water. Larvae feed on insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà:- éðî·¶-ÕêÅÔ çÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ», ñËêÆâ¯êà¶ðé Áå¶ Host insects: Bollworms, lepidopteran larvae and î¼ÕóÆÁ»
spiders.
Çܳç×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò»:- í±³â Áñ¼×-Áñ¼× ÁÅÕÅð Áå¶ ð³×, Life stages: Wasps belonging to different species ÁÅî å½ð Óå¶ ê±ð¶ ÕÅñ¶ Ü» ÕÅñ¶ Áå¶ Ã³åðÆ Ü» êÆñÆÁ» ê¼àÆÁ» Ü» ÇéôÅé, çÆÁ» êÌÜÅåÆÁ» éÅñ óì³è ð¼Öç¶ ÔéÍ ÁÅñ·äÅ ÇÚ¼Õó Ü» Çî¼àÆ çÅ ìäÅÇÂÁÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ ÇÂÔ Ãî±Ô Çò¼Ú Ü» ÇÂÕ¼ñ¶ ðÇÔ³ç¶ ÔéÍ ÁÅñ·äÅ ÇÃðë ÇÂ¼Õ îÅçÅ ç°ÁÅðÅ ì°äÅÇÂÁÅ Ü»çÅ þÍ îÅçÅ ÇÂ¼Õ ÖÅà ÇÕÃî ç¶ ÕÆà ù êÕóçÆ þ, â³Õ îÅðçÆ þ, ñÕòÅ×ÌÃå ìäÅÀ°çÆ þ, À°Ãù òÅêà ÇñÜ»çÆ þ, ÁÅñ·ä¶ Çò¼Ú ð¼ÖçÆ þ, À°Ã À°¼êð Á³â¶ Çç³çÆ þ
ÇÚ¼Õó òÅñÅ í±³â ÔËñÆÕ¯òðêÅ ç¶ ñÅðòÅ ù í¯Üé ç¶ ð±ê Çò¼Ú ÁÅñ·ä¶ Çò¼Ú ñÅêä¶ ì¼ÇÚÁ» ñÂÆ ÇñÜ»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Mud wasp keeping Helicoverpa larvae as food for its young ones in nest
Áå¶ ÁÅñ·ä¶ ù ì³ç Õð Çç³çÆ þÍ í±³â çÅ ×ð¼ì(ñÅðòÅ) Á³â¶ Çò¼Ú¯ ìÅÔð ÇéÕñçÅ þ Áå¶ Ü¯ í¯Üé À°Ã ñÂÆ ð¼ÇÖÁÅ Ô°³çÅ þ, À°Ãù Ö»çÅ þ Áå¶ ÇêÀ±êÆ Çò¼Ú ìçñ Ü»çÅ þÍ ìÅÁç Çò¼Ú ÇÂÔ ìÅñ× ç¶ ð±ê Çò¼Ú ÁÅñ·ä¶ Çò¼Ú¯ ìÅÔð ÁÅÀ°çÅ þÍ
of varying sizes and colours, commonly either all black, or black with orange or yellow bands or markings. Nest made of mud or 'clay'. These live in community or solitary in habit the nest is constructed by only one female wasp. Mother wasp catches a particular kind of insect, stings and paralyses it, carries it back and places it in the nest, lays an egg on it and seals the nest. The wasp grub hatches, consumes the food provided, and pupates. It later breaks out of the nest as an adult.
lwl kIVI
Red tree ant
lwl kIVI í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå»:- ìÅñ× Áå¶ ñÅðòÅ ÕÆà» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Red tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) Food habits : Adults and larvae feed on insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà:- ê¼å¶ ÖÅä òÅñÆÁ» ð³âÆÁ», Ú¶ê¶, ñÆëÔ½êð÷, êñ»à Host insects: Leaf-feeding caterpillars, aphids, Ô½êð÷, ì¼×÷, êå³×¶
leafhoppers, plant hoppers, bugs, moths.
