Krushi Vigyan December 2022

M¡X$|s spgud ip dpV$¡?

ApS>¡ b^p n¡Óp¡dp„ spgud ep¡S>hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ _hu _hu V$¡[¼_L$ rhi¡ `Z S>Zphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. M¡su A¡L$ A¡hp¡ ìehkpe R>¡ hjp®\u r_f„sf Qpg¡ R>¡ A_¡ ld¡ip„ Qpgsp¡ S> fl¡hp_p¡. M¡X$|sp¡ `pk¡ S>¡ A_ych R>¡ A¡ L$p¡C byL$dp„ _ dmu iL$¡ `Z Å¡ A¡ A_ychdp„ \p¡X$y„ kpdpÞe op_ cm¡, ApS>¡ M¡su n¡Ó¡ Aphsu Ah_hu V$¡¼_p¡gp¡Æ dm¡ sp¡ kp¡_pdp„ ky„N^ cm¡. A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ Üpfp Mpk M¡X$|sp¡ dpV$¡ `l¡g L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ A_¡ M¡X$|s spgud_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ A¡ `Z X$uÆV$g. S>¡d A¡L$ fpÅ_p v$fbpf_¡ _h fÐ_p¡ kyip¡rcs L$f¡ A¡d Ap`Zu M¡su_p _h fÐ_p¡ `Z lh¡ M¡X$|s A_¡ M¡su_¡ kd©Ù b_phi¡.

M¡X$|s spgud Ap`hp dpV$¡ Mpk Ýep_dp„ fpMhp_p dyØp :-

1) A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ h¡bkpCV$/A¡` A\hp QR Code õL$¡_ L$fu_¡ gp¡Nu_ L$fhy„

2) M¡X$|s spguddp„ S>C_¡ PDF byL$ X$pD_gp¡X$ L$fp¡ `R>u k„`yZ® hp„Qu_¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡.

3) Ap`¡g huX$uep¡ g]L$ Mp¡gu_¡ ey V$éyb `f L$©rj r_óZps Üpfp Ap`¡g M¡X$|s spgud_p v$f¡L$ huX$uep¡ Å¡C_¡ `Z Aæepk L$fhp¡.

4) `funpdp„ Ap`¡g âñ_p¡ kpQp¡ S>hpb ¼guL$ L$fhp¡.

5) v$f¡L$ âñ_p¡ S>hpb Ap`u_¡ kbduV$ bV$_ [¼gL$ L$fu_¡ sfs S> Ap`_¡ `rfZpd õh{`¡ dm¡g kV$}$auL$¡V$ X$pD_gp¡X$ L$fu_¡ fpMhy„ s¡dS> Ap`_p `rfQedp„ i¡f L$fu_¡ M¡X$|s spgud rhi¡ ÅZ L$fhu.

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ખેડૂતો માટે ૩૯૯/૧૦૯૯/૧૮૯૯/-

A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ M¡X$|s spgud 5

X$uÆV$g V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ: M¡sudp„ X$uÆV$g V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ_y dlÐh 7

S>du__u ANÐesp: S>du__u ANÐesp 9

M¡X$: M¡X$ A_¡ s¡_p apev$p 12

Mpsfp¡: `pL$p¡_¡ L$ép„ Mpsfp¡ L$C fus¡ Ap`ip¡ ? 15

rbepfZ: Ap^yr_L$ M¡su_p¡ Ap^pf DÐL$©ô rbepfZ 18

t_v$Z: t_v$Z 22

`pL$_p fp¡N: `pL$_p fp¡N 25

સંસ્ા માટે ૭૯૯/૨૧૯૯/૩૭૯૮/-

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r`es: r`es 30 L$p`Zu: L$p`Zu 33

Ap^yr_L$ M¡su: Ap^yr_L$ M¡su_y„ NpX$y„ rX$rS>V$g eyNdp„ v$p¡X$¡ R>¡ 34

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Printed Published and owned by : Smt. M. P. Patel, Published from 47-B, Panchvati society, Rajkot-1 and Printed at Gujarat Printers, Rajkot, Editor : Smt. M. P. Patel

v$¡i ApTpv$ \ep¡ Ðepf¡ M¡su DÑd NZpsu lsu `f„sy kde S>sp AÞe DÛp¡N_p¡ rhL$pk h^y \ep¡ A_¡ s¡_p âdpZdp„ M¡su_p¡ rhL$pk Ap¡R>p¡ \ep¡. L$p¡C`Z DÛp¡N_p rhL$pk dpV$¡ i¥nrZL$ spgud_u S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡ Å¡ A¡ _p lp¡e sp¡ rhL$pk AV$L$u Åe A\hp ^udu NrsA¡ \pe s¡ kÐe lL$uL$s R>¡. Ap bpbsp¡_¡ Ýep_ dp„ gC_¡ v$¡idp„ DÛp¡rNL$ spgud L$¡ÞÖp¡_u õ\p`_p L$fu_¡ DÛp¡Np¡_¡ rhL$pk_u Nrs Ap`hp_y„ S>ê$fu L$pd L$ey¯ `f„sy M¡suA¡ `f„`fpNs fus¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp¡ ìehkpe R>¡ S>¡\u M¡su L$p¡C_¡ iuMhpX$hp_u S>ê$f _\u A¡hy kdÆ _¡ `Z L$p¡C M¡X$|s spgud S>¡hu bpbsp¡_y bly dlÐh Ap`hpdp„ _p Apìey„ lp¡e s¡d `Z b_u iL$¡. kde S>sp `f„`fpNs fus¡ \su M¡su A¡ Mp¡V$_p¡ ^„^p¡ b_u Nep¡ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ lh¡ M¡su M¡X$|sp¡_¡ `fhX$¡ s¡d _\u S>¡ hpõsrhL$sp Npd¡ Npddp„ Å¡hp dmu flu R>¡. Å¡ Aphu `rf[õ\rs_p¡ gp„bp kde ky^u DL$¡g _p Aph¡ sp¡ M¡X$|sp¡ M¡su R>p¡X$u v$¡i¡ Ðepf¡ M¡su hNf kdN° rhð_¡ Æh_ Æhhy„ dyíL$¡g \B S>i¡ Ðepf¡

b¡V$u bQhp¡_u S>¡d M¡X$|s bQphp¡_p `Z kpdprS>L$ A_¡ kfL$pfu Arcep_ Qgphhp `X$i¡.

Ap b^p L$pfZp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ `l¡gp sp¡ M¡su_¡

kpdpÆL$ DÃQL$p¡V$u_p¡ v$fS>Å¡ s¡dS> M¡X$ysp¡_¡ S>ê$fu i¥nrZL$ L$©rj spgud Ap`u_¡ M¡su_¡ ìep`pfu ^p¡fZ¡ kam L$fphhp_u S>ê$f R>¡.

