-Plan Lower Floors-
Not to scale
83.
-Building Construction-
Material:
Andesite stone (black lava rock)
Performance: Stone is an appropriate choice structurally as the column’s function is to take all of the tensile forces from the suspended structure and transfer them through compression, which is where stone’s strength lies, to the ground.
1 2
3
4
However, despite beginning with and trying to maintain a degree of symmetry across the structural members, perfect symmetry is incompatible with the building if it is to perform programmatically. Therefore, with different horizontal forces the columns are likely to try and bend, exerting tension on the side with the lower weight.
2
Unevenly loaded column
Stone being very poor in tension, one option could be to construct the brick columns like some brick houses are constructed, with gaps that have steel rods and poured concrete, and adapt the positioning of this reinforcement in such a way that rebalances the columns. However, a more elegant and potentially stronger solution is to overlap the bricks with strategic holes running through the whole structure. Through these holes steel cables, which should be set into the concrete foundations before bricklaying begins, are threaded and tightened at the top. This forces the brick structure into compression and when loads try to force one side of the column into tension the tied bricks push against each other, making use of their natural compressive ability to resist deformation. These cables can also be placed strategically within the columns to counter inequalities caused by the differing building forms.
Distorted column
Basic block strategy
The Pillar Family
Compressive forces
Tensile forces
Columns and Cables
Highly tensioned steel cables
-Structural Strategy-
4
Rebalanced column
3
Section locating columns
The Cable family Material:
Steel ropes
Performance: The cables are in tension, carrying the weight of the building back to the columns. Multiple cables between each weight distribute the loads of the building, meaning the cables are less likely to be over-stressed in an earthquake.
87.
1
Early plan exhibiting a degree of symetry accross the structural elements
Excessive weight (of the reservoirs and stone itself) could cause the columns to buckle
Horizontal steel ties also required
1
-Structural Strategy-
Bamboo Frames
Bamboo, as a hollow tube, is in keeping with the overall
structural
principles
of
having
Umbrella supports made of steel and concrete. The steel core of the concrete is surrounded by a membrane allowing it to move freely of the concrete. In this way, it not only supports the structure but can also protect it in the event of an earthquake- the core and exterior sliding by one each other deflects energy away from the rest of the structure.
heavy
columns supporting a lightweight frame. It is also an appropriate material to use in a seismic region; Having no ‘rays’ it is a lot stronger than timber, especially in sheer.1 Cellulose fibers that run through the length of the bamboo act in the same way steel bars do in concrete. In the event of structural failure, these usually remain intact and return the bamboo to its original shape when the loads are removed, which could ensure the primary structure stays intact during an earthquake.2
Metal nodes from the first iteration (1:50 model structure) are kept, in order to attach the prefabricated facade
In 2001, 20 bamboo houses remained intact near the epicentre of an earthquake that reached 7.5 on the Richter scale.3 Another advantage of its natural structure is that it does not suffer from creep, as timber does. This gives the opportunity to fashion the bamboo into a sophisticated facade system incorporating glass and metal nodes.4
1
Vo Trong Nghia’s ‘Water & Wind’ cafe detail of a ‘bamboo bolt’. Such a system, where multiple bamboo lengths are working together would allow for easier replacement of the older structural members (with ones that arent necessarily identical) than the former iteration where the bamboo was locked into the metal nodes at the end.
2
The diagonal bracing is provided by the façade sections which, as they need to be flat, must form triangular panels.
3
Construction of the bamboo theatres
1. 2. 3. 4.
Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen
2000, 2000, 2000, 2000,
2
p24 p66 p77 p76
3 89.
-Structural Strategy-
Bamboo Frames
1 a
1
Node
2
Cross section of bamboo showing the reinforcing vascular bundles.
3
Construction of the bamboo exhibition centre
b
a.Pieces of the node designed to hold the bamboo. These are made of two pieces of steel that can be unscrewed from each other to detach the bamboo b. Sponge- this allows the node to grip the bamboo regardless of the different sizes that result from using a natural material.
6
2
91.
Vascular bundle
3
-Detail-
Foundations 1
10
13
Thickened slabs at the base of
The design has been adapted to incorporate two mat foundation bases. As earthquakes may present lateral forces in any potential direction, a continuous spread, strongly tied together, is better equipped to resist this than piers The building is less likely to be shook off a continuous base than a foundation system that is concentrated at isolated points.
columns, consturctions and to
Columns
12
anchor cables to.
