000
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ISSN: 1790-4056
π√À¡π√™ 2009
∆∂ÀÃ√™ 9 ¶∂ƒπ∂Ã√ª∂¡∞
Kƒπ∆π∫∏/ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË & ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË
∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘
∂Í·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ∂ÍÒÊ˘ÏÏÔ: ª·ÚÎ ™·ÁοÏ, ∆Ô ÙÛ›ÚÎÔ.
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∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤Ï˘ ™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, πˆ¿ÓÓ· ∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ ∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÈÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ /¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË
15
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33
ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘ ∏ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÛÌfi ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi: ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ‚fiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ
59
∂ϤÓË °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ŒÌÊ˘Ï˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘
77
∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
89
¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÔ› ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó: «∂›Ì·ÛÙ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ¤ÓÔ¯ÔÈ Ì ÙÔÓ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ ∆¿ÎË ¶ÔÏ›ÙË!»
107
√‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜
109
Abstracts
114
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19-06-09
16:01
™ÂÏ›‰·2
∂Í·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ™À¡∆∞∫∆π∫∏ ∂¶π∆ƒ√¶∏ ∫. ∞ı·Ó·Û›Ô˘ (∂∫¶∞), º. ∞ÛËÌ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (∂∫¶∞), °. µÏ·¯¿Î˘ (∂π∂), ∂. °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (∂∞¶), ∞. ∫·ÛÛ¤Ù·˜ (µ/ıÌÈ· ∂Î.), °. ∫·ÙÛÈ·ÌÔ‡Ú· (∂∫¶∞), ∂. ∫ÔϤ˙· (¶·Ó. ¶·ÙÚÒÓ), ∞. ∫Ô˘ÙÛÔ‡Ú˘ (°ÂˆÔÓÈÎfi ¶·Ó.), §. §¿Îη (™¯. ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜), Ã. §ÂÌÔÓ›‰Ë˜ (¶·Ó. ¢˘Ù. ª·Î‰ÔÓ›·˜), ∂. ¡ÈÎÔÏ·˝‰Ë˜ (∂π∂), ∂. ªfiηÚ˘ (¶·Ó. πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ), ¶. ¶·ÓÙ·˙‹˜ (∞¶£), °. ¶··‰¿ÙÔ˜ (∂∫¶∞), ∂. ¶··‰ËÌËÙÚ›Ô˘ (¶·Ó. πˆ·ÓÓ›ÓˆÓ), °. ¶ÂÙÚ¿ÎË (¶¿ÓÙÂÈÔÓ ¶·Ó.), ¶. ¶ÔÏ›Ù˘ (¶·Ó. £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜), ª. ƒÂÓÙÂÙ˙‹ (∂ª¶), ∫. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘ (∂∫¶∞), Ã. ™Ù·ıÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ (¶·Ó. £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜), °. ™Ù¿ÌÔ˘ (∞¶£), µ. ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜ (∂∫¶∞), °. ºÔ˘ÚÙÔ‡Ó˘ (∞¶£), ∫. ÷ÏÎÈ¿ (∂∫¶∞), ¢. ÷ۿ˘ (∂∫¶∞), ∞. ÃÚÔÓ¿ÎË (¶·Ó. £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜) °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›· ŒÎ‰ÔÛ˘: ∂. ∫ÔϤ˙·, ∂. ¡ÈÎÔÏ·˝‰Ë˜, ∫. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘, ¢. ÷ۿ˘
Journal of Radical Approaches to Science and Education Published twice a year EDITORIAL BOARD K. Athanassiou (Univ. of Athens), F. Assimacopoulou (Univ. of Athens), E. Bokaris (Univ. of Ioannina), D. Chassapis (Univ. of Athens), A. Chronaki (Univ. of Thessaly), G. Fourtounis (Univ. of Thessaloniki), K. Halkia (Univ. of Athens), A. Kassetas (Secondary educ.), G. Katsiampoura (Univ. of Athens), E. Koleza (Univ. of Patras), A. Koutsouris (Agricultural Univ.), L. Lakka (Educ. Councellor), Ch. Lemonidis (Univ. of W. Macedonia), E. Nikolaidis (NHRF), P. Pantazis (Univ. of Thessaloniki), Y. Papadatos (Univ. of Athens), E. Papadimitriou (Univ. of Ioannina), G. Petraki (Panteion Univ.), P. Politis (Univ. of Thessaly), M. Rentetzi (NTUA), C. Skordoulis (Univ. of Athens), G. Stamou (Univ. of Thessaloniki), Ch. Stathopoulou (Univ. of Thessaly), V. Tselfes (Univ. of Athens), G.N. Vlahakis (NHRF), H. Giannakopoulou (Open Univ.) Secretariat: D. Chassapis, E. Koleza, E. Nicolaidis, C. Skordoulis The journal is Abstracted in the HUMAN SCIENCES CITATION INDEX (Level III)
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13:19
™ÂÏ›‰·3
∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 3-20
ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢ËÌÔÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ∂ıÓÈÎfi Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·Îfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ∞¶√ ∆∏¡ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ £∂øƒπ∞ ™∆π™ ¶√§π∆π™ªπ∫∂™ ™¶√À¢∂™ H ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ıˆÚËı› ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·‰›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÔˆÏÈ·ÎÔ‡ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ¿Ú¯ËÛ ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’30 ̤¯ÚÈ ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’60 (Kellner 1989). ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ¿ÛÎËÛ·Ó ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ/˘ÔΛÌÂÓÔ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «ÊÔÚÓÙÈÛÌfi˜» ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÔÌÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Ô˘ ÛÙfi¯Â˘Â ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ì·˙ÈΤ˜ ÂÈı˘Ì›Â˜, ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ◊Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ Ì·˙È΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÌÔÚÊ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ, Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô˘ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· «Ì·˙È΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·». ∞˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·Ù·Û··˙Â Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÛÂ Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤ӷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚË̢ۛ·Ó ˆ˜ fiÚÁ·Ó· Ì·˙ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô H. Marcuse ¿ÛÎËÛ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ›, Ù· ̤۷ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ «ªÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ ÕÓıÚˆÔ» (1971). √È ¿ÌÂÛ˜ Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ¤˜ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ £ÂˆÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜, ÔÈ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, Ô ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÁÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÎÏ., ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂËÚ·ÛÙ› ·fi ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙˆÓ T. Adorno, M. Horkheimer, H. Marcuse, W. Benjamin, E. Fromm Î·È ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘.
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4
13:19
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∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
¶·Ú’ fiÏÔ Ô˘ Ë ™¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ¿ÛÎËÛ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ·, ‰‡Ô ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ Georg Lukacs Î·È ÙÔÓ Antonio Gramsci _Ë Ú·ÁÌÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ë ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·– Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ¿ÛÎËÛ·Ó ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙȘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. √ ªarx ·Ó¤Ï˘Û ÙÔ ÊÂÙȯÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ˆ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ‰È¿ ̤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· Ï·ÛÙ‹ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Lukacs (2006/1923) ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ë ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘. ∏ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Û ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ Î·È Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·, Ì ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ· Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ï¤ÔÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ «Ú·ÁÌÔÔÈ›ٷȻ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÌfiÚÂ˘Ì· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˆÏ›ٷÈ. ∏ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Gramsci, Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÓÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ù· ̤۷ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Ë ÂÎÎÏËÛ›· Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘. ∏ Âȉ›ˆÍË Î·È ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·˜ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘, ˆ˜ Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓÒÓÙˆÓ, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ó· ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó È‰¤Â˜ Î·È Ó· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ËÁÂÌfiÓ¢Û˘, ÔÈ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ·ÔÛÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈ·˙Ô̤ӈÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·ÎÔ‡ÛÈ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÙ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ·ÍÈÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. √È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ, ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÎÚ‡‚ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÓÈÛÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ› ÚÔÓÔÌ›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ∏ ™¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘ ÂËÚ¤·ÛÂ Î·È ‚Ô‹ıËÛ ӷ ·Ó·‰˘ıÔ‡Ó ¿ÏϘ ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˜ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. √È µÚÂÙ·ÓÈΤ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ (British Cultural Studies),
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13:19
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ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘
5
Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ª¤ÚÌÈÁ¯·Ì, ÚÔ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘, ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ «ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÓÙÈÛÌfi». ª¤Û· ÛÙÔ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ, ÔÈ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈΤ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ ·Ó¤Ù˘Í·Ó ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Ë Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ·Ó ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Îfi ηٷÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÌÔÓÔıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. √È µÚÂÙ·ÓÈΤ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ë ™¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ fiÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Î·È «Î·Ù·Ó·ÏÒÓÂÙ·È» Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Û˘Ó‰Â̤ÓË Ì ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜. ÀÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Gramsci, ÔÈ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈΤ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ Âȉ›ˆÍ·Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÛËÁËıÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· «·ÓÙÈËÁÂÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ» ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘. √È ÌÔÚʤ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÔˆÏÈ·ÎÔ‡ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡/ÊÔÚÓÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘, ÁÓˆÛÙfi ˆ˜ «ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÓÙÈÛÌfi» (Harvey 1989) ‹ «ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙÂÚÓÈÛÌfi» (Jameson 1991), Ì ¤Ó·Ó ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿, ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔÓ ÂÎÏÂÎÙÈÎÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙÈÛÌfi, Û ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂχıÂÚÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∞fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë, Ë ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙˆÓ media, Ë ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ· ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋, Ë ˘ÂÚηٷӿψÛË Î·È Ë ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘ ı¿̷ÙÔ˜ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ Ê¿Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘, ÙÔ˘ «‡ÛÙÂÚÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡» ‹ ηْ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ «Ù¯ÓÔηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡», Ô˘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ image Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘ ηٷӷψً (Kellner and Best 2001). ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û·˜ Ê¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ù¿ÛË Ó· ·ÁÓÔËıÔ‡Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ¤ÌÊ·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ˘‚ÚȉÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔًوÓ. ∏ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙ· ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈ·, ÙȘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘, Ù· ·ÓÙÈÔÏÈÙ¢ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ·, ÙȘ Ô˘ÙÔÈΤ˜ ÛÙÈÁ̤˜ Î.¿. ·ÓÙÈÔÏÈÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Âηȉ‡ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ› ηٷӷψ٤˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ηٷӷψÙÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ, ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.
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∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔÌ·ÚÍÈÎÒÓ ıˆڋÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÛÙȘ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi Ì ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ, ÙË ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ӛ·, ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ media Î.¿. ∆Ô Â‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÙ·È ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ù· ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ £ÂˆÚ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÙ› ·fi Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ Ô ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË (̤۷ ‹/Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ) Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂȘ, ÂÁηıȉڇÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜. ∫‡ÚÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î¿ı ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÙÔÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ °ÓÒÛ˘» ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· ‹ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È Î·È ‰È·¯¤ÂÙ·È Û Ӥ·. √È «¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ °ÓÒÛ˘» ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ηıȤڈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔÈ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó «Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈΤ˜» ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË. ∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ̤ۈ ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÔ‡˜ ÂͤٷÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ‹ Ù˘, ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ·ÛΛ ›‰Ú·ÛË Û ¿ÏϘ.
∞¶√ ∆∏¡ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ ¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫∏ ™∆∏¡ ∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞∆π∫∏ ¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫∏ ∏ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÛÙڈ̿وÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ̤۷ ·fi
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ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘
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ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋, Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. ¢È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜. ™ÙËÓ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÈÂṲ̂ÓÔ˘ (1977), Ô Freire ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·. ∏ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ù ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙÔ˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ «Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜» _ ‰›Ô ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËıÔ‡Ó ÎÚÈÙÈο Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈο Ì ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó Ò˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜. √ Freire ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ·fi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Û ¿ÙÔÌ· ˘Â‡ı˘Ó· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓfiÌËÛË Î·È ÙË ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Freire ‚ڋΠ·‹¯ËÛË Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Îϛ̷η Î·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’80 ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Û¯ÔϤ˜ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜. ™ÙË µfiÚÂÈ· ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋, ·fi ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’90 ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛ·Ó ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Freire Ì ÂΛӘ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ £ÂˆÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ºÚ·ÁÎÊÔ‡ÚÙ˘ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÓÂÔÌ·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ. ∫ÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋, Ô H. Giroux (1988) ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ‰‡Ô fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘: ˆ˜ ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ψÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜, ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ù˘ fi„Ë, Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋, ‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË fi„Ë, Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¯ÂÈڷʤÙËÛË. √ H. Giroux ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ˘ÔÙ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ H. Giroux (1988), ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÛ˘Ó‰Âı› ·fi Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ï·›ÛÈ¿ ÙÔ˘. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, Ô˘ ·›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ȉÂÒÓ Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, Ù˘ ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹˜ Î·È Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ H. Giroux Û˘Ó‰¤ıËÎÂ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÙÔ˘ M. Apple ÁÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ηÈ
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∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛˆÓ. √ M. Apple (1990) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ¿ ‹ ÌË Û ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË. ∂›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈο ·ÊÂϤ˜ ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Ó· ıˆÚËı› Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ¤Ó·˜ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ fiÔ˘ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·, Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô Apple (ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ¤Ú¢Ӥ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘) ÂËÚ¿ÛÙËΠÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Althusser Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Bowles Î·È Gintis (1976) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Î·È Ô Giroux Î·È Ô Apple ›‰·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ıˆڛ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘, Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ʇÏÔ˘, Ê˘Ï‹˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÙˆÓ S. Bowles Î·È H. Gintis (1976) ·Ó·‚›ˆÛ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Î·È ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰È·Ì¿¯Â˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. √ Apple (1990) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ Bowles Î·È Gintis (1976) ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ‰Â Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ «È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚‹Ûˆӻ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ˘ÔÙ·Á‹˜. √ Apple ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ÙÔ Ò˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ̤۷ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· ÛÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ Ò˜ Ë ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. √È ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ› ·È‰·ÁˆÁÔ› Û fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚıÚÒÛÂÈ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È Ù˘ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›·˜, ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi. √È ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ’70, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ·ı› ηٿ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·fi ÌÂÙ·ÛÙÚÔ˘ÎÙÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ê‡ÏÔ, Ê˘Ï‹, Ù¿ÍË Î·È ¿ÏϘ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. √È ÓÂÔÌ·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÛÙÂÓ‹ ÂÛÙ›·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ì ÙÔ Ó· ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘ ÙˆÓ
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ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘
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‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ê‡ÏÔ˘, Ê˘Ï‹˜ Î·È ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∆ËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰ÂηÂÙ›·, Ô Peter McLaren ÎÈÓ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ (McLaren 2000). ∆Ô ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ı› ·ÏÒ˜ ˆ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ô˘Û›·˜, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ηÈ, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ¯ÂÈÚ·ÁÒÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜. √ McLaren ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ fi,ÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÔÏÂÌ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÈÔ ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ùfi, Ô McLaren ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ηÚÈηÙÔ‡Ú· Ù˘ ·Ú¯È΋˜ ȉ¤·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰ÈηÈfiÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ›‰È· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì‚Â› Î·È Ì ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Paulo Freire, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÚÂÈ ËÈfiÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛı› ÛÙȘ Ì·ıËÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋. √ McLaren, ·ÛÎÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ· ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ (2000), ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹. ÀÈÔıÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ë ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ Î·È Ó· ˘ÂÚÓÈ΋ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ηٷ›ÂÛ˘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (McLaren et al. 2005). ™¯ÂÙÈο ÚfiÛÊ·Ù·, Ô Peter McLaren (Calabrese-Barton 2001) ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÙˆ¯ÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓÔÈÎÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÛÙË Âη›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË.
∏ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏ ™∆π™ ºÀ™π∫∂™ ∂¶π™∆∏ª∂™ √ Dewey, ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙÔ˘ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô ˆ˜ ·Ï¿Óı·ÛÙÔ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÛΤ„˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÏfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ: √È º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ˆıÔ‡Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋
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17-06-09
10
13:19
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∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Û ·˘Ù¤˜: ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ÎÚÈÙÈο ÛÎÂÙfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ‹ ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÂÈ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· «Ù˘ÊÏfi» ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ «ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È» ÛÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË; ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÛÙ› ÎÚÈÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·: ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÚÁ›·, ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Ú‡·ÓÛË, ÙȘ ·Ó·ÓÂÒÛÈ̘ ËÁ¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜, ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÎÏ. ™Â ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ Ô˘ ÔÏϤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ÙÔ ·Ó Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÎÚÈÙÈο ÛÎÂÙfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· ıˆÚËı› «˙‹ÙËÌ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜». ŒÓ·˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ «Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ‚›·˜» Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ˘fi ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ «·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ˘» ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ «ÛËÌ·ÛÈÒÓ», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ˆÓ, ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ, ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛˆÓ. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ›ÎÏËÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ ÌÈ· ÛÙÂÓ‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·ÔÎÚ‡ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û‹ Ù˘ ˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ. ∆· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ∏ ·fiÎÚ˘„Ë Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÌÈ· «∞ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯›· Ù˘ (Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜) Ù¿Í˘» (Classroom absolutism), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ÌÈ· ‰fiÌËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ·Û΋ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì›· Î·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì›· ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Î·È fiÙÈ, ÙÂÏÈο, Ô ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘. ∏ «·ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯›· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘» ÚÔˆı› ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜. ∏ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚·ÛÈÛÙ› Û ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË. ∏ ·ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯›· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· «ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÈ΋» ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηÏ› η̛· Ù˘¯‹ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ‹ ηӤӷ
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ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘
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Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ‰fiÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ηٷӤÌÔÓÙ·È Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ Û˘ÓÙËÚÂ›Ù·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÈ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ı›ÁÔ˘Ó ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. ∏ Slay (2001) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Î·È ÎÔÛÌÔ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. √ Hodson (1999) ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÈÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, fiÔ˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ·›˙ÂÈ Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∞ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ (Hodson 2003) ı· ·ӤÏıÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· χÛÔ˘Ì ٷ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈο ÂÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜. √ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ ÈÛÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÂÈÛÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Î·È ËıÈο ÂÓÒ Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·Ú¿ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜, ËıÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Í›Â˜. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ·, ÌÈ· ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËı› Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ¿ÍÔÓ˜: ñ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ·fi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ̤۷ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ñ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ˆ˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ñ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜. ¶Ò˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ Î·È Ò˜ ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÙ·È ‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ñ ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ò˜ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜
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∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
ñ ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ÙÔ Ò˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ñ ηٿ fiÛÔ Ë ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ·˘Ù¤˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ñ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ù˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË ÛÙȘ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ. ∂ͤٷÛË ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ Ô˘ ÙËÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ Ì ¤Ó· ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ‰È¢ڢÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ∏ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ·Â˘ı›·˜ ÛÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ˆ˜ ËıÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ·. √È ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ, ˆ˜ «‰È·ÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡» Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ (Giroux 1988), ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ·˘ÙÔ› Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓÔÈ Ô˘ «Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó» Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜. ∏ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰·ÛοψÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÎÚÈÙÈο ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÔÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜. √È ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ‰ÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ËıÈο Î·È fiÙÈ Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ¯ÂÈÚ·ÊÂÙË̤ÓË ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Î·È Û fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ‰Ú¿ÛÔ˘Ó.
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ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘
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µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ Freire, P. (1977), ∏ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫·Ù·ÈÂṲ̂ÓÔ˘, ∂Ή. ƒ¿·, ∞ı‹Ó·. §Ô‡Î·Ù˜, °Î. (2006), ∏ ¶Ú·ÁÌÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ë ™˘Ó›‰ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÏÂÙ·ÚÈ¿ÙÔ˘, ∂ÎÎÚÂ̤˜, ∞ı‹Ó·. Marcuse, H. (1971), √ ªÔÓԉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ˜ ÕÓıÚˆÔ˜, ∂Ή. ¶··˙‹ÛË, ∞ı‹Ó·. Apple, M. (1990), Ideology and Curriculum, Routledge, New York (2nd edition). Bourdieu, P. (1992), Language and Symbolic Power, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Bowels, S., Gintis, H. (1976), Schooling in Capitalist America, Basic Books, NY. Calabrese-Barton, A. (2001), “Capitalism, Critical Pedagogy and Urban Science Education: An Interview with Peter McLaren”, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(8), Û. 847-859. Giroux, H. (1988), Teachers as Intellectuals: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Learning, Bergin and Garvey Publishers. Giroux, H. (1989), Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life, Routledge Publishing. Harvey, D. (1989), The Condition of Postmodernity, Basil Blackwell. Hodson, D. (1999), “Going Beyond Cultural Pluralism: Science Education for Sociopolitical Action”, Science Education, 83, Û. 775-796. Hodson, D. (2003), “Time for Action: Science Education for an Alternative Future”, Intern. Journal of Science Education, 25(6), Û. 645-670. Jameson, F. (1991), Postmodernism: The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Verso, London. Kellner, D. (1989), Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity, The John Hopkins University Press. Kellner, D., Best, D. (2001), The Postmodern Adventure: Science, Technology and Cultural Studies at the Third Millenium, Guilford Press. McLaren, P. (2000), Che Guevara, Paulo Freire, and the Pedagogy of Revolution, Rowman and Littlefield. McLaren, P., Farahmandpur R. (2005), Teaching Against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism, Rowman and Littlefield. Slay, J. (2001), “Research Perspectives on Culturally Sensitive Science Education”, Intercaltural Education, 12(2), Û. 173-184.
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The He.P.H.a.E.S.T.U.S. Project Hellenic Philosophy, History and Environmental Science Teaching Under Scrutiny Seventh Framework Programme Regpot-2008-1 The Programme of History, Philosophy and Didactics of Science and Technology (HPDST) is a Programme of the Institute of Neohellenic Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation in collaboration with the Laboratory of Science Education, Epistemology and Educational Technology (ASEL) of the Department of Education, University of Athens. In order to contribute through science and society activities to the regional sustainable development, the Program HPDST has been supported by the 7th FP (project Hephaestus). The project aims to two way secondments with European research units, recruitments of experienced researchers, a series of conferences, workshops and seminars, and dissemination and promotional activities. Hephaestus site www.hpdst.gr
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 15-32
∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË1 (Global Education) ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÈÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ /¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË ªÈ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤Ï˘ ™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, πˆ¿ÓÓ· ∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎfi Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·Îfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ∞¶√ ∆√ ∫π¡∏ª∞ °π∞ ∆∏ ¢π∂£¡∏ ∫∞∆∞¡√∏™∏ ™∆∏¡ √π∫√Àª∂¡π∫∏ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏ ™‡ÓÙÔÌË ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌ‹ – ∏ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÚԤ΢„ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ ıˆڋÛÂˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ ˆ˜ ·fiÚÚÔÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. ∆Ô ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ 1920, fiÙ·Ó ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› È‰Ú‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ √Ì¿‰· ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ (World Education Fellowship) Ì ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ The New Era Î·È ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1930 Ì ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙ· ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ¶ÔÏÈÙÈο ¢ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· (Council for Education in World Citizenship). ™ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960 Ô James Henderson Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ» (world studies) ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÙÔÌÔÁÚ·Ê›· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Á΢ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· (Hicks 2003). ∆· ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο –·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ·– Ï·›ÛÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘, ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ¢ÈÂıÓ‹ ∫·Ù·ÓfiËÛË (education for international understanding), Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿-
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∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
Ù˘ÍË (development education)-∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ (Third World Pedagogy), Ë ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (multicultural education) Î·È Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË (peace education). ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ¢ÈÂıÓ‹ ∫·Ù·ÓfiËÛË (education for international understanding) √È È‰¤Â˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ηٷÓfiËÛË ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È, ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿, ÛÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔÁÔ Ù˘ ¢È·Î‹Ú˘Í˘ Ù˘ UNESCO ÙÔ 1945, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÎÏ·˚·ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ, ˆ˜ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ µã ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘. ∏ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÈ΋˜ ‡·Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ‚·ÛÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ UNESCO ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ™ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ UNESCO ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Û ¯ÒÚ˜ fiˆ˜ Ë π·ˆÓ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ˆ˜ ËÙÙË̤ÓË ¯ÒÚ· ¤¯ÂÈ ‚ÈÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ¡·ÁηۿÎÈ Î·È Ù˘ ÃÈÚÔ̷ۛ, Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û ¯ÒÚ˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ë ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ∞ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ¢ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ. √ æ˘¯Úfi˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·, ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ·Ô΋ڢÍ ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÛÙÔ ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ 1950. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË Ù˘ ™Ô‚ÈÂÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ UNESCO ÙÔ 1954 Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÚÔÛÊ¿Ùˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÙÔÔÈËı› ÙÔ 1960, ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙËı› Ë ÔÌÔʈӛ· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈ˙ ٷ ·Ú¯Èο ȉÂÒ‰Ë Ù˘ UNESCO, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·fi ÙÔ 1974 Ô fiÚÔ˜ «∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ¢ÈÂıÓ‹ ∫·Ù·ÓfiËÛË» Ó· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ÚËÙÔÚÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· (Fujikane 2003). ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (Development Education)-∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ (Third World Pedagogy) √È ‰‡Ô ·˘ÙÔ› fiÚÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, fiÙ·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ™ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÒÓ· ηٿ Ù˘ ·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÒËÓ ·ÔÈÎÈÒÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 1950 Î·È ÙÔ˘ 1960, Ô ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÓÈ-
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17-06-09
13:20
™ÂÏ›‰·17
√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
17
ÛÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ «˘Ô-·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË» ¯ÒÚ˜. ∂ȉÈο ÛÙËÓ «∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘», Ë ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·fi ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ¶ÚÒÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Ë UNESCO ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (Fujikane 2003, Hicks 2003), ÂÓÒ ÔÏϤ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·) ÛÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Î·È ‚) ÛÙÔ fiÛÔ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ë Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ µÔÚÚ¿ ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô ¡fiÙÔ˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÒÚ· ϤÔÓ Á›ÓÂÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙË ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË «∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÈÊfiÚÔ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË» (Education for Sustainable Development, ESD). ø˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÙËΠÛÙ· ̤۷ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1970 ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË (development education), ¤ıÂÛ ÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ· ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ù˘ Ù˘È΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ, Û «ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› Ë ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÛÙ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·, ÙÔÈο ‹ Î·È ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ˘ÂÚ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È Ù˘ ˘o·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘» (Fujikane 2003). ¶ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË (Multicultural Education) – ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË (Peace Education) ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Ô ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ·˜ ‰È¿Ù·Í˘, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÙË ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›· Î·È ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›·, ˆ˜ Ë Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ¤ÓÙ·Í˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÈ Â›ÛË̘ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ó· Ô‰ËÁËıÔ‡Ó Û ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1980. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, fï˜, fiÙÈ Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÈÔÓÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ù· ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘·, ÙËÓ ÚÔηٿÏË„Ë Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ·ÊÔÌÔ›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ
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™ÂÏ›‰·18
18
∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿ ÁÈ· ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∞ÓÙÈÚ·ÙÛÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ (Anti-racist Education) Î·È ÂÓ Û˘Ó¯›· Ù˘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË (Peace Education). ™ÙËÓ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÈÚ‹ÓË, ÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· 1970, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Galtang ÁÈ· ÙË «‰È·ÚıÚˆÙÈ΋ ‚›·» (structural violence), fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ‰ÂÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·ÏÒ˜ Ë ·Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ «ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ‹ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈ΋ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË» (Galtang 1971), Î·È ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Freire ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·›ÂÛË Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘. ∏ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Freire, fiˆ˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∫·Ù·ÈÂÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ (Freire 2000) Î·È √ ¢È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ˆ˜ ∫·ÓfiÓ·˜ (Freire 1980), Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÛÙ›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË _ ·fi ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì (about) ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi (for) ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË. ∆· ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ۯ‰fiÓ ¿ÓÙ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ›ÛËÌ˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· οı ¯ÒÚ·˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (Fujikane, 2003).
√π∫√Àª∂¡π∫∏ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏ ∆Ô 1995, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ó‰ڛԢ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ UNICEF MENA (Middle East and North Africa) ÛÙÔÓ §›‚·ÓÔ, Ô Selby ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ ÙoÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙÔȯÂÈÔıÂÙ› ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ, ÙfiˆÓ Î·È ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, ÙÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ, ÙË ‰È·ÂÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ –·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ·ÚfiÓ, ̤ÏÏÔÓ_ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ fiÓÙˆÓ. ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ı¤Ì·Ù· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÈÚ‹Ó˘, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·ÂÈÊÔÚ›·˜. ™ÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ Ï·ÓËÙÈÎfi.
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13:20
™ÂÏ›‰·19
19
√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
™‡ÌʈÓË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Î·È ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋, Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋, ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ÓË ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹. ø˜ ÛÎÔfi˜ ‰Â Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ó· ˘ÂÚÓÈ΋ÛÂÈ: ·) ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Û ·ÓÙÈÌ·¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Î¿ı ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ¤ÓÔϘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ‚) ÙË ‰˘Û·ÚÌÔÓ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÂÈÏ‹ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜, Î·È Á) ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÛΤ„˘ Î·È Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜.
