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VOLUME 3 ISSUE 04 APRIL 2017 ` 70
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PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables
FOR NUTRITIONAL SECURITY
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VOLUME 3 ISSUE 04 APRIL 2017 ` 70 PAGES 84 Editor-in-Chief
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DRIP irrigation FOR COCONUT
44 recent development IN RICE CULTURE
MILK FOR MILLIONS AMUL and GCMMF Show The Way
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Role of Potassium in COTTON FIBRE QUALITY
AND MANY MORE
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March 22 we celebrated world water day to make aware the people how important the fresh water is. This year UN declared the theme as “Why Waste Water?” ,which is about reducing and reusing wastewater.“Wastewater is a valuable resource in a world where water is finite and demand is growing,” says Guy Ryder, Chair of UN-Water and Director-General of the International Labour Organization. “Everyone can do their bit to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal target to halve the proportion of untreated wastewater and increase safe water reuse by 2030. It’s all about carefully managing and recycling the water that runs through our homes, factories, farms and cities. Let’s all reduce and safely reuse more wastewater so that this precious resource serves the needs of increasing populations and a fragile ecosystem.”This focus of UN on recycling and reuse of wastewater is the key for the health of water resources that depleting day by day. After appropriate treatment, waste water can be used for a variety of purposes. Industry can reuse water in cooling towers and agriculture can reuse water for irrigation . Very sincere effort to use of each drop of water is the need of the hour. Presently water scarcity affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people around the world at least one month out of every year facing the crisis . Around more than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water. Its an alarming situation that asks for suitable remedies for survival of human beings and all the biodiversities of Earth. Water scarcity involves water shortage, water stress or deficits, and water crisis. Water stress results in further depletion and deterioration of available water resources. Altered weather-patterns including droughts and floods, increased pollution, and increased human demand and overuse of water make the situation worse. Water stress is ever intensifying in regions such as China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa, which contains the largest number of water stressed countries of any region with almost one fourth of the population living in a water stressed country. As of now, many countries are facing both physical and economic water scarcity. According to the United Nations Development Programme, economic water scarcity is more often to be the cause of countries or regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries or regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner. Scientific studies and remedial measures on a war footing can save the remaining water bodies and can use the available water in a judicious manner. Water literacy is another area that need emphasis. Initiatives for mass campaign to educate people on conservation of water bodies, on controlled use of water, recycling and reuse of water can be the focus of the campaign. Construction of waste water treatment plants and reduction of groundwater over drafting appear to be obvious solutions to the worldwide problem.But to address the enormous costs and skill sets involved to maintain wastewater treatment plants is also an issue for poor countries. Reducing groundwater over drafting is usually politically unpopular, and can have major economic impacts on farmers. Moreover, this strategy necessarily reduces crop output, something the world can ill-afford given the current population. Developed countries can not only share technology better, including cost-effective wastewater and water treatment systems but also in hydrological transport modelling. At the individual level, people in developed countries can look inward and reduce overconsumption, which further strains worldwide water consumption. Both developed and developing countries can increase protection of ecosystems, especially wetlands and riparian zones. These measures will not only conserve biota, but also render more effective the natural water cycle flushing and transport that make water systems more healthy for humans. MC Dominic Editor-in-Chief
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DEEPAK LALL Department of Horticulture Naini Agriculture University, Allahabad
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resently horticulture is an integral part of food security, nutritional security and economic feasibility worldwide. It seems that horticulture and its modern cultivation practices and hitechnologies were adopted by small, marginal and large scale farmers to brought prosperity and high productivity in many regions of the country. Protected cultivation of tomatoes, cucumbers, capsicum, gourds, beans, Sweet pepper , berry fruits, cut flowers, herbs, ornamental plants and container potted plants etc.is one among them. This technology requires very careful planning, maintenance and management of timing of the production .Moreover, harvest time should coincide with the shortage period of availability of horticultural crops.High market prices, choice of varieties adopted to off season environments are also major factors to produce higher and economical yields of high quality produce. Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a ‘cropping technique’ where in the micro environment surrounding the plant body is controlled partially or fully as per
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Protected cultivation practices can be defined as a ‘cropping technique’ where in the micro environment surrounding the plant body is controlled partially or fully as per plant need during their period of growth to maximize the yield and resource saving
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used in production of high value crops compared to open field conditions. The comparative advantages are as follows: • •
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Year round production of crops. Adverse climate for production of crops can be overcome by different systems of protected production. Multiple cropping on the same piece of land is possible.
plant need during their period of growth to maximize the yield and resource saving. It is the most practical method of achieving the objectives of protected agriculture where natural environment is modified by the use of sound engineering principles to achieve optimum plant growth and yield (more produce per unit area) with increased input use efficiency. Presently area under protected cultivation of horticultural crops is only around 40,000 ha and out of which large portion mostly in northern parts of India is not successfully being utilized for protected cultivation. Promotion of protected cultivation will certainly help in creation of huge self-employments for unemployed educated youths and will also raise the national economy by sale of high quality produce in domestic and international markets. Advantages of Protected cultivation: Protected cultivation production can reduce the amount of water and chemicals AGRICULTURE
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Off season production of crops to get better economic return to growers. Production of high quality and healthy seedlings of crops for transplanting in open field supporting early crop, strong and resistant crop stands. Use of protected cultivation can increase production as well as productivity per unit of land, water, energy and labor. It
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supports the production of high quality and clean products. It makes cultivation of crops possible in areas where it is not possible in open conditions such as high altitudes deserts. It makes vertical cultivation of crops possible using technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics etc and use of vertical beds for production. It makes easy disease free seed production under protected structures. The potential of ploy house production technology to meet the demand of producing good nutrition and healthy foods and quality produce free from pesticides can be fully exploited. Controlled environmental conditions are used for early raising of nurseries, off-season production of crops, seed production and protecting the valuable germplasm. Crops can be grown under adverse weather conditions round the year and off-season. Management and control of insect-pests, diseases and weeds is easier. Maintenance of stock plants, cultivating grafted plantlets and micro propagated plants are easier. Efficient use of resources.
Grow Plants Using Protected Environment with Hi-Tech Structures: Even if you live outside of the tropics, you can grow tropical plants with the aid of structures that alter plant growing conditions. If you want to grow summer vegetables on another season,you can do that using similar protected environments with useful hi- tech controlled environment
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structures. The structures used to protect crops against adverse climate are Green houses, Shade houses, Poly houses, Poly tunnels, Walk- in- Tunnels, Plastic Tunnels, Plastic Mulching, Vermi-Bed, Pergolas, Conservatories, Cold frames, Cloches, Net house, fully automated and heated glasshouses. These structures are mainly adopted for the following. • • •
Propagate new plants. Grow plants in cooler climatic conditions than what they would usually tolerate. Protect plants which are cold
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or frost sensitive over winter. Protect plants from wind, hail and pests. Grow vegetables, cut flowers or berry fruits out of season, or faster than might be achieved outside.
Green House: Green house is a framed structure covered with UV stabilized plastic films in which crops are grown under partially or controlled environment conditions. The green house is generally covered by transparent or translucent material such as glass or plastic. The green
Promotion of protected cultivation will certainly help in creation of huge self-employments for unemployed educated youths and will also raise the national economy by sale of high quality produce in domestic and international markets
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house covered with simple plastic sheet is termed as poly house. The green house generally reflects back about 43% of the net solar radiation incident upon it allowing the transmittance of the “photo-synthetically active solar radiation” in the range of 400-700 Nm wave length. The sunlight admitted to the protected environment is absorbed by the crops, floor, and other objects. These objects in turn emit long wave thermal radiation in the infra-red region for which the glazing material has lower transparency. As a result
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the solar energy remains trapped in the protected environment, thus raising its temperature. This phenomenon is called the “Green house effect”. Greenhouse is the most practical method of accomplishing the objectives of protected cultivation.Capsicum, Tomato, Cucumber, Cabbage, Carnation, Rose, Gerbera, Orchid and Strawberry are the major crops cultivated under Greenhouse. ADVANTAGES OF •
GREEN HOUSE:
Moderates temperature and humidity.
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Plant propagation is effective. Helps to improve quality and quantity of produce. Reduces infestation of disease /pests. Savings in water and fertilizer requirements as compared to open field cultivation. Reduces gestation period of the crop.
Walk in Tunnels: Walk-in tunnels are those structures covers with UV film, suitable for all types of crops, flowers, ornamental plants, fruits and vegetables. It is designed to withstand wind up to 120km/hr, and trellising loads up to 25 kg/m2. This structure gable configuration of about 8 or 10 meters wide, It has a Height reaches 4.10m (2” pipe) for 8m, and 4.50m (3” pipe) for 10m, It has option for vertical curtains which is of (2m long) on tunnels side walls and has 2 or 3 meter its height.
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weed growth and regulate soil temperature. Presently there are different colour plastic films used as mulches such as black, silverblack, red, yellow, while-black etc. Advantages of plastic mulching: • • • •
Prevents weed growth and acts as barrier to soil pathogens. Accelerates uptake of micro nutrients from the soil by the active root zone. Conserves soil moisture thereby reduces the irrigation water requirement of the crop. Enhances quality of the produce with cleaner crop.
Plastic Tunnels: These are miniature structures producing greenhouse like effect. It facilitates the entrapment of carbon di-oxide thereby enhancing the photosynthetic activity. It protects plants from harsh climatic conditions such as rain, wind, hail,snow etc. These are mainly used for raising nursery. Advantages of plastic tunnels: • • • •
Protects from hostile climate. Helps in early seed germination. Round the year cultivation is possible. Healthy saplings can be raised.
Plastic Mulching (In-situ conservation of Moisture): Plastic mulching covers the soil around the plant with plastic film to conserve the soil moisture that prevents AGRICULTURE
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Three net windows on both sides for ventilation purpose to maintain required humidity to enhanced life span of the earthworms. An reinforced bottom outlets in corner is used for draining vermin-wash with drain cover. Advantages of vermi- bed: Vermi- Bed (For Organic Farming): The product is chemically treated with UV stabilized and completely stich-less having ability to withstand extra environmental stress. The dimension of the bed is about 12’ x 4’ x 2’ ( L x W x H) & Mass 340 g / sq.m. (minimum), having fourteen support pockets (40mm X 120mm) for inserting pegs to keep the bed erect.
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Shade house: Shade houses are ideal for growing ferns, azolas and orchids. They can also be used to grow rainforest plants like gingers, monstera, philodendrons and cunjevois or frost/heat sensitive plants such as fuchsias, impatiens and begonias. The covering material of shade houses has been primarily with the use of bamboo or wooden slats, or shade cloth. The shade cloth is available in a range of shade strengths, i.e. 50% and 70%. Stronger cloth is better in warm hot areas for the growing of more tender plants. 50% shade cloth is good for most other plants especially orchids and other flowering plants. The shade cloth colours of shade house are as follows•
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Requires less space. can be installed anywhere (allows shifting of structure) with proper ventilation. Bed produces annually 100 liters of Vermi-wash.
Green although it may look good in the garden, it is the least desirable colour as the plants do not photosynthesis effectively under this colour cloth. Black very popular and is perhaps the colour which is least noticeable. Brown fits in well with rustic and colonial style homes and with native bush gardens. Sandstone may be in keeping with the colour of the bricks APRIL 2017
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or roof tiles of a house. Pale blue and white go well with white houses and swimming pools. White shade cloths is good for growing plants, as they are protected but still grow in bright conditions, as the light is reflected and dispersed as it passes through.Ridge Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Cucumber, Gerbera, Anthurium, Chilly, Broccoli, Okra, Capsicum and Rose can be covered or cultivated under Shade house. Covering Materials: The covering material is very important as it will affect the amount of light, or shade, that the plants will receive. A solid cover creates a more shaded, cooler area, but restricts rainwater moving through. The main choices in coverings are as follows:
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Economically it is a viable practice but technologically it is much more feasible and one of the best hi- tech cultivation practice for various agricultural and horticultural crops. It is one of the modernized hi- tech cultivation method mainly adopted and suitable for the Indian agro-climate
Growing Plants • • • •
The combination of foliage, flower, scent and colour provide a sense of continual change and freshness. Regular pruning may be necessary to remove growth hanging too low, or spreading beyond the pergola. Avoid plants that may damage an attached building (eg. Ivy) or block guttering. Deciduous climbers will let light through during winter (when bare of leaves), but provide coolness and shade in summer.
Brush (cut foliage for plants) •
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Brush can be purchased in bundles or slabs, or cut yourself (do not cut it from the bush though) from plants like Melaleuca and tea tree. It can in some cases carry disease and may be readily flammable if lit. Soft wooded plants are
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rarely any good as brush. Water moves in an irregular way through brush, creating heavy dripping in some places.