FALL
FALL
Mat slab foundation
14 15
The two main masses of the building have been separated by a crumple section. This is where the joints allow a total movement of 6-8 inches in all directions. This is to prevent collisions that could occur between the differently moving masses in a quake. Though vertical motions in an earthquake represent just one tenth to one fifth of the total energy of a quake, this does have the ability to reduce soil pressure. The depth of the new Mississippi River Bridge foundations is 6m into the bedrock of the river. Here, however, I have extended this depth by the recommended 33.3% (1998mm). The weight of the excavated soil for mat foundations should be equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported.
Device inspired by the frictional holding
16
capabilities of a belay, used in climbing
1
2 1
Crumple section
11
1. Steel cable 2. Plastic sheath- to protect the steel cable from damage 3. Concrete mat foundation 4. Pre-formed recess in the concrete 5. In-situ cast concrete
b
11
c
a
1
6. Steel dowels to anchor the column to the footing 7. Tensile reinforcement of concrete (required as the
9
footing projects more than half the thickness of the column)
10
d
e
8. Longitudinal steel mesh reinforcement
2
9. Active soil pressure 10. Waterproof sheeting. Although the columns aren’t likely to suffer the usual associated problems of water erosion due to diurnal temperature changes-
4 a. Foundation plan
5
namely onion skin weathering and freeze thaw weathering - the running water and chemicals in
b. Belay device
6
the river may cause unanticipated effects on the structural integrity of the foundations and columns. 11. Carved blocks of andesite stone
c. Cap detail with wire tightening device
8
12. Tightening device. The belay structure allows for easy tightening and the friction it has on the wire is an extra precaution against the cables becoming slack.
d. Wire anchoring detail
7
13. Small steel clamp
e. Foundation detail
14. Steel lever 15. Steel latch. This can be used to release the wire for retightening, for example, if the dimensions change through settlement. 16. Drip
93.
3
-Structural Strategy-
Bricks
There are six standardised brick designs bricks are designed to lock together so the effect of the steel tensioned cable translates across the brick layers. The two central bricks, mirror images of each other, are designed so that the extrusions lock into all the five surrounding bricks, creating a very solid core.
designed to cater for the vertical cables
Central core bricks
95.
designed to cater for the horizontal cables
Corresponding intermediate bricks
End bricks
11
5
-Detail-
4
Facade Construction
11
10
The lightweight façade, held together with the bamboo bolts and steel nodes is designed to be a stiff frame but also one that can be easily taken apart when it becomes necessary to replace the short lived bamboo.
13
12
2 11
1
3 b
c a d
a. Section detail of the theatre façade b. Waterproofing detail where the cable moves through the netted façade c. Node detail- façade connecting to the ring beam d. Node detail- Node connecting to the umbrella mechanism
Ring beam- 50mm steel rods, 20mm sheet steel Mosquito netting façade Damp Proof Membrane Bamboo bolt structure Ties- these link the bamboo bolts without making further holes and therefore not compromising their structural performance. 6. Steel node 7. Hardwood timber clamps. These can be unscrewed to allow easy removal and maintenance of the façade pieces from inside the theatre. 8. Hardwood timber capping. This and the wooden clamp pieces prevent the metal nodes acting as a thermal conductor- bringing the heat of the Indonesian sun into the theatre. 9. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into the later detailed Islamic pattern 10. PVC cap - made flexible by the addition of plasticizers. This strengthens the material around the areas where the cables pass through the façade 11. Steel cable. (one of two running either side of the bamboo bolt) 12. Adhesive 13. Aluminium flashing 14. Bamboo support. This is connected to the façade from the seismic ‘umbrella’ support in the centre of the theatre 15. Steel mechanism to connect the nodes and umbrella supports, inspired by the mechanisms within a dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it allows easy removal and replacement of the bamboo supports. (See environment and materials detailing the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo)
2 7 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6
8 1 4
9
6 5
14
6
4
9 4
7
9
15
97.
