Dr part 5 Kirsty Williams

Mosquito Net

-Material PaletteMosquito alleviate

nettingthe

practically

problems

of

it an

could

Black Volcanic Rock

andesite stone

Bamboo

Bambusa blumeana

help

illuminating

building above a river in a high risk malaria zone, and aesthetically can perform as the screen on the façade to project shadows on.

Lava rock- A prevalent material on the island, used in the monumental construction of Borobudur.

Bambusa blumeana - The unchecked deforestation of Indonesian forests, which in turn has polluted the rivers, suggests that bamboo would be a more appropriate material- it is fast growing and accounts for 25% of the biomass of tropical regions.

Coloured alleviate

perspexsolar

Filters

the

radiation,

light

and

to

help

offset

the

impression of tropical clichĂŠ that can accompany bamboo.

Basswood - renowned for its ability to be carved.

In the west, known as limewood, it is a material puppets are fashioned from.

1. SBM 2. Gorra 2011

Site

3. Dwianto 2005

Bogor- plantations of basswood3 Banyuwangi- home to 26,000 hectares of bamboo plantations2 Central Java andesite quarry1

61.

Coloured perspex

Basswood

Ochroma bicolor

1

2

3

4

Sound travels in a straight line - it would hit and be absorbed into a horizontal flat surface whilst a curve would reflect the sound into itself indefinitely until it is absorbed. Having angular flat planes and applying a hard smooth finish to the materials should reflect the sound waves back into the space.

1 Sound origin

Sound path

Tall trees

The open nature of the skin to provide ventilation means that noise pollution could potentially enter from the site. However, though a road runs past the river, this is a very rural area and it is unlikely to cause significant noise pollution during the performance times, which run from around nine in the evening until dawn.1 Furthermore, the surrounding background noise from the site, such as wind through the trees and running river below the theatre could help provide a level of acoustic privacy and help mask out the conversations taking place on the periphery of the space.2

Rural road

Amplifying the ‘Dalang’

Running water

-Acoustic Strategy-

4

The façade is not one thickness but a series of thin sheets, which are more likely to reflect the sound than thicker materials which tend to absorb the sound waves.

I have made the theatres as open as possible, with only the necessary structural elements obstructing the space. This not only guarantees views of the performance but also that it will be clearly heard, air being the best medium to transmit sound.

Masking sounds generated by the rural site- estimated 30-40 dB.

2

The unwanted noise from the potentially noisy cafe below will have to be reflected back down and contained.

To do this I have suspended a landscape of acoustic absorbers from the ceiling. This also serves the space, distinguishing circulation spaces from the occupied ones (above the bar) where the ceiling droops down.

The space has need to amplify the speaking voice of the ‘dalang’ and the accompanying music of the four musicians, who require a much longer reverberation time. 3

Suspended acoustic ceiling

To accommodate both speach and music, I have compromised between the two ideal reverberation times, RT, and set a target RT between 1.52.5 seconds.4

Architectural potential of bespoke acoustic ceiling panels.

SUBdV, Sonic Studio rehearsal space.

1 performing ‘dalang & 4 musicians with acoustic instuments 1.

2.

3.

4.

Hobart 1987 Watts 2006 p20 Watts 2006 p 19 Nave 2013

Multiple facade.

63.

thin

layers

composing

the

Small cafe

-Disabled AccessAs

this

is

a

public

building

and

one

which

provides a new access route to the north side of the river, it is important that it is easily

a

b

d

c

e f

accessible. .

The height of the structure required to climb over the river and still allow passage of small boats, means that ramps would be inappropriately long, and since certain ambulant disabilities require stairs instead of ramps.1 I have chosen to go for a more compact option of providing a series of lifts which enable all users to cross the bridge and access both sides of the theatre.

All doors have a greater clear width than the

a.Disabled access in the building b.Theatre floor plan, not to scale c.Theatre support spaces, plan not to scale d.Exhibition plan- not to scale e.North side entrance, not to scale f.South side entrance, not to scale

minimum of 800mm specified in Approved Document M required for the passage of a wheelchair. To further

facilitate

easy

passage

to

the

main

spaces, there will be automatic sliding doors.

All the walkways have a greater diameter than 1500mm to allow a clear turning circle of a wheelchair.

Disabled WC

1

HM Government 2010b, 1.19-1.25

Areas in the building accessible by a wheelchair

Lift large enough to cater to a wheelchair

65.

Disabled WC

18m radius- all horizontal travel distances are encompassed within and are therefore less than the maximum allowed travel distance.

-Means of Escape-

Accumulated distance protected stair- 31.35m the max 45m)

Theatre

To comply with ‘Approved Document B2’ from the building regulations I have provided at least two exits from every part of the building and two exits for rooms with an expected occupancy of more than 60 people.

to fire (less than

Due to the problems associated with applying preservatives to bamboo (discussed in section 3) I believe it would be difficult to get the fire rating up to 60 minutes on this material and decided to introduce the aesthetic of the lava columns into the enclosures.