M¡su_p rhL$pk dpV$¡ L$©rj eyr_hk}$V$u, k„ip¡^_ L$¡ÞÖp¡ A_¡ M¡suhpX$u Mpsy„ s¡dS> AÞe k„õ\pAp¡ `Z kss âeÐ_iug R>¡ `Z s¡ lpg_p k„Å¡Np¡ âdpZ¡ `yfsy _\u lh¡ dp¡V$p `pe¡ M¡X$|sp¡ _hu _hu V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ_¡ kdÆ iL$¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ kpQp A\®dp„ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ M¡su_¡ kam L$f¡ s¡_p dpV$¡ Mpk M¡X$|s spgud_u S>ê$f R>¡.

ApS>¡ rhðdp„ kp¥\u h^y õdpV$® ap¡_ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Ap`Zp¡ v$¡i buÅ _„bf `f R>¡. s¡dp M¡X$|sp¡ _u hps L$fu A¡ sp¡ A„v$pÆs 60% \u h^y õdpV$® ap¡_ _p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu füp„ R>¡ A_¡ lh¡ 5G V$¡¼_p¡gp¡Æ _p L$pfZ¡ CÞV$f_¡V$ k¡hp h^y kfm b_i¡ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ Aph_pfp hjp£dp„ h^pfp¡ \i¡. X$uÆV$g C[ÞX$ep_p Arcep_ l¡W$m X$uÆV$g V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ_p¡ L$©rj n¡Ó¡ rv$hk¡ _¡ rv$hk¡ ìep` h^u füp¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ X$uÆV$g V$¡¼_p¡gp¡Æ_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ M¡X$|sp¡_¡ kpQu A_¡ kQp¡V$ L$©rj dprlsu s¡dS> i¥nrZL$ L$©rj spgud Ap`hu kfm A_¡ TX$`u b_u fl¡i¡.

1. L$©rj dprlsu

Aph_pfu _hu L$©rj s¡dS> kam V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ, AgN AgN `pL$ A_¡ L$©rj C_`yV$ rhi¡ kpQu A_¡ kQp¡V$ dprlsu dmu fl¡ S>¡\u M¡su kam A_¡ kd©Ù \pe.

2. `|R>p¡ âñ

M¡X$|sp¡_¡ M¡su_p gNsp sdpd âñp¡_y„ L$©rj r_óZpsp¡ Üpfp kdekf r_hpfZ dmu fl¡ S>¡\u `pL$ DÐ`pv$_ A_¡ M¡X$ysp¡_u AphL$dp„ h^pfp¡ \pe.

3.Ap`p¡ S>hpb, Æsp¡ C_pd

M¡X$ysp¡_p L$©rj op_dp„ h^pfp¡ \pe s¡dS> âp¡Ðkpl_ õhê$`¡ C_pd Æshp_u `Z sL$ dm¡ R>¡.

4. M¡X$|s spgud

L$©rj r_óZpsp¡_p dpN® v$i®_ l¡W$m X$uÆV$g L$©rj spgud Üpfp Ap¡_gpC_ `funp gC_¡ krV$®raL$¡V$ s¡dS> âp¡Ðkprls C_pdp¡ Ap`u_¡ s¡d_p L$©rj op_ A_¡ kpdpÆL$ dp_dp„ h^pfp¡ L$fhp_p l¡sy kp\¡ M¡X$ysp¡_p¡ ApÐdrhðpk h^¡ A_¡ L$©rj rinZ \L$u rhL$pk \i¡.

5.`l¡gp ÅZp¡, `R>u Mfuv$p¡

M¡X$ysp¡ A_¡ A¡N°u C_`yV$ L$„`_uAp¡_¡ A¡L$buÅ_u kp\¡ úv$e\u Å¡X$u_¡ L$©rj r_óZpsp¡_p dpN®v$i®_\u rbepfZ, S>„sy_piL$ v$hp, Mpsfp¡ s¡dS> AÞe L$©rj âp¡X$L$V$k_u kpQu A_¡ kQp¡V$ dprlsu dm¡ S>¡\u Mfuv$udp„ \su R>¡sf`]X$u AV$L$¡ A_¡ M¡sudp„ kamsp dm¡.

D`ep¡Nu âh©rsAp¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡_p cpN õhê$`¡ Ap M¡X$|s spguddp„ Ap` kp¥ M¡X$ys rdÓp¡_y„ lprv$®L$ õhpNs R>¡. M¡X$|s spguddp„\u L$¡V$gy„ op_ d¡mìey„ s¡_¡ QL$pkhp dpV$¡ Ap¡_gpC_ `funp gC_¡ krV$®raL$¡V$ A_¡ C_pdp¡ Ap`u_¡ âp¡Ðkprls L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. Adp¡ Aop_ê$`u A„^L$pfdp„ kyfS> _rl sp¡ v$uhX$p¡ b_u_¡ âL$pi{`u

L$©rj op_ Ap`hp_u Apip kp\¡ Ap`kp¥ d_\u M¡X$|s spgud gC_¡ M¡su_¡ h^y_¡ h^y kd©^ b_phip¡ s¡hu Adp¡_¡ MpÓu R>¡. `funp Ap`sp `l¡gp M¡X$|s spgud_u PDF byL$ X$pD_gp¡X$ L$fu_¡ hp„Qhu s¡dS> Ap`¡g huX$uep¡ Å¡C_¡ Aæepk L$fhp rh_„su.

S>du__u ANÐesp

M¡su dpV$¡ `©Õhu `f_p D`gp`X$_¡ Ap`Z¡ S>du_ sfuL$¡ Ap¡mMuA¡ R>uA¡ Ap `X$ L$ep„L$ D`k¡gy„ L$ep„L$ JX$pZhpmy sp¡ L$ep„L$ R>uR>{„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. M¡su dpV$¡ R>p¡X$ hpsphfZ_u L$¡V$guL$ S>ê$fueps_¡ bpv$ L$fsp„ S>du_ D`f k„`|Z® Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡ dpV$¡ kpfpdp„ kpfu S>du_ R>p¡X$ dpV$¡_y„ k„`|Z® dpÝed L$l¡hpe R>¡. L$p¡B `Z S>du_ `pL$_u S>ê$fuepsp¡ L$¡V$gp âdpZdp„ k„sp¡j¡ R>¡ s¡_p `f DÐ`pv$__p¡ Ap^pf fl¡ R>¡. R>p¡X$ s¡_p h©[Ý^ A_¡ rhL$pk dpV$¡ S>ê$fu `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ S>du_dp„\u d¡mh¡ R>¡. Ap `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ S>du_dp„ TX$`u, ^ud¡\u s\p Ars ^udu NrsA¡ âpá \sp lp¡e R>¡. Apd ÓZ¡e õhê$`¡ fl¡gp `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ `pL$_¡ L$B TX$`¡ dm¡ R>¡ s¡ S>du__p `u.A¡Q. A¡V$g¡ L$¡ AçgspAp„L$ D`f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡. S>ê$fueps dyS>b sÐhp¡ _ dm¡ sp¡ DÐ`pv$_ Ap¡R>y dm¡ R>¡ M¡su dpV$¡ k|e®âL$pi A_¡ `pZu S>¡V$gy„ S> dlÐh S>du__y„ R>¡. S>du_dp„ fl¡gp fS>L$Zp¡, f¡su, L$p„` A_¡ dpV$u A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ Å¡X$pB_¡ AdyL$ ApL$pfdp„ Np¡W$hpe¡gp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡_¡ gu^¡ S>du_ M¡X$sp Qp¡L$L$k ApL$pf_p Y¡ap„ b_¡ R>¡ S>¡_¡ S>du__p¡ bp„^p¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>du__p¡ bp„^p¡ ky^pfhp k¡[ÞÖe Mpsfp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. S>du__u `pZu hl_ irL$s,