√π ¢π∞™∆∞™∂π™ ∆∏™ £∂øƒ∏∆π∫√ ¶§∞π™π√
√π∫√Àª∂¡π∫∏™
∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏™
–
∆Ô ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ 1976 fiÙ·Ó Ô Robin Richardson (Richardson 1976) ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘Ì¤Ó˘ Î·È Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔÓ Ï·Ó‹ÙË.
∂π∫√¡∞ 1: £ÂˆÚËÙÈÎfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Richardson, 1976)
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∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
∆Ô ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ıˆڋıËΠÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÌ›ÙÂÈ Û ٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜: ÙË ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·›ÂÛË, ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ (fiÏÂÌÔÈ) Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ∆Ô 1988 ÔÈ Pike Î·È Selby, ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Richardson, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘, ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÔοÏÂÛ·Ó «ÔÈ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» Î·È ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ «˘Ú‹Ó·» ‹ ÙËÓ «ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË» Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘: Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, Ë ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· Ù˘ «ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘», ÂÓÒ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ¤ÓÙ ÛÎÔÔ›, ˆ˜ ÙÔ «ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi fiÚÈÔ» Î·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘.
∂π∫√¡∞ 2: √È Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘. (Pike & Selby 1995)
1. ™˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋ ›ÁÓˆÛË: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÛΤ„˘ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚfiÛÎÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜.
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√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
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2. ∂›ÁÓˆÛË ÚÔÔÙÈ΋˜: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ı¤·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÓÈ·›· ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆڋÛˆÓ. 3. ∂›ÁÓˆÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ˘ÁȤ˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ê˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÙȘ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘, Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË. 4. ∂›ÁÓˆÛË ÂÌÏÔ΋˜ Î·È ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ê˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi ·ÚfiÓ Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∂›Û˘ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂÓÂÚÁÔ› ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ› Ôϛ٘, ÈηÓÔ› Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. 5. ∂˘Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÛΤ„˘: √È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û˘Ó¯¤˜ Ù·Í›‰È ÁÓÒÛ˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ‹ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ ı¤·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ·Ó·˙ˆÔÁÔÓÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ÛΤ„Ë (Hicks, 2003).
∫ƒπ∆π∫√π ¢π∞§√°√π °π∞ ∆∏¡ √π∫√Àª∂¡π∫∏ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ∞ÂÈÊÔÚ›· √È ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ Ì·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ Ù˘ ·ÂÈÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ∏ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ·ÂÈÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÚÈ˙ÔÛ¿ÛÙ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÈÛËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (Hicks &
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∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
Holden 1995). ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È Â›Ó·È «ÙÈ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ë ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÈÊÔÚ›·;». ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ: ·) ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ «¯ÒÚÔ˘», fiˆ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ «¯ÒÚÔ» Î·È ÙËÓ «Îϛ̷η». ∆Ô «ÙÔÈÎfi» Î·È ÙÔ «ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi» ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ÃÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ë ÔÏfiÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ Î·È Ù¿ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙË ÌÔÓfiÏ¢ÚË ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÈϤÁÂÈ Ó· ·ÁÓÔ› ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ›̷¯Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ù˘ ‰È¤ÓÂ͢ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ÙfiÔ˘ (place-based), fiÔ˘ ÂÏÏԯ‡ÂÈ Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ·Ú¿‚Ï„˘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÓÛÙÂÚÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·˜ (Selby 1999). ‚) ∏ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË (Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ï‹ıÔ˘˜ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ) Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ù· ̤۷ Ì ٷ ÔÔ›· Ë ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍÂÚ¢ӋÛÂÈ, Û ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Î·È Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÓÙ·ÛË, ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Û ¿ÏÏ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ™‡ÓÔ‰Ô ∫ÔÚ˘Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ƒ›Ô (1992), Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÈÊfiÚÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÙËÓ ·ÂÈÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÙÔ ·ÂÈÊfiÚÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. Á) ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÈÊfiÚÔ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÂÈÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ΢ڛˆ˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi. √È ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÙfiÔ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜ ˘Â˘ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÂÓȤ˜. ∏ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜: Ù· Èı·Ó¿ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙ·, Ù· ÂÊÈÎÙ¿ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙ· Î·È Ù· ÚÔÙÈÌËÙ¤· ̤ÏÏÔÓÙ·. ∏ Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË ·˘Ù‹ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ ÎÚÈ-
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√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
23
ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ËıÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ (Selby 1999, Bell 2004, Power 2006). ‰) ∏ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ Ë ˆÚÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘, ΢ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈο ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ, fiÔ˘ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÓÓÔÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ (Selby 1999). ∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ˆ˜ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË ∏ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ «Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂΛÓË Ô˘ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷وıÔ‡Ó, Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó, ÛÙÔ ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ» (Zsebik 2000). ÕÚ· Ë √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Î·ı›ÛÙ·Ù·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·, ηıfiÛÔÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ, ıˆÚËÙÈο, ÙfiÛÔ Ì¤Û· Û ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ fiÛÔ Î·È Û ÂıÓÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ô˘ ¯Ú‹˙ÂÈ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜, Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, Â›Ó·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘. ∏ ϤÔÓ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË» ÛÙ· ̤۷ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÂͿψÛË ÙˆÓ ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ (Rizvi 2000). ¶·Ú’ fiÏ’ ·˘Ù¿, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Î·È ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ –Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ– ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË (Waters 2001, Wiseman 1998, Walker 2000). ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› ηÓ›˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ¤Ó· Ú¿ÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ: Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Ë √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÎÙ· Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Ë Ì›· Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿Ï¢ÚË Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ù˘ ¿ÏÏ˘, Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÔÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·›ÙÈÔ Î·È ÔÈÔ ¤Ó· Èı·Ófi ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.
002
17-06-09
24
13:20
™ÂÏ›‰·24
∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛÙ› Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË, Â›Ó·È Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË. ∂ÍÈÛÔÚÚÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ· √ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¢·›ÛıËÙ˘ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ οı ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ·fi ÙË Ì›· Î·È Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË (Banks et al. 200l). √È Ôϛ٘ Û ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘Ô›ÎÈÏË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔÓ ÎÔÈÓ¿ ‰È·ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Ë ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ٷ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ı¤Ì·Ù·-ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ οı ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË. √ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ· ˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË √ fiÚÔ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ (literacy), fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÔÛ·ÍÔÓÈο ÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È ÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ ÔÏ›ÙË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚ› Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ Û ÂıÓÈο fiÛÔ Î·È Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Ï·›ÛÈ·. ∆· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔÈ, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ –‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ, Ê˘ÏÒÓ, ıÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎÔًوӖ Ô˘ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó ‹ ·ÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· Û˘Ó˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· χÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ì·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÂÚı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË, ÔÈ ÂȉË̛˜ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ûı¤ÓÂȘ, Ë ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·, Ô Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi˜, ÔÈ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ fiÏÂÌÔÈ. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔÈ Ôϛ٘ ÛÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔÓ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi. √ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ (multicultural literacy) Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙȘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÔÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘
002
17-06-09
13:20
™ÂÏ›‰·25
√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
25
ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Ô˘ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È (Banks 1996), Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ·fi ÔÈΛϘ ÂıÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÒÛÙ ӷ ηıÔ‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ Î·È ‰›Î·ÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∏ ÂÓÂÚÁfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ· ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ̤۷ ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ¤ıÓË Î·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ·. √È ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˘fi ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¤ıÓË-ÎÚ¿ÙË Û fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ı¤Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ¤ıÓË ÒÛÙ ӷ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓfiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈο. ÕÚ· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Ë ‡·ÚÍË ‰ÈÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ‰ÈÂıÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ı· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ÚȘ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘, Ô Banks (Banks 2003, 2004, Banks et al. 2005) ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÁÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘. √ Banks ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙÔ «¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·: ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓÂÚÁÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂÔ¯‹» (Banks et al. 2005), ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ı· fiÊÂÈÏ·Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ·. ∞˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜: Ë ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·, Ë ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛË, Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË. √È ÙÚÂȘ ÚÒÙ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁfi ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·Ú¯‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Û ‰Ú¿ÛË. ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ·-ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı›Û˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ô Banks (Banks 2004), Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ó· ·ÊÔÌÔȈıÔ‡Ó Ë ÁÓÒÛË, ÔÈ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË. √ Gaudelli (Gaudelli 2003) Û˘˙ËÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ¤ÍÈ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÙȘ ·ÚȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ (Gaudelli 2003), Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ‰È¢-
002
17-06-09
26
13:20
™ÂÏ›‰·26
∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
ÎÔχÓÔÓÙ·È «‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘» (Gaudelli 2003:23) Î·È fi¯È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ·ÎÙÈ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ per se. ∫ÚÈÙÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÒÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÒÓ. ŒÓ· ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi –‹‰Ë– ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÒÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÒÓ, ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙˆÓ Peter McLaren Î·È Ramin Farahmandpur, ¢È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·˜ ∂Ó¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔÓ ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ∫·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ ¡¤Ô πÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi (Teaching Against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism) (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005). √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÚÈÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔ Ó· ÂÈÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÊÔ‰Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȤ˜ Ù˘: ÙÔÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi, ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÓˆÙÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ˘‚ÚȉÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ «Ó¤Ô ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi». ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓË ÛÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ÂÓÒ ˆ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È «∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋». °È· ÙÔÓ McLaren Î·È ÙÔÓ Farahmandpur, Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Â˘ÊËÌÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Û˘ÁηχÙÂÈ ÙÔ «¿Û¯ËÌÔ» ÚfiÛˆfi ÙÔ˘: ÙÔÓ ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi, ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ‹ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ Î·È ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·, ÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ªª∂ ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, ¤Ó·Ó ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Û ·Ï˘Û›‰· ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Î¤ÓÙÚˆÓ (Planet Mall), Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù· ‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌ· Î¤Ú‰Ë Î·È Û ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ηٿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË «Î·ÓÈ‚·ÏÔÔÈ› ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ» (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005:15). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ McLaren Î·È Farahmandpur, ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÓˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ì ÙÔ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÛȈËÚ¿ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜, Ì ÙÔ Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ (culturalist discourse), Ì ÙÔ Ó· ·ÓËÁ˘Ú›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (universalism) ÂȘ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ «˘ÂÚ·ÙÔÌÈÛÌÔ‡», Ì ÙÔ Ó· ·ÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ‰Â¯ÙÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ «‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ Û ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ··ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ Ê¿ÛË», ¤ÊÙÔ˘Ó ÙÂÏÈο ı‡Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯·Ú·-
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™ÂÏ›‰·27
√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË
27
ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· «Úfi¯ÂÈÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜», Î·È Î·Ù·ÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ «ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘¯¿Ú·ÛÙ˘ ÂͤÁÂÚÛ˘» (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005: 25, 18). ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙË ı¤ÛË fiÙÈ Û οı ÌÔÚÊ‹ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ «Ë Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ı· ¤Ú ӷ ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Î·È Ì ÙȘ ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ¿ Ù˘» (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005: 22). √ÌÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ¿ÓÙˆ˜ fiÙÈ «Ë Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ‰È·ÙÚ¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ÌÈÎÚ¿ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ó· ·ÓÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È» (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005: 22). ø˜ ÌÈ· ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Ô˘ Ó· ·Óı›ÛÙ·Ù·È Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ «Ó¤Ô ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi», ÔÈ McLaren Î·È Farahmandpur ÚÔÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó, ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, ÌÈ· «FreireÈ·Ó‹», «ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋» ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ «Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘», ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ›Û˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· «Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜», «Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÂÈfiÙËÙ·˜» ‹ «∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋». ÃÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ «∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋», ϤÓÂ, ÁÈ·Ù› ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÙÒÚ· ·ÔηÏԇ̠«∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋» ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· οÓÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ÍËÏÒÓÂÈ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ fi,ÙÈ ÂÍ˘Ê·›ÓÂÈ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ Ë ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘. √Ê›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Ó¤Ô fiÚ·Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·ÂÏ¢ıÂڈ̤ÓÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘. ªÈ· ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ·ÁÒÓ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ·ÁÒÓ˜, ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ‰È·Û˘ÓÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÎÈ ÂÚÁ¿Ù˜, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó Ó¤Ô˘˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ·ÓÙÈηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÁÒÓ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÌfi (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005: 150). √È McLaren Î·È Farahmandpur Û˘ÓÔ„›˙Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË fiÙÈ «‰ÂÓ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ٛÔÙ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË» (McLaren & Farahmandpur 2005: 152). À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‚¤‚·È· Î·È Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÊˆÓÔ‡Ó ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ Ì ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ (Ibrahim 2007). £ÂˆÚÔ‡Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Û·Ê¤˜, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ıˆ-
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∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
ÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜, ÙÔ Ò˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ›ÙÂ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈ΋˜ ›Ù ٷÍÈ΋˜ ›Ù ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ ›Ù Ù˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ›Ù ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ù˘ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ. ∆ÂÏÈο ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÈ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙ¤˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÔ› Ù˘ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚʈı› ÌÈ· Ó¤·, ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Î·È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È «Û‡ÓÔÚÔ», ÙÈ Â›Ó·È «·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋» Î·È ÙÈ Â›Ó·È «·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË». ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓË ÛÙÔ Ì·ÚÍÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ Ù·ÍÈ΋ ¿ÏË, Ó· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ‰Â ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË (Ibrahim 2007). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ƒÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ (radical education) (Johnson 1979), ÔÈ ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ‰È·ÚıÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙÔ˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ› ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ, Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ› ¿ÍÔÓ˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ª·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ƒÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È Ë ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ŸÏÔ˘˜. ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÛÌÔ˘ √È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ¿ÛÙ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÔ› ‰È·Ù›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂȉÒÓ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ï·˚΋˜ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ (Hatcher 1995): ·) Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ¡¤Â˜ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ – Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ôχ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ Î·È Ó· ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÎÏÂȉÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ˆ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘ÓÙ‹ Ù˘ Ì·ıËÛȷ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ‚) Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›· Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∏ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ ÔÏ›ÙË Û ÌÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Á) Ë ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÂı› ˘fi ·›ÚÂÛË. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÏËÊı› ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ˘fi„Ë Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ÌÈ·˜ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ», Î·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈ̘ fiϘ ÔÈ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ·
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‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (Hatcher 1995: 3-4). √ Hatcher ηٷϋÁÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚¿ÏÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÔχÏÔÎÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· Ï·˚΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (Hatcher 1995: 4). ∆· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ·Á¿Ó‰· Ì ÙË ÛÔÛÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ·Á¿Ó‰·. ª¿ÏÏÔÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ·Ù› Î·È Ò˜ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó (Shor 1992: 15-16). ™ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛΤ„Ë ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙË Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜ ÂÍ·ÛÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Freire & Shor 1987: 186-187). ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÁÈ· ŸÏÔ˘˜ √È ÚÈ˙ÔÛ¿ÛÙ˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÔ› ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Ò˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÔÈ Î·È ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ˆ˜ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ‰ÈηÈfiÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È·ÛÙڈ̿وÛË. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘, ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÓÙÔÓË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ «·È‰ÈÒÓ» Î·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ «ÂÓËϛΈӻ (Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› ·È‰È΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÛÔ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘), ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÈÔ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋, ÌÈ· Ó¤· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ì›˙ÔÓ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ÔÈ Î‡ÚÈÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜: Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ·ÚÔ¯‹ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÚÔ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ‚›Ô˘, ˘ËÚÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ Û fiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˘ Î·È ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡Û·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Î·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ÏÂȄ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Û fiÏ· Ù· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ (Cole 2004). ∂›Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÎËÚ˘¯ı› ·Ú¿ÓÔÌË Î¿ı ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ‹ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ·, ÙË Ê˘Ï‹, ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, ÙÔÓ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi
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∞.™. °ÎÈfiÏÌ·˜, π.∫. ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È ∫.¢. ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘
(gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered ‹ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ LGBT) ‹ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‹ ·Ó·ËÚ›·. £ÂˆÚÔ‡ÌÂ, ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÎÏ›‰È, fiÙÈ Ë ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÚfiÙ·ÛË Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂Ó˘ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ –·fi Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛÎÔÈ¿– ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ∞ÂÈÊÔÚ›·˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Û ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘: «∫¿ı ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È Î¿ı ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ˆ˜ οÙÈ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÔ‰Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‚ÔËı¿ ÛÙÔ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË Ô˘ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌ‹Û·ÌÂ. [...] ∏ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜, Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi˜ Ì ÙȘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙԇ̠ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Ì·˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. [...]. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ·ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ù· ›‰È· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÍ·Ï›„Ô˘Ì ÙË ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· [...] Û˘ÓÔÏÈο. ªÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÂÂÓ‰‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Û ÌÈ· Ì·˙È΋ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›· ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓı·ÚÚ˘Óı› Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ Û οı ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Û Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË. ªÈ· Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Ô˘ ı· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ì ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË Ó· ÔÚ·Ì·ÙÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ηӻ (Hillcole Group 1997: 94-95). ŸÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÛÙÔ¯ÔıÂÛ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, fiˆ˜ ϤÂÈ Ô Alex Callinicos (Callinicos 2000), ÙÔ Ó· ÙÂı› Û ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ ÙÚ¤¯ÔÓ Îϛ̷ ··ÈÙ› ı¿ÚÚÔ˜, Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· Î·È ‰‡Ó·ÌË ı¤ÏËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·‰ÈΛ· Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ. ¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, «Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ ÎÔÚÂÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Ì·˜, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·ÚÂÙ¤˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û ·ÊıÔÓ›·. Õ·Í Î·È ÙÂıÔ‡Ó Û ΛÓËÛË, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù· ¿Óˆ-οو» (Callinicos 2000: 129).
™∏ª∂πø™∏ 1 √ fiÚÔ˜ «√ÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË» ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ıËΠ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ›ÛËÌ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· fiÚÔ˘ «¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË», ÂÂȉ‹ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÂ
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·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ÔÏfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·» Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ Banks, J.A. (Âd.) (1996), Multicultural education, transformative knowledge, and action: Historical and contemporary perspectives, Teachers College Press, New York. Banks, J.A. (2003), “Teaching Literacy for Social Justice and Global Citizenship”, Language Arts, 81(1), Û. 18-19. Banks, J.A. (2004), “Teaching for Social Justice, Diversity and Citizenship in a Global World”, The Educational Forum, 68, Û. 289-298. Banks, J.A., Cookson, P., Gay G., Hawley, W.D., Irvine, J.J., Nieto, S., Schofield, J.W., Stephan, W.G. (2001), Diversity within unity: Essential principles for teaching and learning in a multicultural society, Center for Multicultural Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Banks, J.A., Banks, C.A. Cortes, C.E, Hahn, C., Merryfield, M., Moodley, K.A., Murhy-Shigematsu, S., Osler, A., Park, C. (2005), Democracy and Diversity: Principles and Concepts for Educating Citizens in a Global Age, Center for Multicultural Education. Bell, D. (2004), “Creating Green Citizens? Political Liberalism and Environmental Education”, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 38 (1), Û. 37-53. Callinicos, A. (2000), Equality, Polity Press, Oxford. Cole, M. (2004), “New Labour, Globalization and Social Justice: The Role of Education”, Fischman, G.E. (ed.), Critical Theories, Radical Pedagogies, and Global Conflicts, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Maryland, Û. 3-22. Freire, P. (1980), Dialog als Prinzip, Jugenddienst-Verlag, Wuppertal. Freire, P. (2000), Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Trans.: Myra Bergman Ramos), Continuum [Seabury], 30th Anniversary Edition, New York. Freire, P., Shor, I. (1987), A Pedagogy for Liberation: Dialogues on Transforming Education, Macmillan, Basingstoke, England. Fujikane, H. (2003), “Approaches to Global Education in the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan”, International Review of Education, 49(1-2), Û. 133-155. Galtang, J. (1971), “A Structural Theory of Imperialism”, Journal of Peace Research, 8, Û. 81-117. Gaudelli, W. (2003), “Where in the world have you been? An overview of Global Education”, Gaudelli, W. (ed.), World Class: Teaching and Learning in Global Times, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, Û. 3-26. Hatcher, R. (1995), “Popular self-activity and state provision: The strategic debate in education”, Socialist Teacher, 23, Û. 4. Hicks, D., Holden, C. (1995), “Exploring the Future: a missing dimension in environmental education”, Environmental Education Research, 1(2), Û. 185-192. Hicks, D. (2003), “Thirty Years of Global Education: a reminder of key principles and precedents”, Educational Review, 55(3), Û. 265-275. Hillcole Group (1997), Rethinking Education and Democracy: A Socialist Alternative for the Twenty-First Century, Tufnell Press, London.
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Ibrahim, A. (2007), “Linking Marxism, Globalization, and Citizenship Education: Toward a Comparative and Critical Pedagogy Post 9/11”, Educational Theory 57(1), Û. 89-103. Johnson, R. (1979), “Really Useful Knowledge: Radical Education and Working-Class Culture, 1790-1848”, Clarke, J., Critcher, C., Johnson, R. (eds), Working Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory, Hutchinson, London Û.75-102. McLaren, P., Farahmandpur, R. (2005), Teaching Against Global Capitalism and the New Imperialism: A Critical Pedagogy, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland. Pike, G., Selby, D. (1988), Global teacher, global learner, Hodder & Stoughton, London. Pike, G., Selby, D. (1995), Reconnecting: from national to global curriculum, World Wide Fund for Nature, UK, Guildford. Power, C. (2006), “Education for the future: An international perspective”, Educational Research for Policy and Praxis, 5(2), Û. 165-174. Richardson, R. (1976), Learning for Change in World Society: reflections, activities and resources, World Studies Project, London. Rizvi, F. (2000), “International Education and the Production of Global Imagination”, Burbules N.C., Torres C.A. (eds), Globalisation and Education: Critical Perspectives, Routledge, New York, Û. 205-226. Selby, D. (1999), “Global Education: Towards a Quantum Model of Environmental Education”, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education., 4, Û. 125-141. Shor, I. (1992), Empowering Education: Critical Teaching for Social Change, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Walker, G. (2000), “International education: connecting the national to the global”, Hayden M., Thompson J. (eds), International schools & international education: Improving teaching, management & quality, Kogan Page Limited, London, Û. 193-204. Waters, M. (2001), Globalization (Key Ideas), Routledge, London (2nd Edition). Zsebik, P. (2000), “The politics of international education”, Hayden M., Thompson J. (eds), International schools & international education: Improving teaching, management & quality, Kogan Page Limited, London, Û. 62-69.
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 33-57
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ: ∞ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË ∆Ì‹Ì· ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∏ÏÈΛ· ∂ıÓÈÎfi Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·Îfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ∂π™∞°ø°∏ ™ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤Ó˘ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. ∞ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ·, «ÂÎ ‚¿ıÚˆÓ» ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·-Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ (º∂) Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ›ÌÔÓ· Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÚfiÔ‰Ô Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË Û ÂÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙË ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ º∂ (¢º∂), ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÁÓˆÛȷΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ (ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤Ó˜ ÛÙȘ «È‰¤Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ»), Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ì ϋıÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ (ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ, «ÁÏÒÛÛ˜», ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Î.Ô.Î.), ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓØ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ‰È¢ڇÓÔÓÙ·È (Duit & Treagust 2003). ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Î·È ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÁÓˆÛȷΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ (Klein 2006) ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ·Í›· ÙˆÓ «È‰ÂÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ», ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ›ٷÈ, ηٿ ηÓfiÓ·, ·fi ·Û·Ê›˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ ·fi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. £¤ÙÔ˘Ó Â›Û˘ Û ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ηıÈÂڈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ (‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ì Û‚·ÛÌfi ÛÙȘ «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜» Î·È ÊÙˆ¯fi ·ÈÛıËÙËÚÈ·Îfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ), ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ıˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÓ ÛΤ„Ë Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷο ·Ú¿ Ù˘Èο (.¯. ÏÔÁÈο) ıÂÌÂÏȈ̤ÓË, Ë ‰Â «ÁÏÒÛÛ·» ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈ΋ Î·È ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿, ÙÔ ÚÔ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È Ì¿ıËÛË ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ º∂ ·Ó·Û‡ÚÂÙ·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ·fi Ù· «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ΛÌÂÓ·» (·˘ıÂÓÙÈο, Û¯ÔÏÈ-
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µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
ο, ÈÛÙÔÚÈο, ÂÎÏ·˚΢ÙÈο ÎÏ). ∆· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ηÓfiÓ· ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‰˘ÛÓfiËÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ì‡ËÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ (ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÙ˜ Î·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›ÛÈ̘ ÏÔÁÈο, Ì ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ «·Ï‹ıÂÈ·» Î.Ô.Î.) Î·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Û‡Ì‚·ÙÔ˘ Ì Ϸ›ÛÈ· ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ (VanEijck & Roth 2007). √È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ›Û˘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ (ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂÍÈÛÒÛÂȘ, Û¯¤‰È·, ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù·, ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ/ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ (ÏÂÎÙÈο, Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÔÙÈο, ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈο) (Yore & Treagust 2006), ·ÏÏ¿ ηٿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÍÂʇÁÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ¿ Ì·˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â› ·Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÚÈ˙Èο ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È ÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. £· ˆÊÂÏËı› Ë ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È Ì¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ º∂ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· (·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ì ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î.Ô.Î.) ‹ ı· ˙ËÌȈıÔ‡Ó (ı· ÛÙÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Û ·ÓÈÌÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ, ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÂÏÂÔÏÔÁÈο, Î.Ô.Î.); ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ (¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË & ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜ 2007, ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜ Î·È ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË 2008·,‚, Tselfes & Paroussi 2008, Paroussi & Tselfes 2006, 2007, 2008·,‚),1 Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜Ø Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‚·ıÌ›‰· fiÔ˘ Ë ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÂȉ‡ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂȯÂÈÚԇ̠ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ (Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜) ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Û ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ·fi Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì·˜, ÂÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÛÙȘ Ì·ıËÛȷΤ˜ ÔÚ›˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ Ì·˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ È‰ÈfiÚÚ˘ıÌÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜-Ì¿ıËÛ˘.
