THE HYDROPOLIS CITY All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in Any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission Of either the authors or Politecnico di Milano university.
All the illustrations in the book done by the author of the book except the illustrations which you can find the source written under it.
This book is written as a Master thesis By @ KHOLOUD BAHNAS
Contact: Kholood.bahnas@gmail.com SUPERVISOR: PROF. Elisa Cristiana Cattaneo
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE HYDROPOLIS CITY INTRODUCTION ABSTRACT
I: GLOBAL THREATS
1 4 7
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I.I WORLD URBAN GROWTH I.II THE SCARCITY I.III THE SCARCITY OF WATER
10 14 16
I.IV CONCLUSION
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II . ISTANBUL
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I.III.I WHAT IS WATER SCARCITY? I.III.II WATER SCARCITY AND THE ENVIRONMENTS I.IV.I SUMMRY OF THE GLOBAL THREATS
II.I THE CITY OF ISTANBUL
II.I.I ISTANBUL GLOBAL SITE II.I.II POPULATION DENSITIES II.I.III URBAN FOOTPRINT
16 17 21
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25 28 29
II. II CITY GROWTH
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II. III CITY EXPANSION AND THE ENVIRONMENT:
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II. II.I
ISTANBUL CITY GROWTH
II.IV ISTANBUL CITY ANALYSIS II.IV.I ISTANBUL TOPOGRAPHY
II.IV.I.I ISTANBUL GEOGRAPHICAL LATITUDE SECTIONS
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43 44
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II.IV.II ISTANBUL GREEN ZONES
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ISTANBUL GREEN ZONES II.IV.III CLIMATE ZONE IN ISTANBUL THE EXISTING ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS II.IV.IV WATER RESOURCES ISTANBUL WATER TRACES II.IV.V ISTANBUL VALLEYS II.IV.VI ISTANBUL MASTER PLAN
50 52 54 56 66 68 70
II.IV.II.I FOREST IN ISTANBUL
III THE THIRD BRIDGE
III.I YA VUZ SULTAN SELIM’ BRIDGE III.II THE ECOLOGICAL THREATS CONCERNING THE THIRD BRIDGE III.III SUMMARY
III.III.I WHAT IS HAPPENING IN ISTANBUL ?
IV THE VISION
CHALLENGE SITES IV.I SITE CHALLENGES IV.II THE SITES VIEW CROSSIN G POINTS FOR THE THIRD BRIDGE
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48
73
74 78 81 82
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86 86 88 88
IV.III THE STRATEGY
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IV.IV LANDSCAPE SYSTEM IV. V STRATEGIC SECTION
99 100
SYNTHESIS STRATEGY MAP
V. THE VISION INTERPRETATION
V.I THE HYDROPOLIS CITY V.II NATURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
V.II.I SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY
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103 104 106
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V.I NATURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
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V.III NEW SECTION FOR ARNAVUTKÖY V.I V SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER SYSTEM V.III THE VISIONARY MASTER PLAN
117 118 118 121
V.II.IV AFFORESTATION SYSTEM
128
V.II.V NEW ECOLOGICAL FIELD
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V.II.VI SECTIONS WITH THE BRDIGE
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V.II.VII GENERAL PROTOTYPES FOR THE NODES V.II.VIII DEVELOPED SECTIONS ARROUND THE BRDIGE V.II.IX UNVEILED PLANS FOR A SOARING LEAF -SHAPED CANOPY
134 136 138
V.III DEVICES
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REFRENCES TABLE OF ILLUSTRATION TABLE OF FIGURES
152 154 155
THE SECTION BEFORE THE BRDIGE
V.II.I THE VISION V.II.II THE VISIONARY MASTERPLAN V.II.III MASTERPLAN INPUTS HIRARCHY
V.III.I THE CONNECTION V.III.II THE FIELD OF DEVICES V.III.III THE DEVICES PLAN V.III.IV SUMMARY
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122 124 127
142 144 146 150
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INTRODUCTION Over the past decades the focus of architectural discourse has become ‘the City’ a very logical step, as our world is heading for urban domination with architecture as the discipline that shapes the environments we inhabit. For the first time in human history, more than 50% of humans across the globe live in cities. But, as we move towards the Urban Globe, what exists beyond The City? Currently we only hear about the urban, but what happens in the non-urban? The ex-urban? The post-urban? What is out there, beyond the borders of our city focus? What comes after the city? .we must find the answers for these questions about each city to imagine the future of the cities, to know which kind of problems the cities are facing and will face (Geus, Martijn de, 2012). Cities must serve life, that their validity is to be measured in terms of life, and that they must be planned for living. But within the rapid urban growth we live nowadays cities becomes unplanned and the city will not be able to serve us in a right way, the rapid growth which faces many countries has two types of growth formal in a shape of new cities and informal sprawls as a densification or encroachment on agricultural land, regarding these new crawls of the cities, the cities going to face many problems, the available resources are not going to be enough for everyone, nature going to disappear, and people are going to live the scarcity. The fear of living the scarcity was and still acquires a lot of cities , this fear which made the ( architects , urban designers , economists , ‌etc.,.) thinking of visions about post-scarcity and utopian scarcity . However the scarcity has so many sorts and each sort is a threat to the city, but the scar of water it has been and still considering as a big threat for any region. One of the cities that facing now this threat is Istanbul, Istanbul is a city with a huge history, different character, special society, has good locations on the world map with so many 4
Resources so how did Istanbul reached the fear of the water scarcity? Which problems the city is facing and will face? How Istanbul can survive from this threat? How to preserve all the natural resources in Istanbul? How to achieve the balance between the urban sprawl and the natural environment? Architects and urban designers/planners have the responsibility to protect the city from itself, and Istanbul one of the city which deserve to be protected, deserve to not face the any threat. Finding the answers to these questions will give us in the end the solution. Will give us new vison for Istanbul nature master plan, and a new vison of the waterscape as natural infrastructure in Istanbul.
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The hydropolis city project works as A model for urban hydrology based on natural systems. This Hydropolis model seeks a ‘source’ solution to problems rather than a ‘sink’ approach.
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ABSTRACT Istanbul is a great city with a big history , but always great cities have been and still the main spot for local/global immigration, that’s make any great city with history as a dense city with sprawl urban growth, expanded infrastructure, government and economic base. Istanbul lives all this from before and still until now, during the city expanded in the last few years the third bridge proposal has been released to be constructed by the government. Each proposal about the city infrastructure/ urban developments have reasons to be needed and approved in the end, but it’s also going to have sequences. These sequences might lead the city to a global threats. However, the threats can be always addressed, can be always Reluctant and the city can be always resist and reserved. This research displays the implications of expanding the city against its nature, investigating the threats that Istanbul is going to face because of the third bridge, investigates about nature issues in Istanbul like water scarcity and ecological environment, discovering the value of the valleys and investigate the role of the water infrastructures, the diffusion of the water in Istanbul, the treatment and the water accessibility. The project proposes new natural infrastructure for fresh water in Istanbul, highlight nodes in Istanbul for environment development and creating a new Eco zone around the bridge.