Pergolas: Pergolas are structures built to provide shade and shelter. They can produce a cool humid environment preferred by ferns and many tropical tree seedlings, or can be covered with water proof material to prevent rainfall thereby reducing humidity, increasing heat and producing a more arid situation. Pergolas usually consist of a roof supported by posts and will provide shade in the heat of the day. In warmer climates, a pergola can also be used on the east and west sides
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of your house to limit the effect of the morning and afternoon sun that can be more of a problem than the high midday sun. Poly houses: Poly houses are basically naturally ventilated climate controlled structures. Poly houses have a variety of applications, the majority being, growing of vegetables, fruits, flowers, planting material for acclimatization, germplasm, tender spices, cuttings, container plants, nursery raising and bedded plants growing for export market and economic potentiality.Poly houses are built of a Pre-galvanized channel cum tubular structure/ Tubular structure wherein crops are grown under a
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favorable controlled environment and other conditions viz. temperature, humidity, light intensity, ventilation, soil media, disease and insect- pest control, irrigation, Ferti-gation and other agronomical practices throughout the season irrespective of the natural conditions outside. Poly Tunnels: Poly tunnels are basically naturally ventilated environment controlled sophisticated structure. Poly tunnels have a variety of applications, the majority being, growing of offseason production of vegetables, Fruits, Cut flowers, Bedding plants, Container plants, Tender spices, Herbs and ornamental plants, planting material for acclimatization, germplasm, cuttings and nursery plants cultivated under protected environment controlled conditions for economic potentiality of export market. Poly tunnels are built of a Pre-galvanized tubular structure wherein crops are grown under a favorable controlled atmospheric and agro-climatic conditions viz. temperature, humidity, light intensity, photoperiod, ventilation, nutrient availability of soil, disease and pest control, irrigation, Ferti-gation and other agronomical practices throughout the season irrespective of the natural conditions outside. The Poly tunnels are available in different sizes and constructed as per customer requirement. The sizes vary from as small as 96 Sq. M to 500 Sq M and more. Net houses: Net house are basically naturally ventilated atmospheric environment controlled structure wherein crops are grown under a favorable climatic conditions viz. temperature, humidity, light intensity, AGRICULTURE
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soil media, disease and insect-pest control, irrigation, Ferti-gation and other agronomical practices. The protected cultivation is the most practical method of achieving the objectives of protected agriculture or protected farming where natural environment is modified by the use of sound engineering principles to achieve optimum plant growth and yield (more produce per unit area) with increased input use efficiency. Whereas it’s efforts are required from all concerned agencies to bring it at par with the global standards. Economically it is a viable practice but technologically it is much more feasible and one of the best hi- tech cultivation practice for various agricultural and horticultural crops. It is one of the modernized hi- tech cultivation method mainly adopted and suitable for the Indian agro-climate and their geographical patterns and conditions. It meets the globalization coupled with economic liberalization will help in achieving the desired results. Efforts should be made to synthesize energy conservation principle along with environmental safety on a broader perspective.
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Fruits a for Nutritional S
Value Addition of
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It has been observed that the current availability of fruits and vegetables meets only about half of the requirement of different vitamins and minerals and hence there is a need to boost the production and handling of vegetables and fruits, to enhance the nutrition of rural and urban poor
Kalpana Kulshrestha and Anupama Pandey Department of Foods & Nutrition GBPUAT Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
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utritional well being is a sustainable force for health and development of people and maximization of human genetic potential. From the beginning of human history, food has been considered as the major factor in maintaining well being and health of individuals. Active ingredients in food which are effective in promoting human health include amino acids, fats dietary fiber, antioxidants, pigments, vitamins and minerals which are present in different food groups such as pulses, cereals, legumes, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables. Among all these food groups, fruits and vegetables play a significant role in human nutrition, especially as a source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. The different fruits and vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, ginger,
green leafy vegetables and the like are important protective foods because of their nutritional value and antioxidant properties. Value addition of such fruits and vegetables by formulation of different value added products are an important source of nutritional security.
Importance of fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables, as well as roots and tuber crops are among the best sources of calories, natural vitamins and minerals are essential for healthful living. Green leafy vegetables such as amaranth, spinach ,fenugreek leaves, chenopodium album (bathua), mint etc. and roots and tubers such as carrots are rich sources of beta carotene, the most important precursor of vitamin A in human nutrition Beta carotene has an
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Being a perishable crop, tomatoes cannot be stored for a longer time hence proper processing and storage in some preserved form during seasons of glut will ensure its availability and utilization during deficiency period
important antioxidant fraction which deactivates oxygen and free radicals and thereby gives protection against cancer. Vitamin A is essential for normal growth and vision, reproduction, maintenance of epithelial cells, immune properties and its deficient intake results in a decreased levels in the blood and in serum, showing sign of vitamin A deficiency. It has been observed that the current availability of fruits and vegetables meets only about half of the requirement of different vitamins and minerals and hence there is a need to boost the production and handling of vegetables and fruits, to enhance the nutrition of rural and urban poor. Therefore it becomes necessary that the processing of vegetables must be augmented by developing such techniques, which would be not only feasible but also would suffice to produce economic quality products. This makes availability of off season vegetables round the year. In India less than 2 percent of the vegetables of the total production, is being processed as against 70 percent AGRICULTURE
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in Brazil and 83 percent in Malaysia. The most common method for preservation of fruits and vegetables is the dehydration method. The vegetables can be dried by hot air drying method for small scale operation or by conventional tray drier or vacuum drier and at home level can be processed by sun drying method. These dehydrated forms of vegetables may be eaten as such or may be consumed in several forms, without affecting its nutrition and palatability.
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and fenugreek leaves among green leafy vegetables grown in winter season occupies an important place. These vegetables are rich sources of beta carotene and are generally marketed fresh and consumed as raw or cooked vegetables. Due to the seasonal availability, efforts are made to process the vegetables in large quantity to extend the shelf life and to make them available during rest of the year and in the areas where they are not available. Preservation of vegetables by processing not only involves the inhibition of microbial growth but also preserves their color, texture, flavor and nutritive value. The vegetables can be processed into different forms to extend their shelf life such as powders, grits, flakes, pulp, puree, etc.
Research Studies on Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables
Vegetable powders such as carrot, tomato and fenugreek leaves powder can be prepared with simple technologies and can be incorporated in traditional food preparations, thereby adding value to the products and attaining food and nutrition security .
Role of Processing Vegetables are classified as green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers and others. Carrots among roots and tubers
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In the Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Pantnagar, various research studies have been conducted on value addition of different fruits and vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, ginger, green leafy vegetables, and spices wherein different value added products have been developed from them which are important sources of nutritional security.
Tomatoes Tomatoes are one of the most widely used and versatile vegetable crop ranking second in importance to potatoes in many countries. Tomatoes are important both for its large consumption and richness in health related food components. It is a rich source of minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, iron, sodium, potassium and vitamins especially A and C. Tomatoes are consumed mainly
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as a raw staple food, as an ingredient in different types of food products and in the form of processed products such as powder, tomato juice, paste, puree, sauce, etc. This horticultural crop is an excellent source of health promoting compounds being a balanced mixture of minerals and antioxidant vitamins including vitamin C and E, as well as rich in lycopene, beta carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, lutein and flavonoids such as quercetin. The main antioxidants in the tomatoes are the carotenoids specially lycopene which have the highest lycopene levels among fruits and vegetables, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds.Being a perishable crop, tomatoes cannot be stored for a longer time hence proper processing and storage in some preserved form during seasons of glut will ensure its availability and utilization during deficiency period. Hence processing of tomatoes in different forms which are preferred by the consumers, having long shelf life and involves low cost of production is required. Processing of fresh tomatoes can be done to prepare the following value added products like tomato pulp,tomato puree,tomato paste,tomato flakes, canned tomatoes,tomato ketchup,tomato soup, sauce,tomato powder and dehydrated tomato.
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amount of vitamins and minerals such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol etc.. Among roots and other vegetables, carrot is the best source of carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A, an essential nutrient for maintaining health. Carrots posses nutraceutical properties such as antimutagenic, chemo-preventive, photo protective and immuno enhancing aspects. The presence of high concentration of antioxidant carotenoids especially beta-carotene, may
Therefore, replacement of fresh tomatoes for example, with tomato powder can facilitate the processing sector with daily cuisines and preparation during off season. Tomato powder can be used in processed products such as soup mixes and confectionary items.
Carrots Carrot  is a popular root vegetable which is cultivated and consumed throughout the world. It is well known for its nutrient contents viz., carotene and carotenoids, besides appreciable AGRICULTURE
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account for the biological and medicinal properties of carrots. Carrot is also rich in fiber content and have been reported to be effective for its multifaceted applications which have resulted in development of various processing operations for making different products. Carrots are widely used as an ingredient for making curry, sweet meats and soups. Some carrot based products are carrot juice,carrot powder,carrot
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flakes,canned carrot,carrot candy, carrot halwa,carrot grits,carrot soup, carrot dalia and fabricated baby foods. Carrot powder prepared by dehydrating carrots is often incorporated in traditional food products to enhance the nutritional value and thereby produce value added products such as paratha, porridge and laddu. These processed carrot products are not only nutritionally adequate but also qualitatively sound
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for an extended period as study reports indicate.
Ginger Spices have a special significance in various ways in human life because of their specific flavor, aroma, taste and keeping quality. Spices are generally used in a pulverized form as condiments for seasoning or garnishing foods and beverages. These are considered to act as preservative, besides improving texture and flavor of foods.Ginger is one of the five most important spices of India, standing next to chilli, garlic and turmeric. Ginger is an underground stem of the zingiberous herbaceous plant. It is cultivated in several parts of the world including India. Though ginger is grown throughout India, Kerala is the highest ginger producing state. In the year 2002, the total ginger production in India was 281.16 million tones, with Kerala and Meghalaya being the highest producing states. Among various spices grown in Uttarakhand, ginger occupies an important place with the production of 27,340 tonnes from an area of 2,250 hectare in year 2006-07. Ginger rhizomes are available for harvesting every 7-9 months after planting and stages of maturity of the rhizome have a significant influence in its quality and processing.
Ginger has been used to treat numerous types of nausea and vomiting. Ginger’s therapeutic properties effectively stimulate circulation of the blood, remove toxins form the body, clean the bowels and kidneys and nourish skin. Other uses for ginger root include the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory problems
tively stimulate circulation of the blood, remove toxins form the body, clean the bowels and kidneys and nourish skin. Other uses for ginger root include the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory problems. Besides therapeutic properties, ginger
Ginger is commonly used as a food additive and as spice it is used in food preparation to impart its characteristic flavor. It has been attributed with antioxidant properties, proteolytic activity and tenderizing effect. It has been attributed with antioxidant properties which widens its use in preservation of meat and meat products. Ginger has been used to treat numerous types of nausea and vomiting. Ginger’s therapeutic properties effecAGRICULTURE
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has been attributed with antioxidant properties, proteolytic activity and tenderizing effect. Ginger widens its use in preservation of meat and meat products, besides being used in fresh form. Although ginger production is very high but due to lack of proper storage and transportation facilities, about 20 percent of fresh ginger crop gets damaged due to respiration and microbial spoilage. Hence it becomes necessary to process the surplus ginger in different preserved forms, which is available throughout the year. The different processed products from ginger include paste,candy,preserve,pickle,chocolates,beverages,powder,juice,ice cream,oleoresin, Â ginger ale and ginger tea.
Fenugreek leaves Green leafy vegetables are gaining importance, because of being good sources of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. Fenugreek is a popular green leafy vegetable available in plenty, at lower cost during winter season. Blanching treatment is used to preserve the color and nutritional value of it. Fenugreek leaf powder obtained by dehydrating fenugreek leaves has been used to
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prepare paratha and saag .
Potato Potato is an important and extensively grown horticultural crop in India. Potato is a versatile food, which can be eaten as a staple food, as a complementary vegetable, as a snack item or processed into several forms, and in all forms, it enhances the nutritional quality of the diets of people. Among the root crops, potatoes top the list and has the distinction of occupying largest area under any single vegetable in the world. Potatoes are versatile as they can be consumed in various forms as boiled, fried, baked, roasted, steamed and even in several pressed forms such as French fries, chips, papad, flakes, dice, cubes, granules, flour, canned potatoes etc. Potatoes contribute significantly to the nutritive value of a meal as it is not only a rich source of energy, but contain good quality edible grade protein, dietary fiber, several minerals and trace elements, essential vitamins and little or negligible fat. However, besides this added advantage, the principal disadvantage associated with the crop is that is seasonal and the crop produced has a shorter storage life. Hence under
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Fruits and
Potatoes contribute significantly to the nutritive value of a meal as it is not only a rich source of energy, but contain good quality edible grade protein, dietary fiber, several minerals and trace elements, essential vitamins and little or negligible fat
such circumstances, the post harvest processing of the bulky, perishable potatoes into dehydrated potato products, helps to extend the storage life and serve as a means to increase the supply in off-seasons in different forms, in a price effective manner. With this view in mind the research work was carried out to produce different processed products of potatoes such as potato flour,potato grits, potato fla kes, potato granules and potato cubes.The research studies on pota toes invol ved p reparation of differe nt value a dded food products by incorporating potato flour such as idli, biscuit, sev, extruded snacks, etc. and thereby increasing the nutritional value of the products .