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£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
35
£∂øƒ∏∆π∫√ ¶§∞π™π√ ™Â ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË ı· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜ (cultural) ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ø˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ı· ıˆÚԇ̠¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·fi ‰ÔÌÈο Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ ۇ̂ÔÏ·, ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·fi Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (‰ÔÌÈο Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ ڿ͈Ó), Û ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ (Sewell 1992, 1999). ∆Ô «‰È¿‚·ÛÌ·» Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Û¯¤Û˘ ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈԇ̠·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Tobin & Roth (2007: 3-5). ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ «‰È¿‚·ÛÌ·» ·˘Ùfi, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÔÌÈο Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ (.¯. ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ –·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì– ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ÌÂ Î·È ÛÙ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ΛÌÂÓ·), ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ (Û˘Û΢¤˜, fiÚÁ·Ó· ÎÏ., ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ˆ˜ Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·) Î·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ù¯ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ΛÌÂÓ·). √È ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î¿ı ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Èı·ÓÒÓ (‰˘Ó·ÙÒÓ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó) ÛÂÈÚÒÓ ·fi ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ, ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ οÔȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿), Û ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ·ÊËÚË̤Ó˜ «ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜». ™ÙË «˙ˆ‹» ‚¤‚·È· ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÔÈ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙȘ Èı·Ó¤˜/‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. √È ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· (ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· «ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤ӷ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ΛÌÂÓ·) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÔ˘Ó (·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜). ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ¤Ó· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ Ù¤¯ÓËÌ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·Ùڷ› Û ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì ٷ ıˆÚËÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ·. ∆fiÙÂ, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ·Ó·ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹/Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‹/Î·È Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ·Ó·‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È (Hacking 1992). ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‹ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ «Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈο». ∫ÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó·
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µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ô˘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô Ó¤Ô (Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ, Ù¯ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ) ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ì ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ó· ÂÓ·ÓÙȈı› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È. ªÂ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ¤Ó·˘ÛÌ· ÁÈ· Ó· ͉Èψı› Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ (Î·È ·ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜ fi¯È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜) ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο (Tobin et al. 1994). ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ οÔÈˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ (ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜), Û ¤Ó·Ó ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÌË ÂȉÈÎÒÓ. ªÂ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÈÛÌÔ‡, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÁηٷÛÙ·ı› ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÒÓ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜-ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ∂‰Ò, fï˜, Ù· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ (ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜) Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ϤÁÌ· Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·Ø fiÚÈ· Ô˘ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ οÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹-ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·) Ó· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ó ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·). ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ÓÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ‰È·¯¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÁÂÓÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ «Ó¤Ô». ¢È·¯¤ÂÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› Ú¿ÍÂȘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘: ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·Ø ‰ÂÓ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó Ô‡Ù Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋. ¢ÂÓ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ›Û˘, Ô‡Ù ÛÙË ÌÈ· Ô‡Ù ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ∏ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ Ô‡Ù ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ (ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÂÔ›ıËÛË ˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÙÂÏ‹˜, Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓË Î·È Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋)Ø Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Âȉ¤¯ÂÙ·È ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ (ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋, ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·, ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙË Î·È ·ÏËı‹˜). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, Ô˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÛÙÚ‚ÏÒÛÂȘ, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È Ó· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂˆÓ (.¯. ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· – ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜ ÎÏ.). ∏ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘Ì·Ú·Û‡ÚÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ Î·ÈÓÔÙƠ̂˜ (fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ «project» ‹ ÔÈ ‰È·ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ) Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÂÈ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-
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™ÂÏ›‰·37
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
37
·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÙÚ¤¯ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ a priori ‰ÂÛ̇ÛÂȘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ (Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î.Ô.Î.). ∏ ‰È΋ Ì·˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋/ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÙ˘¯È·Î‹˜, ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Û·Ì ӷ ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ «Ó¤Ô» (Ë Ì¿ıËÛË) ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ Ì ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Óˆ Û ÌÈ·, ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ (Î·È fi¯È ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÎÏ.). ∂‰Ò, ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÔ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·Óı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ «Ó¤Ô»/Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ı· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¤Ó· ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi-ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ, Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ··ÓÙËı› ÌfiÓÔ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Î·È fi¯È ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚˆÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô. ∂ÈϤͷÌÂ Ë ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ó· ÂΉËψı› ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÛÙË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË. °È ·˘Ùfi ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÛÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ›¯·Ó ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ Î·È ÎÔ˘ÎÏÔı¿ÙÚÔ˘ Û ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÂÍ¿ÌËÓ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ. ™Ù· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ›¯·Ó ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓË Û ÌÈ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤·. ªÂ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, ÛÙË Û¯Â‰È·˙fiÌÂÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ë ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤·. ∞fi ÙËÓ «fiÚÙ·» ·˘Ù‹ ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÎ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. ∞·ÈÙ‹Û·ÌÂ Ë È‰¤· Ô˘ ı· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ÙËÓ Î¿ı ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ Ó· ‹Ù·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. √È ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ Ë ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ı· ¤‚·˙ ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ Û ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ó¤ˆÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏÔ›. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ‰ÂÓ Ì·›ÓÔ˘Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· Û ÌÈ· ‰ÔÌ‹ ·Ê‹ÁËÛ˘. ™¯Â‰fiÓ fiϘ ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ¢º∂ Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ (.¯. Millar & Osborn 1998) ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÂÏÈο ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ (Norris et al. 2005). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ··ÈÙ› ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹. ∂›Û˘, Ë Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Ì ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ›ӷÈ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂηÈ-
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™ÂÏ›‰·38
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ (Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ), ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹˜. ∆· ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¿ ‰›· ‰ËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ηÓfiÓ· ˆ˜ ·Û‡Ì‚·Ù·, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο (Snow 1964), ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο (McManus & Furnham 2006) Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÁÓˆÛȷο (Hudson 1974). ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ¤Ú ӷ ¿ÚÔ˘Ì ı¤ÛË ‹Ù·Ó ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ·’ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ı· ·ÓÙÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÙȘ ÚÔ˜ ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜. √È ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿Û·Ì ‹Ù·Ó: Ù˘È΋ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷ΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· º∂Ø Î›ÌÂÓ· ÂÎÏ·˚ÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (Ì ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋/ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË)Ø ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (fiÔ˘ ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·Ù·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi Ù˘ ÚÔ˚fiÓ). ∫·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ËÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ì·˜ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË: ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ (Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÌÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÏËıÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ), ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î¿ÔȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ (ˆ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜) Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ı·ÙÚÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈ˙ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜ Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÛÂ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ. ∏ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ ı· Ï˘ÓfiÙ·Ó (·Ó Ï˘ÓfiÙ·Ó) Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â˘ÎÔÏ›· Î·È Û «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜» ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ËÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ì·˜: Ù· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷο Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· «ÛÎÏ‹Ú·ÈÓ·Ó» ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ (ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜) Î·È ı· ‰˘ÛÎfiÏ¢·Ó, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹Ø Ù· ÂÎÏ·˚΢ÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ·, Ì ٷ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈο ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯fiÏÈ·, ı· «¯·Ï¿ÚˆÓ·Ó» ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ›Ûˆ˜ ı· ¤‰ÈÓ·Ó Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË˜Ø Ù· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘, Ì ÙËÓ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÔÌ‹, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ı· ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÓ·Ó ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜Ø ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Ô °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˜ Â›Ó·È «Ôχ ÈÔ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜» ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ‰¿ÛηÏfi ÙÔ˘˜. ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈο, ÔÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛ·Ì ˘Ôı¤Ù·Ì fiÙÈ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó (ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜), fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· 1. ∞fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈ̤ӷÌ ӷ ÚÔ·„ÂÈ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË ˆ˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, ›Ù ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Â›Ù ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ.
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£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
39
∂ÈÎfiÓ· 1. ∏ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ, Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜Ø Ë, Ì ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·ÔÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ¤˜ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ (Ì¿ıËÛ˘) Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ (ı·ÙÚÈÎfi Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi).
™ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ı· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ı· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÔÈÔÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ, fiÔ˘ ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ΛÌÂÓ· (¢È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÛÌÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘). ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘ (·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·) ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ Ù¤¯Ó˘ Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘.
ª∂£√¢√§√°π∞ ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ¶ÂÓ‹ÓÙ· ÂÙ¿ (57) ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∏ÏÈΛ·, ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ Â¤ÏÂÍ·Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‰ÈÏfi ÂÍ·ÌËÓÈ·›Ô Ì¿ıËÌ· (12 ÂÍ¿ˆÚ·) Ì ٛÙÏÔ «£Â·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ‰È‰·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜». √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ›¯·Ó ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ
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40
13:21
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µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÂÍ¿ÌËÓ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· Ì¿ıËÌ· ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ/ÎÔ˘ÎÏÔı¤·ÙÚÔ˘ Î·È ¤Ó· ¢º∂. ∆Ô Ì¿ıËÌ· ÍÂΛÓËÛ Ì ÌÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÎÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ¿ÎÔ˘ÛÌ· Ù˘ Ϥ͢ «°·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˜» Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ (̤¯ÚÈ 5 ¿ÙÔÌ·), Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Ì Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÛÔ˘‰‹ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ô˘ ¤ÊÂÚÓ ÛÙÔ Ì˘·Ïfi ÙÔ˘˜ Ô ‰È¿ÛËÌÔ˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜ (1 ÂÍ¿ˆÚÔ): Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ȉÂÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ (ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ Î·È Î›ÓËÛË) Î·È ‹¯Ô˘ (ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·ÓÂ Î·È ÏfiÁÔ). ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ‰ÒÛ·Ì ÛÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ¤Ó· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁÈÔ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Û·Ì ·fi ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· Ó· ÊÙÈ¿ÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË, fiÔ˘ ı· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (ÚÔÛˆÈ΋, ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷ΋, ·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋, ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î.Ô.Î.): Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘È΋˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ófi‰Â„·Ó ÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ, ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÌÈÎÚfi ı·ÙÚÈÎfi ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌfi (Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÎÈÒÓ ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·) Ì ı¤Ì· ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘: ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤Ó˜ Û ȉ¤Â˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ™ÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙڷʋηÌ ÛÙ· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο ΛÌÂÓ·. ∂›¯·Ì ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ Ì·˜ ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÂÎÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ ¢È¿ÏÔÁÔ,2 Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û (ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚfiÏÔÁÔ ÙÔ˘ A. Einstein) ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ Á˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ·˘Ùfi, ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Á˘ Ì (‹ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ ·fi) Ù· Ô˘Ú¿ÓÈ· ÛÒÌ·Ù·, ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ‹Ó˘, ÙËÓ ËÌÂÚ‹ÛÈ· Î·È ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘ Á˘, ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋/ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô, ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Î.Ô.Î. (‰ÂÓ ·Û¯ÔÏËı‹Î·Ì Ì Î›ÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÏÈÚÚÔÈÒÓ). ∞fi ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ˙ËÙ‹ıËΠӷ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿, Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ·Ó¿ ÔÌ¿‰· Î·È Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Û ¤Ó· ˙‹ÙËÌ· ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·È, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË (10ã), ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Ì ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂȘ, fiÔ˘ Ó· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, Ó· Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· Âη٤ڈıÂÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù·, Ó· ‰ËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÔÈ· ¿Ô„Ë ÙÂÏÈο ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ·˘Ù‹: Ù˘È΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi/ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ.
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£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
41
™Ù· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ¤ÓÙ ÂÍ¿ˆÚ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÈ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ·Ó¤Ï·‚·Ó Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ Ì ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ô˘ Ó· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·ıÂÌÈ¿ ›¯Â ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÂÈ Î·È ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ: ¯Ú‹ÛË ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ. ∞·Ú¿‚·ÙÔ˜ ηÓfiÓ·˜ ÙˆÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ηıfiÏÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˜ (Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÎÊÔÚ¿˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ›¯Â Ê·Ó› fiÙÈ ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙ¤ÚˆÓ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ). √È ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ·, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·‰Âȯı› Ë ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÛÙÔ ı·ÙÚÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, Ë ÔÚ›· Ù˘ οı ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ÙÂÏÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÚıÚˆıÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈ· ÂÓÈ·›· ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË (Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÓÈ·›· ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤·). ™Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰‡Ô ÂÍ¿ˆÚ· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô «ˆÚ›Ì·ÓÛ˘» Ù˘ οı ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜, Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎÂ Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. °È· ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi Ë Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· ı· ¤Ú ӷ ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ·fi Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰‹ (Ù· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ӷ ΛÌÂÓ· ı· ¤Ú ӷ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜). £· ¤Ú ›Û˘ Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ˆ˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË. √È ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ, Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ì·ÁÓËÙÔÛÎÔ‹ıËηÓ. ∆Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ÁÓËÙÔÛÎÔ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ٷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì·˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ø˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î¿ı ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛÂ Ë Î¿ı ÔÌ¿‰· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ηıÂÌ›·˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ªÂ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹, ÁÈ· οı ÔÌ¿‰· ·Ó·Ï‡ıËÎÂ: Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ 1˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ (£™1) Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠÛÙȘ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›ÔØ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘ (∑°), fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÚԤ΢„ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁÈÔ˘Ø Ô ı·ÙÚÈÎfi˜ ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ (£∞) Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠ۠ȉ¤Â˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛËØ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ (¶¶) ·fi ÙÔ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘Ø Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Î·È ÙÂÏÈ΋ ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ (£™2) Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi.
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µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
∫¿ı ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ·Ó·Ï‡ıËΠÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û’ ·˘Ù‹. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù· ۇ̂ÔÏ·, Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, Ù· Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ (‰Ô̤˜), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ. ∆· ۇ̂ÔÏ·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ «Û˘Ó¯ԇ˜» ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ-ΛÓËÛË-‹¯Ô˜/ÏfiÁÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ô Tillis (1992). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛˆÓ, Ù· ۇ̂ÔÏ· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÚıÚÒıËÎÂ Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊËÎÂ. ∫·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ›‰Ë Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ıˆڋıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ÛËÌ›· Ô˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Pierce (1964), Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÔÓ (ÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓ) Ì ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓ (ÛËÌ·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ) ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÓfi˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘. ∆· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ù· Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ Ì·ÁÓËÙÔÛÎÔ‹ÛÂȘ. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ·Ô‰ÒÛ·Ì ÛÙ· ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·Ó Â›Ù Ì ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Â›Ù Ì ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ – ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÂÓÓÔÔ‡Ó ‹ οÓÔ˘Ó, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ, ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜). ∆Ș Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹Û·Ì ˆ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ۇ̂ÔÏ·, ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ ÛÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. √È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋-ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋-ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó. £ÂˆÚ‹Û·Ì ›Û˘ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ì ÁÈ· οı ڷÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. ∞Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ (ÙË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ £™1 Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ∑°). ∞fi ÂΛ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜ ÙȘ ıˆڋ۷Ì ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (Î·È ¿Ú· Ì¿ıËÛË). ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ıˆڋ۷Ì fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È (fiÙ·Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋-ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·). ™¯ËÌ·ÙÈο, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· 2.
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£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
43
∂ÈÎfiÓ· 2. ∆Ô ÙÚ›ÁˆÓÔ Ô˘ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È (‰Ô̤˜-Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜-ÚÔ‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ˜ ȉ¤Â˜) ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ «Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜» Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ fiÙÈ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔˆı› ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ™ÙȘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì¿ıËÛË
∞¶√∆∂§∂™ª∞∆∞ ∂‰Ò ı· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ı· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ı· Ù· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· (£™1) ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ÌÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ Ì Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ. ∏ ÛÔ˘‰‹ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÓfiÙ·Ó Û ̛· ÛÎËÓ‹ Î·È Ì ¤Ó· ÚfiÛˆÔ Ô˘ ÌÈÏÔ‡ÛÂ. ∆Ô ÚfiÛˆÔ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ÛηÏÈÛÙ‹ ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú·-Ù¤¯ÓËÌ· (ÌÔ‡ÛÙÔ ·ÚıÚˆÙfi ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ Î·È ¯¤ÚÈ Ô˘ ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û ÌÈ· ‰ÈfiÙÚ·). ∆Ô ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ Ù˘ ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú·˜ (ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎÔÏ¿ÚÔ Î·È ÛÔ‚·Úfi ·ÓÙÚÈÎfi ÚfiÛˆÔ Ì ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿) ·Ú¤ÂÌ Û ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ. ∏ ‰ÈfiÙÚ· ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢ ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÛÙÚÔÓfiÌÔ˘. ∏ ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú· ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓË Ì η‚›ÏȘ Û ÙÚ›· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ¤ÙÚÂ·Ó ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·fi Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ Î›ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·. ºˆÙÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi ¤Ó· ʈÙÈÛÙÈÎfi (ÛÔÙ) ΈÓÈ΋˜ ‰¤ÛÌ˘ Î·È Ë ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·Ó ·ÛÚfiÌ·˘ÚË, ¿Óˆ Û ÔıfiÓË ·fi Ú˘˙fi¯·ÚÙÔ (ËÌȉȷʷӤ˜ ¯·ÚÙ› ۯ‰›Ô˘), ˆ˜ ÛÎÈ¿ Û ΢ÎÏÈÎfi ʈÙÂÈÓfi ÊfiÓÙÔ. µ·ÛÈÎfi Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜
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µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÛÂ Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¿Ú¯È˙ Ì ÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú·˜ ÛÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ Î·È ÙÂÏ›ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÍÔ‰fi Ù˘: «Ã·›ÚÂÙÂ. ∂ÁÒ ÂÈÌ› ·ÛÙÚÔÓfiÌÔ˜. √ › ÔÏÏ¿ ¤ÙË ÂÍ·ÛÎÒÓ ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔÓ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÓ ÂÎ Ì˘ÛÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÎϋ͈Ó. √ÚÒ ÙÔÓ Ô˘Ú·ÓfiÓ ÙÔÓ ¤Ó·ÛÙÚÔÓ ¿ÏÏ·ÏÔ˜, ¢ÚÈÛÎfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÂÓ ÂÎÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÂÎ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï›Ԣ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ŸÏ· Ù· ·Ó·Î·Ï˘Êı¤ÓÙ· ˘’ ÂÌÔ‡ ‰È·Ï·ÏÒ Â› ·ÓÙfi˜ ÙfiÔ˘. ∆Ô fiÓÔÌ¿ ÌÔ˘ ԢΠ¤¯ÂÈ ÙfiÛËÓ ÛËÌ·Û›· fiÛËÓ Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ¿ ÌÔ˘Ø fiÙÈ Ë ÁË ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹Ó ¤¯ÂÈ. ∂Ș ÙÔ Â·ÓÂȉ›ӻ. ∏ ΛÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·ÏÈÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË Ì ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ (‰ÈÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· ÂÎʤÚÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ Ë ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú·) ÂÓÒ Ë Î›ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ ÙËÏÂÛÎfiÈÔ ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ô˘Ú·ÓÔ‡. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË (·Ú·Êı·Ṳ́Ó˘) ·Ú¯·›·˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ›Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È Û οÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢ ÙÔ ˘„ËÏfi ·ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÁÔ̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘: ÌÈ· ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ (Ù· ·Ó·Î·Ï˘Êı¤ÓÙ· ˘’ ÂÌÔ‡), ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË (√ÚÒ ÙÔÓ Ô˘Ú·ÓfiÓ), Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ·ÊÔÛȈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ (› ÔÏÏ¿ ¤ÙË ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔÓ Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·), ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰È·‰›‰Ô˘Ó Ì ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜ (‰È·Ï·ÏÒ Â› ·ÓÙfi˜ ÙfiÔ˘)Ø ÌÈ· ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ (∆Ô fiÓÔÌ¿ ÌÔ˘ ԢΠ¤¯ÂÈ ÙfiÛËÓ ÛËÌ·Û›· fiÛËÓ Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ¿ ÌÔ˘). ™ÙË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÛÔ˘‰‹ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜, fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ÔÌ¿‰· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ: ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ (ۇ̂ÔÏ·), ÛηÏÈÛÙ‹ ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú· (Ù¤¯ÓËÌ·), ·‰È·Ê·Ó¤˜ ¯·ÚÙfiÓÈ, ·ÚıÚÒÛÂȘ Ì ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰ÂÙ‹Ú˜, η‚›ÏȘ-ÛÙËÚ›ÁÌ·Ù·, ËÌȉȷʷӋ˜ ÔıfiÓË, ÚÔ‚ÔϤ·˜ Ï¢ÎÔ‡ ʈÙfi˜ (ÂÚÁ·Ï›·). ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ ›Û˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ı·ÙÚÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋: Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ Ù¯Ӌ̷ÙÔ˜ (ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú·) Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÎÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ, Ì ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÊÔÚ¤· ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ (fiÔ˘ fi,ÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚıÚˆı› Ì ÏfiÁÔ –‹ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÁÚ·Ù¿ ۇ̂ÔÏ·– Â›Ó·È Û·Ó Ó· ÌËÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· (ۯ‰fiÓ «ËÚˆÈ΋» Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ
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£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
45
·˘Ù·¿ÚÓËÛË ·fi ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜Ø ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ¿ Ù˘ – Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË – Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÏfiÁÔ). ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ë ›‰È· ÔÌ¿‰· ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘. ∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÂÓfi˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜ (ΛÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙ Ì ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿ (1564-1642) 147 ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘ ‹ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Ì’ ·˘Ù‹ – ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ‹ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜), ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Û‡ÚıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙË ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î‹ ı¤ÛË The Galileo Project (http://galileo.rice.edu/index.html). ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ıËΠÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛˆÓ. √È ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Î·È Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Û οÙÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜) ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ Ù˘È΋˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜-ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ¤ÏÂÍ·Ó Î·È ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó Ì ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘ ıÂÒÚËÛ·Ó fiÙÈ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÚËÙ¿ Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ (·Ó Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‹Ù·Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜). ™˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈο, ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Î·È ‰È¿‚·Û·Ó ¤Ó· ÂÈϤÔÓ ÌÈÎÚfi ΛÌÂÓÔ (ʈÙÔÙ˘›· ·fi ÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÁ΢ÎÏÔ·›‰ÂÈ·), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈ›¯Â ÎÚ·˘ÁϤ˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÎÚ›‚ÂȘ (Ù˘ÈÎfi «ÚÔ·Á·Ó‰ÈÛÙÈÎfi» ΛÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÁ·ÏÔÊ˘˝· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ). ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ˘‹Ú¯Â Î·È ¤Ó· ÛΛÙÛÔ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰¤ÛÔ˙ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎÔÏ¿ÚÔ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ·, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ˆ˜ ۇ̂ÔÏ· ÙȘ «¤Á΢Ú˜» ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ (ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰fiıËÎ·Ó ÁÚ·Ù¤˜ Î·È «ÂÈۋ̈˜» ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜) ‹ Ù˘ ÂÁ΢ÎÏÔ·›‰ÂÈ·˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÙÔÏÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó¤· ۇ̂ÔÏ· (ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ, ÛÙ· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ Î.Ô.Î.). ø˜ ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ù¤¯ÓËÌ· Ô˘ ηٷÛ··Û·Ó ‹Ù·Ó ›Û˘ ΛÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·È ‰È¿‚·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ÌÈ· Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘
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™ÂÏ›‰·46
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
«Â›ÛËÌ˘» ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘: Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛ·Ó ¿ÚÚËÙ· –ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹˜ Ô˘ ‹Ú·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜– ̤ÚÔ˜ ·fi Ù· ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ¿ÓÙÏËÛ·Ó ·fi Ù· ΛÌÂÓ·-Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È¿‚·Û·Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ù¯Ӌ̷ÙÔ˜-ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ηٷÛ··Û·Ó. ∏ ı·ÙÚÈ΋ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ Û˘Ófi‰Â„ ÙËÓ ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ›Û˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ù˘È΋˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜: ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÈ ¯·ÌËÏfiʈӷ Î·È ¿¯ÚˆÌ·/‰ÂÈÏ¿ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔØ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ ÙÔ ‰È¿‚·ÛÌ· Ì ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙÂÚË ÊˆÓ‹ Ô˘ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Î·È ¿ÏÈ ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡ÛÂ. ™ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÌÈÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó (΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜) Ì ·‚¤‚·ÈË Î·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ›Û˘ ʈӋ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÊÔÚÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÂȘ, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ì ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Î·È ·‚¤‚·ÈË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‹¯Ô˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰Ú·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·ÓÙÏÔ‡Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ·Ó «Ï¤Ó ۈÛÙ¿ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·» –Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ‹ıÂÏ·Ó Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜– Î·È ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·ÏfiÁˆ˜ (‰Â˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ Fatima: Larson 1965). ™ÙÔÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎfi ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌfi (£∞) Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂ, Ë ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ Â¤ÏÂÍ ˆ˜ ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ «ÎÔڇʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú¿Ì·ÙÔ˜» Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘: ÙË ‰›ÎË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ πÂÚ¿ ∂ͤٷÛË. √ ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËΠ۠٤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÛÎËÓ¤˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË (Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹ ÔıfiÓË ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi) ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÛÎÈ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ οıÂÙ·È, ÎÚ·Ù¿ ÌÈ· ‰ÈfiÙÚ· Î·È ·Ú·ÙËÚ› ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Ô˘Ú·Ófi. ∏ Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô. ∆Ô ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ Î·È Ë Î›ÓËÛË ‰ÈÂÚÌËÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· (¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË). ™ÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ (·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ ·fi ÛÎÈ¿ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜) Ô˘ ÎÚ·Ù¿ ÛÙÔ ¤Ó· ¯¤ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó· ¯ÔÓÙÚfi ÛÎÔÈÓ›. ¶ÏËÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô, ÙÔ˘ ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈfiÙÚ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÙ¿ÂÈ Î¿Ùˆ. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÎËÓ‹ (Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÔıfiÓË) ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÛÎÈ¿ ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ¯¤ÚÈ· Î·È ·fi Ù· ‰‡Ô ÛÒÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô ¤Ó· ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ¯¤ÚÈ· (ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘) Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÂٷ̤ӷ Î·È Âӈ̤ӷ. ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ¯¤ÚÈ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙÔ ÛÎÔÈÓ› ÁÈ· Ó· ‰¤ÛÂÈ Ù· ÚÒÙ·. ∆Ô ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ Î·È Ë Î›ÓËÛË ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÎËÓ‹ ‰ÈÂÚÌËÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË «Û‡ÏÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘»Ø ÌÈ· Û‡ÏÏË„Ë Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ‰ÂÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÔÙ¤ (Ô °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ «ÚÔÛ‹Ïı ‚È·›ˆ˜» ÛÙËÓ πÂÚ¿ ∂ͤٷÛË Î·È ÙÔ
003
17-06-09
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·47
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
47
ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi η٤ÛÙË Û·Ê¤˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁÈÔ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘). ∏ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÎËÓ‹˜ ηıÈÛÙ¿, ›Û˘, ۷ʤ˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÛÎÈ¿ Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÔÈÓ› (ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÎËÓ‹) ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ‰ÂÛÌÔʇϷη. ∆Ô ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ·ÔηχÙÂÙ·È Ì ۷ʋÓÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ (‰ÂÍÈ¿ ÔıfiÓË): ‰Ò, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÎÈ¿ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiÚıÈ·, ÎÚ·ÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÛÙ·˘Úfi, Û ÎÔÓÙÚ¿ÛÙ ÎfiÎÎÈÓÔ˘ ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ÛÎÈ¿ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÁÔÓ·ÙÈÛÙ‹ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ›Ûˆ Ù˘ ÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È Ô ‰ÂÛÌÔʇϷη˜. ∆Ô ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ, Ë Î›ÓËÛË Î·È Ô ‹¯Ô˜ ‰ÈÂÚÌËÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰›Î˘: Ë ÛÎÈ¿ Ì ÙÔ ÛÙ·˘Úfi ÛÙ¤ÎÂÙ·È ÂÈ‚ÏËÙÈο Î·È ·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚ· „ËÏ‹ (·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡) Î·È Ì ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ΛÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡ (Ì ÚÔÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ ÙÔ ¤Ó· ‰¿¯Ù˘ÏÔ) ‰ÈÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›ÔØ Ô °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˜, Ô˘ ηٿ ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛËÎÒÓÂÈ Ù· ¯¤ÚÈ· Î·È ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ, ‰ÈÂÚÌËÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·Û˘, ηٷϋÁÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÛÎËÓ‹˜ ·Î›ÓËÙÔ˜, ÁÔÓ·ÙÈÛÙfi˜ Î·È Ì Û΢Ì̤ÓÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ. ™ÙËÓ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ ÔÈ ÛÎȤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ ‰ÂÛÌÔʇϷη ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ (·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹ ÔıfiÓË). √ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˜ οıÂÙ·È ÛÙË ı¤ÛË Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÎËÓ‹Ø Ô ‰ÂÛÌÔʇϷη˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙËÓ Ï¿ÙË Î·È Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÂÈ fiÚıÈÔ˜ Î·È ·Î›ÓËÙÔ˜, ÎÚ·ÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ ÛÎÔÈÓ›. ∆Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ›Û˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ (ı·ÙÚÈ΋ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋). ∞fi Ù· ı·ÙÚÈο ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó (ÏËÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÎÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈ‚Ï‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜), ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÌfiÓÔ Ô ÎfiÎÎÈÓÔ˜ ʈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ Ù˘ ‰›Î˘, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ ·ÛÚfiÌ·˘Ú˜ ÛÎËÓ¤˜ (‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜), ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. £Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ›Û˘ Ó· ԇ̠fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÛÂ Î·È Ë ·Ê‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ «Û‡ÏÏ˄˘» ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘. ™ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ¤ÏÂÍ·Ó ·ÊËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· Ù˘ ÚÔÛ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ πÂÚ¿ ∂ͤٷÛË: «∏ ÚÔÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ‹Ù·Ó ‚›·ÈË! ÕÏÏÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔÓ Û˘Ó¤Ï·‚·Ó. ∆ÔÓ ·Â›ÏËÛ·Ó. ¶Ò˜ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÙÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ·˘Ùfi;» ∂‰Ò ÏÔÈfiÓ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ηٷÛ··Û·Ó ı·ÙÚÈο ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ ÂÓÒ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·Ó Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ ÚÔ¤‚·ÏÏ·Ó Ù· ΛÌÂÓ·, ÂÙ‡¯·ÈÓ·Ó Ó· ·Ô‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (Û ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì ¤Ó· ·ÏÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ). ªÈ· Ú·ÎÙÈ΋
003
17-06-09
48
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·48
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
Ô˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ۇ̂·ÛË. ∂›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı·ÙÚÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ¤˜ ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi-ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ (¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙ· ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù·, ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙȘ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚȘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó·ÙÚÔ¤˜ Î.Ô.Î.). ∏ ٤ٷÚÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· (¶¶) ‹Ù·Ó ÈÂÛÙÈο «·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋». ∏ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÌÂϤÙËÛ ¤Ó· ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ¢È¿ÏÔÁÔ, ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ™·Ï‚È¿ÙÈ ¤ÂÈı ÙÔÓ ™ÈÌÏ›ÎÈÔ Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ ÙÔ ËÏÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· (∞ÊÚÔ‰›ÙË, ÕÚË, ∂ÚÌ‹, ¢›·, ∫ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ◊ÏÈÔ) Ì ΤÓÙÚÔ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÛÙË °Ë. ∆Ô Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÛÙ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ·fi ÙË °Ë ÌÂÁ¤ıË ÙˆÓ Ï·ÓËÙÒÓ. ∆· ÌÂÁ¤ıË ·˘Ù¿, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ Ï·Ó‹Ù˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÂ Û˘˙˘Á›· Ì ÙÔÓ ◊ÏÈÔ Î·È fiÙ·Ó Â›Ó·È Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì’ ·˘ÙfiÓ (‹ fiÙ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚˆÈÓ‹ ‹ ÙË ‚Ú·‰ÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘˙˘Á›·), ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fiÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙË °Ë. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ›· Ù˘ ÙÚԯȿ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ·’ ·˘Ùfi οÔÈÔ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ΢ÎÏÈΤ˜ ÙÚԯȤ˜ ÙˆÓ Ï·ÓËÙÒÓ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· ÛËÌ›· ·˘Ù¿, ÔÈ ÙÚԯȤ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÌfiÎÂÓÙÚ˜ Î·È Ô ◊ÏÈÔ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·fi ÎÂÈ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÈÛ¯˘Úfi: ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ Ê¤ÚÓÂÈ ÙË °Ë (ÙË ı¤ÛË ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘) Î¿Ô˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ∞ÊÚÔ‰›Ù˘ Î·È ÕÚË (ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙˆÓ Ô˘Ú¿ÓÈˆÓ ÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ fiÏÔÈ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È) Î·È ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ◊ÏÈÔ ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ. ∆Ô ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Ë °Ë (ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ΛÓËÛË) ·Ú¿ Ô ◊ÏÈÔ˜. √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰È·Ê·ÓÂÈÒÓ ppt) ÂÓÙfiÈÛ·Ó Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ Ì ÏÂÎÙÈο ۇ̂ÔÏ· (ÂÈÏÂÁ̤Ó˜ ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ), fiÛÔ Î·È ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· (Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘˜). ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó Â›Û˘ Ì ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ «ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ի (ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·) ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÂÈ‚ÏËı› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜. ªÂ ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ›Û˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ (·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û ÙÔ ·Ó Ë °Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ‹ fi¯È ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ÂÚÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ◊ÏÈÔ), ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¿ÏÈ ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ Ù˘È΋˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ¿˜ Ù˜ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜. ∆Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ô˘ ÛÙ¿ıËÎ·Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÌÈ· ÊÚ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ™·Ï‚È¿ÙÈ: «¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚÒ ·Ú¿ Ó· ı·˘Ì¿˙ˆ ·¤Ú·ÓÙ· ÙÔ ‡„Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ [...] Ì ÙË ˙ˆËÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÛÎËÛ·Ó ¤Ó· ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηÛÌfi ÛÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·Í›· Û’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘·-
003
17-06-09
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·49
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
49
ÁfiÚÂ˘Â Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·’ fi,ÙÈ Û’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤‰ÂÈ¯Ó·Ó Ôχ ηı·Ú¿ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηÛÌÔ‡˜ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜». ∆Ë ÊÚ¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ӤϷ‚·Ó ‰‡Ô ÊÔÚ¤˜ (ÁÚ·Ù¿) ÛÙȘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ó (ÚÔÊÔÚÈο) fiÙÈ: «¡·È. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ Â›ıÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ™·Ï‚È¿ÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰›ÎÈÔ [...] ∂›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÊÒÓËÛÂ Î·È ¤Î·ÓÂ Ô ™ÈÌÏ›ÎÈÔ˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Ò˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ˜ ηÓ›˜ [...] fiÙ·Ó ¿ÏÏ· ‚ϤÂȘ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó [...] ŸÙ·Ó ‰˘Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÎÔÈÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ›‰È· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ¿ÏÏ·». ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÙËÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘Ù‹ ˙‹ÙËÛ·Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó «Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÏÈο Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·;» (·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜). ªÂ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· ÔÈ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ Ô˘ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙÔ Û‡Ì·Ó, ÂÈ̤ÓÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ı· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ·‡ÚÈÔ. √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó··Ú‹Á·Á·Ó ۇ̂ÔÏ·, Ù¯Ӌ̷ٷ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· (ÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi Ù· ΛÌÂÓ·, Ó¤· ΛÌÂÓ· Ì ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ / ·Ó·Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î.Ô.Î.). ¶·Ú‹Á·Á·Ó fï˜ Î·È ¤Ó·Ó Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÚËÙ¿ ·fi ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘ (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó): ·Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ Ù· ‚Ï¤Ô˘ÌÂ, Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ‚¤‚·ÈÔÈ ÁÈ· οÙÈ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚÈ¿ Ù· ı·ÙÚÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ›¯·Ó ÛÙÔȯ›· ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ (ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Î·È Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ Ù›ÙÏˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ›, ‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó «Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙ˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¿ÙÈ» ÙȘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂȘ). ∂›¯·Ó fï˜ Î·È ÛÙÔȯ›· ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈṲ̂ӷ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜: Ë Î›ÓËÛË Î·È Ù· Âʤ Â‰Ò ‹Ù·Ó ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ӷ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Û·Ó (Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂÚȤÁÚ·Ê·Ó). ™˘ÓÔÏÈο ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÛÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ·Ú‹Á·Á·Ó ÌÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·Ú‹Á·Á·Ó ›Û˘ ÌÈ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋: ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ Ò˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· (ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ) ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ Ò˜ ÂÌ›˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‚‚·Èˆıԇ̠ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi. °È· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ (£™2) ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó (Ì ÙËÓ Â›‚ÏÂ„Ë ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ) ÙË ‰È·-
003
17-06-09
50
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·50
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ ÚԂϤÂÈ Ë ı·ÙÚÈ΋-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·: ·fiÊ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ı·ÙÚÈο, ηٷÛ΢‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ê‹ÁËÛ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·ÙÚ¤¯ÔÓÙ·È/ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ È‰¤· ·˘Ù‹, ۯ‰ȷÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ·Ê‹ÁËÛ˘ Ì ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ (ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ story board), ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜, ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù¯ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÚÒÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ (Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ Ê·Ó› Î·È ÙÈ ÙÂÏÈο Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È), ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Î·È ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË (ηٷÛ΢ÒÓ, Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ, ·Ê‹ÁËÛ˘...), ÂfiÌÂÓË ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¿ÛÎËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÂfiÌÂÓË ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ Î.Ô.Î., ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· Ȥ˙ÂÈ Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜. ∆fiÙÂ Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ (¿ÛÎËÛË ÛÙËÓ Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ʈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ ‹¯Ô Î.Ô.Î.). √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ¤ÏÂÍ·Ó ˆ˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈʤÚÂÈ Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ Ì·˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛˆÓ. ∏ Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ê‹ÁËÛË Ô˘ ηٷÛ··Û·Ó «ÌÈÏÔ‡Û» ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÂÓfi˜ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ °Ë˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÂÙ·‚Ï‹ıËΠ̠ÙËÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Û ¤Ó· Û‡Ì·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Î·È ÔÌÔÁÂÓ¤˜, fiÔ˘ Ë °Ë Â›Ó·È «[...] Û·Ó Ó· ÌËÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô˘ıÂÓ¿». ∏ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â Û·Ê‹ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο (‹Ù·Ó Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‹Úˆ·, ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·Á·ıfi, ÂÌfi‰È· Î.Ô.Î.). √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ fï˜ ¤ÌÂÓ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ȉ¤·˜ Î·È fiÙÈ «Î¿ˆ˜ “ı· ÙÔ ‚ÚÔ˘Ó” ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›·». √È ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ¤ÌÂÓ·Ó Â›Û˘ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘ ı¤·ÙÚÔ˘, ÚÈÓ ·ÎfiÌË ‰ÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË Î·È ÙÔ story board. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (·Ó·‰È·Ù¿ÛÛÂÈ Ù· ηıÈÂڈ̤ӷ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ)Ø Î·È ÙÔ ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÚԤ΢Ù ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ˆ˜ ı·ÙÒÓ (ÌÈ· Èı·Ó‹ ıÂÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘). ∏ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û·Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ (Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ȉ¤·˜) Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ (ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤·). √È Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙÂÏÈο ‹Ù·Ó ÌÂÈÎÙ¤˜. ∏ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÙÚÂȘ ÛÎËÓ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·Ó ¿Óˆ Û ÙÚÂȘ ÔıfiÓ˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ «˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÔ‡» ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡ Ô˘ Î¿Ï˘Ù ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÔıfiÓË (Û ΢ÎÏÈÎfi ʈÙÂÈÓfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ÛÔÙ ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜). ∆Ô Â›‰ˆÏÔ ÙÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ÎÔ›ÏÔ Î¿ÙÔÙÚÔ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË. ∆Ô ¯¤ÚÈ Ù˘ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚÈ·˜ Ô˘ «¤·È˙» ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒ¢ ÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì ÙËÓ Î›ÓËÛË ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹-
003
17-06-09
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·51
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
51
Ó¢ ÙȘ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ ∆Ô˘. ∏ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ÛÙË ‰ÂÍÈ¿ ÔıfiÓË Ì Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ. ™Ù· ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο Ó‡̷ٷ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Ô ◊ÏÈÔ˜, Ë ™ÂÏ‹ÓË, Ë °Ë Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ‰¤ÓÙÚ· ʇÙÚˆÓ·Ó ¿Óˆ Ù˘ Î·È Ô˘ÏÈ¿ ÂÙÔ‡Û·Ó. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÎËÓ‹ Î·È ÂÓÒ ÛÙË ‰ÂÍÈ¿ ÔıfiÓË ·Ú¤ÌÂÓÂ Ë Ï‹Ú˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛÂ Ô £Âfi˜, ÛÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÔıfiÓË ÂÌÊ·ÓÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Ë ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú· ÂÓfi˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ· (Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi ÛÎÈ¿ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÙË ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹ÓÂ˘Â Ë ÛÎÈ¿ ÂÓfi˜ «·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡» η¤ÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ÊÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ). ∏ ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Û ÈÔ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Î·È Ô «ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜» ¿Ú¯È˙ ӷ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿. ™ÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÎËÓ‹, Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈ¿˜ ÔıfiÓ˘ ¤Û‚ËÓÂ Î·È Ì ÙË Û˘Óԉ›· Ù˘ ·Ú¯È΋˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋˜ ¿Ú¯È˙ ӷ ·ÔηχÙÂÙ·È Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹˜ «ÔıfiÓ˘». ™’ ·˘Ù‹ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ӷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È Û ·ÚÎÂÙfi ‚¿ıÔ˜ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·fi Ô˘Ú¿ÓÈ· ÛÒÌ·Ù·, ¿ÏÏ· ‰È¿¯˘Ù· Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· Û ‰·ÎÙ˘Ï›Ô˘˜ (Ì ÙÔ ÓÙÈ˙¿ÈÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢·Ó Á·Ï·Í›Â˜). ∏ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‹Ù·Ó ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓË Ì Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘ ı¤·ÙÚÔ˘ (ÛÊ·ÈÚÈο Ô˘Ú¿ÓÈ· ÛÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ‰·ÎÙ‡ÏÈÔÈ ·fi ‚·Ì̤ÓÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÊÂÏÈ˙fiÏ, Ô˘ ʈٛ˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ‰‡Ô Ͽ̘ black light). ∏ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÛÔ˘‰‹˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÚÔ˜ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ‰ÈÂÚÌ‹Ó¢·Ó ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ (£ÂÔ‡ Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·). ∏ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ¤Ó· «·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ» ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹: ∞Ó Ô ıÂfi˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ‰ÂÍÈ¿˜ ÔıfiÓ˘, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹˜; ∞Ó Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹ ÔıfiÓË, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Ú¿ÍË ÛÙË ‰ÂÍÈ¿ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË; ∏ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ Û˘Ó¤ÏÂÂ, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ì ÙËÓ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ‰È¤ÙÚ¯ ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ô˘ ›¯·Ó ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ Î·È ¿ÊËÓ ÛÙÔÓ ı·ً ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂȘ. ™ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·˘Ù‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈο Û ÌÂÚÈο ·ÎfiÌË ÛËÌ›· Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜. §ÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈο, ÚÔÛ·ıÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ‰È·ÚÚ‹ÍÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ı·ÙÚÈÎÒÓ-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ (ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ) Î·È ¤Ù˘¯·Ó, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÎÈÌÒÓ Î·È ‰ÈÔÚıÒÛˆÓ/·Ó·ıˆڋÛˆÓ. §ÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó Â›Û˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈο Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ∂‰Ò, ·fi Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ۇ̂ÔÏ· ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ·. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜, Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·˘Ù‹ Ì ıÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ
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17-06-09
52
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·52
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
Î·È ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ¿Óˆ Û ¤Ó· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ¤ÙÚ ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ˘Ô‰‹ÏˆÓ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ›Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù·Ø ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÚÚËÙÔ Îϛ̷ Ù˘ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›·˜, Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘/Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛ˘ Ì fi,ÙÈ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›· Î·È ÙȘ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘.
™À∑∏∆∏™∏, ¢π¢∞∫∆π∫√𠶃√µ§∏ª∞∆π™ª√π ∫∞π ¡∂∞ ∂ƒ∂À¡∏∆π∫∞ ∂ƒø∆∏ª∞∆∞ ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ (ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜) Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿Û·Ì ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙȘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ Ì¿ıËÛË. ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈ΋ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, Û ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÔÈ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜. ™Â Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ˆ˜ ËÁ‹˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ̿ıËÛË, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·. ŒÓ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÙÚ›ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· (£™1). ∂‰Ò ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ı·ÙÚÈο ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ πÂÚ¿ ∂ͤٷÛË. ∏ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË «Ï¤ÂÈ» fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÚÔÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ‹Ù·Ó › Ù˘ Ô˘Û›·˜ ‚›·ÈË, ·ÏÏ¿ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ̠¤Ó· «ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘ÌÌ· Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘» (Ë πÂÚ¿ ∂ͤٷÛË Ù˘ ƒÒÌ˘ ÂÓË̤ڈÛ ۷ÊÒ˜ Î·È Â·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӈ˜ ÙÔÓ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô fiÙÈ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÏıÂÈ «ÔÈÎÂÈÔıÂÏÒ˜» ı· ÙÔÓ Û˘ÏÏ¿‚ÂÈ). ∆Ô Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ·˘Ùfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ·fi ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ È‰¤· ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌË Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ (Ï‹„Ë ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·fiÊ·Û˘ οو ·fi ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘ÁÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ Êfi‚ˆÓ, ÂȉÈÒ͈Ó, Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ...). ∆Ô Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂȘ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÏÏ˘ (Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ȉ¤·) ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ı·ÙÚÈο ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈÎfi. ∞˘Ùfi ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÙÔ ¤Ì·ı·Ó ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·È
003
17-06-09
13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·53
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
53
ÌÔÚ› ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· «Î·ÙËÁÔÚËı›» ÁÈ· ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘: Ë ı·ÙÚÈ΋ χÛË Ô˘ ¤ÏÂÍ·Ó ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ «Ì‡ıÔ» ÁÈ· ÙË ‰›ÎË ÙÔ˘ °·ÏÈÏ·›Ô˘. ŸÌˆ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì·˜ ›ıÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (ıÂÌÈÙ‹ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ ۇ̂·Û˘). ∂ÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÔ ·Ó ı· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÔÈÙËÙÚÈÒÓ ‹ ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓ/Ù¤¯ÓËÌ·. ∞Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË, ı· ÙË ‚Úԇ̠(ı· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ̿ıËÛË). ∞Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ (ÌfiÓÔ ÙÈ Â›·Ó ‹ ÙÈ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ) –‚Ϥ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜(;)– ‰ÂÓ ı· ÙË ‚Úԇ̠(ı· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ̿ÏÏÔÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘). ŒÓ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ, Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙËÓ Ù¤Ù·ÚÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· fiÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÌË ÚËÙ¿ ‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤ÓÔ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·. ™ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜, ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ. Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜, Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÚÔ¯ÒÚËÛ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂΛÓÔ fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ô˘ ‰È¤ÙÚ¯ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ (Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Û Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ) ¤ÁÈÓ ÚËÙ‹: «[...] £·˘Ì¿˙ˆ ·¤Ú·ÓÙ· ÙÔ ‡„Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ [...] ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·Í›· Û’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘·ÁfiÚÂ˘Â Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·’ fi,ÙÈ Û’ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤‰ÂÈ¯Ó·Ó Ôχ ηı·Ú¿ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÍ·Ó·ÁηÛÌÔ‡˜ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜». ∂‰Ò, Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ‚¤‚·ÈˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ «ÂÎÚ‹ÁÓ˘Ù·È» Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹: «¶Ò˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ˜ ηÓ›˜... fiÙ·Ó ¿ÏÏ· ‚ϤÂȘ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó»; ∞˘Ùfi, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ‹ Ì·˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì¿ıËÛË, ¿Û¯ÂÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ı· ··ÓÙËı› οÔÙ ‹ fi¯È. ª¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î¿ÔȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¿ οÔÈÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÚÔ˚fiÓ-ÁÓÒÛË. ª¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔοÏÂÛÂ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏfiÁÔ˘ (ÙÔÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ÛÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜) Î·È fi¯È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ΛÌÂÓ·Ø ÂÓfi˜ Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ù¤¯ÓËÌ· ·Ú¿ ‰ÔÌ‹ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (∆ÛÂÏʤ˜ & ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË 2008‚).
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17-06-09
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™ÂÏ›‰·54
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ì ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌË ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ Ù˘ ı·ÙÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ¿ÓÙ·, Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜. ™ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰‹ (£™2) ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ ‹ıÂÏ·Ó Ì οı ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘ ı¤·ÙÚÔ˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë «ÂÌÌÔÓ‹» Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ (fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚȤÁÚ·„·Ó ÔÈ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜), ·Ú¿ Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ۇ̷ÓÙÔ˜ Ó· ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛÙËΠˆ˜ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·‡ÚÔ˘ ı¤·ÙÚÔ˘. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÈı˘Ì›·˜ ÚÔοÏÂÛ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹-Ì¿ıËÛË. °È· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ˙ˆ‹ ›‰·Ì ¤Ó· Û‡Ì·Ó (fi¯È Ô˘Ú·Ófi) ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ·fi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘fiÌÂÓ˜, Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÛÊ·ÈÚÈο ʈÙÂÈÓ¿ ÛÒÌ·Ù· (fi¯È «·ÛÙÂÚ¿ÎÈ·»), ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÔÌÔÁÂÓÒ˜, Û ۯËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Á·Ï·ÍÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â Ô˘ıÂÓ¿ –Ô‡Ù ˆ˜ ˘ÔÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ– Ë °Ë! ∆ËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÙËÓ ˘ÔΛÓËÛ ηÌÈ¿ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÓٛʷÛË Ì ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Î·È Ï‡ıËÎ·Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ì ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ. ŸÌˆ˜, ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘. ∫ÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¿ÓÙ· Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ (Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ Ù¯ÓÈ΋˜). ™˘ÓÔÏÈο ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ì ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ̿ıËÛË. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi ·˘Ùfi ÂÓÓÔԇ̠fiÙÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ô˘ ÎÚ›ıËΠˆ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ «Ó¤Ô˘» ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘. ªÂ ηӤӷ ÙÚfiÔ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÓÔԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȘ «¤Ì·ı·Ó» οÔÈÔ «ÓfiÌÔ», οÔÈÔ «Ù‡Ô», οÔÈÔ «ÔÚÈÛÌfi», οÔÈ· «Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô» Ó· χÓÔ˘Ó «·Û΋ÛÂȘ» ‹ «ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·». ∂›Ó·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó Ï›Á· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ·’ ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÈο Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë Ì¿ıËÛË Ô˘ ¤Ù˘¯·Ó Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÙȘ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ÈΤ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ ıˆÚԇ̠·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜, ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔÓ «ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi» Ô˘ Ì ¢ÎÔÏ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ¤Ù˘¯·Ó ÔÈ ÊÔÈÙ‹ÙÚȤ˜ Ì·˜, ›¯·Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ‰Ô‡Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ «Ì·ÙÈ¿» Ô˘ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ٷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì·˜ ‚¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ ¢º∂:
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13:21
™ÂÏ›‰·55
£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
55
ªÔÚ› Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜-ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ô˘ ı· ÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ-ηıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ıˆڋÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ó¤ˆÓ (ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ); ∞Ó Ó·È, ÙfiÙ ̋ˆ˜ ÙÔ «Â›ÛËÌÔ» Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤Ú ӷ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ (ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜-·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÒÓ ıˆڋÛˆÓ, Ì ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ӷ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚȷο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·);
™∏ª∂πø™∂π™ 1 ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «∫·Ô‰›ÛÙÚÈ·˜ 2004-05 Î·È 2006-07» Ô˘ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂∫¶∞. 2 ∆Ë ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÓÂÈ Ë ª·ÚÁ·Ú›Ù· ∫Ô˘ÏÂÓÙÈ·ÓÔ‡.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ Duit, R., Treagust, D. (2003), “Conceptual change: a powerful framework for improving science teaching and learning”, International Journal of Science Education, 25, Û. 671-688. Hacking, I. (1992), “The Self Vindication of the Laboratory Sciences”, A. Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture, The University Chicago Press, Chicago, Û. 29-64. Hudson, L. (1974), Contrary imaginations, Penguin, Harmondsworth. Klein, P. (2006), “The Challenges of Scientific Literacy: From the Viewpoint of Second-Generation Cognitive Science”, International Journal of Science Education, 28, Û. 143-178.
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™ÂÏ›‰·56
µ·Û›Ï˘ ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, ∞ÓÙÈÁfiÓË ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË
Larson, J. (1995), “Fatima’s rules and other elements of an unintended chemistry curriculum”, ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛË ÛÙÔ The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. McManus, I., Furnham, A. (2006), “Aesthetic activities and aesthetic attitudes: Influences of education, background and personality on interest and involvement in the arts”, British Journal of Psychology, 97, Û. 555-587. Millar, R., Osborne, J. (1998), Beyond 2000: Science Education for the Future, King’s College, London. Norris, S., Guilbert, S., Smith, M., Hakimelahi, L., Phillips, L. (2005), “A Theoretical Framework for Narrative Explanation in Science”, Science Education, 89, Û. 535-563. Paroussi, A., Tselfes, V. (2006), “Crossing the Borders between Science and Shadow Theatre: the Case of Light (Part I)”, N. Govas, N. Choleva (eds), Theatre/Drama & Education: Creating New Roles for 21st Century. Proceedings of the 5th Athens International Theater and Drama Education Conference, Hellenic Theatre/Drama Education Network, Athens, Û. 119-128. Paroussi, A., Tselfes, V. (2007), “Crossing the Borders between Science and Shadow Theatre: the Case of Light (Part II)”, ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛË ÛÙÔ the IDEA World Congress, Honk Kong 2007, Planting Human Ideas: Global Vision in Local Knowledge (accepted for publication in the proceedings). ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË, ∞., ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, µ. (2007), «¢ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ı·ÙÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ», ¢. ∫ÔÏÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ (ÂÈÌ.), πÛÙÔÚ›·, ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ¢È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ: ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ∆∂∂∞¶∏, ¶∞, ¶¿ÙÚ·, Û. 621-637. Paroussi, A., Tselfes, V. (2008·), “Shadow Theatre and Physics in Early Childhood Teachers’ Education”, Education and Theatre (Special Edition), 9, Û. 83-94. Paroussi, A., Tselfes, V. (2008‚), “Creative trajectories-learning trajectories: the presentation of theatrical ideas based on Galileo’s scientific work”, ·Ó·ÎÔ›ÓˆÛË ÛÙÔ 6th Athens International Theater and Drama Education Conference (accepted for publication in the proceedings). Peirce, C. (1964), Collected papers, C. Hartshorne & P. Weiss (eds), Belkan Press, Cambridge.
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£Â·ÙÚÈ΋ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÂÒÓ
57
Sewell, W. (1992), “A theory of structure: Duality, agency and transformation”, American Journal of Sociology, 98, Û. 1-29. Sewell, W. (1999), “The concept(s) of culture”, V. Bonnel, L. Hunt (eds), Beyond the cultural turn, University of California Press, Berkeley, Û. 35-61. Snow, C. (1964), The two cultures and a second look, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Tillis, S. (1992), Toward an aesthetics of the puppet, Greenwood Press, New York. Tobin, K., Roth, W-M. (2007), The culture of science education, Sense Publishers, Rotterdam /Taipei. Tobin, K., Tippins, D., Gallard, A. (1994), “Research on instructional strategies for teaching science”, D. Gabel (ed.), Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Tselfes, V., Paroussi, ∞. (2008), “Science and Theatre Education: A Crossdisciplinary Approach of Scientific Ideas Addressed to Student Teachers of Early Childhood Education”, Science & Education, On line first: DOI:10.1007/s11191-008-9158-2 (Î·È ÛÙÔ http://www.springerlink.com/ content/v755771nj0361342/fulltext.pdf). ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, µ., ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË, ∞. (2008·), «∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ˆ˜ ÁÓÒÛË ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘: ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ËÏÈΛ·˜ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘ ̤ۈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ı¿ÙÚÔ˘ ÛÎÈÒÓ», µ. ÃÚËÛÙ›‰Ô˘ (ÂÈÌ.), ∂ηȉ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÌÈÎÚ¿ ·È‰È¿ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘: ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ› ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ› Î·È ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜, ∞ÊÔÈ ∫˘ÚȷΛ‰Ë, ∞ı‹Ó·, 235-253. ∆ÛÂÏʤ˜, µ., ¶·ÚÔ‡ÛË, ∞. (2008‚), «£¤·ÙÚÔ Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË», £Â·ÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ıˆڛ·, ¡‹ÛÔ˜, ∞ı‹Ó· (‰ÂÎÙfi ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË). Van Eijck, M., Roth, W-M. (2007), “Keeping the Local Local: Recalibrating the Status of Science and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Education”, Science Education, 91, Û. 926-947. Yore, L., Treagust, D. (2006), “Current realities and future possibilities: Language and science literacy-empowering research and informing instruction”, International Journal of Science Education, 28, Û. 291-314.
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™ÂÏ›‰·58
Ӥ˜ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔڛ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜
ªÈ· ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ, ·ÏÏ¿, Î·È ÌÈ· ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ Ì·ÙÈ¿˜ ÛÔ˘‰‹ ÛÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·.
∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË: ™·ÚÚ‹ 14, 10553 ∞ı‹Ó·, ÙËÏ./Ê·Í 210 3250058 µÈ‚ÈԈϛÔ: ¶ÂÛÌ·˙fiÁÏÔ˘ 5 (™ÙÔ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘) ÙËÏ.: 210 3213583
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13:34
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 59-76
∏ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÛÌfi ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi: ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ‚fiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ‹ ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙfiÓˆÓ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ, ∂ıÓÈÎfi ªÂÙÛfi‚ÈÔ ¶ÔÏ˘Ù¯Ó›Ô
∂π™∞°ø°∏ ∏ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙË ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯›· ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi, fiˆ˜ Î·È Î¿ı ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ÁÂÌ¿ÙË ·Û˘Ó¤¯ÂȘ, ·ÏÈÓˆ‰›Â˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÚÚÔ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ, Ë ÔÔ›·, ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê› Û˘ÓÔÏÈο. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÛËÌÂȈıÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ÛËÌ›· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘, fi¯È ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂΉԯ‹. ™ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ÙˆÓ Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ Ù›ıÂÙ·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ 14Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∏ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÁηÈÓÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ηٿ ÙÔn 14Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, Ô˘ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÎfiÚ˘ÊË ÙÒÛË Ù˘ ÁˆÚÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÙËÓ ÂͿψÛË Ù˘ ª·‡Ú˘ ¶·ÓÒÏ˘, ÙË ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ Û˘ÚÚ›ÎÓˆÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ô·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î¿Ì„Ë ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ.1 ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÌÈ· Ê¿ÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÎÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·fi Ù· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ 15Ô˘ ¤ˆ˜ Ù· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·2 Î·È ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È Ù˘ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ™ÙÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ∂˘Úˆ·›ˆÓ ηٷÎÙËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÌfiÚˆÓ ÛÙȘ πÓ‰›Â˜, ÙËÓ Õˆ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ¡¤Ô ∫fiÛÌÔ Î·È Ô Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÂÔ¯‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ú‹ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Î·È ÙÔ ÂÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù· ÔÔ›·, Û ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ·
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ Ì ÙË ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË. √È Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó ‚·ıÌÈ·›· Ó· ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó. √È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ÂȉÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Â˘‰È¿ÎÚÈÙ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘, fiˆ˜ ı· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÌÈ· ‰È¢ÎÚ›ÓÈÛË Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÔÓÔ̷ۛ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, Ô˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜. ∏ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·¯ÚËÛÙÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ ÙÔ µ¤ÏÁÈÔ Î·È ¤Ó· ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ µfiÚÂÈ·˜ °·ÏÏ›·˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «√ÏÏ·Ó‰›·» ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Û‡Á¯˘Û˘ Ì ÙËÓ ∂·Ú¯›· Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ηχÙÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÔÈ ÔÓÔ̷ۛ˜ «µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜» Î·È «√ÏÏ·Ó‰›·» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·‰È·ÎÚ›Ùˆ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ fiÙ·Ó Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÂÈÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È Ô fiÚÔ˜ «∂·Ú¯›· Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜».
