Kritiki, issue 5

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ISSN: 1790-4056

π√À¡π√™ 2007

∆∂ÀÃ√™ 5 ¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞

Kƒπ∆π∫∏/ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË & ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ∂Í·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ∂ÍÒÊ˘ÏÏÔ: ¡ÙȤÁÎÔ ƒÈ‚¤Ú·, ∆Ô›Ô Ì ˙··Ù›ÛÙ·. √ ·ÓÙ¿ÚÙ˘, 1915. ∂ΉfiÙ˘: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜ ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹: ISOGRAPH B›ÎÙˆÚÔ˜ √˘ÁÎfi 32 ¶Ï. µ¿ı˘ ÙËÏ.: 5247309 ∆ÈÌ‹ Ù‡¯Ô˘˜: 10

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™˘Ó‰ÚÔ̤˜: π‰ÈÒÙ˜: 20 € π‰Ú‡Ì·Ù·/ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›: 30 ∞ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌÒÓ: ∫·ÁÈ·Ï‹˜ ¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙ˘ ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜ ™·ÚÚ‹ 14 10553 ∞ı‹Ó· ÙËÏ./Ê·Í: 210 3250058 e-mail: info@nissos.gr URL: www.nissos.gr

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ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË, ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡ AÓ·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ Aã Î·È Ù˘ °ã ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡: oÈ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘, ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË ¶Ò˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο: ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Î·È ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞

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µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ πÓÙ˙›‰Ë˜ EÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô: Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙË ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂÚ› «Î·ÏÒÓ» Î·È «Î·ÎÒÓ» Ó¤ˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ

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ª·Ú›· ∆ÂÚ‰‹ÌÔ˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›· versus ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜. ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÂÏÏËÓÈο Î·È ‰˘ÙÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο: ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ‹ ‰È·ÛÙ·˘ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·;

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°ÂˆÚÁ›· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË ∏ Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ªÓ‹ÌË µ·ÁÁ¤ÏË °È·ÓÓ·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ∫›ÌÂÓÔ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘: Joel Kovel Î·È Michael Lowy ŒÓ· ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ

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∂Í·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ™À¡∆∞∫∆π∫∏ ∂¶π∆ƒ√¶∏ ∫. ∞ı·Ó·Û›Ô˘ (∞¶£), º. ∞ÛËÌ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (∂∫¶∞), °. µÏ·¯¿Î˘ (∂π∂), ∫. ∑ÔÚÌ·Ï¿ (¶·Ó. ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘), ∞. ∫·ÛÛ¤Ù·˜ (µ/ıÌÈ· ∂Î.), °. ∫·ÙÛÈ·ÌÔ‡Ú· (πª∂), ∂. ∫ÔϤ˙· (¶·Ó. πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ), ∞. ∫Ô˘ÙÛÔ‡Ú˘ (°ÂˆÔÓÈÎfi ¶·Ó.), §. §¿Îη (™¯. ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜), Ã. §ÂÌÔÓ›‰Ë˜ (¶·Ó. ¢˘Ù. ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜), ∂. ¡ÈÎÔÏ·˝‰Ë˜ (∂π∂), ∑. ª·ÌϤÎÔ˘ (∞¶£), ∂. ªfiηÚ˘ (¶·Ó. πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ), ¶. ¶·ÓÙ·˙‹˜ (∞¶£), °. ¶··‰¿ÙÔ˜ (∂∫¶∞), ∂. ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘ (¶·Ó. πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ), °. ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË (¶¿ÓÙÂÈÔÓ ¶·Ó.), ¶. ¶ÔÏ›Ù˘ (¶·Ó. £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜), ª. ƒÂÓÙÂÙ˙‹ (∂ª¶), ∫. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘ (∂∫¶∞), Ã. ™Ù·ıÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (¶·Ó. ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘), µ. ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜ (∂∫¶∞), °. ºÔ˘ÚÙÔ‡Ó˘ (∞¶£), ∫. ÷ÏÎÈ¿ (∂∫¶∞), ¢. ÷ۿ˘ (∞¶£), ∞. ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË (¶·Ó. £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜) °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ŒÎ‰ÔÛ˘: ∂. ∫ÔϤ˙·, ∂. ¡ÈÎÔÏ·˝‰Ë˜, ∫. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘, ¢. ÷ۿ˘

Journal of Radical Approaches to Science and Education

Published twice a year

EDITORIAL BOARD K. Athanassiou (Univ. of Thessaloniki), f. Assimacopoulou (Univ. of Athens), Z. Bablekou (Univ. of Thessaloniki), E. Bokaris (Univ. of Ioannina), D. Chassapis (Univ. of Thessaloniki), A. Chronaki (Univ. of Thessaly), G. Fourtounis (Univ. of Thessaloniki), K. Halkia (Univ. of Athens), A. Kassetas (Secondary educ.), Y. Katsiampoura (FHW), E. Koleza (Univ. of Ioannina), A. Koutsouris (Agricultural Univ.), L. Lakka (Educ.

Councellor), Ch. Lemonidis (Univ. of W. Macedonia), E. Nikolaïdis (NHRF), P. Pantazis (Univ. of Thessaloniki), W. Papadatos (Univ. of Athens), E. Papadimitriou (Univ. of Ioannina), G. Petraki (Panteion Univ.), P. Politis (Univ. of Thessaly), M. Rentetzi (NTUA), C. Skordoulis (Univ. of Athens), Ch. Stathopoulou (Univ. of Aegean), V. Tselfes (Univ. of Athens), G.N. Vlahakis (NHRF), K. Zormbala (Univ. of Aegean) Secretariat: D. Chassapis, E. Koleza, E. Nicolaïdis, C. Skordoulis The journal is Abstracted in the HUMAN SCIENCES CITATION INDEX (Level III)

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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 5/07, 3-23

AÓ·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ Aã Î·È Ù˘ °ã ¢ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡: ÔÈ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∏ÏÈΛ·, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶·ÙÚÒÓ

∂π™∞°ø°∏ ∏ ηٿÎÙËÛË ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, fiˆ˜ Ë ÁÂӛ΢ÛË Î·È Ë Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ë Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ·ÔÙÂÏo‡Ó ‡ÏÔÁ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂˆÓ ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÔÈ ÂÈÛً̘ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ «Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘» ˆ˜ ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ Ù˘ Ù˘È΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ó·‰Â›¯ÙËΠ̠ÂÓ¿ÚÁÂÈ· ·fi ÙÔÓ Vygotsky (1962, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ, ‚Ï. Wertch 1984, Wells 1999). ∆· ‚·ÛÈο ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈο Ô˘ ÂÁ›ÚÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ «·ÓÒÙÂÚˆÓ ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ» –fiˆ˜ ÙȘ ·ÔηÏ› Ô Vygotsky– ‹ ÙˆÓ «È‰È·›ÙÂÚˆÓ ÛËÌÂȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚‹Ûˆӻ –fiˆ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿ Ó· ÙȘ oÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ∏asan (2005)– ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ Ì ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ù˘ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÛËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ™˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ °ÏˆÛÛÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (™§°) ÙÔ˘ M.A.K. Halliday, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÎÎÈÓ› ·fi ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ fiÙÈ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È fiÚÔ˜ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ (·Ó·)Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÂÓ‰.

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ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

Halliday 1999, Halliday & Matthiessen 1999), ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·›ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÛËÌÂȈÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚‹ÛÂˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë ÁÂӛ΢ÛË, Ë ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË, Ë Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ™§°, Ë ÁÂӛ΢ÛË Î·È Ë Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜-ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔÎÙÒÓÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Û ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ì ٷ ÂÓ‹ÏÈη ¿ÙÔÌ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ̤۷ Û ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó ÁψÛÛÈο Î·È ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· (ÂÓ‰. Painter 1999). ™Â Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Bernstein (.¯. 1990), Ë ™§° ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·Û˘ Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ·fi ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ÌË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜, Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘, ÁÂÓ›Î¢Û˘, ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™˘ÁÎÚÔÙËÛÈ·Îfi ÚfiÏÔ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÁψÛÛÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ (‚Ï. ÂÓ‰. Eggins 1994, Halliday 1999, 2000, 2004, Halliday & Martin 2004, Hasan & Cloran 1990, Painter 1999). ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÏÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Û·Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ‰Ú¿ÛÙ˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ¶.¯.: Ë Î·Ùۛη ÁÂÓÓ¿ÂÈ Î·ÙÛÈοÎÈ·, Ô ·¤Ú·˜ ¤ÚÈÍ ÙÔ ‰¤ÓÙÚÔ, ÙÔ ‰¤ÓÙÚÔ ¤ÂÛÂ, ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏÔ˘ÏÔ‡‰È Â›Ó·È Ì·ÚÁ·Ú›Ù·, ÙÔ Ô˘Ï› ÎÂϷˉ¿ÂÈ Î.Ô.Î. ∏ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ fï˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ‰ÂÓ Â·ÚΛ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΢ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ∏ ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ì ÁψÛÛÈÎfi ÓfiËÌ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎfi. °È· Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù¿ Ì·˜, Ë ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ··ÈÙ› ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· ÈÔ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Î·È ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈο, ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ӷ Û ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ. ¶.x.: Ù· ÌÈÎÚ¿ Ù˘ ηÙۛη˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ηÙÛÈοÎÈ·, Ë Î·Ùۛη (Ô˘ Ù· ıËÏ¿˙ÂÈ) ϤÁÂÙ·È ıËÏ·ÛÙÈÎfi, (fiÏ·) Ù· ˙Ò· Ô˘ ıËÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ï¤ÁÔÓÙ·È/Â›Ó·È ıËÏ·ÛÙÈο, Ë Ì·ÚÁ·Ú›Ù·, Ë ··ÚÔ‡Ó·, ÙÔ ¯·ÌÔÌ‹ÏÈ Â›Ó·È ÏÔ˘ÏÔ‡‰È·, ÂÓÒ Ô Ï¿Ù·ÓÔ˜, ÙÔ ‡ÎÔ, ÙÔ Î˘·Ú›ÛÛÈ Â›Ó·È ‰¤ÓÙÚ·, fiÏ· Ù· Ô˘ÏÈ¿ ÎÂÏ·Ë‰Ô‡Ó Î·È, ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ›Ûˆ˜, ÙÔ ÎÂϿˉÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Ô˘ÏÈÒÓ, Ë ÙÒÛË ÙˆÓ ‰¤ÓÙÚˆÓ Î.Ô.Î. ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Â·Ó·-ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. √ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ÛÙ· ¿ÌÂÛ· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ªÂ Ï›Á·

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

5

ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂÌÂÈÚ›· «Í·Ó··ÎÂÙ¿ÚÂÙ·È», ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Û Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È ÛÙȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ (‚Ï. ÂÓ‰. Halliday 1999).1 ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÛËÌÂȈÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· (Ï·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜/contextualised) Û ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜/decontextualised) (Cloran 1994), oÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÛËÌÂȈÙÈÎfi Û˘Ó¯¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ÓÔËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ. ∆Ô Û˘Ó¯¤˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ Ï·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜ ¤ˆ˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁfi ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó¯¤˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ӷ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ (ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜) Î·È Ù˘ ÌË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ (ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜) ÁÓÒÛ˘ (Painter 1999). ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Û ·È‰È¿ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ Û ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÂÓ‹ÏÈη ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋, ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ï·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ӷ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. ∞˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Ù· ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÛÙȘ ·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·Áη›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ªÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ, Ôχ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο, Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠ÛÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ –¿Ù˘˘ Î·È Ù˘È΋˜– ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËÛȷο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÛÙË ÌË ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÛË. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËı› Ë ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·ÍË (·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË) Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ (Christie 1999), Ë ·Ó·Áη›· ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË (Painter 1999), Ë ·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤ÓË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (Cloran 1994), Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÓÔËÌ·ÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· (Hasan & Cloran 1990), Ë ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Î·È Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ1°È· ÙȘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜/ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ, ‚Ï. .¯. ∏alliday & Matthiessen 1999, Halliday & Martin 2004, ªartin & Veel 1998.

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ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

ÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ÂÓ‰. Halliday & Martin 2004). (°È· ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÍÂÓfiÁψÛÛˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ, ‚Ï. AÚ¯¿Î˘ & KÔÓ‰‡ÏË 2004.) ∞fi ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Û ۯÔÏÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁ›Ԣ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤Ó˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ (KÔÓ‰‡ÏË & AÚ¯¿Î˘ 2003), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁÔ‡˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Û ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË «ÌË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ (KÔÓ‰‡ÏË & ¢Ô‡Î· 2005). ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ¿ÚıÚÔ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÌfiÏȘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌ›‰· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·Î·Ù¿Ù·Í˘ Î·È Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ηٿÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Â›Ó·È Î·›ÚÈÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·/ÁÓÒÛË ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ∫·Ù’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ı· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì Ì ÔȘ ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÔÈ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ò˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ô˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ ·È‰›. ∂ÈϤͷÌ ӷ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË «ªÂϤÙË ¶ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜» Ù˘ ∞ã Î·È Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘ ÁÈ· ÙÚÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜: ·) ∏ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ÔÚ·Ù¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌ›‰·. ‚) T· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ·’ fi,ÙÈ ¿ÏÏ· Û¯ÔÏÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Û‡Ìʈӷ ¿ÓÙ· Ì ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ì·˜ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ (ÂÓ‰. Christie 1999, Halliday 1998, Veel 1998). ∂ÓÒ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi ÁÓÒÚÈÛÌ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ-·ÓıÚˆÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË (abstraction), Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· (technicality) (Wignell 1998). OÈ ÔÈΛϘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

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ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (.¯., Painter 1999, Lipson 2005). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Á) ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ù· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÈÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ fi„ÂˆÓ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ –ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈ΋– Û ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ. ∆√ ª√¡∆∂§√ ∞¡∞§À™∏™ ∆ø¡ ¢∂¢√ª∂¡ø¡ ∆Ô ÛÒÌ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó Ù· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›·, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚË Û˘ÁÎÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· (.¯., ∞ã Ù¿ÍË: «∆· Ê˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ͤÚÔ˘Ì» - °ã Ù¿ÍË: «ª·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ٷ Ê˘Ù¿», ∞ã Ù¿ÍË: «∂ÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜ Ì·˜ » - °ã: «√ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ϥ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜»). AÎfiÌË ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ ÚËÙ‹ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË (.¯. ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï›‰·), ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘.

TÔ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ›ˆÛË, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ÙÔ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÁψÛÛÈο ˘ÎÓfi ·’ fi,ÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ Ù˘ °ã. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘ ·Ó·Ï‡ıËΠÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ 546 ·ÏÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· Ù˘ °ã ·Ó·Ï‡ıËÎ·Ó 1.175 ·Ϥ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ.2 ∆Ô Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯˆÓ ÂÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘ ·Ó·Ï‡ıËΠˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·Û˘, Î·È ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ (·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÙfiÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·Û˘) (ª·ÓÈÔ‡ 2006).

E‰Ò ı· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (transitivity), ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÈ·˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ë ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ (field), Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋/ȉÂ-

2 °È· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ›ˆÛ˘ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÈο ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·, ‚Ï. Lemke 1998, ÷ÏÎÈ¿ Î·È £ÂÔ‰ˆÚ›‰Ë˜ 2002.

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ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

ÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÔ‡ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.3 ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ °È· ÙË ™§° ¤Ó· ÁψÛÛÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ (ΛÌÂÓÔ) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù› ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ, Û ÔÈÔÓ ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È, fiÙÂ, Ô‡ Î·È Ò˜. TÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î¿ı ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋˜ ÂÚ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘, ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘. ∆Ô ‰›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜. √ ÙfiÓÔ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙÒÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜. √ ÙÚfiÔ˜, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ·, Ë ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏ›.

OÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·: ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ‹ ȉÂÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ (ideational), ÙË ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ (interpersonal) Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ (textual). ŒÙÛÈ, ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ ·) ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘, ‚) ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÈ Û ÔÌfi Î·È ‰¤ÎÙË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜, Á) ‰ÔÌ› ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. √È ÌÂÙ·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ: Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (transitivity), Ë ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ (mood) Î·È Ë ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜/Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (theme/rheme) Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘/Ó¤Ô˘ (given/new). ª¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â·ÓÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. √È ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÂÎ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˆ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÓÙÈÓ‹˜ ‹ Ì·ÎÚÈÓ‹˜, ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ‹ ¤ÌÌÂÛ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ì·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-

3 ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ‡ÎÔÏÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ·. °È· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ·, fiˆ˜ Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ (probe questions) (Eggins 1994), Ô˘ ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο.

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

9

Ù·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ÈÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ú‹Ì· ˆ˜ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙ÂÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜: ¶˘ÚËÓÈÎfi ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ï‹ ÚfiÙ·ÛË (clause). ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· (process) ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ (Ô °È¿ÓÓ˘ Á‡ÚÈÛÂ/ÛÙÂÓÔ¯ˆÚ‹ıËΠ¯ı˜), Ù· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÈο Û‡ÓÔÏ· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ (Ô °È¿ÓÓ˘ Á‡ÚÈÛ ¯ı˜), ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÚÔıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÂÈÚÚËÌ·ÙÈο Û‡ÓÔÏ· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Ô °È¿ÓÓ˘ Á‡ÚÈÛ ¯ı˜). √È ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ì ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi: ·) ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· Û’ ·˘ÙfiÓ – ÙÔ Ú‹Ì·/ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘. ‚) ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· – ÙÔ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. Á) ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· - ÔÈ ÚÔıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÂÈÚÚËÌ·ÙÈο Û‡ÓÔÏ·. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ÔÈ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó Û ¤ÍÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰Ë ÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌԇ̠ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÒÓ Û ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Ù‡ˆÓ. ∆· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ: ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË ÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Û ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÓfiËÌ· ÛÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∆· ÙÚ›· ‚·ÛÈο ›‰Ë ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ (material), ÔÈ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ (mental) Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ (relational). ∂ÈϤÔÓ ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÔÚȷΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎÒÓ (behavioural) –ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ–, ÙˆÓ ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ (verbal) –ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ–, Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘·ÚÎÙÈÎÒÓ (existential) –ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ (Halliday 2004, Martin Î.¿. 1997). √È ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ˆÓ Â›Ó·È o ‰Ú¿ÛÙ˘, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ‹ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, Î·È Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜

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ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

ÛÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ¤˜ Ì ÙȘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë Î›ÓËÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ·ÊËÚË̤Ó˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜: ∂‰Ò ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ô ÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁÔÛÙ¿ÛÈÔ. º˘ÙÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ÏÈ‚¿‰È·. ™ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÔȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È; °È·Ù› „fiÊËÛ·Ó Ù· „¿ÚÈ·; ™ËÌ›ˆÛ Ì ¤Ó· ÛÙ·˘Úfi ÙÔ ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜. ∑ˆÁÚ¿ÊÈÛ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÛÔ˘. ¶ÔÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË Û‹ÎˆÛ ÙÔ Î·¿ÎÈ;

OÈ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘. ™Â οı ÓÔËÙÈ΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·Ó·Áη›· Â›Ó·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÓÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙ˘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛΤÊÙÂÙ·È, ÓÈÒıÂÈ, ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î¿ÙÈ, Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÏÏË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ· ·ÈÛı·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ˆÓ (Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ): ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜: ™Â ÔÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÍÂȘ ı· ‹ıÂϘ Ó· ›۷È; (Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜) °ÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ì·˜, ª·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ÌÂ, •¤ÚÂȘ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ê˘Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÔ˘ ÛÔ˘; (ÁÓÒÛ˘) ∂‰Ò ÙÈ ‚ϤÂÙÂ; (·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘)

√È ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ «Ï¤ÁÂÈÓ» («Ï¤ˆ», «ÚˆÙÒ», «·Ó·Ê¤Úˆ», «ÂÍËÁÒ», «‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁÒ», «‰ËÏÒÓˆ» ÎÏ.). ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô Ï¤ÁˆÓ (sayer), Ì ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ (verbiage) ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘, Î·È Ë Ú‹ÛË (locution), ÙÔ ¿ÌÂÛ· ÚÔ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi Ù˘. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜: ∞Ó¿ÊÂÚ ÎÈ ¿ÏÏ· Ê˘Ù¿. ªÔÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ·Ù› Ù· ϤÌ ¤ÙÛÈ; ¶Â˜ ·fi ÔÈ· ̤ÚË ·ÔÙÂÏ›ٷÈ. ¢ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÙ ÁÈ·Ù› ¤¯Ô˘Ì ̤ڷ Î·È Ó‡¯Ù·.

™ÙȘ ˘·ÚÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ· (˘¿Ú¯ˆÓ). ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜: Èڛ˜ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹ÏÈÔ˘ ‰Â ı· ˘‹Ú¯Â ˙ˆ‹. ¶ÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ¯ˆÚÈfi;

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

11

OÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ˆ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. MÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó›‰ËÙË ‰ÚÒÛ· ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ) Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ (Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ). ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜: ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÙ ÙȘ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜. ªÂϤÙËÛ¤ ÙÔ Ì ÚÔÛÔ¯‹.

H ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ›‰Ë Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜. ∆Ô ÍÂÙ‡ÏÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÁȈ̤ÓÔ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ. √È Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚÂȘ Ù‡Ô˘˜: ÙȘ ÂÓÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ (intensive) [ÙÔ ¯ Â›Ó·È ·], ÙȘ ÎÙËÙÈΤ˜ (possessive) [ÙÔ ¯ ¤¯ÂÈ/·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ·], ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ (circumstantial) [ÙÔ ¯ Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ · (¯ÒÚÔ˜, ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, ÙÚfiÔ˜, ·ÈÙ›·, ÛÎÔfi˜ ÎÏ.)]. ∫¿ı هÔ˜ Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÂÙ·È Û ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ «Â›Ó·È»: ·) ̤ۈ Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (identifying processes) Î·È ‚) ̤ۈ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡-ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (attributive processes). ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¤ÎÙ˘Ô, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È Ì›· ·Í›· (∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ˙ԇ̠ÙÒÚ· [¤ÎÙ˘Ô] Â›Ó·È [‰È·‰Èηۛ·] ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ [·Í›·]). ™ÙȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ‹ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ› ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ· ÊÔÚ¤· (∏ Á¿Ù· [ÊÔÚ¤·˜] ¤¯ÂÈ [‰È·‰Èηۛ·] ÛÔ˘‚ÏÂÚ¿ ‰fiÓÙÈ· Î·È Á·Ì„¿ Ó‡¯È· [¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi]). ∆˘ÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù‡ˆÓ «Â›Ó·È», «¤¯ÂÈ», ÙÔ˘ (ÌÂÙ·ÁψÛÛÈÎÔ‡) «Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È», ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù‡ˆÓ fiˆ˜ «Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ›˙ÂÈ», «ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ», «ÈÛÔ‡Ù·È», «Ì·˜ οÓÂÈ» ÎÏ. (Halliday 2004, Painter 1999). ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜: ∂ÓÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÔÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û fiÏ·; ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÎÔÚÌfi˜ Ù˘;

∂ÓÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ ∆·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÔÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Î¿ı ÂÈÎfiÓ·; ∆Ô „ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ‚Ô˘ÓÔ‡ ϤÁÂÙ·È ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹.

∫ÙËÙÈΤ˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÈ· ÒÚ· ¤¯ÂÈ 60 ÚÒÙ· ÏÂÙ¿.

∫ÙËÙÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ ∆È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÈΛ·; ∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ¤Ú·Û·Ó ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ.

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12 ¶ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ ·fi‰. ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙ. ∆Ô ÓԇʷÚÔ ˙ÂÈ ÛÙ· ÓÂÚ¿. ™Â ÔÈ· ̤ÚË ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ‚Ï·ÛÙfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ù¿Ù·˜;

ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡ ¶ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ ∏ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ÛÎÂ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Á˘. ∆Ë Ì¤Ú· ‰È·‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë Ó‡¯Ù·.

°È· Ó· ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓÈÛÙ› Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› Ë ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ (·Ó·)ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ù· ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù· ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÛË, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο Ì ˘ÏÈΤ˜, ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ¤˜ ÔÈ ÌË ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ (Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜, ·fi‰ÔÛË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ Û ÌÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·) ··ÈÙ› ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÛË̷ۛ˜, Ô˘ Ù˘Èο Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Halliday 2004, Painter 1999). ™ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÔÙÈ΋ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∏ K∞∆∞™∫∂À∏ ∆∏™ ∂ª¶∂πƒπ∞™ ™∆∞ ∂°Ã∂πƒπ¢π∞ ∞fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, Ë ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ˘fi‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ. ∂ȉÈο ÛÙËÓ ∞ã Ù¿ÍË oÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Î·È Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ Û˘Ì‚·Ù¿ Ì ÙȘ ‹‰Ë ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, Î·È Ì ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Â͈ÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜. ¶.¯., ∂›Ó·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ë ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿ Û·˜; (Ë ÁÚ·Ù‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ·).

H ÁÂÓÈ΋ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ô Ê˘ÛÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ˘ÏÈÎfi˜: ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÌÈÛ¤˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‹ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ÈÔ «˘ÏÈο» Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤Ó˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂΛӘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·-

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

13

Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ (ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ì˯·Ó¤˜, ∫ÂÊ. ∑, ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ∫ÂÊ. °, ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ∫ÂÊ. ™∆). √È Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Û ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ «Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈο» ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Ô Ê˘ÛÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ (ÁˆÁÚ·Ê›· Î·È Ê˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, ∫ÂÊ. µ, Ê˘Ù¿, ∫ÂÊ. ¢, ˙Ò·, ∫ÂÊ. ∂, ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, ∫ÂÊ. ∏), ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ·fiÂÈÚ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔًوÓ. ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1 ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÔÎÙÒ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘. ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1: √È ÚËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘ À§

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∫ÂÊ. µ

16

9

4

2

5

2

39

∫ÂÊ. °

15

3

1

1

5

2

27

∫ÂÊ. ¢

32

22

10

9

4

5

∫ÂÊ. ∂

23

13

16

6

-

4

62

∫ÂÊ. ™∆

75

14

20

13

7

4

133

∫ÂÊ. ∑

31

9

9

3

1

53

∫ÂÊ. ∏

38

21

8

7

7

9

1

91

™‡ÓÔÏÔ

255

96

75

57

32

28

2

546

™˘Ó. %

46%

17%

13,7%

10%

5,8%

5,1%

0,4%

100%

1

™À¡√§√

83

KÂÊ. ∞: ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô - ™˘ÓÔÈΛ·, ∫ÂÊ. µ: °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ê˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, ∫ÂÊ. °: ∆·Í›‰È· Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ∫ÂÊ. ¢: º˘Ù¿, ∫ÂÊ. ∂: ∑Ò·, ∫ÂÊ. ™∆: ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÎÂÊ: ∑: ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ì˯·Ó¤˜, ∫ÂÊ. ∏: ÃÚfiÓÔ˜.