Çܳç×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò»:- ðÅäÆ ÕÆóÆ ÕÆóÆÁ» ñÂÆ Life stages: The queen ant starts the ants' ÁÅñ·ä»/ìÃåÆ ìäÅÀ°ºçÆ þÍ À°Ô ÁÅêäÅ ÜÆòé Á³â¶ ç¶ä Çò¼Ú ×°ÜÅðçÆ þÍ Çéô¶ÇÚå Á³â¶ îÅçÅ(ÕÅî¶ Áå¶ ðÅäÆ) Çò¼Ú ÇòÕÇÃå Ô°³ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÁÇéô¶ÇÚå Á³â¶ éð Çò¼Ú ÇòÕÇÃå Ô°³ç¶ ÔéÍ îÅçÅ ÕÅî, ìäçÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ ÁÅñ·ä¶ Çò¼Ú Õ³î ÕðçÆÁ» ÔéÍ ò¼âÆÁ» ÕÆóÆÁ» ÇÃêÅÔÆ çÅ Õ³î ÕðçÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ ìÃåÆ çÆ ð¼ÇÖÁÅ ÕðçÆÁ» ÔéÍ ñÅðÇòÁ» Çò¼Ú ÖÅà åð·Å çÆÁ» ×̳æÆÁ» Ô°³çÆÁ» Ôé ܯ î÷ì±å ð¶ôî êËçÅ ÕðçÆÁ» ÔéÍ ÕÅÇîÁ» çÅ êÇÔñ» ×ð°¼ê Õî÷¯ð Ô°³çÅ þ ÇÕÀ°ÇÕ ðÅäÆ Ç÷ÁÅçÅ ÖÅäÅ éÔÄ Ü°àÅ êÅÀ°çÆÍ ÇÂ¼Õ òÅð Üç ÕÆóÆÁ» ò¼âÆÁ» Ô¯ Ü»çÆÁ» Ôé å» À°Ô ÁÅé·çÅ Û¼â Çç³çÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ ÇôÕÅð çÆ íÅñ Çò¼Ú ÇéÕñ êËçÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ ðÅäÆ Áå¶ ÁÅêä¶ ÃÅæÆÁ» ñÂÆ í¯Üé ÇñÁÅÀ°çÆÁ» Ôé å»ÇÕ ç±Ü¶ ì¼Ú¶ Ç÷ÁÅçÅ ò¼â¶ Ô¯ ÃÕäÍ
ÕÆóÆÁ» ç°ÁÅðÅ ì°ÇäÁÅ ÁÅñ·äÅ Nest woven by ants
ÕÆóÆÁ» í¯Üé ñÂÆ ñÅðòÅ ù ÇñÜ»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Ants carrying larva as food
nests/colonies. She spends her life laying eggs. Fertilized eggs develop into females (workers and the queen) and unfertilized eggs into males. The workers are females and do the work in the nest. The larger ones are the soldiers who defend their colony. The larvae have special glands to produce lots of strong silks. The first brood of workers are normally smaller since she can only provide a limited amount of food. Once the ants mature, they leave the nest and begin to look for preys and bring food to the queen and their siblings so that later offsprings are bigger.
hQjoVw
Praying mantis
hQjoVw í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× Áå¶ Çéîë (ì¼Ú¶) ÕÆà» çÅ ÇôÕÅð Õðç¶ ÔéÍ
Praying mantis Creoboter meleagris (Mantodea:Mantidae) Food habits : Adults and nymphs feed on insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- Ú¶ê¶, ëñ òÅñÆÁ» î¼ÖÆÁ», ð³âÆÁ», ×ÌÅà Խêð, ñÆë Host insects: Aphids, fruit flies, caterpillars, grass Ô½êð
hoppers, and leafhoppers.