∏ ª∂∆∞µ∞™∏ ™∆∏¡ √§§∞¡¢π∞ ∫∞π ∏ Ãøƒπ∫∏ ∆∏™ ∂∫ºƒ∞™∏ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ, ı· ›¯Â ÛËÌ·Û›· Ó· ÛÙ·ı› ηÓ›˜ Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÎÔÌ‚Èο ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ú·¤ÌÔ˘Ó Û ÂȉÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. Œ¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· Ó· ÂÈÌ›ÓÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· ÂΛӷ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÈÔÌÔÚÊ›· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙȘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ ÙȘ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ‰ÔÌÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË Û˘ÓÔÏÈο. §›ÁÔ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 1000 ÔÈ ÂȉÚÔ̤˜ ÙˆÓ µ›ÎÈÓÁΘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÛÙ·Ì·ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈÛÙÈο. ∆ËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·˘Ù‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ϋÚË ÂͤÏÈÍË ÔÈ, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·Ú¿ÏÏËϘ, ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂίÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔÓ 13Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙȘ ÈÔ Î·ı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤Ó˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (Lambert 1971: 64). ™ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·-
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ÙÔ˜, ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ¿ÍÔÓ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ˘‹ÚÍ ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÂÌÔÚ›·˜ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ·Ó¿Î·Ì„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÚȘ fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘. ¶¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ô˘ ÔÈ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ η٤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ (ª¤ÚÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ 1986: 277), ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο Ô˘ η٤ÛÙËÛ·Ó ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Î·Ì„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊÔÚ˜: Ë Ï‹ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂȉÚÔÌÒÓ, Ë ÛÙÔȯÂÈ҉˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË, Ë ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË Î·È Ë ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ·ӷۇӉÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹, Ë ÔÔ›·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ, ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Ù˘ µ·ÏÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ì ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÎÔÚÌfi ÙË Ã·ÓÛ·ÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË (Lambert 1971: 137). ™Â ¯ˆÚÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈο Î·È ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Ó· ÂȈı› fiÙÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ 14Ô ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÌÂٷΛÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, Î·È Î·Ù’ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ µÔÚÚ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ¢‡ÛË. ªÈ·, ¤ÛÙˆ ·‰ÚÔÌÂÚ‹˜, ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·fi ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Èٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ù˘ ¯ˆÚÈ΋˜ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Ù˘ ‰˘ÙÈÎÔÂ˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÚˆÙ·Ú¯È΋˜ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘. √ ¶ÈÚ¤Ó Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÂÈ ˆ˜ «¤Ó·˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, fiÔ˘ ı· ÙÔÓÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Ô‰ÒÓ, ı· Û˘Ó¤ÈÙÂ, ۯ‰fiÓ ·fiÏ˘Ù·, Ì ÌÈ· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ» (¶ÈÚ¤Ó 2003: 145). ∞ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·Ó ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ·fiÏ˘Ù· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜, ·Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÙÔÌÒÓ ÛÙË ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ 13Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, fiÙ·Ó ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÒÙÔÈ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· fiÏ˘, ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÚfiÌˆÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙȘ ÂÌÔÚÔ·ÓËÁ‡ÚÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ȿ‰·˜ Ù˘ ∫·Ì·Ó›·˜ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ °·ÏÏ›· (∆ÚÔ˘¿, §·Óȇ, ª·Ú Û˘Ú øÌ), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÂΛÓË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ˆ˜ ˘ÔÙ˘Ò‰Ë ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (¶ÈÚ¤Ó 2003: 145 ). ™ÙË Ê¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ‚¿ÛË ÛÙË ºÏ¿Ó‰Ú·, Ì ÙË ªÚ˘˙ Ó· ·›˙ÂÈ ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ, ÁÂÁÔ-
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
Ófi˜ Ô˘ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙË ÁÂÈÙÓ›·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÔ·ÓËÁ‡ÚˆÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ 14Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ 15Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‚·ıȤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi ¯¿ÚÙË Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘. ∆· ·ÚÈ· ÂÌÔÚÈο ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ô‰Èο Û ˘‰¿ÙÈÓ·-ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· Î·È ÔÙ¿ÌÈ·. ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏ˘ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙË µÂÓÂÙ›· Î·È ÙË °¤ÓÔ‚· ÛÙÔ ¡fiÙÔ Î·È ÙȘ fiÏÂȘ Ù˘ ÿÓÛ·˜, ÙË ªÚ˘˙ ηÈ, ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, ÙËÓ ∞Ì‚¤ÚÛ· ÛÙÔ µÔÚÚ¿. √ ƒ‹ÓÔ˜ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Û ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·ÚÙËÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÂÚÛ·›Ô˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘. √È ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¢ÓfiËÛ·Ó ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ ÙȘ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ fiÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ ¡fiÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜. º·›ÓÂÙ·È, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, fiÙÈ Ë ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ÌÂÙ¿ıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ·fi ÙË ºÏ¿Ó‰Ú· ÛÙË µÚ·‚¿ÓÙË Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ˘‹ÚÍ ηٿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂϛ͈Ó, fiˆ˜ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ÈÔ Ê·ÓÂÚfi ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·. √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙË Ã·ÓÛ·ÙÈ΋ ŒÓˆÛË3 ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÒÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ fiÏÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ⁄ÛÙÂÚÔ˘ ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ·. √È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ fiÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÚÔÛ¯ˆÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Ã¿ÓÛ·. H ·ÎÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÊÚÈÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ «fiÏÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÕÈÛÂÏ» (Gutkind 1971: 15) _Kampen, Zwolle, Zutphen, Deventer_ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ÔÈ fiÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ¤Íˆ Î·È ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙËÓ ŒÓˆÛË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÙȘ ηٷ‰Èο˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ̤¯ÚÈ Ù· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ 14Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∞fi ÂΛÓË ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ fiÏÂȘ Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÌ·Ùˆ‰Ò˜ ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ. ∫Ú›ÛÈÌÔ Â‰›Ô Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÒÓ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Ú¤Áη˜. √ ÂÎÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ fiÏÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÷ÓÛ·ÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù˘ ¢˘ÙÈ΋˜ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô (Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ηÈÓÔÙƠ̂˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ·ÏÈ¢ÙÈÎfi ÛÙfiÏÔ Î·È ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi, Ó¤· ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ „·ÚÈÒÓ), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÂ Ù˘¯·›· Ê˘ÛÈο ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο, fiˆ˜ Ë ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔ·‰ÈÒÓ Ù˘ Ú¤Áη˜ ·fi ÙË µ·ÏÙÈ΋ ÛÙË µfiÚÂÈ· ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·. °È· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ȉȷÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÏËÊı› ˘fi„Ë Ô ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ (Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË) ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ë ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ· ÛÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ Ô Van der
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Wee (Van der Wee 1988: 319). ∏ ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘Ó·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚÒÈÌË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÌÈÛıˆÙ‹˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË, Û ÌÈ· ¤ÛÙˆ ˘ÔÙ˘Ò‰Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹, ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔÓ 13Ô ·ÈÒÓ·. √ ÛÏÙÔÓ, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 14Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ÔÈ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î·ÙÒÊÏÈ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÌ‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÚÒÙ˘ ‡Ï˘ Î·È ÒÏËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂȈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ÙÔ˜ ( ÛÏÙÔÓ 1986: 226). ∆Ô ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ï‡ıËΠ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ 14Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›· ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. ∆Ô Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ, ¿ÓÙˆ˜, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÚÒÈÌË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙË ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ. √ Van der Wee ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ· ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÙÚÂȘ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ Ù¯ÓÈÙÒÓ (Van der Wee 1988: 320): ñ ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ› ·ÏÒÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿ (ÛȉËÚÔ˘ÚÁÔ›, ÊÔ˘ÚÓ¿Úˉ˜, ˙˘ıÔÔÈÔ›, Ù·ËÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÎÏ.), ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÛÙȘ ›ÛË̘ Û˘ÓÙ¯ӛ˜. ñ ∂ȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔÈ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ› ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏ›·˜, ηٿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ӛÙ˜ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜, Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÛÙȘ ›ÛË̘, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, Û˘ÓÙ¯ӛ˜. ñ ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ› ÌË Ù˘ÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ, ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ¤˜. √È Ù¯ӛÙ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi ÂχıÂÚË ·fi Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈÒÓ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ·, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜, ·Ú¯Èο ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤Íˆ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙȘ ›ÛË̘ Û˘ÓÙ¯ӛ˜. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙË, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ, fï˜, Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó οˆ˜ ÈÔ ÚÔËÁ̤ÓÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌfi. ∫·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÎÏÂȉ› ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÔÈ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ·Ú·Û΢‹˜ ÊÙËÓÒÓ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
∂›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ô ÙÚ›ÙÔ˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, fiÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¯Èο ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ‰›Ô ·ӷÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂȈı› fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛ‰Ô¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÙÒÓ Ù˘ ÙÚ›Ù˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÛÔ ËÚˆÈο ηٷÎÙ‹ıËΠ‹ ÙÔ˘ fiÛÔ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·‚›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘, ¤·ÈÍ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο ·ÓÙȉڷÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ˘fi ÌÂϤÙË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û Ù¯ӛÙ˜ Î·È ÂÌfiÚÔ˘˜, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Âͤ¯ÔÓÙ· ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÙË Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘, fiÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ‡ÎÔÏ· ÔÚ·Ùfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ Î·È ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ·Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È Û ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Ì·ÓÈÊ·ÎÙÔ‡Ú·˜ Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ 15Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ‹‰Ë, ‰‡Ô ·ÈÒÓ˜ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· ·’ fi,ÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ˘fiÏÔÈË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË (Van der Wee 1988: 346). ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Î¿Ì„Ë Ù˘ ÁˆÚÁ›·˜,4 Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· ÏÂfiÓ·ÛÌ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ∆Ô ÊÙËÓfi ·ÓÂȉ›Î¢ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜ ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙ¯ӛ˜ ¤ÏÎÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ·Ú·Û΢‹˜ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÈıÚÔ. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ηٿ Ì›˙ÔÓ· ÏfiÁÔ ÛÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ µÚ·‚¿ÓÙ˘ ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÈÔ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ºÏ¿Ó‰Ú·˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ú·ÁΈÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ªÚ˘˙ ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ì‚¤ÚÛ· ηٿ ÙÔÓ 15Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ 16Ô ·ÈÒÓ·. ∏ ȉÈÔÌÔÚÊ›·, fï˜, Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋. ∏ ¤ÍÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋˜ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÈıÚÔ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ·˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë Û˘ÓÙ¯Óȷ΋ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ· Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙË ˙ˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ ÛÙÚÂÊfiÌÂÓË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘ÙÂÏ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ÂȉÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·ÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÈÙÒÓ. ∫·È, ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚfiʈ˜, Ë Â¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ï‹˜ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ fiÏË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ (Van der Wee 1988: 351). ªÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ê¿ÛË ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 1660, Ë
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∏ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË
65
ÔÔ›· ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ì›ÙÂÈ ¯ÚÔÓÈο Ì ÙÔ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Î¿ˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÒÓ fiψÓ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ‚·ÛÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÈÙ›· (Van der Wee 1988: 360). ™Â ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂȈı› fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ Ë Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ·˜ Ù˘ fiÏ˘ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÍÂοı·Ú˘ ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹˜. ∏ ÂȉÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ Û¯¤ÛË ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÔÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘, Û˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ˘fiÛÙڈ̷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Â¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Î‡ÎÏˆÓ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ·Ô·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ 14Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ÙÔ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· fi„Ë Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ì‚Ï˘Ì¤Ó˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘.5 ∏ ȉÈfiÙ˘Ë ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, Ù˘ ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ √˘ÙÚ¤¯Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ›, ηٿ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ∏ ȉÈÔÌÔÚÊ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÙË Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â·Ú¯ÈÒÓ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÎÓÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô, ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ Ôχ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ ÂӉȿÌÂÛˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ Ù· fiÚÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·˘Ù‹ ›Ûˆ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ¯ˆÚÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ Radstad, ¤Ó· Û˘Ó¯¤˜ ÔÏÂÔ‰ÔÌÈÎfi Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÌ·, ÂÎÙÂÓ¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ú·Èfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰˘ÙÈ΋ fi¯ıË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ fiÏÂˆÓ (√˘ÙÚ¤¯ÙË, ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì, Haarlem, Leiden, ÿÁË, Delft, ƒfiÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì, Doredrecht). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Ô͇ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ›ӷÈ, ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜, ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÎÔ‹ Ù˘ ÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÈÛıÔ‰ÚfiÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙÔÓ «ÃÚ˘Ûfi ∞ÈÒÓ·» Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜. ¶ÚÈÓ ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì Û ·˘Ùfi, fï˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· οˆ˜ ÂÎÙÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ‰‡Ô ·ÏÏËϤӉÂÙ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÙȘ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ, Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·,
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
ηٿ ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ·: ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ηςÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÛ·ÓÈ΋ ηÙÔ¯‹. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› Â‰Ò fiÙÈ Ô 80ÂÙ‹˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ӿÛÙ·Û˘. ∞fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÌʇÏÈ·˜ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜ ÌÂٷ͇ Hooks Î·È Cods, Ë ÔÔ›· ͤ۷Û ÙÔ 1345 ˆ˜ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÌË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ °Ô˘ÏȤÏÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¢ã ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËΠ۠·ÓÔȯً Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯ÒÓ Á·ÈÔÎÙËÌfiÓˆÓ Î·È ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È‹ÚÎÂÛ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÂÓ¿ÌÈÛË ·ÈÒÓ·, Ë ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ Û˘ÓÙ¯Óȷ΋ ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, ÛÂ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÌË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, ¤Ù˘¯Â ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÎÙ‹ÛÂȘ, Î·È ÚÈÓ ·’ fiÏ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛË ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiÏ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ (ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÿÁ˘) Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. √È ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î¿Ì„Ë Ù˘ ÁˆÚÁ›·˜ ηٿ ÙÔ 15Ô ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ·Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÙÔ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi ΛÓËÌ· Moderne Devotie Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ «∞‰ÂÚÊÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ∫ÔÈÓ‹˜ ∑ˆ‹˜», ÌÈ· ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ȉڇıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ Geert Grote ÙÔ˘ Deventer ÌÂ Ù˘ÈÎfi ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Î·È ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÏÂËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, Ù˘ ÓËÊ·ÏÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·ÂÈÓÔÊÚÔÛ‡Ó˘. ∏ Ù·ÍÈ΋ ÊfiÚÙÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙË Ì¿¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÓÔÌ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ηıÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÂÎÚÔۈ› ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈο Ù· ηÙÂÛÙË̤ӷ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· Ù˘ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈ΋˜ ¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ Ù¿Í˘.6 ∞Ó Ë ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÌÂٷ͇ Cods Î·È Hooks ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÂÂÈÛfi‰ÈÔ Ù˘ Ù·ÍÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯ÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ÙÔ Moderne Denotie οÓÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÛÙÔ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ∆Ô Moderne Devotie, Ì·˙› Ì ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÌÈÓÔÚ›ÙË ÌÔÓ·¯fi Johannes Brugmans, Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÂÓfi˜ Îϛ̷ÙÔ˜ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙÚÈÔ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ¤Íˆ Î·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›·˜, Ôχ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘. ∆Ô È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹Ú ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÎÔÛÌÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Ô˘Ì·ÓÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ∂Ú¿ÛÌÔ˘ (1469-1536).7 ∞˘Ùfi˜ ›ӷÈ, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Lambert, Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ۯÂÙÈο ηı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤ÓË. √È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, η٤ÛÙËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ Ôχ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊÔÚÔ
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∏ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË
67
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ηςÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ˘ıËÚ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. «∆Ô ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ […] ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·’ fi,ÙÈ Û ·˘Ù‹ Ù˘ ¶›ÛÙ˘» (Lambert 1971: 182). ∏ ÂͿψÛË ÙÔ˘ ηςÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÛÙ· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ 16Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ·›ÚÓÂÈ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Û ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË, ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ˙˘Áfi. √ 80ÂÙ‹˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ηςÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î·ıÔÏÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ‚¿ıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÊÂÔ˘‰·Ú¯ÒÓ Á·ÈÔÎÙËÌfiÓˆÓ. ◊, ÈÔ ·Ï¿, Ô ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÁÒÓ·˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ˘fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ӿÛÙ·Û˘, ¤ÛÙˆ ÚÒÈÌ˘, ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ·ÓÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÙ˘.8 ∏ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Ô›ÎÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ∞„‚Ô‡ÚÁˆÓ9 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË: Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· Ï›ÁÔ-Ôχ ÂÓÈ·›· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÁÔÚ¿, ÂÓÒ Ë ·¤Ú·ÓÙË ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋˜ ¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛˆÓ. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ’ ·˘Ù¿, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηٷ›ÂÛË, ÔÈ Â·¯ı›˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫·ÚfiÏÔ˘, Ô ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÏÂˆÓ Î·È Ô ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙ¤ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÁ›ÚÔ˘Ó Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ. ∆Ô 1550 Ô ∫¿ÚÔÏÔ˜, ˆ˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ·¯˘ÓfiÌÂÓË ÂͿψÛË ÙÔ˘ ηςÈÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û οı ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·›ÚÂÛË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÁÎÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰˘Û·Ú¤ÛÎÂÈ·. ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ª·ÚÁ·Ú›Ù·˜ Ù˘ ¶¿ÚÌ·˜ ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÙÔ 1559 Ô͇ÓÂÈ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ∆Ô 1566 ÍÂÛÔ‡Ó ‚›·È˜ ÂÈÎÔÓÔÎÏ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ_ Ô Î·ıÔÏÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÁÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó‰Âı› ¿ÚÚËÎÙ· Ì ÙÔÓ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ˙˘Áfi. √ º›ÏÈÔ˜ µã ÛÙ¤ÏÓÂÈ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù¢ÙÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷӛÍÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂͤÁÂÚÛË, ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔÓ 80ÂÙ‹ fiÏÂÌÔ. √È ÂÍÂÁÂṲ́Ó˜ ·گ›Â˜ ÂÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi ÙËÓ ËÁÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ °Ô˘ÏȤÏÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ™ÈˆËÏÔ‡, Ú›ÁÎÈ· Ù˘ √Ú¿ÓÁ΢, Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‰fi¯Ô˘ ÙÔ˘, Ú›ÁÎÈ· ª·˘ÚÈΛԢ. √È ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÁÂÚÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË. √È ÂÚÈ‚fiËÙÔÈ Geuzen (˙ËÙÈ¿ÓÔÈ Ù˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜) ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ‚·ÚÈ¿ Ï‹ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙfiÏÔ Î·È ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ·
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi fiÏÂȘ. √ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· Û ÂÌʇÏÈÔ: ÙÔ 1579 Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ë ŒÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú¿˜ Î·È Ë ŒÓˆÛË Ù˘ √˘ÙÚ¤¯Ù˘. ∏ ÚÒÙË Ù¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï¢Úfi ÙÔ˘ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ıÚfiÓÔ˘, Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÓÒÓÂÈ ÙȘ ·ӷÛÙ·ÙË̤Ó˜ ·گ›Â˜. ™Â ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ¿ÓÙˆ˜, Î·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· Ì ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ∂ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ∞ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤Î‚·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÌÂÙ·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì (Ë ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË Alteratie), Ô˘, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¯Èο ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ï¢Úfi ÙˆÓ πÛ·ÓÒÓ, ÙÔ 1578 ÂÚÓ¿ ÛÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙfiÂ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÁÂṲ́ӈÓ.10 ∆Ô 1587 Ë Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ¡fiÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ηٷӛÁÂÙ·È ÔÚÈÛÙÈο. ™ÙÔ µÔÚÚ¿, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ıÚÈ·Ì‚Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ¤ˆ˜ fiÙÔ˘, ÙÔ 1609, ÔÈ ÂÊÙ¿ ·گ›Â˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ √˘ÙÚ¤¯Ù˘ (√ÏÏ·Ó‰›·, ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·, √˘ÙÚ¤¯ÙË, ºÚÈÛ›·, Gelderland, Groningen, Overijssel) ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ (Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÙȘ ·گ›Â˜ Ù˘ µfiÚÂÈ·˜ µÚ·‚¿ÓÙ˘, ÙÔ˘ §ÈÌ‚Ô‡ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Drenthe) ÂÈ΢ÚÒÓÂÙ·È Â›ÛËÌ· ÙÔ 1648 Ì ÙË ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ª¸nster.11 √ 80ÂÙ‹˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ÚÔοÏÂÛ (‹ ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÂ) ‚·ı›˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏ·Í ¿Ú‰ËÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘. ™˘Ó›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÒÓ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÁÂÓÓÈ¤Ù·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ Ë ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÂıÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË (Burke 1956: 107). ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ °ÂÓÈÎÒÓ ∆¿ÍÂˆÓ Â› ÙˆÓ ÚÈÁΛˆÓ Ù˘ √Ú¿ÓÁ΢. ∏ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ̛· ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ηÚfi Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ó·˘ÙÈÏȷ΋˜ ÌÔÓÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. √ «ÃÚ˘Ûfi˜ ∞ÈÒÓ·˜» Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙÔÓ ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚÔ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ÛÙfiÏÔ. ¶·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ¢ÓfiËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈο ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ηٿ ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ Ë Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ fluyt, ÂÓfi˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ ÈÛÙÈÔÊfiÚÔ˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ Î·È Â¤ÙÚ ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· rederij, Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÈÎÚÔ› ÂÂÓ‰˘Ù¤˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
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ηı¤Ï΢ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÛοÊÔ˘˜. √ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÚÔÛÔ‰ÔÊfiÚÔ˜, ÒÛÙÂ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Lambert, ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ·¤‰È‰Â ÛÙÔ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙ¤ÌÌ· 4 ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ¤ÛÔ‰· ·’ fi,ÙÈ Ù· ÔÚ˘¯Â›· ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ (Lambert 1971: 187). ∏ ·ÏÈ›· Î·È Ë Ê·Ï·ÈÓÔıËÚ›· ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Â›Û˘ ˙ˆÙÈÎfiÙ·ÙÔÈ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ Î¿Ì„Ë ÙˆÓ fiÏÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¡fiÙÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ∞Ì‚¤ÚÛ·˜, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î·Ù¿ÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙÚ·Ùfi ÙÔÓÒÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·.12 ∆Ô Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·گ›Â˜ Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·˜. ∞fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÒÓ ºÏ·Ì·Ó‰ÒÓ Î·È µ·ÏfiÓˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÙÒÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ, ηٷʇÁÂÈ, ˘fi ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ηıÔÏÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, ÛÙȘ µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ӛ· Û ÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Î·È Û Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÏÈÌ·ÓÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ¡fiÙÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Î˘Ï›ÂÙ·È ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ µÔÚÚ¿. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ·˘Ù‹ Û˘Ì›ÙÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Ó·‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ. ∏ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÙ·ÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ fiÏÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÷ÓÛ·ÙÈ΋˜ §›Áη˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈΤ˜ fiÏÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ô¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔÓ 15Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∆ÚÈ·ÎÔÓÙ·ÂÙÔ‡˜ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ (1618-1648) ÚÔÛ‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘. ∆· ÔÏÏ·Ó‰Èο ˘ÂÚfiÓÙÈ· Ù·Í›‰È· Î·È Ë ‰È›ۉ˘ÛË ÛÙȘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈΤ˜ Î·È ¢˘ÙÈΤ˜ πÓ‰›Â˜ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÈÛ·ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÚÙÔÁ·ÏÈ΋˜. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙfiÙÂ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙÔ ‚·ÏÙÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ¤·„ ӷ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜. ∞ÙÌÔÌ˯·Ó‹ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ «ÃÚ˘ÛÔ‡ ∞ÈÒÓ·» Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì. ∆Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô 1585 ȉڇÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÃÚËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∂ÌÔÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ‰ÂÏÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË (Cipolla 1980: 347). ∏ ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ fiÏË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Û· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Zaanstreek ÂÎÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‚ÈÔÙ¯ÓÈο ΤÓÙÚ· ÙÔ˘ 15Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ 16Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· (Leiden, Delft, Haarlem). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ª¸nster ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔηı‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈΤ˜ fiÏÂȘ.
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
∏ ·ÎÙÈÓÔ‚ÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ηٿ Ôχ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ. ∏ fiÏË ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÁÔÚ¿ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÂ‡Ô˘Û· Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜. ™Â Â›Â‰Ô ¯ˆÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·‰È·ÊÈÏÔÓ›ÎËÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ¯¿ÛÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹ (Van der Wee 1988: 356). ∏ ÚˆÙfiÁÓˆÚË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ Â›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ Â˘ËÌÂÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÔ‡ Ï·Ô‡ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏfi ÙÔ˘. ∏ Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ˆÊ¤ÏËÛ ηٿ ·ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙË Û˘ÓÙ¯Óȷ΋ ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈÒÓ, ·ÔÏ‹ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ fi͢ÓÛË ÙˆÓ Ù·ÍÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂˆÓ (Van Zanden 1993: 18). √È ÂÈÊ·Ó›˜ ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ηÙÔÈ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ì ٷ ÂÚÁ·ÙÈο ÚÔ¿ÛÙÈ·. ∏ Ù·ÍÈ΋ fiψÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·’ fi,ÙÈ Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Î·È Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ·˘ÍË̤ÓÔ ‡„Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÈÛıÒÓ (De Vries 1993: 69). ∂›Ó·È ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢Û˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘, ‰ÂÓ ¤Ú·Û·Ó ·˘ÙÔ‰‡Ó·Ì· ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ¶·Ú’ fiÙÈ Ô √ÏÏ·Ó‰fi˜ Ô˘ÚÈÙ·Ófi˜ ÚÔÙÂÛÙ¿ÓÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Î·ÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ·Ú¯¤Ù˘Ô ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ¿ÙË, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙ¿ıËΠÈÛÙÔÚÈο ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ∆Ô ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÙÔÎÔÁÏ˘ÊÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯·Û·Ó ÔÙ¤ ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ı¤ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi. ∏ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂÁÎψ‚›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ «ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘»_ Î·È Ï‹ÚˆÛ ÙÔÓ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ì ÙË ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÔÈÛıÔ‰ÚfiÌËÛË ·fi ÙÔ 1660 Î·È ÌÂÙ¿. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒıËΠÙÂÏÈο ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· ηٿ ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·ÛıÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÌÔÚÈο. ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ χÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›·. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›· ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÛËÌ›· Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·Ê·ÓÒ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ:
004
17-06-09
13:34
™ÂÏ›‰·71
∏ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË
71
ñ ∏ Û¿ÓȘ ÚÒÙˆÓ ˘ÏÒÓ Î·È Ë ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÌÂÙ·Ú·ÙÈ΋. «¶Ú¤ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Ó· ‰ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ √ÏÏ·Ó‰Ô‡˜, fiˆ˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Â›Ó·È, ÔÈ ÌÂÛ¿˙ÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÌÂÛ›Ù˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ […]. ∞ÁÔÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÙ·Ô˘ÏÔ‡Ó, ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·».13∏ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ·ÛÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË Î·ÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ¤Ó· ÔÛfi ˘ÂÚÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ·ÔÛ¿Ù·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓfiÚˆÓ Î·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Û ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi, ÂȉÈο ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 1660, ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÛ˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË fiÚˆÓ Û ÂıÓÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ñ √ ¯·ÌËÏfi˜ ‚·ıÌfi˜ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÚηÓÙÈÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜.14 √ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ˘‹ÚÍ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Û ÂıÓÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ÈηÈÔ‰ÔÛ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ (Klein Î·È Veluwenkamp 1993: 45), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·.15 ∏ Û˘Óı‹ÎË ·˘Ù‹ ÁÂÓÓ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÏÈÓˆ‰›Â˜, ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ÌÂÁ¤ıË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ fiÏÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ñ ∏ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Ô͇ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ù·ÍÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ·Ì‚Ï˘Ì¤ÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛ˘ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·ÎfiÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÈÛıˆÙÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Û οı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ӷÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ªÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰È·ÈˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÚˆÙÔηı‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ÌË Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘ ηٿÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ô ª·ÚÍ (ª·ÚÍ 1978, 3: 423).16
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™ÂÏ›‰·72
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ª¿ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔ‡ÊÔÁÏÔ˘
∂¶π§√°√™ ∏ ·ÚÔ‡Û· Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ‰ÂÓ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏËÙÈο ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ·Ì·Ù¿ÂÈ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÁÂӛ΢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÌÈÛıˆÙ‹˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Î·È ÙÔ Î·Ù¯ÔÍ‹Ó ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÙÂÎÌËÚȈıÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎ˘Ú›Â˜ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙȘ µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ∂˘ÚÒË ‹, ¤ÛÙˆ, ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ÂÚÌËÓ¢ÙÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ∆· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·‰fiÍÔ˘ Ù˘ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜, Ô˘ ·fi ·È¯Ì‹ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ηٿ ÙÔ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, η٤ÏËÍ ÂÓ¿ÌÈÛË ·ÈÒÓ· ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÌÈ· ηı˘ÛÙÂÚË̤ÓË ·ÁÚÔÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·. ∏ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË Û ÌÈ· ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÛÙfi¯·ÛÙÚfi Ù˘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ ›‰È˜ ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ µfiÚÂÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ë Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ¯ˆÚÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ηÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, ÙËÓ ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË. ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Î·Óı҉˜ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËı› Î·È Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Û ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÊÔÚ¤· ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ, ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ. ¶·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÒÛÙÂ, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, Ó· ʈÙÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÁÁÂÓ›˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÁÁÂÁÚ·Ì̤ӷ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹, ÙË ¯ˆÚÈ΋ Ê˘ÛÈÔÁӈ̛· Î·È ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎÒÓ fiψÓ. º˘ÛÈο, ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÙfiÛÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Ô Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ¯ˆÚÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ·Ú¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜, ·ÚÂÓıÂÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÏÏÂÈÙÈÎfi˜, ȉ›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·Ú¤ÏÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Î·È ÂȉÈο ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·: Ù· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÁˆÌÔÚÊÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈο
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∏ ·ÛÙÈ΋ ¯ˆÚÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË
73
¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜, Ë Î·ÙÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ··ÈÙ› ‰È·Ú΋ ÂÁÁÂÈÔ‚ÂÏÙȈÙÈο ¤ÚÁ·. ∆· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ›Ô ÌÈ· ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹, Î·È ÙȘ µfiÚÂȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜ ۯ‰fiÓ ¤Ó· ›ڷ̷ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ¿Ï˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Ì ÙË Ê‡ÛË.