Sweet Potato Sweet potato belongs to the morning glory f amily Convulacae. Sweet potato, a commonly grown root vegetab le of winter season is valued for its high nutritive value, flavors and digesti bility. Sweet potato is widely AGRICULTURE
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egetables
used is India for food consumption after boiling, baking or frying. Sweet potatoe s often referred to as “poor people’ s food” or “poor men’s crop” has dif ficulties in marketing and processing. Processing of sweet potato tuber i ncreases their availability and reduces post harvest wastage. The process ed products of sweet potato include sweet potato flour,sweet potato granules and canned sweet potatoe s.Sweet potato flour can be incorporated in wheat flour for bread and bis cuit baking, hot cakes, gruel, noodles , candy, puddings and other prepara tions. It can be mixed with wheat flour for making chapati and bread. This flour functions as a stabilizing agent in ice-creams. These days a lot of attention is being given on health and nutrition of individuals. Today consumers demand food products, which are nutritious as well as convenient to use. Lot of focus has been given to the food products having some additional health benefits rather than the conventional products. Food powders contain the natural flavor and health benefits rather than artificial food flavoring substances and they can be used as natural food additives. The uses of food powders are unlimited and they can be used to prepare processed products as well as for culinary purposes. The processing of the food in the forms which are preferred by the consumer, have long shelf life and involve low cost of production. Studies need to be carried out to optimize the processing and storage of the food products by preventing the heat and oxidative damage on the antioxidants. Hence, it is necessary both to minimize the safety and shelf life of the products and generate an easy technology, which can be used in our agro climatic and processing conditions.
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W
SCIENCE ORLD Suresh Muthukulam
Former Principal Information Officer FIB, Kerala
I
t is a news of hope to pig farmers who fear PRRS may any time attack their piggery units. PRRS is Porcine Reproductory and Respiratory Syndrome which is a fatal virus disease attacking pigs. This is also one of the greatest challenges pig producers face today. The disease syndrome had been first recognised in the USA in the mid 1980’s and was called Mystery swine disease or Blue ear disease. The virus of PRRS has a particular affinity for the immune cells viz macrophages which are part of the body defences. A molecule on the surface of these cells called CD 163 plays a key role in enabling the PRRS virus to establish an infection. The virus multiplies inside the macrophages and kills them upto 40% thus removing a major part of the body’s defence mechanism and allows bacteria and other viruses to proliferate and do damage. PRRS causes severe breathing problems in young pigs and breeding failures or miscarriages in pregnant females. For pig farmers, the disease costs nearly $1.6 billion every year in Europe
alone. This infection costs the swine industry billions of dollars each year. A team of researchers from the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute in Scotland and animal biotech company. ‘Genus’ have created piglets that lack a portion of the gene that makes them susceptible to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS ). “The PRRS virus is one of the most problematic diseases in pork production and is not well controlled by traditional methods such as vaccines and medications”: Says Jonathan Lighter, Chief Scientific Officer for Genus. The research team used a gene-editing tool called CRISPR / Cas 9 to cut out a small section of the CD 163 gene in the pig’s DNA Code. Laboratory tests of cells from the pigs modified with CD 163 gene have confirmed that this change in the pigs DNA block the virus from being able to cause infection. Apart from piggery units in foreign countries India also has to be in alert since the first outbreak of PRRS has already been reported in Mizoram.
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drip rrigation
DRIP IRRIGATION FOR COCONUT K. S. Shanmugam
Former Chief Agronomist Fertilisers And Chemicals Travancore Ltd (FACT), Kochi, Kerala
Coconut is one of the thirstiest denizens of the plant kingdom and it requires large quantities of water (about 90 litres of water per palm per day) for its growth and development. Being a perennial crop, having continuous growth activities, by producing one leaf, one spadix, and one bunch every month, it is but natural that coconut palm has a high requirement of water and water is required throughout its growing period. It is often said that no single factor can affect AGRICULTURE
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coconut palms to the same extent as adequate supply of water and rainfall has more impact on coconut production than any other factors. As the palm stores little moisture and has no tap root, it cannot tolerate dry spell of more than three months and hence it is not suited for regions with long and pronounced dry spells, during which water table goes down considerably. Adequate and assured supply of water throughout the year, either by rainfall, or by irrigation or by subsoil mois-
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the excess heat generated in the plant body and thus precludes the rise in temperature of the plant tissues. Water is essential for the metabolism of the coconut palm. Water requirement of coconut palms is governed by several factors such as season, soil, variety, soil moisture level etc. The daily loss of water from a mature coconut palm varies from 28 to 74 litres under west coast conditions. The water requirement of coconut under Coimbatore conditions is 90 liters of water per palm per day, based on the crop evapo-transpiration concept. The computed mean annual consumptive use of water by coconut palm is 1126 mm (37 litres of water per palm per day for a basin area of 12 square metres around the palm). All these facts reveal the importance of water in coconut cultivation. Drip irrigation (micro irrigation)
ture is imperative for the successful cultivation of coconut palms. That is why our forefathers planted the coconut near the rivers, tanks and wells where there is assured supply of water throughout the year. Water is the basic requirement in the hierarchical needs of coconut palm. It is a plant food. It carries plant nutrients into the plants. It keeps the plant cells turgid, a condition necessary for their normal functioning. Water also acts as a coolant to dissipate
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In Tamilnadu state, where the annual rainfall is less than 1000 mm, economic production of coconut is possible only under irrigation. But the available water resources in Tamilnadu are also limited. Tamilnadu, with a population of 7% and a land area of 4%, has only 3% of the country’s water resources. Per capita availability of water in Tamilnadu is only 800 cubic metres per annuam, which is 25% of the Indian average of 3200 cubic metres per annum. Next to Rajasthan State, Tamilnadu is the most acute water deficit state in India. Under such a situation, drip irrigation is a boon to the coconut farmers. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method of irrigation, first developed in Israel in 1959, by an irrigation engineer, Shymcha Blass and is now being used extensively in several countries. It has a water use efficiency of 90% as against 30% of
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Drip irrigation is the most efficient method of irrigation and is now being used extensively in several countries. It has a water use efficiency of 90% as against 30% of the surface method of irrigation the surface method of irrigation. It is most suited for widely spaced crops like coconut, banana, mango, pomegranate, grapes etc. In drip irrigation, water is applied directly to the root zone of each plant, at frequent intervals (daily) in precise quantities as per plants’ water requirements.Water is applied at a slow rate, drop by drop, over a limited area of 30-35% of root zone of each plant so that 30-35% of root zone is kept near field capacity. As such there is no percolation loss of water in drip irrigation system. Water is applied through a low pressure net work of pipes called Main, Submain and Lateral lines with emitters or drippers spaced along the lateral lines. There is no conveyance loss of water in drip irrigation system. In drip irrigation system, crop plants never undergo water stress thereby enabling them to achieve optimum growth and high yields with better produce quality. Drip irrigation is suitable for undulated terrains without land leveling.Fertigation is possible in drip irrigation system. Application of water soluble fertilisers through drip irrigation system is known as Fertigation. In Fertigation, fertiliser use efAGRICULTURE
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ficiency is as high as 90% compared to 40 – 50% in conventional methods of fertilization.
Research findings on drip irrigation Numerous research studies on drip irrigation for coconut have been conducted in various Coconut Research Stations in India. Results of these research studies reveal the following findings. Drip irrigation is highly suitable for coconut crop because of its wide plant spacing of 7.5m x 7.5m, its high water requirement and its high susceptibility to water stress. Water requirement of coconut palms varies according to the seasonal variation in the rate of moisture evaporation from the soil and transpiration rate of coconut palms (Evapo-transpiration). In places of adequate availability of water for irrigation, drip irrigation at the rate of 100 percent of open pan evaporation is desirable. In places of water scarcity, drip irrigation at the rate of 66 percent of open pan evaporation is recommended. Drip ir-
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rigation at the rate of 33 percent of open pan evaporation is the barest minimum of water required to save the palms from drought. Four drippers are required for sandy loam soils and laterite soils whereas six drippers are necessary for sandy soils to wet adequate volume of active root zone of the palm.
conduit pipe of 12 mm diameter and 40 cm length in the pits in a slanting position and filling the pits with coir pith / saw dust / rice husks and leaving 5 cm of the conduit pipe above the ground surface. Coir pith / sawdust / rice husks in the pits is pressed firmly and packed tightly all around the conduit pipe and the top portion of the pit is covered with 10 cm thick layer of the soil and pressed firmly to flush with the ground surface. 4 or 6 such pits per palm, as the case may be, according to the number of drippers used, equally spread in the basin area around the palm, are prepared for this purpose. The dripper / micro tube is placed inside the conduit pipe so as to allow the water to drip at a depth of 30 cm below the soil surface. Studies on coconut root absorption indicate that the active absorption zone of the coconut roots is found at 0.75 m to 1.25 m away from the bole of the palm. It is therefore advisable to place the drippers / microtubes in the centre of the active absorption zone,
A discharge rate of 4 litres of water per hour per dripper is desirable so as to get about 30% of wetted soil volume within the active root zone of the palms, which is found adequate for coconut palms. This discharge rate also helps to reduce the clogging of drippers. It is advisable to allow the water to drip at a depth of 30 cm below the soil surface. Such a subsurface placement of water wets 35% more volume of soil than surface placed water. This is possibly due to the reduced evaporation of water from the subsurface. Subsurface placement of water can be achieved by digging small pits of 30 x 30 x 30 cm size and placing a PVC
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drip rrigation
i.e. at a distance of 1m away from the bole. Hence the pits for placing the conduit pipes / drippers are dug at a distance of 1m away from the bole. Mulching the basin area with coconut leaves or coir pith improves the performance of drip irrigation system, possibly by lowering soil temperature and conserving soil moisture. There is a saving of 30 – 40% water and about 80 man days of labour per hectare in drip irrigation for coconut compared to conventional basin irrigation system. Weed growth in drip irrigated coconut gardens is lesser by 20-30% which reduces the weeding cost. Drip irrigation is suited to any type of soil, varying from very porous sandy soils to less porous clay soils. However ,it is highly beneficial to porous soils such as sandy soils and sandy AGRICULTURE
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Realizing the importance of drip irrigation in agriculture, Government of Tamil Nadu gives 100% financial subsidy to small and marginal farmers and 75% subsidy to medium and big farmers to install drip irrigation system in their farms
loam soils. In drip irrigated coconut gardens, the soil contains about 60 percent water and 40 percent air. Such optimum availability of water and air in the soil enhances the functioning of coconut roots and increases water use effi-
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Table 1: Western Region of Tamilnadu
1. 2. 3.
Months of the Year
Quantity of Water per day per palm
February to May January, August and September June, July, October, November & December
65 Litres 55 Litres 45 Litres
Table 2: Eastern Region of Tamilnadu and Puduchery State Months of the Year
Quantity of Water per day per palm
1.
March to September
80 Litres
2.
October to February
50 Litres
ciency and coconut yields. In drip irrigated coconut gardens, part of the palm root zone does not receive water. Coconut roots in this dry zone send root-shoot signals to make the stomata in coconut leaves partially close, stimulating mild stress condition. This stress condition is favorable to high water use efficiency (both intrinsic and instantaneous). Thus drip irrigation increases water use efficiency not only at field level but at plant and leaf level also. In can be rightly concluded that in drip irrigation system not only available water is used efficiently with negligible loss but also because of presence of dry zone in the root system possibly acts as a stomatal regulation system to provide optimal physiological efficiency for higher water use efficiency and better nut yields. Coconut crop with a coverage of 22% of area under drip irrigation tops the list. This is mainly because of higher water requirement of coconut palm and its high susceptibility to water stress.
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Drip irrigation is indeed a boon to coconut farmers.