Ÿˆ˜ ›·ÌÂ, Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ Ë ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ: Ô «ÎfiÛÌÔ˜» Ù˘ ∞ã Ù¿Í˘ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ÚoÙ¿ÛÂȘÛÂȘ, Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 46,7%. ∆Ș ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜, Ì ÙȘ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ (98) Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ 17,5 %, Î·È ÙȘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ (75) ÙÔ 13,7. ™˘ÓÔÏÈο ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ù˘ Aã Ù¿Í˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ 31,2% ÙÔ˘

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14:30

™ÂÏ›‰·14

14

ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ (10,4%), ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ (5,8%), ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ (5,1%), ÂÓÒ ÌfiÏȘ 2 Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ˘·ÚÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ.

T· ÚËÌ·ÙÈο ›‰Ë Ô˘ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î·ı’ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô (Christie 2004), Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∆· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÚËÌ·ÙÈο ›‰Ë ÌfiÓÔ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÚÔÛ‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÛÙÔ ˘fi Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË ˙‹ÙËÌ·. √È ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜, ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· Ù˘È΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Î·È ÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹ (Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô) Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È¿ıÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËΠ‰Ò. EȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙË Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·. ¶.¯.: TÈ ¿ÏÏÔ Í¤ÚÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì˘ÚÌ‹ÁÎÈ, ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‚ϤÂȘ..., ª¿ıÂ Î·È ·˘Ùfi...). øÛÙfiÛÔ, fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘, Ë Î·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Û ÚÒÈÌÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ: Ë Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∞ã Ù¿ÍË ‰ÂÓ ÍÂʇÁÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ÂÓÒ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ (.¯. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ì ¤Ó· fiÓÔÌ· Ù· ϤÌÂ Ê˘Ù¿. – ™Â ÙÈ ÌÔÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó; Œ¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜;). ™Ù· ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· Î·È ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2) ÔÈ ÚËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ì ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2: √È ÚËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘ À§

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¡√∏T

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§∂∫∆

˦

™À¡√§√

∫ÂÊ. ∞

42

16

44

9

16

9

9

145

∫ÂÊ. µ

91

70

39

25

23

18

3

269

∫ÂÊ. °

54

8

7

15

13

6

2

105

∫ÂÊ. ¢

19

32

43

22

16

13

145

∫ÂÊ. ∂

21

17

30

30

15

16

129

∫ÂÊ. ™∆

72

16

25

9

4

9

∫ÂÊ. ∑

87

16

19

17

7

5

1

136 151

001

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™ÂÏ›‰·15

∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

15

∫ÂÊ. ∏

30

47

2

7

7

2

95

™‡ÓÔÏÔ

416

222

209

134

101

78

15

1.175

™‡Ó. %

35%

19%

17,7%

11%

8,5%

6,6%

1,3%

100%

KÂÊ. ∞: ™˘ÓÔÈΛ·, ∫ÂÊ. µ: °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ê˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, ÎÂÊ. °: ∆·Í›‰È· Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÎÂÊ. ¢: º˘Ù¿, ÎÂÊ. ∂: ∑Ò·, ÎÂÊ. ™∆: ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÎÂÊ: ∑: ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ì˯·Ó¤˜, ÎÂÊ. ∏: ÃÚfiÓÔ˜.

Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 2, Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÔÛÔÙÈ΋ ‰È¿Ù·ÍË Ì ÂΛÓË Ù˘ ∞ã. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó, Ì ÔÛÔÛÙfi 35% Â› ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ – ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ 46,7% Ù˘ ∞ã. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÛÔÙÈο ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· (ηٿ 5,5%) Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ù˘ ∞ã, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ 36,7% ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ, Ì ÙȘ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ 19% (¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ 17,5% ÛÙËÓ ∞ã) Î·È ÙȘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ 17,7% (¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ 13,7% ÛÙËÓ ∞ã). MÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ Î·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô Û¯ÔÏÈο ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο (̤۷ ·fi ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜) Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ Ë ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ˘fi Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. √È ‰‡Ô fi„ÂȘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘: Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ Î·È Ô Ê˘ÛÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÔÛÔÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÛÙ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ‚È‚Ï›·. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈÛÌo‡ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË, ÔÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Ó Î·ıÂÌ›· ·fi ÙȘ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÙÚfiÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜: ¶·Ú¿ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË °ã, οı ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ÁψÛÛÈο ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÛÙ· ›‰È· ÚËÌ·ÙÈο ›‰Ë Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÍÂȘ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ. ™˘ÓÔÈΛ·, ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ∞ã fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË °ã Ù¿ÍË. ∆· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·

001

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14:30

16

™ÂÏ›‰·16

ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ·Ó ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ ·Ó, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ. £· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÚÔ˜ ÙË «Û¯ÔÏÂÈÔÔ›ËÛË» Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ۯËÌ·ÙÈο Ì ¤Ó· Û˘Ó¯¤˜ Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ¤ˆ˜ ÙȘ ÈÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ, ™¯‹Ì· 1). ñ ∞fi ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË… ∆· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙÈÓ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ. H ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔًوÓ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ› Û ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο Â›Ó·È Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˘ÏÈο Î·È Ù· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈο Ú·Á̷و̤ӷ: ¶Ô‡ ¿Ó ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ Û·˜; ªÂ ÙÈ ¿ÓÂ; ¶Ô‡ ¿Ù ÂÛ›˜ οı ̤ڷ; (∞ã Ù¿ÍË) ¶ÔÈÔÈ Ì·˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· Ù·Í›‰È· Ì·˜ Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜; ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÁÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ô ÙfiÔ˜ ÛÔ˘, ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙȘ ηÈÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰¿ÊÔ˘˜ ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¤ÚÁˆÓ; (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

∫ÂÊ. ™∆: ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ – ÂÚÁ·Û›· ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Ù· ·Á·ı¿ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÓfiËÌ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ. √È Ï›Á˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÎÙËÙÈο ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÚ› ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ‚È‚Ï›·. ∏ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘. – ∆È Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ Ù˘; (∞ã Ù¿ÍË) ∫·È οÙÈ ·ÎfiÌË Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi: ∏ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡, ÁÈ· Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÚÔÊ‹, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÓÔÈÎÔ΢ÚÈfi. ∆È ¤ÚÁ· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· οÓÂÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÁÈ· „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·;∆Ô ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ò˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Á›· ÙÔ˘˜; (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

17

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ∑: ∂ÚÁ·Ï›· – Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ∂‰Ò Ù· ·È‰È¿ ‰Â ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ Ì ٷ ¯¤ÚÈ·. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· fiÚÁ·Ó· (ÂÚÁ·Ï›·). – ¶ÔÈ· ‚ϤÂÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ·; ¶ÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ͤÚÂÙÂ; (∞ã Ù¿ÍË) ∆Ô Ï˘ÓÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‰Ô˘Ï‡ÂÈ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎfi Ú‡̷. ªÂ ÙÈ ‰Ô˘Ï‡ÂÈ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ¤ÓÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiϸ; •¤ÚÂȘ ¿ÏϘ Ù¤ÙÔȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜; ¶ÔȘ; ¶Ô‡ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙÈ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È; (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ڿ͈Ó. √È ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ηı·Ú¿ ˘ÏÈÎfi-Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ù˘ °ã Ù¿Í˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È, ÛÔÚ·‰Èο ¤ÛÙˆ, ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› Î·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ .¯.: ∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÁÈ· Ó· οÓÔ˘Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜, Ù· ϤÌ ·Ϥ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜. (°’ Ù¿ÍË)

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ A: ™˘ÓÔÈΛ· ¶ÔÈ· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÈΛ· (ÛÙÔ ¯ˆÚÈfi) Ì·˜; - ∆È ¿ÏÏÔ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ; (∞ã Ù¿ÍË) ∆È Î¿ÓÂÈ ÙÒÚ· ÙÔ ·È‰›; ™Â ÔȘ ·’ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ·È¯Ó›‰È; ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ˙ˆ‹ Û’ ·˘Ù¿ Î·È ÛÙË ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ¯ˆÚÈÔ‡; Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·; (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

∫·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ‚È‚Ï›· Ë Û˘ÓÔÈΛ· ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ˘ÏÈο, Ì ÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ. ∫ÙËÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ Î·È fi¯È Û ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ªÂ ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÚfiÔ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ Ë Û˘ÓÔÈΛ· Î·È ·fi Ù· ‰‡Ô ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·, ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ – Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ÛÙË °ã Ù¿ÍË. ñ …ÛÙÔÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ µ: °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ› ÙfiÔÈ – º˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ∞˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ÙfiÔÈ ÌÔÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜; ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰ÈÎfi˜ Ì·˜ ÙfiÔ˜; (∞ã Ù¿ÍË)

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18

ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

∆Ô „ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ‚Ô˘ÓÔ‡ ϤÁÂÙ·È ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ‚Ô˘Ó¿ ÛÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÔÚÔÛÂÈÚ¿. ªÈ· ÛÙÂÓ‹ ‰ȿ‰· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ‚Ô˘Ó¿ Ô˘ ‰È·Û¯›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÙ¿ÌÈ Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÏ¿‰·. ªÈ· ÛÙÂÓ‹ ÏÔ˘Ú›‰· ÍËÚ¿˜ Ô˘ Ì·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÍËÚ¿ ϤÁÂÙ·È ÎfiÏÔ˜. ∫È Â‰Ò ÙÔ ÓÂÚfi ˙ÂÛÙ·›ÓÂÙ·È ÎÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ˘‰Ú·ÙÌÔ‡˜. (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

°È· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ô/Ë Ì·ıËÙ‹˜/-ÙÚÈ· ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Óı‹ÎË Ù˘ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ˘ÏÈΤ˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Î·ÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÂˆÊ˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ ̤ۈ ÌÂÙ·ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ («Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È») ÚÔˆıÒÓÙ·˜ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜. ∞˜ ÛËÌÂȈı› ÂÈϤÔÓ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ °ã Ù¿ÍË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ϤÔÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛˆÓ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∞ã Ù¿ÍË. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÔ «Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ-ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο» ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÒÌÂÓË fi„Ë Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ô˘ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ¢ Î·È ∂ : º˘Ù¿ (∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi) Î·È ∑Ò· (∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi) - ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È …ÏÔ˘ÏÔ‡‰È·. √ÓfiÌ·Û¤ Ù·. - ¶ÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ͤÚÂȘ; ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ì ¤Ó· fiÓÔÌ· Ù· ϤÌÂ…˙Ò·. ∂›Ó·È ›‰È·; ™Â ÙÈ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó; (∞ã Ù¿ÍË) ∏ ‚ÂÏ·Óȉȿ Â›Ó·È ‰¤ÓÙÚÔ: ¶·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ˜:∞fi Ô‡ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ë ‰È·ÎÏ¿‰ˆÛË; ¶fiÛÔ „ËÏfi ‰¤ÓÙÚÔ Â›Ó·È; ¶·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ ÙÔ ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi ÙÔ˘ ÊȉÈÔ‡. ∞fi ÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ›ٷÈ; ¶ÂÚ›ÁÚ·„ ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ ÙÔ˘ ÊȉÈÔ‡. ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÛÙfiÌ· ÙÔ˘; ªÂ ÙÈ ÛÎÂ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘; ∆Ô Ê›‰È ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ fi‰È·. - ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› fï˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓ›ٷÈ;- ¶Ò˜ ϤÁÔÓÙ·È Ù· ˙Ò· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi Î·È Û¤ÚÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÏÈ¿ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÌ·; (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

∫·ıÒ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô˜, οÙÈ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ù¿ÍÂȘ, Ì ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÛÙË °ã.

KÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ∏: ÃÚfiÓÔ˜ ∫¿ı ÙÚÂȘ Ì‹Ó˜ οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹.

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

19

√È ÂÔ¯¤˜ ›ӷÈ: Ë ¿ÓÔÈÍË, ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ, ÙÔ ÊıÈÓfiˆÚÔ Î·È Ô ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·˜. (∞ã Ù¿ÍË) ∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ¤Ú·Û·Ó ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ı· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ˙ԇ̠ÙÒÚ· Â›Ó·È ·ÚfiÓ.∆· 10 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ‰ÂηÂÙ›·. ∆· 100 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· οÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·ÈÒÓ·.∆· 1000 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·. (°ã Ù¿ÍË)

O ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÌÈ· Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ÓË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∞Ó¿ÌÂÛ·, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÙÚËÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÓfiËÌ·, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, οÙÈ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ù˘ °ã, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈο. ªÂ ÌÈ· Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÛÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¶ÈÓ¿ÎˆÓ 1 Î·È 2, ÙÔ ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Û˘Ó¯¤˜ (™¯‹Ì· 1):

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°ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ› ÙfiÔȺ˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·

™˘ÓÔÈΛ·

∂ÚÁ·Ï›· - Ì˯·Ó¤˜

∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÂÚÁ·Û›· - ËÁ¤˜ ·Á·ıÒÓ

ÀÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ

ñ ñ ñ

™¯‹Ì· 1: √ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ

ñ ñ

22-06-07

ªÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜- ∂ÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜

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™˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌÔ›

™À∑∏∆∏™∏ √È ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÙfiÛÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌ›-

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ª·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË Î·È ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË ª·ÓÈÔ‡

‰· fiÛÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ, Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ‚¿˙Ô˘Ó Û ٿÍË. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙË °ã Ù¿ÍË ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÚÒÈ̘ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ Ù˘ ∞ã. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Ì·˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, fiÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ˜ ÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·Î·Ï› ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È ÂÌϤÎÂÈ ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋, ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÈ΋, ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜.

To ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ì·˜ ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Î¿ı fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ù˘¯·›Ô fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˘ÏÈο ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙË̤Ó˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Î·È ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÛË, Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜-ÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜, ÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ·Á·ıÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·, Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›·-Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÔÈΛ·. ™ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘: ÔÈ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ› ÙfiÔÈ, Ù· Ê˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, Ù· Ê˘Ù¿, Ù· ˙Ò· Î·È Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â›Ó·È Â˘‰È¿ÎÚÈÙË Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ‰fiÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Û ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙËÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™Ù· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· o ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·Ù·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈο Ô‡Ù ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈ›ٷÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·. AÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi» ηıÂÛÙÒ˜, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Ó Î·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û ÈÔ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÁÓÒÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÌË ¿ÌÂÛ· ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÒÓ. ∏ ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛË Ù˘ «·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘» fi„ÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È Ù˘ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ηÙÔÓÔÌ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ «Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È» (ÁÈ· ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ‚Ï. KÔÓ‰‡ÏË & ¢Ô‡Î· 2005). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

21

ÁÏÒÛÛ·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó Û ηÙËÁÔڛ˜, Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ηÙÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó (Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·). MÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ù¿ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÚÔÂÍ·ÁÁ¤ÏÏÂÈ Î·È ‰ÔÌ› ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜, Û ·Á·ÛÙ‹ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ· ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜.

OÈ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È Â‰Ò ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·˘ÛÌ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‚·ıÌ›‰ˆÓ. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂȘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∂›Û˘, ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ‹ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ë Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ ‰fiÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÂÊÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞.¶., οÙÈ Ô˘ ı· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ (·Ó·)ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ ∞Ú¯¿Î˘, ∞. & ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË, ª. (22004) ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ∞ı‹Ó·: ¡‹ÛÔ˜.

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Christie, F. (2004), “Authority and Its Role in the Pedagogic Relationship of Schooling”, in L. Young & C. Harrison (eds.) Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, Studies in Social Change (Û. 173-201), London/New York: Continuum.

Cloran, C. (1994), Rhetorical Units and Decontextualization: an enquiry into some relations of context, meaning and grammar, Nottingham: Nottingham University.

Eggins, S. (1994), An introduction to systemic functional linguistics, Oxford: Pinter.

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÷ÏÎÈ¿, ∫. & £ÂÔ‰ˆÚ›‰Ë˜, ª. (2002), “∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ: ŒÓ· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ”, £¤Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË, 3:1, Û. 79-95.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1998), “Things and relations: Regrammaticising experience as technical knowledge”, in J.R. Martin & R. Veel (eds), Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspective on Discourse of Science (pp. 185-235), London: Routledge.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1999), «∏ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜», °ÏˆÛÛÈÎfi˜ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜, 1,19-34.

Halliday, M.A.K. (2000), «∏ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË», °ÏˆÛÛÈÎfi˜ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜, 1-2, Û. 47-56.

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Halliday, M.A.K. & Martin, J.R. (2004), ∏ °ÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ∞ı‹Ó·: ªÂÙ·›¯ÌÈÔ.

Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (1999), Construing experience through me·ning. ∞ language-based approach to cognition, London: Cassell.

Hasan, R. (1996), “Literacy, everyday talk and society”, in R. Hasan & G. Williams (eds), Literacy in Society (Û. 377-424), London: Longman.

Hasan, R. (2005), “Semiotic mediation and three exotropic theories. Vygotski, Halliday and Bernstein”, in J.J. Webster (ed.) Language, Society and Consciousness (Û. 130-156). London, Oakville: Equinox.

Hasan, R. & Cloran, C. (1990), “A sociolinguistic interpretation of everyday talk between mothers and children”, in M.A.K. Halliday, J. Gibbons & H. Nicholas (eds.), Learning, keeping and using language (Û. 67-99), Amsterdam: Benjamins.

KoÓ‰‡ÏË, ª. & ∞Ú¯¿Î˘, ∞. (2003), “√ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘: ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰È·‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÏfiÁˆÓ Ì ·È‰È¿ ÚˆÙÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜”, ªÂϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, 24, Û. 301–312. ∫ÔÓ‰‡ÏË, ª. & ¢Ô‡Î·, º. (2005), “Ÿ„ÂȘ ÁÂÓ›Î¢Û˘ Î·È Î·ÙËÁoÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘: ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÓËÈ·ÁˆÁ›·”, ªÂϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, 26, Û. 220-232.

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∞Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

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Lipson, M. (26-3-2005), Exploring Functional Grammar, http://facl.umibo.it. ª·ÓÈÔ‡, ∂. (2006), Ÿ„ÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ (·Ó·)ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘: °ÏˆÛÛÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂Ì›˜ Î·È Ô KfiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ã Î·È Ù˘ °ã ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎÔ‡, MÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î‹ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ∆Ì‹Ì· ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Ù˘ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∏ÏÈΛ·, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶·ÙÚÒÓ.

Martin, J. R., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. & Painter, C. (1997), Working with Functional Grammar, London: Arnold.

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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 5/07, 25-45

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¶Ò˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο: ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Î·È ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞* ∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘1 Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË2

1 ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜, ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¡ËÈ·ÁˆÁÒÓ 2 ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜, ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘

∂π™∞°ø°∏ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· ™ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (∫Ô˘Ï·˚‰‹˜ Î.¿. 2001), Î·È Ù˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (Dowling 1998), ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ (Î·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋) ÁÓÒÛË. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ÂÓÒ Ô/Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ «ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘» (guardian of science: Hanrahan 2006) Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÂÓÒ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜/ÛÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÚfiÛÏ˄˘ Î·È «·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘» Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. √È ‰˘Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi» Î·È «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi» ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎfi-ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi-Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi-‚Ȉ̷ÙÈÎfi-ÌË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô («Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË»: classification), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ηٿ ÙË Ì·ıËÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· («ÂÚȯ¿Ú·ÍË»: framing) (Bernstein 1990). √ «·Ú·‰Ô-

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

ÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÌË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÂÚȯ¿Ú·ÍË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·/Ô˘Û·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÛÎÔ̤ӈÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÚÔˆı› ÙË ¯·Ï·Ú‹ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙË ¯·Ï·Ú‹ ÂÚȯ¿Ú·ÍË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹/ÙÚÈ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ô̤ӈÓ. √ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÏfiÁÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ (Dowling 1998, Morgan 1998) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (Dimopoulos et al. 2005, Knain 2001). √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÂÈÎÚÈı› fiÙÈ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· fiÛˆÓ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù·) ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ÂÂȉ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ˆ˜ οÙÈ Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ, ˆ˜ ÌÈ· «È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ÌfiÓÔ ÔÈ Ï›ÁÔÈ ˘Âڤ͢ÓÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó» (Lemke 1990: 149). °È’ ·˘Ùfi, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÔÈΛϘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ «ƒÂ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·» (Realistic Mathematics Curriculum) Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· (Treffers 1987), ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ «ÂıÓÔÌ·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ» (ethnomathematics) ÛÙËÓ ∞ÊÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙË µÚ·˙ÈÏ›· (Gerdes 1996), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ «¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ∫ÔÈÓ‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜» (Common Sense Activities) ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· Ù˘ °¤ÓÔ‚·˜ ÛÙËÓ πÙ·Ï›· (Bussi 1996). ¶·Ú’ fiÏÔ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓ›˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÁÂÓÈο Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈΤ˜», Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Â›‰ÔÛË ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ¿˜ Ù· Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÈÔ ‰ÈÂÍÔ‰È΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, ‚Ϥ Chronaki 2000). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÂȉÈο fiÛ˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË (.¯. Apple 2000, Dowling 1998), ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ù ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜», ›Ù ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ô «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜, ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÂÍȉ·ÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο. ∞fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ì˘ıÔÔÈ› ÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë «·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛË» (recontextualization) Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi» ÏfiÁÔ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙ¢ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹/Î·È ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ªÂ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, Ë Walkerdine

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(1998) Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» Î·È «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ô ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂Ó˜, Â͢ËÚÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÎÔÈÌfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» Î·È «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ.1 ∏ ¤ÌÊ˘ÏË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜, ˆ˜ ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ̤ÛÔ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· ‰Ú¿Û˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ (ÂȉÈο ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο .¯. Burton 1995, Mendick 2003).2 ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜, ˆ˜ ·fiÂÈÚ· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˆ˜ «ıËÏ˘Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ·ÓÙÈηÙÔÙÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜» (Mack 2001), Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ›Ù ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜, ›Ù ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ (.¯. ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Û ·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯Èο ‰ÔÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Û ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÂÓÙÚÈο ‰›· ‰Ú¿Û˘), Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÈÔ Â˘·›ÛıËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÔÙÈ΋ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÈÛÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο. ¶¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ «‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜», Ë Hanrahan (2006) ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ·Ù› Ô «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Ì ٷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∏ ÎÔÈ1 ∂Âȉ‹ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» Î·È «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜, ·Ú¿ ˆ˜ ¿ÎÚÈÙ· Î·È ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ «·Ô‰fiÌËÛ‹» ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ̤۷ Û ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈο.

2 Ÿˆ˜ ϤÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ë Mendick (2003: 172), «ÙÔ Ó· οÓÂȘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ó· οÓÂȘ ÙÔÓ ¿Ó‰Ú·» (doing mathematics is doing masculinity).

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ÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Û˘ ÛÙÔȯÂÈÔıÂÙ› ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜», ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÁψÛÛÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ¤¯ÂÈ ¤ÌÊ˘Ï· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ë ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË «Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÁÏÒÛÛ·» (Lakoff 1975, West & Zimmerman 1983) Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ‡ÊÔ˘˜ (ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈÎfi ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁˆÓ, ‚Ϥ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 5).3 ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ë ‰È·ÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· «Ê‡ÏÔ˘» ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο Û ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ Ù˘ Hanrahan (2006) ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ì¿ıËÌ· Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔÓ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi» ÏfiÁÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û ¤Ú¢ӷ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ Û Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ (·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Mack 2001) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘. ™Â ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· η٤ÏËÍÂ Î·È Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ SÔrensen (1992) (·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Mack 2001) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ› Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Û·Ó ‹‰Ë ÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙÔ˘ SÔrensen ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ›¯·Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÁÈ· Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜. ∆Ô Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù¤ÏËÍÂ Ô ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Û ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ì‚χÓÂÈ ÙȘ ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Ó· ÂÓ‰˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· «·Ó‰ÚÈ΋» ‹ ηχÙÂÚ· ÌÈ· «¿Ê˘ÏË» Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Â‰Ò, fï˜, Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÙÔ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛ-

3 √È ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË «Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÁÏÒÛÛ·» (women’s language) Î·È ÙË «ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜» (the language used by women) (Cameron 1998). ∏ ÚÒÙË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·, ¤Ó· ȉÂ҉˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·, ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂοÛÙÔÙ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ò˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ‹ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi ȉÂ҉˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ıÂÒÚËÛË, Ë «Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· ÁÏÒÛÛ·» ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÓÙ· Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∞ÔÙÂÏ›, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÁÈ· Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ·Ó ÙÔ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ «ÌÈÏ¿ Û·Ó Á˘Ó·›Î·» ‹ fi¯È.