™∏ª∂πø™∂π™ 1 ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο Ù˘¯·›· ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈο ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈο, fiˆ˜ Ë ÂͿψÛË ÂȉËÌÈÒÓ, ›ӷÈ, Û ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ‚·ı‡Ù·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ˘ÏÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. À’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ô Cipolla ·Ú·ÙËÚ› fiÙÈ Ë ÂͿψÛË Ù˘ ª·‡Ú˘ ¶·ÓÒÏ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fiÙÔÎÔ Ù˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ·Óı˘ÁÈÂÈÓ¤˜ fiÏÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ⁄ÛÙÂÚÔ˘ ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ·, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÛÙÔ ‚¿ıÔ˜, Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙ¯ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Cipolla 1988 : 211) 2 ∆Ô ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÔÏfiÁËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ô ÃfiÌÛÌ·Ô˘Ì (ÃfiÌÛÌ·Ô˘Ì 1986 : 233). ∏ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÔÏfiÁËÛË ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÂÈ ÂÏ·ÊÚÒ˜ ·fi Ù· ÔÚfiÛËÌ· Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙfiÛÔ ÂÂȉ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ›‰È· Ë ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ê¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜. 3 ∏ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· Ù˘ ÷ÓÛ·ÙÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ȉڇÂÙ·È ÙÔ 1241 Ì ÙË Û˘Óı‹ÎË ÌÂٷ͇ ∞Ì‚Ô‡ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È §‡ÌÂÎ. ™ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ·ÎÌ‹ Ù˘ Ë ŒÓˆÛË ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¿Óˆ ·fi 90 fiÏÂȘ-̤ÏË. 4 ∏ Î¿Ì„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÈÌÔ˘ ‰¿ÊÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ·Ófi‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ÛÙ¿ıÌ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÂٷ·ÏÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÙËÓÔÙÚÔÊ›·. ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ·ÈÙ›· Î·È ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ (Lambert 1971: 124 Î·È 158). 5 ∏ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰Ó ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘Ôı¤ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ÌÈ· ·‰È¿ÚÚËÎÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ·, ÙˆÓ ˘Ê·ÓÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÒÓ fiÏÂˆÓ Ù˘ ºÏ¿Ó‰Ú·˜ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËıÔ‡Ó Û fiÏÂȘ-ÎÚ¿ÙË ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ù˘ πÙ·Ï›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Ôı› ·fi ÙÔÓ Nicholas ÛÙËÓ «·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÛÙÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ fiÏË Î·È Ù· ·ÛÙÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·», Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ‚ÈÒÛÈÌ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏ˘ Î·È ˘·›ıÚÔ˘, ‚Ï. D.M. Nicholas 1968, «Town and Countryside: Social and Economic Tensions in 14th century Flanders» (ÛÙÔ ¶ÚÔοÙÛÈ 1986: 263). 6 ∞˘Ùfi ·Ó·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÙ· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ, ·Ú¿ ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯fiÓÙˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›·, fiÛÔ ÔÍ›˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Î·È ·Ó ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÂÓ›ÔÙÂ, ‰ÂÓ ·‡ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÂÓ‰ÔÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈ΋.
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7 ∏ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË «·ÓÔ¯‹ ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·» ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ‚·ÛÈÎfi Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜. √È ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ¿ÓÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ¿ÎÚ·˜ ‰ÂÍÈ¿˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ˘fi ·›ÚÂÛË. 8 ∫·È ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÂͿψÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. 9 ∏ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ˘·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÈÛ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙ¤ÌÌ· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ÙÔ 1430 Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ (ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ·گ›·˜ Gelderland) ÂÓÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ˘fi ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ºÈÏ›Ô˘ µã ÙÔ˘ ∫·ÏÔ‡, Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Ô›ÎÔ Ù˘ µÔ˘ÚÁÔ˘Ó‰›·˜. ∆Ô 1477 Ë ª·Ú›· Ù˘ µÔ˘ÚÁÔ˘Ó‰›·˜ ·ÓÙÚ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ ª·ÍÈÌÈÏÈ·Ófi ÙˆÓ ∞„‚Ô‡ÚÁˆÓ, ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ· Ù˘ ∞Á›·˜ ƒˆÌ·˚΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜. ∆Ô 1482 Ô ÁÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ º›ÏÈÔ˜ ∞ã Ô øÚ·›Ô˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‰Ô‡Î·˜ ÙˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ¤ÙÛÈ ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÛÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∞„‚Ô‡ÚÁˆÓ. Œ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·ÓÙÚ¢Ù› ÙËÓ πˆ¿ÓÓ· ÙËÓ ∆ÚÂÏ‹, ÎfiÚË ÙÔ˘ ºÂÚ‰ÈÓ¿Ó‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ∞Ú·ÁÔÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ πÛ·‚¤ÏÏ·˜ Ù˘ ∫·ÛÙ›Ï˘, Ô º›ÏÈÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ 1506 ‚·ÛÈÏÈ¿˜ Ù˘ πÛ·Ó›·˜. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ºÈÏ›Ô˘, Ô ÁÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫¿ÚÔÏÔ˜ ∂ã Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‚·ÛÈÏÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ «fiÔ˘ Ô ‹ÏÈÔ˜ ‰Â ‰‡ÂÈ ÔÙ¤», ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∞Á›· ƒˆÌ·˚΋ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·, ÙËÓ ∞˘ÛÙÚ›·, ÙËÓ πÛ·Ó›· Î·È ÙȘ ÎÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ηÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, ÙȘ ∫¿Ùˆ ÃÒÚ˜. 10 √È Ù·Ï·ÓÙ‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÕÌÛÙÂÚÓÙ·Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÈ· ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ·ÓÙȉڷÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Ù¿Í˘. 11 ∏ ÌÔÓ·Ú¯›· ·ӤگÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ÙÔ 1806, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¡·ÔϤÔÓÙ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÙÔ ·Í›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË (stadhouder) ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈÎfi. 12 º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ √ÏÏ·Ó‰Ô› ‰ÂÓ Ù‹ÚËÛ·Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û˘ÓÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ fiÏÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¡fiÙÈˆÓ ∫¿Ùˆ ÈÚÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·˘Ù‹. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ¤ÌÚ·ÎÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ú¿‰˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Î·Ì„‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·˜ ·fi ı·Ï¿ÛÛ˘ Ù· ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ (Cipolla 1988: 345). 13 Defoe, «A plan of the English Commerce»: 192 (ÛÙÔ Cipolla 1988: 349). 14 √ Rubin ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÚηÓÙÈÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·fiÏ˘Ù˘ ÌÔÓ·Ú¯›·˜. ∞Ó·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ· ηٿ ÙÔÓ 16Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ 17Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ÙÔ ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› ÁÂÓÈο ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡. ™ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÚÒÈÌÔ˜ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜», Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο Ô Rubin (Rubin 1989: ÎÂÊ. 1) ›Ûˆ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› Ë ‚¿ÛÈÌË ¤ÓÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔοÙÛÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi˜ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜». √ πÙ·Ïfi˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi˜ ıˆÚ› ˆ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ› ÂÓ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Ù˘ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡, Û ÌÈ· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ô˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂȉÈÎfi Ù˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈ΋. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ¯ÚÂÒÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ™Ô˘‹˙˘, Ô˘ ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ «ÚÔηÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÌÔÚÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô» ÙÔ˘ 15Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ 16Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· (¶ÚÔοÙÛÈ 1986: 196). 15 ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ¿ÛÙÔ¯Ë Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Huizinga ˆ˜ Ë ÔÏÏ·Ó‰È΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ˘ÂÚˉ¿ ÙË ÌÂÚηÓÙÈÏÈÛÙÈ΋ Ê¿ÛË ÂÚÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·Â˘ı›·˜ ÛÙÔ ÊÈÏÂÏ¢ıÂÚÈÛÌfi (fiˆ˜ ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Benevolo 1997: 215) 16 ∏ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰‡Ô ÛΤÏË. √ ·Ú·ÁˆÁfi˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÌÔÚÔ˜ Î·È Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ·ÁÚÔÙÈ΋ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙ¯Óȷο ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÙ¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂ۷ȈÓÈÎÒÓ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÒÓ ÛÙȘ fiÏÂȘ. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ. ◊, ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, Ô ¤ÌÔÚÔ˜ ¤ıÂÛ οو ·fi ÙÔÓ
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¿ÌÂÛÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯fi ÙÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. ŸÛÔ ÎÈ ·Ó Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ –Ú‚Ï. ÙÔÓ ÕÁÁÏÔ ¤ÌÔÚÔ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, Ô˘ ʤÚÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ê·ÓÙ¤˜, ·Ó Î·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘˜, οو ·fi ¤ÏÂÁ¯fi ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ Ì·ÏÏ› Î·È ·ÁÔÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂȈ̤ÓÔ ‡Ê·ÛÌ·– ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› ·fi ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÈÔ‡ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚ› Î·È Ó· ÙÔÓ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ˆ˜ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ µenevolo, L. (1997), H fiÏË ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, ∂ÏÏËÓÈο °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ∞ı‹Ó·. Burke, G.J. (1956), The making of Dutch Towns, Cleaver-Hume Press. Cipolla, C.M. (1988), H ∂˘ÚÒË ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ ·ӿÛÙ·ÛË. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· 10001700 Ì.Ã., £Â̤ÏÈÔ, ∞ı‹Ó·. De Vries, J. (1993), “The Labour Market”, Economic and and Social History in the Netherlands, Ù. 4. Gutkind, E.A. (1970), Urban development in Western Europe: The Netherlands and Great Britain, Free Press, New York. Klein, P.W., Veluwenkamp, J. W. (1993), “The role of the enterpreneur in the economic expansion of the Dutch Republic”, Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 4. Lambert, A.M. (1971), The making of the Dutch Landscape, Seminar Press Ltd. ª·ÚÍ, K. (1978), ∆Ô ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ∂Ô¯‹, ∞ı‹Ó·, 1, 3. ¶ÈÚ¤Ó, ∞. (2003), √È fiÏÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÛ·›ˆÓ·, µÈ‚ÏÈfiÚ·Ì·, ∞ı‹Ó·. Rubin, π.π. (1994), πÛÙÔÚ›· √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ £ÂˆÚÈÒÓ, ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋, ∞ı‹Ó·. ™Ô˘‹˙˘, ¶., ÛÏÙÔÓ, ƒ., ∆·Î·¯¿ÛÈ, ∫., ¶ÚÔοÙÛÈ, ∆˙., ÃÔÌÛÌ¿Ô˘Ì, ∂., ª¤ÚÈÓÁÎÙÔÓ, ∆˙. Î.¿ (1986), ∏ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙÔ ÊÂÔ˘‰·ÏÈÛÌfi ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi, £Â̤ÏÈÔ, ∞ı‹Ó·. Van der Wee, ∏. (1988), The Rise and Decline of Urban Industries in Italy and in the Low Countries. Late Middle Ages-Early Modern Times, Herman. Van Zanden, J.L. (1993), «Economic growth in the Golden Age the development of the economy of Holland», Economic and and Social History in the Netherlands, 4.
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 77-87
ŒÌÊ˘Ï˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ∂ϤÓË °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∞ÓÔÈÎÙfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞fi Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ Ù· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ (ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ∫∂£π 2008). ∂ÓÒ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, η٤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏ¿ ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ¿È‰Â˘Û˘. ∆È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ¿ÓÈÛË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Î·È Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Û ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ; ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÌÈ· ¿Ô„Ë ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ıÂÛÌÔ› ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÚÁ·Óˆı› Ì ÙÚfiÔ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔˆı› ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Û ı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘È΋˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ (authority, power). ∞fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÔÙÈ΋, Û ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ›‰Ô, ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂΉԯ‹ fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ë «‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË» Â›Ó·È ÚÔηÙÂÈÏËÌ̤ÓË ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ (.¯. Jill Blackmore 1993, Donna Schmitt 1994). ∞Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂΉԯ‹ Â›Ó·È ÔÚı‹ (Î·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›ӷÈ), ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ˆ˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÚfiÙ˘· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ∫·È ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ì Ôχ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ∂ÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ÂÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο ı· ı›Íˆ ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¤ÌÊ˘ÏˆÓ ÚÔηٷϋ„ÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ı· ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹Ûˆ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÏÏ˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Ì ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ –ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÂϯÒÓ Î·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÒÓ, ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ_ ·Ó··Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÁÂÓÈ¿ Û ÁÂÓÈ¿ ‹‰Ë «¤ÌÊ˘Ï˜», ‹‰Ë «¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈṲ̂Ó˜». ∞˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ «¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌÔ›» ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÈÙÚÂÙfi, ÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ, ÙÈ Â›Ó·È «Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi» ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ ˘Ô-
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∂ϤÓË °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
ÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛË fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ¿ÏÏË ÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚıÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ÏÔÁÈΤ˜. ¢ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÎÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ·, ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› Ë ¿Ô„Ë (fiÛÔ Î·È ·Ó ·ÎÔ‡ÁÂÙ·È ÂÚ›ÂÚÁË) fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ӷ «Á˘Ó·ÈΛ·» ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó _Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ, ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ôχو˜ ηٿÏÏËϘ_ ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÁÈ· ‰È¢ı‡ÓÙÚȘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ. ∞ÊÔ‡ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ (Î·È fi¯È ˆ˜ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ô‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ Û ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È Á˘Ó·›Î˜, fiˆ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ʇϷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿. ∏ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ·fi ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋. √Ê›ÏÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÔ˚ÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ «¿Ó‰Ú·˜» Î·È «Á˘Ó·›Î·» Î·È Ó· ·›ÚÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë Ù˘ ÙË Û˘ÓıÂÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙȘ ÔÈΛϘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. ªÂ Ï›Á· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ŒÓ· ‚‹Ì· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏϷϤ˜ ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ηْ ·Ú¯‹Ó Î·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi.
™∂•√À∞§π∫√∆∏∆∞ ∫∞π ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: ¢À√ ™À¡∆√ª∞ ™Ã√§π∞ ∏ ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Ù˘ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ (Î·È ·˘Ùfi ›Ûˆ˜ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ Ô˘‰ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘) fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È Ë ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó η̛· ı¤ÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ¿Ú· Î·È Î·Ì›· Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ∏ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ, Î·È Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÙ·È, ‰‡Ô ı¤ÛÂȘ: 1. ∏ Ì¿ıËÛË Â›Ó·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË, ÂχıÂÚË ·ÍÈÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·, ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÌÂÛ˘ Î·È Î·ı·Ú‹˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ (ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ıˆڛ· Ì¿ıËÛ˘),
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ŒÌÊ˘Ï˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘
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ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó, Â›Ó·È ¿Û¯ÂÙ·. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë Ù˘ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È, ‚¤‚·È·, ÌÈ· ËıÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ηٿ ÙÔÓ Doyle (1997) ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂÓÒ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Comell (1991) ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Â›Ó·È ¿Ó¢ Ô˘Û›·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ‚¤‚·È· fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÔÙÈΤ˜ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÂÓÙ¤ÏÂÈ ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË ˆ˜ «Âη›‰Â˘ÛË» Û ·Í›Â˜ Î·È ˆ˜ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù·˘ÙÔًوÓ. 2. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ı¤ÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘. ∞˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ Î·È ·fiÎÙËÛ˘ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi Ù˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ, ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋˜ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÎÏ. ªÈ· ı¤ÛË Ë ÔÔ›·, ·Ó ÌË ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ, Â›Ó·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·Ê‹ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ fiÚÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÙË ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· (Johnson 2007: 206). ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ Î·È Ë ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·, fiˆ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È Ù· ÌËӇ̷ٷ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ˘ÊÔ‡ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ˘·ÚÎÙ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.
¢À√ £∂øƒ∏∆π∫∂™ √¶∆π∫∂™ ªÂ ·˘Ù¿ ˆ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó Û ‰‡Ô ÔÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘: ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Î·È ÔÈ queer ıˆڛ˜ ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ıˆڛ˜ Ù˘ Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘. √È ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ, Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ. Œ¯Ô˘Ì ۋÌÂÚ· ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ Ì·˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ·fiıÂÌ·. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ïfi˜ Î·È Û·Ê‹˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ˆ˜ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ıˆڛ˜ (Bowen & Wyatt 1993). ¶fiÛÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÙ·Ó fiϘ ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Bowen & Wyatt (1993), ÔÈ ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ‹ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙȘ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ÔÙÈΤ˜:
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∂ϤÓË °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
– ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ, ÂȉÈÒÎÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÂÓfi˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ – ÂȯÂÈÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Ë ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÚËÙÔÚÈ΋ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ê‡ÏˆÓ (gender) – ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘, Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ı¤Û˘, Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Û ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÔÈÒÓ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ «Ê‡ÏÔ˘» Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ «‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ» – ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ – ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È Û‡ÓıÂÙ· Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ – ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ·Í›·˜ Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Î·È Â›‰Ë ÁÓÒÛ˘, Î·È – ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ˘fiıÂÛË ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ. √È ÔÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ó Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ù· ÔÔ›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È ÙË ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∂ÓÒ ÔÈ ›‰È˜ ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ fi„ÂˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Î·È Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈÚÔ‡ Ì·˜. ªÂ ‰‡Ô Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰È·¯ÒÚÈÛ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·fi ÙÔ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi, ÂÈ̤ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Î·È ¿Ú· ·ÛÙ·ı¤˜ Î·È Â˘ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙÔ, Î·È Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ¿Ú· (Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈο) ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi Î·È ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙÔ. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË: ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ·fi ÙÔ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi, ÙÔ Î·Ù·Û΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ·fi ÙÔ ¤ÌÊ˘ÙÔ, Ë ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ¤ÌÂÈÓ ˆ˜ ÙÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó «ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜» ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ·Ó·‰Â›¯ÙËÎ·Ó Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÚÎÂÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ÚÔηÙÂÈÏËÌÌ¤ÓˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ›Û˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ˘fi ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ queer theories, ·Ó·‰‡ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û·
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ŒÌÊ˘Ï˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘
81
·fi ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÚÎÂÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› –ηٿ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·– ¤ÎÙ·Û‹ Ù˘. √È “queer theories” ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ (Ô‡Ù ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈο Ô‡Ù ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο) Î·È ‰ÂÓ Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÌfiÓ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡. √È ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ÔÙÈΤ˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ÔχÏ¢Ú˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ‰ڿ˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÔÈ ›‰È˜ ÔÏ˘ÛıÂÓ›˜ (¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ fi„ÂȘ). √ fiÚÔ˜ queer (queer=ÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ˜, ·ÏÏfiÎÔÙÔ˜, ·Ê‡ÛÈÎÔ˜) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙË ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ 1960 ÁÈ· Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÌÔÊ˘ÏfiÊÈÏÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ıËΠٷ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Û ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈ΋˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Û ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÚÔ˜ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ¿Ó‰Ú·˜, Á˘Ó·›Î·, ÁΤÈ, ÏÂÛ‚›· ÎÏ.
∏ ¢π√π∫∏™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏™ ∫∞π √π º∂ªπ¡π™∆π∫∂™ √¶∆π∫∂™: ∂¶π§∂∫∆π∫∞ ™Ã√§π∞ √È ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ˆ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜. ∏ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Î·È Ë ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ʇϷΘ (gate keepers) ı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÚfiÙ˘·, ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ıÂÛ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi Î·È ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ (Blackmore 1993: 27). ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ë Blackmore (1993) Î·È ¿ÏϘ, fiˆ˜ Ë Schmitt (1994), ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· Î·È ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘. §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÂΛӘ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó «·Ó‰ÚÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ». ∞Ó Î·È Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ¿ÛÎËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÎfiÓÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ηÙfiÚıˆÌ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· «‰ÂÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ ·Ó‰ÚÔÚ¤ÂÈ· Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘» (Blackmore 1993: 45). ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ‰ÈÂΉ›ÎËÛË ·‡ÍËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ Û ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Âη›-
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∂ϤÓË °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
‰Â˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ôχو˜ ·Ó·Ú΋˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ë Blackmore Î·È ¿ÏϘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓfi˜ Ó¤Ô˘ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ (leadership), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÔÙÈÎÒÓ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È ÛÙË ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È· ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜, ÁÈ·Ù› ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ÛÂ Â›Â‰Ô Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ. ™˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈο, Ë Schmitt (1994) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚÈÒÓÂÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο fiÙÈ Î·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Î·È ÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Û ·Ó‰ÚÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. ªÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› Ë ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÛÙË ‰È·ÈÛو̤ÓË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Û ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙȘ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚÌËÓ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ¢ÙÈ΋, ·ÊÔ‡ ·ÁÓÔ› ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈ΋ ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ·Ó‰ÚÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Û fiϘ ÙȘ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÁÈ·Ù› Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ Î·È ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û ÌÈ· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËı› Ì ‚¿ÛË ·Ó‰ÚÈο ÚfiÙ˘·. ªÂ ÌÈ· ‰È¢ÎÚ›ÓÈÛË: ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·ÛÙ› ηχÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·ÛÙ› ηχÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ó ı¤ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÚÈÛı› (ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈËı› Ì ÙÔÓ ÊÔ˘ÎˆÈÎfi fiÚÔ) Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Î·Ù›¯·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ (Hoyle & Skra 1999, Skra 2000). ™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ô Î‡ÎÏÔ˜ Ô ¿Ó‰Ú·˜ ˆ˜ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ Î·È Ô ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ˆ˜ ¿Ó‰Ú·˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Î¿ı ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ› ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ·Ó‰ÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈ›ٷÈ. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Û ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ ı¤ÛÂȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÌÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÚfiψÓ. ªÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ fi„Ë ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊˆÓ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙÒÓ ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚÔÌÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ò˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Á˘Ó·›Î· Î·È Ò˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ «‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜».
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ŒÌÊ˘Ï˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘
83
∏ ¢π√I∫∏™∏ ∆∏™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏™ ∫∞π √π £∂øƒπ∂™ ∆∏™ ƒ∂À™∆√∆∏∆∞™ ∆√À ºÀ§√À √È ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÔÙÈΤ˜ ÍÂΛÓËÛ·Ó ‰ÈÂΉÈÎÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· ·Ô‰ÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜, ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó‰ÚÈ΋ ÔÙÈ΋, ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ. ¶ÚÔ¤‚·ÏÏ·Ó, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ Á˘Ó·ÈΛ·˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Û˘Ó‰‡·˙ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙȘ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Úfi‚·Ï·Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÏ‹˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ηٷÛ··˙ ÙË Á˘Ó·ÈΛ· Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·fi ‰‡Ô fiÏÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú·˜-Á˘Ó·›Î·, ηı¤Ó·˜ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Î·È Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ. ™ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ·fi ÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È¯ÔÙÔÌ›· ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ·Ú·¤Ú· ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ·ÚÛÂÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ıËÏ˘ÎÔ‡. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Butler (1990), ÔÈ ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ı¤ÛË fiÙÈ Ë ‚ÈÔÏÔÁ›· ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Ì ÙË ı¤ÛË fiÙÈ Ë ·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯È΋ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ·ÚÛÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ıËÏ˘ÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ì ÂΛÓÔ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˜Ë ·Ó‰ÚÒÓ Î·È Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó. µ·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË ÛÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ºÔ˘ÎÒ, Ë Butler ·Ô‰ÔÌ› ÙÔ ‰›ÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ʇÏÔ˘ (·ÚÛÂÓÈÎfi-ıËÏ˘Îfi), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ʇÏÔ (¿Ó‰Ú·˜-Á˘Ó·›Î·) Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ˆ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÛÙȘ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Î·È Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Ê‡ÏÔ Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ·Ôχو˜ Ú¢ÛÙ¿ ˆ˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ∆Ô Ê‡ÏÔ ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ˘Ô‰‡ÔÓÙ·È Î·È fi¯È οÙÈ Ô˘ ›ӷÈ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë È‰¤· ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÂÛÎÂÌ̤Ó˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È
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84
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∂ϤÓË °È·ÓÓ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘
ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ, Î·È ¿Ú· Ù˘ Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÙˆÓ queer ıˆÚÈÒÓ. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ıˆÚËÙÈο Û‡ÓıÂÙË, ·ÊÔ‡ ÚÒÙ· ·’ fiÏ· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÂΉԯ‹ Ù˘ «Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» Î·È ÌÈ· ηÈÓÔÙÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÁηıȉڇÛÂÈ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ë Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ _ Î·È Â‰Ò ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ºÔ˘ÎÒ: «∏ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ı› ˆ˜ οÙÈ Ô˘ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›, ‹ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ˆ˜ οÙÈ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ï˘Û›‰·˜. ¢ÂÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÔÙ¤ ÛÙÔ ¤Ó· Ë ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜, ÔÙ¤ ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· οÔÈÔ˘. ∫·Ó¤Ó·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙËÓ È‰ÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÔÙ¤ ˆ˜ ÂÌfiÚÂ˘Ì· Ë ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Ïo‡Ùo˘. ∏ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ‰›¯Ù˘. ∫·È Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Î˘ÎÏÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· Ó‹Ì·Ù¿ Ù˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙË ı¤ÛË fiÔ˘ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ·˘Ù‹. ∆· ¿ÙÔÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ô ·‰Ú·Ó‹˜ ‹ Ô Û˘Ó·ÈÓÒÓ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘, Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ Î·È Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ¿ÚıÚˆÛ‹˜ Ù˘. ªÂ ·ÏÏ¿ ÏfiÁÈ·, Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, fi¯È Ù· ÛËÌ›· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘» (ºÔ˘ÎÒ 1991: 107). ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ··ÈÙ›, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ queer ıˆڛ˜ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ. ∞ÊÔ‡, Û‡Ìʈӷ ¿ÏÈ Ì ÙÔÓ ºÔ˘ÎÒ, Û’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï¤ÁÌ· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, «ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ [individual] ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ÛÙÔȯÂÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ˘Ú‹Ó·, ¤Ó· ÚˆÙfiÁÔÓÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ [atom], ¤Ó· ÔÏÏ·Ïfi Î·È ·‰Ú·Ó¤˜ ˘ÏÈÎfi ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙÂÚÂÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Ë ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Î·È, ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ Î¿ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi, ηı˘ÔÙ¿ÛÛÂÈ Ë Û˘ÓÙÚ›‚ÂÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ·. ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο, ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÚÒÙÈÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë fiÙÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÒÌ·Ù·, ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜/ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ, ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ, ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÈı˘Ì›Â˜ ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ¿ÙÔÌ·. ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ vis-a-vis Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ›ӷÈ, ηٿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÌÔ˘, ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÚÒÙÈÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘. ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ‹, ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Â›Ó·È Î·È ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ¿ÚıÚˆÛ‹˜ Ù˘. ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Â›Ó·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Î·È ÊÔÚ¤·˜ Ù˘» (ºÔ˘ÎÒ 1991) . ŒÍˆ ·fi ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Ù˘ ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, οı ÊÂÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ηٷϋÁÂÈ ·ÏÒ˜ ÛÙ· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ (Strachan 1999).