Çܳç×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- ìÅñ× Ôæܯó¶ çÅ ð³× À°Ãç¶ ðÇÔä òÅñ¶ Life stages: The adult praying mantis varies in ÃæÅé Áå¶ êÇðÃÇæåÆÁ» Áé°ÃÅð Áñ¼×-Áñ¼× Ô°³çÅ þÍ ÇÂÔ ÁÅî å½ð å¶ ê¼ÇåÁ», ë°¼ñ», ð°¼Ö», ÇÛ¼ñ, àÅÔäÆÁÅ À°¼êð ìËáÅ ÇîñçÅ þ ÇÜ¼æ¶ ÇÂÔ ÁÅêäÆÁ» Á×ñÆÁ» ç¯ò¶º ñ¼åÅ ù êÌÅðæéÅ Õðé çÆ ÁòÃæÅ
ÔæܯóÅ ×ÌÅà Խêð ù Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶ Praying mantis feeding on a grasshopper
ò»× î¯óçÅ þ ÇÜà ÕðÕ¶ ÇÂÃù ÒêÌÇÂ³× î˺ÇàÃÓ ÕÇÔ³ç¶ é¶, Çìé» ÇÔ¼ñ¶ ÁÅêä¶ ÇôÕÅð çŠdzåÜÅð ÕðçÅ þÍ ÇÂÔ Ãî±Ô Çò¼Ú Á³â¶ Çç³çÅ þÍ Ôð Ãî±Ô ç¶ Á³â¶ ÇÂ¼Õ î÷ì±å æËñÆ Çò¼Ú ì³ç Ô°³ç¶ Ôé ÇÜÃù À±æËÕÅ ÕÇÔ³ç¶ ÔéÍ îÅçÅ ìÅñ× çÅ éð éÅñ Çîñä å¯ êÇÔñ» ê±ðÆ åð·Å ð¼ÇÜÁÅ Ô¯äÅ ÷ð±ðÆ Ô°³çÅ þ éÔÄ å» À°Ô Çîéä å¯ ìÅñç í°¼ÖÆ Ô¯ä å¶ ÁÅêä¶ éð ù ÔÆ ÖÅ Ü»çÆ þÍ
color depending on the habitat it is living in. It camouflages the leaves, flowers, twigs, barks, trees where it is found usually sits and waits motionless among vegetation for prey, with its forelegs held together in a prayerful manner, hence the name 'Praying mantis'. The eggs are laid in groups. Each group of eggs is encased in a foamy substance that hardens into a tough protective casing called ootheca. A female adult should be well fed prior to mating or else she will kill the male once she is hungry after mating.
m`kVIAW
Spiders
m`kVIAW í¯Üé çÆÁ» ÁÅçå» :- ìÅñ× Áå¶ ì¼Ú¶ ÕÆà» çÅ ÇôÕÅð Õðç¶ ÔéÍ
Spiders Lycosa spp. (Arachnida:Araneae) Food habits : Adults and young ones feed on insects.
î¶÷ìÅé ÕÆà :- í±ð¶ êñ»à Ô½êð÷, åäÅ Û¶çÕ,êå³×¶, î¼ÖÆÁ», ñÆë Host insects: Brown planthoppers, stem borers, Ô½êð Áå¶ ëÃñ» ç¶ Ô¯ð ÕÆà ܯ À°Ô êÕó ÃÕäÍ
leafhoppers, moths, flies, and other agricultural pests they can catch.
Çܳç×Æ çÆÁ» ÁòÃæÅò» :- î¼ÕóÆÁ» ç¶ D ܯóÆ ñ¼å» Ô°³çÆÁ» ÔéÍ Life stages: Spiders have 4 pairs of legs. Some Õ°¼Þ î¼ÕóÆÁ» ÁÅêä¶ Á³â¶ ð¶ôîÆ æËñÆ Çò¼Ú ×°¼Û¶ ç¶ ð±ê Çò¼Ú Çç³çÆÁ» Ôé Üç¯ÇÕ Õ°¼Þ êÌÜÅåÆÁ» åÇÔ ñ¼×¶ ê¼å¶ Çò¼Ú ð¶ôî éÅñ ãÕ¶ Á³â¶
î¼ÕóÆ ñÅðòÅ Ö»çÆ Ô¯ÂÆ Spider feeding on a larva
Çç³çÆÁ» ÔéÍ Á³ÇâÁ» Çò¼Ú¯ ì¼Ú¶ Çå³é Ôëå¶ ìÅÁç ÇéÕñç¶ ÔéÍ ÇÂ¼Õ îÅçÅ B å¯ C îÔÆé¶ çÆ Çܳç×Æ Çò¼Ú B@@ å¯ D@@ å¼Õ Á³â¶ Çç³çÆ þÍ ÇÂÔ ÕÆà Çò¼Ú ÁÅêäÅ ÷ÇÔðñÅ â³Õ îÅðçÆ þ Áå¶ À°ÃçÅ Ö±é Ú±ÃçÆ þÍ
î¼ÕóÆ êå³×Å Ö»ç¶ Ô¯Â¶
Spider feeding on a mouth
spiders' eggs are laid in a cluster in silken sacs, while some species lay their egg masses covered with silks within folded leaves. Eggs usually hatch into spiderlings within three weeks. A female can produce 200-400 eggs in its 2-3 month life span. They inject venom into insect and suck its body fluids.