14
15
-Detail-
Floor Construction
9 8
1 2
14
1. Mosquito netting façade
6
2. Damp Proof Membrane
7
3. Bamboo bolt structure 4. Thick bamboo beam supports the floor, integrated into the bamboo bolt structure
11
5
4. Ties- these link the bamboo bolts without making further holes and therefore not compromising their structural performance. 5. Steel node 6. Hardwood timber clamps. These can be unscrewed to allow
3
easy removal and maintenance of the façade pieces from inside the theatre. 7. Hardwood timber cap. This and the wooden clamp pieces prevent the metal nodes acting as a thermal conductorbringing the heat of the Indonesian sun into the theatre. 8. Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into
17
the later detailed Islamic pattern
13
14
15
9. Acrylic pattern façade layer 10. ‘Umbrella’ support system, detailed overleaf
18
10
11. Steel mechanism to connect the bamboo to the umbrella column, inspired by the mechanisms within a
12
dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it allows easy removal and replacement of the bamboo supports. (See environment and materials detailing the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo) 12. External bamboo cladding 13. Not less than 300mm 14. 75mm x 100mm timber joist 15. Bamboo matting 16. Suspended acoustic ceiling 17. Steel angle 18. Timber substructure connects the cladding to the bamboo bolts 19. Steel ring
1
99.
2
3
4
16
16
17
19
12
8
1
-Detail-
Skylight
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Aluminium flashing Purlin Sloped skylight Bamboo frame Bass wood façade layer, cut using CNC technology into the later detailed Islamic pattern 6. Acrylic pattern façade layer 7. Steel node- connects the skylight to the bamboo structure 8. Hardwood timber capping 9. Outlets for ventilation here- detailed in ‘performance’ section 10. Damp proof membrane 11. Mosquito net facade 12. Insulating glazing with fully tempered glass
7 4 10 11 2 5
6
6
5
3
1
8
7
9
101.
4
-Detail-
Umbrella Support This structural member supports the bamboo structures from inside and also protects the structure in the event
7 8
of an earthquake. With seismic forces the concrete is able to withstand in compression while the steel,
6
moving freely due to the plastic sheath, stretches in
4
tension. This ability for the members to move past one
1
another means that they absorb the energy of the quake and in doing so deflects the stresses away from the other structural members.
6
2
5
1. Concrete column
3
2. Round steel core 3. Plastic, separating the steel and concrete 4. Folded steel angle 5. Steel & rubber mechanism to connect the bamboo to the umbrella column, inspired by the mechanisms within a dressmakers dummy. Turning the key tightens the grip on the bamboo support. Turning the other way, it allows easy removal and
5
replacement of the bamboo supports. (See environment and materials detailing the necessity and frequency of replacing the bamboo. 6. Bamboo ‘spoke’ connect the central column and bamboo framework 7. Steel node connects the bamboo bolt to the cladding
1
8. Steel node connects the bamboo spokes to the composite central column 9. Steel base plate, set on leveling nuts 10. Concrete foundation
2
11. Pre-cast concrete footing acting as movement joint
3
12. Anchor bolts
9
11
10 12
103.
Insulation
Interstitial Condensation
Controlling Fire Spread
There is no thermal insulation present within
The exposed construction would not suit an
Within the programme, the small café below
the
internal vapour barrier. However, whilst the
the theatre presents the greatest fire risk
building
high
skin,
humidity
owing
(70-90%)
to
the
extremely diurnal
building skin is composed of many layers, with
and it is proposed therefore to compartment
temperature changes. In such a climate, the
suppressing
the exception of the waterproofing skin, they are
this area, extending the lava rock, capable of
best strategy is to have a lightweight frame
all highly perforated and allow the passage of
withstanding temperatures of 1000˚C, to give
that can cool down quickly.
air. This combined with a ventilation strategy
the area a 60minute fire rating. The coconut
(see performance) that aims to maximise the
oil
air flow through the enclosures should remove
performance
of air which make it an excellent insulator
excess moisture via evaporative cooling. The
facade also present a threat. Therefore the
and
chance of interstitial condensation is further
following measures are proposed;
The lava rock has naturally occurring pockets has
therefore
been
adopted
within
the
building’s fire strategy.
however, to
Despite the building’s unusual structure, in the details it is a take on a rain screen cladding system. Behind the mosquito netting a
waterproof
envelope
with
night
time
temperatures
has
been
necessary
that
wraps
be
particularly
to
perforate
sealant joints have been specified, with clean surface preparation to ensure secure adhesion. Wood sealant will be applied to the whole of the hardwood caps that make up the detail surrounding the skylight to prevent water from leaching through the material itself.
for
the
waterproofing
ventilation
‘wayang devices
kulit’ in
the
cool.