Drip irrigation for coconut in Tamil Nadu Based on the results of numerous research studies conducted in drip irrigation for coconut, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) recommends the following irrigation schedule for coconut under drip irrigation system. Realizing the importance of drip irrigation in agriculture, Government of Tamil Nadu gives 100% financial subsidy to small and marginal farmers and 75% subsidy to medium and big farmers to install drip irrigation system in their farms. The cost of installation of drip irrigation system in coconut gardens comes to Rs.20,000 to 25,000 per hectare. The financial subsidy by the Government reduces the financial burden of the farmers. Bank loans are also available to install drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is indeed a boon to coconut farmers. It helps the coconut farmers in a big way to increase production and productivity of their coconut gardens. It effectively saves the coconut palms from drought.
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Golden
ibre
Jute
the Golden Fibre AGRICULTURE
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P K Batayal &D P Patra FAI, Kolkata
J
ute, the most important fibre crop of eastern India is commonly known as ‘Golden Fibre.’. In India, its cultivation dated back to 200- 250 years. Sacks made of jute were used for packaging grains, sugar, cement, fertiliser, minerals all over the world. Jute is also used for making carpets, ropes, cheaper rugs and many other decorative things. For different use of jute it’s cultivation process and new scientific methods are being adapted by the farmer. Jute sticks are largely used in charcoal making industry and paper industry. Farmers use the sticks as pegging materials, cooking food etc. Now a days, the people are very much worried about the growing environmental pollution due to ecological degradation and trying to come out of the problem. Jute as a natural fibre has some definite inherent advantages. More over, it can be mixed easily with other natural and man made fibres. It is interesting to note that jute and mesta shares only 0.5 & 0.1 percent area respectively to the total cropped area in the country, but it plays a predominant role in the country’s economy by generating employment, earning foreign exchange etc. In spite of that, jute had to pass through different critical situations as well. The main problem faced by jute industry is due to introduction of synthetic fibre by the end of sixties. But to limit environmental pollution, various developmental programmes are taken up by the government of India for improving the production and productivity of the crop. Jute and mesta are mainly rain fed crops. Only 21 percent of the Jute is cultivated in irrigated condition. Sowing as well as the initial growth of the crop is complete-
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ly depended on rainfall. The sowing of jute is generally taken up during March to May. The rainfall during the period is uncertain and erratic. Early or delayed rain are harmful for the crop germination or proper growth. Sufficient rain and sunshine with hot and humid condition is suitable for the crop . India is the second in jute production in the world . In undivided India, major area under jute was in the eastern part of the country. And the best quality of jute used to be produced in that areas only (now Bangladesh). After partition of India, major jute growing area went to East Pakistan(Bangladesh) while mills remained in India near Kolkata. So after partition of the country, emphasis was given to expand area of production of jute to cater the needs of jute mills and other uses of the fibre. Now West Bengal is self sufficient in the supply of raw jute to the industry. Area , production and productivity increase are mentioned in Table 1 Cultivated area of capsulary jute was higher than olitoris up to 70’s. After 1970, coverage under olitoris.area started increasing. Increase in area under olitoris is due to introduction of less photosensitive and premature flowering resistant varieties like- JRO-878, JRO-7835, JRO524. Now coverage of casualties & olitoris jute is about 8% & 92% respectively. The most popular improved varieties of olitorius are - Navin (JRO-524), Basudev - (JRO-7835), Subarnajayanti (JRO-66), Suren - (JRO-204), Sakti (JRO-8432) & Surya (JRO-128)Improved verities of camsularis are - Sonali, Sabujsona (JRC-321), Shyamali (JRC-7447) & Mitali (JRC-80).
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Golden
Acid soil is not suitable for Jute . Lime or dolomite should be applied to neutralise soil acidity. 100kg dolomite is recommended one month before sowing and should be mixed thoroughly with soil. After receiving the first pre monsoon show-
The main problem faced by jute industry is due to introduction of synthetic fibre by the end of sixties. But to limit environmental pollution, various developmental programmes are taken up by the government of India for improving the production and productivity of the crop
er land preparation should start. As the Jute seeds are very small in size, land should be well pulverised so that seed can germinate well. Seed rate is 6.5 7.5 kg. per ha. In case of line showing through seed drill spacing should be10 12 inch x 2 - 2.5 inch. If there is no rain, irrigation is essential at an interval of 15 - 20 days after emergence of the plants. Thinning and weeding is most essential after 20 to 35 - 40 days after sowing. After weeding, there should be 50 - 55 AGRICULTURE
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ibre
plant per sq. metre for better growth and yield. It should be kept in mind that balanced fertilisation dose to be applied and it should be according to soil test basis. But if there is no facility of soil testing the general dose of fertilizer is to be applied. In case of capsularis jute, Nitrogen - 40kg, Phosphate - 20kg & Potash - 30kg / ha. while in case of olitorius N : P : K dose should be 50 : 25: 25 Kg/ha. The total Phosphate and Potash should be applied at the time of land preparation . Nitrogen is applied in 2 to 3 splits through urea. In case of prevalence of drought like situation application of urea through foliar spray (2% urea solution) can be helpful. Raw Jute Development Strategies For boosting raw jute production and improving quality of fibre, Government introduced various developmental programme during last six decades. During the 1st Five year plan (1951-56) the main emphasis was given on the expansion of area to increase production of Jute and Mesta. Foliar spraying of urea, line sowing, proper plant protection measure etc. were advocated. Up to the mid 80’s, it has been observed that the productivity of the crop was not increased up to the desired level. In the year 1987 - 88 an integrated raw jute fibre development programme was formulated in the name of special Jute Development Programme (SJDP). In October 2000, the SJDP has been transferred to Macro Management Mode of Agriculture
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Table 1 :
Gross Area, Production and Productivity of Jute (All India)
YEAR
AREA(mha)
PRODUCTION (m bales)
PRODUCTIVITY (Kg/ha)
1950-51
5.15
3.31
1043
1960-61
6.16
4.13
1183
Area expansion
1970-71
7.17
4.93
1186
-do-
1980-81
8.91
5.08
1245
Area expansion
1990-91
7.78
9.17
1833
Productivity increase
2000-01
8.28
9.31
2026
BOTH
2010-11
7.74
10.00
2329
Productivity increase
2015-16
7.51
9.38
2550
and the State Government implemented the programme under Macro Management Mode of Agriculture with the assistance from Government of India.Jute Technology Mission (JTM) was initiated in 2000 - 01 for overall Development of Jute Sector. Under Jute Technology Mission, Mini Mission II was launched in December - 2006 and main implementation of the programme commenced from 2007-08. Since the increase of area of Jute and Mesta is limited, thrust is given for in-
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creasing productivity and also for improvement of quality of fibre. For this purpose following initiatives were undertaken : • Production of Breeder seed accelerated. • Initiatives to transmit the technical know how to grass root level. However, development programme is also be extended to sun hemp & ramie crop in addition to Jute and Mesta.
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KRISHI JAGRAN AGRICULTURE WORLD NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY
COMPETITION
K
rishi Jagran announces its first Agri-Rural National Photography Competition in 2017. Both professional and amateur photographers can participate in the competition. The title of the competition is “A snap shot of Indian Agriculture”. In this contest , participants can send photographs related to Indian agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and anything connected to our agriculture and farmers of India. The best photograph will receive an award of Rs. 25,000/- a citation and a certificate. 2nd prize will be Rs. 20,000/- and third prize Rs. 10,000/- plus citation and certificate. Ten consolation prizes of Rs. 1,000/- each will also be given. A jury comprising experts from this field will screen and select the best photographs. The entries should not have any mark or address to identify the photographer. Name, Address, Mobile No. and email id should be attached separately. The size of the photograph will be 12 x 18 inches. A colour copy and soft copy in CD with minimum size of 3 mp should be sent to the address below. A competitor can send a maximum of 3 photographs. Photographs should be original and any manipulation will be a disqualification. The right of entries send by the competitor will be the sole property of Krishi jagran Publications. Krishi jagran should have the freedom to use it in our magazines, exhibitions and virtual media. Proper acknowledgement will be given to the used photographs. Those who agree with the terms and conditions can participate in the competition. LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF ENTRIES - 30TH APRIL 2017.
T H E P U L S E O F G L O B A L A G R I C U LT U R E
THE PULSE OF RURAL INDIA
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AMUL and GCMMF Show The Way Amrit Patel
C
ooperation movement is above 100 years old, but success stories are a few. Milk cooperative is an example of grand success of cooperatives. AMUL from 1958 and GCMMF from 1973 successfully demonstrated and inculcated the true spirit of cooperation in their over 3.6 million milk-producer-members to empower them and significantly improve their socio-economic status. Starting from a daily procurement AGRICULTURE
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of 250 litres of milk per day in 1946, AMUL in 1954 built a plant to convert surplus milk produced in winter season into milk powder and butter and in 1958 a plant to manufacture cheese. In 1973, the milk societies and district level unions determined to establish a marketing agency to market their products and the GCMMF was registered as a co-operative society on 9th July 1973. GCMMF is India’s largest and world’s 13th largest dairy organisation. Ac-
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cording to the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) global rankings,Amul is now the thirteenth largest dairy organisation in the world, well ahead of other giant dairy companies viz. Land O’Lakes and Schreiber Foods of the US, Muller of Germany, Groupe Sodiaal of France and Mengniu of China. Milk Production in Gujarat Milk contributes to 22% to the Agricultural GDP of Gujarat and is a crucial segment of rural economy to support the livelihood of millions. According to the latest state census data, 4.26 million households [41.76%] out of total 10.2 million derive significant amount of income from dairy and animal husbandry activities. Gujarat has been successfully implementing 23 Intensive Cattle Development Projects with 1,078 cattle breeding centres which aim at improving the breed of cattle and buffaloes. Gujarat which heralded milk revolution in 1960s-1970s in India produced 4.931
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million tons of milk in 1997-98 which increased by 149.58% to 12.262 million tons in 2015-16 whereas country’s output increased by 115.58% to 155.491million tons. Share of milk output in Gujarat in the country’s total was 6.81% in 1997-98 which progressively increased to 7.88% in 2015-16. Gujarat which ranked 5th in milk production in 2001-02 in India now ranked third in 2014-15 & 2015-16 registering 7.33% average growth rate in milk production during last decade. Compound annual growth rate [CAGR] during 2010-11 to 2015-16 was 5.64% for Gujarat as compared to 5% for India. It ranked third in respect of milk availability per capita [545 grams] in 2015-16 which was higher than national average of 373 grams. According to the Assocham study on” Unlocking growth potential of Indian dairy industry” [2014] with an annual dairy output worth over Rs.125 billion, Gujarat, had the highest share of about
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Table 1Milk Output in Gujarat & Its Share In the Total Output in India [‘000 Tons] Year
Gujarat
All India
Year
Gujarat
All India
1997-98
4913
72128 [6.81]
2012-13
10315
132431 [7.79]
2001-02
5862
84406 [6.94]
2013-14
11112
137685 [8.07]
2005-06
6960
97766 [7.12]
2014-15
11691
146314 [7.99]
2010-11
9321
121848 [7.65]
2015-16
12262
155491 [7.88]
2011-12
9817
127904 [7.67]
CAGR
5.64%
5.00%
Figures in parentheses indicate percentage share of Gujarat’s output in the total.
According to 19th Livestock census of India [2012], Gujarat has a share of 6.97% female milch animals in India comprising buffaloes [10.31%] followed by indigenous cattle [5.33%] and exotic-crossbred [5.14%]. Buffaloes in Gujarat constituted 49.37% of the total followed by indigenous cattle [41.66%] as compared to exotic-cross-bred [8.97%]. At the time of survey, 61,76,485 female-animals in Gujarat were in
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milk of which buffaloes accounted for 57.22% as against 30.93% indigenous cattle and 11.85% exotic-cross-bred. Thus, Gujarat has higher share of buffaloes [49.37%] in the total and in milk [57.22%] as also share [10.31%] in India. Gujarat is richly endowed with various indigenous pure breeds including Gir and Kankarej breed of cow and Mahesani, Surti, Jaffrabadi and Bunni breed of Buffaloes.