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ÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ, Î·È ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ·ÎfiÌË ¿Ï˘ÙÔ (‚Ï. ƒÂÓÙÂÙ˙‹ 2006). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Londa Schiebinger (1991), Û ÌÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË fiÔ˘ ·ÓȯÓ‡ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ·Ú·ÙËÚ› fiÙÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο, ıÂÛÌÈο, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Î·È ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∫·È Û˘Ó¯›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ “...ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÔÌËı› ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙȘ ·‰È˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÌË ÔÚ·Ù¤˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ ·ÓÔȯÙfiÌ˘·ÏÔ˘˜ ηÈ, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ ·fi ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜” (Schiebinger 2006: 13). ∞˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË “Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË” ÙˆÓ ¤ÌÊ˘ÏˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡» Î·È ÙÔ˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘» ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ (Î·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋) ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ‹ fi¯È ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙÈÌË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È‰¿ÛÎÂÙ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» Î·È Ô «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔ Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞. Ÿˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Lerman & Tsatsaroni (1998), Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÂӉ›ÎÓ˘ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÈÛÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ηıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ì¿ıËÌ· Ì ˘„ËÏfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·ÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È «‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ», Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û ·ÓÒÙÂÚ˜ Î·È ·ÓÒٷ٘ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜. ∆Ô ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë «∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË §fiÁÔ˘» (Critical Discourse Analysis), Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘. ∆Ô ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÙËΠÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ «Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘», Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· Ù· ΛÌÂ-

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

Ó· Ù˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ (Morgan 1998) Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (Dimopoulos et al. 2005, Hanrahan 2006, Knain 2001). ∆√ ∫∂πª∂¡π∫√ À§π∫√ ∆Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞ ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ Á˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ Î·È ÂΉ›‰ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›· (∂ª∂). ∏ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. ¶·Ú’ fiÏÔ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙ· ÚfiÛˆ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹˜, ÌfiÓÔ Ì οÔÈÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi, Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ·Ó¿ ʇÏÔ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È Û fiϘ ÙȘ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ÌÂٷ͇ 65-70% ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È 30-35% ÁÈ· ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜. √ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÁÈ· Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ∂ª∂ Û Ôχ ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÙÈÌ‹ ۯ‰fiÓ Û fiÏ· Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· (Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ Î·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ), ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ ÈÔ Ù·Ï·ÓÙÔ‡¯Ô˘˜/˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ıÂÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘ÌÈ¿‰ˆÓ. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î›ÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ (.¯. ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌfi˜, ÔχÁˆÓ·) ‹ ¿ÙÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ (.¯. ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ·ÛÙÚÔÓÔÌ›·), ΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ·Û΋ÛÂȘ, ·ÓÔȯٿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÈ· ÛÙ‹ÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹/ÙÚÈ·, fiÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ‹ ÔÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· χÛÂȘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ·Ó·Ï‡ıËÎ·Ó 12 ΛÌÂÓ· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ̤۷ ·fi ΛÌÂÓ· «ıˆڛ·˜». ∆· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ ÂÈϤ¯ÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ¤Ó· ÛÒÌ· ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û¯Â‰fiÓ fiÏ· (79 ·fi 84) Ù· Ù‡¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ÙÔ 1984 (ÚÒÙÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘) ̤¯ÚÈ Î·È ÙÔ 2005.4 ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ηıfiÚÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÈÛfiÚÚÔË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ 4 ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «º‡ÏÔ-¶˘ı·ÁfiÚ·˜: ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ-Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Û ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ·ÓÔȯÙÒÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ – ∂ÛÙ›·ÛË Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ʇÏÔ˘ Î·È ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜», Ô˘ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ À¶∂¶£, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞. ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ Ì·˜ ‹Ù·Ó, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏËÙÈÎÔ›. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÁÈ· Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ê¤Ú·Ì ӷ Û˘ÏϤÍÔ˘Ì 5 Ù‡¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡.

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ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈfi‰ˆÓ 1984-90 Î·È 2000-05 Î·È Ë Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙÚȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ˘Ú‹Ó· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÛÙ›ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡. ∆√ £∂øƒ∏∆π∫√ ¶§∞π™π√ ∆∏™ ∞¡∞§À™∏™: ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ ∞¡∞§À™∏ §√°√À ∏ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË §fiÁÔ˘ (.¯. Fairclough 1992, Fairclough & Wodak 1997, Van Dijk 1993) Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁÈ΋/ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÛËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ η٤¯ÂÈ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÛËÌÂȈÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ «Î›ÌÂÓÔ», ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Ù˘ ‡ÛÙÂÚ˘ ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (Chouliaraki & Fairclough 1999). ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË §fiÁÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂÛÙ›·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÏfiÁÔ˘ (‰ËÏ. ÛÙÔÓ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘), Ë ÔÔ›· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ‰È·ÛÙ·‡ÚˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. §fiÁˆ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·‚ÔÏÒÓ Ù˘ ÛÙÔÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌfi, Ë ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË §fiÁÔ˘ ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ «ÏfiÁÔ˘» ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È. ∞fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋, Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ fiÛÔ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› Î·È Ó· ÙÔÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó. ∂›Û˘, Ë ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË §fiÁÔ˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·ÈˆÓ›˙ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË §fiÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È «ÎÚÈÙÈ΋» Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ÊˆÙ›˙ÂÈ ÂΉԯ¤˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Î·ÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ Î·È ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó «Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÔÈËı›» (naturalize), ·ÔÙÂÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ Î·È «ËÁÂÌÔÓÈΤ˜» ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó Î·È ÛÊÂÙÂÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË.

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

™ÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡» Î·È «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘ ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ∞Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ §fiÁÔ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ı· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÚıÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘, Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ‹ fi¯È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÈÛÔًوÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË ÌË ÈÛfiÙÈÌË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο. ∆√ ª√¡∆∂§√ ∆∏™ ™À™∆∏ªπ∫∏™-§∂π∆√Àƒ°π∫∏™ °§ø™™π∫∏™ ∞¡∞§À™∏™ ∏ ™˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋-§ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ °ÏˆÛÛÔÏÔÁ›· (Halliday 1994) Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÏÂÍÈÎÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌÔ Î·È ÎÏÂÈÛÙfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ò˜ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· οı ÊÔÚ¿ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹/Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·. ∞fi ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÙÈ΋, Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ› ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Â˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈο ηıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‹ ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ∂›Û˘, Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È «ÔÏ˘-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ ÂÈÙÂÏ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÌÈ· «·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋» (ideational), ÌÈ· «‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋» (interpersonal) Î·È ÌÈ· «ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋» (textual) ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì·, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·), ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂȉڿÛÔ˘Ì Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹/·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Î·È Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÛÙ¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÂÎÊÒÓËÌ·, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ (‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·). √ Halliday (1994) ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÁψÛÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÛÙ›·Û ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹˜ Ì·˜, ı· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜,

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ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ √È ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙËÓ Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÈÙÈfiÙËÙ·˜ (‰ËÏ. «ÔÈÔ˜ οÓÂÈ ÙÈ Û ÔÈÔÓ»). ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Halliday (1994), ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ «ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» (transitivity). ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ‰›ÓÔ˘Ì ·ÈÙÈ҉˜ ÓfiËÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ «‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ» (processes), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú›· ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· (‰ËÏ. Ú¿ÍÂȘ, ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î.¿.) Î·È ÙˆÓ «Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ» (participants), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜. °È· Ó· ·Ô‰Ôı› Ë ·ÈÙÈfiÙËÙ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ηıÔÚÈÛÙ› Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó, ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ «‰ÚÒÓÙ˜» (agents), Î·È ÛÂ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ «·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜» (affected). °È· Ó· ηıÔÚÈÛÙ› Ë Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, Ô Halliday (1994) ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û «˘ÏÈΤ˜» (material), «ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜» (mental), «Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜» (relational) Î·È «ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜» (verbal) ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÏÂÍÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ «Î¿Óˆ» (.¯. ÙÔÔıÂÙÒ, ÎÈÓԇ̷È). √È ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ «·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÌ·È», Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙÈΤ˜ (.¯. Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÌ·È), ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÈΤ˜ (.¯. ‚Ϥˆ) Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ (.¯. ·Á·Ò). √È Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ «Â›Ì·È», Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Â›Ù Ì ·fi‰ÔÛË ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ («Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈΤ˜» –relational attributive–: .¯. «Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË»), ›Ù ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂˆÓ («Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜» –relational identifying–: .¯. «ÙÔ ÙÚ›ÁˆÓÔ Â›Ó·È ÈÛÔÛÎÂϤ˜»). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ «Ï¤ˆ» (.¯. ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓˆ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ˆ). ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ √È ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ‰ÈÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹/ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔÈ-

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

¯Â›ˆÓ Ù˘ «‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘» (personal deixis) Î·È ÙˆÓ «Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘» (speech acts).

H ‰Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ÁψÛÛÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ «‰Â›Í˘», Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÁψÛÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù· ÔÔ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ (ÙÔ «ÙÒÚ·»: ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰Â›ÍË) Î·È ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ (ÙÔ «Â‰Ò»: ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ‰Â›ÍË) Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜, ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ‹ Ì·˜ («Â̤ӷ» Î·È «ÂÛ¤Ó·»: ‰Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘) (Fowler 1991). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ‰Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·ÊÔÚ¿ fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· ‹/Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, Ô˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ (‰ËÏ. ·ã, ‚ã, Áã ÚfiÛˆÔ ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡) ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ (.¯. ÂÁÒ, ÂÛ‡, ÂÌ›˜) Î·È ÎÙËÙÈΤ˜ (.¯. ÌÔ˘, ÛÔ˘, Ì·˜) ·ÓÙˆÓ˘Ì›Â˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· Ú‹Ì·Ù· (.¯. ÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂȘ, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÔ˘ÌÂ). √È Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ú¿ÙÙÂÈ (Austin 1962, Searle 1969). À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ì ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ∂Ì›˜ Â‰Ò ı· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠۠‰‡Ô ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ·. √ ¤Ó·˜ Ù‡Ô˜ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ «·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜» (assertive), ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· οÙÈ (.¯. ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ, ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ, ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ). √È ¿ÏϘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ «Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜» (directive), ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ˙ËÙ¿Ì οÙÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘ÌÂ, Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ, ‰È·Ù¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË. √È ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÂÓÒ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È Î¿ÙÈ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È Î¿ÙÈ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘, ‰È·ÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ÂȉÒÓ Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙË ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ‰È·ÎÚ›Ó·Ì ÛÙȘ «˘ԉ›ÍÂȘ» (.¯. «Ó· ‚Ú›Ù ٷ ÂÍ·ÁfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ڿ͈ӻ) Î·È ÙȘ «Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜» (.¯. «Û οı ÔÚıÔÁÒÓÈÔ ·Ú·ÏÏËÏfiÁÚ·ÌÌÔ Û¯Â‰È¿˙Ô˘Ì ̛· ‰È·ÁÒÓÈÔ Î·È ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠ˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Û ‰˘Ô ›Û· ÔÚıÔÁÒÓÈ· ÙÚ›ÁˆÓ· Ì οıÂÙ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ ‚ Î·È Á»), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÛÙȘ «ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ» (.¯. «Ò˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·˘Ùfi;»), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, ηÈ

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ÛÙȘ «ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ» (.¯. «ÌÔÚԇ̠ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ·Ï¿ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ˆ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰· Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ»), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÚfiÛÏ˄˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÈÛfiÙÈÌË Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË. √ ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ «ÚÔÛÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜» ÙÔ˘˜ «‰‡Ó·Ì˘» (illocutionary force), Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ, Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ «ÚÔÛÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ÂӉ›ÎÙ˜». ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ÚÔÛÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ÂӉ›ÎÙ˜ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÁÎÏÈÛË (.¯. ÔÈ Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ì ÚÔÛÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ˘ÔÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ¤ÁÎÏÈÛË, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ¤ÁÎÏÈÛË) Î·È Ù· ÂÈÙÂÏÂÛÙÈο Ú‹Ì·Ù· (.¯. ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÌ·È, ‰È·Ù¿˙ˆ) (¶·˘Ï›‰Ô˘ 1982). ∆√ ∫√π¡ø¡π√°§ø™™π∫√ ¶ƒ√ºπ§ ∆√À «¶∞ƒ∞¢√™π∞∫√À» ∫∞π ∆√À «¶ƒ√√¢∂À∆π∫√À» §√°√À ∞ÓÙÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Morgan (1998) ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ÙˆÓ Dimopoulos et al. (2005), Ù˘ Hanrahan (2006) and ÙÔ˘ Knain (2001) ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ı· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈÎfi ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡» Î·È ÙÔ˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›Û·Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ∞. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜, ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛȈ̤ÓÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔˆı› ÌÈ· ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·˘ÙÔÚÚ˘ıÌÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË (Knain 2001). ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÔÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ (Halliday & Martin 1993) ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ··Ï›ÊÔ˘Ó ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ (ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, .¯. ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ) ‰ÚÒÛ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ‰ÚÒÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∂›Û˘, Ë ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚfiÛˆÔ˘ ‡ÊÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (·Ô˘Û›· ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘), ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ, Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ (ÂȉÈο ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο: Morgan 1998), ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈ-

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

ÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÛÙ›·ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘ (·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ô ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˜ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ˆ˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚË Û¯¤ÛË ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡), ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË «ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ» ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ˘ԉ›ÍÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ (Dimopoulos et al. 2005). ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ Ô «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈΛԘ Î·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ, ·ÓÙÏ› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ÙÔÓ «ÚˆÙ‡ÔÓÙ· ÏfiÁÔ» ÙÔ˘˜ (primary discourse: Gee 1996). ∞˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (Ì ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙ˜), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ó· «Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì» (Û ¤Ó· ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ¿ÓÙ·, ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο) Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· (‰ËÏ. Ó· ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙԇ̠·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜ ۇ̂ÔÏ· Î·È Û¯‹Ì·Ù·), Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘, fi¯È ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ (Morgan 1998). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ·ÔÛ˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ, ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ (Hanrahan 2006). ™Â ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ·˘Ùfi ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ˆ˜ ‰ÚÒÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰ÚÒÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ fi,ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì˘·Ïfi Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi (Hanrahan 2006, Knain 2001). ∏ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË ·fi ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ‡ÊÔ˘˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ (¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡) (Morgan 1998). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹/ÙÚÈ· ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈο Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡) Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· (¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÒÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡), ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË

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37

ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÚfiÛÏ˄˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ (Dimopoulos et al. 2005). ™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1, Û˘ÓÔ„›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈÎfi ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„·Ì ·Ú·¿Óˆ. ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1. ∆Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÁψÛÛÈÎfi ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ «¶·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ ∂›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘

°ÏˆÛÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·

∞Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ªÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜

∞η‰ËÌ·˚Îfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ

∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ

∆· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ‰ÚˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ, Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜

√ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ˆ˜ ‰ÚˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ, ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜

√ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ˆ˜ ‰ÚˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ, ˘ÏÈΤ˜, ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜, ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜

ÃÚ‹ÛË ‚ã ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ (·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘)

ÃÚ‹ÛË ·ã ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ (Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜) Î·È ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ (Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘), ¯Ú‹ÛË Áã ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ (·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘)

¢Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ∞Ô˘Û›· ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÒÓ

¢È·ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ¶Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘

«¶ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜

∞ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜

∫·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ §›Á˜ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜, (˘ԉ›ÍÂȘ, ÔÏϤ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜) ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ (ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ)

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38

∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

∞¶√∆∂§∂™ª∞∆∞ ∆∏™ ∞¡∞§À™∏™ ªÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ∞ӷχÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ Û ·˘Ù¤˜, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÙÔ ÈÔ Û˘¯Ófi ‰ÚˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ (61,1%) (.¯. «fiÙ·Ó ˘„ÒÓÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÚÈıÌfi ÛÙÔ ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ, ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘»), ·Ú¿ Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, Ù· ÔÔ›· ›¯·Ó ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ, Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ (38,9%) (.¯. «ÙÔ ·Î¤Ú·ÈÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Âη‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Ù˘ ˘ԉȷÛÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‰Âη‰ÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ¤ÂÙ·È»). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ‰ÂÓ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÎÏÂÈÛÙfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË. ∂›Û˘, Â›Ó·È ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ÙÚ›· ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ΛÌÂÓ· fiÔ˘ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ 70% Î·È ¿Óˆ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ӷ ·fi Á˘Ó·›Î˜. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2), ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ (.¯. «∞Ó Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ∞µ, µ°, °¢, ¢∞ ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ì ¤Ó· ΢ÚÙfi ÙÂÙÚ¿Ï¢ÚÔ»). ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ó· «Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì» Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÙÚ›· ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ΛÌÂÓ· fiÔ˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ӷ ·fi Á˘Ó·›Î˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› (.¯. «ÂÙÂÚÒÓ˘Ì· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÎÏ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú·ÓÔÌ·ÛÙ¤˜») Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ (.¯. «Î¿ı ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÂηÏ¿ÛÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÍÈ¿ ÂÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘»). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÚԤ΢„ fiÙÈ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (.¯. «√È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ› ·ÚÈıÌÔ›, ÔÈ ÌÈÎÚÔ› ·Ú¯Èο, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹»), Î·È ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰Ú¿ÛÙË, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ (΢ڛˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ) (.¯. «∞˜ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙԇ̠¤Ó·Ó ¤Í˘ÓÔ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ») Î·È ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (.¯. «∞˜ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÂÈı˘Ì› Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚÈÙÛÈÒÓ»). ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ ÂÊÙ¿ ·fi Ù· ÂÓÓ¤· ΛÌÂÓ· Ì ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙȘ ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜ ‹/Î·È ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ Î·È ‰‡Ô ·fi Ù· ÙÚ›· ΛÌÂÓ· Ì ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙȘ ηÙËÁÔÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ӷ Î·È ¿ÏÈ ·fi Á˘Ó·›Î˜.

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¶ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο

39

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2. ¶ÔÛÔÛÙÈ·›· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÂȉÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ∂›‰Ë ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÀÏÈΤ˜ ™˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ™˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔÚÈΤ˜ ¡ÔËÙÈΤ˜ §ÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ™‡ÓÔÏÔ

% 50,2 32,9 3,3 11,6 2,0 100

¢Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ ‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3), ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ· ¤ÁÈÓ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ì ·ÚfiÛˆÔ ‡ÊÔ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηÌÈ¿ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· ‹ ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (.¯. «¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¯ËÌÈ΋ ¤ÓˆÛË ÛÙË Ê‡ÛË ‹ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ¿ÙÔÌ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜»). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ‹Ù·Ó Î·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈο, οÙÈ Ô˘ Û˘ÓËı›˙ÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ∏ ‰Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ›¯Â ΢ڛˆ˜ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ã ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ (.¯. «¢È·ÈÚԇ̠ÙÒÚ· Ù· ÙÂÙÚ·ÁˆÓÈο ̤ÙÚ· Ô˘ ‚¿ÊÔ˘Ì οı ÊÔÚ¿ Ì ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘ÌÂ…»), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ̤ÙÚÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ (Dimopoulos et al. 2005). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚ã ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÂÓÈÎÔ‡ (.¯. «∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌfi 268 x 34 ÚÒÙ· Ì ٷ Í˘Ï¿ÎÈ· ÙÔ˘ Napier Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙˆÓ ∞Ú¿‚ˆÓ») Î·È ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ (.¯. «Ó· ‚Ú›Ù ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚfi ÙÔ˘») ‹Ù·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘¯Ó‹. ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· (΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ã ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡: .¯. «ı· ϤÁ·Ì fiÙÈ Ë Ê‡ÛË ÛÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÍ›· Â›Ó·È ÁÂÌ¿ÙË ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· ˙ˆ‹˜»), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘, fiÙ·Ó Ô ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜ ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ¢ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ (Morgan 1998). √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙÚȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ.

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∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÕÓÓ· ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3. ¶ÔÛÔÛÙÈ·›· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ªÔÚʤ˜ ‰Â›Í˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘ ∞Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ™˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ™˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜+·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ °ÂÓÈ΢ÙÈÎfi ∞Ô˘Û›· ‰Â›Í˘ ™‡ÓÔÏÔ

% 11,1 6,6 26,7 8,2 47,4 100

¶Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ∞ӷχÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ·, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ (58,3%), ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‰fiıËΠ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (.¯. «ÛÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ÌÈÏ‹Û·Ì ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¶˘ı·ÁfiÚÂÈÔ £ÂÒÚËÌ· Î·È Â›‰·Ì ÙÚÈ¿‰Â˜ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ì‹ÎË Ï¢ÚÒÓ ÔÚıÔÁˆÓ›Ô˘ ÙÚÈÁÒÓÔ˘»). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË (41,7%), ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ô ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· (.¯. «Ó· ·Ô‰Âȯı› Ë Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛÂ Ô ¢ÈfiÊ·ÓÙÔ˜»). √È ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËÎ·Ó Ì ·Ô˘Û›· «ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» (epistemic modality: Lyons 1977). ∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜/Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÁψÛÛÈο fiÙÈ ‰ÂÛ̇ÂÙ·È, ‹ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· fiÙÈ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ (Fairclough 1992), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi «Û˘ÁÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜» (affinity) Ì ¤Ó· ÂÎÊÒÓËÌ· (Hodge & Kress 1993). ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ȉˆı› ˆ˜ Ô ÁψÛÛÈÎfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰È·‚·ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ì Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÏËı›·˜ ÙÔ ÂÎÊÒÓËÌ¿ Ì·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ «Ó·È» Î·È ÙÔ «fi¯È» (Halliday 1994). √È ‰È·‚·ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ «Ó·È» Î·È ÙÔ «fi¯È» Â›Ó·È ÙÚÂȘ: Ë ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· (‰ËÏ. ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·), Ë ÌÂÛ·›· ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· (‰ËÏ. ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·) Î·È Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· (‰ËÏ. Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·) (fi..). ∆· ÁψÛÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÙÚÔÈο Ú‹Ì·Ù· (.¯. ÌÔÚ›, Ú¤ÂÈ), οÔÈ· ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù· (.¯. ›Ûˆ˜, Èı·ÓfiÓ, ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙÂ) Î·È Â›ıÂÙ· (.¯. Èı·Ófi˜, Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ˜, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˜) (fi..). ∆Ô ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË Ù˘ ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ·fiÊ·ÓÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›·

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ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚÔÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·fiÊ·ÓÛË «Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Â›Ó·È Ôχ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ·» Î·È ÛÙËÓ «Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Â›Ó·È Ôχ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ·», Ë ÚÒÙË ·fiÊ·ÓÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ·fi ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË. Ÿˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ô Halliday (1994: 89), «Î·Ó›˜ ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ˜ ÁÈ· οÙÈ fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È». ™Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï‡ıËηÓ, Ë Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ (95,8%) ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËÎ·Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÙÚÔÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ (.¯. «∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¤Ï˘ÛÂ Ô ¢ÈfiÊ·ÓÙÔ˜, ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÔÓÙ·˜ fiϘ ÙȘ ˘ı·ÁfiÚÂȘ ÙÚÈ¿‰Â˜»), ·Ú¿ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ (.¯. «∞Ó ‰ÂÓ ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ô Ì Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙfi˜… ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔ·„Ô˘Ó ·ÚÈıÌÔ› Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ì‹ÎË Ï¢ÚÒÓ ÔÚıÔÁˆÓ›Ô˘ ÙÚÈÁÒÓÔ˘»), ·ÔÙÂÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ. ª¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ÙÚÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÈÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ·fi fi,ÙÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, fiÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ (Hyland 1999, Myers 1992). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÂÍÔ˘Û›· (ÁÓÒÛ˘) ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ˆ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË Î·È ·‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÙË (Hodge & Kress 1993). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ڿ͈Ó, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ∞ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ì ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ, Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ·, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ Î˘ÚÈ¿Ú¯ËÛ·Ó ÔÈ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ (46,0%). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ԉ›ÍÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘¯Ó¤˜ (18,8%). ¶ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‹Ù·Ó Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÔ «ÈÛfiÙÈ̈ӻ ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ڿ͈Ó, ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (20,4%), fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (14,9%). ¶Ú¤ÂÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ Ô ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÈÒÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÌÂÙÚÈ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÙ·Ó Î·È Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ (.¯. «ŒÙÛÈ ı· ϤÌ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ÔχÁˆÓÔ Â›Ó·È Î˘ÚÙfi, ·Ó ÙÔ Â˘ı‡ÁÚ·ÌÌÔ ÙÌ‹Ì·…»). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËÎ·Ó ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÙ· ΛÌÂÓ·. ™Àª¶∂ƒ∞™ª∞∆∞ ∞fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›·

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Î·È ÙÔ˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡» (Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ˆ˜ ‰ÚˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ, ˘ÏÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘ (Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ, ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ηٷ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰ÚÒÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË (‰Â›ÍË ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘), fiÔ˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ¿ÛÎËÛË ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ∏ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ «ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο» (ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘) fiÛÔ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ «Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο» (ηÙ¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜). ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ù˘Èο ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ (·Ô˘Û›· ‰Â›Í˘, ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë˜ ∞ Û˘ÌʈÓ› Ì ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» Â›Ó·È Ô Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ (Dowling 1998, Morgan 1998) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (Dimopoulos et al. 2005, Knain 2001). √È Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙÚȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠӷ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Û ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜. ∂›Ó·È ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙÔ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ˆ˜ οÔÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡» ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ (ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜, ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜, ˘ÏÈΤ˜ Î·È Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú¿ÛË). ∞˘Ùfi ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ SÔrensen (1992) fiÙÈ ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜, ÔÈ ¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·ıÒ˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÂÓÙÚÈο ‰›· ‰Ú¿Û˘ – fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË – Î·È ·Ó·Áο˙ÔÓÙ·È Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô «·Ó‰ÚÈÎfi» ÏfiÁÔ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·Ù·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜» ÏfiÁÔ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔÓ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë ∞ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿ Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ·‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÙË Î·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· (ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ·ÔÊ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ), Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ı·˘Ùfi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Dowling (1998) Î·È ÙÔÓ Knain (2001), ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ó·Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ¤˜ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË (Bernstein 1990), Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜, Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ·fiÏ˘Ù· ·ÏËıÈÓ‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙË, ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∞fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ∞Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ §fiÁÔ˘, Ë ·Ó··-

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Mendick, H. (2003), «Choosing maths/ doing gender: A look at why there are more boys than girls in advanced mathematics classrooms in England», ÛÙÔ L. Burton (ÂÈÌ.), Which way social justice for mathematics education?, Praeger, Westport, , Û. 169-187.

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Myers, G. (1992), «Textbooks and the sociology of scientific knowledge», English For Specific Purposes, 11(1), Û. 3-17. ¶·˘Ï›‰Ô˘, £. (1982), «¶ÚÔÛÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ÂӉ›ÎÙ˜ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο», ªÂϤÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·: ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο Ù˘ 2˘ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ô̤· °ÏˆÛÛÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ºÈÏÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞¶£, ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ ∫˘ÚȷΛ‰Ë, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË, Û. 245269. ƒÂÓÙÂÙ˙‹, ª. (2006), ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË, ÛÙÔ L. Schiebinger (2006), O ÓÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ê‡ÏÔ; ∫¿ÙÔÙÚÔ, ∞ı‹Ó· (ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ∫. ∞Ú·Ì·Ù˙‹, ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ª. ƒÂÓÙÂÙ˙‹), Û.19-45.