Furthermore,
layer
apertures
is to
absent mediate
airflow through the building (detailed in the performance section), the apertures have been designed with waterproof fabric which will all close during heavy rain, the overlapping nature of them deflecting water akin to a rainforest canopy. The gaps between them are designed to stop water but still allow enough air to pass for stack ventilation to occur.
Detection and alarm system throughout Sprinkler system throughout
the
access, therefore, should condensation occur,
system, whereby the high level exhausts open
this would be obvious and easy to resolve
and lower ones close upon a smoke signal.3
before it becomes a problem. Clearly
signposted
suction
hoses
that
are
connected directly to the river below.
this
into the building, and around the skylight,
the
the
electrical
Smoke vents co-ordinated with the ventilation
Tolerances
envelope, for example where the cables pass
Where
during
construction throughout is visible and easy to
around the entirety of the enclosures. Where it
and
of
25˚C, the exterior surface is never likely
Water Ingress
is
used
reduced as it occurs when warm air generated inside hits a surface that is below dewpoint,1
there
lamps
Fire
extinguishers
capable
of
dealing
with
Due to the excessive humidity of the site,
fires that the water hoses cannot, for example
it is recommended that the large quantities
C02 in case of an electrical fire and foam
of timber to be used are brought to site as
extinguishers
green wood and allowed to acclimatise to the
example from the coconut oil burners in the
conditions there and are only milled after
programme).4
for
liquid
based
fires
(for
reaching ‘fibre saturation point’.2 This should help limit the extent to which the wood warps.
Fire
Despite
mosquito fabric.
this
however,
humidity
may
cause
material
and
the
fluctuations
some
façade
movement also
in
the
in
the
incorporates
other materials which may expand with changing temperatures. As such, there are to be expansion joints throughout. The nodes which hold the different materials of the façade in place should
incorporate
expansion
joints
and
if
there is excessive movement, the wooden clamps can be tightened or loosened as necessary.
resistant
coatings
to
the
bamboo
and
Escape routes to have ‘Class 0’ on flame spread test.
5
1. Watts 2006, p25 2.
Huey 2012
3. Thomas 2006b, p141 4. MFS Fire Extinguishers 5. Metric Handbook p42-4
-Building Performance-
Bogor- plantations of basswood
-Energy4
Embodied Energy Care has been taken in the material selection, to create a building from materials that are not only sustainable within themselves, but
Building Site
Energy Production
5
Central Java andesite quarry
Waste-to-energy plant Though
the
process
of
burning
waste
is
ordinarily
only
also that the embodied energy that their excavation, production and
an option after all other options of ‘reduce, reuse and
transport to site entails is low. Since embodied energy is difficult to
recycle’ have been explored, here there is no infrastructure
determine, and manufacturer’s claims can be misleading,1 I have focused
to support proper waste management and the current practice
on the more concrete factor of transport and sourced, where possible,
that is ingrained in the population is to treat the river as
materials prevalent on the island of Java. This also has the advantage
waste disposal. Therefore the plant will not only have the
that vernacular architecture has of embodying a sense of place.
normal associated advantages (it has been claimed that for
Banyuwangi- home to 26,000 hectares of bamboo plantations
6
every ton of waste disposed of in a waste-to-energy plant
1
Bamboo
and ton of greenhouse gasses is avoided)7 it will, through
The species Bambusa blumeana is indigenous to the archipelago and grows
the incentive of clean water, draw waste away from the river
even faster in the tropical environment than its notoriously fast
and provide a place to dispose of waste substances produced
growth in temperate climates. “A bamboo plantation of 1000 hectares
during the water treatment process. The project has the
can provide about 30,000 tons of wood resources, and thus renders
potential to prevent 25,9653kg of waste entering the river
unnecessary the cutting of over 50 thousand hardwood trees per year”.2
and travelling downstream per year.8
Such measures should appease BAPPENAS, who are hinging their economic growth plan on restoration of the tropical hardwood forests.3
1b
2
Using natural preservative methods (detailed overleaf) means making
river into the building fabric, for example replacing the
3
glass skylight, which has ‘high energy’ requirements in its production, with something like the Thames project Butterfly
energy process.