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Table 2: Exotic Cross-bred, Indigenous and Buffaloes in Gujarat & India Category
Exotic Crossbred
Indigenous
Buffaloes
Total
Female Animal Population in Milk
Total Female Animals
Gujarat
India
Gujarat
India
732208
14304552
1734161
[11.85%]
[17.76%]
[08.97%]
33760460 [5.14%]$
1910247
29649471
8057250
[30.93%]
[36.82%]
[41.66%]
3534030
36572047
9549799
[57.22%]
[45.42%]
[49.37%]
6176485
80526070
19341210
277531830 [6.97%]$
[100%]
[100%]
[100%]
[100%]
[12.16%] 151172295 [5.33%]$ [54.47%] 92599075 [10.31%]$ [33.36%]
Figures in parentheses indicate % share of female animal population in the total & in parentheses with $ indicate % share of respective female animal population in Gujarat to total in India respectively. 20.83% in the total dairy output worth around Rs.600 billion among top 20 States in India. Gujarat ranked third in terms of generating direct employment in the dairy sector. The State ranked fourth with a share of about 7.5% in 1,493 dairy factories across India. In terms of milk production, Gujarat ranked fourth with a share of 8.7% in total milk production of over 111.12 million tonnes in India in 2013-14. Gujarat recorded the fifth highest growth rate of about 24% in milk production, significantly higher than national growth rate of about 19%. The State ranks fifth in terms of per-capita milk availability and has clocked a growth rate of about 17%, quite higher than country’s growth rate of 12%. The dairy cooperative sector in Gujarat has a dominant market share in milk and milk products which has been also maintained even in the face of stiff competi-
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tion from the private sector. Concept of Integrated Dairy Development in Cooperative Sector Gujarat conceptualized and adopted integrated Dairy Development Model which inter alia focused on establishment of linkage between the primary milk producers in rural areas and the urban consumers of milk and milk products in an organized system of milk production, collection, procurement, transport, processing, distribution and marketing
for milk collection, storage, processing and distribution along with provision of a full range of technical services to milk producer-members. The Union is committed to: • organize village level cooperatives and inculcate the spirit of cooperation and mutual trust among members • assist the societies with organization, management, inspection and auditing
It also built a system to provide all the assistance to primary milk producers which includes • prevention of pre-mature death/ incapacitation of their milch stock through a dedicated health service • timely breeding of their animals through a network of artificial insemination centres • ensuring progenies with improved milk yield through crossbreeding and use of superior bulls • supply of balanced feed-mix and fodder seeds at fair price • bringing ‘know-how’ at the farmers’ doors through an efficient extension services • inculcating sense of confidence in producers and empowering them to bargain to make them free from exploitation by middlemen. AMUL Model The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Limited [AMUL] is built on the formation and operation of hundreds of village milk producing cooperatives. By and large a member owes two buffaloes and tills less than one hectare of land. The village cooperatives are welded together into a cooperative union which owns and operates facilities AGRICULTURE
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• establish and supervise milk and cattle feed transportation system • process and market members’ milk and operate the feed mills • provide animal health cover and artificial insemination services to all milk producer-members at a very reasonable cost. To cater to the needs of the members on time, the district Unions have mobile vans, experienced veterinary staff and provision of veterinary medicines in all centres
• demonstrate improved farming and fodder production techniques • fix & pay milk prices fairly reasonable and remunerative from time to time. The village level dairy cooperative societies are responsible to • act as centres for milk collection from members • effect regularly weekly payments to
According to the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) global rankings,Amul is now the thirteenth largest dairy organisation in the world, well ahead of other giant dairy companies viz. Land O’Lakes and Schreiber Foods of the US, Muller of Germany, Groupe Sodiaal of France and Mengniu of China.
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Table 3: AMUL’s Milk Procurement, Price and Turnover [2010-11 to 2015-16] Year
Procurement Price
Turnover Year
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
515.9 560.0 617.0 668.1
21.11 24.66 28.50 34.41
390.6 452.0 475.0 512.0
Procurement Price
Turnover
2014-15 636.0 626.0 41.42 2015-16 710.0 661.0 48.25 CAGR
6.60%
11.09% 17.98%
Procurement in million litres during the year ; Price in Rs.per Kg Fat & Turnover Rs.billion during the year milk producers • sell balanced feed to the members • provide artificial services • communicate effectively the technical information to members. Since last four decades banks have been financing members for their purchase and maintenance of milch animals and repayment of loans is linked with the weekly payments received by members against their supply of milk to the Union. Besides, operations of dairy cooperatives and Union have already been computerized for accuracy, timeliness and efficiency. Members are provided with a package of services which include artificial insemination services and routine veterinary health coverage, sale of concentrates, feeds, fodder seeds and training. AMUL covers all villages of three districts of Anand, Kheda & Mahisagar. AMUL pattern of milk production, procurement, processing, distribution and marketing has been extended beyond Gujarat to Maharashtra, West Bengal and Punjab. AMUL is indeed a pace setter to demonstrate the benefits of a well- planned ‘Integrated Dairy Development Program in Cooperative sector’. Amul has succeeded largely because of its concern and commitment to the interest of milk producer-members, particularly marketing milk and paying remunerative price for their AGRICULTURE
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milk on one hand and selling quality milk and milk products to the consumers on the other. In the process, it brought the producers in almost direct contact of consumers through value chain and gradually eliminated milk producers’ dependence on middlemen. Amul Model demonstrated the concept of utilizing middlemen’s profits for better health care of milch animals owned by producer-members and lowering the cost of milk for the consumers, there by utilization of resources most productively and profitably.
Gujarat conceptualized and adopted integrated Dairy Development Model which inter alia focused on establishment of linkage between the primary milk producers in rural areas and the urban consumers of milk and milk products in an organized system of milk production, collection, procurement, transport, processing, distribution and marketing www.krishijagran.com
Table 4 : GCMMF Milk Procurement and Turnover [2010-11 to 2015-16] Year
Procurement Turnover
2010-11 9.447 2011-12 10.610 2012-13 12.728 2013-14 13.182
Year
Procurement Turnover
97.74 2014-15 14.850 207.33 116.68 2015-16 18.000 230.05 137.35 181.43 CAGR 13.76% 18.67%
Milk procurement in million litres per day and turnover in Rs.Billion Amul has currently 3.6 million milk-producer members and sells 12 million litres of milk per day [LMPD] in India of which 5 million LMPD are sold in Gujarat. Total milk procurement by member unions during the year 2015-16 averaged 17.481 million LMPD registering growth of 14.33% over 15.290 million LMPD during 2014-15. The highest procurement of 22 million LMPD was recorded during February 2016. Amul aims at expanding its milk processing capacity from the current level of 28.1 million LMPED to 38.0 million LMPD in the next five years. While price per Kg fat increased by 69.23% from Rs.390.60 in 2010-11 to Rs.661 in 2015-16, milk procurement and turnover increased by 37.62% and 128.56% respectively during the period. Compound annual growth rate [CAGR] of milk price paid to members during 2010-11 to 2015-16 was 11.09% which acted as catalyst to enhance milk procurement with CAGR of 6.60% leading to CAGR of 17.98% for turnover. During the last six years, milk procurement has witnessed phenomenal increase which can be attributed to fairly reasonable and high milk procurement price paid to members and largely to the focus on marketing value-added milk and dairy products to consumers. Better returns from dairying have motivated members to increase their investments in increasing milk production. Amul has
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always focused on marketing of branded consumer packs of both fresh milk and value-added dairy products through best of marketing and technological innovations. Amul’s initiative has been to promote the concept of scientific and commercial dairy farming in cooperative sector and attract promising rural youths in the business. In India, Amul is not merely one of the most popular brands like coca cola or Pepsi. It has been even ahead of age-old brands[viz. dalda]
AMUL is indeed a pace setter to demonstrate the benefits of a wellplanned ‘Integrated Dairy Development Program in Cooperative sector’ and more a life-style range of products consumed daily in some form or other by millions of children, adults and seniors in India from different socio-economic strata, viz. liquid milk, creamer, butter, chocolate milk, cheese, ghee, paneer, Amul gulab jamun mix, ice cream etc.
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Dynamic Growth of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation The GCMMF has 17 member unions with producer- member strength of more than 3.6 million covering 18600 villages of Gujarat. Between 2010-11 and 2015-16 its milk procurement increased by 90.54% to 18 million litres per day in 2015-16 with a compound annual growth rate [CAGR] of 13.76%. It markets Amul brand of dairy products, viz. liquid milk in pouches, Amulya creamer, butter regular, Amul Lite butter, Amul chocolate milk, varieties of cheese, ghee, paneer, Amul gulab jamun mix, ice cream, among others. During 201011 to 2015-16, its sales turnover increased by 135.37% to Rs.230.05 billion in 2015-16 with a CAGR of 18.76%. It aims at achieving sales turnover of Rs.300 billion by 2017-18. In fact, the group turnover of GCMMF and its conAGRICULTURE
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stituent member unions, representing unduplicated turnover of all products sold under Amul brand was Rs.330 billion. Since last six years the sales have been growing over 20% which can be attributed to higher milk price paid to producers, increased milk procurement, continuous exploring new markets, launching new products and creating additional milk processing capacities. Most products viz. pouch milk, butter, ghee, Ice Cream, UHT milk, flavoured milk, paneer and fresh cream have registered double digit growth. It passes on to its milk producers 80 paise from every rupee earned on the sale of Amul products. Milk-producers in Gujarat are paid on an average 8%-10% higher price of milk every year which has been one of factors for Gujarat registering a 15% annual growth in the number of cattle. it has grown by 187% during the past six years which translates into a compounded annual
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Gujarat conceptualized and adopted integrated Dairy Development Model which inter alia focused on establishment of linkage between the primary milk producers in rural areas and the urban consumers of milk and milk products in an organized system of milk production, collection, procurement, transport, processing, distribution and marketing
growth rate (CAGR) of 19.2 per cent during the period. GCMMF aims at achieving atleast 20% CAGR growth in its business during the next five years based on estimated growth in market demand for Amul products & well-planned marketing strategy. In order to meet rising demand for milk and milk products in major metros of India,the member unions of GCMMF have established their own milk processing plants in states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Rajasthan. The Member Unions of GCMMF have also commenced milk procurement from other states so as to facilitate milk producer members of these states also to put in place appropriate dairy model on the pattern of “Amul ” . AMUL and GCMMF have serious concern and commitment to their primary milk-producer-members who have been
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toiling very hard in rural areas and are substantially deprived of even minimum amenities as compared to their urban counterparts. In order to empower them to express their full potential for milk production and free them from exploitation by middlemen AMUL and GCMMF have operationalized the concept of integrated dairy development in cooperative sector [which is unthinkable]. Both have been making best efforts to maximize productivity of scarce resources through exploring new markets, establishing distribution network, using scientific techniques and information technology, improving effectiveness of cooperative development programs, and entrepreneurship development programme for members. When most of our rural India needs to replicate the AMUL and GCMMF models the need is to mobilize rural households’ participation under the umbrella of political leadership along with administrative skill and good governance.