kIVy Kwx vwly pMCI
Insectivorous Birds bwXw vyvr
kIVy Kwx vwly pMCI ìÔ°å ÃÅð¶ ê³ÛÆ ÕÆÇóÁ» ù Ö»ç¶ ÔéÍ Õ°¼Þ ê³ÛÆÁ» ÇÜò¶º îËéÅ, â̯ׯ
Baya Weaver
Áå¶ ìÇñÀ± ܶ ù Ö¶å Çò¼Ú À°Ôé» ç¶ ìËáä ñÂÆ ñ¼Õó ×¼â Õ¶ À°Ôé» ù ì°ñÅÇÂÁÅ ÜÅ ÃÕçÅ þÍ Á˼×ðËàà ×ÔÅÂÆ ò¶ñ¶ Çê¼å¶ ðÇÔ³çÅ þ Áå¶ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú ê¶ ÇêÀ±êÅ ù Ú°×çÅ þÍ ðÅå ò¶ñ¶ À°¼ñ± Ú±ÇÔÁ» çÅ ÇôÕÅð Õðç¶ ÔéÍ
fRogo
mYnw
Drongo
Myna
Insectivorous Birds eygr`tz Egrets
aulU Owl
Blue Jay
Many birds feed on insects. Common birds like myna, drongo, and blue jay etc., are attracted to fields by keeping bird perches. Egrets follow the plough and feed on the exposed pupae in the soil. Owls prey on rats during night hours.
kIiVAW dIAW ibmwrIAW PPUMdI rog ibaUvyrIAw
Beauveria
Fungal infections
mYtwrhIijm
Metarhizium
Diseases of insects ivSwxU rog Viral Diseases inaUklIAr pOlIhYfroiss hYlIkoprvw NPV
kIiVAW dIAW ibmwrIAW
Diseases of insects
ëëç ³± Æ ð× ¯ :- Ç÷ÁÅçÅ éîÆ òÅñÆÁ» êÇðÃÇæåÆÁ» ÇòÚ ¼ ÕÆà» ù ëëç ³± Æ Fungal diseases: Insects are infected by fungal
diseases under high humid conditions. The insect would turn into white chalk piece like and die. Ü»çÅ þÍ îà ½ ð÷ ù êí Ì ÅÇòå ÕðçÅ þÍ M e t a r h i z i u m s p p . i n f e c t s b e e t l e s a n d Ë ÅðÔÆÇÜî ìÆàñà Áå¶ ×ÅÌà Ôê grasshoppers. Nomurea spp. and Beauveria spp. éǯîÀðÆÁÅ Áå¶ ÇìÀò ± ð¶ÆÁÅ Ãâ ³° ÆÁ» ù êí Ì ÅÇòå Õðç¶ ÔéÍ infects caterpillars. ð× ¯ Ô¯ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ ÕÆà ÇÚà ¼ ¶ ÚÅÕ òð׶ ð× ³ ÇòÚ ¼ ìçñ Ü»çÅ þ Áå¶ îð
ÇòôÅä± ð¯×:- òÅÇÂðà éÅñ êÌíÅÇòå ñÅðòÅ ê½ç¶ ç¶ ÇôÖð å¶ ÜÅ Õ¶ Viral diseases: The virus infected larvae climb
plant terminals and die there hanging upside down. Their body contents would turn liquid like. Nuclear ð³× Çò¼Ú ìçñ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ ÇéÀ±ÕñÆÁð ê½ñÆÔËâð¯ÇÃà ÔËñÆÕ¯êðòÅ polyhedrosis virus causes disease in Helicoverpa Áå¶ Ãê¯â¯êËàðÅ Çò¼Ú ð¯× ëËñÅÀ°çÅ þÍ ÜçÇÕ ×ÌÅé±ñ¯ÇÃà ÇòôÅä± spp.and Spodoptera spp. where as granulosis virus causes disease in Chilo spp.sugarcane borer. ׳éÅ Û¶çÕ Çò¼Ú ð¯× ëËñÅÀ°çÅ þÍ À°ñචñàÕ Ü»ç¶ Ôé Áå¶ îð Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ À°Ôé» çÅ ôðÆð êÅäÆ òð׶
kI kIqw jwvy ...?