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I: GLOBAL THREATS
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I.I WORLD URBAN GROWTH The world’s population has grown in the past century at an exponential rate if compared to the pre-industrial era. At the beginning of the past century the world population counted approximately 1.6 billion people; today, the amount is over 6.6 billion (Mark Anderson, 2014) . Such a fast growth in population brought among its consequences a rise in urbanization of previously unknown dimensions. In 2008, for the first time in history, more than half of the world’s population are living in towns and cities. By 2030 this number will swell to almost 5 billion. This phenomenon is of extreme importance from an environmental point of view, as any urban growth involves a loss of forests, woodlands and fields, which are replaced with concrete, asphalt, and other artificial elements, contributing to the creation of ecological imbalances which often result in catastrophic consequences. The planet of urban population will face numerous challenges in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations, including for housing, infrastructure, transportation, energy and employment, as well as for basic services such as education and healthcare. As result of the natural increase of world population the city will expands, the city will face non-urban developments, the risks on the city will increase and the climate will be changed. Urban sprawl caused by the lack of control the lands (prices and availability ) and the city resources, that’s explain the suburbs inhabitants , urban sprawl also as a result for any infrastructure development like roads where people get accessibility to loose lands . Urban sprawl is also caused by the urban population growth which the most effective way to slow the rates of urban growth is to reduce unwanted fertility in both rural and urban areas. Lowering poverty, empowering women and providing quality reproductive health services all influence fertility preferences and ability to meet them. 10
Urban sprawl is the later stage of urbanization and is an inevitable phenomenon. But the question is how we can control it in order that cities don’t be in risks? How we can make the balance between the city expansions and the environmental issue?
Figure I -Growth rate of world population (1950–2050)
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I.II THE SCARCITY Each event has its consequences , started with the population growth led to urban sprawl and without clear plan how we can distribute natural resources into the city expansion that’s will lead us to the scarcity . Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human Wants in a world of limited resources. It states that society has insufficient productive Resources to fulfill all human wants and needs. Simply we can say: If something is scarce - it will have value. If the market supply of a good is low, the price will rise providing there is demand for it. Goods that are not scarce will have a lower Market value. The Scarcity exists because our wants and needs are greater than the resources available to satisfy them. The scarcity forces us to make choices because every individual has unlimited wants to satisfy and no one can have everything that they desire, as supplies and resources are limited. Scarcity is also fundamentally related to the Economic, it can strongly influence changes in the economy, especially the scarcity of vital resources such as food, clothing, water and housing. Economics in any and all forms rests on the assumption of conditions of natural or artificially enforced scarcity, far less than enough to supply everyone. The study of economics and its everyday business control and transactions tells you how each variation of The Price System makes an ideology of how to divide up that scarcity. (John A. Waring) The scarcity has been a fact of the human condition for more or less ever, and once you remove it you have to figure out what it means to be human aside from that endless parade of want. Nowadays there is many vision talking about POST- scar city and utopian post scarcity, but what does it mean post scarcity? And how we can get there?
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Post-scarcity is an alternative form of economics or social engineering in which goods, Services and information are universally accessible. This would require a sophisticated System of resource recycling, in conjunction with technologically advanced automated Systems capable of converting raw materials into finished goods. Most visions of post-scarcity societies assume the existence of new technologies which make it much easier for society to produce nearly all good in great abundance, given raw materials and energy. More speculative forms of nanotechnology (such as molecular assemblers or nano-factories) raise the possibility of devices that can automatically manufacture any specified goods given the correct instructions and the necessary raw materials and energy. (Drexler, EricK ) Some things would remain limited in supply even in a post-scarcity society. There is a practical limit to the number of people who can live in any specific, ‘in-demand’ locale. However, hypothetical machines such as a nanofactory are envisioned as being able to produce any real-world artifact, and some fictions even envision the physical creation of new living space to reduce this scarcity. This would likely further reduce (though not fully eliminate) the value of an ‘original’ item or a specific locale to live in. Scarcity can be eliminated through technology. All matter in the universe came from somewhere. What may be considered scarce or in limited supply such as raw materials is only a reality because of our lack of discovery or ingenuity. Our current dilemma of Scarcity as perceived in an economic paradigm is simply a natural flow of that paradigm. Therefore, scarcity is truly a matter of perception.
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I.III THE SCARCITY OF WATER Drinking water it has been always scarce. Today, more than 1 billion people in the developing world don’t have access to it. Yet, we take it for granted, we waste it, and we even pay too much to drink it from little plastic bottles. Water is the foundation of life, everyday hundreds of people suffer from a lack of access to clean water.
I.III.I WHAT IS WATER SCARCITY? Simply, the scarcity of water is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region, or it’s the lack of accessibility to our resources. Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. While the concept of water stress is relatively new, it is the difficulty of obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time and may result in further depletion and deterioration of available water resources. Water shortages may be caused by climate change, such as altered weather patterns including droughts or floods, increased pollution, and increased human demand and overuse of water.
Figure II- AFRICA Water Crisis 16
A water crisis is a situation where the available potable, unpolluted water within a region is less than that region’s demand. Water scarcity is being driven by two converging phenomena: growing freshwater use and depletion of usable freshwater resources. Water scarcity can be a result of two mechanisms: physical (absolute) water scarcity and economic water scarcity, where physical water scarcity is a result of inadequate natural water resources to supply a region’s demand, and economic water scarcity is a result of poor management of the sufficient available water resources (water scarcity, 2014).
I.III.II WATER SCARCITY AND THE ENVIRONMENTS Water scarcity has many negative impacts on the environment, including lakes, rivers, wetlands, and other fresh water resources. The resulting water overuse that is related to water scarcity, often located in areas of irrigation agriculture, harms the environment in several ways including increased salinity, nutrient pollution, and the loss of floodplains and wetlands. Furthermore, water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic. The lack of water poses direct and indirect impacts, for example: • Lower flows in rivers lead to lower levels of dissolved oxygen and lower dilution of effluent discharges. • Aquatic and marginal plants can find it hard to survive when flows are low and the edge of river dries out • Low flows lead to a reduction in fish spawning areas and can reduce fish migration. Algae bloom increase and this can kill the fishes and turn the water green. They can also be dangerous for the animals which drink from the rivers. Indirect impacts arise via the direct impacts. Lower yields, for example, mean reduced income for farmers and forestry owners, with increasing in food prices and unemployment. One of the most serious impacts of prolonged drought is enforced mass migration. This happens particularly in arid developing countries, i.e.
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Through the last hundred years, more than half of the Earth’s wetlands have been destroyed and have disappeared. These wetlands are important not only because they are the habitats of numerous inhabitants such as mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, but they support the growing of rice and other food crops as well as provide water filtration and protection from storms and flooding.
I.IV CONCLUSION Contemporary social and environmental conditions pose significant challenge to nominative design practices, involving out of an increasing scarcity of resources and consequent shifts in economic, political and material process. The world cities face a lot of threats, these threats appear as consequences of each other. Landscape Urbanism set out to develop new models of practice that directly engage with these new threats and the ways in which they continuously reshape the city.