Searle, J. (1969), Speech Acts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Schiebinger, L. (2001), ∆he Mind has no Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science, Harvard University Press.

Schiebinger, L. (2006), O ÓÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ê‡ÏÔ; ∫¿ÙÔÙÚÔ, ∞ı‹Ó· (ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ∫. ∞Ú·Ì·Ù˙‹, ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ª. ƒÂÓÙÂÙ˙‹).

Treffers, A. (1987), Three dimensions: A model goal and theory description in mathematics instruction – The Wiskobas project, D. Reitel Publishing Company, Mathematics Education Library.

Van Dijk, T.A. (1993), «Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis», Discourse & Society, 4(2), Û. 249-283.

Walkerdine, V. (1998), Counting girls out: Girls and mathematics, Falmer Press, London.

West, C. & Zimmerman D. (1983), «Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted persons», ÛÙÔ B. Thorne, C. Kramarae & N. Hensley (ÂÈÌ.), Language, gender and society, Newbury House, Rowley, Mass., Û. 102-117.

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EÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô: Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÙË ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂÚ› «Î·ÏÒÓ» Î·È «Î·ÎÒÓ» Ó¤ˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ πÓÙ˙›‰Ë˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÁψÛÛÔÏfiÁÔ˜, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ «πÛÔ‰ˆÙÒÓ» (Levellers),1 ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›· ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·È., fiÏÔÈ Î·È fiϘ ›̷ÛÙ ›ÛÔÈ/˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ «Á‹ÈÓˆÓ» ıÂÛÌÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, fiÔÈÔ˜/· ‰ÂÓ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ›ÛÔ˜/Ë Ì οÔÈÔÓ/· ¿ÏÏÔ/Ë ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Óı› ·fi ÙÔÓ £Âfi, ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜.2 ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÁÂÓ·ÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ οÔÈÔ˜ ·fi «ÂΛ, Â¿Óˆ» –ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜, ıÂÔÏfiÁÔ˜, (ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi, ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ‰fiÁÌ·)– ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi Ù˘. ŒÙÛÈ Î¿ı ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ÏÔÁË, ·ÊÔ‡ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂÚ› ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ fiÏÔÈ Â›Ì·ÛÙ ›ÛÔÈ/˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· –ˆ˜ ›ÛÔÈ/˜– ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÈ˙ËÙԇ̠‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË/·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙԇ̠ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·

1 «∏ ÂÍÈÛˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË ÂÂÎÙ¿ıËΠ·fi ÙË ıÚËÛΛ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË (1640 - 1660). π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Levellers (πÛÔ‰ˆÙ¤˜). ¡È΋ıËÎ·Ó ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·, fï˜ ›¯·Ó ÚÔÏ¿‚ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ ÂÚ› ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ȉ¤·˜ Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡. ∏ ›‰È· Ë Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ Levellers Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙ› ÛÙÔ˘˜ Á‹ÈÓÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜» (Dumond 1988:102). ∫¿ÙÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ÛÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂͤÁÂÚÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÚÔÙÒÓ - ¯ˆÚÈÎÒÓ fiÔ˘ Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÂÎÔÚ¢fiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙË ıÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë ÂÚ› ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Thomas Muenzer.

2 ◊ Ì‹ˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Óı› ·fi ÂΛÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ÙË ıÂ˚΋ ·ÓÙÔ‰˘Ó·Ì›· Â› Ù˘ Á˘;

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Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔÓ ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈÎfi Ù˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÏËıÈÓfi Ù˘. ∞ÏÏ¿ ›̷ÛÙ ›ÛÔÈ/˜; ¶¿ÓÙ· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· fiÚÈÔ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ fiÙÈ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ë ·Ú¿‚·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ηÓfiÓ·, ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¯‹˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÏË„Ë Î·È Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÂÓfi˜ ηÓfiÓ·, ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜3. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È Û οı Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ™ÙËÓ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ [politics], Ë ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊˆÓÈÒÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÂÚ› Ù¿Í˘, Ù·ÎÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·. ™Â ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë ÂÈηÈÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, Û Â›Â‰Ô ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Û Â›Â‰Ô ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Ï‹„Ë Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi. ™‡Ìʈӷ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ì ÙȘ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÚËÙÔÚÈΤ˜, Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· –Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ Î¿ıÂÙ·– ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, οı ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ı· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜. ∫¿ı ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ «ÎÂÎÙË̤ÓÔ˘» ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜. ∫·È Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ οı ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ‡‚ÚȘ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆ÔÈÔ˘ÙÔÙÚfiˆ˜ Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ· Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·fiÏ˘ÙË ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ‡ÊÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ. ∫ÏÈÛ¤, ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘ÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÔ›Â˜, ·ÌÂٷΛÓËÙ˜ Î·È ›Û˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û «›ÛÔ˘˜/˜» Ôϛ٘ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ·ÌÂٷΛÓËÙÔ˘˜/˜. ∞ÓÙ› Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Ì¤ÚÈÌÓ·˜ ÛÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ‰È·3 ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ë ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Wittgenstein ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ηÓfiÓ·, ηıÒ˜ Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ηÓfiÓ· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÙË Ì›·, ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ Î·È ÌÔÓfiÙÚÔË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. «∆Ô Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ηÓfiÓ·», ϤÂÈ Ô Wittgenstein, “Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Ì ÙÔ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›˜ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÙ·Á‹. ª·˜ ÂÍ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘·ÎÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙȉÚԇ̠۠·˘ÙfiÓ Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ”. […] ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ï¤ÁÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÔÚı‹ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ηÓfiÓ·, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· οı ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¿ÙÔÌÔ ı· fiÊÂÈÏ ӷ ·ԉ¯ı›. √ˆÛ‰‹ÔÙÂ, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‚›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ê‹ÓÔ˘Ì ÂχıÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÏϤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙ› Ë Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜» (™ÙÔ Mouffe 2000: 153-154).

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∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

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ÊÔÚ¿ οı ̷ıËÙ‹/ÙÚÈ·˜, Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ·˜ ˆ˜ ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ¤Ó· Û˘Ì·Á¤˜, «¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜» Î·È ·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤ÓÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ οı ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó·‰È·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· Â·ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ›ٷÈ. ™ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ÊÏ‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË, Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο» ̤¯ÚÈ «ÚˆÙÔÔÚȷο» ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∂ÓÓÔԇ̠ˆ˜ fiÏ·, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Â›Ó·È ›Û· – Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓÂ‡Ô˘Û· ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÙ· – ‹ ı· Â›Ó·È Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓ «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο» Î·È ¿Ú· ›Û· (Î·È fiÌÔÈ· Û fiϘ ÙȘ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜) ‹ ı· Â›Ó·È «ÚˆÙÔÔÚȷο» Î·È ¿Ú· ›Û· (Î·È fiÌÔÈ· Û fiϘ ÙȘ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜). ¢›¯ˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ ηٿ ÔÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ë «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎfiÙËÙ·» – Î·È Ò˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È – Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ·(;) Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋ Ì ÙËÓ «ÚˆÙÔÔÚ›·» – Î·È Ò˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È.4 ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· –Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ·ÁÁÏÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ £ÂÔ‡, ÂΛÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ «πÛÔ‰ˆÙÒÓ», ‚ÔËıÔ‡ÓÙÔ˜– ÔÈ ÚËÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Û˘Ó·ÚıÚÒÛÂȘ. ™ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÚıÚÒÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ «Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ‚ȂϛԻ ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈ›ٷÈ, ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ˘ÂÚ‚·ÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·, Û ÌÈ· Ô˘Û›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· «Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ» ÙÔ ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ „˘¯‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ –Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ– ‹ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙȘ „˘¯¤˜ fiÏˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÛÊ·›Ú˜ ÙÔ˘ «ˆÚ·›Ô˘», ÙÔ˘ «ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘» Î·È ÙÔ˘ «·ÏËıÈÓÔ‡»! ∞fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘! ∫·È ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, ÌÈ· ÊfiÚÌ·, ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈ΋ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. ∂›Ù ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ›Ù ÁÈ· ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ‰fiÁÌ·.5

4 ª·Óȯ·˚ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚËÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ›‰·Ó ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÚ› «Ì·‡ÚˆÓ» Î·È «¿ÛÚˆÓ» ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ. µ¤‚·È· ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ¯ÚÒÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ηχÙÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÌË ÓÔËÙfi: Ù· «Á·Ï¿˙È·» ‚È‚Ï›·, Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·fi «Ú¿ÛÈÓ·» ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ, Ì «Ú¿ÛÈÓÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ (¿Ú·…!) Î·È Ù· ¤ÁÚ·„·Ó: «·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔÈ» - «Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘» - «Ô·‰Ô› Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘» - «Â¯ıÚÔ› ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜» - «‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ› Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔÈ» - ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÔ› Ô˘ «‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉ¤· ·fi Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË» - ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ/˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÒ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉ¤· ·fi Ù¿ÍË «ÙÈ Í¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·˘ÙÔ›/˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÂÌ¿˜» - «·ÚÈÛÙÂÚÔ›», «ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ›» ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ·Ú·ÏËÚËÌ·ÙÈο! ∂‰Ò ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ô˘ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ó ·˘ÚÈ·ÓÔ‡˜/¤˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜/-˜ Û ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ó· ηÏÔ‡Ó ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ‰È‰¿ÍÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÁÈ·Ù› ·ÁÓÔ› ÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ıÔ‰Ô (·Û›ÁÓˆÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈο Û fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ). ∂‰Ò ÙÔ ·Ú·Ï‹ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ·ÏÔÌ·ÓÈ·Îfi.

5 °È· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·Ú·ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓÒÛÂȘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ (‹ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜) οı ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. ∫·È ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÔÈ Î¿ÙÔ¯ÔÈ Î¿ı ˘ÂÚÊ˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ – fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈ‚fiËÙÔÈ Ê‡Ï·Î˜ οı ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌÔ‡ – ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿ Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· Ô˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ/˜.

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Œ¯Ô˘Ì ӷ οÓÔ˘Ì Ì ÚËÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ·ÔÏ·ÈÛȈ̤ӷ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ (fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÈÙ¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ì·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜– ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ: ÙÈ ¤ÁÈÓÂ; Ô‡ ‹Ì·ÛÙ·Ó; Ô‡ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ¿ÌÂ; Î.¿.), ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó, ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ̤ÏË Î¿ı ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈı·Ú¯ÈÒÓ. ™¯ÂÙÈο, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Â›¯·ÌÂ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ì ʷÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘, ÌÈ·˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘.6 ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ «ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ıˆÚÈÒÓ» –ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¿ÏÏÔÈ Î·È ¿ÓÙˆ˜ fi¯È ÂÌ›˜ (Î·È fi¯È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ¯ÒÚ·) ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó– ÁÈ· Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ›ÛÔÈ/˜ Ú¤ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ οÙÈ Ó· ÌÔÈ¿˙Ô˘Ì Ì οÔÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÁ¯ÒÚȘ «·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ›˜ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ». º·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ fi,ÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÈÛÔ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÂÌ¿˜ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ¿ÍÈÔÓ Ó· ÚÈÊı› ÛÙËÓ ˘Ú¿. §ËÛÌÔÓÒÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ‰È΋˜ Ì·˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰È΋˜ Ì·˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜.7 ∆Ô˘Ù¤ÛÙÈÓ, ·Ó ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ‰ÂÓ ·˯› ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË [verstehen] Ù˘ ‰È΋˜ Ì·˜ ÎÔÛÌÔı¤·Û˘, ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÔ‡ Ì·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ·fi ÂÌ¿˜ Î·È ¿Ú· Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓ Î·Ù·ÎÚÈÙ¤Ô. ∞Ó ¿ÏÈ Ì·˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙfiÙ ›̷ÛÙ ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Ì·˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÂÌ›˜. °È·Ù› ÌfiÓÔÓ ÂÌ›˜ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ! ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¯‹˜, ÂÓfi˜ ηÓfiÓ·, ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ. ã∂ÙÛÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È! ∆Ô ÚfiÛÊ·Ùo, Û¯ÂÙÈο, ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·‚¿Û·Ì Î›ÌÂÓ· ÁÈ· Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›·, Ô˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·. ™Â ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÂȘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi, ÌÈ· ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÚȉȷ‚·›ÓÂÈ ‚È‚Ï›·, ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÙ·. AÔÛȈ¿Ù·È ÙÔ ÎÚÈÙÈο ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ

6 ŸÙ·Ó Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È ¤ˆ˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙ¿ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·.

7 ¶¿Ú· ÔÏÏÔ› Î·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Î·È ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ì ¢ÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙ· Ó¤· Û¯ÔÏÈο ‚È‚Ï›· ÂÂȉ‹ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· Â·Ó·‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍ‹ Ì·˜ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Ì·˜/‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì·˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·Îfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÎÚ·Ù¿ Ì·˙› ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó· «ÂÌ›˜» Î·È ¤Ó· «·˘ÙÔ›» Ì ÔχÛË̘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (!).

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∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

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Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ¤ÍÂȘ8 Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È¿ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ οı ̤ÏÔ˘˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. K·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‡ÊÔ˘˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÛÈÒËÛ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÚÔÛÒÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. √È ÌÂÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ‚¤‚·È· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰fiÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÔÈ ‰Â ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ‚¤‚·È· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰fiÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙË ı¤ÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÔÛÈÒËÛ˘ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÂÚ› ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û ÂÌ¿˜ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹, ηٿ ÙËÓ ·ÏÙÔ˘ÛÂÚÈ·Ó‹ ¤ÁÎÏËÛË, ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË, Ò˜ ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Û «·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Û·Ó ÎÈ ÂÌ¿˜» ‹ «Û ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Û·Ó ÎÈ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜», ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ô˘ ÙÔ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ (ÎÈ «ÂÌ›˜» Î·È «·˘ÙÔ›») ·˘ÙÔÂÈÓÔÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÁÎÏËÛË, Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Î¿ÏÂÛÌ· Î.¿. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ¤Ó·Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi, ı· ›¯Â ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ: ñ ∆È Â›‰Ô˘˜ ¤ÁÎÏËÛË Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ, Ò˜ ·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, ÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٿ ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔ‡˜; ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ò˜ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È9 Ô/Ë ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘/ÙÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜/ÙÚȤ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÔÈÔ/ÔÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Î·È Ì·ıËÙ‹/ÙÚÈ· ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ; ñ ¶Ò˜ ηÓ›˜ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ¯ÂÈÚ·ÊÂÙÔ‡Ó ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ Û ÌÈ· ·ÓÔȯً ÛÙ· ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÈÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜;

8 ¢ÈΤ˜ «Ì·˜» Î·È ‰ÈΤ˜ «ÙÔ˘˜»: ·ÊÔ‡ ηٿ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ [the Political] ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· fiÏ· ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· «ÂÌ›˜» Î·È Û ¤Ó· «·˘ÙÔ›». √È ¤ÍÂȘ, ÔÈ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. √È Û˘Ó‹ıÂȤ˜ Ì·˜ ·ÔÎÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜.

9 «™ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Ô Â·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ·ÊËÁÂ›Ù·È ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ ·fi ÙË ı¤ÛË ÂΛÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ‹‰Ë ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ê‹ÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÂΉÔı› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ – ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ·fi ÙȘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ·ÈÙÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Èı·Ó¿ ·fi ÙË ‚›·. √ ·ÊËÁËÙ‹˜ ÌÈÏ¿ ÂÂȉ‹ ˆ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÙ˘ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë Ô ·Ú·Ï‹Ù˘ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛˆÓ, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛ·¯ı› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ. √ ·ÊËÁËÙ‹˜ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Â·˘ÙfiÓ Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÂÂȉ‹ Ô ·ÊËÁËÙ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ÂÁÁÚ·Ê› Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ Û ÁÂÌ¿Ù˜ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Áڷʤ˜» (Feldman 1991: 13).

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∏ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘ - ÌË Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˘, ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ‰ÈÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÔÈ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌÂÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ì·˜ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘, ÚÔ˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÛÊ·›Ú˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜. ¶·Ú·‚ϤÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ οı ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¤Ó· ‹ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ, ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÏÏ¿ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Î·ıÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ (∑izek 2006), ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. £· ¤ÚÂÂ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ó· Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏ› fi¯È ÙÈ Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ó – ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ – Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ·ÏÏ¿ ÔȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Ù˘ ηıÔÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, Î·È Ò˜ ÙȘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∆È Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÂΛ, ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Î·È Ò˜ ÙÔ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÎÚÈÙÈο, Â‰Ò Ì¤Û· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË.10 ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ – Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· – ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î›ÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ fiÔÈ· ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈο fiÙÈ Û ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙ· «‚·ÛÈο», ÂÓÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË “back to the basics”. ∏ Ù¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ƒ¤ËÁηÓ, ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ıËΠӷ ˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› ·fi Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÁηٷÏ›ÊıËÎÂ Î·È ·fi ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ (ÁÈ·Ù› ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfiÓ Ô ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ¤Î·Ó ÙË °·ÏÏÈ΋ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡)11 ÂÓÒ Ù˘ ·Û΋ıËΠÂÓÙÔÓfiÙ·ÙË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙȘ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ηÈ

10 ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÂΛ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË – Î·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¿ÏÏ· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ô Î˘ÓÈÎfi˜ ηٷӷψÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Î·È Ë ‰È·Ê‹ÌÈÛË Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÙ·Á‹ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·˜ µ¤Ê·˜ Î·È Ë ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Î·ÈÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿‰ÈÎÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ›ÛÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿ÓÈÛÔ˘. ¶ÔÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂΛ, ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈο ‚È‚Ï›·; ∞Ó Â›Ó·È Ó· Ù· ·ÁÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, ÙfiÙ ı· ‰Â¯ıԇ̠fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÁÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Î¿ı ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÁÓÒÌË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ÙË ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËΠÂÎÙfi˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∞ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÛÙ Û ÙÈ ·ÓÙȉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıԉ‡ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ. º˘ÛÈο ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿. ∂ΛÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Â›Ó·È fiÛ· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¤¯ÚȘ ÂΛÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È Ë ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Ú¿‚·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∫·È Ò˜ ı· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ú¿‚·Û˘; ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ηٷӷψÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ ËıÈ΋, ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¿ÁÓˆÛÙË.

11 “The bad word L” [Ë Î·Î‹ ϤÍË ·fi §{›ÌÂÚ·Ï}=ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜] Ô˘ ϤÂÈ Î·È Ô Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ªÔ˘˜! ∞ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÎʤÚÂÈ!

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∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

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ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ (ÎÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ Ì ÙȘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜). ™‡Ìʈӷ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË «ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο», ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, fi¯È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ÓfiËÌ·12 (ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙÔ ‚Ô˘ + · =‚· ‹ Ì‹ˆ˜ ‚Ô˘¿!), fi¯È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ, fi¯È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ªª∂, ¤ÓÙ˘ˆÓ Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ, fi¯È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊËÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÓ Î.¿. £· ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ì ϤÓ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ – Î·È ÂÚȤÚÁˆ˜ ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ˘·ÚÎÙ‹ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË: Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌfi˜, ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÛÌfi˜, ÌÂÙ·ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÛÌfi˜ – ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·Ó·‚·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Û ·ÓıÚˆÈÛÌfi. ∫·È ÙÔ‡ÙÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÌÂÙ¿ Ó· ÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ ∆Ú›ÙÔ ∫fiÛÌÔ Ô˘ ·ÏÒ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÁÚ·Ê‹ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÂÈÏ‹ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ·Ê·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞fi ÙÔÓ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ· ÙˆÓ «ÈÂÚÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ» (‚ڷ˚΋˜, ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜, Ï·ÙÈÓÈ΋˜) Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÙ¤ ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÈ΋. ◊Ù·Ó ¿ÓÙ· ÌÈ· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈ΋ ·fiÂÈÚ·.13 ã∏Ù·Ó Î·È Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚÈ¤ÙÂÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ «ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο» ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Ò˜ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ ÛÙ· ·È‰È¿ ·Ú¯·›· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ¡· ÌË Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ù˘ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈÒÙ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ˙ˆ‹ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ «¿ÊˆÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ», Ô˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Ì·‡ÚË ÂÚÁ·Û›·, Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÈ-

12 ∏ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·. ™¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Û˘ÓÂÚÁÈÒÓ, Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ (Gee 1986).

13 √ ·Ó·ÏÊ¿‚ËÙÔ˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Î·È ÙÔÓ ‡ÛÙÂÚÔ ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ÈÔÈ΋ÛÂÈ. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ Â˘ÁÂÓÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ‹Û·Ó ÈηÓÔ› Ó· ‰È·‚¿ÛÔ˘Ó Ì‹Ù ¤Ó· ·Ïfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÔÈ ·Ó·ÏÊ¿‚ËÙÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ‰È¿‚·˙·Ó. «∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰È¿‚·˙·Ó, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ϤÍÂȘ ·ÏÏ¿ Ô ÔÚ·Ùfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜. ™Ù· Ì¿ÙÈ· fiÏˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÈηÓÔ› Ó· ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÔ‡Ó, Ô ˘ÏÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Û¿ÓÈ· ‹Ù·Ó οÙÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fi ÌÈ· Ì¿Ûη, ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ·Ó fiÏ· Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∆ÔÓ ıˆÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ÚÔÔÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ÌÈ· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·» (ã∞ÓÙÂÚÛÔÓ 1997:63).

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µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ πÓÙ˙›‰Ë˜

ÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ٷ ·È‰È¿ Ì·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ϤÌ ·ÏÏÔ‰·Ô‡˜ ‹ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜. ∞! fi¯È! ∆· ·È‰È¿ ı· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó Ó· ÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ú‹Ì· χˆ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·fiÚÈÛÙÔ ‚ã ÙÔ˘ ¿Áˆ, ÙËÓ ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Ϥ͢ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Û·Ó Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ ÔÈ ·Ú¯·›ÔÈ ËÌÒÓ ÚfiÁÔÓÔÈ. √È ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔÈ ˆ˜ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ›» ÂÈÛËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯·›ˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ˆ˜ «‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ», ÁÈ· Ó· Ù· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ˆ˜ ͤӷ, Î·È ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋˜ ·Ú¤·˜» ı· ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ›‰È˜ Î·È ·ÏÒ‚ËÙ˜.14 ∞ÏÏ¿ Ì·ı·›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi «‚Ô˘ Î·È ·!» – ·ÛÎÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏÈÁÚ¿ÊËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘! – Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË; ∫·È ÌfiÓÔÓ ·Ó ʤÚÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÓÔ˘ Ì·˜ ÙÔ ÚˆÙÔÛ¤ÏÈ‰Ô ÌÈ·˜ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 Î·È ÌÈ·˜ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ‹ ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ηٷÓÔԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó οÔÙÂ. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÓ¿ÎˆÓ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ô ÎÚÈÙÈο ÂÓÂÚÁfi˜ ÔÏ›Ù˘ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ù· «‰È·‚¿˙ÂÈ» fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ÂΛ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â‡ÛÂÈ Ôϛ٘. ∏ ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ‰ÂÓ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ ÔÙ¤ ÚËÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÙÈ Ôϛ٘ ÂÈı˘Ì› Î·È ÙÈ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϋÍÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ¶¿ÓÙ· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û·Ê¤˜ ÙÈ ÚËÙ¿ ÂÓÓÔ› ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÚÒÙ·. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ë ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÏ›ÙË ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi. ∂Âȉ‹ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ οÔÈÔÈ Î·È Î¿ÔȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ «‚·ÛÈÎfi», Ô √∏∂ ÂÍ·ÁÁ¤ÏÏÂÈ ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· 2002-2013 ˆ˜ ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ. ∆· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· – Ì ÙȘ fiÔȘ ÂÓÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ – Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ fiÙÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ù˘ «ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο», ·ÏÏ¿ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ. ∫·È Â›Ó·È ÂÎ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓËÚÔ‡15 ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ «ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο» Ó· ÌÂÙÔ-

14 ¶ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÎÔÏÏË̤Ó˜ ÛÙË Û¯ٷÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ȉÈÒÙ¢ÛË! ∫·È ¿Ú· – Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Ó‡̷ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯·›ˆÓ Ì·˜ ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ – ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·¯ÚËÛÙ›·! ∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÈ Û‹Ì·ÈÓ ÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË, ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÛÙËÓ ∞Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Ô‡Ì ÔÈÔÈ ‹ ÔȘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∞Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ Ù˘ «·Ú¤·˜» ÙÔ˘˜!

15 «∫¿ÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ÛȈ¤˜ ‰È·ÎfiÙÔÓÙ·Ó Î·È Î¿ÔȘ ¿ÏϘ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Ô˘ ˙Ô‡Û·Ó Ì ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·ÛÙ˘ÓfiÌ¢Û˘ ‹ ̤۷ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜. ∂̤ӷ Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· Û¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛȈ‹» (∆fiÓÈ ªfiÚÈÛÔÓ, ¶·›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÎÔÙ¿‰È).