This is a fireproof material, being used in applications such as fire pits and furnaces.1 The naturally formed air pockets make it an excellent insulator, capable of withstanding temperatures of 1000˚C.2

The travel limitations for this type of building are specified as no more than 18m in one direction and no more than 45m in more than one direction to a protected area.

All escape routes are more than 1050mm wide,

18m radius from exit 2

which is the necessary minimum for occupancies

18m radius from exit 1

of more than 220 people and therefore should be more than sufficient for the planned occupancy of 150 people.

1. Kusizawa 2. ibid

2 b d a

final exit

c

g

e

f [Academic use only]

1 a. Theatre Plan- Not to scale b. Supporting spaces below the theatreCafe & WC’s. Not to Scale. c. Fire escape stair- plan, not to scale d. Position of fire escape stair in section. e. Lava rock oven f. Lava rock fire pit g. Porosity of lava rock 60 minute fire rated door 67.

Escape routes always further apert more than the minimum 45˚ necessary.

Wheelchair refuge

-Means of Escape-

Water treatment exhibition centre The second fire stair ensures that the building complies with approved document B2 4.44a, “There is at least one internal escape stair from each part of every storey”.

This stair also provides a 60 minute fire rating, by way of the thick lava rock walls.

The small size of the exhibition space ensures that escape distances are well within the maximum travel distance of 18m.

To further safeguard against fire, there will be a series of ‘suction hoses’ available for use, which are able to tap water directly from the

All fire stairs equipped with hinged x-vents

river.

Exhibition space- Not to scale

final exit

Escape stair section- not to scale

Exhibition WC’s- Not to scale As this fire stair is also used for circulation, for staff to gain access to the plants below, the door must be equipped with an automatic release mechanism actuated by an automatic fire detection and alarm system.

69.

Refuge

-M&E/ Sanitation Systems1

Water dispensing device- an example of electrical cables travelling up the columns

Though the village is serviced with electricity, unusual for rural areas in Indonesia,1 the it is likely to be a very limited supply to each house.2 The large electrically driven plant would represent an unacceptable drain on this service and the decision was taken early on to incorporate a waste to energy plant within the scheme.

Electrical disttribution

Though the process of burning waste is ordinarily only an option after all other options of ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ have been explored, here there is no infrastructure to support proper waste management and the current practice that is ingrained in the population is to treat the river as waste disposal. Therefore the plant will not only have the normal associated advantages (it has been claimed that for every ton of waste disposed of in a waste-to-energy plant and ton of greenhouse gasses is avoided)3 it will, through the incentive of clean water, draw waste away from the river and provide a place to dispose of waste substances produced during the water treatment process.

[Academic use only]

Energy production

4

The potential smell and acoustic disturbance accompanying a plant that burns waste at more than 1700˚F4 led to this being positioned below ground, as well as the plant room-16m2. The relatively small size of the plant room for a building this large is due to the building adopting natural ventilation as its primary cooling strategy. Access to this space will be a nonpublic route through the water management centre base.

3

The oversized columns, which are already designed to have hollowed sections for the steel cables to run, will carry the services also. Unlike the structural cables which will be deep within the structure to protect from corrosion, the services will be towards the periphery of the columns, which will not be performing structurally, and as such provisions can be made to access them from the outside for maintenance.

4

The space provides 10 WCs,5 below the theatre and below the water management centre. I have planned this in such a way that all WCs and wash basins can be serviced by just 3 supply and drainage pipes. Since the water in the river is so heavily polluted the water treatment centre was designed in such a way that it could treat sewage. As such the waste from the WC’s can be fed into the beginning of the treatment process.

4

Black water fed into the water cleaning facility

2

WCs & Drainage

4

The building skin has been designed in such a way that it will work hard to eliminate solar gain and facilitate natural ventilation- detailed in the performance section. This not only has the environmental advantage over mechanically ventilated spaces, it also greatly reduces the amount of space that needs to be dedicated to risers for ductwork. The façade system, however, is electrically controlled as to orientate itself to the changing wind directions and to make use of a building energy management system6 whereby a series of sensors and actuators will

2

1. EnDev 2. Schlapfer 1999 3. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011

1

4. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011 5. This should comply with the required number for 150 people, ref Littlefield 2008 6. Nicholls 2001

71.

[Academic use only]

Subterranean waste-topower plant

Electricity powers the water cleaning facility

I have ensured that there is ample space within the floor construction to conceal the electrical and water supply pipes.

Rubbish from housholds and the Citarum fed into the plant

-Construction SequenceTo

avoid disruption to the existing buildings and

B

users, I have located the necessary construction spaces on the far side of the river (the north side) as this is far more sparsely populated and the river can offer a natural boundary separating potentially dangerous works and the general population.

This decision entails the need for a temporary bridge

1

structure capable of holding heavy loads to enable deliveries to be made from the ‘Desa Sukamaju’ road.