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I.IV.I SUMMRY OF THE GLOBAL THREATS
ILLUSTRATION I-I : GLOBAL THREATS 21
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II . ISTANBUL
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II.I THE CITY OF ISTANBUL Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, constituting the country’s economic, cultural, and historical heart. Its commercial and historical Centre lies in the European part of Eurasia, the city forms the largest urban agglomeration in Europe as well as the largest in the Middle East, and the sixth-largest city proper in the world. Istanbul’s vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq. mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is the administrative capital. Istanbul is a transcontinental city, straddling the Bosphorus strait in northwestern Turkey between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Founded on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BC as Byzantium, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires: the Roman Empire (330–395), the Byzantine Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the last caliphate (Derya Maktav, 2000). Istanbul’s strategic position along the historic Silk Road, rail networks to Europe and the Middle East, and the only sea route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean have helped foster an eclectic populace, although less so since the establishment of the Republic in 1923. Overlooked for the new capital during the interwar period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have flocked to the metropolis and city limits have expanded to accommodate them. Arts festivals were established at the end of the 20th century, while infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network. Istanbul has always been a world city. The capital of two successive Empires, Byzantine and Ottoman, this heritage which make Istanbul distinctive among the world cities; Istanbul was a glorious imperial city from the fourth century to the early twentieth century. 24
As a locus of cultural diversity, one of the merits of its urban culture was in its imperial way of cultivating modes of co-existence between different ‘worlds’. Today, once more, it takes its place in the forefront of the global scene. Yet, as a global city, it has become an arena of excruciating inequalities and intransigent divisions.
II.I.I ISTANBUL GLOBAL SITE
ILLUSTRATION II.I : Global location for Istanbul
ILLUSTRATION II.II : Istanbul location between ASIA and EUROPE 25
It’s difficult to believe that Istanbul wasn’t noticeable before when Ankara was the capital of turkey, but then The first half of the twentieth century was a difficult period for Istanbul, The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and proclamation of the new Republic and the transfer of the government to the new capital, Ankara brought a scarcity of the financial, demographic, political and administrative resources allocated to urbanization. After that Istanbul faced a shrinkage problem. Istanbul is the only city that straddles two continents, Europe and Asia; and the only part of Turkey that is actually on the European continent. Aside from its unique geographic position, Istanbul currently houses one fifth of Turkey’s population, making it especially significant in Turkey. Istanbul is one of the largest in South-East Europe. Geographically situated on two narrow peninsulas separated by the Bosporus, the northern shores of either landmass are covered by ecologically sensitive forests, water catchments and reservoirs vital to the future of the city. Because of these physical barriers, a major part of the population lives in a linear band approximately 100 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide. Hence, 14 million the population of Istanbul the city count as the second largest city in the world by population within city limits (Vitra, 2009).
Figure IV -Yeni Mosque and Beyazit Tower, Istanbul 26
Istanbul has a population comparable to that of the Netherlands concentrated in less than 10 per cent of its surface area. The greater metropolitan region of Istanbul accounts for slightly more than 20 per cent of the national population, while the city generates 40 per cent of value added and approximately 50 per cent of the tax revenues of the entire country. Thus, the most significant part of Turkey’s economic activity, the manufacturing of goods and services, as well as its social life and artistic creation, all take place in this tiny north-western corner of the country. It is no longer a city of squatters. It has been replaced by a new global city for which we urgently need a metaphor.
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II.I.II POPULATION DENSITIES
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II.I.III URBAN FOOTPRINT
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THE ILLUSTRATION SOURCE : MAPPING ISTANBUL , SUPERPOOL ILLUSTRATION . II.III . FOOTPRINT AND POPULATION DENSITY FOR WORLD CITIES
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ILLUSTRATION . II.IV . ISTANBUL CENTER OF INVESTMENTS
II. II CITY GROWTH Since reform started under Ottoman rule in the early 19th century, Istanbul has undergone a substantial period of modernization that has spanned more than150 years. Istanbul went through a linear development for more than sixty kilometers along the Marmara shores on each side of the harbour. The three decades between the 1950s and the 1980s witnessed a significant expansion in industrialization and hence, rapid urbanization. The city regained its primacy on the national scale, but remained provincial from the global perspective. Istanbul’s population increased from one million to almost five in the meantime. After the devaluation of 1958, the authorities were faced with a tough question: should they allocate their limited resources to finance industrialization or urbanization? They chose to invest in industrialization. Consequently, the unprecedented urbanization could Not been accommodated within a planned housing program. In the 1970’s, there were nine centers spread within the city, each with their own characteristic internal structure. In size order, starting from the largest, these are 1) Aksaray, 2)Eminonu, 3) Karakoy, 4) Istiklal Street,5) Osmanbey, 6)Mecidiyekoy, 7)Besiktas, 8)Uskudar, and 9) Kadikoy Figure V . ISTANBUL NINE CENTERS
The city has been expanded linearly by following the lines of topography and the level of topography. The late 1980s was a turning point for Istanbul: as a result of both global and local dynamics, the mode of co-existence established within the dynamics of rapid urbanization began to dissolve gradually. Since then, basically two intransigent conflict areas have surfaced 1) between the ‘moderns’ and the ‘traditional Because of the massive rural migration nationwide since the 1950s, a demographic change, Istanbul started to complain about contamination of the urban culture and the degradation of the urban public space .this conflict led to reclaim of controlling the urban rent. 32
2) between the urban poor and nouveau riches: Starting with the 1980s, with the liberalization of the economy, Istanbul began to integrated with global dynamics at an accelerated pace. The flow of transnational investments has brought a drastic transformation in the socio-economic structure Of the city, even with emergence of new business classes the distribution of the incomes was uneven and that’s change the city climate, the split between the expanding urban poor and the very few nouveaux riches and global elites set the urban atmosphere.
Figure VI . Population Growth Comparative (1950-2008)
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II. II.I
ISTANBUL CITY GROWTH
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ILLUSTRATION . II.V . ISTANBUL CITY GROWTH
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Beginning with the 1990s, a network of global cities became the DNA code of the new Setting rather than classifications based on national developments. The global cities Manifest similar urban codes all over the world: The financial flow carried by the globalization has brought forth similar transformations in the urban culture of the global city in forms of spatial differentiation, consumption patterns and lifestyles and in turn, makes it a center of attraction in global scale. Being a global city converts urban space into both “a spectacle designed for a tourist’s gaze” and an arena of severe socio-economic inequalities. The socio-economic gap between the urban poor and the new global elites has converted the cityscape into an archipelago of enclaves: cities tend to be divided into “voluntary and involuntary seclusions” without any interpenetration or any in-between spaces for co-existence.
Figure VII-Tourism Percentage in Istanbul
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Starting with the 1980s, with the liberalization of the economy, Istanbul began to integrated with global dynamics at an accelerated pace. The flow of transnational investments has brought a drastic transformation in the socio-economic structure of the city: the emergence of new business class (global elites), dynamo sectors, and consumption patterns. Yet, a very limited portion of the population gets a share of this abundance. The uneven distribution alters the climate of the city. Rather than co-existence, the split between the expanding urban poor and the very few nouveaux riches and global elites set the urban atmosphere.