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CUltURE
RICE
Recent
Development in
Rice culture ,
Bimal C Biswas
Technical Editor, Agriculture World
R
ice is the most important crop in India. It occupies an area of about 46 mha to produce about 115 mt clean rice. It is the staple food crop of the country. It is grown in the all the states but in some states, 3 rice crops are grown in a year. If it is planned properly, rice can be planted and harvested in every day in southern parts of the country. Ratoon is also possible in rice. It is labour intensive crop and labour availability is a serious problem. Its water requirement is also high. So cultivation of less water requiring crop is being encouraged. There is shift in food habit in India .The shift is from cereal to meat, fruit and vegetables. Ten kg grains is needed to produce 1 kg meat. So we would be in need of higher grain production for the consumption of both human beings and animals as well. Genetic engineering is being employed to incorporate the quality of C4 plant in rice which will enable rice plant to yield more in high
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Co2 condition. To tackle the emerging development, new technological changes are also called for. Rice is a wonderful cereal, grown in variety of situations. In India it is grown below the sea level in Kerala to about 11,000 ft above the sea level in J &K. Rice is grown in almost all the states in rainy season.In some southern and eastern states,rice is grown in winter and summer also. It is grown equally well in acid and salt affected soils. In the waterlogged areas, availability of P and some other plant nutrients increases. Nitrogen need of rice is quite high but N use efficiency is low. A lot of researches have been done to improve N use efficiency. Coating of urea with neem oil, use of slow release fertilizer, use urea super granule, foliar application of urea etc have been attempted with some success. Rice culture is labour intensive. As labour availability is a very serious
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problem, use of machinery in rice culture is becoming very important. Ricewheat cropping system in north India having about 10 million ha has made the so called green revolution possible and it has made the country self sufficient in food front.Use of combine, drum seeder, transplanter, laser leveling, is becoming popular in many states like Tamil Nadu, AP, Telangana, Kerala. To reduce water use, SRI, aerobic rice culture etc are being used in some areas. Some recent developments are as follows: • System of Rice Intensification (SRI)\ • Aerobic rice culture • Use of Drum seeder • Use of Transplanter • Laser leveling • Foliar application of Urea • Use leaf color chart • Use of Bhungroo • Use of Genetic Engineering • Bio- engineering for making Fe rich • Value of rice bran
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• Value addition. System of Rice Intensification(SRI) Out of 3240 Cubic million km globally available fresh water, 69 percent is used in agriculture, 8 percent in domestic consumption, 23 percent in industry and other purposes. In India 88 percent water is used in agriculture which covers about 80 mha . About 70 percent irrigation water is used for rice alone. Rice contributes more than 42 percent of total food grain produced in the country. The lion’s share of the production comes from 24 mha irrigated area. As the demand of water for the industry and the domestic use would increase very much in future, the availability of water for agriculture is likely to be reduced. SRI and aerobic system of rice culture needs encouragement. Rice, the king crop of Asia , and the second most important crop of the world has the unique capacity to grow in standing water. So, this crop is abundantly grown in the low lying areas of the globe. This method controls weeds , water logging also improves the availability of certain important plant nutrients like phosphorus, iron etc.But in years to come water availability would be a very serious problem because of higher demand of water for agriculture, industry, and drinking purpose. In such a situation, an innovative technique of rice culture which would reduce the need of water for cultivation without reducing the productivity is the need of the hour. To overcome the challenges, agriculture research worldwide has been looking for an alternative method of rice cultivation. The SRI is one such AGRICULTURE
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As the demand of water for the industry and the domestic use would increase very much in future, the availability of water for agriculture is likely to be reduced. SRI and aerobic system of rice culture needs encouragement emerging alternative. SRI package of agronomic approach which explores the possibility of genetic potential of rice plant, create a better growing environment that enhances soil health and reduce the needs of inputs ( seeds, water and labour). It uses all agronomic packages of practices for transplanted rice such as raising seedbeds, transplanting, weeding etc. However the difference lies in the implementation of practices. SRI is a rice cultivation technique developed in Madagaskar by John Henry Lou lance in 1980s. The special features of SRI are : • A single seedling is transplanted at wider spacing to keep all leaves photosynthetically active. • Only about 8 kg of seeds/ha is needed compared to 50kg/ha seeds needed for traditional transplant system. This is more important in case of hybrid rice where seed is more costly and the farmers have to purchase seeds every year. • The nursery preparation cost is also reduced to a great extend be-
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Table : 1 Relative performance of rice yields in SRI and in traditional method. Parameters
SRI
Traditional methods
4.2
3.9
Grain yield (maximum)(t/ha)
12.1
8.7
Mean grain yield
7.3
5.6
Grain yield
(minimum)(t/ha)
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SRI is currently being practiced in more than 40 countries of the world. Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Cambodia Cuba, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, West Africa, Myanmar and India are some of the major countries where SRI has become popular cause the area is reduced from 800 sqm to 100sqm and the nursery is needed for about 7-14 days only. • SRI uses much younger seedlings of 7-14 days old only compared to 3-4 weeks old seedlings in case of traditional method of transplantation. • Squre planting and less water need Limitations There are certain limitations in adaptation of SRI. It needs greater and newer skills. It needs certain time for the farmers AGRICULTURE
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to shift from the traditional system to SRI system which is more tedious and delicate. Nursery preparation and handling of young and smaller seedlings demands much care and consideration.Labour needs for the initial days may be more in case of SRI. But with proper training, this can be reduced. Necessity is the mother of invention. Therefore as the time would demand, SRI would become a popular method. Future prospects SRI is currently being practiced in more than 40 countries of the world. Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Cambodia Cuba, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, West Africa, Myanmar and India are some of the major countries where SRI has become popular. In India, the farmers of AP, Bihar, Tamil
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at the tail end of the canal. Water may or may not reach the tail end of the canal. Frustrated Sri Prasad started aerobic rice culture. The variety used was long duration BPT 5204. The special feature of his rice culture is mentioned here below.
Nadu, West Bengal , Tripura are much ahead of other states. The relative performance of SRI and Traditional transplanted rice is given in Table 1 The world record yield has been created by the famers of Bihar in SRI system of rice culture. Aerobic Rice culture The University of Agriculture Sciences , Bangalore has a very interesting alternative of rice culture in farmers’ fields at Tumkur, Raichur and Bangalore rural of Karnataka.This method has been successfully used by the farmers of canal irrigated areas of Krishna district of AP also. The name of one such innovative farmer is Sri Prasad. Unfortunately his land is situated www.krishijagran.com
• He used tractor driven seed drill to cultivate 28 ha during kharif reasons. • line to line and seed to seed spacing were 9 inches and 1.2 inches respectively. • For weed control he used post emergence weedicide. • The yield was 5-6t/ha, more than the traditional system with only 50 percent water needed for the traditional method of rice culture. Use of farm machinery Labour availability and poor labour productivity are very serious problems in rural areas because migration of young people from village to cities or the states like Kerala where labour cost is high. Earlier migration of labour from Bihar to Punjab was talked about. The recent development is that the young people of Bengal, Assam etc are migrating to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka to better their fortune. Labour unavailability is forcing the farmers to go in for use of farm machinery like combine, rice translator, drum seeder etc. This has become a boon for farm machinery industry in a big way. Tractor industry is one such examples. Solar energy use, equipment for Fertigation, sprayers, sprinkler are coming up in big ways. Krishi Jagran is keeping direct contact with these industry and publishing the news of their glories in business and quality performances.For solving marketing problem, value addition etc cold chain, cold storage are being encouraged. APRIL 2017
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F
COTTON
IBRE
Role of Potassium in
Cotton Fibre Quality D. Blaise
P
Head, Crop Production, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur
otassium (K) is a macronutrient because the crop removes substantial amounts of the nutrient from the soil to meet crop demands. It removes quantities equivalent to those of nitrogen (N) and sometimes even greater. But this nutrient is not replenished to that extent as done in the case of N and phosphorus (P). This is mainly due to the presumption that our soils are rich and can meet the crop K requirement. Furthermore, no dramatic influence is observed in crop response on K application. Nevertheless, K plays several major roles such as the activation of enzymes, aids in photosynthesis, ion balance, helps in translocation of starch. It also plays an important role in the regulation of stomata and water use and maintains the turgor and reduces water loss. Therefore, it is often referred to as a nutrient that confers tolerance to drought. In
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cotton, too, like in fruits and vegetables, it affects the quality; and therefore it is described as a ‘fibre quality nutrient’.
Peak K demand – when and why? Peak demand for K is when the crop enters flowering and boll formation stages. During this span of 100 days, substantial amount of K needs to be taken up by plant. K from the leaves is then translocated to the fruiting parts with most of it concentrated in the carpel wall also called as the ‘bur’. Approximately 10 to 15 kg is the K requirement for every kilogram of lint produced. A crop with an average yield of 500 kg lint removes about 60 to 75 kg potash from the soil. In terms of supply, even at recommended rates of application (45 kg potash per hectare) for the hybrid cotton, there is a defi-
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cit of 15 to 30 kg potash. In case of high crop yield, the magnitude of soil mining would be greater (Blaise and Prasad, 2005). This is not a healthy sign from the viewpoint of soil fertility and productivity. Therefore, it is important to apply K at least equivalent to the amount removed. When the crop reaches flowering, approximately 60 days after sowing, K demand is on the rise till the boll set. Most of our cotton grown in our country, boll set and opening is a continuous process. Thus, the period of nearly 100 days, K should be present in the soil ready to be taken up by the plant. However, this is not the case as root growth ceases after the crop starts to flower. In addition, the rainfed cotton experiences a cessation of monsoon around the period of boll set. This type of situation leads to K becoming less available as the soil dries out.
How then, do we meet K requirements of the crop? This can be met through foliar application. At several locations in the country, foliar application of K has been found to improve the seed cotton yield. To offset any soil mining that may occur, as discussed in the previous paragraph, it would be prudent to meet crop needs through soil and foliar application. For the soil application, it may be through a combination of fertilisers and organic sources.
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F
COTTON
Recycling of cotton stalks is a possible option that can contribute significantly to K recycling.
Potassium deficiency – symptoms Potassium deficiency is easily recognized by the ‘firing’ of leaf edges with chlorosis spreading over and the leaf dries and sheds prematurely. It is also referred to as the ‘cotton rust’. Cotton
IBRE
on, K is intricately involved because of its role in maintaining the turgor pressure. Furthermore, K plays an important role in the translocation of solutes from the leaves to the developing fruits. During this phase, K helps in the cellulose deposition and the thickening of the fibre. The way the secondary wall deposition takes place governs the strength of the fibre. Thus, fibre quality is intricately involved with the K supply to the plant
Potassium plays several major roles such as the activation of enzymes, aids in photosynthesis, ion balance, helps in translocation of starch
stalks are also brittle and susceptible to breaking. This mostly occurs during the heavy fruiting phase. When the plant demand is high, K gets stripped from the leaves and to meet the K demand, K from the stalks moves over to the fruiting points i.e. the bolls.
How does K influence fibre quality? Fibre is the main commercial part of the cotton crop apart from the seed which is used as cattle feed and also for edible oil. After the flower opens, fertilization takes place and within a few days of anthesis, the fibre process gets initiated. This goes on for about 50 days. The fibre grows (elongation) and the cellulose gets deposited during this process. As this process goes AGRICULTURE
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and the K status of the leaves. Fibre quality of cotton is measured in terms of span length, fibre strength, micronaire and the uniformity ratio. These fibre traits have been observed to be strongly influenced by K supply and the K status of the plant leaves in studies conducted in the USA (Read et al. 2006). Deficiency of K affects the translocation of solutes and consequently deposition of cellulose. Thus under K stress conditions, the micronaire is affected the most resulting in fibre with low micronaire. Because less cellulose is deposited in the fibre, low micronaire fibres are prone to the formation of neps. When the yarn is produced from a field grown on K deficit soil, the yarn has more neps. More number of neps results in
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an inferior quality fabric due to unbilizers for making K available to the evenness in the dye being absorbed. crop and reducing K stress. However, Since most soils in our country have this is a researchable issue to identify sufficient exchangeable K reserves in suitable microorganisms that could the soil, the poor fibre quality may be used for solubilising K. Potassium not be of consequence in the irrigated has a significant role in fibre quality; cotton. But under the rainfed situatherefore, its application at the right tions, the late formed bolls have poor time and in adequate quantities would quality because of low micronaire and improve fibre quality. poor length and strength. In spite of the cotton grown on deep black soils K is one of the major plant with high K reserves, the quality is nutrients(NPK). It helps the plant poor. Presently, two soto be strong so lutions are available that insect , pest to overcome this and diseases rePotassium plays an constraint namesistant quality is important role in the ly, (i) taking up a developed in the foliar spray of K crop plant. But it translocation of solutes through muriate of also plays a key from the leaves to the potash or sulphate role in imparting developing fruits. During of potash or nicrop quality. In this phase, it helps in trate of potash and case of cotton the the cellulose deposition (ii) growing short fiber quality is imand the thickening of the duration varieties proved by the apwith a synchroplication of K. It is fibre nous fruiting habit. also called protecIt is well known tive nutrient or qualthat our soils are ity nutrient. Its use having high K content, but its availin cotton needs to be encouraged to ability is a constraint. In such a sceimprove the cotton fibre quality. nario, we can think of using K solu-
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V
KHARIF
EGETABLES
NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT OF KHARIF VEGETABLES IN WEST BENGAL Paritosh Bhattacharyya
V
Ex – Additional Commissioner ( INM ) ,Krishi Bhawan , New Delhi
egetables are rich sources of minerals salts, vitamins, fibers and anti – oxidants which are required for maintenance of our good health. Kharif vegetables which are sown during the south west monsoon seasons (June/July to September/October) are also considered as one of the most important crops AGRICULTURE
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for high nutritive values. Main kharif vegetable crops include Lady’s finger, Bottle Gourd, Pointed guard, Ridge guard, Bitter gourd, Brinjal, Onion, Chillies etc. Brinjal is high in water and Potassium content and they are a very good source of dietary fiber. Lady’s finger which is packed with dietary fiber helps stabilization of blood
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Name Brinjal
Area
(‘000 ha )
161.900
Lady’s finger 75.450
Production ( ‘000 MT )
2985.436 882.388
Productivity
( ‘ 000 MT/ha )
18.440 11.695
Onion 25.306 380.154 15.002
sugar level. It is also rich in Vitamin C. The pectin, available in Lady’s finger helps to lower cholesterol. Chilli also contains considerable amount of Vitamin C. West Bengal is the largest vegetable producing State in India with 25466.8 thousand metric tone in 2012 – 13. Area and production of important kharif vegetables in West Bengal (2014-15 ) are as below: At present , there are 21 districts in West Bengal . Most of the farmers are small and marginal . Vegetable crops are highly accepted in small holder agriculture due to their increasing demand in the market . In Gangetic alluvium plains , major portion of farmers produce a significant quantity of vegetable crops round the year because of suitable connections with the terminal market Vegetable farming is a profitable
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venture as per hectare yields are comparatively more .But its production relies on intensive holistic management of soil , water , nutrient resources and plant population . West Bengal comprises of a high geographical diversity with six agro - climatic zones . About 20 – 22 % vegetables of the country is produced from this State . For example , Brinjal shares about 30 % of the total brinjal production in the country . Availability of good seed is one of the most essential requirements of successful vegetable production . Seed should be free from disease and insect injury and suitable for local condition . Each vegetable crop has specific climatic requirement . Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter ( 2.5 – 3.0 ) and fairly deep soils are suitable for vegetable production . The production of vegetables is highly influenced by healthy and productive soils .In some cases ,
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KHARIF
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CROP N : P2O5 : K2O ( Kg/ha)----------crop
N(kg/ha)
P2O5(kg/ha)
P2O5(kg/ha)
1. Brinjal 150 100 100 2. Lady’s Finger
100
50
50
3. Onion 150 100 100 4. Chilli
90
60
60
5. Gourds 140 70 70 6. Point gourd 120 60 60 7. Cucumber
140
70
nutrient removal by vegetable crops (Kg/ha) is excessive, for example , removal of nutrients ( Kg / ha ) in respect of N : P2O5 : K2O for Brinjal against yield target 60 tonnes /ha are 175 : 40 : 300 respectively . For better performance , it is necessary to select suitable varieties for Kharif vegetables , the recommended varieties are as follows : LADY’S FINGER or Okra (Bhendi or Dhenrosh) : Parvani Kranti , Kalyani, Pravakar , Pusa Syani , Pankaj , Garima etc
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POINTED GOURD (Patal or Parval) : Kajari, Guli , Dudhia , Shyampuri etc CHILLI (Lanka) : Suryamukhi , Pusa Sadabahar , Bullet , Kiran etc BITTER GOURD (Ucche / Korolla) : Pusa Do Mousamy , Kalyanpur , Pusa Bishes , Barsati Ucche , Hybrid 49 etc BRINJAL (Begun or Baigun) : Pusa Purple Long , Rajpur , Cooli , Pusa Purple Cluster , Rajani , Ragini etc BOTTLE GOURD (Lau) : Pusa Summer Prolific Long , Pusa Naveen, Pusa
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Summer Prolific round , Pusa Meghdoot , Hybrid 1720 etc RIDGE GOURD (Jhinga) : Pusa Nasodhar , Satputia, Baropata , Barshati , Surekha,Rohini etc CUCUMBER (Sasa) : Poinset 76 , Balmakhira , Krishnanagar Selection etc NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT : It is better , in general , to add 20 – 30 tonnes of fully decomposed FYM and 1.5 tonne of Vermicompost and 250 Kg Neem Cake with 8 % oil to the soil . For supply of Nitrogen ,
green manuring crop can be grown and incorporated at least 3 weeks before transplanting as N source . Fertilizers recommendation (Dept. of Agriculture , Govt. of WB) of some important vegetable crops are as below : For fertilizer application, half N, Full P and Half K as basal is recommended. Next, one fourth Kilo N and one fourth Kilo K at 21 DAS (Days after Sowing ) and rest N & K at 40 DAS are suggested. Apart from this, application of soil ameliorant is need based .Further , FYM @ 10 t/ha and Azo-phos Biofertilizer @ 15 Kg / ha are required to be added .In Sulfur deficient Soil ( based on Soil testing report ) , sulfur should be applied @ 10 – 15 Kg /ha. Similarly, for the soils having deficiencies of micronutrients like Zn, B, and Mo,the tentative doses of application (depending on soil test) are : Zn as ZnSO4 @ 25 Kg/ha ii) B as Borax @ 10 Kg /ha; iii) Mo as Amm. Molybdate @ 0.5 Kg/ha. It is better to follow IPM strategy as approved by the State Government to protect the crops.