S>du_dp„ lhp_u l¡fa¡f A_¡ S>du__u k¿spB D`f S>du__p¡ bp„^p¡ Akf L$f¡ R>¡. S>du__p¡ bp„^p¡ kpfp¡ _ lp¡e sp¡ `pL$_p d|m_p rhL$pkdp„ Ahfp¡^ `¡v$p \pe R>¡. `pL$_¡ S>du_dp„\u `yfsp âdpZdp„ lhp, `pZu dmsp _\u. `rfZpd¡ M¡s DÐ`pv$_ Ap¡R>y„ dm¡ R>¡.

Al] _uQ¡ NyS>fpsdp„ Å¡hp dmsu AgN AgN âL$pf_u S>du_ A_¡ s¡dp„ dp¡V$pcpN¡ L$ep„ `pL$_y„ hph¡sf \pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ rhõspfdp„ kf¡fpi L$¡V$gp âdpZdp„ hfkpv$ \pe R>¡ A¡ S>Zpìey„ R>¡.

rhõspf kf¡fpi hfkpv$_y„ âdpZ S>du__p¡ âL$pf `pL$_p„ _pd

v$rnZ NyS>fps _p¡ `l¡gp¡ rhcpN 1500 du.du.\u h^y hfkpv$

cpf¡ L$pmu A_¡ dÝed L$pmu S>du_

v$rnZ NyS>fps_p¡ buÅ¡ rhcpN 1000 du.du. cpf¡ L$pmu A_¡ dpV$uepm S>du_

dÝeNyS>fps 800 \u 1000 du.du. cpf¡ L$pmu s\p Np¡fpX$y S>du_

DÑf NyS>fps 625 \u 875 du.du. f¡spm s\p Np¡fpX$y S>du_

DÑf-`ròd NyS>fps 625 \u dp„X$u_¡ 1000 du.du. f¡spm s\p npfue S>du_

DÑf-kp¥fpô² 625 \u dp„X$u_¡ 1000 du.du. R>uR>fu A_¡ dÝedL$pmu S>du_

v$rnZ kp¥fpô² 400 \u 700 du.du. R>uR>fu, dÝed L$pmu A_¡ Q|_p_y„ sÐh ^fphsu S>du_

cpg s\p v$rfepC`Ëu 200 \u 500 du.du. dÝedL$pmu A_¡ Ap¡R>u f¡spm S>du_

Ap rhõspfdp„ i¡fX$u, amamprv$, ipL$cpÆ, X$p„Nf A_¡ lgL$p ^pÞep¡ kpfp \pe R>¡

Ap rhõspfdp„ `Z i¡fX$u, L$`pk, X$p„Nf, OJ A_¡ S>yhpf S>¡hp `pL$p¡ \C iL$¡ R>¡.

Ap rhõspfdp„ sdpL$y, X$p„Nf, bpS>fu, dL$pC, L$`pk, L$¡mp, bV$¡V$p S>¡hp `pL$p¡ kpfp âdpZdp„ \C iL$¡ R>¡.

Ap rhõspfdp„ OJ, bpS>fu, V$p¡m, rv$h¡gp, dL$pC fpeX$p¡, Æê$ A_¡ bV$¡V$p_y„ kp{„ DÐ`pv$_ dm¡ R>¡.

Ap rhõspfdp„ L$`pk, ipL$cpÆ, S>yhpf, bpS>fu, L$W$p¡m A_¡ Mpf¡L$ kpfu `pL$¡ R>¡.

Ap rhõspfdp„ dNamu, bpS>fu, L$`pk, S>yhpf A_¡ OJ S>¡hp `pL$p¡ \C iL$¡ R>¡.

Ap rhõspfdp„ dNamu kpfu \pe R>¡. A¡ D`fp„s L$`pk, bpS>fu, OJ A_¡ am `pL$p¡ kpfp \pe R>¡.

Ap rhõspfdp„ dp¡V$pcpN¡ rb_r`es OJ, QZp A_¡ S>yhpf S>¡hp `pL$p¡_u M¡su \C iL$¡ R>¡.

s¡dp„\u kpd kpd¡_p b¡ cpN_u dpV$u A¡L$Ó L$fu afu hMs A¡S> fus¡ A¡L$pv$ rL$gp¡ dpV$u fl¡ Ðep„ ky^u Ap fus¡ _dy_p¡ s¥epf L$fu rhNshpf dprlsu kp\¡ _ÆL$_u rS>‰pL$npA¡ Aph¡gu S>du_ QL$pkZu âep¡Nipmpdp„ dp¡L$gu Ap`hp¡.

S>du__p¡ _d|_p¡ g¡su hMs¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMhp_u bpbsp¡ :-

S>du__p¡ _d|_p¡ `pL$_u L$p`Zu `R>u A\ hp `pL$_p hph¡sf `l¡gp„ g¡hp¡ Mpsf_p¡ MpX$p¡, hpX$, TpX$ A_¡ `pZu_p ^p¡fuep _ÆL$\u _dy_p¡

S>du_ QL$pkZu :-

S>du_ QL$pkZu dpV$¡ M¡sf_y„ ârsr_r^Ðh L$fsp¡ _dy_p¡ g¡hp¡ S>BA¡. L$pfZ L$¡ S>du_ A¡L$ S> M¡sfdp„ v$f¡L$ S>ÁepA¡ A¡L$kfMu amv$³` lp¡su _\u. Ap\u fpkperZL$ `©Õ\L$fZ (A¡_prgrkk ) dpV$¡ S>du__p¡ _dy_p¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ g¡hp_y„ dlÐh OÏ„ R>¡. M¡sf_p¡ rhõspf, S>du__y„ b„^pfZ, S>du__p¡ f„N, ANpD gu^¡gp M¡su`pL$p¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ D`ep¡N L$f¡g Mpsfp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ gB_¡ AgN AgN cpNdp„\u _d|_p¡ g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.

S>du_ QL$pkZu dpV$¡ _d|_p¡ L$C fus¡ g¡hp¡ :S>du__p¡ _d|_p¡ g¡hp dpV$¡ S>du__¡ v$|f L$ep® rkhpe Opk, L$Qfp¡ hN¡f¡ kpa L$fhp¡ A_¡ L$p¡v$pmu L$¡ M|f`u hX$¡ V$(hu) ApL$pf_p¡ 15 \u 20 k¡.du.JX$p¡ MpX$p¡ L$fhp¡ MpX$p_u A¡L$ bpS>yA¡\u 2 \u 2.5 k¡.du.S>¡V$gu D`f\u _uQ¡ ky^u A¡L$kfMu ÅX$pB_u dpV$u_¡ A¡L$W$u L$fhu.