Figure VIII -Bosphorus Bridge 38
Within the city expansion and growth not only in the population or the urban footprint but also in the economic situation, the crossing need between the two sides of Bosphorus was needful. The idea of a bridge crossing the Bosphorus dates back to antiquity. For Emperor Darius I The Great of Persia (522 BC - 485 BC), as recorded by the Greek writer Herodotus in his Histories, Mandrocles of Samos once engineered a pontoon bridge that stretched across the Bosphorus, linking Asia to Europe, so that Darius could pursue the fleeing Scythians as well as move his army into position in the Balkans to overwhelm Macedon.The first project for a permanent bridge across the Bosphorus was proposed to Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II by the Bosphorus Railroad Company in 1900, which included a rail link between the continents. The city now has two airports one is situated on the Anatolian Side, Sabiha Gökçen Airport has a yearly traffic of 11 million international and domestic passengers. The other one is Situated on the European Side, Atatürk Airport has a passenger traffic of 30 million per year in international flights, and 18,2 million Passengers per year in domestic flights, Atatürk Airport accounts for the 88.7% of foreign tourists (as of Oct. 2009). With the new plans of the city expansion Istanbul going to construct the third airport is goin to be built near Tayakadin on the European side. Today the city has to cope with many problems related with the migration which in many cases is accepted as the natural result of the formation of the new bridges. Unplanned urbanization, diminishing of the water resources, the social polarization of the rich and poor neighborhoods, the lack of the healthy urban planning decisions and gentrification of land users in urban renewal projects are but a few of the problems the city is facing today. Istanbul is the only city which has an excessive concentration of total size of 37 cities.
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II. III CITY EXPANSION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: This debate starts from the fact that cities which are on a trajectory of growth and development place huge pressure on their immediate agricultural perimeters, leading to a rapid transformation of the agricultural economy and landscape. This kind of productive landscape is often part and parcel of watershed and forest areas, and the pressures of urbanization often mean that the lifelines of the cities are cut off, at least in terms of their ecological sustainability. As cities expand they encroach on land with the potential to absorb CO2 emissions, putting stress on watersheds, forests and farmland that underpin the ecological balance of the city The urban fringe area is often characterized by a conflict between competing demands for land from many types of development. In order to avoid chaos and to protect the quality of the environment, active, long-established, and publicly recognized planning is required to: develop the infrastructure; prevent urban coalescence; protect agricultural activity; and provide recreational access. The urban expansion and land use change in the region around Istanbul has been, and still is, rapid and almost uncontrolled. More than half of the total population of Istanbul live on the European side. The areas between the Bosphorus and the Büyükçekmece Lake contain the highest concentration of Istanbul settlements. Most of the core functions of the city are also located here. The area has been rapidly, and constantly, changing since 1850. There are both old and new settlements, residential areas are juxtaposed with industry, and there have been severe losses of green space in the urban areas. The challenge in Istanbul is to govern this growth with a long‐term vision in terms of its carbon footprint and ecological profile. This challenge is an interesting one at this point in time because there are dynamics in place which indicate that the city’s growth over the coming two decades is going to be dominated by the logic of large‐scale property development projects. . 40
Today Istanbul in need to establish urban growth model on an ecological principle. The project called ‘two cities’ that has been announced by the governing party opens up a very serious agenda for a broad debate about the ecological performance of Istanbul. Our task is to make a case for the city’s ecological balance and to propagate new ideas about how Istanbul can become a mega‐city that does not pollute but positions itself as a contributor to its own ecology. But how is it possible to realize an ecological city under the pressure of large‐scale urban development schemes? Istanbul clearly has the assets to underpin its ecological strategy and the rural landscape around the city is the obvious resource on which to base this thinking. And then we need to focus on how the rural agricultural resources on their peripheries can be preserved in ecological and productive ways through urban design and governance strategies.
Figure IX -Arnavutköy , Istanbul
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II.IV ISTANBUL CITY ANALYSIS
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II.IV.I ISTANBUL TOPOGRAPHY While there are several countries that lie on more than one continent, Istanbul is the only city in the world built on two continents. Istanbul’s coordinates are 41 degrees north, and approximately 29 degrees east. Not a big deal. But if you would follow that 41°N parallel around the globe, you’ll find out that Istanbul finds itself in good company with cities like Naples, Barcelona, Madrid and New York (Trails). It is extremely difficult to find unused soil in Istanbul today. One can excavate as deep as 8-10m without encountering unused soil for a number of different reasons. The soil covering Istanbul today is full of rubble from various different periods. During the construction of the Botanical Institute (Governemt, n.d.) . Istanbul is also nicknamed The City of Seven Hills, just like Rome: 1. The first hill starts at Seraglio Point and covers the whole area containing the Hagia Sophia, the Sultanahmet Mosque and Topkapi Palace. 2. The second hill can be found at the Nuriosmaniye Mosque, Grand Bazaar and Çemberlitaş. 3. Istanbul University, the Beyazit and the Suleymaniye Mosques now occupy the third hill. 4. The fourth hill is located in Fatih and now holds the Mosque of Mehmet the Conqueror. 5. The fifth hill can be recognized by the presence Figure X-Istanbul Seven Hills of the Mosque of Sultan Selim. 6. The sixth hill can be found in the Edirnekapı and Ayvansaray districts. 7. The seventh hill extends from Aksaray to the old city walls and the Sea of Marmara.
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Because of the hilly nature of the city, certain features have emerged that make Istanbul what it is. In the distant past, in order to carry out large-scale constructions it was considered necessary to build a number of terraces (retaining) walls, large underground store-houses were also constructed. Thus, it is possible to see the terrace (retaining) of walls in old parts of the city. On the other hand, main roads and streets tended to be curved. The building of streets on a grid system, or attempts to change the curves in the roads have resulted in problems such as those encountered in Beyazid Square, Ankara Avenue, the small square in front of the Governor's Office or Fevzipaşa Avenue in Fatih, all of which have proved very expensive in terms of solutions (Trails). The elevation contour sections illustration and the map showing below indicates the elevation of land above sea level and gradient of elevation (steeper land on darker color with high density of contour on the figure). In the eastern part, there are quartzite hills (Aydos - 537 m, Kayışdağı - 438 m, Alemdağ - 442 m, Büyük Çamlıca - 262 m and Yusa -202 m) and higher areas, starting from the east of Gebze-Ömerli Damn route and continuous rise (350m) take place in the east of İstanbul Metropolitan area. In the western part, there is again a peneplain with wide based river valleys, apart from a couple of heights rising up to 200 m in some part in Bosphorus – Büyükçekmece–Karacaköy route.
Figure XI- Istanbul Contour
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II.IV.I.I ISTANBUL GEOGRAPHICAL LATITUDE SECTIONS
ILLUSTRATION . II.VI ISTANBUL TOPOGRAPHY MAP
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ILLUSTRATION . II.VII ISTANBUL TOPOGRAPHY SECTIONS
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II.IV.II ISTANBUL GREEN ZONES Istanbul a city surrounded by forests on the north and water on the south. An historic metropolis that breathe through the tiny parks and groves it harbors within it. In a little while we will land deep in nature, in this enormous city’s rarely seen green area with its endemic vegetation and flowers. The city of Istanbul influenced my Mediterranean and black sea climate The Marmara region is characterized by a transitional climate, midway between that of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This is also reflected in its plant geography since flora of both regions flourish here. Istanbul is one of the provinces that best illustrates this aspect of the Marmara.
II.IV.II.I FOREST IN ISTANBUL Istanbul’s original plant geography it’s the forest. It is possible to see examples of pristine forest on both shores of the Bosphorus The Belgrade Forest is one of Istanbul’s most important forested areas. The fact that, according to one view, it has supplied the city’s water needs since 375-395 A.D. lends it a special significance. Far from supplying any water needs today, however, it is used more as a recreational area. Similar in structure, the Çatalca, Kanlıca and Alemdağ forests continue to produce firewood and lumber. But the Istanbul forests are not limited only to these natural forests. Since the 1960’s especially, various units of the forestry service have been experimenting with different types of reforestation with fast-growing exotic (foreign) species in the city’s vast vacant areas. Reforestation with the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), known throughout the world as a fast-growing industrial tree, has however unfortunately failed to produce the desired results. General Director of Forests Osman Kahveci, whose views we sought on the subject of such artificial forests, had this to say: “Istanbul is 44% forest. These areas are quite rich in tree species, herbal plants and wild life.