What to do..?
kI kIqw jwvy ...?
What to do..?
ÕÆàéÅôÕ» çÆ òðå¯ ì³ç ÕÆåÆ ÜÅò¶
ÕÆàéÅôÕ» çÆ òðå¯ ì³ç ÕÆåÆ ÜÅò¶ -……ÇÂÔ ÇÕÃÅé» ç¶ Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ù óÇÖÁÅ òèÅÀ°ä ñÂÆ Áå¶ ÁÅðÇæÕ é°ÕÃÅé êÔ°³ÚÅÀ°ä ç¶ Ãåð å¼Õ êÔ°³Úä å¯ êÇÔñ» ÕÆà» ù Õ³àðñ Õðé çÆ êÌÇÕÌÁÅ ñÂÆ Áé°Õ±ñ òÅåÅòðä î°Ô¼ÂÆÁÅ Õð¶×ÅÍ
Stop spraying insecticides - It would provide congenial environment for Farmers' friends to multiply and exercise control of pests before they reach economically damaging levels.
ëñÆçÅð ëÃñ» Á³åð ëÃñ» ç¶ å½ð å¶ ñ×ÅÂÆÁÅ ÜÅä
ëñÆçÅð ëÃñ» Á³åð ëÃñ» ç¶ å½ð å¶ ñ×ÅÂÆÁÅ ÜÅä- ÇÂÔ Ú½ó¶ ê¼å¶ òÅñÆÁ» ëÃñ» ÇÕÃÅé» ç¶ Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ù ðÇÔä ñÂÆ Ü×·Å Çç³çÆÁ» Ôé Áå¶ Üç ÇÂÔ æ¯ó·¶ Ã òÅñÆÁ» ëÃñ» Õ¼à ñÂÆÁÅ Ü»çÆÁÅ Ôé å» ÇÂÔ Çî¼åð ÕÆó¶ î°¼Ö øÃñ å¶ Úñ¶ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ
Cultivation of legumes as intercrops -These broad leaved crops provide shelter for many farmers' friends and when these short duration crops are harvested the farmers' friends gets transferred to the main crop.
ëÃñÆ ÇòÇí³éåÅ- ¶Õñ øÃñ êÌäÅñÆ éÅñ ç°ôîä ÕÆà òèç¶ Ôé Áå¶ ÁÅðÇæÕ é°ÕÃÅé Ô°³çÅ þÍ Á³åð-ëÃñ», åðåÆì Çò¼Ú øÃñ ñ×ÅÀ°äÅ ÁÅÇç Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ñÂÆ Áé°Õ±ñ êÇðÃÇæåÆÁ» ìäÅÀ°ºç¶ ÔéÍ
Diversity in cropping -Monoculture of crops is causing insect outbreaks and economic losses. Growing intercrops, sequence cropping, multistorey cropping would create congenial conditions for farmers' friends.
ò¼à» å¶ ìÅðâð ëÃñ» Áå¶ ë°¼ñçÅð ê½ç¶ ñ×ÅÀ°äÅ- ÁÇÜÔÅ Õðé éÅñ Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ù ðÇÔä ñÂÆ Ü×·Å ÇîñçÆ þ ÁåÍ ìÅñ× ÕÆà» ñÂÆ ðà Áå¶ ÃÇÔç ÇîñçÅ þÍ
Border crops and flowering plants on bunds - Helps multiplication of farmers friends by providing shelter and source of honey and nectar for adults.
ì¶î½Ãî Çò¼Ú Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ñÂÆ Õ°¼Þ ÖÅäÅ Û¼âäÅ- Üç ëÃñ çÆ ÕàÅÂÆ Ô¯ Ü»çÆ þ å» ÕÆà ÁÅðÅî çÆ ÁòÃæÅ Çò¼Ú Úñ¶ Ü»ç¶ ÔéÍ ÁÇÜÔ¶ Çò¼Ú Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ù ÖÅäÅ ñ¼íä Çò¼Ú ê̶ôÅéÆ ÁÅÀ°ºçÆ þÍ À°Ôé» ñÂÆ ëñÆçÅð ê½ç¶ ÇÜò¶º Û¯ñ¶ Ü» ë°¼ñ» ç¶ Õ°¼Þ ê½ç¶ ۼⶠÜÅ ÃÕç¶ ÔéÍ
Refuges during unseason-When crop is harvested many pests go in to resting stage. Farmers' friends have difficulty in finding food. Leaving some rows of flowering plants or legumes like cowpea or sunhemp in the field act as refuges to the farmers' friends.