Apd 8 \u 10 õ\m¡\u _d|_p¡ gB b^u dpV$u c¡Nu L$fu kpfu fus¡ rdîZ L$fhy. Ðepfbpv$ dpV$u_¡ A¡L$kfMu `p\fu L$fu Qpf kfMp cpN `pX$hp.

Mpsf Apàep `R>u L$¡ r`es Apàep `R>u sfs S> _d|_p¡ g¡hp¡ bpNpesu `pL$p¡ L$¡ JX$p d|mhpmp `pL$p¡ dpV$¡ h^pf¡ JX$pB_p AgN AgN _d|_p g¡hp. TpX$_u D`f_u X$pmu_p¡ O¡fphp¡ `|fp¡ \pe s¡ S>ÁepA¡\u _d|_p¡ g¡hp¡. S>du_ QL$pkZu_p `rfZpd `f\u _pBV$²p¡S>_, ap¡õafk A_¡ `p¡V$pi sÐh_y„ âdpZ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡. Ap D`fp„s Np¥Z sÐhp¡, kyÿd sÐhp¡ A_¡ k¡[ÞÖe L$pb®__y„ âdpZ ÅZhpdp„ dm¡ R>¡. S>du__p¡ Açgsp Ap„L$p (`u.A¡Q.) L$¡V$gp¡ R>¡ s¡ Mbf `X$¡ R>¡. Ap b^p„ âdpZ ÅZhp\u cgpdZ dyS>b S>du_ ky^pfZp L$fhp_u S>ê$f R>¡ L$¡ L$¡d s¡ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ cgpdZ dyS>b k¡[ÞÖe Mpsfp¡, R>pZuey Mpsf, gugp¡ `X$hpk_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp\u S>du__u amv$³`sp Åmhu iL$pe R>¡. s¡dS> fpkperZL$ Mpsf_p¡ L$pe®¾$d D`ep¡N \hp\u Ap[\®L$ bQs \pe R>¡. S>du__u DÐ`pv$L$sp h^pfu iL$pe R>¡.

buS> kpfu fus¡ DNu _uL$m¡ A_¡ Ðepf bpv$ R>p¡X$_u k„sp¡jL$pfL$ h©rÙ \pe s¡ dpV$¡ S>du_ `p¡Qu A_¡ DgV$kygV$ L$fu A_yL$|m `rf[õ\rs õ\p`hp dpV$¡ M¡sudp„ Ap¡Åf hX$¡ S>du__p D`gp `X$ `f S>¡ r¾$epAp¡, âr¾$epAp¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ "M¡X$' L$lu iL$pe. kde âdpZ¡ M¡X$_u hps L$fuA¡ sp¡ M¡X$_¡ âp\rdL$ M¡X$, hQgu M¡X$ A_¡ `pR>gu M¡X$ A¡d ÓZ cpNdp„ hl¢Qu iL$pe. ApNpdu Qp¡dpky `pL$_p hph¡sf `l¡gp_u âp\rdL$ M¡X$ A_¡ riepmy `pL$ gu^p `R>u `pR>gu M¡X$_p kde hMs¡ D_pmp¡ lp¡hp\u Ap kde¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu M¡X$_¡ D_pmy M¡X$ L$l¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ Ðep„ âQrgs L$l¡hs R>¡ L$¡, "M¡X$, Mpsf

A_¡ `pZu, _kub_¡ gph¡ spZu'. `pL$ DÐ`pv$__¡ Akf L$fsp Ap ÓZ `rfbmp¡ R>¡. Ap ÓZ bpbsp¡dp„ M¡X$_¡ â\d õ\p_¡ d|L$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap D`f\u ÅZu iL$pe R>¡ L$¡ `pL$ DÐ`pv$_ dpV$¡ M¡X$L$pe® kp¥\u h^y dlÒh ^fph¡ R>¡. S>du_dp„ g¡hp_p \sp `pL$_p DÐ`pv$__p¡ Ap^pf riepmy s\p D_pmy Fsydp„ M¡X$ L$fu S>du__¡ L$¡hu L$¡mhhpdp„ Aph¡g R>¡ s¡_p `f fl¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L$¡ L$p¡C`Z `pL$ gu^p `R>u S>du__u `pL$_¡ `p¡jZ `y{„ `pX$hp_u ndspdp„ OV$pX$p¡ \pe R>¡ A_¡ b„^pfZdp„ `Z a¡fapf \pe R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ D_pmy Fsydp„ S>du_ `f `pL$ Ap¡R>p g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡\u Ap kde S>du_ dpV$¡ Apfpd_p¡ kde L$l¡hpe. Ap

Å¡

M¡X$L$pe® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>du__u k`pV$u `f _p_u `pmuAp¡ s¥epf \pe R>¡, S>¡ hfkpv$_p `pZu\u \sy„ ^p¡hpZ AdyL$ A„i¡ AV$L$phu iL$¡ R>¡. ApS> âdpZ¡ Äep„ `h_\u h^y âdpZdp„ ^p¡hpZ

Mpfpihpmu S>du_dp„ D_pmy M¡X$

hfkpv$_y„ `pZu S>du_dp„ h^y `Q¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u S>du_dp„ D`gp

A¡hu fus¡ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ `pL$_p¡ kpfp¡ DNphp¡ s\p `p¡jZ dmu fl¡ A_¡ s¡ fus¡ `pL$_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ `Z apev$p¡ \pe. D_pmy M¡X$\u S>du__p fS>L$Zp¡_u k`pV$u_y„ n¡Óam h^¡ R>¡ s¡\u S>du__u c¡S> k„N°li[¼s h^¡ R>¡. Ap c¡S>_p Ap `rfZpd¡ h_õ`rs_¡ S>ê$fu `p¡jL$sÒhp¡ ÖphZ_p ê$`dp„ a¡fhpe R>¡ A_¡ R>p¡X$ s¡ kl¡gpC\u k„N°l L$fu iL$¡ R>¡. Ypmhpmu S>du_dp„ Ypm_u rh{Ù rv$ipdp„

\pe R>¡ Ðep„ M¡X$L$pe® A¡hu fus¡ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡\u R>p¡X$_p Ahi¡jp¡ S>du_dp„ `yf¡`yfp v$V$psp _\u `Z s¡_p¡ dp¡V$p¡cpN S>du__u k`pV$u `f fl¡ R>¡.