House, created from old shopping bags.
1
Being forced to the surface through seismic activity means mining
Most of the energy embodied in this material, therefore, will be in the labor intensive process of shaping the stones into specific profiles dictated by the structural strategy.
1. Thomas 2006b, p71 2. Oprins 3. Fauzan 2011
3b
4. SBM 5. Thomas 2006b, p71 6. Thomas 2006b, p72
Basswood
7. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011
Sourced on the island, from a plantation in Bogor.
8. Bocco 2013
5
3b The laser cutting process of converting the basswood into intricate Islamic patterns will have high embodied energy. However, this is done with the purpose of maximizing daylight whilst preventing solar gain (detailed later), and thus lowering the ‘energy-in-use’ of the building, which represents a much greater percentage of the entire energy a building consumes.5
4
2
Household waste & waste from the Citarum
Andesite Stone
sources from a quarry in central Java.4
3
There is also scope to recycle some of the ‘waste’ from the
the culled bamboo ready for use on the structure is a relatively low
andesite stone is a relatively low energy extraction, and it can be
2b
6
Mosquito Netting Mosquito netting facade sourced from the nearby textile industry. Care should be taken to contract it from one of the 10% of factories that meet water treatment requirements.
Subterranean waste-topower plant
Other materials, such as stainless steel, which are categorised by Watts and Thomas as ‘very high energy requirements’,6 have been used as sparingly as possible, when structural loads demand it.
109.
2b
1b
“...as bamboo in the structure are slowly replaced, the colouration of the finished structure will be a reflection of the changing circumstances of the Citarum.”
-Materials and LongevityAccording to Watts and Thomas, after selecting materials
Preservation
with lower embodied energy (previous page) the second
The
bamboo
takes
advantage
of
preservative
methods,
strategy is to design for longevity. For the monolithic
though the effect of this is limited in bamboo (hence its
lava columns this is not an issue, Borobudur has been
short lifespan) as the vascular bundles which would take up
standing on the island of Java since the 9th century.
2
preservative chemicals close forever 24 hours after being
Furthermore, the lack of diurnal temperature changes
culled.6 Traditional methods of curing, smoking, soaking
and staying above freezing protects the rocks from many
and seasoning, or lime-washing could be adopted, they are
forms of weathering. Bamboo, however, does not benefit
economical and don’t require any specialized skills.7 There
from such longevity.
are more modern chemical methods which preserve the bamboo
1
Soaking and Seasoning
Detailed for easy replacement
slightly longer, however, the bamboo is difficult to dispose
and environmentally, in terms of its growth rate and proximity to the site bamboo seems to be the appropriate
when it needs replacing, needing to be buried far from a water source. Traditional methods would allow the old structural members to be burned as biofuel in the waste-to-energy plant.
choice. The drawback of this material, however, is the
Bamboo Plantation
relatively short lifespan within the structure it has.
The gardens in the program are extended on to the land to
Whilst my design, being lifted off the ground by pillars,
form a small bamboo plantation, from which elements can be
means it doesn’t have contact with ground moisture,
periodically replaced. This would not only reduce the impact
the life expectancy of covered bamboo is from 6-10 years.3 This problem is compounded in tropical
of transporting pieces, but also ensure that the preservative methods are applied correctly, as applied incorrectly they can
areas as the humidity accelerates the degradation.4
do more harm than good.8 The location of the building on a river
This problem is connected to its small cross sectional
means advantage can be taken of soaking and seasoning the
area. Whist this makes it structurally light, it means
bamboo as the preservative method, which involves immersing
that damage, for example from boring insects or fungi,
the culms in water for weeks to leach out sugars then drying
represents a larger proportion of its cross section.