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A significant portion of them are areas reclaimed through the reforestation efforts of the forestry service. A major part of these forests, which were produced through reforestation, consists of exotic species of pine. Our efforts are continuing to convert these needle forests, which are vulnerable to fire, into deciduous and mixed forests with a natural plant cover (TOKCAN, 2007). There is no doubt that the natural areas are the ones most under threat in a city undergoing rapid growth and development. Supporting individual and public efforts to reduce the threats against our forests (fire, clearing, air pollution, overuse), which are our most important natural resource, is a fitting expression of respect for the city in which we live.
Figure XII- Belgrade Forest
Figure XIII-Ottoman Waterworks in the Belgrade Forest
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ISTANBUL GREEN ZONES
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ILLUSTRATION : II.VIII : ISTANBUL GREEN ZONES
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II.IV.III CLIMATE ZONE IN ISTANBUL The particular geographical location of Istanbul divided the city into 3 different climate zones Mediterranean climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb). Due to its size, diverse topography, maritime location and most importantly having a coastline to two different bodies of water to the north and south, Istanbul exhibits microclimates. Northern half of the city, as well as the Bosporus coastline, expresses characteristics of oceans and humid subtropical climates, because of humidity from the Black Sea and the relatively high concentration of vegetation. The climate in the populated areas of the city to the south, located on the Sea of Marmara, is warmer, drier and less affected by humidity. It’s clear that the different climate zones of Istanbul shaped the city after all, where we can find the urban fabric of Istanbul focused in the Mediterranean climate zone, and the forest of Istanbul giving the city a different climate zone oceanic climate and agriculture land exists in humid subtropical climate , the city had a natural division but after the expansion the climate zones will be mixing, the climate will change (Wikipedia, 2014). Because of the Istanbul geographical location also which make it as an island, Istanbul has faced several earthquakes, and it considers to be in danger according to the seismic map. The seismic intensity map illustrates the severest of the areas highlighted in black , emphasizing the magnitude of impact concentrated majority south of Istanbul evidently closes to the fault labelled : model in the southern area of Istanbul will be more heavily damaged due to the earthquake motion distribution and the southern coast of the European side will be the most severely affected . Each city has some environmental issue to be considered in each decision will be taken but Istanbul one of the rich cities of its environment.
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ILLUSTRATION : II.IX : ISTANBUL CLIMATE ZONES , EARTHQUAKE ZONES
THE EXISTING ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
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ILLUSTRATION : II-X : ISTANBUL ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
II.IV.IV WATER RESOURCES Water supply in Istanbul is the major problematic issue, once a city that was fed up on roman aqueducts these were added too and expanded but after the creation of modern day turkey in 1923 the population has increased dramatically throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. There are some issues which put Istanbul water supply under pressure: The geography of Istanbul's water resources are not available, unfortunately. On the other hand, our country situated in semi-arid climatic zone, is not a country rich in water. At the same time the climate change has dramatically influence on the rainfall in Istanbul Because of rising temperatures due to global climate change are exacerbated by evaporation. The population of Istanbul is equivalent to approximately 18% of the country's population. This rate is not nowhere else in the world. Water stress causes a disproportionate distribution of population, Because of the population growth, internal immigration and refuges the city has expanded this cause’s big pressure in Istanbul fresh water. The fresh water in Istanbul is produced by the surrounding landscape and mainly Istanbul inhabitants don’t use it for drinking due to its chlorine taste even though it’s safe to drink it, but it’s used for showering, cleaning and washing, Drinking water is imported from mountain areas in other parts of Turkey .More than 100 liters of fresh water are used per day per inhabitant. This makes the local product on of fresh water a very important resource, which would be too expensive to transport by truck or ship. Istanbul has fascinating geographical city landscape, it has been used to construct a water system that collects rain water. Here 97% of Istanbul’s fresh water is collected in dammed watersheds: the basins. The water system consists of dammed reservoirs (lakes), water treatment plants and pipelines. Many of the basins are exposed to pollution caused by settlements close to the lake. Water quality in Istanbul is controlled by conservation zones around the reservoirs.
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These zones give restrictions for developments and activities. There are four concentric zones around the lake, which have Increasingly strict regulations the closer the zones are to the lake. Only the two outer zones, the medium- and long rang protection zone, have limited admission of inhabitants, respectively 20 and 25 per hectare. When an area is an assigned urban area, it is respectively 40 and 80 per hectare for the medium - and long range protection zone. ISKI (Istanbul Water and Sewage Authority) is the local water authority, responsible for the supply, distribution and management of fresh water. This means that ISKI has to take care of the collection of rainwater, the removal of waste, and the protection of surface water and groundwater quality (Dirk Harden, 2013). For this, ISKI is allowed to take every kind of technical, administrational and jurisdictional decision (HABITAT, 1996). This means that ISKI is also responsible for compliance with the regulations in the conservation zones, which are therefore named ISKI zones. However, the enforcement of these regulations appear often to be insufficient in case of rapid unplanned urban growth (Anya Butt, 2004). Due to rapid urban growth, population growth and the new infrastructure Istanbul will face a seriously water problem to fill up the demands, new methodology is needed to reserve, produce and recycle the water of Istanbul.