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∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

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ÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È/ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, Ù· «‚·ÛÈο» ˆ˜ «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ»! ∞ÏÏ¿ ÔÈÔ˜ ı· ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÏ·ÈÛÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ «‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ», ·ÊÔ‡ Û οı ÂÔ¯‹ – ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ – ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ; ª‹ˆ˜ Ô ·ÁÁÏÈηÓÈÎfi˜ £Âfi˜ ÙˆÓ «πÛÔ‰ˆÙÒÓ»; ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Ì·˜ «Â›Ó·È ÔÌȯÏ҉˻ ÂÂȉ‹ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ «Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ò˜ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó». §¤Ó ̿ÏÈÛÙ· fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÍÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ 1960 ‹ ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÚ‚Ïfi˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘!16 ∆Ô «Ó· Û ̿ıˆ Ò˜ Ó· „·Ú‡ÂȘ Î·È fi¯È Ó· ÛÔ˘ ʤÚÓˆ „¿ÚÈ·» ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·ÌÈ¿˜ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜! ∏ Ù¿ÛË «ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο» – Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËΠ·Ú·¿Óˆ –ÎÚ›ıËΠˆ˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡. √È Ï›ÁÔÈ ı· ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·Á·ı¿ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ı· ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ Ӥ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÙÚÔÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÔÏÏÔ› ·˜ ·ÚÎÂÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· «‚·ÛÈο» Ô˘ ÎÚ‡‚ÔÓÙ·È ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙË Ï¤ÍË «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο». ∂ÈÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ÔÈ Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÓÔËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ. §ËÛÌÔÓÔ‡Ó ‚¤‚·È· fiÙÈ Ì ̛· ·Ï‹ ΛÓËÛË fiÏÔÈ Ì·˜ (Î·È «ÂÌ›˜» Î·È «·˘ÙÔ›») ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÈÛÎÂÊıԇ̠ÛÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈο ÈÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡Ù· Î·È ˘Ô˘ÚÁ›· ¶·È‰Â›·˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ.17 ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, fiˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‹‰Ë ÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ, ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÁÈ· ÚËÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó Ó· ËÁÂÌÔÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ Ô˘Û›· ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÂÓÒ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÂÓ‰Â-

16 ¢ÂÍÈfiıÂÓ Î·È ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚfiıÂÓ Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ fiˆ˜ ı¤ÏÂÈ, Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÈÙ›· ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÓÒÓ Ì·˜ Î·È ·ÂÈÏ› ·fi ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·Ù· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Ì·˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·. ã∞Ú· ÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ› Ì·˜ ‹ ·ÎfiÌË ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚ· ÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· οÓÂÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ; ∞˜ ·Ú·‰ÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi, ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ «¤ÍˆıÂÓ ·ÂÈÏ‹˜» ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ¿ Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÛˆÙ‹Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ·ÓÙ¿ÏÏ·ÁÌ· ÙË ÛˆÙËÚ›· Ì·˜. °È· Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì ̷˙Èο Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔ ¿Û˘ÏÔ Ù˘ ¿ÁÓÔÈ·˜. ∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔÓ ˆ˜ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÓÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈ͢ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛˆÓ.

17 ∫·È ÂΛ ı· ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ «·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ» ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∂˘Ù˘¯Ò˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. ∫·È ‚¤‚·È· ÙÔ ÙÈ ÂÓÓÔÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ¯ÒÚ˜ «·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi», Â‰Ò Î¿ÔÈÔÈ/˜ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·‚·Û¿ÓÈÛÙ· Î·È ÌÂ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ‡ÊÔ˜ ÌÈÎÚfi„˘¯Ô Î·È ¯ÔÏÂÚÈÎfi ı· ÙÔ ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ó ·fi «·Ó·Ú¯ÈÎfi» ̤¯ÚÈ «·ÓÙȉڷÛÙÈÎfi», ̤¯ÚÈ «·Ó·¯ÚÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi», ̤¯ÚÈ «·ÓÙÂıÓÈÎfi». ŒÏÂÔ˜!

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µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ πÓÙ˙›‰Ë˜

¯fiÌÂÓ·. ∫·È Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi ˆ˜ οı ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ Î·È Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡. ã∏ Ì·˙› «Ì·˜» (;) ‹ Ì·˙› «ÙÔ˘˜» (;). ∆ÒÚ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ «Ì·˜»/ÂÌ›˜ Î·È ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ «ÙÔ˘˜»/·˘ÙÔ› – ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ô˘ Âη٤ڈıÂÓ ‰·ÈÌÔÓÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ô ÕÏÏÔ˜, ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ì ¢ı‡ÓË ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ì·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ù˘ „˘¯ˆÛÈ΋˜ ‰È¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢– Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ¤Ó· Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï‹ÁÌ· ÛÙÔ/ÛÙË ÚËÙÔÚÈο ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ/Ë ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÎÈ Â‰Ò ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÏÏ‹‚‰ËÓ ›ÛÔ˘˜/˜ fiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È fiϘ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÌ›˜: ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ «ÂÌ›˜»; ∂›Ó·È ›Û· Î·È ·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÙ· fiÏ· Ù· «ÂÌ›˜»; ∂›Ó·È ›ÛÔÈ Î·È ·‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÙÔÈ fiÏÔÈ/˜ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ «·˘ÙÔ›»: ÂΛ, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ;18 ¢Â ˙Ô‡ÌÂ, fï˜, Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, ÁÈ·Ù› Ô ÌÈÛıfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ›ÛÔ˜ Ì ÙÔ ÌÈÛıfi ÙÔ˘ à ¿ÏÏÔ˘ – ›Ù ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ, ›Ù ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو – ÁÈ·Ù› Î·È ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÌÈÛıfi οÔÈÔ˜/· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ËÁ¤˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ì ¤Ó·Ó/Ì›· ¿ÏÏÔ/Ë…Î·È ÂÂȉ‹ Ì‹Ù ̷ıËÙ‹˜/ÙÚÈ·, Ì‹Ù ÁÔÓÈfi˜ (·Ù¤Ú·˜ ‹ ÌËÙ¤Ú·), Ì‹Ù ÎˉÂÌfiÓ·˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ì ¿ÏÏÔÓ/Ë – ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ó ÙȘ ›¯Â ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi «›ÛÔÈ» ı· ‹Ù·Ó Î·È «Ù·˘ÙfiÛËÌÔÈ» (!) – Ì‹Ù ›ÛÔ˜ Û‡ÏÏÔÁÔ˜ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ Û‡ÏÏÔÁÔ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ, Ì‹ÙÂ... Ì‹ÙÂ... ∫·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú·ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·fiÏ˘Ù˘ ÈÛÔ¤‰ˆÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ «Î·Ïfi»19 (Ù· «Î·Ï¿» «Ó¤·» ‚È‚Ï›·, ÔÈ «Î·ÏÔ›» ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ) ‹

18 ™Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÔÏÈÙÈο ÎfiÌÌ·Ù· Û‹ÌÂÚ· οÓÔ˘Ó Ú¿ÍË ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ∆· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘·ÎÔ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ÂÛˆÎÔÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜, ¿Ú· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÈÛ· ̤ÏË, Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÁÓÒÌË Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ËÁfi ‹ ÙÔÓ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù¤·, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔÈ. ∫·È ·˘ÙÔ› Â›Ó·È Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÛٷ٤„Ô˘Ó, ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË, ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈ΋ Ì·˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË (;) ‹ ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi Ì·˜ ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÛÔ‰ˆÙÈ΋ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË; ª‹ˆ˜ ÙÂÏÈο Ì·˜ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ԉ¯Ùԇ̠¿ÏϘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜; ∏ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ ‚¿ÛË ·ÓÙȉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋. ∂ȉÈÒÎÂÈ ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ı· ·ÛΛ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ ÛÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ fiÌÔÈÔ˘, ›ÛÔ˘, ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È Ô˘ ÛÙÂÚÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÏ›ÙË Ô˘ ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ ÂÎ·È‰Â‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÔÏ›ÙË ‰ÂÓ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌË Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿˜ Ù¤Ú˘Á·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ Ì·˜ ˆ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

19 «√È Î·ÏÔ› ‰ÂÓ Ï¤Ó ÔÙ¤ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·» (¡›ÙÛÂ).

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∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

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Ù˘ ÈÛÔ¤‰ˆÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ «Î·Îfi»20 (Ù· «Î·Î¿» «Ó¤·» ‚È‚Ï›·, ÔÈ «Î·ÎÔ›» ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ) Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Û ¤Ó· ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi Î·È fi¯È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ¶ÚÔÙ›ӈ Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙԇ̠fi¯È ¿Óˆ Û ¤Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi [competitive] ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ‚¿ÛË ¤Ó· ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi [agonistic] ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋: Ô ã∞ÏÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Â¯ıÚfi˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÍÔÓÙÒÓˆ. ∂ÍÔÓÙÒÓˆ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋. √ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ˜. ªÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÌ·È Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∏ ‰È·‚ԇϢÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÒÚˆÓ [eduscapes], ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ‰ÂÓ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÙË ‰È·Ú΋, ÔÏ˘Ô›ÎÈÏË, ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ˆ˜ ÌË ·Ú¿ÏÔÁÔÈ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜. ∆È ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ‹ Ì·˜; ™ËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌʈÓԇ̠̠ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô – ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·˘ÙÔηÏÔ‡ÌÂı· ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔÈ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙ¤˜ Ù˘, ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔÈ – ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÈ Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ «‡ÏË» ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ «Î·›Ì». ¢ÈÂΉÈÎԇ̠ÛÙÔÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ì·È Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎԇ̠(ÂÌ›˜) Î·È ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡Ó (·˘ÙÔ›) ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜, ¿ÓÈÛÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ηÓfiÓ· Ù˘ ÔÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÙÂÚÔ‰ÔÍ›·˜. °È·Ù› ‰ÂÓ Â›Ì·ÛÙ ›ÛÔÈ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ̤¯ÚȘ ÂΛÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ›Ô˘ Ô˘ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ·˘ÙÔηٷÚÁ›ٷÈ. ª¤¯ÚȘ ÂΛÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ Ô˘ ÔÈ Î·Ù·Û΢¤˜, ÔÈ ÂΉԯ¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù˘ ηıÔÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·Ï¤ÁÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Î·È ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜. OÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ. ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·˙ËÙԇ̠ÙËÓ Ó·ÚÎÈÛÛÈÛÙÈ΋ ˉÔÓ‹ ÂÍfiÓÙˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘, Ô˘ fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÔÓÙˆı› ·Ô̤ÓÂÈ ÙÔ

20 «¢›¯ˆ˜ ÙÔ ËıÈÎfi ηÎfi, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ı· ‚˘ıÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ·‡Ù·Ó‰ÚË» [ª·ÚÍ, ∂ÁÎÒÌÈÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÏ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÂÚ› “π‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘”] ‹ Ú‚Ï. ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ «ÂÚ› ËıÈ΋˜ ÔÌÈÏÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔÓ ÔÈ ·Ó‹ıÈÎÔÈ» (ÛËÌ. ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¤Ú¯ÔÌ·È ·‚·Û¿ÓÈÛÙ· ÙÔ ÛÂÍÈÛÌfi ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ Ϥ͢ «·‡Ù·Ó‰ÚË»).

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µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ πÓÙ˙›‰Ë˜

ÎÂÓfi, Ô˘ ηÙ›¯Â ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ Ë ·ÓÙÈ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù· Ó¤· Û¯ÔÏÈο ‚È‚Ï›· Â›Ó·È Î¿ÔÈ· ·fi Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ô/Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÂΛÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÂÂȉ‹ Ì·˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ Û‡ÌʈÓÔ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ‰›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜, ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ. ¶ÚÔ˜ ÔÈ· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ù· ÂÈÌÔÚʈÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜; ∆· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ‹ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο Î.¿. ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‚ÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË. ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ·Ú‹¯ıËÛ·Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏfiÁˆÓ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈÒÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ı· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó. ø˜ Ï·ÈÛȈ̤ӷ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ˘ÏÈο Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ù· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ, Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜21 Î·È Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ÔÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‹ ηχÙÂÚ· Ì ÔȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, Ì ÙÈ Ù‡Ô˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ, ı· Ù· ‚Á¿ÏÔ˘Ì ·fi «Ù· ∆¿ÚÙ·Ú· ÙÔ˘ ∫·ÎÔ‡» (!) ‹ ı· Ù· ÚÔÛÁÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ·fi «Ù· ⁄„Ë ÙÔ˘ ∫·ÏÔ‡»22 (!). ∆· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›·, fiˆ˜ Î·È ·Ó Ù· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ, ›Ù ˆ˜ ÔÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›· ›Ù ˆ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂÙÂÚÔ‰ÔÍ›·, Â›Ó·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ʷΤÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ıÂÙÈÎfi ‚‹Ì· ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ô˘ ͤÚÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›

21 ™˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÁÈ· οı ̿ıËÌ· ÚfiÙ·ÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì‹ÙÂ Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ì‹ÙÂ Ë ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔÛ˘ÓıÂÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÚÒÙ˘ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÚÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ.

22 “∆¿ÚÙ·Ú· ÙÔ˘ ηÎÔ‡» Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜: √È Ì‡ıÔÈ fiˆ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ηٷÓÔԇ̠ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ì·˜ Î·È ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù¿ÍË ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ Ì·˜. OÈ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ‰Úԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ Î·È ˆ˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ì·˜ ( Ú‚Ï. Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 186). ™ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›·, ÌÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÁÈ· Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ÂÈ˙ËÙԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û‹ Ì·˜ Ì ·˘Ù¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Ù· ıˆÚԇ̠ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ì·˜. ∂›Ó·È fï˜;

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∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô

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∞ÓÔȯٿ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘. ã∂Ó· ‚‹Ì· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Î·È ÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË, ¤Ó· ‚‹Ì· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÕÏÏÔ˘, ¤Ó· ‚‹Ì· ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∫È ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ì Û οı ̷ıËÙ‹/ÙÚÈ· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ Ò˜ ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi - ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·È ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ˙ÂÈ, ‰Ú· Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È. °È· ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙÔ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ™ÙÔ ‰›Ô ·˘Ùfi Ë ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÁηıȉڇÂÈ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ˆ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÎfiÙËÙ· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË. ∞ÚΛ Ë ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· Î·È Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Ó· ÌËÓ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi ÂÍÔÏfiıÚ¢Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ã∞ÏÏÔ˘. ∞Ó Ë ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÂÍfiÓÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÕÏÏÔ˘, ÙfiÙ ٛıÂÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘. √È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÍfiÓÙˆÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ó¤Ó· ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ıÂÛÌfi, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, ˆ˜ ıÂÛÌfi ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ. ∏ ÔÌÈÏ›· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ ãÕÏÏÔ Î·È ÂÁηıȉڇÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. ∏ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË ÙˆÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·È. Û ȉÈÒÙË ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·È. ∞˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË Ô˘ Ë Arendt ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ·fi ÙÔ citoyen ÛÙÔ bourgeois Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· «ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ˘ÂÚÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË, ı· ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙ› ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· Û ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ë ÔÔ›· Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ “˘ÂÚÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜”. ∏ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙȘ Â·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ηıfiÚÈÛ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÁӈ̛· ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·È. fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÎÈ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ 20fi ·È.» (Arendt 1965/2006:189). ∞Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ›Ûˆ Ì·˜ ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·È. ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ «πÛÔ‰ˆÙÒÓ», ÙÔ ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È Ò˜ ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, Ò˜ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ì ӷ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· ¯ÒÚÔ˜, ÁÈ· ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· ¤Ú· ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÔÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓ˘ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘. °È·Ù› ·Ó Ë ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ Ù˘ ¿ÓÙ· ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ıÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›·˜ ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÊÔ‚È΋23 ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·.

23 ∆· ÊÔ‚Èο Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌ· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi fi,ÙÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘.

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∂ÈÛËÌ·›Óˆ ¿ÓÙˆ˜ fiÙÈ Ù· Ó¤· ‚È‚Ï›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ô˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ·È‰È¿, ÁÔÓ›˜, ÎˉÂÌfiÓ˜ ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ‚È‚Ï›· fiÏˆÓ Ì·˜. ø˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ʷΤÏÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ ã∞ÓÙÂÚÛÔÓ, ª. (1997), º·ÓÙ·ÛȷΤ˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜. ™ÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ› ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∞·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÙË ¢È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, ÌÙÊÚ. ÷ÓÙ˙·ÚԇϷ, ¶., ∞ı‹Ó·: ¡ÂʤÏË. ∞rendt, H. (2000), °È· ÙËÓ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÌÙÊÚ. ∞. ™ÙÔ˘¿ÎË. ∞ı‹Ó·: ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ·.

Dumond, L. (1988), ¢ÔΛÌÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∞ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÌfi, ÌÙÊÚ. ª. §˘ÎÔ‡‰Ë˜, Aı‹Ó·: ∂˘Ú‡·ÏÔ˜.

Feldman, A. (1991), Formation of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Gee, J-P. (1986), “Orality and Literacy”, Telos Quarterly, 20, Û. 719- 746 Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980), Metaphors we live by, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Mouffe, Ch. (2000), ∆o ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ¶·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ, ÌÙÊÚ. ∫ÈÔ˘ÎÈfiÏ˘, ∞., ∞ı‹Ó·: ¶fiÏȘ. ∑izek, Sl. (2006), ∆o À„ËÏfi ∞ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ π‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÌÙÊÚ. π·ÎÒ‚Ô˘, µ., ∞ı‹Ó·: Scripta.

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°ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›· versus ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜. ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÂÏÏËÓÈο Î·È ‰˘ÙÈο Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο: ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ ‹ ‰È·ÛÙ·˘ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·; ª·Ú›· ∆ÂÚ‰‹ÌÔ˘ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜, ‰È‰¿ÎÙˆÚ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜

™ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ∞ıˆÓÈ¿‰·˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ›¯Â ·Ó·ÁÚ·Ê› Ë Ú‹ÛË: «°ÂˆÌÂÙÚ‹ÛˆÓ ÂÈÛ›Ùˆ, Ô˘ Έχˆ, ÙÔ ÌË ı¤ÏÔÓÙÈ Û˘˙˘ÁÒÛˆ Ù·˜ ı‡Ú·˜», ‰ËÏ·‰‹, «·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ·Á·¿ Î·È ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙË ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ·˜ ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ, ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ fiÔÈÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ Ë fiÚÙ· (Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜) Â›Ó·È ÎÏÂÈÛÙ‹». ∂›Ó·È ÏfiÁÈ· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÁÂÓ›Ô˘ µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚË, Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·Ú¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÏfiÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶Ï¿ÙˆÓ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÓÂÁÚ¿ÊËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ fiÙ·Ó Ô ∂˘Á¤ÓÈÔ˜ ·Ó¤Ï·‚ ÙË Û¯ÔÏ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ 1753. ∂›Ó·È ÏfiÁÈ· Ô˘ ‰È·ÙÚ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ¢ÎÏÂÈ‰Â›Ô˘ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎÂ, ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÛÙȘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë. ™Ù· ™ÙÔȯ›·, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË µ›‚ÏÔ ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜, Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒıËΠfiÏË Ë Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·ıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ÙÔ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÛË. ∆· ™ÙÔȯ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿, ÙÔ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ, ˆ˜ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó Ù· ̤ÁÈÛÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ ·fi ·Ï‹ıÂȘ ·˘Ù·fi‰ÂÈÎÙ˜ Î·È ÚÔ¯ˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ì ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Û ÁÓÒÛË ‚¤‚·ÈË Î·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋. ø˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÂıˆÚ›ÙÔ ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ Ô ÈÔ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi˜ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ú‡̷ٷ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ, Ë ÈÂÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ·Ú¤-

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ª·Ú›· ∆ÂÚ‰‹ÌÔ˘

ÌÂÓ ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË. ª¤¯ÚÈ Î·È ÙÔÓ 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ·,1 ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ÙÔ ˘¤ÚÙ·ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÁÓÒÛË (Davis and Hersh 1991: 315). ∏ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ÌË Â˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈˆÓ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÒÓ ¤ÁÈÓÂ Ë ·ÈÙ›· Ó· ¯·ı› Ë ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹. ∞Ó ıÂÏ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›· Ó· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· ¤ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ ı· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ÂÍ‹˜: ∏ ·Ú¯·›· ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó «ÂÔÙÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi». °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·›Ô˘˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ (Î·È ÙÔ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì·) Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ·fi ÙȘ Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó. √È Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó, ‚¤‚·È·, Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜, Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, fï˜, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Î·È ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ë ÛΤ„Ë ‰ÂÓ «Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙ÂÈ» ·ÏÏ¿ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿.2 ªÂ ÙȘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ, ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÂÈÚÔÛÙÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜. √È Ó¤Â˜ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂȘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ «Ú¿ÍÂȘ» ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡. ∆Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ ηٷϷ̂¿ÓÂÈ Ë ·ÊËÚË̤ÓË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜. ∫‡ÚÈ· ÛËÌ·Û›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â‰Ò ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ¤˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ ›‰È˜ ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘, fï˜, ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È (¶··ÓÔ‡ÙÛÔ˜ 1973: 286). ¡· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, Ì·˙› Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÓ‰Ô·Ú·‚ÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ¤Ï˘Û ÙÔ Â› ·ÈÒÓ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ÚԤ΢Ù ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ¤Î·Ó ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚıÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ «Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘» (Hilbert 1995: 29). ªÂ ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, ÙÔ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ϤÔÓ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Descartes, Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, Ì ÙȘ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È È· Ì ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ. ∂Í·Ï›ÊÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ› ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ Ì ηÓfiÓ· Î·È ‰È·‚‹ÙË Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·ÚÙÂÛÈ·ÓÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˘fiÛÙ·ÛË, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î¿ÙÈ ÔÛÔÙÈÎfi, ηÈ

1 ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· Î·È Â˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ˜ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ‹Ù·Ó Ù·˘ÙfiÛËÌÔÈ.

2 Ÿˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó «·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ» ÙÔ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· Ô˘ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘.

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™ÂÏ›‰·63

°ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›· versus ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜

63

ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡. √ ·ÂÈÚÔÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡ewton Î·È ÙÔ˘ Leibniz, Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ·›ÚÔ˘. ∞ÔηχÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÛÒÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÓfiËÛË fiÙ·Ó Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÂÈÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ Û˘Ó¯¤˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰Â ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË Î·È ‚·ıÈ¿ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙË Á¤ÓÂÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û‡Ì·ÓÙÔ˜. ∂Ú¯fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙÒÚ· ÛÙ· ηı’ ËÌ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∫·ı’ fiÏË ÙË Ì·ÎÚfi¯ÚÔÓË ÌÂÙ·‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹ ‡ÊÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ›¯·Ó ¿ÌÂÛË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. √ fiÚÔ˜ «ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÙÈ΋», Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Î·ÙÔÓfiÌ·˙·Ó fiÏ· Ù· ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈο ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È· Ô˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó, Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi˜. ∏ ·Ó·‚›ˆÛË, fï˜, Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÚÔÂ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÈÒÓ·, ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È Ì ·ÚÁÔ‡˜, ηٿ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‹ÌÈÛ˘, Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜, ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÁÂÓÈο ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ı¤ÛË. √È ÏfiÁÈÔÈ ϤÔÓ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ˆ˜ «ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ··ÛÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ», ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ «ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ùˆ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÈ Î·Ï›Ûı·È ·ÍÈÔ›»,3 «Ù· ÌfiÓ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ Ì·ı‹ÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ‹ ¤ÎÙ·ÛÈÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ».4 ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ù˘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÂÚ› Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ, «·Ó·Áη›· ÙÔȘ ÂȘ Ù· Ù˘ ʇÛˆ˜ ¿‰˘Ù· ÂÈÛ‰‡Ó·È ‚Ô˘ÏÔ̤ÓÔȘ»,5 ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ «ÌÂÙ¿ Ù˘ ›ڷ˜ ¿ÁÔ˘ÛÈ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ ÂȘ ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·Ó ÙˆÓ Ì˘ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ʇÛˆ˜».6 “ŸÛ· ‰È¿ Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ Ì·Óı¿ÓÔÌÂÓ, ÁÈÓÒÛÎÔÌÂÓ fiÙÈ ÂÛÙ›, Î·È Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ÂÛÙ›, Î·È Ô˘ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ¿Ïψ˜ ¤¯ÂÈÓ, Ô˘‰ÂÌ›·Ó Á·Ú ¿ÏÏË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·Ó·ÁηÈÔÙ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ Ù·˜ ‰Â›ÍÂȘ ¤¯ÂÈ, Ë °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›· ¿Ú· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÂÛÙ›, Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÚˆÙ›ÛÙË».7 ŒÙÛÈ ·ÔÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ¡ÈÎËÊfiÚÔ˜ £ÂÔÙfi΢ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· Ë ÔÔ›·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ô˘ ™ÙÔȯ›·, Ô˘ Ô‡Ùˆ˜

3 ∞ÓıڷΛÙ˘-ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˜ 1749, ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔÓ, Û. ix.

4 µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ 1818, ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ºÈÏ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ·˜, Û. 1.

5 ∑. ∫¿‚Ú·˜ 1800, ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜, Û. v 6 µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ 1818, Û. i 7 ¡. £ÂÔÙfi΢, ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, ·Ú. 396 Ù˘ µÈ‚ÏÈÔı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜, Û. 3.

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™ÂÏ›‰·64

64

ª·Ú›· ∆ÂÚ‰‹ÌÔ˘

‹ ¿Ïψ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· Ù· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÙÚÈÁˆÓÔÌÂÙÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ ÎˆÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ̤˜ Î·È Ù· ·Ú¯ÈÌ‹‰ÂÈ· ıˆڋ̷ٷ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË.8 °È· ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ô˘ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ÌÂ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ, fiÙÈ Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ηٿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙËÓ Â˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ Î·È fiÛ· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô £ÂÔÙfi΢ ÂÍ·ÈÚÔ˘Ì¤Ó˘ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fiÓÙˆ˜ ı· ÚÔÛı¤Ù·Ì ٷ ™Ê·ÈÚÈο ÙˆÓ £ÂÔ‰ÔÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ¶ÚfiÎÏÔ˘. ∏ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ô˘ ÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÏfiÁÈÔÈ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÂ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂηÂÙÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜ ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·. «∞È ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚ·È Î·È ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰ÂȘ ·ÛÒÓ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ÛÈÓ»,9 ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô ∫ÔÛÌ¿˜ ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÂÓÓÔ› Î·È Ô ªÔÈÛÈfi‰·Í ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ «∏ ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›· ÂÁÎÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¿Û·Ó ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌËÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ӻ.10 √ £ÂÔÙfi΢ ıˆÚ› fiÙÈ «¢È·ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÙÈ ‰È’ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ô ÓÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È, [...] ÚÒÙË Î·È Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ˜ ÂÎ Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·Ó ÂÛÙ›Ó, Ë Ô͇Ù˘ Î·È ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛȘ, ËÓ ‰È’ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ô Ë̤ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÓÔ˘˜ ÎٿٷȻ.11 ∂›Ó·È «Ì¿ıËÌ· ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙ·ÙÔÓ ÂȘ ¿ÓÙ· ÔÏ›ÙËÓ» Î·È «Â¿Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ·› ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛˆÛÈÓ ÂȘ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂÈÔÙ¤Ú·Ó ·ÎÚfi·ÛÈÓ Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜, ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó ‚ÔËıËı‹Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ïˆ˜ ·fi Ù·‡ÙËÓ ÙËÓ ÚÔ¿ÛÎËÛÈÓ. ∂¿Ó ‰’ ÂÎϤ͈ÛÈ ÙËÓ ÌÂÚ›‰· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ‚›Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÈÒÓ, ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ó ÙÔÓ ·ÈÛıËÙfiÓ ÙÔ‡ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔÓ Ì ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙ¿·ÛÈÓ ·Áˆ̤ÙÚËÙÔÓ».12 ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÎıÂÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ô ∫ԇ̷˜ ÙË ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ÂÓÒ Ô µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ ı· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ·ÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ «Ë ¯ÂÈÚ ‰È’ ‹ÛÂÚ Ô Î¿ÙÔÈÎÔ˜ Ù˘ Á˘ Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ô˘Ú·Ófi»,13 ˘ÂÓı˘Ì›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì·˜ ÙÔÓ Ï·ÙˆÓÈÎfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ı¤ÏÂÈ ÙË °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›· ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ ·ÈˆÓ›ˆ˜ fiÓÙÔ˜.14 √ ›‰ÈÔ˜ ıˆÚ› Ù· ™ÙÔȯ›· ˆ˜ «Û‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔÓ ÂÍ’ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÁÂÓ¤Ûˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ̤¯ÚÈ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ·» Î·È ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÂΉ›‰ˆÓ ÂȘ ʈ˜ Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ô˘, ›Ù Ù˘ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜, ÂÁÒ ÂΉ›‰ˆ ÙÔ Ô˘ÛȈ‰¤ÛÙ·ÙÔÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ·ÁˆÁ‹Ó Ù˘ ÓÂÔÏ·›·˜».15

8 ¡. £ÂÔÙfi΢ 1798-99, ∆ÔȘ ∞Ó·ÁÈÁÓÒÛÎÔ˘ÛÈ, Û. È‚.