R>¡ s¡ `pZu kp\¡ S>du__p _uQgp \fdp„ _usfu Åe R>¡. Ap\u R>p¡X$_p d|m âv$¡idp„ npf_y„ âdpZ OV$hp\u `pL$ DÐ`pv$_ kp{„ dm¡ R>¡. cpf¡ L$pmu S>du_ L$¡ QuL$Zu S>du__u r_spfi[¼s h^¡ R>¡ s¡dS> Äep„ S>du_dp„ `pZu_p sm M|b S> JQp Aph¡g lp¡e Ðep„ JX$u M¡X$ L$fhp\u bpó`uch_\u `pZu DX$u S>hp\u S>du_dp„ `pZu_p sm JX$p Åe R>¡. M¡X$L$pe®\u t_v$Z_p¡ _pi \pe R>¡ s¡ M|b dlÒh_y„ R>¡. L$pfZ L$¡ t_v$Z `pL$ kp\¡ c¡S>, âL$pi s¡dS> `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ d¡mhhpdp„ lrfapC L$fu `pL$_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ OV$pX$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡. D_pmpdp„ JX$u M¡X$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Aphp t_v$Z_p S>rX$ep, d|muep A_¡ Np„W$p¡ s|V$¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>du_ D`f Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡_¡ huZu g¡hp\u A_¡ k|e®_p kMs sp`\u S>yv$uS>yv$u Fsydp„ \sp t_v$Zp¡ s\p s¡_p buS> S>du_dp„ JX$p Dsfu S>hp\u L$p¡lhpC S>C _pi `pd¡ R>¡. Apd \p¡X$p OZp A„i¡ Aphp t_v$Z_y„ `Z r_e„ÓZ \C iL$¡ R>¡. `pL$_¡ _yL$kp_L$pfL$ Æhps D`f M¡X$L$pe®_u ku^u s¡dS> ApX$L$sfu Akf \pe R>¡. D_pmy M¡X$\u S>du__u A„v$f fl¡gu Æhps

L$fhp\u

`X$dp„ S>¡ npf lp¡e

A\hp `nu Üpfp _pi `pd¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s D_pmy M¡X$\u `pL$_p fp¡N_y„ r_e„ÓZ \C iL$¡ R>¡ A\hp sp¡ s¡ r_hpfu iL$pe R>¡. kpfu M¡X$\u `pL$_u h©rÙ kpfu \pe R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u s¡ fp¡N_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fu iL$¡ R>¡. M¡X$\u fp¡rNô R>p¡X$ L$¡ s¡_p cpN S>du_dp„ JX$¡ v$V$pC Åe R>¡. `„Åb fpÄedp„ \e¡gp âep¡N `f\u A¡hy„ S>Zpe R>¡ L$¡ Å¡ 25 \u 30 k¡.du. JX$u M¡X$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ QZp_p kyL$pfp_p¡ fp¡N s\p sdpL$y_p`pL$dp„ _¡d¡V$p¡X$_y„ r_e„ÓZ \pe R>¡. Apd S>du_dp„ \su ayN s\p ÆhpÏ\u \sp„ fp¡N_y„ r_e„ÓZ `Z D_pmy M¡X$\u \pe R>¡. ep¡Áe kde¡ A_¡ ep¡Áe âdpZdp„ Å¡ M¡X$L$pe® L$fhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡_p N¡fapev$p `Z \pe R>¡. D_pmy Fsydp„ h^y `X$su M¡X$ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>du_ `pkpv$pf, `p¡Qu A_¡ cfcfu \hp_p bv$g¡ dpV$u_p fS>L$Zp¡ R>yV$p `X$u Åe R>¡. Ap\u Aphu S>du_ hfkpv$ \sp h^y kMs b_u Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡\u buS>_p DNphp_¡ `Z Akf \pe R>¡.S>du_ kMs b_sp s¡dp„ lhp_u AhfS>hf Ap¡R>u \pe R>¡. hfkpv$_y„ `pZu `Z Ap¡R>y„ `Q¡ R>¡. h^y `X$su M¡X$\u R>p¡X$_p d|m_p¡ rhL$pk {„^pe R>¡ A_¡ `pL$_u h©rÙ _bmu \pe R>¡. Ap D`fp„s h^y `X$su M¡X$ L$fhp\u S>du__p bpfuL$ fS>L$Zp¡ R>yV$p `X$u S>hp\u `h_\u A_¡ hfkpv$_p `pZu\u ^p¡hpZ `Z h^y \pe R>¡. Ap\u S>ê$rfeps `yfsu S> M¡X$ L$fhu Å¡CA¡ S>¡\u `pL$ DÐ`pv$_dp„ `Z apev$p¡ \pe. Qp¡dpky iê$ \pe s¡ `l¡gp S>du_ hph¡sf ep¡Áe M¡X$u_¡ s¥epf lp¡hu Å¡CA¡. S>¡\u hfkpv$ \pe L$¡ syf„s L$fu iL$pe kpdpÞe fus¡ S>du_dp„ S>¡ `pL$ g¡hp_p¡ lp¡e s¡ Ýep_¡ gB S>du_ s¥epf L$fhu Å¡CA¡. hfkpv$ Qpgy \pe s¡ `l¡gp \u S> S>du_ M¡X$u s¡ `p¡Qu A_¡ cfcfu b_phhu A_¡ S>¡ Qpkdp„ hph¡sf L$fhp_y„ R>¡ s¡ Qpk My‰p fl¡ s¡ fus¡ S>du_ s¥epf L$fhu Å¡CA¡. Qpk My‰p fpMhp\u S>du_dp„ fl¡g Æhpsp¡ hN¡f¡ sp`_¡ gu^¡ _pi `pd¡ R>¡. hfkpv$\u `X$¡gp `pZu_p¡ S>du_dp„ h^pf¡ k„N°l \B iL$¡ R>¡. s¡dS> hph¡sf \sp„ S> buS>_¡ `yfsp¡ c¡S> dmu fl¡sp DNphp¡ kpfp¡ dm¡ R>¡. AÐepf¡ D_pmp v$frdep_ Mpgu M¡sfp¡_p i¡Yp - `pmp Qp¡¿Mp L$fhp Å¡A¡ S>¡\u AÞe Æhpsp¡ L$¡ S>¡ i¡Yp`pmp_p R>p¡X$ D`f \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p¡ _pi \sp„ s¡ Æhpsp¡_¡ buÆ `¡Yu \su AV$L$phu iL$pe

R>¡. fp¡NÆhps _¡ Aphsp AV$L$phu iL$pe R>¡. k¡[ÞÖe Mpsf L$¡ R>prZey„ Mpsf `yfsp S>Õ\pdp„ ANpD\u d¡mhu ep¡Áe S>ÁepA¡ k„N°l L$fhp¡ S>¡\u hpsphfZ A_yL$|m \sp„ syfs M¡sfdp„ _pMu iL$pe. hphZu `l¡gp Aphp k¡[ÞÖe Mpsf S>du_dp„ kpfu fus¡ cmu Åe s¡ fus¡ _pMhp.