îñÇÚ³× ÕðéÅ Áå¶ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú ÜËÇòÕ ìçñÅÁ ܯóé¶ - îñÇÚ³× Çò¼Ú êÌÆâ¶àðÆ ì¼×à Áå¶ ìÆàñà ù ðÇÔä ñÂÆ òèÆÁÅ Ü×·Å ÇîñçÆ þÍ î°ÃÅîçÅð Çî¼àÆ, Çî¼àÆ Û¶çÕ ÇôÕÅðÆÁ» ù êÌåÃÅÇÔå Õð¶×ÆÍ
Mulching and adding organic amendments to soil- The predatory bugs and beetles find good hiding places in the mulches. Porous soil encourages soil borne predators.
Ö¶å» Çò¼Ú í½ÇåÕ ã»Ú¶ ÃæÅÇêå Õðé¶- ç¯ çð¼Öå» ÇòÚÕÅð ì»Ã ç¶ â³â¶ ð¼Ö Õ¶ ÕÆóÆÁ» ù ëËñÅÇÂÁÅ ÜÅ ÃÕçÅ þÍ ê³ÛÆÁ» ç¶ ìËáä ñÂÆ ñ¼Õó ç¶ àÆ ÁÅÕÅð ç¶ â³â¶ ׼ⶠÜÅ ÃÕç¶ Ôé Áå¶ êÆä ñÂÆ êÅäÆ ð¼ÇÖÁÅ ÜÅ ÃÕçÅ þÍ
Putting physical structures in fields- Aarranging bamboo poles between trees for ants to spread. Keeping bird perches and water pots in the fields attracts insectivorous birds.
ÇÕÃÅé ç¶ Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» çÆ Ã³ÇÖÁÅ òèÅÀ°äÅ- ×åÆôÆñ ëÃñÆ òÅåÅòðä Çò¼Ú Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ù òèä Çò¼Ú àÅÂÆî ñ¼×çÅ þÍ ÕðÅÂÆïêÅ òð׶ ÇôÕÅðÆ Áå¶ àÌÅÂÆÕ¯×ÌÅîÅ òð׶ êðÜÆòÆÁ» ù Ö¶å Çò¼Ú Û¼âä éÅñ ÕÆÇóÁ» ù Õ³àð¯ñ Õðé ç¶ Õ°çðåÆ åðÆÕ¶ ù ÇòÕÇÃå Õðé Çò¼Ú î¼çç Çîñ¶×ÆÍ
Inoculative and augmentative release of farmers' friends - In the dynamic crop environment, build up of farmers' friends would take time. Release of parasites like Trichogramma and predators like Chrysopa would help in initiation and establishment of natural control mechanisms in the field over years.
Stop spraying insecticides
Cultivation of legumes as intercrops
ëÃñÆ ÇòÇí³éåÅ
Diversity in cropping
ò¼à» å¶ ìÅðâð ëÃñ» Áå¶ ë°¼ñçÅð ê½ç¶ ñ×ÅÀ°äÅ
Border crops and flowering plants on bunds
ì¶î½Ãî Çò¼Ú Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» ñÂÆ Õ°¼Þ ÖÅäÅ Û¼âäÅ
Refuges during unseason
îñÇÚ³× ÕðéÅ Áå¶ Çî¼àÆ Çò¼Ú ÜËÇòÕ ìçñÅÁ ܯóé¶
Mulching and adding organic amendments to soil
Ö¶å» Çò¼Ú í½ÇåÕ ã»Ú¶ ÃæÅÇêå Õðé¶
Putting physical structures in fields
ÇÕÃÅé ç¶ Çî¼åð ÕÆÇóÁ» çÆ Ã³ÇÖÁÅ òèÅÀ°äÅ
Inoculative and augmentative release of farmers' friends