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ªÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚·ÛÈÛÙ› ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ë Wright (2003), Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «Ë ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÙÔÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ˘ÂÚÙÔÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜» (Devault and McCoy 2002: 751) Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ë Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂȯÂÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÂÚÁ·ÛȷΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· (fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, Ë ‰ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË, Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÚfiÓÔÈ· ÎÏ,) Î·È ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÈΛÏÔ˘˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ (ruling apparatus) ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (Grahame &Grahame 2000). ∏ ·ÚÈ· ÂÚÒÙËÛË ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı¤ÙÂÈ Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·Ê›· Â›Ó·È «Ò˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ; ¶Ò˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜;» (Campbell &Gregor 2002: 7), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ú˘ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˙ˆ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ «Ï›ÁÔ ‹ Ôχ Ì˘ÛÙËÚȈ‰Ò˜ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ùfïӻ (Campbell &Gregor 2002: 18). √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ˆ˜ ÔÈ «ÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ› ÙfiÔÈ» (textual venues) ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Î·È ‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ë ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· (fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·, Ë ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË, Ô ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜). ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, η٤¯ÂÈ ÚˆÙÂ‡Ô˘Û· ı¤ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ıÂÛÌÈ΋˜ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ·fi„ÂȘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ÁÓÒÛË, ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡ÓË, ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜. √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·È ˆ˜ «Î›ÌÂÓ·». ™ÙȘ ÔÈΛϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔηχÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ™ÙËÓ ˘ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ‚¤‚·È·, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·, ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ·Ú¯Â›·, Û¯¤‰È· Î·È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ÁÚ·Ù¿ ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈ· Î·È Î¿ı ›‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (representations), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ÛÙÈÁ̤˜
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(Grahame & Grahame 2000). ™Â Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi ›‰Ô, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Û ȉÂÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ªÈ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, fiˆ˜ Ë ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ʇÏÔ˘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÙfïÓ, fiˆ˜ ·) Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Û ÌÈÎÚÔ- Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔ›‰Ô, ‚) Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÈ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Û ¤Ó· ÚÒÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, Á) ·ÔηχÙÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˙ˆ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ì ·ÚfiÛÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰) ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ú·ÎÙÈο ̤۷ Èηӿ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Û ÙÔÈÎfi ›‰Ô. ∂ÈÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈο, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ‰È¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ù· ÌÈÎÚÔ- Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ıÂÛÌÔ› ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, ·ÔηχÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ (Î·È ÂÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ) Ì ÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜. µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ Blackmore, J. (1993), “In the shadow of men: The historical construction of educational administration as a masculinist enterprise”, Blackmore J., J Kenway (eds), Gender matters in educational administration policy: A feminist introduction, Farmer Press, Washington, Û. 2745). Bowen, S., Wyatt, N. (1993), Transforming visions: Feminist critiques in communication studies, Hampton Press, Cresskill, NJ. Butler, J. (1990), Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Routledge, New York & London. Campbell, M., Frances, G. (2002), Mapping the social: A primer in doing institutional ethnography, Garamond Press, Aurora, On. Comell, D. (1991), Beyond accommodation: Ethical feminism, deconstruction and the law, Routledge, New York. Devault, M.L., McCoy, L. (2002), “Institutional ethnography: Using interviews to investigate ruling relations”, Gubrium J., Holstein J.A. (eds.), Handbook of interview research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, Û. 751-776. Doyle D. (1997), “Education and character: A conservative view”, Phi Delta Kappan, 78 (6), Û. 440-443.
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Grahame, P.R., Grahame,K.M. (2000), “Official knowledge and the relations of ruling: Explorations in institutional ethnography”, Journal for Pedagogy,Pluralism,&Practice, 5, http://www.lesley.edu/journals/jppp/5/grahame.html [ 3.5.2009]. Hoyle, J. R., Skrla, L. (1999), “The politics of superintendent evaluation”, Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education, 13(4), Û. 405-419. Johnson, J. (2007), “Gender, sexuality and leadership”, Howley A., Howley C. (eds.), Thinking about schools. New theories and innovative practice, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, London , Û. 205-232. Johnson, J. (2007), “Critical theory and school leadership”, Howley A., Howley C. (eds.), Thinking about schools. New theories and innovative practice, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, London , Û. 233-265. ∫∂£π-∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ ÁÈ· £¤Ì·Ù· πÛfiÙËÙ·˜ (2008), ∫·Ù¿ ʇÏÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ (οıÂÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ˜): ¢È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙ˜ ηٿ ÙˆÓ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË, ∞ı‹Ó·. Schmitt, D. (1994), “Integrating new theory and practice to prepare women for roles I Educational Administration”, Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education. Skrla, L. (2000), “The social construction of gender in the superintendency”, Journal of Educational Policy, 15, Û. 293-316. Strachan, J. (1999), “Feminist Educational Leadership: locating the concepts in practice”, Gender and Education, (11)3, Û. 309-322. ºÔ˘ÎÒ, ª. (1991), «¶ÂÈı·Ú¯È΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Î·È ˘ÔÙ¤ÏÂÈ·», ∏ ÌÈÎÚÔÊ˘ÛÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, ÌÙÊÚ. §. ∆ÚÔ˘ÏÈÓÔ‡, ⁄„ÈÏÔÓ, ∞ı‹Ó·, Û. 101-118. Wright, U.T. (2003), “Institutional Ethnography: A Tool for Merging Research and Practice”, Paper presented at the Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing and Community Education, https://idea.iupui.edu/dspace/handle/1805/353 [ 3.5.2009].
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Ӥ˜ ΢ÎÏÔÊÔڛ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂΉfiÛÂȘ Ó‹ÛÔ˜
∆Ô Â˘¿ÏˆÙÔ, ÙÔ ÙÚˆÙfi, Ë ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ‚›·, Ô ı˘Ìfi˜.
∏ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ §fiÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÓfiËÛ˘ Û ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈ΋˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
ªÈ· ·Ó·¿ÓÙ¯· Û˘Ó‹˜ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ Ì·ÙÈ¿, Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ô‡Ì Ì ¿ÏÏ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfiÙÔÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÚÚ¤Ô˘Û·˜ ·ÁÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜.
∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ‰È¿ıÂÛË: ™·ÚÚ‹ 14, 10553 ∞ı‹Ó·, ÙËÏ./Ê·Í 210 3250058 µÈ‚ÈԈϛÔ: ¶ÂÛÌ·˙fiÁÏÔ˘ 5 (™ÙÔ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘) ÙËÏ.: 210 3213583
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 89-105
∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∞ÓÔÈÎÙfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¢Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·È¯Ì‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡/·ÓÙÈÚÚ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍËÁËı› ÙÔ ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ (Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·È ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ıˆÚÈÒÓ, ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ηÈÓÔÊ·ÓÒÓ ÚԂϤ„ÂˆÓ ÎÏ.) Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ fiÚÁ·ÓÔ; ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·Ó Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· a priori ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÈÌˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙Â Ô ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ú·ÛÈÔÓ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, ·ÏÏ¿, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ô˘ ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ô˘ÛȈ‰Ò˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ıˆڛ· (‹, ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û· ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË), ÙfiÙ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÍËÁ› ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘; ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Boyd (1984:59) Î·È Psillos (1999:78), Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹, ‹ «Ë ÌfiÓË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‡ÏÔÁË», ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ ˘·ÁÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ó¤ˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı›˜. ™Â fiÛ· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ı· ˘ÔÛÙËڛ͈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ «Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË» Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ·ÙÂϤÛÊÔÚË Â›Ù ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋. ∏ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓË ıˆڛ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÂÓ ÌÈ·Ó ÔÚı‹ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â› ÙË ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· «ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋» ·ÏÏËÏԉȷÏÔ΋ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ‡ÏÔÁË ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ˆ˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘. √ Boyd ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÓÈ·Ó‹˜ ¤ÌÓ¢Û˘ «·ÓÙÈÚ·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋-ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈ΋» ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÔÚı‹ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· «Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÒÛÙ ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ıˆÚËÙÈο ‚‚·ÚË̤ÓË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÍÈfi-
006
17-06-09
90
13:35
™ÂÏ›‰·90
∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
ÈÛÙË;» Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ‹ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Î·Ù¿ Ôχ ·fi ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·. ∆Ô Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ «Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙË ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË», Î·È fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ› Ô ™Ù¿ı˘ æ‡ÏÏÔ˜ (1999: 78) ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: «∂›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ Â›Ó·È ‚‚·ÚË̤Ó˜ Ì ıˆڛ·. √È ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ‹‰Ë ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ, Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, Ó· ÂÈÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi, Ó· ‚·ıÌÔÓÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· fiÚÁ·Ó· ̤ÙÚËÛ˘, Ó· ·ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ, Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, Ó· ·ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÎÏ. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂȘ ‚¿ıÔ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈο ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤Ó˜ Î·È ¤ÌÊÔÚÙ˜ ·fi ıˆڛ·. ∫·Ù’ Ô˘Û›·Ó, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈο ·fi ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙˆÓ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ: Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó, ‹ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‚‚·ÚË̤Ó˜ ·fi ıˆڛ· ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÔÚı¤˜ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ Î·È ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜.¶Ò˜ ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜; ∏ ηχÙÂÚË ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÍ‹˜: ÔÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂȉÈΤ˜ ·ÈÙȷΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ‹ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÂÈÙ˘¯Â›˜ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ, Â›Ó·È ·ÏËı›˜». ¶ÚÈÓ fï˜ ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ì ÙË ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ ÂÍËÁËÙÈ΋ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. °È·Ù› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ Boyd (1981 Î·È 1984) Î·È Psillos (1999 Î·È 2000) ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ ÛÙÔ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Î·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÁÂ›Ù·È Ô Putnam (1975) Ì ÙÔ «Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ı·‡Ì·ÙÔ˜», ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô ˆ˜ ÚÔÓÔÌÈ·Îfi ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡; £· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ ÌÈ· ·ӷ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ «Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË». ªÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÚfiÙ˘Ô, ÙÔ Ó¤Ô Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ¤Ó· «ÙÔÈÎfi» Âȯ›ÚËÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÈ·˜ «ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘» –Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË
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17-06-09
13:35
™ÂÏ›‰·91
∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
91
«Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË» Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ– ÙËÓ (ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈ΋) ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ÁfiÓÈÌË. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ÂÈϤÔÓ ÏfiÁÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. √ ÚÒÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘, ÂÓÙfi˜ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Î·È ÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›· ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Ë ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ë ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÚˆÙ‡ÔÓ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi ̤ÏËÌ·. ∞ÎfiÌË ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ fï˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙË Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ı· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. ∂›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈο ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›ÛÈÌË Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÈÌË ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ˆ˜ ÚÔΛÌÂÓ˘ ÛÙÔ ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ·. ¢ÈfiÙÈ, ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· ÙÔ˘, Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÎÂÛÙ› ÛÙÔ Ó· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ·, ηıfiÙÈ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ‰Â¯ıԇ̠ÙË Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, Ù›ÔÙ· ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ı· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ – ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÔÈ ·ÚÂÏıÔ‡Û˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ó· ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Ìو̷ÙÈο ·ÏËı›˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È (Û˘Ìو̷ÙÈο) „¢‰Â›˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Ì ÙÔ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤Ó ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ fiÛÔ ‰È·ÚΛ Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, fiÛÔ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ı· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ, ÙfiÛÔ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ı· Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Î·È, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ó· ηٷÎÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ı· ‹Ù·Ó Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ó· ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Â‰Ò Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Âȉ›‰ÂÙ·È (‹ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÚÎÂÛÙ› ÛÂ) ÌÈ·Ó Â·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÁÂӛ΢ÛË Ù˘ ··ÁˆÁ‹˜.1 ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÈ΋ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ Â·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÁÂӛ΢ÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ··ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÙÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÂΛÓÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷο ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜
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92
13:35
™ÂÏ›‰·92
∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ˆ˜ ÈηӋ˜ (Î·È ·Ó·Áη›·˜;) Û˘Óı‹Î˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ∞Ó Â›Ó·È ÔÚı‹ Ë ÂÚÌËÓ›· ·˘Ù‹, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ «Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙË ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ·ÈÙȷ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË» Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ¿ÓÙˆ˜, ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÌÂÙ···ÁˆÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿Û·Ì ‹‰Ë (Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚfiÛıÂÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜) ηٿ ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È fi¯È οÔÈ·˜ ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋˜ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ Ù˘_ ÂÔÙ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ÂÍËÁ› ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜, Î·È fi¯È Ù· ÛÙÈÁÌÈfiÙ˘¿ Ù˘. ŒÙÛÈ ÂÚÌËÓÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ, ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ Thomas Kuhn fiÙÈ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ‹ ·Ó fi¯È ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÌÈ· Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi, ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜: fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÚÈ˙È΋˜ ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ˆ˜ Ô˘ÛÈ҉˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ·ÚΛ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ Ù˘¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÌËÓ¢Ù› ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· «Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜» ‹ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ηϋ˜ Ù‡¯Ë˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔ ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ӷ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë Û˘Ó-ÏÔ΋ ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ™Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı·, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì Ҙ Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó. ∂ÁηÈÓÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô Boyd (1981,1984) ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ηٿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÈ·Ù› ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ¤ÌÓ¢Û˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÚ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ηÌÊıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÚ·ÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∞ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙË Ó¤· ıÂÒÚËÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜
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17-06-09
13:35
™ÂÏ›‰·93
∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
93
Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi Û˘Ó·ÈÓÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔÓ a priori ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ‰È·ÊˆÓÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔ Â¿Ó Î·È Ò˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó ηٿÏÏËϘ Ó· ÂÁÁ˘ËıÔ‡Ó ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˘ ·fi ÙË ıˆڛ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. Ÿˆ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ Ô Boyd (1984:64), ·fi ÙÔÓ ∫·ÚÙ¤ÛÈÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ Kant ̤¯ÚÈ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ fiÏÔÈ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Û·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ –›Ù ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ˘ÔıÂÙÈÎÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ›Ù ·ÁˆÁÈ΋– Âȉ¤¯ÂÙ·È a priori ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë, Ô Boyd ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È «‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋», fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ, ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜: «∏ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ (ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈ΋) ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÓÂÚÁ¤˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÈÔ ·ÎÚȂ›˜ ıˆڛ˜ Î·È ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο Û ÈÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜» (Boyd 1984: 64). ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÎÂÓfi˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ a priori ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÈ̈Ó, ·ÈÒÓÈˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·Áη›ˆÓ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÏËıÂÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó· ÛÒÌ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÛÙÒÓ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂϤÁ¯ÂÙ·È ·ÂÓ¿ˆ˜ Û ‰È·Ú΋ ·ÌÔÈ‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÔÓ a posteriori.2 ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ æ‡ÏÏÔ˘, ÛÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ·Ú·ı¤Û·ÌÂ, «ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ Â›Ó·È ‚‚·ÚË̤Ó˜ Ì ıˆڛ· (theory-laden) […] √˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈο ·fi ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙˆÓ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ: Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ [·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜] ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ó· ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ‹ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁÍÔ˘Ó [ÙȘ Ӥ˜] ıˆڛ˜» (1999:78) [Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Â›Ó·È ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘]. ∞ÏÏ¿ Â¿Ó Ë ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ·fi ÙË ıˆڛ· Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋, ÙfiÙ ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÌÈ· ˘ÔΛÌÂÓË ıˆڛ· (‹, ¢ڇÙÂÚ·, ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË) Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ÈÛÔÙÚÔ›·˜ Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋˜ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘, Ë Ó¤· ıˆڛ· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È (ۯ‰fiÓ) ÁÚ·ÌÌÈο ·fi ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛı› ηÌÈ¿ ıˆ-
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∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
Ú›· ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜.3,4 ∞Ó fï˜ Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹, Ò˜ ÍÂΛÓËÛÂ Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, Ô˘ ηٿ ÙË Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘;
∏ ∞¶∞ƒÃ∏ ∆∏™ ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏™: ª∂£√¢√™ ◊ £∂øƒπ∞; ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Â‰Ò ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘: ¶ÚÒÙ· ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ‹ Ë ıˆڛ·;5 £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ‚¤‚·È· οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÙ›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ‰ÂÛÌ¢Ù› Û ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÂΉԯ‹ Û‡˙¢Í˘ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ô æ‡ÏÏÔ˜, Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÚ›ÊÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿‰˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·Ô‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË fiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∂›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Ë «Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË» ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹ Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ Ë ÂÈÏÔ΋ Ù˘ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú¯¿˜, Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ÍÂΛÓËÛÂ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ì ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÚÔ¸¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô, ÈηӋ Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÒıËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓˆÛȷ΋ ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÌÈ· ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· ·Ú΋ ÚˆÙ·Ú¯È΋ Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËıÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, Ë ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Û· ÁÓˆÛȷ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ (ÚÔ-ıˆÚËÙÈ΋) ÁÓˆÛȷ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ fiˆ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Boyd (1981, 1984, 1985), ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Â·ÁˆÁÈ΋, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ë Â·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÙÚ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÛË, ‰ÂÓ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÌÈ· È‰Ú˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË ÂÈÓfiËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘. ∞ÏÏ¿ Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÁÓˆÛȷ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚΛ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÚÒÙ˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËıÔ‡˜ ıˆڛ·˜ (‹ ıˆÚÈÒÓ) ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ Ê¿ÛË ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. √ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜, ÁÈ· Ó·
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∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
95
ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ò˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ·ÏËı›˜ ıˆڛ˜, «‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈηÏÂÛÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË, ÂÂȉ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÈο ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó·Ê‹˜ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‹‰Ë ÌÈ· ·ÚÎÒ˜ ηϋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. √ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ […] ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ‰ڿ˙ÂÙ·È Â¿Óˆ ÛÙË ÏÔÁÈο, ÂÈÛÙËÌÈο Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Â·ÚÎÒ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏËıÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ» (Boyd 1984: 64-5). ŒÙÛÈ, fï˜, Ë È‰Ú˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÔÌÔÏÔÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ›Ù ·ÓÂÍ‹ÁËÙË Â›Ù ı·‡Ì·. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂÍ‹ÁËÙÔ˘ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙÔ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ Ô Boyd ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ, ·Ú·‰fi͈˜, Î·È ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛı› ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ˘¯‹˜ ·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÁÂӛ΢ÛË, ‰ËÏ. ÌÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔ¸ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËıÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ: «°È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÈÙ˘¯¤˜ οı ·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ, ˘fi ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· [Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÚÔ‚ÔÏÈο ηÙËÁÔÚ‹Ì·Ù·6], Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÊÒÓ ·ÈÙÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ, fï˜, Ù›ÔÙ· Ô˘ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó Û˘Ìو̷ÙÈο ηÙËÁÔڛ˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÁÂÓÈ·ۈÓ, ·fi Ù‡¯Ë Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ú¿ ÏfiÁˆ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘» (Boyd 1984:76). ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ¿ÓÙˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÈÔ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙËÓ ÙÚԯȿ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ÙÔ ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÂÍËÁËÙÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈο ı¤ÙÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ-ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ÌfiÓÔÓ ÂÎ ı·‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÏËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ó· ‰È¤ÎÚÈÓ·Ó fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ›¯·Ó Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ù˘¯·›· ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ÚÔ‚ÔÏÈο ηÙËÁÔÚ‹Ì·Ù· (projectible predicates) Î·È fi¯È Ù· ÌË ÚÔ‚ÔÏÈο; ∏ ›ÎÏËÛË ·fi ÙÔÓ Boyd, ÛÙÔ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· Ô˘ ·Ú·ı¤Û·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜, Ù˘ ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ, ̤ۈ ·˘Ù‹˜, Ù˘ Ù‡¯Ë˜ ‰ÂÓ Ï‡ÓÂÈ Ô‡Ù ηٷÚÁ› ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ ˘ÔηıÈÛÙ¿ Ì ¤Ó· Ï·ÛÙfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ· Â‰Ò ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Â¿Ó Ë ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó·Áη›· ‹ ÂӉ¯ÔÌÂÓÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ Ò˜ η٤ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Boyd ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ ‰‡Ô ÂΉԯ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ›ÊÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ™ÙËÓ ÂΉԯ‹ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹Û·Ì (Boyd 1984), ÛÙËÓ ·ÚıÂÓÈ΋ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÈ-
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∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
ÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ë ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËΠ·fi ηϋ Ù‡¯Ë. ™Â ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂΉԯ‹ (Boyd 1981), ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ò˜ ·Ó·‰‡ıËÎÂ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ‰ÂÓ Ù›ıÂÙ·È Î·Ó ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ηıfiÙÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔ _·ÏÏ¿ ÌË ÂÈχÛÈÌÔ_ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙȘ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Boyd, Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, fiÔ˘ ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÏËı‹˜ Î·È ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁË̤ÓË ÂÔ›ıËÛË, fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, fiÔ˘ ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÏËı‹˜ ÂÔ›ıËÛË Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, Ë ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËı› Ô‡Ù ˆ˜ ÁÓÒÛË Ô‡Ù ˆ˜ ÌË ÁÓÒÛË. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Ë ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂÈ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘: Ò˜ ı· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁËı› Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÚÒÙË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Â›Ó·È ·ÏËı‹˜; ™ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Ë ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂÈ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘: ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÁÓÒÛË Ë ÚÒÙË ıˆڛ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·¯ı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÌÈ· ‹‰Ë ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô; ™ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Boyd, ÙÔ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ÂÈÛËÌ¿Ó·Ì ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÁÁÂÓ‹ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ›· Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙÔ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (1981: 629). ¶Ò˜, fï˜, ·Ó·ÚˆÙÈ¤Ù·È Ô Boyd, Ë ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ «‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı¿ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ‹ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ (ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο) ·ÏËıÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘; ∏ ÂÎÏ‹ÛÔ˘Û· ·¿ÓÙËÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ… ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∂¿Ó ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÈ ÔÈ· ÁÓÒÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ÙfiÙ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÎÔÔ‡ Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔȘ ‰È·Ì¿¯Â˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚȷ΋ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È. ∏ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÁηٷÏ›„ÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· fi¯È ΢ڛˆ˜ ÂÂȉ‹ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ··ÙËϤ˜ “ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÔÚȷο ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ˘” ÁÓÒÛ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÂȉ‹ Â¿Ó Ë ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈο ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÓfiËÛË» (1981: 631). ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Boyd ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ·Ú¯È΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ‹ Ù˘ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ Û ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÙˆÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛˆÓ
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∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
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ÛÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Î·È Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ‰ÈËÓÂÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘. ∞ÎfiÌË, fï˜, ÎÈ ·Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ë ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÈχÂÈ ‹ ‰È·Ï‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ÙÔ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi Â›Ó·È Ìˉ·ÌÈÓfi, ·ÊÔ‡, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ·Î˘ÚÒÓÂÙ·È, Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙÔ ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·ÓÂÓÂÚÁfi. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ˆÚÈÌfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı›˜ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ·Ô‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·, ÔÛÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÈÛ¯Ófi, ÁÓˆÛÈ·Îfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙȘ ÚÒÈ̘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·Ó Ó· ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ ·Ó Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÓÒÛË; ∞Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ ÚÒÈ̘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ‹Ù·Ó „¢‰Â›˜, Ò˜ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â› ÙË ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËıÒÓ ÒÚÈÌˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ; ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ ·fi οÔÈ· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÒÚÈ̘; µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ÌËÓ ·‰È΋ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÁÈ· fiϘ ÂΛӘ ÙȘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔʛ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· È‰Ú˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ∂ȉÈο, fï˜, ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙË Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ·fi ÙË ıˆڛ·, ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙË ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ·Ó¿‰˘Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Î·È ÌÈ·˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËıÔ‡˜ ıˆڛ·˜.7 ∂¿Ó Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Î¿Ì„ÂÈ ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ì ÙÔ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÒÚÈÌË ·fi ÙË ÌË ÒÚÈÌË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ÙfiÙ ›Ù ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÓÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Ù˘ ÌË ÒÚÈÌ˘ Û ÒÚÈÌË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, Â¿Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ıˆÚËı› ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›·, ›ÙÂ Ë ·ÓˆÚÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ _ÔÛÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÌÈÎÚ‹ Î·È ·Ó ıˆÚËı›_ ‰È·¯¤ÂÙ·È Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ·ÂÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÒÚ· ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·. ªÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ¤ÓÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Â‰Ò ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô fiÚÔ˜ «ÒÚÈÌË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ·» ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ ˆ˜ ¤Ó·˜ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜ (fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë Ú·ÏÈ-
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98
13:35
™ÂÏ›‰·98
∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
ÛÌÔ‡-·ÓÙÈÚÚ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡) ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÌÈ· Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈο ÚÔηÙÂÈÏËÌ̤ÓË Û˘ÓÙfiÌ¢ÛË-·Ú¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı‹˜ ıˆڛ·». ∞Ó Â›Ó·È ‚¿ÛÈÌË Ë ¤ÓÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÁÓ‹ÛÈ· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿‰˘Û˘ Ù˘ (ÒÚÈÌ˘) ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ï‹„Ë ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ˙ËÙÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÈÛËÁÂ›Ù·È Ô Boyd (1981) ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ηْ ·Ó¿ÁÎËÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi. ∏ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Êı¿ÛÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ÚÔԉ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ηχÙÂÚ˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·, Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÈ· ı¤ÛË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·fi οÔÈÔÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ›ÙÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Ù˘ ÒÚÈÌ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı›˜. ŒÙÛÈ Â‰Ò ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÚfiÛıÂÙË Î·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ÚÔΛÌÂÓË fiÙÈ Ë Ù¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÂÚÁ›· ÎfiÛÌÔ Ì·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· fï˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙË ÛÎÔÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÈχÂÈ –‹, ÔÚıfiÙÂÚ·, ηٷÚÁ›– ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ηıÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·ÙÂϤÛÊÔÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚ‚·ÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË.
∏ «°ƒ∞ªªπ∫∏» ∂•∞ƒ∆∏™∏ £∂øƒπ∞™-ª∂£√¢√À ∂ÎÙfi˜ fï˜ ·fi ÙÔ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÒÚÈÌ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ·Û¯ÔÏËı‹Î·Ì ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ò˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı›˜ ıˆڛ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÒÚ· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·: ¶Ò˜ ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤ÓË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË, ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË ÎÏ.
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13:35
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∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
99
Ù˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û·˜ ıˆڛ·˜; ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Ô˘, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Boyd, ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Kuhn, ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: «∏ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ˘fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ˘fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ªÂ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ˘·ÁÔÚÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂӉ›Íˆӻ (Boyd 1984:57). ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ «ÚÔ‚ÔÏÈÎfiÙËÙ·» ÙˆÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·fi ÙȘ ¿ÂÈÚ˜ ÙÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ıˆڛ˜ (Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó›˜ Ì οÔÈÔ ÛÒÌ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ) ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ˘Ô„‹ÊȘ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ì ٷ ÔÔ›· ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô «‚·ıÌfi˜ ÂÈ·ڈÛ˘» Ô˘ Âȉ¤¯ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ıˆڛ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ·fi ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û· ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ‹ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Ô˘, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Boyd, ηıÈÛÙ¿ ·ÓÂÈÙ˘¯Â›˜ Ù˘ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÛËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È «Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈΤ˜» ıˆڋÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù‡Ô˘ Kuhn Î·È ÂÌÂÈÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Carnap ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’50. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÙÔ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ Î·È ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ô ·ÓÙÈÚ·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ «ÁÈ·Ù› ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ Ôχ ıˆÚËÙÈο ÂÍ·ÚÙË̤ÓË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù· –ηٿ Ôχ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ıˆڛ·– ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·;» (Boyd 1984: 57). ∞Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î·Ù¿ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Â¿Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Boyd ı›ÁÔ˘Ó Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ÂÁηÈÓ›·ÛÂ Ô Kuhn (Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÚÔÎÚÔ‡ÛÙÂÈ· ÂΉԯ‹ Ù˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ› Ô Boyd, fiˆ˜ ı· Ê·Ó› ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ·), ÂΛÓÔ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÒÚ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Â¿Ó Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÈÛËÁÂ›Ù·È Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ʤÚÂÈ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ÙÔ «‚¿ÚÔ˜» Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔ ··ÁˆÁÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ·. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ·Ô‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘, Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÂÓ‹, «Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋» ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ηٷÚÁ› ÙËÓ –¤ÛÙˆ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋– ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘. «™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ (ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈ΋) ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë
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17-06-09
100
13:35
™ÂÏ›‰·100
∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο ÈÔ ·ÎÚȂ›˜ ıˆڛ˜ Î·È Û ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο ÈÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜» (Boyd 1984:64). ™ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÌÈ· ¢ı›· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ (Boyd 1984: 60-61). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ô ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi˜ ÂÈηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘ ·Ê˘‰·ÙÒÓÂÈ ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ÙÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ó· ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÙË ÂȯÂÈÚËÛȷ΋ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜: Ë ›‰È· Ë ıˆڛ· ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘. ∂ÓÙ¤ÏÂÈ, ·Ó Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÔÚı‹, ÙfiÙ fiÏË Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙ· Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘Û‹ Ù˘ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ¿ÁÔÓË, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÈ·˜ Ï¿Ó˘: Ë ÌfiÓË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· –·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ– Ó· ÂÌϷΛ ηÓ›˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ˘fi ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ·fi ÙË ıˆڛ· fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Î·Ù·ÚÁ› ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È Â˘ÚÂÙÈ΋ ÁÔÓÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍÂ Ô Hacking (1983), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÍ·ÓÙÏ› ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜. √ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Â‰Ò ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, ÂÓÒ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ·ÓÙÏ› ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÂÈ Ë ˘fi ÎÚ›ÛË ıˆڛ·. ŒÙÛÈ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹, ÙÔ Â›Ú·Ì· (‹ Ë ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË) Â›Ó·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ «‚‚·ÚË̤ÓÔ ·fi ıˆڛ·» ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È «¯ÂÈÚ·ÁˆÁË̤ÓÔ ·fi ıˆڛ·». ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÛÙÔ ÂÍËÁËÙÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ·›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÈÌ¿ÓÙ· Ô˘ ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ Ì ۯ‰fiÓ ·‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ì ۯ‰fiÓ Ì·ÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Û ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ó fiÓÙˆ˜ Ë ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·, Ë ›‰È· Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ıˆڛ·˜-ÂÈÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÊÙˆ¯‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ Hacking (1983) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓË Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ van Fraassen (1980:73-83).