Figure XIV-MiMAR SiNAN KENT ORMANI
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ILLUSTRATION : II.XI ISTANBUL CENTER OF WATER
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ILLUSTRATION : II.XII ISTANBUL RAINFALL WATER
Surface Water Resources (Hydrology) - On the Çatalca Peninsula; Pabuçdere, Uzundere, Kazandere, Sazlıdere, Alibeyköy dams and a series of minor historical dams in the 'Belgrad Ormanları' are major man - made surface water reservoirs. Conversely, on the Kocaeli Peninsula; Elmalı, Ömerli and Darlık dams are major man made surface water reservoirs. Additionally, there are three important lagoons on the Çatalca Peninsula namely Terkos, Büyükçekmece, and Küçükçekmece lakes. Terkos and Büyükçekmece are utilized as surface water reservoirs. There are numerous rivers and streams fed by 7 major water resource basins, which cover approximately 46% of the surface area of the Province of Istanbul. These rivers and streams flow into the 7 major surface water reservoirs utilized for urban uses. The basins on the European side being Alibeyköy, Terkos, Sazlıdere, and Büyükçekmece with the Ömerli, Elmalı, and Darlık basins on the Asian side. They provide an average of 750 million m3 of water annually, which is equivalent to 72.4% of all water resources currently available. 22.7% of the water supply is sourced from Ömerli, 15.6% is obtained from Terkos, and 11.6% is coming from Büyükçekmece basins with the remaining 50% obtained from the other basins (Belediyesi, 2007). Groundwater Resources (Hydrogeology) - In Istanbul, where thousands of unregistered wells are believed to be operating illegally, the share of the ground water resources of total water supply is about 5%. This value is, expectedly, much higher in rural areas. Regarding their capacities, the groundwater reserves in Silivri and Çatalca sub districts and around the vicinity of Bakırköy sub district on Çatalca Peninsula are of importance. The Kocaeli Peninsula, on the other hand, would appear to be less fortunate in terms of availability of groundwater reservoirs. Istanbul does not have strategic water resources for periods of emergencies such as drought, war, disasters, etc. In this respect, groundwater reservoirs (aquifers) carry crucial importance. However, the ground water reservoirs in the areas where the city has expanded have either been exhausted or polluted due to uncontrolled and improper uses. Therefore, in order to preserve the aquifers against over-utilization and pollution, it is essential to ensure that planning decisions are effective and that public administrations are empowered so as to strictly implement the ‘Groundwater Act’. 62
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ILLUSTRATION : II.XIII ISTANBUL WATER RESOURCES
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ILLUSTRATION : II.XIV : ISTANBUL WATER SUPPLY
ISTANBUL WATER TRACES
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ILLUSTRATION : II.XV : ISTANBUL WATER TRACES
II.IV.V ISTANBUL VALLEYS
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ILLUSTRATION : II.XVI :ISTANBUL VALLEYS
II.IV.VI ISTANBUL MASTER PLAN
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ILLUSTRATION :II.XVII : ISTANBUL CURRENT MASTER PLAN
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III THE THIRD BRIDGE
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III.I YA VUZ SULTAN SELIM’ BRIDGE On the 560th anniversary of Istanbul’s conquest by the Ottomans the groundbreaking ceremony for Istanbul’s was held to put $3 billion for the construction of the third bridge over the Bosphorus to be called ‘Yavuz Sultan Selim’ Bridge. After the project was announced, the third bridge on Istanbul Bosporus has become a topic of lively Debate but the probable results of introducing this new connection for the two sides of Istanbul are yet to be examined and evaluated (News, 2014). Istanbul has by now two bridges over the bosphorus everyday about 700,000 people are using these two bridges, and there is also Boat transport, which takes about 300,000 people. All together, more than 1 million people are traveling on and crossing the bridges daily. The experts expect that because of the growth after 15 years this number will increase to 18,000,000 , so how can Istanbul can fulfill the demands? Over the growth of turkey economy, and the growth of population it was reason to propose the bridge in order to make new crossing road for all trucks and heavy-duty vehicles and to directed all to it, that because “The two existing bridges on the Bosphorus have the vehicle capacity of 250,000 per day, but on a normal day an average of 600,000 vehicles cross the bridges, 2.5 times their capacity. Turkey has lost at least 3 billion Turkish Liras annually due to the labor loss and overconsumption of fuel on the bridges. The Turkish state has guaranteed that 135.000 vehicles would cross over the planned third bridge each day. The bridge toll will be $3 per vehicle. And 8 cents will be charged for each vehicle per one kilometer on the motorway. One fourth of the total revenue will come from the bridge tolls The third bridge will have eight road lanes as well as two rail tracks. The bridge, which is expected to be about 1.4 kilometers in length and 59 meters in width, will be built north of the two existing ones, between the Garipçe district on the European side and the Poyrazköy district on the Asian side. When the bridge is completed, all trucks and heavy-duty vehicles will be directed to it. 74
With the spread of the new settlements, new sub centers have began To generate and CBD has shifted towards the north along the highways. With the two bridges. , the story of Istanbul expansion along the two bridges tell us that the same kind of the urban settlements spreading will happen after the third bridge construction. The spatial model of the proposed transportation network displays a new linear integration core shaped with the effect of the third bridge. This new route also effects the integration distribution within the whole
ILLUSTRATION : III.I THE SPREAD OF THE NEW SETTLEMENTS TOWARD THE NORTH
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THE THIRD BRIDGE EFFECTS ON THE LANDS PRICES AND URBAN SPRAWL
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ILLUSTRATION : III.II : THE THIRD BRIDGE EXSITS
III.II THE ECOLOGICAL THREATS CONCERNING THE THIRD BRIDGE The proposed new routes for Istanbul’s third bridge across the Bosphorus does not only threaten the ecology of the city, but it will give a way to new areas for unplanned urbanization. There are only two bridges in the world which connect continents. Both happen to be in Istanbul. Running across the Bosphorus and connecting Asia and Europe, Istanbul’s bridges have always spurred hot debates before they were built. Each bridge in Istanbul city brought with itself cogitation of building a new bridge the construction of the second bridge (Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge) was realized only 15 years after the opening of the first Bosphorus Bridge; in 1973. Moreover, five years following the introduction of second bridge, debates regarding a third bridge started along with active planning (Branch, 2012). For years, the sustainability of the entire natural-ecological areas in the north of Istanbul has been under severe threat due to factors such as migration, insufficient infrastructure, delayed plans and related implementations, as agricultural land was taken over by industry and urbanization. The dimensions of this threat are asserted by the urban sprawl especially after the construction of the second bridge and the Trans European Motorway (TEM) connections. The third bridge, which is planned to be erected on the North boundaries of Istanbul, threatens the only natural areas left in the city. These ecological areas at the north of the city will deeply be influenced by the urban sprawl and eventually the city residential areas will shift to North Sea shoreline. After the opening of the third bridge and the related highways, significant new traffic will be generated. The traffic will increase the emissions and trigger the construction of new roads and buildings that will step up the heat island effect on Istanbul. While this effect has already started to be experienced by recorded temperatures above the seasonal averages and low water level of the dams recently, both urban and rural preservation strategies must be developed to maintain the water quality of the basins and the integrity of the forests by planning designated open-air spaces. 78
A significant portion of the approach roads of the 3rd bridge will lay along important drinking water reservoirs of Istanbul. The related areas are expected to be exposed to residential pressure. Although the population settled around Omerli basin from 1935 and 1975 tripled, when the connecting highways of the second bridge beacame after 1990 its population exploded to a figure close to 600,000 with a 50 times increase. Clearly this situation of residential pressure will effect on the vital basins of Istanbul. Main and secondary arterials connecting the route of the 3rd bridge will adversely affect the forests in the north and the wildlife around these forests. Especially, the highways with safety barriers put physical obstacles for the strolling and break-up the living areas of wild animals while limiting the dispersion areas of them at the north of Istanbul. The trees cut down will reduce the effectiveness of the forests in soaking up the poisonous carbon gases and the efficiency of the forests will significantly decrease. Moreover, new highways traversing through forests will bring a great risk of fire, as well. Besides, just like the case for all highways, the pollutants emitted by the motor vehicles present a threat for the environment. Along the 5 km long impact belt of the proposed route of the 3rd bridge and its approach roads, 34% of the private forests, 46% of the forest areas, 38% of the 2B areas and 43% of the agricultural areas are present). This impact belt also covers 18% of the absolute protection zone of the water basins that has a strict ban on settlements except purification facilities. In the meantime, a total 29,000 hectares of natural protection zone (45% of the entire protection zones) are under the risk of destruction. Inside the proposed expropriation area of 150 m, lie 680 hectares of natural protection zone, 931 hectares of agricultural area, more 2.5 million trees and 1453 hectares of forest areas that will be directly affected and entirely demolished because of being on the route of the new highways.