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T. K. Srivastava ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow – 226002
S
ugarcane based cropping systems comprising sugarcane, cereals, legumes, oilseeds, forage and fibre crops which are prevalent in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the country encompassing irrigated and rain fed agro-ecosystems. The crop also suits for intercropping of many crops that adds to crop diversification and famers’ income. High nutrient requirement by most of the crops
in the system necessitates adequate and balanced supply of nutrients as recommended for different component crops. This, however, can be altered by integrating various sources of nutrients and adoption of soil test based nutrient application to effectively reduce the dose of chemical fertilizers and also to maintain the soil health and farm productivity.
Nutrient management in sugarcane based cropping systems AGRICULTURE
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Table 1. Prevalent sugarcane based cropping systems in India
Sub-tropical region
Tropical region
Paddy- autumn sugarcane-ratoon-wheat
Pearl millet-sugarcane (pre-seasonal) - ratoon- wheat
Greengram- autumn sugarcane-ratoon-wheat Paddy-sugarcane-ratoon-finger millet Maize- autumn sugarcane-ratoon-wheat
Paddy-sugarcane-ratoon-wheat
Kharif crops-potato-spring sugarcane-ratoon-wheat
Paddy-sugarcane-ratoon- gingelly
Kharif crops-mustard-spring sugarcane ratoon-wheat
Paddy-sugarcane-ratoon-blackgram
Kharif crops- pea/ coriander-spring sugarcane-ratoon-wheat Kharif crops- wheat- late planted sugarcane-ratoon-wheat
Cotton- sugarcane-ratoon-wheat Sugarcane-ratoon- kharif rice-winter rice
t
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Adequate and balanced supply of nutrients is key to sustainable intensification of crop production as evident from inferences that climate, nutrient management and irrigation collectively determine 70-80% of global variation in the productivity levels of major crops. Efficient management of nutrients in sugarcane plant and ratoon crops in accordance with the nutritional needs and dynamic changes occurring in the rhizosphere, as far as nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity and overall soil fertility and productivity is concerned, is of utmost importance to ensure remunerative system productivity. Further, the rotation/ companion
anagement
crop, its nutrient foraging capacity, nutrient management practices, the residue management and irrigation management determine the overall profitability of the system. In India, sugarcane is cultivated as an important component of many prevalent sequential and inter cropping systems comprising of cereals, legumes and oilseeds under diverse soil and climatic conditions (Table 1). Sugarcane owing to its huge biomass production removes substantial amount of plant nutrients from the soil, as reported from IISR, a crop of 100 t/ha exhausts 208 kg N, 53 kg P and 280 kg
Table 2. State-wise recommendation for fertilizer use in sugarcane State
Recommendation (kg/ha)
N
Assam
136.00 70.00 60.00
Andhra Pradesh
112.00
Bihar
150.00 85.00 60.00
Chattisgarh
250.00 125.00 125.00
Gujarat
250.00 125.00 125.00
Haryana
150.00 150.00 0.00
Kerala
165.00 82.50 82.50
Karnataka
250.00 75.00 190.00
Madhya Pradesh
250.00
Maharashtra
250.00 115.00 115.00
Odisha
112.00 100.00 120.00
Punjab
150.00 60.00 60.00
Rajasthan
200.00 60.00 60.00
Coastal Tamil Nadu
275.00
63.00
113.00
Tamil Nadu
225.00
60.00
120.00
Uttar Pradesh (west)
150.00
60.00
60.00
Uttar Pradesh (east)
180.00
60.00
40.00
Uttarakhand
120.00 80.00 40.00
West Bengal
150.00
P2O5 K2O 100.00
125.00
85.00
120.00
125.00
60.00
Source: AICRP (Sugarcane), IISR, Lucknow
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K, besides 3.4 kg Fe, 1.2 kg Mn, 0.6 kg Zn, 0.2 kg Cu and 30 kg S. On the other hand, Indian soils are universally deficient in N except in some parts of north eastern region. Further, nearly 50% soils are deficient in P and 20% in K. Of late sulphur availability has also become critical in low organic matter coarse textured soils under S exhausting oilseed based cropping systems. Consequently there exists a huge regional disparity in fertilizer (N, P & K) use and the consumption of plant nutrients, hence the recommendations for nutrient application varies from state to state (Table 2). Presently, fertilizer application (N, P and
In India, sugarcane is cultivated as an important component of many prevalent sequential and inter cropping systems comprising of cereals, legumes and oilseeds under diverse soil and climatic conditions
K) in some of the sugarcane growing states is far below the national average of 135.25 kg/ha apart from wide ratio in their use. Glaring nutritional imbalances are being increasingly observed with the advent of new high intensity sugarcane based cropping systems aimed at achieving high productivity. More so, the estimated magnitude of fertilizer use (2008-09) in sugarcane clearly shows the under nutrition of the crop as the consumption (568.81 thousand tonnes) of N, P and K is almost one third of total fertilizer requirement (1713.52 thousand tonnes) as well as the total nutrient removal (1542.61 thousand tonnes) by the crop. Hence it is advocated to use all possible sources of nutrients including manures, bio-fertilizers and crop residues. The role and need of different plant nutrients which form the basis of fertilizer scheduling are elaborated herewith.
Nitrogen: The results obtained from long term fertilizer experiments proved the importance of nitrogen management in sustaining sugarcane productivity. Productivity and quality of sugarcane crop solely depends upon the quantity and quality of millable canes, which to a www.krishijagran.com
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major extent is determined by the supply and uptake of nutrients at tillering stage. An optimum N concentration of 1.95-2.0% in plant at tillering has been estimated to be essential for maximum cane yield. Nitrogen content in index tissues has been related to the number of tillers produced and also the yield. Based upon the field fertilizer trials, the rate of nitrogen application to sugarcane varies from 120 to 200 kg/ha in sub-tropical and 250 to 400 kg/ha in tropical belt depending upon the duration of crop whether it is annual or adhsali one. During 1964 at the application of 67.3 kg N/ha, the average response to per kg additional N on cane yield was 106.2, 121.2, 105.8, 57.3, 115.4 and 81 quintals/ha in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Delhi, Bihar and parts of Haryana, respectively. Owing to intensive cropping and poor soil health management the soil fertility and productivity declined substantially and the recommendation for sub-tropics has gone to the extent of 150 kg N/ha for plant crop and 225 kg/ha for ratoon. The recent research data evince that there is need for upward revision of fertilizer recommendations particularly in north central, peninsular and coastal reAGRICULTURE
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anagement
gions as positive response up to 125% of recommended N dose were recorded at most of the AICRP on sugarcane centres during 2010-11. Application of nitrogen should be tailored in such a way that its adequate availability is ensured during tillering. In Uttar Pradesh and Bihar whole of N is recommended to be applied below cane setts in furrows at planting or within 90 days in 2-3 splits. For Punjab and Haryana half of the recommended N is placed below the cane setts at planting and remaining half is top dressed or drilled along the cane rows during April to June. In case of autumn planted cane in north India, one third dose of nitrogen is applied at planting time and remaining dose equally in March, April and May. Under rainfed conditions, application of 75 kg N/ha at planting proves to be an optimum dose. Under tropical conditions nitrogen is applied in 2 to 4 splits of different proportions to get an optimum N use efficiency. In a cropping system involving sugarcane all the crops need to be supplied with the nitrogen doses recommended for the region, however adjustment for application through crop residues and bio-fertilizer should be done to work out the nitrogen dose for a component crop.
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Phosphorus: The majority of the experiments have shown that phosphorus has no direct effect on maturity of cane rather it counteracts the adverse effect of excessive dose of nitrogen. In multi-location trials, the response to P was observed up to 60 kg P2O5/ha. Phosphorus is recommended at 50-80, 30-90, 120180 and 60-100 kg P2O5/ha in northern, southern, western and eastern part of the country, respectively for basal application. It is best advised to apply P based on its soil test basis as sugarcane is able to utilize 10-20% of the applied P. Length, girth, population and yield of millable canes are known to be influenced by P application and the response becomes more pronounced at higher levels of nitrogen. The relative efficiency of phosphatic fertilizers has been found to be in order of DAP> SSP> MRP. Dicalcium phosphate as a P carrier has a special advantage over super phosphate due to its higher P content, absence of free acidity and availability for a relatively longer period in soil which show high P fixation. Best method of P application in sugarcane fields is to apply at half way down the ridge in light to medium deep soils. The phosphate content in juice is helpful for eliminating its colloids during processing and 300 ppm P2O5 concentration in juice is rated as a critical limit for better crystallization and colour of finished product ‘sugar’. In sugarcane based cropping systems various agents to raise phosphorus solubility like PSB and VAM should be relied on and P application rates in ratoon as well as other succeeding crops can be effectively reduced.