9 ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˜ ∫. 1798, ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔÓ, Û.1.

10 π. ªÔÈÛÈfi‰·Í 1780, Û. 49 11 ¡. £ÂÔÙfi΢, ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·ÊÔ, Û. 2.

12 ∫. ∫ԇ̷˜ 1819, ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜, Û. È·.

13 µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ 1820, ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ºÈÏ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ·˜, Û. 2.

14 ¶Ï¿ÙˆÓ, ¶ÔÏÈÙ›·, ∑ 527 b.

15 µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ 1820., Û. 8, 20.

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√‰ËÁԇ̷ÛÙÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ·‚›·ÛÙ· ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ó·È ÌÂÓ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÌ·Ó›·˜ Î·È ÛÔÊÔÏÔÁÈÔÙ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ‰ÂÓ ·‡Ô˘Ó fï˜ Ó· ‰È·ÙÚ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ıÂÌÂÏȈ̤ÓË ›ÛÙË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ÏÔÁ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Í›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∂Π̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘ Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È Ë ‡ÏË ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó›ÛٷٷÈ, ηٿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Û ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋, ∫ˆÓÈΤ˜ ∆Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÔÏÏˆÓ›Ô˘, ·Ú¯ÈÌ‹‰ÂÈ· ıˆڋ̷ٷ, ÙÚÈÁˆÓÔÌÂÙÚ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ ¢ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯·›ˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¯›˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙ· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û¿ÓȘ Û ·˘Ù¿ ÙˆÓ ¢˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Ù· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó·‚›ˆÛË Î·È Ë ‰È¿‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ·Ó¿Î·Ì„˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ì ·ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·›Ô˘˜ ÚÔÁfiÓÔ˘˜. ÃÚËÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ù· ΢ڛˆ˜ ΛÌÂÓ·, fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ÚfiÏÔÁÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔÈ Û ÂÈÌÂÏË̤ÓË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜. ∂›Ó·È Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· Ó·È ÌÂÓ Û ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·ÊË, ΢ڛˆ˜, ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ˆ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈο ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù· οÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜. ∆Ô ϤÔÓ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÓËÌÂÈ҉˘ √‰fi˜ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÂıÔ‰›Ô˘ ∞ÓıڷΛÙË, Ô˘ ÂΉfiıËΠÙÔ 1749 ·fi ÙÔÓ ª·Ï¿ÓÔ µ·ÛÈÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÏfiÁÔ˘. ∏ √‰fi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰ÈÔ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯·›ˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÒÈÌˆÓ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ë, ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚfiÎÏÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‰ÔÛ›Ô˘, ÙÔ˘ À„ÈÎÏ‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∞Óı¤ÌÈÔ˘.16 ∆Ô ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ

16 ™ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· «„¢‰Ô¢ÎÏ›‰ÂÈ·», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ 14Ô Î·È 15Ô ·fi Ù· µÈ‚Ï›· ÙˆÓ ™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ.

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ª·Ú›· ∆ÂÚ‰‹ÌÔ˘

ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ì ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi. ªÂ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔÓ µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ, Â›Ó·È fiÏÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Ì·ÙÈ¿ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÁÂÓÈο, ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ӈÓ. ∂›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÏÔÈfiÓ Ó· ÂÌ̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ¢ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·, ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÓˆÛÙfi Î·È ‰Ô˘ÏÂ̤ÓÔ ÙÒÚ· Î·È ‰‡Ô ¯ÈÏÈÂٛ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˆ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ¤¯ÂÈ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û›ÁÔ˘ÚË Î·È ÂÌÂÚÈÛٷو̤ÓË ÁÓÒÛË, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, Ù· ÓÂfiÙÂÚ· ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, Ô˘ ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞ӷʤڷÌ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §ÂÛ‚›Ô˘, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ÁÈ·Ù› ÌÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ Ôχ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ˜, Î·È ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓÈÛı› Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈÎfi Ó‡̷, ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ù· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ì ÂÈʇϷÍË, ·Ô‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙȘ ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ. ™ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔÁÔ Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ (∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ô˘ ™ÙÔȯ›·) Ô µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Â͢ÌÓ› Ù· ·Ú¯·›· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¢˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ηٷÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηχÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ Â˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ17 Î·È ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Î·È ıˆڛ˜.18 ŸÌˆ˜, fiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, Î·È ÂΛ ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÈ¿, ̤ۈ ¿ÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔ›ٷÈ: “∫·Ù¿ ‰Â Ù·˜ ·Ú¯¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰’ ·ÈÒÓÔ˜ ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÂʇÚÔÓ ÙËÓ ÕÏÁ‚ڷÓ, Î·È Ô ¢ÈfiÊ·ÓÙÔ˜ [...] ˘‹ÚÍÂÓ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô‡ÙÔ˜ Ô ÂÊ¢ÚÂÙ‹˜»19 ·ÔÊ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ô µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜, Û˘ÓÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ Î·È ·fi ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘. ¢¤¯ÔÓÙ·È, fï˜, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂÈfiÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÙËÓ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ∂˘Úˆ·›ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ fiˆ˜ Ô Francois Viette, Ô Descartes Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ.20

17 µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ 1820, ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔÓ, Û. 8.

18 ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·ÓٛʷÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó. ∞˜ ı˘ÌËıԇ̠ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ËÏÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë Ù˘¯ÒÓ Ù˘ Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ (Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ «¶·ÓÙ·¯ËÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘»), ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ ËÏÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ·. °È· ÙÔ ı¤Ì·, ‚Ï. °·‚ÚfiÁÏÔ˘ 1995: 75-86.

19 µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ 1820, ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔÓ, Û. 16.

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∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÂ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂηÂÙÈÒÓ ÂΉfiıËÎ·Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ›‰È·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ. ∞˘ÙÔÙÂÏ‹ ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈο Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù˘ˆÌ¤Ó· Û ¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi ÙfiÌÔ, Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ °Ô‚‰ÂÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔÙfiÎË. ™Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, ›Ù ˆ˜ ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·, ›Ù ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂÓÈ·›Ô. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· ¤ˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ 18Ô ·ÈÒÓ·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË «ÙÂÚÓ‹ Î·È ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜», ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚ÂÛÙ¿ÙË ÁÈ· Â›Ï˘ÛË Ï‹ıÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¿Ô„Ë ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ë ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ Â›Ó·È «Ô ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚÔ˜, ·ÎÚÈ‚¤ÛÙÂÚÔ˜ Î·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜, Â›Ó·È Ì·˙› ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜» (Condillac, ÛÙÔ C.C.Gillispie 1986: 157). £· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÒÚ· ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚȉȿ‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, Ì ·‰Ú¤˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ¤ÛÙˆ, ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÛÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜. £· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 1750-1775, fiÙ·Ó, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÛÙÔÓ «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi» ¯ÒÚÔ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÏfiÁÈÔÈ µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚȘ, £ÂÔÙfi΢ Î·È ∑ÂÚ˙Ô‡Ï˘. ™Â ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·ÊÔ ÙÔ˘ µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚË, ÙÔ˘ 1760,21 ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ›, ηٿ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê›, ̤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙÂ, Û ÂÏÏËÓÈο ΛÌÂÓ·. ∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚‹Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÛÙË ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· Î·È ·˘Ùfi ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ô˘ ÂÈ˙ËÙÔ‡ÛÂ Ô µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚȘ. ∂Ȃ‚·ÈÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·ÊÔ ÙÔ˘ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «™ÙÔȯ›· ∞ӷχÛˆ˜»,22 ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Ï‡ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋. ¶Èı·ÓfiÓ Ô µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚȘ Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡Û ÈÔ ·Ó·Áη›· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÈÛÒÛˆÓ.

20 «∆Ô‡ÙÔ˘ Á·Ú (¢ÈfiÊ·ÓÙÔ˘) ‰Ë Â›ÓÔÈ· Î·È Ë ı·˘Ì·ÛÙ‹ Ù¤¯ÓË ËÓ ÕÏÁÂ‚Ú·Ó ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘ÛÈÓ, Ë Î·ı’ ËÌ¿˜ ˘fi ºÚ·ÁΛÛÎÔ˘ µÈ¤Ù·, Î·È ƒÂÓ¿ÙÔ˘ ∫·ÚÙÂÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Ì’ ÂΛÓÔ˘˜, ηıÔÏÈÎÔÙ¤Ú· ηٷÛÙ¿Û· Î·È Â› Ôχ ·ÎÚȂ›·˜ Î·È ÙÂÏÂÈfiÙËÙÔ˜ ÚÔ·¯ı›۷» (∂. µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚȘ 1805, Û. xii).

21 ∂›Ó·È ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·ÊÔ ˘. ·Ú. 16 ÙÔ˘ ™Ô˘‰·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ºÈÏÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ.

22 ∂›Ó·È ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·ÊÔ ˘. ·Ú. 1242 Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ µÈ‚ÏÈÔı‹Î˘.

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∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ¤Î‰ÔÛË, ÙÔ 1767, ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Segner, ™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, Û ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚË,23 ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛı› ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈÎfi Û‡ÁÁÚ·ÌÌ·. ÌÈ· Î·È ·Ú·Ï›ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÚ› ÂÍÈÛÒÛˆÓ, ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ Î·È ·ÂÈÚÔÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿, ÙÒÚ·, ÙÔÓ ¡ÈÎËÊfiÚÔ £ÂÔÙfiÎË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Û˘ÌϤÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚË, ÙfiÛÔ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈο fiÛÔ Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈο, ͤÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û Ì ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÙfiÌÔ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ŸÌˆ˜, ·˘Ùfi ÂΉfiıËΠÌfiÏȘ ÙÔ 1799, fiÙ·Ó Ô £ÂÔÙfi΢ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ ÔÏÏÔ‡ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Óı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·, ¿Ú·, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË, ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ı¤Ì·. ™ÙËÓ ∞η‰ËÌ›· ÙÔ˘ π·Û›Ô˘ ‰›‰·ÍÂ Ô £ÂÔÙfi΢ ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ 1764. ∞ÏÁ‚ÚÈο, fï˜, ¯ÂÈÚfiÁÚ·Ê·-Ì·ıËÌ·Ù¿ÚÈ·, ̤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÁÚ·Ê›, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ùfi, ‚¤‚·È·, Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ÏfiÁÈÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰›‰·Í ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ÛÙÔ π¿ÛÈÔ. ∆Ô Èı·ÓfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Â›ÌÔÓË Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Î·È Û ·˘ÙfiÓ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚË, ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÈÛÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È Î¿ˆ˜ ÂÈÊ˘Ï·ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË. ∫·È Ô ∑ÂÚ˙Ô‡Ï˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Cristian Wolf, ·ÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ·ÎÚÔıÈÁÒ˜ ÙÔ ı¤Ì·, ¯ˆÚ›˜, Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜, Ó· ÙÔ ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ ÛÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ, Ë ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û ̷ıËÌ·Ù¿ÚÈ· Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂΉ›‰ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÁÁÚ·ÌÌ·, Ô‡Ù ·˘ÙÔÙÂϤ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·Ó ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰ÂÓ Â˘‰ÔΛÌËÛ·Ó ·fiÏ˘Ù·. ∞Ó ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÒÚ· Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈο, ı· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÈηۛ˜: ™Ù· ÎÔϤÁÈ· ÙˆÓ πËÛÔ˘ÈÙÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ÔÏÏ¿ Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Û ˘ÔÙ˘Ò‰Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹, Î·È ‰ÂÓ ı· 23 √ ª·ÓÔ˘‹Ï °Â‰ÂÒÓ ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ «∏ ‰Â Ù˘ ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∞ÏÁ¤‚Ú·˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ˘fi ÌÂÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÓ πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓÔȘ ª·Ï·Ó·›·˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÂÁ¤ÓÂÙÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ˘fi ∫ÔÛÌ¿ ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˘ µ·ÛÈÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ™˘ÓÔÙÈÎ‹Ó ∂ÎıÂÛÈÓ [...] ÂÓ ÂÙ¤ÚÔȘ ‰Â Û¯ÔÏ·›˜ ηٿ Ù· ˘fi µÔ˘ÏÁ¿Úˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·Ûı¤ÓÙ· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ™ÂÁÓ¤ÚÔ˘» (ª. °Â‰ÂÒÓ, ∏ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ΛÓËÛȘ, Û. 181). ŸÌˆ˜, Ô ∫ÔÛÌ¿˜ ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ: «¶ÂÚ› Ù·‡Ù˘ ÙÔ›Ó˘Ó Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜), ÂÓ ÙÔȘ ηı’ ËÌ¿˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚfiÓÔȘ, ηÌÔ› ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È, ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ë ÙÈÓ¿ ÙÔȘ Ì·ıËÙÈÒÛÈ ·Ú·‰Ô‡Ó·È ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·Ó» (ŒÎıÂÛȘ ·ÎÚÈ‚ÂÛÙ¿ÙË.., ¶ÚÔÔ›ÌÈÔÓ, Û. 3).

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·Ó·‚·ıÌÈÛı› ÚÈÓ ·fi ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 1770. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ¶¿ÓÙÔ‚·, ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1760, Ù· ™ÙÔȯ›· °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ Î·È ∞Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Ì¿ıËÌ· Ô˘ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÙ·Ó, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¤Î·ÌÙ·Ó ÙËÓ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ÕÏÏË (Halle), ¯¿ÚȘ ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘ Wolf Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ Segner, Ô Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ ›¯Â ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı›. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, Î·È ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· (∫·ÛÙ¿Ó˘ 1998: 93). ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈÎfi Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi-ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÛΤ„˘. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ÂÓÒ Ë ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›·, ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË, Ë ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وı› Ë ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ·È‰Â›·˜ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘, Ú¿ÁÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ıÂÛÌÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜. ¶Èı·ÓfiÓ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ‰˘ÛÙÔΛ· Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ (∫·ÛÙ¿Ó˘ 1998: 93). ¶ÚÔ˜ Â›ÚÚˆÛÈÓ ÙˆÓ fiÛˆÓ ÌfiÏȘ ·Ó·Ê¤Ú·Ì ӷ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: ∞Ó Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈο Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ı· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ Ôχ ‡ÎÔÏ· ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÚfiÛÏË„Ë ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ô ·ÚÓËÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜, Ô ÌÈÁ·‰ÈÎfi˜, ÙÔ ¿ÂÈÚÔ ÎÏ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Â›Ï˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙÒÓ ‹ ·Ú·Ï›Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ Ú›˙˜, ȉ›ˆ˜ ÙȘ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Î·È ÙÔ Ìˉ¤Ó, ·fiÚÚÔÈ· Ù˘ ¢ÎÏ›‰ÂÈ·˜ ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıË. ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÁ·‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜, «Ú›˙˜ ·‰‡Ó·Ù˜, ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙ˜, ηْ Â›ÓÔÈ·Ó», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ˘, ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ¿ÚÓËÛË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓÒ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ ÙÂÏÈο Ó· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·È Î·ıÔÏÈο, ÁÈÓfiÌÂÓÔÈ ¤ÛÙˆ Î·È Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙÈο ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ›. ∂‡ÎÔÏ· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ Â¤ÊÂÚ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁ›Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·›ÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÂÈ-

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ª·Ú›· ∆ÂÚ‰‹ÌÔ˘

ÚÔÛÙÔ‡, Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó Ì›˙ÔÓ· ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ·ÂÈÚÔÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡. µ¤‚·È· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÌÈ· Î·È ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÂÈÚÔÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·Û¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó, ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, Ô G. Berkley (1685-1753), ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ The Analyst, ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙ·ÙË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ·›ÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ Newton, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ·ÂÈÚÔÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜.24 ÃÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠӷ ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ôχ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô ·ÈÒÓ˜, ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ηٷÛÙ·Ï¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Û ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·›ÚÔ˘. ŸÌˆ˜ ·Ú¿ Ù· fiÛ· ·ÚÓËÙÈο ›·Ì ̤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜, Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ÛfiÚÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ ÛÙË ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÈÊı›. ∆Ș ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó· ¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Á·ÏÏÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯË. ∞˘Ùfi ÔÊÂÈÏfiÙ·Ó ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ËÁÂÌfiÓ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰Ô˘Ó¿‚ÈˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, ÂËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ Á·ÏÏÈÎfi ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi, ÚÔÒıËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Á·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·È‰Â›·, Î·È ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∆¿ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ πËÛÔ˘ÈÙÒÓ (1773) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·ıÔÏÈÎÒÓ Ù·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙË °·ÏÏ›· Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙË Á·ÏÏÈ΋ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛË. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi, Ù˘ ‰È¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ù·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ‰Â¯fiÙ·Ó Ë ÔÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÏÈ΋ ÚÔ·Á¿Ó‰·. ¡· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ, Â›Û˘, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ∂ÓÂÙÈ΋˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ (1797), Ù· ÈÙ·ÏÈο ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ·‡Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÙfiÔ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÏÔÁ›ˆÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ϤÔÓ Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ Á·ÏÏÈο (¶·Ú›ÛÈ), ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈο Î·È ÁÂÚÌ·Ófiʈӷ (µÈ¤ÓÓË) ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·. ∏ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ Á·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ. ∆ËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·˘Ù‹ ÂΉ›‰ÂÙ·È Î·È ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈÎfi Û‡ÁÁÚ·ÌÌ·, ÙÔ ™ÙÔȯ›· ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞ÏÁ¤‚Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ De Lacaille, ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ ™˘Ú›‰ˆÓ· ∞Û¿ÓË. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·Ú·ÙËÚ›ٷÈ, ı· ϤÁ·ÌÂ, ÌÈ· ÂΉÔÙÈ΋ ¤Í·ÚÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÛÌ¿ ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˘ (1798), ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔÙfiÎË (1799), ÙÔ˘ Euler Û ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË 24 √ Berkley, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ıÂÌÂÏȈ̤ÓË ·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô Leibniz ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÁˆÁÔ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ˘ „=¯2, fiÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ··Ï›ÊÂÈ ÙÔ d¯ ˆ˜ ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤Ô, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌˉÂÓfi˜, Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ‰È·ÈÚ› Ì d¯.

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ÙÔ˘ ∫¿‚Ú· (1800), ÙÔ˘ Metzburg Û ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÃÚËÛÙ·Ú‹ (1804), ÙÔ˘ ¢. °Ô‚‰ÂÏ¿ (1806), ÙÔ˘ ∫ԇ̷ (1807), ÙÔ˘ ¢Ô‡Áη (1816). ∆Ô ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Ë ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, ¯¿ÚȘ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Á¤ÓÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ô, æ·Ï›‰·˜, Ô ∞Û¿Ó˘, Ô ¶ÚÒÈÔ˜, Ô ∫ԇ̷˜, Ô ¢Ô‡Áη˜, Î.¿., ·ÔÙÂÏ› ϤÔÓ ÈÛfiÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜, Ì·˙› Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÁˆÌÂÙÚ›· ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ηٿ ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÚÔÂ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ ηıÈÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÛÙË ÓÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. ∏ ÂÚȉȿ‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Â˙ÔfiÚÔ˘ ÙÂÏ›ˆÛÂ, Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ È· ηٷϿ‚ÂÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· Ù˘ Ï·ÙˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú‹Û˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔÌÂÙˆ›‰· Ù˘ ∞ıˆÓÈ¿‰·˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜, ÙÈ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ›ÛÙ¢·Ó Ô µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚȘ, Ô ∞ÓıڷΛÙ˘, Ô §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ Î·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ Ô˘ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó Í·Ó¿ ÓfiËÌ· ÛÙË Ï¤ÍË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÛÌfi. ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ °·‚ÚfiÁÏÔ˘, ∫. (1995), «√È ÂÈÛً̘ ÛÙÔÓ ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜», ¡Â‡ÛȘ, 1, Û. 75-86 ∫·ÛÙ¿Ó˘, ¡. (1998), «∆· π‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈο ¶Ï·›ÛÈ· ªÂٷΤӈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÛÙË ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¶·È‰Â›·», ÛÙÔ Ÿ„ÂȘ Ù˘ ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰Â›·˜, £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË. ¶··ÓÔ‡ÙÛÔ˜, E. (1973), °ÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, ÿηÚÔ˜, ∞ı‹Ó·.

Davis P.H. and Hersh R. (1991), ∏ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ∂ÌÂÈÚ›·, ∆ÚÔ¯·Ï›·, ∞ı‹Ó·.

Gillispie, C. (1986), ™ÙËÓ ∫fi„Ë Ù˘ ∞Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜, ªπ∂∆, ∞ı‹Ó·.

Hilbert, D. (1995), £Â̤ÏÈ· Ù˘ °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜, ÌÙÊÚ. ™Ù. ¶··‰fiÔ˘ÏÔ˘, ∞ı‹Ó·. ¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞: ¶∏°∂™ ∞ÓıڷΛÙ˘-ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˜ (1749), √‰fi˜ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, µÂÓÂÙ›·. µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ (1818), ™ÙÔȯ›· ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜, µÈ¤ÓÓË. µÂÓÈ·Ì›Ó §¤Û‚ÈÔ˜ (1820), °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰Ô˘ ™ÙÔȯ›·, µÈ¤ÓÓË. µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚȘ ∂. (1805), ∞. ∆·ÎÔ˘ÂÙ›Ô˘, ™ÙÔȯ›· °ÂˆÌÂÙÚ›·˜, µÈ¤ÓÓË. £ÂÔÙfi΢ ¡. ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ·Ú. 396 Ù˘ µÈ‚ÏÈÔı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜. £ÂÔÙfi΢ ¡ (18998-99), ™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ ·Ï·ÈÒÓ Î·È ÓÂˆÙ¤ÚˆÓ Û˘ÓÓÂÚ·ÓÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ªfiÛ¯·.

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∫¿‚Ú·˜ ∑. (1800), ™ÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞ÏÁ¤‚Ú˘ ÂÎ ÙÔ˘ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·Ûı¤ÓÙ·, µÈ¤ÓÓË. ∫ԇ̷˜ ∫. (1819), ™‡ÓԄȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚˆÙÔ›ÚÔ˘˜, µÈ¤ÓÓË. ªÔÈÛÈfi‰·Í π. (1780) ∞ÔÏÔÁ›·, µÈ¤ÓÓË (Â·Ó. ∞ı‹Ó· 1992). ª·Ï¿ÓÔ˜ ∫. (1798) ŒÎıÂÛȘ Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ∞ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÏÁ¤‚Ú·˜ Î·È ÃÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, µÈ¤ÓÓË.