it out. Currently the river runs black with the dyes
5
Secondary method of cooling
Structurally, in terms of its seismic performance,
Therefore, I would propose the following;
The Citarum runs black with the dyes of more than 40 textile factories
of more than 40 textile factories, which is likely to alter the colouration of the bamboo as it needs to be submerged for such a large quantity of time. This however could enhance the building, as there is a 15 year programme in place to clean up the river, therefore, as bamboo in the
1. Thomas 2006b, p72 2. Soekmono 1976, p9 3. Janssen 2000, p52
structure are slowly replaced, the colouration of the finished structure will be a reflection of the changing circumstances of the Citarum. Culm planted for 1 year
4. Lip and Lim 1988
Protection
5. Janssen 2000, p52
On the roof the bamboo is placed behind the waterproofing
6. Janssen 2000, p56
screen, as bamboo can have a long life expectancy in very
7. Janssen 2000, p56
dry spaces and completely submerged in water, but fluctuating
8. Janssen 2000, p61
between the two accelerates failure.
Culm planted for 2 years
Old bamboo used as biofuel
Culm planted for 3 years
Ensure that the primary structural pieces are sheltered behind Culm planted for 4 years
the mosquito netting, as the hollow nature of the material provides space for potentially damaging creatures to make their home.
Culm planted for 5 years
Replacement All details have been designed for easy replacement of the bamboo structural members. For example, adopting bamboo bolts of 4-5 lengths together means one can be removed and replaced
Subterranean waste-topower plant Small Bamboo plantation containing different aged culms ensures a ready supply of material when necessary.
without causing failure to the whole structure.
111.
Diagram showing the replacement of bamboo members after all preservation methods have been exhausted.
-Tourism and the Citarum-
The Future the Water Theatre
Longevity of the water theatre- steps taken to ensure it’s earquake resistant but the programme is less enduring. Write about the historical boundary of the Citarum and the likelyhood that the water treatment would be outlived by the theate programme
April & October
“In very humid regions, comfort by natural means is only attainable with constant movement of air across the skin” 1
-Cooling Strategy-
Cross Ventilarion
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
Primary method of cooling
Doldrums- No Wind
Inlets and outlets (at 30˚ to the normal) are at opposing sides of the structures. They are
All apertures remain open
capable of expanding and contracting to maximise
Cross ventilation moves air fast enough to relieve the effects of the excessively high humidity, by evaporative cooling.
cross ventilation. Openings on the downward side adjust themselves to be larger than the windward side, to promote the maximum suction effect.
2
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
This is capable of moving air fastest through the structure. “The dry-bulb, still air temperature is effectively lowered 5˚F if the air is moved at a velocity of 6miles per minute”.3
November- March
May- September
North Prevailing Winds
SouthPrevailing Winds
Openings on the North, downward side, of the building are larger
+
-
-
+
Openings on the south, downward side, of the building are larger
1.Salmon 1999, p123 2.Ibid 3,Salmon 1999, p142
113.
Aperture devices adjust the inlet/outlet ratio
Tall stacks create an ares of low pressure regardless of wind direction2
-Cooling Strategy-
Stack Effect Ventilarion
Air movement
Secondary method of cooling
Solar radiation.
High stacks create areas of positive and negative pressure
regardless
of
which
direction
the
-
prevailing wind blows. Stack effect ventilation is suplementary to the primary mode of cooling (cross ventialtion) as the stack effect does not move air fast enough to relieve heat by evaporative
cooling,
which
is
imperative
in
Darkly stained areas heat up faster and further lowers the air pressure at the top of the stacks
areas of such high humidity. Tops of the stacks are stained darker. This causes them to heat faster than the rest of the building and thus aids stack driven ventilation.
+
1. Thomas, p126 2. Salmon 1999, p119
115.
During rainstorms, the apertures close. However, the overlapping leaves are separated horizontally to leave an effective 3-4% of the floor area open1, adequate for stack ventilation whist preventing the ingress of water.
-Cooling Strategy-
Evaporative Cooling Tertiary method of cooling The gardens, river and water cleaning reservoirs provide evaporative cooling- the hot Indonesian sun causes water droplets to evaporate and thus gives up some of its energy (and heat) beafore entering the structures. However, such cooling works best in dry climates so here it plays a supplementary role.
In progress; Leave if run out of time. Diagram of Evaportaive cooling through plants, cooling air before it enters building.
Some solar radiation is reflected by the light coloured
-Cooling Strategy-
mosquito netting.