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∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
101
¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏԉȷ‰Ô¯‹˜ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÙ› Ì ÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÎÔ˘ÓÈ·Ó‹˜ «Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘», ÌÈ· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰˘Û¯¤ÚÂÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÒÚ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓË, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ «È‰ÈfiÚÚ˘ıÌ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ÎÚ›Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ¤Ó· ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ó· ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·; ¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÂÓfi˜ ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ë «Î·ÓÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË» Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó, Ì ٷ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ·fi ÙÔ ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ̤۷, ÌË ÂÈχÛÈÌ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÛËÁËı› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈχÛÂÈ ‹ ı· ‰È·Ï‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ›ÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘; ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ·ÁÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÓÈ·Ó‹ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÌÈ· Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂ÓË ıˆڛ· Ó· ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÛÂÈ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ (·ÏËıÔ‡˜) ıˆڛ·˜; ¶Ò˜, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÌÔÚ› Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, ·ÊÔ‡ ÙÒÚ· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈηÏÂÛÙ› ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο ·ÏËı‹ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË; ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ô͇ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ› Ô van Fraassen, ÌÈ· Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·Ì›· ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: «¶Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ‚ÈÒÛÈÌË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ χÛË Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ÏÔÁÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÙˆÚÈÓ‹ ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ì·˜; ∫·È Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› οÙÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·˘ıÂÓÙÈο ·ÓÙ›·ÏË ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ χÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙˆÚÈÓfi ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‚Ï¤Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ì ÂÌ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ·Ó ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ÏÔÁÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÙˆÚÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ÛÎÔÈ¿;» (2000: 72). √ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ ÌÔÚ› ‚‚·›ˆ˜ Ó· ·ÚÓËı› (Î·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ·˘Ùfi οÓÂÈ) ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÚÈ˙ÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·ÛÙÚÔÊÒÓ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛı› fiÙÈ Ë ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ‰È·Ûˆı› ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÂȉÈ΋ ‹ ÔÚȷ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Ó¤·˜, ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ıˆڛ·˜. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹, ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó ‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ Ë Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÔÚȷ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙfiÙÂ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ‰È·ÛÒ˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Â·ÚΤ˜ (ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ ··ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜) ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂ-
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∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
Ù¤ÚÔ˘, Ë ÓÂ˘ÙˆÓÈ΋ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÚfiÛıÂÙË – ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤ÌÌÂÛË– ÂÈ·ڈÛË. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ·ÁÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÔÈ Kuhn (1981) Î·È Feyerabend (1982), fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› Ë ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋, ¤¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ, fiˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›ÛÂÈ Ô Baltas (2004), Ë ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· Î·È ÌfiÓÔÓ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋. ªfiÓÔÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ÛÎÔÈ¿ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ Ô ÓfiÌÔ˜ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¡Â‡ÙˆÓ· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ∞˚ÓÛÙ¿ÈÓ – ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‚‚·›ˆ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ¯‡ÙËÙ˜ Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ʈÙfi˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ë Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ Ó· ‰È·ÁÓÒÛÂÈ Î·È ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ ÔÈ· ·fi Ù· ·ÍÈÒÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘ Ú¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ‹ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÌË ÔÚı¿, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ë ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Û· Ó¤· ıˆڛ· Ó· ·ÔʇÁÂÈ Ù· ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰· Ù˘ Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ·˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜, ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÌ¿Ùˆ˜ fiÙÈ Â› ÙË ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â‡ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ó· ·ÔηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈο ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∞fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·ÏËı¤˜ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Â›Ó·È ˘fi fiÚÔ˘˜ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÈÌÔ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÏÈ¿ ıˆڛ· ‰È¤ıÂÙ ÙÔÓ ·Ó·Áη›Ô ÏÔÁÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ‹ÛÂÈ –Î·È Ôχ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ˘Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ– ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÙË Ó¤· ıˆڛ· Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·Ó Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë ÙË Û¯Â‰fiÓ «ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË» ıˆڛ·˜ ˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ҙ Ë ·ÏÈ¿ ıˆڛ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÛÂÈ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ·˘ÙÔ¸¤Ú‚·Û‹˜ Ù˘. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ˘fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë ˘·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ûˆı¤ÓÙÔ˜ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÛÙË Ó¤· Â›Ó·È ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο ·‰ÈfiÚ·ÙÔÈ, Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ·‰È¿ÁÓˆÛÙÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ë ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÚÈ˙Èο ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·¯ÚÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜, ÌÈ·˜ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ› ˆ˜ ÔÚı¤˜ ÂΛӘ ÙȘ fi„ÂȘ Ù˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËηÓ, Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤Ó˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ›ÊıËηÓ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ıˆڛ·˜.
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∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡
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√ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÙ›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ·Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË Â‰Ò ÂÚÌËÓ›· Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰Â¯ı› ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË (̤ÚÔ˘˜) Ù˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÈ¿˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙfiÙ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ô‡Ù ÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ‹ Ì·˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ¶Ò˜ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ˘Ôı¤ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È (ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο) ·ÏËı‹˜, fiÙÈ Ë Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ·Ì›ˆÙË ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ∞˚ÓÛÙ¿ÈÓ; ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË Â›Ó·È ÔÚı‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ ·˘Ù‹˜ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Î·Ì›· ÚfiÛıÂÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ··ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Â¿Ó Ë Ó¢ÙÒÓÂÈ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÌÈ· (ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈο) ·ÏËı‹˜ ıˆڛ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÏËı‹˜ ÌfiÓÔÓ Û’ ÂΛÓË ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÛÂÒÓ Ù˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Ë ·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÛ‹ Ì·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ηٿ ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· Â›Ó·È ‚¿ÛÈÌË Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹. ¶Ò˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÈÔ‡ ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ηıÔ‰ËÁËı› ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·; ∫·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, Ò˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ë ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Ó¤·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ Ó· ÂÍËÁËı› ‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘; ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÍËÁËı› Ë ÂÚÁ·ÏÂȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ÓÂ˘ÙˆÓÈ΋˜ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ô Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ ›Ù ӷ ·ÚÓËı› ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ú‹ÍÂˆÓ ‹ ·ӷÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ›Ù ӷ ·Ú·ÈÙËı› ·fi ÙË Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘˜, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ù˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒ˜ ·‰È¿ÁÓˆÛÙ· Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙ·. ∏ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏԉȷ‰Ô¯‹˜ ıˆڛ·˜-ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ۯ‰fiÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ Î·È ÛˆÚ¢ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ fï˜ Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È Û’ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∞Ó Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È ÔÚı¿, ÙÔ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿Û·Ì ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·ÏÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ô‰Â¯ıԇ̠ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi. ∞ÏÏ¿ fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ··ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ «Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË»,8 ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÚÚ›„Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ Î·È ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ˘fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ·˘Ùfi fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ
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∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
ηÙÔÚıÒÓÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ «Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈ΋» ‹ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ Kuhn –fiˆ˜ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍÔ‡ÛÂ Ô Boyd– ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ηٷʇÁÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈο ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ıˆڛ·˜ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙË Û¯Â‰fiÓ «ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË» Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ ·fi ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ.
™∏ª∂πø™∂π™ 1 Ÿˆ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ Ô Psillos (1999: 93-5), ÌÈ· ·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÁÂӛ΢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯ÒÓ ··ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÁˆÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÙ·Ó Ô‡Ù Û ÌÈ· ÌË Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰ÈηÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘: ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË, ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÔʇÁÂÈ ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË Û ÌË ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈ̘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜. 2 ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Boyd (1984: 67), Ë ‚·ıÈ¿ ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÂÈÛËÌ¿ÓıËΠ΢ڛˆ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Hanson Î·È Kuhn. 3 ¶·Ú·ÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ Kant ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ «Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ıˆڛ· (˘Ô‚¿ıÚÔ˘) Â›Ó·È ÎÂÓ‹ ÂÓÒ ıˆڛ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ̤ıÔ‰Ô Â›Ó·È Ù˘ÊÏ‹». 4 °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ Û οı ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ (reliabilism) ÁÓˆÛÈÔıˆڛ·: ·Ó ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÏËı‹˜ ÂÔ›ıËÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÌÈ·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘, ÙfiÙ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘ Ë ·ÔÎÙÒÌÂÓË ·ÏËı‹˜ ÂÔ›ıËÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ Û˘Ìو̷ÙÈ΋ ‹ ·Ù˘¯ËÌ·ÙÈ΋ «ÁÓÒÛË», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ÌË ÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. 5 ŒÓ· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó fiϘ ÔÈ ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙÔ ÙÚÈ·‰ÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ Popper (1959) «£ÂˆÚ›·-¶Úfi‚ÏËÌ·-£ÂˆÚ›·» ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÌÈ· ıˆڛ· ‹ ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÂÂȉ‹ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ Popper ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ¤Ó· È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Â˘¯ÂÚ‹˜. 6 ¶ÚÔ‚ÔÏÈο Â›Ó·È Ù· ηÙËÁÔÚ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔÈ Ô‰ËÁÔ› ÁÈ· ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ‡ÏÔÁ˜ ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ÁÂÓÈ·ÛÂȘ. 7 ªÈ· ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ı· ‹Ù·Ó Â‰Ò Ë ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ ‡·Ú͢ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÙÔÌÒÓ Î·È ÚÈ˙ÈÎÒÓ ·Û˘Ó¯ÂÈÒÓ ÎÏ. ∞ÏÏ¿, fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ, Ô ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÌË ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ‹ «È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ» Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙˆÓ. 8 µÏ. ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ 2008.
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µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∂™ ∞¡∞º√ƒ∂™ Baltas, A. (2004), “On the Grammatical Aspects of Radical Scientific Discovery”, Philosophia Scientia, 8(1). Boyd, R. (1981), “Scientific Realism and Naturalistic Epistemology”, PSA, 2, Û. 613-662. Boyd, R. (1984), “The Current Status of Scientific Realism”, Leplin J. (ed.), Scientific Realism, University of California Press, Berkeley. Boyd, R. (1985), “Lex Orandi est Lex Credenti”, Churchland P.M., Hooker C.A. (eds), Images of Science, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Feyerabend, P. (1982), ∂Ó¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙË ª¤ıÔ‰Ô, ÌÙÊÚ. °. ∫·˘Î·Ï¿˜, °. °ÎÔ˘ÓÙ·ÚÔ‡Ï˘, ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· £¤Ì·Ù·. Hacking, I. (1983), Representing and Intervening, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kuhn, T.S. (1981), ∏ ¢ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· £¤Ì·Ù·. Popper, K.R. (1959), The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Hutchinson, London. Psillos, S. (1999), Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks Truth, Routledge, New York. Psillos, S. (2000), “The Present State of the Scientific Realism Debate”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 51. Putnam, H. (1975), “What Theories are not”, Philosophical Papers, 1: Mathematics, Matter and Method, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Û. 215-227. ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∫. (2007), «∞ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ‹ °ÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡; √ ƒÂ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ™ÎÂÙÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È π‰Â·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡», ¢Â˘Î·Ï›ˆÓ, 25/2, Û. 271-306. ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∫. (2008), «∂›Ó·È ∂Ӊ¯ÔÌÂÓÈ΋ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘», ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ /∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË, 7, Û. 43-62. Van Fraassen, B.C. (1980), The Scientific Image, Clarendon Press, Oxford (ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: ∏ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ∂ÈÎfiÓ·, ÌÙÊÚ. ∫. ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, Leader Books, (˘fi ¤Î‰ÔÛË)). Van Fraassen, B. C. (2000), “Michel Gins on the Empirical Versus the Theoretical”, Foundations of Physics, 30/10, Û. 1655-1661.
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09, 107
¶∞¡∂¶π™∆∏ªπ∞∫√π ¢∏§ø¡√À¡: «∂πª∞™∆∂ ∆√ π¢π√ ∂¡√Ã√π ª∂ ∆√¡ ™À¡∞¢∂§º√ ∆∞∫∏ ¶√§π∆∏!» √ ∆¿Î˘ ¶ÔÏ›Ù˘, ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏, ÚÒËÓ Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÏÏfiÁÔ˘ ¢È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜ Î·È ÚÒËÓ ∂ȉÈÎfi˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜ Ù˘ ¶√™¢∂¶, ‰ÈοÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ªÔÓÔÌÂϤ˜ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‰ÈÎÂ›Ô µfiÏÔ˘ ... ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙË ¢Â˘Ù¤Ú· 11 ª·˝Ô˘ 2009. ∏ ‰›ÎË Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ 12 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2009.
∞Ó ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È «·¿ÙË ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘» Ë ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÂÚÁ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÊ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈο Î·È ‰ËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·, ÙfiÙ ÌÔÈÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¢ı‡ÓË Ì ÙÔÓ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊfi Ì·˜. ∞Ó Ô Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÔ¯Ô˜ ÂÂȉ‹ ˘ÂÚ·Û›ÛÙËΠ-Ì·˙› Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ·- ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂÁÁ˘ÒÓÙ·È, ÙfiÙ ›̷ÛÙ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ¤ÓÔ¯ÔÈ Ì Î›ÓÔÓ! ∞Ó ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·¿ÙË ÂȘ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ÙÔ fiÙÈ ¿ÛÎËÛ ÓfiÌÈÌÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÌËÓ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÂÈ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ‰‹ÏˆÛË ÛÙÔ ›‰Ú˘Ì¿ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ ·‹ÚÁËÛÂ, ÙfiÙ ÎÈ ÂÌ›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰È·Ú¿ÍÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ «·¿ÙË». ø˜ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÔ› ‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ Î·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ·Ó·ÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ì Û ‡ıÂÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÂÏԇ̠fiÙ·Ó ·ÂÚÁԇ̠‹ ·¤¯Ô˘Ì ·fi οÔȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ì·˜. ∞Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ú¿ÍË ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÂÓ¤¯ÂÈ ‰fiÏÔ ÁÈ· ·fiÎÙËÛË «·Ú¿ÓÔÌÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ˘ÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜», ÙfiÙ ÎÈ ÂÌ›˜ ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ı· ¤Ú ӷ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙÔ Â‰ÒÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ηÙËÁÔÚÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔÓ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ ∆¿ÎË ¶ÔÏ›ÙË. °È· fiÏÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ˜ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÔ› ›̷ÛÙ ·ÏÏËϤÁÁ˘ÔÈ ÛÙÔÓ ‰ÈˆÎfiÌÂÓÔ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ ∆¿ÎË ¶ÔÏ›ÙË.
007
17-06-09
13:37
™ÂÏ›‰·108
008
19-06-09
16:02
™ÂÏ›‰·109
∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09
√‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ¢È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ: ∂˘ÁÂÓ›· ∫ÔϤ˙· ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢∂, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶·ÙÚÒÓ, ƒ›Ô 26504 ñ email: ekoleza@upatras.gr £‡ÌÈÔ˜ ¡ÈÎÔÏ·˝‰Ë˜ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ, ∂ıÓÈÎfi ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ, µ·Û. ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ 48, 11635 ∞ı‹Ó· ñ email: efnicol@eie.gr ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ™ÎÔÚ‰Ô‡Ï˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ∆Ì‹Ì· ¢∂, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ¡·˘·Ú›ÓÔ˘ 13·, 10680 ∞ı‹Ó· ñ email: kskordul@primedu.uoa.gr ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚ˘ ÷ۿ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ∏ÏÈΛ·, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, πÔÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ 35, 10680 ∞ı‹Ó· ñ email: dchasapis@esd.uoa.gr
√È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÎÚ›ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Â˜ Î·È Ó· ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜ ™‡ÓÙ·Í˘. ∏ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› ‹ ˘Ô‚ÏËı› ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Û ¿ÏÏÔ ¤ÓÙ˘Ô ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ̤ÛÔ. √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÓÒÓ˘Ì˘ ÎÚ›Û˘ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·Û˘Ìʈӛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÙÒÓ ˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÁÓÒÌË Î·È ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÈÙ‹.
ªÔÚÊ‹ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ √È ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÚ›· ·ÓÙ›Ù˘· Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο Û ·Ú¯Â›Ô MS Word 2000 ‹ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓÔ Û ÌÈ· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ ∞4, Ì ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· 3cm ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Ï¢ڤ˜, Û ‰ÈÏfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Î·È Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÔÛÂÈÚ¿˜ 12, Ì ·Ú›ıÌËÛË ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜, Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Î·È Ù· Ï‹ÚË ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ™ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÂÏ›‰· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ. ¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë 100-150 ϤÍÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο ÚÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘. √È ˘ÔÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Î·È ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÎı¤ÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÚÂÓı¤ÛÂȘ ‹ ·Á·Ϙ. √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È
008
19-06-09
16:02
™ÂÏ›‰·110
110
√‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜
·fi ˘fiÙÈÙÏÔ˘˜. ∫¿ı ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ .tiff. √È ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜ Î·È ÂÎÙ˘ÒÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ÙfiÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÎÚÈ Î·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹. ¡· ·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ì·‡ÚÔ ‹ ÛÎÔ‡ÚÔ ÊfiÓÙÔ. √È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛÂÏ›‰· Ë Î¿ı ̛· Î·È Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜: -ı¤ÛË ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜ 1-. √È ›Ó·Î˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜. √È ›Ó·Î˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÙ·È Û Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛÂÏ›‰· Ô Î¿ı ¤Ó·˜ Î·È Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜: ı¤ÛË ›Ó·Î· 1-. √È ›Ó·Î˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙȘ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Î·È ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜.
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ √È ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ ÂÒÓ˘ÌÔ ÙÔ˘/ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·/ˆÓ Î·È ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›· ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘, fiˆ˜ (James 2002) ‹ (Smith and Johnson 1994). ÕÚıÚ· Ì ÙÚÂȘ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ (Powels et al. 2000). √È ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘ Ì ·ÏÊ·‚ËÙÈ΋ ÛÂÈÚ¿. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ·, fiÙÈ Ë Ï›ÛÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË, Ì ϋÚË ÛÙÔȯ›· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÛÙ˘Ï ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ, Î·È ÙÔÓ ËıÈÎfi ÎÒ‰Èη ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ American Psychological Association. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ÂΉÔÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ fiÙÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·˜/η̛· Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙ› ıÂÙÈ΋ ‹ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Ê‡ÏÔ, ÙË Ê˘Ï‹, ÙË ıÚËÛΛ· ‹ ÙËÓ ÂıÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∆· ¿ÚıÚ· ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ. ∂Ó ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë ∂ΉÔÙÈ΋ √Ì¿‰· ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· ·ÚÓËı› ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘, ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ·Ë¯Â› ‹ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÛÂÍÈÛÙÈο, Ú·ÙÛÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔÛ‚ÏËÙÈο Û¯fiÏÈ· ‹ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
008
19-06-09
16:02
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∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ / ∂¶π™∆∏ª∏ & ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À™∏: 9/09
™ËÌ›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ∆Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi «∫ÚÈÙÈ΋ / ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË & ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË» ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ì ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙË ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ıˆÚËÙÈ΋ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ·ÁÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ·Ú·Î·Ù·ı‹Î˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÚÂ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÚıÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Ì·ÚÍÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. ∂ȉ›ˆÍË fiψÓ, fï˜, Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÎÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÌÈ· ÔÚ›· ·ÏÏËÏ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ì ÙȘ ·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ۋÌÂÚ· Û ÔÏÏ¿ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ˆ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜, ™Ô˘‰¤˜ º‡ÏÔ˘, ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ ™Ô˘‰¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙË πÛÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Âη›‰Â˘Û˘, ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÁÏÔ۷͈ÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ·fi fiÔ˘ Î·È ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ˜ fiÁÎÔ˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, ÙÔ Ú‡̷ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Ì η¯˘Ô„›· ‹ Î·È Ì ‰È¿ıÂÛË ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚԷӷʤÚıËηÓ. ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fï˜, ÔÈΛϷ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÙËÓ ˘Ô-ÂÎÚÔÛÒËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÌ·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ËıÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î.·., ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ∫ÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ∂η›‰Â˘Û˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο. ¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Â˜. ™ÙÔÓ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Ô ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·‰fiÛˆÓ. ∏ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ «È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ˜» ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ Î·È ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ·fi ÙȘ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ. ™Ù¤ÎÔÓÙ·˜ ÎÚÈÙÈο ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘Ô‚·ıÌ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘, Ë ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ-
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΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍˆÓ, ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹/Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ. ∫ÔÈÓfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙËÓ Âη›‰Â˘ÛË (·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË Âη›‰Â˘ÛË) Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi˜, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∏ ·Ó·Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ (Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡), ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË, Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙÔÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘. ªÂ ¿ÍÔÓ· ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, Ë ÔÌ¿‰· Ô˘ ÂΉ›‰ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ Î¿ı ηÏÔη›ÚÈ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ‰ÂηÂÓı‹ÌÂÚÔ ÙÔ˘ πÔ˘Ï›Ô˘) ™˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜-Workshops Ì ı¤Ì·: «∫ÚÈÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÛً̘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂η›‰Â˘ÛË». √È ™˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÍÂΛÓËÛ·Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ 2004 ÛÙË ™‡ÚÔ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ «™ÂÌÈÓ·Ú›ˆÓ Ù˘ ∂ÚÌÔ‡ÔÏ˘». ∞fi ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ 2007 ÔÈ ™˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∂Ï¿ÙË ∆ÚÈοψÓ. ∆Ô ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ‰ËÌÔÛȇÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ¿ÚıÚ·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∂›Ó·È fï˜ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi, Î·È ÚÔÛηÏ› ¿ÚıÚ· Ô˘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ¤ÙÛÈ fiˆ˜ ÛÎÈ·ÁÚ·Ê‹ıËΠÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜. À‡ı˘ÓË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÙÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È Ë ™˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡.
∏ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Â›Ó·È:
http://asel.primedu.uoa.gr/kritiki/index.htm ÂΛ οı ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˜-Ë ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·‚¿ÛÂÈ (‹ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÙ˘ÒÛÂÈ) Ù· ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚ· Ù‡¯Ë.
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ISSN: 1790-4056
June 2009
KRITIKI Critical Science & Education Published semi-annualy Cover: Marc Chagall, The Circus
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VOLUME 9 CONTENTS
Constantine D. Skordoulis Towards a Philosophy of Critical Science Education
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Aristotelis S. Gkiolmas, Ioanna K. Stavrou Global Education as an alternative model of education for Sustainability and Social and Environmental Justice. A Critical Assessment.
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Vasilis Tselfes & Antigoni Paroussi Theatrical narration of scientific ideas: an opportunity to approach learning in a dialectical manner
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Manos Skoufoglou The urban spatial structure during the transition from feudalism to capitalism: the case of the Netherlands
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Eleni Gianakopoulou Gender identities and educational administration 77 Kostas Stergiopoulos Scientific Method and Abductive Defence of Scientific Realism
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Towards a Philosophy of Critical Science Education Constantine D. Skordoulis Faculty of Primary Education, University of Athens. This paper is devoted to the study of the preconditions for the establishment of the axes for a Critical Science Education. These axes are deduced from the analysis of the theoretical developments in the fields of Critical Theory and Critical Pedagogy with a special emphasis on the contribution of Cultural Studies and Revolutionary Pedagogy. It is also underlined that a Critical Science Education ought to have the education of teachers as a starting point.
Global Education as an alternative model of education for Sustainability and Social and Environmental Justice. A Critical Assessment. Aristotelis S. Gkiolmas, Ioanna K. Stavrou Faculty of Primary Education, University of Athens. In the present paper a comparatively new model of education applied worldwide, the so called Global Education, is investigated. At first, the historical course and necessities that lead to the formation of this field are examined, together with the pre-existing trends in the field of international education. Then, a primary definition of this model of education is presented, as well as its main aims and objectives. At a second phase, the aspects and dimensions of Global Education, within its theoretical framework, are scrutinized. Then, the two main relationships that Global Education bears are critically investigated: the one with the concept of Sustainability and the one with the concept of Social Justice. Specifically, as far as the latter is concerned, the aimed balance between cultural Unity and cultural Diversity, as well as the notion of literate citizenship, are examined, in their connection with Global Education.
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Finally, some critical Marxist positions regarding Global Education and possible alternatives are presented, namely the Revolutionary Critical Pedagogy against globalized capitalism and the Radical Education with its statements.
Theatrical narration of scientific ideas: an opportunity to approach learning in a dialectical manner Vasilis Tselfes & Antigoni Paroussi Department of Early Childhood Education, University of Athens In this paper our arguments are based on the following hypotheses: A. In education, inevitably, scientific texts (professional, educational, popular etc) are the source to derive the scientific ideas/concepts for teaching. This constrain establishes, also inevitably, rather reproductive teaching-learning processes and practices. B. The ‘language’ of scientific texts, apart from its syntax and grammar difficulties, is convincing in a context dominated by logic, at least in its typical form. However, typical logical reasoning seems to leave students indifferent. Therefore, the limited success of constructivism is reasonable, as the logic seems to be the “key” of conceptual conflict. Furthermore, it is reasonable that for the education of children we need more familiar teaching-learning contexts, where the functions of scientific ideas are approached by narration or image, and anyway not simply by reason. C. The “narrative” approach is more familiar to the students but this does not change the fact that learning takes place through processes of reproduction. In any case, narrations using scientific ideas do almost not exist. We also think that a theory representing learning in a reproductive context does not exist. Both should be constructed. In this essay we present the main characteristics of a theory representing learning as a dialectic entity emerging in the context of social-cultural reproduction. We also attempt to support this theory analyzing qualitative some of our data collected from a long project of teaching Science in a theatrical / narrative manner.
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The urban spatial structure during the transition from feudalism to capitalism: the case of the Netherlands Manos Skoufoglou NTUA The current contribution is based on a research project focused on the historical processes of the transition from feudalism to capitalism in the Netherlands, as well as on the complex connection of these processes to the spatial transformations, to the evolution of the relation between towns and the countryside and to urbanization. What is attempted in this contribution is to spot some specific conditions, historical circumstances and features that differentiate the transitional period in the Netherlands from the general pattern of the transition in Western Europe. This approach could help to explain the regression of the Netherlands from the world trade’s centre, that it used to be during the 17th century, to a backward rural economy one century later. It could also illuminate some inborn tensions and characteristics inscribed in the social, as well as spatial, structure of Dutch capitalism.
Gender identities and educational administration Eleni Gianakopoulou Hellenic Open University In this paper selected issues concerning gender prejudices characterizing the mainstream approaches to educational administration are concisely presented and founding aspects of alternative theories concerning the role of gender and sexual identities in this field are outlined. These theories attempt to correlate gender issues to social relations of power in a world wherein various social roles and their associated functions – roles and functions of teachers, education managers, school administrators, parents and students – are reproduced from a generation to the next already gendered. Imprinted by features determining the usual, the permissible, the “normal” for man and women. Besides, it is
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argued for a methodological approach, which is based on institutional ethnography as being most suitable for the research of gender issues in educational administration.
Scientific Method and Abductive Defence of Scientific Realism Kostas Stergiopoulos Hellenic Open University This paper argues that the methodological version of the “inference to the best explanation” argument of Boyd and Psillos, is either ineffective or problematic. The fact that “scientific methodology is almost linearly dependent on accepted background theories” cannot provide, on the basis of the truth of the subject theory, a good explanation of the diachronic success of science without violating history of science.
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