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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 5/07, 73-81

73

∏ Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË °ÂˆÚÁ›· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË ¶¿ÓÙÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ

À¶√£∂™∂π™ ∂ƒ°∞™π∞™ ∏ ‚·ÛÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÍ·ÚÙË̤ÓË ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ϤÔÓ ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·˘Ùfi Û˘Ó·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ì ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈÛıˆÙÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ / ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ / ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ηٿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Ó¤· ÌÈÎÚÔ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË (¶Ô˘Ï·ÓÙ˙¿˜ 1981, ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË 2004) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ «Ó¤·˜ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘’’ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÛÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È ·ÙÂÏ‹˜ ‹ Î·È ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙË. ø˜ «Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË» ÔÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Â‰Ò Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο ÛÙÚÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‹ Î·È ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ Ô˘ fï˜ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È, Ù˘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·‚ÈÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ËÌÈ·Ú·ÓÔÌ›·˜. ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ «Ó¤·˜ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘» Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÛÙÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÚÔÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·ÙÂÏÒ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÔÁڷʤ˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ›Ù ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· (ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜ Î·È ÓÙfiÈÔÈ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜) ›Ù ÂÂȉ‹ Ë Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÛÙȘ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÛÎÔÙÈṲ̂ÓË Î·È ·ÙÂÏ‹˜. ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ϤÔÓ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÛÙÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÚÔÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·fi ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ı¤ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ËÌÈ·Ú·ÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ∫·È fiÙÈ Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙ· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚfiʈ˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂È-

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74

°ÂˆÚÁ›· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË

ϤÔÓ fiÙÈ Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Ì›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ (ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ STEP 7/8/9, ∂™À∂ 1995) ·Ó·ÎfiÙÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÂΛӘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¿ÊıÔÓÔ˘, ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˘ Î·È Ôχ ÊıËÓÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡. ∆· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÈ «·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔÈ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜», ÔÈ ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ˜ «ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜», Î·È ÔÈ «·ÁÚÔÙÈÎÔ› ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜». ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙ›˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ‰ÔÌÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÊıËÓÔ‡ ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ÙȘ ªª∂ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ηٷÁÂÁÚ·Ì̤Ó˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÌÂÙ·Ô›ËÛ˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÁˆÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ (.¯. ÙÔ˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜) (π¡∂/°™∂∂ 2000, 2005). ∂ÈϤÔÓ Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÚÈÒÓ/ÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÓÔÈÎÔ΢ÚÈ¿ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÁηٷÏ›Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ «·˘ÙÔÂ͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË» ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ô˘ ηχÙÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÊıËÓfi Î·È ¿ÊıÔÓÔ Í¤ÓÔ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi (Esping-Andersen 2006). ™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜: ™ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘Ù· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù·. ∞˘Ùfi ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜: √È ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ̤ۈ ·Ó·‰È·ÚıÚÒÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ·ÛÎÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ Û ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ԢÛ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÔÈ ªª∂ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÊıËÓ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÓÒ Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÓÔÈÎÔ΢ÚÈÒÓ 2 ÌÈÛıÒÓ ˆı› Ù· ÓÔÈÎÔ΢ÚÈ¿ Û Ӥ· ÚfiÙ˘· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÊıËÓ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·. ∏ ∞¡∞¶∆À•∏ ∆∏™ ∂•∞ƒ∆∏ª∂¡∏™ ∂ƒ°∞™π∞™ ∏ ÚÒÙË ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Â›Ó·È Ë ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙË̤Ó˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍ‹ Ù˘ Û ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ηٿ ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 1981 Ë ÌÈÛıˆÙ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÚÚÔÊÔ‡Û ԇÙ ÙÔ ÌÈÛfi ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi, ÙÔ 1991 ·ÔÚÚÔÊÔ‡Û ϛÁÔ ·Ú·¿Óˆ (52%) ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 2000 ¤Êı·Û ÛÙ· 58%. ∏ Ù¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ·fi

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™ÂÏ›‰·75

∏ Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË

75

ÙȘ ∞ÔÁڷʤ˜ ¶ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1) fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2). ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1 ∂ÓÂÚÁfi˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi˜ ηٿ ı¤ÛË ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· (1961-1991) ™‡ÓÔÏÔ ¯ÒÚ·˜ 1961

1971

1981

1991

3,2

3,8

2,9

6,8

∞˘ÙÔ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ

31,8

31,9

32,7

28,2

ªÈÛıˆÙÔ›

33,6

39,2

48,8

51,8

√ÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷο ̤ÏË

28,6

24,4

11,1

6

ªË ‰˘Ó.

2,8

0,7

4,5

7,2

™‡ÓÔÏ·

100

100

100

100

∂ÚÁÔ‰fiÙ˜

¶ËÁ‹: ∂™À∂, ∞ÔÁڷʤ˜ ¶ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ 1961-1991 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆ˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2 ∞·Û¯fiÏËÛË Î·Ù¿ ı¤ÛË ÛÙÔ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ· ™‡ÓÔÏÔ

ÃÒÚ·˜

1993‚

2000‚

7,2

7,9

∞˘ÙÔ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ

27,4

24,4

ªÈÛıˆÙÔ›

53,3

58,4

√ÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷο ̤ÏË

12

9,2

ªË ‰˘Ó.

0,1

0,1

™‡ÓÔÏ·

100

100

∂ÚÁÔ‰fiÙ˜

¶ËÁ‹: ∂™À∂, ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡1993, 2000‚. ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆ˜

∏ ∆∞™∏ ª∂πø™∏™ ∆∏™ ¶∞ƒ∞¢√™π∞∫∏™ ∂ƒ°∞∆π∫∏™ ∆∞•∏™ ∏ ÂfiÌÂÓË Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ ÙÚ·‚¿ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÌÈÛıˆÙ‹˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ-

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™ÂÏ›‰·76

76

°ÂˆÚÁ›· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË

΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ (‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·, ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ·). Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ¶›Ó·Î· (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3) Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ 7/8/9) Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Û·Ó Ì¤¯ÚÈ Î·È ÙÔ 1981 ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÌÈÛıˆÙ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Û ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù· ˘·ÏÏËÏÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ 3/4/5) (ÁÚ·Ê›Ô/˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÎÏ.). ∆Ô 1991 Ë ÚÒÙË Û ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÌÈÛıˆÙ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· ˘·ÏÏËÏÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ÙÔ 39,7% ÙˆÓ ÌÈÛıˆÙÒÓ), Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÙ· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ÙÔ 36% ÙˆÓ ÌÈÛıˆÙÒÓ) Î·È Ë ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÙ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο/‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ÙÔ 19,9% ÙˆÓ ÌÈÛıˆÙÒÓ). ™ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›· Ë Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ¯ÂÈÚˆÓ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙË̤Ó˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ (1993‚-2000‚) (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4). ∆· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·fi 40% Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙË̤Ó˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ 1993 ı· Êı¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ 36,2 ÙÔ 2000 ÂÓÒ Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο/ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·fi 24% ÙÔ 1993 ı· Êı¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ 27% ÙÔ 2000. ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3 ªÈÛıˆÙÔ› ηٿ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi (1961-1991) 1961

1971

1981

1991

0,1,2*

8,6

11

16,4

19,9

3,4,5**

30,7

34,3

35,1

39,7

6***

12,9

4,7

2,3

1,5

7,8,9***

46,8

49,1

45

36

ªË ‰˘Ó.

1,0

0,9

1,2

2,9

™‡ÓÔÏ·

100

100

100

100

¶ËÁ‹: ∂™À∂, ∞ÔÁڷʤ˜ ¶ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ 1961-1991 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆ˜ * ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜, ÂχıÂÚÔÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜, Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ› ‚ÔËıÔ› (0/1), ‰È¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Ù¯ÓÈο ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë (2) ** À¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ÁÚ·Ê›Ԣ Î·È ÂÍÔÌÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ (3), ¤ÌÔÚÔÈ Î·È ˆÏËÙ¤˜ (4), ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ (5) *** ∞·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙË ÁˆÚÁ›·, ˙ˆÔÎÔÌ›·, ·ÏÈ›· Î·È ı‹Ú· (6) **** ∆¯ӛÙ˜ Î·È ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ (ÂÎÙfi˜ ÁˆÚÁ›·˜) Î·È ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ (7/8/9)

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™ÂÏ›‰·77

∏ Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË

77

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4 ªÈÛıˆÙÔ› ηٿ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ 1993‚

2000‚

1,2,3*

24,3

27

4,5**

32,7

34,3

1

0,7

7,8,9****

40

36,2

ªË ‰˘Ó.

2

1,8

100

100

6***

™‡ÓÔÏ·

¶ËÁ‹: ∂™À∂, ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ 1993-2000b, ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆ˜ *ª¤ÏË ‚Ô˘Ï¢ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ (1), ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (2), ∆¯ÓÔÏfiÁÔÈ, ∆¯ÓÈÎÔ› ‚ÔËıÔ› (3) ** À¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ÁÚ·Ê›Ԣ (4), ∞·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙË ·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ (5) ***∂ȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔÈ ÁˆÚÁÔ›/ÎÙËÓÔÙÚfiÊÔÈ, ‰·ÛÔÎfiÌÔÈ/·ÏÈ›˜ (6) ****∂ȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔÈ Ù¯ӛÙ˜ (7), ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ (8), ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔÈ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ (9)

∞¡∞™Ã∂™∏ ∆∏™ ª∂πø™∏™ ∏ ∫∞π ª∂°∂£À¡™∏ ∆ø¡ §π°√∆∂ƒ√ ∂π¢π∫∂Àª∂¡ø¡ ∂ƒ°∞∆π∫ø¡ ∂¶∞°°∂§ª∞∆ø¡ ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 2000-2005 ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ ηٿ 6,9 % Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ 2000 (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5) ÂÓÒ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Ë ÔÛÔÛÙÈ·›· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË ·Ó¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÙÔ 2005 Û 7% (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6). ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ¯¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 1960-1990 (¶›Ó·Î˜ 7 Î·È 8), ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· 2000 ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛË Ù˘ Ì›ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Î·È ·‡ÍËÛË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 9). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 2000-2005 Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ·‡ÍËÛË (6,6%, ¶›Ó·Î·˜ 9) ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 5). ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘Ì„ËÊÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ (3-3,7%) ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ËÌÈÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ·‡ÍËÛ˘ (20%) ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 9), Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÌÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ Û’ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ÂÚÁ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ.

005

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14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·78

78

°ÂˆÚÁ›· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË

¶˚ӷη˜ 5 ∂ͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ Î·È ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ ηٿ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ (ŒÏÏËÓ˜/ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜) (ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, 2000·-2005·) 2000· 20005· % ™‡ÓÔÏÔ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘

4.025.679

4.325.025

6,9

ŒÏÏËÓ˜

3.870.239

4.020.976

3,8

155.440

304.049

95,6

ªÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 6 ¶ÔÛÔÛÙÈ·›· ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ/ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË (ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ 2000·-2005·) 2000 · 2005· ŒÏÏËÓ˜

96,1

93

ªÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜

3,9

7

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 7 ™˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi (∞ÔÁڷʤ˜ ¶ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ 1961-1991) 1961

1971

1981

1991

22,2

27,8

31,6

27,7

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 8 ™˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË (ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ 1993‚ , 2000·, 2005· ) 1993‚

2000·

2005·

30,9

29,3

29,1

005

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14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·79

∏ Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË

79

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 9 ∂ͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (7/8/9) Î·È Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛ˘ (ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ 2000·-2005·) 2000·

2005·

%

∂ȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (7)

651.414

672.893

3.2

∏ÌÈÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (8)

310.334

321.688

3.7

∞ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (9)

219.437

™‡ÓÔÏÔ 7/8/9

1.181.185

264.749

20

1.259.330 6.6

∏ ¢π∂π™¢À™∏ ∆ø¡ ª∂∆∞¡∞™∆ø¡ ™∆∞ ∂ƒ°∞∆π∫∞ ∂¶∞°°∂§ª∞∆∞ ∆· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û 3 ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ™∆∂¶-92, 7,8,9. ∏ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· 7 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· ϤÔÓ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Î·È Ì Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÏfiÁÔÈ, Ù¯ӛÙ˜, Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙ¤˜ ÎÏ.), Ë Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 8 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ-Ì˯·ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô‰ËÁÒÓ ÎÏ. Î·È Ë Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· 9 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌË ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ϥ˜ ¯ÂÈÚˆÓ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÛÙË ÁˆÚÁ›· ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·Ô›ËÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ fiˆ˜ ηı·ÚÈÛÙ¤˜, ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔÈ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÔ› ‹ ÁˆÚÁÈÎÔ› ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÎÏ. ∆Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û˘Ó¯‹ Ù¿ÛË Ì›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË, Ù¿ÛË Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛıËΠ·Ú¯Èο, fiˆ˜ ‹‰Ë ·Ó·Ê¤Ú·ÌÂ, ÛÙËÓ ∞ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ ¶ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ 1981 (¶›Ó·Î˜ 3, 4, 7, 8). ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰Ô‡Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (7/8/9) ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ. √È ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏfiÙ·ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ –20%– ÛÙ· ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ 9 ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔ 2000 ÂÓÒ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ ÂΛÓË ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ËÌÈÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (8,% Î·È 2,6%). ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ‰È›ۉ˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ 5 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Êı¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ 35% ÂÓÒ Î·È ÛÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Ë ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ù·¯‡Ù·ÙË (˘ÂÚ‰ÈÏ·ÛÈ·Ìfi˜ ÛÙ· ËÌÈÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Î·È Ï›ÁÔ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙ· ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó·). ∆Ș Ù¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔÓ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ›Ó·Î· (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 10).

005

22-06-07

14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·80

80

°ÂˆÚÁ›· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 10 ¢È›ۉ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ÛÙȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (2000/2005) 2000·

2005

∂ȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (7)

8,1%

15,6%

∏ÌÈÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (8)

2,6%

6,1%

∞ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (9)

20%

35%

¶ËÁ‹: ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ 2000·,2005·

™Â ÔÈ· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË ‰È›ۉ˘ÛË ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ; ™Ù· ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÎÙ›ÛÙË, ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Ù˙‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÛÔ‚·Ù˙‹ (ηÙËÁÔÚ›· 7), ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÛÔÛÙfi ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ 31-35%, Î·È ÛÙ· ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘Ù· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· (ηÙËÁÔÚ›· 9) Ù˘ ÔÈÎȷ΋˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÚÂÚÁ¿ÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ¿ÙË, ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÛÔÛÙfi ‰È›ۉ˘Û˘ 44-67%. ™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜: ∏ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 2000/2005 ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ‹ÌÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜. ∆· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Û ÔÚ›· Ì›ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1980 ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ë Ì¤ÛË ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Ì›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Î·È ·Ó·ÎfiÙÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ÂΛӘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂȉ›ÎÂ˘ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¿ÊıÔÓÔ˘, ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˘ Î·È Ôχ ÊıËÓÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡. ∆· Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ «·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔÈ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜», «ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜», ·ÁÚÔÙÈÎÔ› ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜». ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙ›˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ‰ÔÌÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. √È ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ̤ۈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·‰È·ÚıÚÒÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÒ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ·ÛÎÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜, Û ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ԢÛ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ηٿ ηÓfiÓ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ¿ÊıÔÓÔÈ ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜. ™ÙÔÓ ·ÁÚÔÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ÌÂÛ·›· Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÁˆÚÁÈ΋ Âȯ›ÚËÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ÁÎÚÈ˙fi-

005

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14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·81

∏ Ó¤· ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË

81

Ì·˘ÚË ˙ÒÓË ·ÁÚÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÏÂÙ·ÚÈ¿ÙÔ˘. √È ªª∂ –Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆӖ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·Ô›ËÛË fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ (ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, ÙÔ˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÎÏ.) ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ÊıËÓ‹ ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙË Î·È ·ÚÔÛٿ٢ÙË ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ Âȉ›Î¢Û˘. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÓÔÈÎÔ΢ÚÈÒÓ 2 ÌÈÛıÒÓ Î·È Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÈÎÚÔ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ¿ÊıÔÓ˜ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙÚȘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜. ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ ∂ıÓÈΤ˜ ∞ÔÁڷʤ˜ ¶ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡, 1961,1971,1981,1991. ŒÚ¢Ó˜ ∂ÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, 1993 (‚ ÙÚ›ÌËÓÔ), 2000 (‚ ÙÚ›ÌËÓÔ), 2000 (· ÙÚ›ÌËÓÔ) 2005 (· ÙÚ›ÌËÓÔ). ∂™À∂∞, 1995, ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

Gosta Esping-Andersen (2006), √È ∆ÚÂȘ ∫fiÛÌÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ∫·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ∂˘ËÌÂÚ›·˜, ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ∞ı‹Ó·. π¡∂/°™∂∂ (2000-2005), ∏ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Ë ∞·Û¯fiÏËÛË, ∂Ù‹ÛȘ ∂Îı¤ÛÂȘ, ∞ı‹Ó· ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË, °. (2004), «ÀÔı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈΤ˜ ·Ó·‰È·ÚıÚÒÛÂȘ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·», ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÓÈfiÚ‰Ô˜/ª·Ú¿ÙÔ˘-∞ÏÈÌÚ¿ÓÙË/ ¶·Ó·ÁȈÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (ÂÈÌ.), ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·: ∂ÚÁ·Û›·, √ÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, ¶·Ú¤ÎÎÏÈÛË, ∂∫∫∂, ∞ı‹Ó· 2003. ¶Ô˘Ï·ÓÙ˙¿˜, ¡. (1981), √È ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ∆¿ÍÂȘ ÛÙÔ ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ∫·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi, £Â̤ÏÈÔ, ∞ı‹Ó·.

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™ÂÏ›‰·82

ÌfiÏȘ ΢ÎÏÔÊfiÚËÛ ·fi ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜

∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ ºÚÂÓÙÂڛΠ°ÎÚÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ºÔ˘Îfi, ÈÛÙ‹ ÛÙÔ Ó‡̷ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔÎÏËÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË, ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂȉÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ì‡ËÙÔ.

µÈ‚ÏÈÔˆÏ›Ô: ¶ÂÛÌ·˙fiÁÏÔ˘ 5 (™ÙÔ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘)

22-06-07

14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·83

∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 5/07, 83-89

83

ŒÊ˘ÁÂ Ô µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ °È·ÓÓ·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜… ™ÙËÓ 4Ë ™˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂Ï¿ÙË, Ô µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ °È·ÓÓ·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔÛÎÂÎÏË̤ÓÔ˜ ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜. º›ÏÔ˜, Û‡ÓÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Î·È ·Á·ËÙfiÙ·ÙÔ˜ Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ·fi ÂÌ¿˜… ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÏ·‚ ӷ ¤ÏıÂÈ… ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÏ¿‚·Ì ӷ ÙÔÓ ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ŒÊ˘Á ÙËÓ ¶·Ú·Û΢‹ 11 ª·˝Ô˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ∂˘·ÁÁÂÏÈÛÌfi. √ µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ °ÂÚ¿ÎÈ §·ÎˆÓ›·˜, ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÛ ÛÙËÓ ∆Ú›ÔÏË Î·È ÛÔ‡‰·Û ̷ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·. ŒÊ˘Á ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ fiÔ˘ ‹Ú ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙȉÈÎÙ·ÙÔÚÈÎfi ·ÁÒÓ· Î·È ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓ ÔÏÈÙÈο ÂÓÂÚÁfi˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ fiÚ·Ì· ÌÈ· ÂÓÈ·›· ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿. ™ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ËÌÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, ¤ÓıÂÚÌÔ˜ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ «∞ÓÔȯً ¶fiÏË», ˘‹ÚÍ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ∞㠢ȷ̤ÚÈÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¢‹ÌÔ˘ ∞ıËÓ·›ˆÓ. ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÎϤ¯ÙËΠÛÙÔ ¢.™. Ù˘ √ÌÔÛÔÓ‰›·˜ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎÒÓ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¢.™. Ù˘ ™∆ã ∂§ª∂ ∞ı‹Ó·˜. ∂›¯Â Ì·ÎÚ¿ ıËÙ›· ÛÙÔ ¢™ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜.

¶›Ûˆ ÔÏÔÙ·¯Ò˜ ÛÙË ...ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ µ·ÁÁ¤ÏË °È·ÓÓ·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ (·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ·fi ÙË ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ºˆÓ‹) ™Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’80 Ë ÒÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∆¿ÌÂÛË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘ Û ȉÈÒÙ˜. ¡·È, ηϿ ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÙÂ, ÙÔ ÓÂÚfi. ÀÔÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ‡‰Ú¢Û˘, ›·Ó! •Â¯·Ú‚·ÏÒıËΠÙÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ˘Á›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÙÔ NHS. ™ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ȉڇıËÎ·Ó ·Ó¿ÎÚÈ‚· ÍÂÓԉԯ›· ˘Á›·˜, ˘Ô‚·ıÌ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù· ηϿ Ï·˚ο ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›·. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó Ù· ÙÚ¤Ó· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜. ∆· ȉȈÙÈο ϤÔÓ ÙÚ¤Ó· ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ó· ηı˘ÛÙÂÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÎÙÚԯȿ˙ÔÓÙ·È. ªË ڈٿ٠ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÂÔ¯‹ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÎfiÛÙÈ˙ Ôχ ·ÎÚÈ‚¿ ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ¤Ú·Û ÛÙÔ˘˜ ȉÈÒÙ˜. §›Á· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÚˆÙÔÊ·Ó‹ ÌÏ·Î-¿Ô˘Ù ÛÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÎÙ‹. ÿÚÈÛ·Ó ÛÙȘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Ù· ·Úı¤Ó· ‰¿ÛË Ù˘ ∞Ï¿Ûη˜, ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó Ê˘Ï·Î¤˜, ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜. ÕÓ·˘‰Ô˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ‹ıËÎÂ Ô Ï·Ó‹Ù˘, fiÙ·Ó ¿Ú¯ÈÛÂ Ë ÂÈÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î,

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22-06-07

ªÓ‹ÌË

84

14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·84

µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ °È·ÓÓ·ÎfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜

fiÙÈ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂίˆÚÂ›Ù·È Û ȉÈÒÙ˜ ÂÚÁÔÏ¿‚Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌËÓ ‚·Ú·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ™Â ÂÚÁÔÏ¿‚Ô˘˜ ÂίˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ‚ÚfiÌÈÎË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙËÓ ‚·Û·ÓÈÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ ˘fiÙˆÓ Û ÙÚ›Ù˜ ¯ÒÚ˜. ™ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËΠÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô. ∂› °¤ÏÙÛÈÓ ˆÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ù· ÔÚ˘¯Â›· Ù˘ ™È‚ËÚ›·˜, ÔÈ ËÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÂχıÂÚË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ‚¤‚·È· ˘‹ÚÍ ÙÔ ¯¿Ô˜ ÙˆÓ «ÀÔ˘ÎÔ˜» Î·È Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ÚˆÛÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÁ·Ú¯›·˜. ™ÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ, Ô‡ÏËÛ·Ó ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÙÚ¿Â˙· Ï·˚ÎÒÓ ·ÔÙ·ÌȇÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÙÔ ÁÈ·ˆÓ¤˙ÈÎÔ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi Ù·ÌÈÂ˘Ù‹ÚÈÔ, fi¯È ÁÈ·Ù› ‚¿Ú·ÈÓ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ˘ÁÈÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ªÈ· Ó¤· ËıÈ΋ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎÂ. √È ÂÍÔ˘Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË – ÏËÛÙÔÛ˘ÌÌÔڛ˜ Â› ÙÔ ÔÈËÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ – ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ÚÔÛٷهÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ȉÈÒÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. ª¤Û· Û’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ô ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ∂ÌÔÚ›Ô˘ (¶√∂) ˙‹ÙËÛ ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ·È‰Â›·˜, Ì ·ÚÈÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙȘ ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜ πÓ‰›·˜ Î·È ∫›Ó·˜. ∏ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·È‰Â›· ¤Ê˘Á ·fi Ù· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ù˘ Unesco Î·È ¤Ú·Û ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¶√∂. ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ ¯Ú˘ÛˆÚ˘¯Â›Ô! ∏ ∫›Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ ¤‚·Ï ‰›‰·ÎÙÚ· ÛÙ· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ¿ Ù˘. ∆¤ÚÌ· Ë ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ·È‰Â›·. ™ÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜. ™ÙË ÃÈÏ‹ ÓÔÌÔı¤ÙËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ·È‰Â›· ÈÛfiÙÈÌ· Ì ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Î·È ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¤ÎÚËÍË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ. ∏ ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔÓ ÏÔ˘ÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ ËÁÒÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ™’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ı› Ë ÂίÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶∞ƒ£∂¡ø¡∞ Û ȉÈÒÙ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔÓ ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ·; £· ÌÔ˘ ›Ù fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÎÚ·ÙÈΛÛÙÈÎË, Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈÛıÔ‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë fiÙÈ Ù· ÌÓËÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∂›Ó·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÙ˜ ËÁ¤˜, Ù· ‰¿ÛË, ÔÈ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ˜, Ù· ÔÙ¿ÌÈ·. ∆È ÂÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ; ∞Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·È‰Â›· Î·È ÙËÓ ˘Á›·, Ê˘ÛÈο ‰Â ı· ‰È·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ÁÈ·Ù› ·fi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ·Á·ı¿ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ. ŸÙ·Ó ÙÔ ÛÂÓ¿ÚÈÔ ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο, fiÙ·Ó ı· ¤ÚıÂÈ Ë ÒÚ· Ó· ȉȈÙÈÎÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÈ ÊfiÚÔÈ, ÙfiÙ ı· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ÊÙ¿Û·Ì ÛÙË ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯›·.

22-06-07

14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·85

ŒÓ· ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ

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ŒÓ· ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ* Joel Kovel Î·È Michael Lowy ŸÏÔÈ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ °ÎÚ¿ÌÛÈ, ÙÔ˘ Ó· ˙ԇ̠۠ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ Ô˘ Ë ·ÏÈ¿ Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Âı·›ÓÂÈ (Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘), ÂÓÒ Ë Ó¤· Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÈηӋ Ó· ÁÂÓÓËı›. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·Ó·ÁÁÂÏı›. ∏ ÈÔ ‚·ÚÈ¿ ÛÎÈ¿ Ô˘ ÎÚ¤ÌÂÙ·È ·fi ¿Óˆ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ô‡ÙÂ Ë ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ô‡ÙÂ Ë ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ô‡ÙÂ Ë ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ‡ÊÂÛË. ∂›Ó·È Ë Î·ıÔÏÈο ˘ÈÔıÂÙË̤ÓË ÌÔÈÚÔÏ·ÙÚ›·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. £ÂÏ‹Û·Ì ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ÛÎÔ›Ìˆ˜ ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁˆÓÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ·ıËÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÁηٿıÂÛ˘. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ì·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ, ‚¤‚·È·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔÏÌËÚfi fiÛÔ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ 1848, ·ÊÔ‡ Ô ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÈ· ÂÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô‡Ù ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È Û οÔÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÎfiÌÌ· ‹ ΛÓËÌ·. ∂›Ó·È ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ÛΤ„Ë Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ Î·È ÛÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙËÓ ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ¢ÂÓ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎԇ̠ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜, Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, Ë ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË Î·È, ¿Óˆ ·’ fiÏ·, Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·˘Ù‹ Ë È‰¤· ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËı›. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ʈӤ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÂÓÓÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙ· ÛÙË ¯·ÔÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔ˘Ì¤ÓË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤ÌÊ˘ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÊˆÓ¤˜ Ó· ÂÓˆıÔ‡Ó; ªÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÔÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÙԇ̠¤Ó·Ó «‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi»; ªÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÏÔÔÈËı› ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·fiÚ·ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË; ∆√ ª∞¡πº∂™∆√ √ 21Ô˜ ·ÈÒÓ·˜ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ Ì ÌÈ· ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ¯ÚÔÈ¿, Ì ÌÈ· ÚˆÙÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË Î·È Ì ÌÈ· ¯·ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÂÚÈÛÙÔȯÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜, ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ Û˘ÚÚ¿ÍÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û· Á¿ÁÁÚ·ÈÓ· Û ÂÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ˙ÒÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË –fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋

* ∏ ȉ¤· ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ √ÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ª·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Joel Kovel Î·È Michael Lowy Û ¤Ó· Workshop Ì ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙÔ ™ÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi, Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÛÙË µÂÓÛ¤Ó, ÙÔÓ ™Â٤̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2001. √ Michael Lowy Â›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ CNRS ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú›ÛÈ Î·È Ô Joel Kovel Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ÛÙÔ Bard College, Annandale, ÛÙË ¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ¤ÁÈÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ∆¤ÏË °ÎÈfiÏÌ·.