To ensure minimum impact, this will be a simple

Site prepared Relocation of only the necessary palms Crane the prefabricated concrete bridge, which should be prestressed with steel cables into place.

Temporaty site offices constructed

2

Construct a dam around area ‘A’.

4

The waste-to-energy plant and adjacent plant room installed below ground Dam ‘A’ dismantled and materials where possible used in theconstruction of dam ‘B’ Concrete pile foundations in zone B made, ensuring that the steel cables which will be threaded through the structure are in place.

A

Concrete pile foundations in zone A made, ensuring that the steel cables which will be threaded through the structure are in place.

prefabricated structure that will be craned into place.

The other disruptive aspect of this building which cannot be so easily avoided is that to the river.

To ensure that the river keeps flowing while the foundations are placed, this would be achieved in 2 stages, providing a dam around area

A

and working

here until the columns have reached several metres above the waterline, then dismantling this dam and repeating this process in area The

majority

of

the

B

on-site

. work

should

be

choreographed to take place during the dry season (May- September). This would not only reduce the risk

3

Andesite stones columns in zone A constructed

of floods hampering the building progress, but also ensure that the water treatment centre is calibrated to the slower flows and water volumes present in these months. The failure of many other schemes

n

tasked with providing water to the rural spaces in Indonesia has been attributed to the construction taking place during the wet season and subsequently neglecting to provide adequate flows during the dry.1 Temporary Bridge Extent of proposed building

1.

Unloading Area

Fauzan 2011

A 5 73.

Remaining stone columns constructed.

Cables running through the columns tensioned at the top.

The bamboo ‘spokes’ are prefabricated to ensure they fit with the nodes and façade sections (also prefabricated).

The secondary structure, due to the size of the spaces, however must be completed on site. These are then craned into place and hooked onto the cable system.

6

Floors and walkways craned into place.-mobile cranes can reach from the banks to an extent of 60m Prefabricated façade panels are craned into place. The team can make use of the internal floors to choreograph this delicate process from the inside of the bamboo skeletons.

Mosquito net facades added Internal fixtures and fittings.

B

Extent of first area to be dammed Extent of second area to be dammed Necessary to relocate tree

Temporary Site offices

Identification of some of the hazards presented by the site

-Health and SafetyAs the project has a longer construction phase than 30 days, it is notifiable under CDM regulations1 and as such the designer’s responsibility to highlight and eliminate hazards is extended to include; Advising the client that it is their duty to appoint a CDM regulator.

To produce information for the CDM regulator’s file.

The

risk

assessment

(see

Section

4)

details

the measures taken to eliminate hazards during construction and maintenance. Since most of the hazards arise from the site itself (for example potential

drowning

and

malaria)

efforts

have

been taken to minimise exposure to this and prefabricate elements where possible, in a safer and more controlled setting.

Where it is necessary to construct elements on site, strict regulations have been advised, for example in terms of distances to the edge of the dam excavations, how construction workers are to carry bamboo elements and when equipment checks

Risk of drowning, particularly with the

are necessary.

unpredictable flows of the wet season

Potential health risks from the high levels of pollution on the site.

Due to the height of the structures, the health and safety strategy in terms of maintenance has been to design the details in such a way as to

Fresh water is the breeding

allow all elements to be accessed, removed and

ground of the anopheles

replaced from the inside of the enclosures.

mosquito, the carrier of malaria and dengue fever.

1. Health and Safety Executive 2007d

The village is situated on highly unstable tectonic plates; an earthquake during construction (and thus before the structure is seismically sound) could prove very dangerous

75.

-Long Section-

Not to scale 1.

Andesite stone columns

2.

Subterranean waste-to-power plant

3.

Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw

4.

Steel cables

5.

Control space and exhibition

6.

Large theatre behind the screen

7.

Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply

8.

Water dispensing device

9.

Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens

8 4

10. Garden bridge to access the theatre 11. Bamboo plantations 10

12. River bed 13. Waterline 14. Fire escape stair

20

16

15. Funnels to supply the plant with waste

18

3

16. Coagulation Tank

5 9

17. Lagoon 18. Café below the theatre

15

19. Concrete foundations (lava rock aggregate) 20. Umbrella internal supports

7

17 11

14

1

13 12 19

2

77.

6

-SHORT Section-

Not to scale

79.

-Plan Upper Floors-

Not to scale

1.

Andesite stone columns

2.

Citarum river

3.

Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw

4.

Steel cables

5.

Control space and exhibition

6.

Large theatre behind the screen

7.

Clean water reservoir capable of holding a

18

6 11

week’s supply 8.

Water dispensing device

9.

Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens

7

10 5

10. Garden bridge to access the theatre

1

2

11. Bamboo plantations

12

12. Small theatre infront of screen 4

13. Entrance to bridge from the south

9

14. Mosque 3

15. Funnels to supply the plant with waste 16. Coagulation Tank 17. Lagoon

16

18. Entrance to the bridge from the north

17 15

13 13

14

81.

8