v$f¡L$ `pL$p¡_u `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡_u S>ê$fueps AgN AgN lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u S>du_dp„\u `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡_p¡ D`pX$ `Z S>yv$p¡ S>yv$p¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u `pL$_¡ dpV$¡ cgpdZ L$f¡g k¡[ÞÖe Mpsf A_¡ fpkpeZuL$ Mpsf_p¡ S>Õ\p¡ Ap`hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap Mpsfp¡ Ap`sp `l¡gp S>du__u amv$³`sp ÅZu g¡hu Å¡BA¡. S>du_dp„ gæe âdpZdp„ `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ lp¡e sp¡ S>ê$fueps âdpZ¡_p sÐhp¡hpmp Mpsf S> Ap`hp Å¡BA¡ S>¡\u Mpsf_p¡ v$y{`ep¡N \sp¡ AV$L$¡, Mpsf_p¡ L$pe®nd D`ep¡N \pe A_¡ Ap[\®L$ fus¡ `Z `fhX$¡. A¡L$ S> M¡sfdp„ kss A¡L$ S> `pL$ g¡hp\u s¡dS> h^y dpÓpdp„ A¡L$gp fpkperZL$ Mpsfp¡ hp`fhp\u S>du_ kMs b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ amv$³`sp Nydph¡ R>¡. S>du_dp„ `yfsp âdpZdp„ k¡[ÞÖe Öìep¡ _ Dd¡fhp\u k¡[ÞÖe L$pb®_ s\p k|ÿd `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡_u AR>s Dcu \pe R>¡. S>du_dp„ ÆhpÏAp¡_u L$pdNufu d„v$ `X$u Åe R>¡. `rfZpd¡ gæe `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ R>p¡X$_¡ `yfsp âdpZdp„ D`gå^ \sp„ _\u A_¡ `pL$ DÐ`pv$_ ^ud¡ ^ud¡ OV$sy„ Åe R>¡. Ap k„Å¡Np¡dp„ rhrh^ âL$pf_p k¡[ÞÖe Mpsf,

_pBV$²p¡S>__y„ S>du_dp„ [õ\fuL$fZ s\p ap¡õa¡V$ Ap¡Npmu _pMsp ÆhpÏeyL$s S>¥rhL$ Mpsfp¡, M¡su_p bu_ D`ep¡Nu L$Qfp A_¡ `iyAp¡_p dmdyÓdp„\u b_ph¡g L$ç`p¡õV$ Mpsf hN¡f¡ Ap`hp Å¡BA¡. A¡L$d rhõspfdp„\u dlsd DÐ`pv$_ d¡mhhp ep¡Áe dpÓpdp„ k¡[ÞÖe, fpkperZL$ s¡dS> S>¥rhL$ Mpsfp¡_p¡ kdS>`|h®L$ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ S>¡\u S>du__u amv$³`sp L$ped dpV$¡ S>mhpC fl¡.

M¡su `pL$p¡_¡ fpkperZL$ Mpsf õhê$`¡ `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ Ap`hp_u hps L$fuA¡ sp¡ `pL$_¡ L$pb®_, lpBX$²p¡S>_ A_¡ Ap¡rL$kS> A¡d ÓZ sÐhp¡ `l¡gu S>ê$fueps R>¡. S>¡ lhp, `pZu A_¡ S>du_dp„\u dmu fl¡ R>¡. Ðepf bpv$ dy¿e ÓZ sÐhp¡ _pBV$²p¡S>_, ap¡õaL$k A_¡ `p¡V$pk_u S>ê$f `X$¡ R>¡. Np¥Z sÐhp¡ A_¡ k|ÿd `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ `Z S>du_dp„\u R>p¡X$ S>ê$fueps âdpZ¡ S>du_dp„\u d¡mh¡ R>¡ `Z S>du_dp„ Ap sÐhp¡_u DZ` A\hp `pL$_u S>ê$fueps dyS>b blpf\u fpkperZL$ Mpsf_p ê$`dp„ R>p¡X$_¡ Ap`hp `X$¡ R>¡.

rhõspf `pL$_p„ _pd _pBV$²p¡S>_ eyL$s Mpsf Ap Mpsf `pZudp„ Öpìe lp¡e R>¡. S>du_dp„ Nd¡ s¡ bpS>y hlu iL$¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L$¡ hl_iug R>¡. r_spf\u S>du_dp„ KX$¡ Dsfu Åe R>¡. Å¡ lhp_p k„`L$®dp„ Ap Mpsf fl¡ sp¡ hpey õhê$`¡ DX$u Åe R>¡. Ap\u eyfuep S>¡hp Mpsfp¡ `pL$_¡ A¡L$u kp\¡ Ap`u v$¡hp_¡ bv$g¡ lá¡ lá¡ Ap`hp Å¡BA¡. `pZudp„ Ap¡Npmu_¡ V$`L$-tkQpB `Ý^rs dpfas Ap`hp\u `Z apev$p¡ \pe R>¡. ap¡õafk eyL$s Mpsf Ap Mpsf d|m_p rhL$pk dpV$¡ A_¡ iê$Aps_u h©[Ý^ dpV$¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. `pL$_u iê$Aps_u h©rÙdp„ ap¡õafk_p¡ D`ep¡N h^y \sp¡ lp¡hp\u Ap Mpsf_¡ hph¡sf `l¡gp `pepdp„ S> Ap`u v$¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap Mpsf S>du_dp„ fS>L$Zp¡ kp\¡ TX$`\u S>L$X$pB Åe R>¡. A_¡ Ap¡R>y„ hl_iug R>¡. s¡\u R>p¡X$_p d|m `pk¡ Ap`hy„ S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap\u X$uA¡`u L$¡ ky`f ap¡õa¡V$ S>¡hp ap¡õa¡V$uL$ Mpsfp¡ Qpkdp„ S> A_¡ iê$Apsdp„ S> b^p¡ S>Õ\p¡ Ap`u v$¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡. `p¡V$pi eyL$s Mpsf Ap Mpsf `pL$_u h©[Ý^_p kdN° kdeNpmp v$fçep_ _pBV$²p¡S>__u dpaL$ S> ip¡jZ \pe R>¡. `p¡V$pi Ap¡R>p¡ hl_iug R>¡. A_¡ s¡ `Z TX$`\u [õ\fuL$fZ `pd¡ R>¡. f¡spm S>du_dp„ r_spf\u _uQ¡ Dsfu S>hp_u iL$esp fl¡ R>¡. Ap\u f¡spm S>du_dp„ `p¡V$pi eyL$s Mpsfp¡ lk¡\u A_¡ AÞe S>du_dp„ Qpkdp„ `pepdp„ A¡L$ kp\¡ Ap`u v$¡hp rlsphl R>¡. k|ÿd `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ S>¡d cp¡S>_ dp„ duW$y„ _p lp¡e sp¡ s¡_u DZ` sfs hsp®e R>¡ `R>u cg¡ s¡ Q`V$u S>¡V$gy„ S> S>ê$f lp¡e. s¡ S> fus¡ k|ÿd `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ _u S>du_ dp„ bly Ap¡R>u dpÓpdp„ S>ê$fueps lp¡e R>¡. Å¡ s¡_u DZ` kÅ®e sp¡ s¡ cpf¡ _yL$ip_ `Z L$fphu iL$¡ R>¡. Al] Ap`¡gp k|ÿd `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ R>p¡X$ _p rhL$pk dpV$¡ A_¡ AgN AgN Ahõ\p A¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap\u S>ê$fueps âdpZ¡ Ap `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ S>du_dp„ Ap`hp AphíeL$ R>¡. "d¡‚¡ried, L$¡[ëied, këaf,