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Joel Kovel Î·È Michael Lowy

∞ÊÚÈ΋, ÙË ª¤ÛË ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, ÙË ‚ÔÚÂÈÔ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ¡fiÙÈÔ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋– Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô Û fiÏ· Ù· ¤ıÓË. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË Ì·˜, ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٿÚÚ¢Û˘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÎÙ· ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘Ó‰ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ‰ÔÌÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. √È ÚÒÙ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Û·ÊÒ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·¯·Ï›ÓˆÙË Â΂ÈÔÌ˯¿ÓÈÛË Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, ˘ÂÚηχÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Á˘ Ó· ‰ÈÔÚıÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·ÊÔÌÔÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÔÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔ›ËÛË. √È ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, Ì ÙȘ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ÛÙ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ˘ÔÁ›ˆ˜ ‰ÚÒÛ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ·˜ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘, Ë ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ: Ù˘ Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ì fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¢ÊËÌÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Î¿ı ÚÔ·Á·Ó‰ÈÛÙÈ΋ ·fiÂÈÚ· ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛ˘ Ù˘ ˆÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜: ÙÔ Ú¿ÛÈÓÔ ÚÔÛˆÂ›Ô Ô˘ ÊÔÚ¿ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Û‡Á¯˘Û˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ‰ÈηȈ̿وÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ¤¯ÂÈ Ú¿ÍÂÈ. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·, ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ Ì¤ÏËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Û˘Ó¯‹ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ΤډԢ˜, ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ Ù· ÔÈÎÔÛ˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ Ú˘·ÓÙ¤˜, ηٷÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ Ù· Ê˘ÛÈο ÂӉȷÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÙËÚËı› ·Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ¢‰ÔÎÈÌÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ù¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, Û·Ù·Ï¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ˘Ô‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆÓÙ¿ÓÈ· Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ „˘¯Ú‹ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÍÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜, Ì ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔηıÔÚÈÛÌfi, ÎÔÈÓÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‡·ÚÍË Ì ÓfiËÌ·, ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ˘Ô‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ·ÏÒ˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÌÈ· ËÁ‹ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ˆ˜ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ËÁ‹˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Ì·˙È΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘ ηٷӷψÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÛ‚¿ÏÂÈ Î·È ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ Î·È ÙË ‰‡Ó·ÌË Û ÚˆÙÔÊ·Ó‹ Â›‰· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› ÛÙÂÓ¿ Î·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο Ì ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‰ÈÂÊı·ÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ˘ԯ›ÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ-ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÙÔÈΤ˜ Âϛ٠‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ «‚ÚfiÌÈÎÔ» ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘ ηٷÛÙÔÏ‹˜, ÚÔÊ˘Ï¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ˘Ú‹Ó· Ô˘ ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ ‚·Ú‡ÓÂÙ·È Ì ٤ÙÔÈ· ·›Û¯Ë. ∫·È ¤¯ÂÈ ı¤ÛÂÈ Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ˘fi ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÔÙ›· ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ ÂÚÈʤ-

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ŒÓ· ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ

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ÚÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ˘fi¯ÚÂË ÚÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌfiÚʈÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂϤÁÍÂÈ, fiÛÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ, ÙȘ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ. ¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË, ÁÈ·Ù› οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ··ÈÙ› fiÚÈ· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË, ÌÈ· ÌË ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÓfiÓ·: ∞Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘ ‹ ¶¤ı·ÓÂ! ∫·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÁÈ·Ù› οÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ı· Û‹Ì·ÈÓ ÙËÓ ÂÁηٿÏÂÈ„Ë Ù˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Â¤‚·ÏÏ ÌË ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¿ fiÚÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙËÚ› Ë ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·. ∏ ÌfiÓË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ô̤ÓÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ó· ηٷʇÁÂÈ ÛÙË ‚›·, ·˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏÔÙÚ›ˆÛË Î·È ‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ıÂ̤ÏÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·… Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·ÓÙÈÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, Ô˘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· Ó¤·, ‰‡ÛÌÔÚÊË ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÛÈÛÌÔ‡. °ÂÓÈο, ÙÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ¯ÚÂÔÎÔ‹ÛÂÈ. Œ¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ·Ó›Î·ÓË Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙ›, Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ô ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÎı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Ù˘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·. ∂›Ó·È, ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ¤Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈο ÌË ‚ÈÒÛÈÌÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, ‹ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ·ı›, ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ̤ÏÏÔÓ fiÔ˘ ı· ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ˙Ô‡ÌÂ. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‰›ÏËÌÌ· Ô˘ ›¯Â ı¤ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÙÂ Ë ƒfi˙· §Ô‡ÍÂÌÔ˘ÚÁÎ: ™ÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ µ·Ú‚·ÚfiÙËÙ·!, fiÔ˘ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê¤ÚÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙË ÛÊÚ·Á›‰· ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ô˘ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛÂ Î·È ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜, Ù˘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÛÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÊ˘ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ·Ù› «ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜», ÁÈ·Ù› Ó· Í·Ó·˙ˆÓÙ·Ó¤„Ô˘Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Ï¤ÍË, ·ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ·ÓÂÈÙ˘¯Â›˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ¤Ù˘¯Â ÛÙÔÓ 20fi ·ÈÒÓ· Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ÙËÓ ¤ıÂÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÔÓÙԇϷÔ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜; °È· ÙÔÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ: fiÙÈ ·Ú’ fiÏÔ Ô˘ ‰¤¯ÙËΠ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÔÙ¤, Ë È‰¤· ÙÔ˘ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· fi,ÙÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÂÎÙfiÈÛË/·Ú·ÁΈÓÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘. ∞Ó ˘ÂÚÓÈÎËı› ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÙËÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ı· Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÁÈ·Ù› ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ô fiÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· Û ÌÈ· ÌÂٷηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∞Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÚÈ˙Èο ÌË ‚ÈÒÛÈÌÔ Î·È ÌÂÙÔ˘ÛÈÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‚·Ú‚·ÚfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÚÔÂÚÈÁÚ¿„·ÌÂ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Â›Û˘ fiÙÈ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ¯Ù›ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó «ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi» ÈηÓfi Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ. ∫·È ·Ó Ù· «ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈο» ηıÂÛÙÒÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ Î·ÙfiÚıˆÛ·Ó, Â›Ó·È ÏÔÈfiÓ ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛ‹ Ì·˜ Ó· ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙԇ̠ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ˘ÔÙ·¯ıԇ̠۠¤Ó· ‚¿Ú‚·ÚÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜. ∫·È fiˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ë ‚·Ú‚·ÚfiÙËÙ· ¿ÏÏ·Í ÛÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ, ·fi ÙfiÙ Ô˘ Ë §Ô‡ÍÂÌÔ˘ÚÁÎ ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ ˆ˜

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006

006

22-06-07

14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·88

88

Joel Kovel Î·È Michael Lowy

ÌÔÈÚ·›· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ χÛË, ¤ÙÛÈ Â›Û˘ Ú¤ÂÈ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Î·È Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÔ¯‹. °È’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ì ӷ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi ÙË ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ «ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi» Î·È Ó· Ù·¯ıԇ̠˘¤Ú Ù˘ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘.

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°π∞∆π √ √π∫√™√™π∞§π™ª√™; µÏ¤Ô˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi fi¯È ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·¿ÚÓËÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ·, fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÂΛӘ ÔÈ ÌÔÚʤ˜, ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ‹, ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔ ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, ÛÙÔÓ ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÒÓ ·fi Ù· ̤۷ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ∫·Ù·ÓÔԇ̠fiÙÈ Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ·fi ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÔχÏÔÎÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Â‰Ò, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÂÚÈÏËÙÈο ˆ˜ ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ˘·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ̤۷ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ¯ıÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ˘‹Ú¯Â ·fi ÙȘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Û˘Á΢ڛ· ›¯Â ·Ó·Ú›ıÌËÙ˜ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· «ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈο» ηıÂÛÙÒÙ·, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·¿ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, Ì·˙› Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Î·È Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. √ ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ Î·È ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ÈÛ¯Ó¤˜, ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‚Ϥ„ÂȘ Ù˘ ÛÔÛȷωËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂È̤ÓÂÈ, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÛÙÔÓ Â·Ó·Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÂÓÙ·ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Û· Û ¤Ó· ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ∫·È ÙÔ Ú¿ÙÙÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ «fiÚÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË», Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ȈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ∞˘Ù¿ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛˆÓ, ‰˘Û¯ÂÚÂÈÒÓ Î·È Î·Ù·›ÂÛ˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÈ· ÂÎ ‚·ı¤ˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÛÔÙÈ΋. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ, ·˘Ùfi ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜, ¤Ó· fiÓËÌ· Ì·ÎÚfiÓÔ˘ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜, Ô˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ∏ ÁÂӛ΢ÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ οو ·fi ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ. ªÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ› Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂχıÂÚ· ‰ÂÓ ÛÙ·Ì·Ù¿ ÛÙÔÓ ‰ÈÎfi Ù˘ ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌfi. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ó· ÂÈÌ›ÓÂÈ ı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË Î·È ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÙËÓ

22-06-07

14:34

™ÂÏ›‰·89

ŒÓ· ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ÓÈʤÛÙÔ

89

·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ fiÓÙˆÓ. ŒÙÛÈ ˘ÂÚÓÈο ÙËÓ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÚfiÚÌËÛË ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο Î·È ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο. °È· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘, ·ÁˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÂÚÓÈ΋ÛÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂȉȈÎfiÌÂÓ˘ ÂÈ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ӈÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ·, ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ ‹ ÙË Ê˘Ï‹. ∫·È ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ÙȘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÊÔÓÙ·ÌÂÓÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂȘ. °ÂÓÈο, Ë ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ù›ıÂÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ‚·ıÌfi ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·ÚÌÔÓ›·˜ Ì ÙË Ê‡ÛË, Ú¿ÁÌ· ·‰È·ÓfiËÙÔ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜. ŒÓ· Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ı· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, Ì ÙË Êı›ÓÔ˘Û· ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ·fi Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ η‡ÛÈÌ·, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÛÙÔÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi. ∫·È ·˘Ùfi Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÛËÌ›Ô-ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘fi‰Ô˘Ï˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÙÚÂÏ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Û¯ÂÛË ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, fiÛÔ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÎÚ›Û˘. ∫·Ó›˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂÈ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙ·Á¤˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙ›, ÚÒÙÔÓ, fiÛ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÁ›ÚÔ˘Ó Î·È, ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ Î·È ÈÔ ·Ôı·ÚÚ˘ÓÙÈÎfi, fiÛÔ Ôχ ·¤¯Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì·˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˜ ¿Óˆ Û ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÁÂÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ‹ Ì·˜. ¢ÂÓ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÈÌ· ·’ fiÏÔ˘˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤ÚÁÔ Ì·˜ Ô‡Ù ÙÔ Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ì οı ‚‹Ì· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜, Ô‡Ù fï˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ó· ˘Ô·„Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔ, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ‰‡Ó·ÌË. ∂›Ó·È fï˜ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì·˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÈ·˜ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·Áη›·˜ ϤÔÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜· Ù¿Í˘ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁԇ̠ٷ ÂӉȿÌÂÛ· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ·˘Ùfi. ∆Ô Î¿ÓÔ˘Ì ·˘Ùfi ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙԇ̠ÈÔ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ fiϘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, Ì·˙› Ì fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÛÎÂÙfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜. ∞Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó οÔÈ· ·Í›·, ÙfiÙ ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÛΤ„ÂȘ, Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ı· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂ӷ, Û ·Ó·Ú›ıÌËÙ· ̤ÚË Û fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. √ ÔÈÎÔÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ ı· Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ Î·È ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ ‹ ‰ÂÓ ı· ¢‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘. √È ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÚÒÓ Ì·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚËıÔ‡Ó Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÈ·ڈÛË Î·È Ë ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È Î·ı‹ÎÔÓ Ì·˜.

∞گ›Ô

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ÌfiÏȘ ΢ÎÏÔÊfiÚËÛ ·fi ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜

™·Ú¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÛÈÎÔ‡ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ∂.∏.

Carr ∆È Â›Ó·È ÈÛÙÔÚ›·; ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÌÔ˘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Í·Ó¿ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ Ù˘ Î·È ÙȘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ˘fi ÙȘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜.

µÈ‚ÏÈÔˆÏ›Ô: ¶ÂÛÌ·˙fiÁÏÔ˘ 5 (™ÙÔ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘)

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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 5/07

™ËÌ›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ∆Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi «∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ / ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË & ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË» ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ì ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙË ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ·ÁÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ·Ú·Î·Ù·ı‹Î˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÚıÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. ∂ȉ›ˆÍË fiψÓ, fï˜, Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÎÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ÔÚ›· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ì ÙȘ ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ۋÌÂÚ· Û ÔÏÏ¿ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ˆ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜, ™Ô˘‰¤˜ º‡ÏÔ˘, ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙË πÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÁÏÔ۷͈ÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ·fi fiÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ˜ fiÁÎÔ˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, ÙÔ Ú‡̷ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ì η¯˘Ô„›· ‹ Î·È Ì ‰È¿ıÂÛË ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚԷӷʤÚıËηÓ. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fï˜, ÔÈΛϷ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÙËÓ ˘Ô-ÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÌ·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ËıÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î.·., ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο. ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Â˜. ™ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Ô ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·‰fiÛˆÓ. ∏ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ «È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜» ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ Î·È ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ·fi ÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ. ™Ù¤ÎÔÓÙ·˜ ÎÚÈÙÈο ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘Ô‚·ıÌ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘, Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ-

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™ËÌ›ˆÌ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹˜

΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓ, ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹/Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ. ∫ÔÈÓfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË (·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË) Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi˜, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∏ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡), ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙÔÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘. ªÂ ¿ÍÔÓ· ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î¿ı ηÏÔη›ÚÈ ™˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ (Workshops). ∏ ÚÒÙË ™˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ™ÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ Ù˘ ∂ÚÌÔ‡ÔÏ˘ ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2004 Ì ı¤Ì·: «ƒÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È πÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ», Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÓÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2005 Ì ı¤Ì·: «∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË» Î·È Ë ÙÚ›ÙË ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2006 Ì ı¤Ì·: «ƒÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË». ∏ ٤ٷÚÙË Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙ› ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2007 Â›Û˘ Ì ı¤Ì·: «ƒÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË» ÛÙËÓ ∂Ï¿ÙË ∆ÚÈοψÓ. ∆Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÛȇÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ¿ÚıÚ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∂›Ó·È fï˜ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi, Î·È ÚÔÛηÏ› ¿ÚıÚ· Ô˘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ıËΠÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜. À‡ı˘ÓË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÙÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È Ë ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡.

∏ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Â›Ó·È:

http://asel.primedu.uoa.gr/kritiki/index.htm ÂΛ οı ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˜-Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·‚¿ÛÂÈ (‹ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÙ˘ÒÛÂÈ) Ù· ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ· Ù‡¯Ë.

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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 5/07

√‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ¢È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ: ∂˘ÁÂÓ›· ∫ÔϤ˙· ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢∂, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ, 45110 πˆ¿ÓÓÈÓ· ñ email: ekoleza@cc.uoi.gr £‡ÌÈÔ˜ ¡ÈÎÔÏ·˝‰Ë˜ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ, ∂ıÓÈÎfi ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ, µ·Û. ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ 48, 11635 ∞ı‹Ó· ñ email: efnicol@eie.gr ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢∂, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ¡·˘·Ú›ÓÔ˘ 13·, 0680 ∞ı‹Ó· ñ email: kskordul@primedu.uoa.gr ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ÷ۿ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢∂, ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, 54124 £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË ñ email: dchassap@eled.auth.gr

√È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÎÚ›ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚˆÙfiÙ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ ™‡ÓÙ·Í˘. ∏ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› ‹ ˘Ô‚ÏËı› ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Û ¿ÏÏÔ ¤ÓÙ˘Ô ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ̤ÛÔ. √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÓÒÓ˘Ì˘ ÎÚ›Û˘ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÁÓÒÌË Î·È ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙ‹.

ªÔÚÊ‹ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›Ù˘· Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο Û ·Ú¯Â›Ô MS Word 2000 ‹ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ Û ÌÈ· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ ∞4, Ì ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· 3cm ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Ï¢ڤ˜, Û ‰ÈÏfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Î·È Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿˜ 12, Ì ·Ú›ıÌËÛË ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜, Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Î·È Ù· Ï‹ÚË ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÂÏ›‰· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ. ¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë 100-150 ϤÍÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘. √È ˘ÔÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Î·È ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÎı¤ÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÚÂÓı¤ÛÂȘ ‹ ·Á·Ϙ. √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È

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94

√‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜

·fi ˘fiÙÈÙÏÔ˘˜. ∫¿ı ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ .tiff. √È ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ Î·È ÂÎÙ˘ÒÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ÙfiÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÎÚÈ Î·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. ¡· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ì·‡ÚÔ ‹ ÛÎÔ‡ÚÔ ÊfiÓÙÔ. √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛÂÏ›‰· Ë Î¿ı ̛· Î·È Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜: -ı¤ÛË ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ 1-. √È ›Ó·Î˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜. √È ›Ó·Î˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÙ·È Û Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛÂÏ›‰· Ô Î¿ı ¤Ó·˜ Î·È Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜: ı¤ÛË ›Ó·Î· 1-. √È ›Ó·Î˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙȘ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Î·È ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜.

µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ √È ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÂÒÓ˘ÌÔ ÙÔ˘/ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·/ˆÓ Î·È ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›· ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘, fiˆ˜ (James 2002) ‹ (Smith and Johnson 1994). ÕÚıÚ· Ì ÙÚÂȘ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ (Powels et al. 2000). √È ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ Ì ·ÏÊ·‚ËÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ·, fiÙÈ Ë Ï›ÛÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË, Ì Ï‹ÚË ÛÙÔȯ›· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÛÙ˘Ï ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ, Î·È ÙÔÓ ËıÈÎfi ÎÒ‰Èη ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ American Psychological Association. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ÂΉÔÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ fiÙÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·˜/η̛· Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙ› ıÂÙÈ΋ ‹ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙË Ê˘Ï‹, ÙË ıÚËÛΛ· ‹ ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∆· ¿ÚıÚ· ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ. ∂Ó ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë ∂ΉÔÙÈ΋ √Ì¿‰· ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· ·ÚÓËı› ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘, ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ·˯› ‹ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÛÂÍÈÛÙÈο, Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔÛ‚ÏËÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ· ‹ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ·˜.

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ISSN: 1790-4056

JUNES 2007

VOLUME 5 CONTENTS

CRITICAL/ Science & Education

Kondyli Marianna & Eirini Maniou Recontextualizing Commonsence Knowledge in Published semi-annualy «Social and Physical Environment Studies» of 1rst and 3rd Grade Greek Elementary School Textbooks: ∆he 3 Cover: Diego Rivera, Landscape Representations of Social and Physical World with Zapatista, 1915.

Anastasia G. Stamou and Anna Chronaki Publisher: ∂ΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜ Production: 26 Magnisias Str., 112 51 Athens, Tel.: +30 210 8224465 ergoact1@otenet.gr Volume Price: 10

€

Subscription: Individuals: 20 € Organisms: 30 € Dispatch Subscription: Kayalis Panagiotis Nissos Publications 14 Sarri Str. 10553 Athens Tel./fax: +30 210 3250058 e-mail: info@nissos.gr URL: www.nissos.gr

How School Mathematics is Written? Scientific Discourses and Gendered Dimensions in the "∂ucleid A" journal

25

Evangelos Intzidis √n Agonistic Democratic Pluralism: Modern Greek Debating Culture and the New (2006) National Educational Materials for the Primary Education

47

Maria Terdimou Geometry Versus Algebra Ancient Greek and Western Mathematics: Parallel or Intersecting Options by the Greek Scholars of the 18th Century?

61

Georgia Petraki The New Working Class

73

Obituary: Vaggelis Giannakopoulos

83

Our Archives Joel Kovel Î·È Michael Lowy An Ecosocialist Manifesto

85

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96

Critical/ Science & Education

Recontextualizing Commonsence Knowledge in «Social and Physical Environment Studies» of 1rst and 3rd Grade Greek Elementary School Textbooks: ∆he Representations of Social and Physical World Kondyli Marianna & Eirini Maniou Dept. of Educational Sciences and Early Childhood Education, University of Patras In the socialsemiotic approach to language developed by Hallydayans Systemic Functional Linguistics, the role of language in constituting educational knowledge has been explicitly shown. Crucial parameter in the constitution of educational knowledge is considered to be decontextualized language, such as definitions and classification, conceived as necessary in generalized meaning. In the present paper tools of the Systemic Functional Linguistics, more specifically the Transitivity system, are used in analysing two textbooks in the matter of Social and Physical Environment Studies (intitled We and the World) of elementary school’s 1rst and 3rd grade; our analysis focuses on the representation of experiencial meaning. The analysis of the corpus highlightes different lexicogrammatic realizations in recontextualizion of the same thematic areas from grade to grade, as well as in the variation of definitions and classifications of social and physical entities, thus according to the paradigm of the distinction between social and physical sciences.

How School Mathematics is Written? Scientific Discourses and Gendered Dimensions in the "∂ucleid A" journal Anastasia G. Stamou1 and Anna Chronaki2 1 University of Western Macedonia, Pedagogical Department of Pre-School Education 2 University of Thessaly, Pedagogical Department of Pre-School Education

In the present study, we examine the way pedagogic discourses are articulated and are used by male and female writers in the school mathematics magazine Euclid A. The theoretical framework of the study is that of Critical Discourse Analysis, while in the textual analysis, a systemic-functional linguistic approach is drawn upon. The analysis indicates that «traditional» is the dominant pedagogic discourse used by both genders, although male writers employ it more intensively than their female counterparts.

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Moreover, the «traditional» discourse used in Euclid A is found to represent mathematics as an uncontested truth. From a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective, «traditional» discourse functions ideologically: it constitutes an established discourse, resulting in the naturalization of mathematics.

√n Agonistic Democratic Pluralism: Modern Greek Debating Culture and the New (2006) National Educational Materials for the Primary Education Evangelos Intzidis Educational Linguist

This paper examines the context of the debate concerning the national educational materials - especially the educational material for language and literacy - in the primary education. In our approach this debate is a rhetoric moment in which the institutional identities of pupils, teachers and professors are articulated around different political programs, educational politics trading in determinism for openness and contingency. This examination avoids to strengthen the conservatism - progressivism / disutopias - utopias distinction which is always an effort of particular to contest the universal.

Geometry Versus Algebra. Ancient Greek and Western Mathematics: Parallel or Intersecting Options by the Greek Scholars of the 18th Century?

Dr. Maria Terdimou Mathematician, PhD in Philosophy

During the long – lasting scientific decline following the fall of the Byzantine empire, use of Mathematics was restricted to the daily needs only.

However, the revival of the scientific and philosophical thinking during the 18th century, strengthened the role of Mathematics, which acquired a dominant position.

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Critical/ Science & Education

Arithmetic and Euclidean Geometry, i.e. the ancient greek mathematics, reigned supreme. The faith in the latter’s ever lasting value was proclaimed in every opportunity.

The majority of the Greek Scholars belonging to this line of thought lived and taught before the so called period of Neo-Hellenic Enlightenment. Being, most of them church men were characterized by a traditional view of Science. Thus, it is to be expected for them to insist on the classical Euclidean geometry, a subject well known which offers the certainty of a solid and final knowledge; in contrast, Algebra, i.e. the more recent Mathematics, looked by its very nature, more abstract and, hence, more uncertain.

The first elements of Algebra appeared in manuscripts of the period 1750- 1775, but, Algebra was not included in the mathematics textbooks, neither in mathematics treatises. This means that the first attempts to introduce Algebra in the mathematical curriculum were not fully successful. The basic reason for this hesitancy, was the difference between the algebraic and the arithmetic/ geometric way of thinking.

However, in spite of this uncertain start, the first seeds had been already planted, and, as a result, several algebraic textbooks were published in the decades to come.

Thus, by the end of the 18th century Algebra was included in the mathematics curricula on equal footing with Arithmetic and Geometry.

The New Working Class Georgia Petraki Panteion University

The basic working hypothesis is that while dependent labour represents by now the dominant social condition in Greek society, this is interconnected with the decrease of indigenous working class, the development of salaried technical/scientific/managerial professions which mostly comprise the new middle class, but also with the development of a “new working class” whose statistical representation is imperfect or even inexistent.

We define here the “new working class” those layers of workers created as a result of new or even older employment relations, under expansion presently, as a result of the introduction of new technologies in social production and the developments of social and technical division of labour, which is strongly influenced in present day Greek society by the presence in the labour market of a large number of migrants, who live

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and work in conditions of semi-illegality. Yet the existence of the “new working class” which is in the process of formation in both the urban and the rural areas, is incompletely presented in official registrations, since it either works in unofficial economy (migrants and indigenous workers) or its registration in statistical categories is obscure and imperfect. Our working hypothesis is that in present day Greece, the manual work is performed to a great degree in both the urban and rural areas by migrant populations, whose position in the labour market is characterized by semi-illegality and insecurity. Also, that the degree of migrants’ presence in the manual work is conversely analogous to the degree of skills necessitated by each job category. Moreover, that the general tendency for a decrease of manual work in the total of employment (categories of individual professions STEP 7/8/9) (National Statistical Service of Greece, 1995) is reversed in those categories of unskilled trades for whose needs abundant, reserve and very cheap manual staff can be found. We are speaking mostly of “unskilled workers”, providers of “personal services” and “rural labourers”. The development of those labor categories highlights some of the structural characteristics of Greek economy and society.

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