DR 2 Kirsty Williams

-Early References-

1:500 concept mdoel

a.

Monumental construction of Java’s Borobudur temple.

b. Indonesian bamboo bridge. c. Traditional paper theatres as a basis for the gardens.

a.

d. Indonesian headdresses- the most important feature of a shadow puppet it dictates the character. The concept of multiple thin layers making up volumes has been adopted into the design.

e. Indian waterwheel design capable of moving water.

b.

c.

41.

d.

e.

-Preliminary Studies-

1:500 Model details

a

b

Reservoir at the end of the process

Paper theatre gardens

c

Lava column supports

a. View looking south from the river b. Detail of water dispensing device c. View of theatre from the village

43.

Device to dispense water

-Design Development-

5

5

Early Plans &Sections

16

4 4

1

Not to scale 1.

Andesite stone columns

2.

Subterranean waste-to-power plant

3.

Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw

4.

Control space and exhibition

5.

Large theatre behind the screen

6.

Clean water reservoir capable of holding a

9 8

8

week’s supply 7.

Water dispensing device

8.

Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens

9.

Garden bridge to access the theatre

12

3

8

12 14

17

10. River bed

6

8

13

11. Waterline 12. Coagulation Tank

13

1

13. Lagoon

11

11

14. Café below the theatre

15

10

15. Citarum river 16. Small theate infront of screen

2

17. New bridge accross the river

15

10

13

3

8 17

13

8

9

3

5 1 7

4 6

12 16

13 8 8

15

45.

a

b

g

h

-1:50 Facade Study-

Plan View a Façade of the theatre enclosures b Tensioned

b

mosquito

net

exterior.

Prevents

mosquitos entering and acts as a screen for the projection of the inner structure. c Basswood lattice- mediates daylight, preventing

f

solar gain. d Perspex lattice- helps prevent solar gain.

e

e Primary structural ribs- bamboo. f Steel node- where bamboo primary and secondary elements meet. d

g Bamboo secondary structural element. h Structure of the ‘garden bridge’ that forms the entrance to the theatre.

c

g

Text

a

f 89.

d

c

e

-1:50 Facade Model-

Details

Text

Visitor’s pathway 1. Visitor’s entrance is framed by two giant waterwheels.

2. Pathway passes under the coagulation tank and between the waterfalls this creates.

3. The nerve centre of the water treatment plant which also

serves as an exhibition space about water treatment and the river. WC’s downstairs.

4. Bridges form the theatre entrances and additional garden space.

5. Theatre behind the screen- space for 75 spectators, 4 musicians, 2 assistants and 1 dalang.

6. Theatre infront of the screen- space for 75 spectators.

7. Small food bazaar below theatre. WC’s below.

8. Paper theatre gardens.

Water’s pathway a Two pH adjusting tanks, can hold 70,000 litres each.

b Coagulation tank. Holds 58,000 litres. Requires three weekly rotations.

c Two lagoons, hold 100,000 litres each. Two weekly rotations lasting two and a half days each.

d 11m2 of filter, capable of processing 171,875 litres per day - an on going process.

e Design proposes a 1200 litre UV unit, capable of cleaning 12,516 litres per week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.

f Reservoir- capable of holding the weekly requirement of 315,000 litres, with room for reserves for the dry season.

51.

an

extra

10,000

litres

-Pathways-

5

f

3

a

b

6 e

4

8 2 d

1 c

7

-Structure-

Possible Approaches

seismic isolator here

The two approaches to creating earthquake proof structures; Create something very strong and stiff that is unmovable, or Create a structure that incorporates a degree of flexibility

3

1

1

2

that can move with and absorb the energy of the earthquake without it being transferred to the structural members causing their failure.

The approach I have taken is to create massive unmovable

2

3

pillars from which a more flexible structure is held.

There has to be a very careful balance between stiffness

1

and flexibility - having a structure that incorporates flexibility in all aspects would be far too unstable. The

2

flexibility, rather, should be orchestrated at specific

3

points which can absorb energy and leave the primary members untouched. For example, hospitals in earthquake zones,

a

b

which have the highest priority of not only remaining intact but also functioning, often have very stiff foundations and a very stiff frame but a more flexible system in between.

Seismic

isolators,

for

instance,

can

allow

the

whole

framework of a building to be displaced by approximately 50cm, taking the stresses from the elements in the rest of the construction.1

1

Option 1

2

Proposes that the very sturdy columns hold an equally stiff system of slabs upon which all the enclosures sit. All the flexibility would be in the seismic isolators between these two unmoving systems. However, should the horizontal slabs fail in an earthquake this would result in total failure for all the enclosures resting upon them and cantilevering

c

off narrow slabs could limit the design.

2

Option 2 Suggests that the enclosures could be sat upon cradles of steel cables, within which is the degree of flexibility.

Sitting on a web of elements means if one fails it doesn’t necessarily entail failure for the rest of the structures.

However, negotiating the circulation of the building with a nest of cables running below the enclosures led me to select option 3.