The lightweight structure cools quickly at night
Facade Ancient patterns & modern technology High humidity, between 70 and
Lightweight shell
90%,
traps
in
the
heat
and
The high humidity suppresses thermal radiation
results in only slight changes
to the sky which causes only very slight changes
in diurnal temperatures.
in diurnal temperature change.1 This means that emplyoing thermal mass as a cooling technique would be ineffective, as there is never a time when there is a cooler temperature to store
and
later release. The building skin is therefore a lightweight shell, akin to a marquee, that can cool quickly at night. The light coloured skin
The up
porous the
layers
building
that skin
make allow
only partial admittance of the intense
solar radiation.
The
amount of light allowed to pass can be tailored by adjusting the pattern- see next page.
reflects heat.
High volumes of water from the
site
and
programme
contribute to the humidity
1. Salmon 1999, p100
117.
2
-Water Supply-
6
1 Location of the water treatment stages detailed in section 1. 1.
pH adjustment
2.
Coagulation tank
4
3. Lagoons 4. Filtration 5. Electrodeionization 6.
UV gardens
7.
Safety Control fish tanks
8. Reservoir
8
3
119
Due to the current condition of the Citarum river, the water treatment programme was selected as one which could treat sewage. In addition, the lack of pipe infrastructure in the area and overarching aim to improve the water quality in the village led to the decision to feed black water in at the beginning of the water treatment.
5
7
Despite the programme being a water treatment centre, the water is a hard earned exchange from the collected rubbish that makes its way into the wasteto-power plant. Therefore, the theatre also takes advantage of the prevalent rains and large overhanging roofs in order to collect rainwater to use as grey water in the WC facilities.
3
-Controling solar gain-
Ancient patterns & modern technology In
order
to
mitigate
the
problems
of
solar
gain, but also to ensure adequate daylight (the night
time
performances)
the
façade
15˚ - 30˚
traditional wayang employs daytime as well as pattern
adjusts to allow more light to enter where the building receives smaller levels of solar gain. A study of buildings on Java revealed that the most solar radiation (SR) is received from the north, roughly equal and smaller amounts to the east and west and significantly smaller amounts to the south.1 There is also a difference in radiation received depending on the angle of the planes. In Java, the highest SR is received
1
on planes that are at an angle between 15˚ to 30˚. The next highest is between the 15˚ and horizontal range with the smallest from 30˚ to
15˚ - horizontal
vertical. I have designed five different panels to cater for
these
different
conditions.
Whilst
the
architecture could more responsive, with each individual
panel
tailored
to
its
specific
condition, the design is a compromise between performance
and
standardisation,
which
would
make the project more feasible.
1
The
intricate
Islamic
patterns
employed
represent the translation of the delicate puppet carvings to the scale of the building.
2
Solar radiation recieved on building facades
3
Grid
2
showing
the
different
their locations.
1.Mintorogo
121.
pannels
and
30˚ - Vertical
in Java.
North
East & West
South
November- March
North Prevailing Winds
-Controlling solar gain-
Facade Mapping
The
drawing
opposite
locates
the
different
+
faรงade panel densities from the previous page on the theatre enclosures (pattern not to scale). Such an arrangement should provide maximum day lighting possible while preventing solar gain in the areas most likely to receive solar radiation. Within
the
faรงade,
the
apertures
(detailed
later in this section) respond to the changing
-
prevailing wind patterns. When north prevailing winds persist the maximum suction effect can be achieved by having larger openings on the south, downward side of the faรงade.1 When south prevailing
winds
persist
this
situation
is
April & October
Doldrums
reversed. During the doldrums, the point at which the Inter-Tropical-Convergence-Zone is directly above Indonesia and there is little to no wind, all the apertures remain open to take advantage of any breeze that may pass the building. When
a. b. c. d. e. f.
Mapping fo the faรงade theatre densities according to solar radiation levels. Open aperture density during the north prevailing winds Open aperture density during the doldrums Open aperture density during the south prevailing winds Aperture device Rainforest Canopy
it
rains
the
apertures
all
close,
the
waterproof overlapping fabric preventing water entering like leaves in a rainforest canopy. The gaps between them, however, still allow the passage of some air which now passes through the building via the stack effect.
1.Salmon 1999, p142
May- September
SouthPrevailing Winds
b e f
a
c
d
123.
+