Potassium: Potassium is fundamental to sugarcane for the synthesis and translocation of proteins as well as carbohydrates and plays a role for sucrose accumulation in AGRICULTURE
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Managing nutrients in sugarcane based cropping systems largely depends on nutrient supply strategy adopted in sugarcane plant and ratoon crops
plants. Indian soils being rich in potassium, its response is inconsistent from state to state and therefore soil test is necessary. The role of K in plant- water relations is well recognized and its top dressing at late stage is advocated to minimize the adverse effect of severe soil-moisture stress during drought. The experimental results showed that sugarcane crop responded significantly to K application up to 120 kg/ha in terms of cane yield and sucrose per cent. Potassium is recommended at 40-90, 75-190, 120-150 and 60-120 kg K2O/ ha in northern, southern, western and eastern parts of the country. Sulphate ion accompanying K is preferable to chloride ion in view of its better effect on tillering ratio, primary index, and cane yield and sugar accumulation. Application of K at planting is as good as applied in splits. High potassium concentration in plant helps in maintaining higher cell moisture for longer period even under drought conditions which ensures higher juice extraction. However, very high level of potassium in juice adversely affects the crystallization of sugar and leads to higher sugar loss in molasses.
Secondary and micro-nutrients: Among the secondary nutrients, the role of Ca and S has been found crucial in sugarcane based cropping systems
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involving pulses and oilseeds, respectively. Due to calcium deficiency, the rind becomes soft which has adverse effect on juice quality. Sulphur is directly connected with N utilization possibly by increasing nitrate reductase activity and in marginally deficient soils, application of 30 kg S /ha has shown good response in sugarcane. Of the different sulphur sources ammonium sulfate proved the best followed by iron pyrite and elemental sulphur. Under field conditions deficiency symptoms of Mn in sugarcane exhibiting chlorosis has been reported from central Uttar Pradesh. With passage of time the deficiencies of more and more micronutrients viz., Zn, Fe and Cu have been observed. Foliar application of micronutrients has been found effective in increasing cane yield in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. In Bihar, application of Zn, Mn and Fe each @ 25 kg/ha and Borax @ 5 kg/ha in combination with FYM in calcareous soils improves the cane yield.
Organics to sustain high sugarcane yield: The use of organics in association with chemical fertilizers has proved superior over its individual component. Moreover, organic sources increase the nutrient use efficiency and bring about economy in fertilizer use. The fertilizer www.krishijagran.com
and manurial schedules in the system help in correcting the emerging deficiencies of nutrients other than, N, P and K particularly the micro-nutrients. Addition of bulky organic manures improves the physical properties of the soil and creates ideal rhizospheric environment. For sugarcane growing soils presence of 0.65% soil organic carbon has been found to ensure remunerative response from the added inputs in the sub-tropical zone. This provides congenial soil-water relations for better nutrient release and availability. Besides supplying major plant nutrients, the organic manures play a key role in meeting the requirement of micronutrients. Application of FYM and/or green manure in sugarcane established its beneficial effect in improving the production efficiency of fertilizer N and more so at its optimal level. At ICAR-IISR, Lucknow, the in situ incorporation of intercropped dual purpose cowpea in spring planted sugarcane after picking the green vegetable pods added 70.61 kg N/ha followed by Sesbania green manuring (45.90 kg N/ha). In winter initiated ratoon inter-cropped berseem after cutting for fodder left the highest amount of available nitrogen in soil (249.33 kg/ha in 0-15 cm and 240.50 kg/ha in 15-30 cm soil layer). At the harvest of sugarcane, the bulk density of soil under sugarcane
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ratoon + berseem/ shaftal/ menthi was lower (1.28 g/cm3) as compared to that under sugarcane ratoon sole (1.38 g/ cm3). Infiltration rate was more (5.5 mm/hours) in plots under sugarcane ratoon + shaftal due to addition of huge root biomass in top layer of soil. Crop residues are renewable and readily available but are scattered organic resources. Intensive sugarcane based production system besides adding huge quantities of biomass (13.32 million tonnes stubble, 37.59 million tonnes root and 35.52 million tonnes trash/ year) of sugarcane per se, has the enormous potential residue from cereals, pulses and oilseeds crops grown in succession and/or association. Since nutrients absorbed by cane plants from soil do not form the constituents of its marketable commercial product ‘sugar’, there is good opportunity of organic recycling in this crop. The recycling of roots/ trash directly in the soil through vermi-culture, green tops/ molasses through ruminants in the form of cattle dung/urine, press-mud from juice as soil amendments/sulphur source and spent wash from distilleries as irrigation resource after dilution can return multi-nutrients to soil from sugarcane crop itself.
anagement
250 kg/ha in Gujarat and 337 kg/ha in Tamil Nadu. Application of nitrogen in two splits, half at the harvest of plant crop and the remaining half after one month is recommended. At IISR, supply of nutrients through bio-manures viz., vermi-compost 10 t/ ha, sulphitation press mud cake 10 t/ ha either alone or along with Acetobacter inoculation yielded at par (78.1 t/ ha) with that obtained under recommended supply of NPK through chemical fertilizers (76.3 t/ha) under multiple ratooning. The practice also leads to improvement in soil organic carbon, bulk density and infiltration rate. Organic farming package for sugarcane production system comprising nutrient management through FYM + SPMC (10 t/ha each) or FYM 20 t/ha + Acetobacter inoculation; pest/ weed management through mechanical removal and bio-control agents yielded 68.3 tonnes cane /ha for spring initiated sugarcane ratoon. The yield level was comparable
Nutrient management in sugarcane ratoon Shallow root system, immobilisation of nitrogen by micro-organisms owing to decaying old root mass and sprouting flux of stubble buds put heavy demand of fertilizer nutrients in ratoon. However, suberized ratoon roots have lesser capacity to absorb nutrients from soil than the plant crop. It has been conclusively proved that ratoon requires 25% more nitrogen over its counterpart plant cane. The recommended optimum dose of nitrogen for ratoon crop is 187.5 to 200 kg/ha in U.P., 150 kg/ha in Punjab, AGRICULTURE
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to that obtained with supply of nutrients through fertilizers and use of other agro-chemicals. Deep placement of NPK in first ratoon @ 200, 60 and 80 kg/ha along with Gluconacetobacter (12.5 kg/ ha), Trichoderma (15 kg/ha) and Vermi-compost (3 t/ha) produced maximum number of millable cane (93,200 / ha) and cane yield (76.5 t/ha)
Intercropping with sugarcane: Sugarcane in autumn (October/ November) is planted at wider spacing of 90 cm or more, the bud sprouting is late and initial growth rate of crop is slow. Autumn planted sugarcane provides 15-20 per cent higher cane yield and 0.5 units more sugar recovery than spring planted cane but the area remains limited. However, companion cropping of winter pulses may promote autumn planting of sugarcane on account of higher returns and better resource use efficiency. Intercropping of sugarcane + potato produces higher yield of component crops over potato - cane system by applying full dose of nutrients recommended for both the crops. Intercropping of two rows French bean (PDR-14) shows distinct positive effect on sugarcane growth similar to potato in terms of shoot count at grand growth stage. Autumn sugarcane intercropped with two rows of lentil (DPL 15) receiving 150 kg N/ha in combination with Azospirillum produced highest sugarcane equivalent yield which was however, comparable to sub-optimal dose of 112.5 kg N/ha. These observations indicate that intercropping sugarcane with two rows of lentil could effect a saving of 37.5 kg N/ha. The compatibility of pulses as intercrop in sugarcane for enhancing system productivity has also been documented. It is estimated that about one million hectare additional area can
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Organic sources increase the nutrient use efficiency and bring about economy in fertilizer use
be brought under pulses by intercropping green gram and blackgram in spring planted sugarcane especially in UP, North Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. Among dual purpose legumes, the highest net monetary return works out for sugarcane + green gram system followed by sugarcane + cowpea (for green pods). After picking green pods for vegetable and/ or mature pods for grains, the legume plants with longer leaf area duration are incorporated in the soil between the inter-row spaces of sugarcane as green manure. These systems effect nitrogen economy in sugarcane to the extent of 35-40 kg/ha besides producing bonus yield of pulses. Managing nutrients in sugarcane based cropping systems largely depends on nutrient supply strategy adopted in sugarcane plant and ratoon crops. Sugarcane cultivation being responsive to bio-manures and residue recycling, leads to improvement in soil health and productivity that culminates into overall enhancement of the cropping system productivity. However, all the component crops in sequential or inter cropping systems with sugarcane are recommended to be supplied with full dose of primary nutrients with adjustments in application schedule. Systems involving oilseed crops should receive additional dose of sulphur to ensure high yield and maintenance of soil fertility. Legumes, grown in rotation or as intercrops effectively save nitrogen and need to be promoted.
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Vietnam suspended import of 5 agricultural products from India
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ietnam government suspended import of five agricultural products from India after several consignments were found to be contaminated with peanut beetle.Agriculture minister Nguyen Xuan Cuong signed an order on March 1 to stop the import of peanuts, cassia seed, cocoa beans, haricot beans and tamarind from India.The agriculture ministry’s Plant Protection Department (PPD) decided to impose strict controls on all shipments of these five products that have entered Vietnam to prevent the
spread of contamination by peanut beetle (Caryedon serratus Olivier). Since last year, phytosanitary units of the PPD found more than 3,000 tonnes of peanuts and 24 tonnes of tamarind from India that contained live beetles. Between April 2015 and January 2016, Vietnam had suspended imports of peanuts from India because of a similar infection. Vietnam is one the largest importers of Indian peanuts and the earlier ban was one of the reasons for a 32% fall in exports in 2015-16. The previous ban was lifted after a Vietnamese delegation visited India in December 2015 and was satisfied after inspecting fumigation facilities, export procedures and the export certification system for peanuts.
GOI issued guidelines for engagement of retired staff
D
epartment of Agriculture, Government of India has issued guidelines for engagement of retired Govt. officers as consultant in Department of Agriculture,Cooperation and Farmer’s Welfare. Monthly remuneration to the consultant will be equal to the level he/she is being engaged at. He/she is eligible for the adAGRICULTURE
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missible TA/DA and 8 days leave in a calendar year . Age limit is fixed as 65 years and beyond that could be with the approval of Secretary keeping in view of health and expertise. More details are available in the website :http://agriculture.gov.in/
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oisture sensors are the innovative technology that going to limit the consumption of water on need base. Sensors planted throughout plantation can keep track of what is going on in the soil. They send their results to a computer in the cloud to be crunched. The results are passed back to the farm’s irrigation system—a grid of drip tapes or hoses with holes punched in them and are filled by pumps.The system resembles the hydroponics used to grow vegetables in greenhouses. Every halfhour a carefully calibrated pulse of water based on the cloud’s calculations, and mixed with an appropriate dose of fertiliser if scheduled, is pushed through the tapes, delivering a precise sprinkling to each tree. The pulses alternate between one side of the tree trunk and the other, which encourages water uptake. This technique reduces use of water by 20%,that saves both money and water.This method of precision agriculture is known as “smart farming”. It is beneficial not only to fruit and nut farmers but to row crops like maize and soyabeans .Sowing, watering, fertilising and harvesting are all computer-controlled. Even the soil they grow in is monitored to within an inch of its life. Farms, then, are becoming more like factories, tightly controlled operations for turning out reliable products, immune as far as possible from the vagaries of nature. Thanks to better understanding of DNA, the plants and animals raised on a farm are also tightly controlled. Precise genetic manipulation, known as “genome editing”, makes it possible to change a crop or stock animal’s genome down to the level of a single genetic “letter”. This technology, it is hoped, will be more acceptable to consumers than the shifting of whole genes between species that underpinned
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APRIL 2017
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early genetic engineering, because it simply imitates the process of mutation on which crop breeding has always depended, but in a far more controllable way. Understanding a crop’s DNA sequence also means that breeding itself can be made more precise. You do not need to grow a plant to maturity to find out whether it will have the characteristics you want. A quick look at its genome beforehand will tell you. Such technological changes, in hardware, software and “liveware”, are reaching beyond field, orchard and byre. Fish farming will also get a boost from them. And indoor horticulture, already the most controlled and precise type of agriculture, is about to become yet more so. In the short run, these improvements will boost farmers’ profits, by cutting costs and increasing yields, and should also benefit consumers in the form of lower prices. In the longer run, though, they may help provide the answer to an increasingly urgent question, how can the world be fed in future without putting irreparable strain on the Earth’s soils and oceans? Between now and 2050 the planet’s population is likely to rise to 9.7 billion, from 7.3 billion now. Those people will not only need to eat, they will want to eat better than people do now, because by then most are likely to have middling incomes and many will be well off.
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AGRICULTURE
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AGRICULTURE
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APRIL 2017
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www.krishijagran.com
APRIL 2017
AGRICULTURE
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AGRICULTURE
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APRIL 2017
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