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The experiences of the first two bridges show that the last remaining natural living areas of the city and the ecological balance in these areas will be subject to a permanent transformation after the construction of the third bridge. The map of Istanbul prepared by a natural structure analysis which depicts tolerance thresholds against the physical impacts presents only one of the objections against the forming of a new bridge and its false land-use decisions. The bridges are not only a spatial problem, but also an eyesore on the waterfront zones that was peculiar with their natural beauty.
Figure XV-Cutting Istanbul Forest to Create The third Bridge Route
Figure XVI-The Graphic Image for Istanbul Third Bridge
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III.III SUMMARY When the city grows fast and rapidly the questions is who decide this urban growth? , in fact the answer on this question is multiple answer but in general if the city forms from different sector each sector has its policy and strategy, all the sector have to decide together or against each other the urban growth of the city, because each sector has his own benefits sometimes this benefits can come together and sometimes it comes in different direction to become as a challenge ends with rapidly urban growth. What happen in Istanbul that all the sector has the power came together with their agenda to end with big strategic plan to expand Istanbul in different ways and different project, this strategy came against the environment, the agriculture lands, the city resources and the inhabitants. The city of Istanbul need to come with the strategic master plan can save the environment, save the city from changing it to a big chaotic city, save the resources of the city and managing the urban growth. The methodological approach developed for the Istanbul Master Plan have to be based on addressing the ecology conflict, in its spatial dimensions. Human beings have always been a part of the ecologic system and as a subsystem have always contributed to the global geography. Human ecology commenced as human kind formed stationary settlements.
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III.III.I WHAT IS HAPPENING IN ISTANBUL ?
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ILLUSTRATION : III.III : WHAT’S HAPPENING IN ISTANBUL ?
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IV THE VISION
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IV.I SITE CHALLENGES CHALLENGE SITES
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ILLUSTRATION : IV.I SITE CHALLANGES
IV.II THE SITES VIEW CROSSIN G POINTS FOR THE THIRD BRIDGE
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ILLUSTRATION : IV.II THE SITES VIEW
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IV.III THE STRATEGY
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SYNTHESIS STRATEGY MAP
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ILLUSTRATION : IV.III SYNTHESIS STRATEGY MAP
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V LANDSCAPE SYSTEM
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IV. V STRATEGIC SECTION
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ILLUSTRATION : IV.IV STRATEGIC SECTION
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V. THE VISION INTERPRETATION
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V.I THE HYDROPOLIS CITY The challenges of water in Istanbul city led the project by itself to the concept of the hydropolis city , Polis is a word means the city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes , and hydro is related to the water . Istanbul can be an ideal city with a new vision of water system can save the city from water crisis , can make all the environment better and sustain its life cycle . The project seeks to a model for urban hydrology based on natural systems. This Hydropolis model seeks a ‘source’ solution to problems rather than a ‘sink’ approach. The hydropolis approach to water sustainability is taking a more holistic view of water management considering not just environmental and flooding but also rainwater harvesting and grey water reuse and using the drainage and flood water as a resource . The model focuses on the water networks together with the brdige . the object is to reflect on the potential of the diffuse infrastructures of water and asphalt to meet contemporary ecological and economic problems. 104
The city of istnabul uses prolific amount of water The need to drought -proof Istanbul city by recycling ,desalination and using the rainfall and flood water .
Figure XVII , ISTANBUL WATER BAISN
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V.II NATURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
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to provide
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ILLUSTRATION : V.I STRATEGY FOR THE NATURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
V.II.I SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY
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The surface water hydrology for Istanbul surrounding water has to be considered in case of flooding , this water will move into the new infrastructure.
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ILLUSTRATION : V.II WATER CREEK AROUND THE BRIDGE
V.I NATURAL WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
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ILLUSTRATION : V.III THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE MAP
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Provide
Water
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Recycling the Water
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ILLUSTRATION : V.IV THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE INTERSECTS WITH THE BRIDGE
THE SECTION BEFORE THE BRDIGE
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V.III NEW SECTION FOR ARNAVUTKร Y
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ILLUSTRATION : V.V ARNAVUTKรถY SECTIONS AND MAP
V.I V SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER SYSTEM
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BASED ON : EXTREME city , ALONG THE VENETO PLAIN ILLUSTRATION : V.VI WATER MANAGEMENT
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V.III THE VISIONARY MASTER PLAN
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V.II.I THE VISION
Istanbul 2050 can become a sustainable metropolitan city. The definitive but ill-suited boundaries between city and suburb, between suburb and farm will have vanished. Nature, agriculture, habitation will be interspersed. The existing city will be reshaped, infiltrated by the natural systems that underlie it and run through it. Housing situated up the hills by the ridge city system leaving the valleys with its nature. Streets will no longer be the sole domain of automobiles but will have also become the domain of water, flora, and fauna networks. New growth will expand the city, not in a circumferential pattern, but rather along natural corridors that limit the negative impact of the built form; housing extends out into the country along the most desirable views. The city of Istanbul will address the population’s growth needs and urban sprawl manifestations through three strategies at different scales of intervention.
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The Natural Infrastructure for Water: Istanbul one of the cities with high potential of raising the sea level at the same time the rainfall water One of the factors can cause of this potential, instead we can consider it as a source of water, these issues can provide a new infrastructure system for water inside the city, the water infrastructure system in Istanbul work
on treating the water and transforming the stream of water from the basins sources to it and filtered in case of pollution from construction waste and can work as a limit for urban sprawl and organizing the urban fabric for the expanding Istanbul. The natural infrastructure strategy as a new Urbanism which organize cities is through the design of the city’s landscape. Sustain the ecological life: the infrastructure in the any city causes in ending the ecological life but if we considered the infrastructure as an ecological corridor that’s can change the concept of the infrastructure in the city. using the water energy mitigation also for saving the fish’s life cycle help not only the environment but also helps us by saving a food source . The bridge as a land: the strategy deal with the bridge as a land of development toward the environment by creating a protective zone around the bridge to treat the environment , using air purification devices , and water purification by trees .
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V.II.II THE VISIONARY MASTERPLAN
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ILLUSTRATION : V.X THE VISIONARY MASTER PLAN
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V.II.III MASTERPLAN INPUTS HIRARCHY
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V.II.IV AFFORESTATION SYSTEM
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V.II.V NEW ECOLOGICAL FIELD
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V.II.VI SECTIONS WITH THE BRDIGE
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V.II.VII GENERAL PROTOTYPES FOR THE NODES
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V.II.VIII DEVELOPED SECTIONS ARROUND THE BRDIGE
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V.II.IX UNVEILED PLANS FOR A SOARING LEAF -SHAPED CANOPY
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V.III DEVICES
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V.III.I THE CONNECTION
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The visual connection between the same nodes function creating new fields in between creating new map for the city , This areas in between includes diffusion area , agriculture lands , built up spaces , water resources.
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ILLUSTRATION : V.VII THE VISUAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NODES
V.III.II THE FIELD OF DEVICES
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Use of energy emerging from the bridge can help the environment through a different type of energy devices. Through a grid the energitic devices could create new type of field in istanbul connecting the city together . The different type/ size of devices in the project related to the difference of the land , the difference of the environmental problems .
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ILLUSTRATION : V.VIII THE FIELD OF DEVICES
V.III.III THE DEVICES PLAN
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The project propose to use the Air purification devices in order to clean the air from the car exhaust around the brdige . Also the project proposing to use some led lighting devices .