3

a. Movement of structures in an earthquake, the high degree of displacement creates high stresses at the base of the structure. b. Structural movement with the presence of a tuned mass damper, which resonates with the frequency of the building, moves in the opposite direction and therefore reduces the amount of overall displacement and the corresponding stresses. c. Tuned mass damper in Teipei 101, by C.Y Lee & Partners

Option 3

3

Suspending the structures in the manor of a suspension bridge would allow for easier junctions between the elements and the cables. If the hanging structures are positioned at the right height, their movement in the middle could be made to perform as tuned mass dampers.

Steel structural elements 1. Structural lecture, Roberto Marin

53.

tensile and compressive forces

andesite (lava stone) columns

2

3 5

4

-Overall Structural Strategy-

Isometric View 1

Foundations The original deep pile foundations often employed to anchor bridges to the ground has been replaced with a plan for a large mat foundation, strongly tied together. This would better protect the building from lateral forces which could originate in any direction in an earthquake.

2

Andesite stone (lava rock) columns Interlocking bricks of stone transfers the tensile forces from the cables in compression to the foundations. They are forced into compression and protected from deflections by tensile steel cables forcing them together.

3

Bundles of steel cables Transferring the weight of the structures to the columns in tension.

4

Steel hoop Runs through the bamboo framework- provides a stable point for the cables to anchor to and unites the two sides of the theatre securely.

5

Bamboo framework Supporting the façade system and transfers, through both tension and compression, this weight to the cables, internal umbrella supports and small concrete foorting.

6

‘Umbrella’ Supports Composite column of steel and concrete. Supports the individual ‘bamboo spokes’ in compression and provides a movable seismic joint - a fuse- in the event of an earthquake.

55.

1

6

2

3 5

4

-Overall Structural Strategy-

Orthoganal Views 1

Foundations The original deep pile foundations often employed to anchor bridges to the ground has been replaced with a plan for a large mat foundation, strongly tied together. This would better protect the building from lateral forces which could originate in any direction in an earthquake.

2

Andesite stone (lava rock) columns Interlocking bricks of stone transfers the tensile forces from the cables in compression to the foundations. They are forced into compression and protected from deflections by tensile steel cables forcing them together.

3

Bundles of steel cables Transferring the weight of the structures to the columns in tension.

4

Steel hoop Runs through the bamboo framework- provides a stable point for the cables to anchor to and unites the two sides of the theatre securely.

5

Bamboo framework Supporting the façade system and transfers, through both tension and compression, this weight to the cables, internal umbrella supports and small concrete foorting.

6

‘Umbrella’ Supports Composite column of steel and concrete. Supports the individual ‘bamboo spokes’ in compression and provides a movable seismic joint - a fuse- in the event of an earthquake.

1

6

South prevailing winds, May - September

tropical

regions

higher

temeratures

are

permitted corresponding to a dry bulb temperature of 88˚F, with RH ranging from 35 to 75 provided by the cooling effect of prevailing breezes”.

Despite this higher threshold of temperatures that exists in the tropics, to reach this in the crowded theatres will require a sophisticatd cooling strategy;

This is capable of moving air fastest through the structure.

“The dry-bulb, still air temperature is effectively lowered 5˚F if the air is moved at a velocity of 6miles per minute” .

1

Inlets and outlets (at 30˚ to the normal) are at opposing sides of the structures. They are capable of expanding and contracting to maximise cross ventilation.

Openings on the downward side adjust themselves to be larger than the windward side, to promote the maximum suction effect.

2

High stacks create areas of positive and negative pressure regardless of which direction the prevailing wind

Tops of the stacks are stained darker. This causes them to heat faster than the rest of the building and thus aids stack driven ventilation.

blows. Stack effect ventilation is suplementary to the primary mode of cooling (cross ventialtion) as the stack effect does not move air fast enough to relieve heat by evaporative cooling, which is imperative in areas of such high humidity.

3

Air Movement

+

Solar Radiation

2

1

+

+

3 North prevailing winds, November - March

The gardens, river

and

water

evaporative causes

cleaning

cooling-

water

the

droplets

to

reservoirs hot

provide

Indonesian

evaporate

and

sun thus

gives up some of its energy (and heat) beafore entering the structures. However, such cooling works best in dry climates so here it plays a supplementary role.

4

Lightweight shell The high humidity suppresses thermal radiation to the sky which causes only very slight changes in

diurnal

temperature

change.

The

building

skin is therefore a lightweight shell that can cool quickly at night. The light coloured skin reflects heat.

Subterranean waste-topower plant

59.

Electricity powers the water cleaning facility

The layered façade changes density at different angles to allow maximum daylight and prevention of solar gain- see performance section.

Evaporative cooling

+

2

-

4

Energy production

-

1

Tertiary method of cooling

for

Secondary method of cooling

“Human comfort varies from culture to culture...

Primary method of cooling

-Environmental Strategy-

Rubbish from housholds and the Citarum fed into the plant