fpkperZL$ Mpsf_¡ `pL$dp„ `|„Mu_¡ Ap`u iL$pe. hphZu `l¡gp Qpkdp„ A\hp S>du_ dp„ R>p¡X$_p d|m rhõspfdp„ bpNpesu `pL$p¡dp„ Np¡X$ L$fu_¡, MpdZp„ L$¡ KX$p MpX$p L$fu_¡ Ap`u iL$pe. R>p¡X$_p `p_ `f âhplu Mpsf_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fu_¡ Ap`u iL$pe. V$`L$-tkQpB`Ý^rs Üpfp `Z Ap`u iL$pe. fpkperZL$ Mpsfp¡ buepfZ kp\¡ c¡mhu_¡ Ap`hp _l] s¡dS> buS>_p ku^p¡ k„`L$®dp„ Aph¡ s¡ fus¡ Ap`hp _l]. Qpkdp„ L$¡ MpdZp„dp„ Mpsf Ap`u_¡ D`f dpV$u _pMu v$¡hu. k|ÿd sÐhp¡ L$¡ S>¥rhL$ Mpsfp¡ S>¡_¡ `V$ Ap`u_¡ `Z Ap`u iL$pe R>¡. k|ÿd sÐhp¡_p âhplu Mpsfp¡ `p„v$X$p `f R>„V$L$ph L$fu_¡ `Z Ap`u iL$pe. rdî Mpsf, ap¡õa¡V$uL$ Mpsf L$¡ _pBV$²p¡S>_ eyL$s Mpsf v$pZpv$pf õhê$`¡ hp`fhp_p¡ ApN°l fpMhp¡ Å¡BA¡. v$hp_p R>„V$L$ph kp\¡ `Z Mpsfp¡ Ap`u iL$pe R>¡. kyL$u M¡su Ap^prfs `pL$p¡_¡ S>du_dp„ c¡S> lp¡e Ðepf¡ S> eyfuep S>¡hp `|rs® Mpsfp¡ Ap`hp Å¡BA¡. eyfuep_p¡ r_spf h^y \sp¡ lp¡hp\u g]bp¡mu_y„ s¡g b¡ V$L$p d¡mhu_¡ Ap`hp\u eyfuep_u L$pe®ndsp h^¡ R>¡. Apd `pL$_u hph¡sf `Ý^rs, d|m_p¡ âL$pf, Mpsf_y„ õhê$`, sÐhp¡, S>du__p õhê$` S>¡hu bpbsp¡_¡ Ýep_¡ gB A_yL$|m fus¡ dyS>b k¡[ÞÖe L$¡ fpkperZL$ ê$`¡ `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ Ap`hp\u dlsd DÐ`pv$_ d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. dpÓ fpkperZL$ Mpsfp¡ Ap`hp_¡ bv$g¡ R>prZey Mpsf, L$ç`p¡õV$ Mpsf, AMpO

Mp¡m S>¡hp L$¡ g]bp¡mu_p¡ Mp¡m, L$f„S>_p¡ Mp¡m, rv$h¡gu_p¡ Mp¡m, sdpL$y_p¡ v$m, dpR>gu_p¡ Mp¡m, lpX$L$p_p¡ cyL$p¡, v$rfepB i¡hpm, _v$u_p¡ L$p„`, dfOp bsL$p_u QfL$, Mp„X$_p L$pfMp_pdp„\u dmsu â¡kdX$ hN¡f¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡.

M¡sfdp„ Mfua `pL$ L$¡ riepmy `pL$ g¡sp `l¡gp gugp¡ `X$hpi L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. gugp `X$hpi\u S>du__¡ `p¡jL$ Öìep¡ `|fp `pX$u k¡[ÞÖe sÐhp¡ `|fp `pX$u iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ S>du__u âs Åmhu iL$pe R>¡. gugp `X$hpi\u A¡L$ l¡L$V$f¡ 60 rL$. \u. 280 rL$. ky^u _pBV$²p¡S>_ S>du_ dp„ Dd¡fu iL$pe R>¡. gugp `X$hpi sfuL$¡ L$W$p¡m hN®_p `pL$ S>¡hp L$¡ iZ, B½$X$, Qp¡mp, Nyhpf S>¡hp `pL$p¡ DNpX$hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap b^p `pL$p¡ 40 \u 45 rv$hk ky^u h©[Ý^ `pçep bpv$ s¡_¡ M¡sfdp„ Ypmu v$¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ S>du_dp„ v$pV$u v$¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡\u dpV$udp„ k¡[ÞÖe Öìe kfmsp\u Dd¡fpB Åe R>¡. Apd fpkperZL$ Mpsf, k|ÿd `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ ^fphsy„ Mpsf A_¡ k¡[ÞÖe (Ap¡N£r_L$) Mpsf S>du__u A_¡ R>p¡X$_u S>ê$fueps dyS>b A_¡ DrQs dpÓpdp„ S> Ap`hp. www.agribond.in

Ap^pf DÐL$©ô rbepfZ

M¡su dpV$¡ `pep_u dlÐh_u A_¡ kõsu kpdN°u lp¡e sp¡ s¡ buepfZ R>¡. kpdpÞe dpZk dpV$¡ buS> A¡V$g¡ v$pZp A¡hp¡ A\® cg¡ _uL$m¡ `Z A¡L$ M¡X$|s dpV$¡ buS> A_¡ v$pZp A¡ b„_¡ hÃQ¡ OZp¡ dp¡V$p¡ afL$ R>¡. S>¡ M¡X$|sp¡ buS>_u NyZhsp_¡ Âep_dp„ gu^p rkhpe buS> hph¡ R>¡ s¡ v$pZp hphhp bfpbf R>¡. L$pfZ L$¡ s¡hp v$pZp_¡ DNphp_y„ âdpZ, iyÙsp s\p NyZhsp_p ^p¡fZp¡ kp\¡ L$p¡B k„b„^ _\u. S>epf¡ buepfZ A¡L$ Æh„s hõsy R>¡. s¡dp„ DNphp_u s¡dS> JQp NyZ ^fphsp¡ Ap_yh„riL$ iyÙsphpmp¡ `rf`L$h Nc® R>¡. S>¡ DNhp_u irL$s A_¡ S>yõkp¡ ^fph¡ R>¡ s¡dS> cp¥rsL$ fus¡ `Z iyÙ lp¡e R>¡. AÐepf¡ _hu _hu Åsp¡_p buepfZp¡\u bÅf Dcfphp gpÁey„ R>¡. Ðepf¡ DÐ`pv$L$p¡ A_¡ rh¾$¡spAp¡_u `rf[õ\rs L$ap¡X$u b_¡ R>¡. L$pfZL$¡ M¡X$|s l„d¡ip„ rh¾$¡sp_¡ Ap¡mM¡ R>¡. buepfZ_u kamsp L$¡ r_óamsp_y„ `rfZpd kp„cmhp s¡dZ¡ s¥epf fl¡hy„ `X$¡ R>¡. krV$®apBX$ buepfZp¡dp„ M¡X$|sp¡_¡