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ILLUSTRATION : V.IX THE PLAN OF THE DEVICES
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V.III.IV SUMMARY
The global threats we live appears since the industrialization , everything since then started to have sequences for the cities but finding the solution might be easy but not acceptable . Since the beginning of industrialization urban areas have been rapidly growing, this type of growth we can’t stop but only Specifying its direction and organized . instead there is many decisions for the city developments can help the rapidly growth to begin . The infrastructure in each city work as a border , first, the city sprawling until reaching the border , then crossing the border with need to have another border . All the terminology about the landscape landscape urbanism, landscape ecology , landscape infrastructure , .. etc all seeks to integrate a new design with the natural landscape for any city . because the solution is always exists behind the city traces . With the landscape design we can always imagine our city differently and better. landscape is a sophisticated, instrumental system of essential resources, services and agents that generate and support urban economies. 150
The hydropolis city project in istanbul find a vision through the landscape of the city , with this vision istanbul can be better environmentally . The hydropolis city project works as A model for urban hydrology based on natural systems. This Hydropolis model seeks a ‘source’ solution to problems rather than a ‘sink’ approach. The need of the hydropolis city model in istanbul is essential , but this is not the only model the city in need for to reach the city safe state . what we design or propose for any city is just our imagination for the ideal city translated into words or design , and we live hope see it in the reality .
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MARK ANDERSON, A. G. (2014). URBAN POPULATION BOOM POSES MASSIVE CHALLENGES FOR AFRICA AND ASIA. THEGUARDIAN. NEWS, H. D. (2014, NOVEMBER 22). THIRD BOSPHORUS BRIDGE TO BE CALLED ‘YAVUZ SULTAN SELIM’. ISTANBUL. TOKCAN, M. (2007). ISTANBUL’S FORESTS AND FLOWERS. RETRIEVED FROM KARALAHANA. TRAILS, I. (N.D.). WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN. ISTANBULTRAILS. VITRA. (2009). ISTANBUL BASIC CITY DATA . STUTTGART: DIWAN. WATER SCARCITY. (2014, NOVEMBER 14). RETRIEVED FROM WIKIPEDIA: HTTP:// EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/WATER_SCARCITY WIKIPEDIA. (2014, NOVEMBER 14). ISTANBUL . RETRIEVED FROM WIKIPEDIA.ORG. PROJECT, T. N. (2012). WATER PURIFICATION: NUTRIENT RETENTION. STANFORD, HTTP://NCP-DEV.STANFORD.EDU/~DATAPORTAL/INVEST-RELEASES/DOCUMENTATION/2_5_3/WATERPURIFICATION.HTML. (N.D.). RETRIEVED FROM SCENARIOJOURNAL: HTTP://SCENARIOJOURNAL.COM/ RECKHOW, K.H., BEAULAC, M.N. & SIMPSON, J.T. 1980, MODELING PHOSPHORUS LOADING AND LAKE RESPONSE UNDER UNCERTAINTY: A MANUAL AND COMPILATION OF EXPORT COEFFICIENTS., U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
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TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION I-I : GLOBAL THREATS 21 ILLUSTRATION II.I : GLOBAL LOCATION FOR ISTANBUL 25 ILLUSTRATION II.II : ISTANBUL LOCATION BETWEEN ASIA AND EUROPE 25 ILLUSTRATION . II.III . FOOTPRINT AND POPULATION DENSITY FOR WORLD CITIES 29 ILLUSTRATION . II.IV . ISTANBUL CENTER OF INVESTMENTS 31 ILLUSTRATION . II.V . ISTANBUL CITY GROWTH 34 ILLUSTRATION . II.VI ISTANBUL TOPOGRAPHY MAP 46 ILLUSTRATION . II.VII ISTANBUL TOPOGRAPHY SECTIONS 47 ILLUSTRATION : II.VIII : ISTANBUL GREEN ZONES 50 ILLUSTRATION : II.IX : ISTANBUL CLIMATE ZONES , EARTHQUAKE ZONES 53 ILLUSTRATION : II-X : ISTANBUL ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS 55 ILLUSTRATION : II.XI ISTANBUL CENTER OF WATER 59 ILLUSTRATION : II.XII ISTANBUL RAINFALL WATER 61 ILLUSTRATION : II.XIII ISTANBUL WATER RESOURCES 63 ILLUSTRATION : II.XIV : ISTANBUL WATER SUPPLY 65 ILLUSTRATION : II.XV : ISTANBUL WATER TRACES 67 ILLUSTRATION : II.XVI :ISTANBUL VALLEYS 69 ILLUSTRATION :II.XVII : ISTANBUL CURRENT MASTER PLAN 71 ILLUSTRATION : III.I THE SPREAD OF THE NEW SETTLEMENTS TOWARD THE NORTH 75 ILLUSTRATION : III.II : THE THIRD BRIDGE EXSITS 77 ILLUSTRATION : III.III : WHAT’S HAPPENING IN ISTANBUL ? 83 ILLUSTRATION : IV.I SITE CHALLANGES 87 ILLUSTRATION : IV.II THE SITES VIEW 89 ILLUSTRATION : IV.III SYNTHESIS STRATEGY MAP 97 ILLUSTRATION : IV.IV STRATEGIC SECTION 100 ILLUSTRATION : V.I STRATEGY FOR THE NATURAL INFRASTRUCTURE 107 ILLUSTRATION : V.II WATER CREEK AROUND THE BRIDGE 111 ILLUSTRATION : V.III THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE MAP 113 ILLUSTRATION : V.IV THE NEW INFRASTRUCTURE INTERSECTS WITH THE BRIDGE 115 ILLUSTRATION : V.V ARNAVUTKÖY SECTIONS AND MAP 117 ILLUSTRATION : V.VI WATER MANAGEMENT 119 ILLUSTRATION : V.X THE VISIONARY MASTER PLAN 124 ILLUSTRATION : V.VII THE VISUAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NODES 143 ILLUSTRATION : V.VIII THE FIELD OF DEVICES 145 ILLUSTRATION : V.IX THE PLAN OF THE DEVICES 147
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TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE I -GROWTH RATE OF WORLD POPULATION (1950–2050) 11 FIGURE II- AFRICA WATER CRISIS 16 FIGURE IV -YENI MOSQUE AND BEYAZIT TOWER, ISTANBUL 26 FIGURE V . ISTANBUL NINE CENTERS 32 FIGURE VI . POPULATION GROWTH COMPARATIVE (1950-2008) 33 FIGURE VII-TOURISM PERCENTAGE IN ISTANBUL 36 FIGURE VIII -BOSPHORUS BRIDGE 38 FIGURE IX -ARNAVUTKÖY , ISTANBUL 41 FIGURE X-ISTANBUL SEVEN HILLS 44 FIGURE XI- ISTANBUL CONTOUR 45 FIGURE XII- BELGRADE FOREST 49 FIGURE XIII-OTTOMAN WATERWORKS IN THE BELGRADE FOREST 49 FIGURE XIV-MIMAR SINAN KENT ORMANI 57 FIGURE XV-CUTTING ISTANBUL FOREST TO CREATE THE THIRD BRIDGE ROUTE 80 FIGURE XVI-THE GRAPHIC IMAGE FOR ISTANBUL THIRD BRIDGE 80 FIGURE XVII , ISTANBUL WATER BAISN 105
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