kfL$pfu dpÞesp A_¡ Mpdu dm¡ R>¡. S>epf¡ Mp_Nu k„õ\pAp¡_p k„ip¡r^s buepfZp¡ V$²y\ayg lp¡hp\u rh¾$¡sp A_¡ DÐ`pv$L$ `f rhðpk fpMhp¡ `X$¡ R>¡. AdyL$ h¡`pfuAp¡ A_¡ DÐ`pv$L$p¡ fpsp¡ fps _hu _hu Åsp¡_p buepfZ bÅfdp„ dyL$¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ M¡X$|sp¡ buepfZ_u `k„v$Nu L$fhpdp„ DZp Dsf¡ R>¡ A_¡ R>¡sfpe R>¡. Ap\u kfL$pf dpÞe buepfZp¡ `pL$y„ bug d¡mhu_¡ Mfuv$hp Å¡CA¡. kuX$¹k (rbepfZ)_¡ AdyL$ L$gpkdp„ hl¢Qhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡ :ÞeyrL$gek kuX$¹k :-

Ap buS> 100% cp¥rsL$ A_¡ Ap_yh„riL$ iyÙsp ^fph¡ R>¡. Ap rbepfZ àgpÞV$ b°uX$f (R>p¡X$ k„h^®L$) Üpfp DÐ`pv$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap rbepfZ h¡QpZ dpV$¡ D`ep¡N L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ _\u. `f„sy Ap rbepfZ _p D`ep¡N \u b°uX$f (k„h^®L$) kuX$¹k_y„ DÐ`pv$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

b°uX$f (k„h^®L$) kuX$¹k :-

Ap buS> 100% cp¥rsL$ A_¡ Ap_yh„riL$ iyÙsp ^fph¡ R>¡. Ap rbepfZ L$hp¡rgapC àgpÞV$ b°uX$f A\hp A¡N°uL$ëQf eyr_hrk®V$u _u k„ip¡^_ k„õ\pdp„ L$pd L$fsp„ àgpÞV$ b°uX$f Üpfp b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ fpS>e buS> kV$}$auL$¡i_ A¡S>Þku Üpfp s¡_y„ r_fnZ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. b°uX$f Üpfp DÐ`pv$_ L$fu_¡ s¥epf \e¡gp Ap î¡Zu_p buS> dpV$¡ `ump f„N_p¡ V$¡N Åfu

apDÞX$¡i_ kuX$¹k :Ap rbepfZ b°uX$f kuX$¹k dp„\u DÐ`pv$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap buS>_y„ DÐ`pv$_ fpô²ue buS> r_Nd, fpÄe buS> r_Nd, L$p¡`p£f¡rV$h kp¡kpeV$u A_¡ Mp_Nu L$„`_uAp¡ Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap buS> dpV$¡ 99.5% Ap_yh„riL$ A_¡ 98% cp¥rsL$ iyÙsp S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap âL$pf_p rbepfZdp„ âdpZ`Ó AphíeL$ R>¡ A_¡ rbepfZ _¡ buS> kV$}$auL$¡i_ A¡S>Þku `pk¡\u âdpZ`Ó Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. apDÞX$¡i_ kuX$¹k dpV$¡ ka¡v$ f„N_p¡ V$¡N Åfu L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap buS>_¡ dps© buS> sfuL$¡ `Z Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. krV$®apCX$ kuX$¹k :Ap rbepfZ b°uX$f kuX$¹k dp„\u DÐ`pv$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap_yh„riL$ A_¡ cp¥rsL$ iyÙsp Åmhhp dpV$¡ buS> kV$}$auL$¡i_ A¡S>Þku_u v$¡Mf¡Mdp„ fpô²ue buS> r_Nd, fpS>e buS> r_Nd A_¡ Mp_Nu L$„`_uAp¡ Üpfp buS>_y„ DÐ`pv$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. buS> kV$}$auL$¡i_ A¡S>Þku Üpfp ATf

hpv$mu f„N_p¡ V$¡N Åfu L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap rbepfZ dp¡V$pcpN¡ M¡X$|sp¡ Üpfp D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpe R>¡.

V$²y\a|g kuX$¹k :Ap âL$pf_y„ rbepfZ Mp_Nu rbepfZ L$„`_uAp¡ A_¡ M¡X$|sp¡ Üpfp DÐ`pv$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_p rbepfZ buS> kV$}$auL$¡i_ rhcpN_p L$pe®n¡Ó l¡W$m Aphsp„ _\u. dp¡V$pcpN¡ AÐepf¡ Ap rbepfZ_p¡ D`ep¡N \pe R>¡. Ap âL$pf_p rbepfZ_y„ `Z V$¡N d¡mhhy„ S>ê$fu R>¡ A_¡ s¡_u NyZhÑp_u Mpsfu DÐ`pv$L$ Ap`¡ R>¡. Ap âL$pf_p rbepfZ_¡ Ap¡`g N°u_ V$¡N Åfu L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

A_yL$|m Mprkesp¡ A_¡ Qp¡L$L$k NyZ^dp£hpmu b¡ Åsp¡_y„ k„L$fZ L$fu buS> DÐ`ß L$fhp_u `Ùrs_¡ k„L$fZ (lpCb°uX$)

L$l¡ R>¡. k„L$fZ\u DÐ`ß \sp„ buS>dp„ A¡L$ âL$pf_p¡ Mpk S>yõkp¡ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S>yõkp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Aphu Ås h^y DÐ`pv$_ Ap`¡ R>¡, S>¡dp„ lpCb°uX$ L$`pk, lpCb°uX$ rv$h¡gp, lpCb°uX$ bpS>fu hN¡f¡, lpCb°uX$ buepfZ hphhp\u h^y DÐ`pv$_ L$f¡ R>¡, `f„sy Ap DÐ`pv$__¡ afu\u buÅ hj£ hphhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `pL$dp„ S>yv$p S>yv$p gnZp¡hpmp rhrQÓ R>p¡X$ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. A_¡ h^y DÐ`pv$_ Ap`hp_p¡ S>yõkp¡ `Z `u Åe R>¡. s¡\u lpCb°uX$ buS>dp„\u DÐ`ß \e¡g DÐ`pv$_ buS> sfuL$¡ hp`fu iL$p_y„ _\u.

A_¡L$ `pL$_p buepfZp¡dp„ Mpk L$fu_¡ ipL$cpÆ, L$`pk, rv$h¡gp, bpS>fudp„ dp¡V$u dp¡V$u L$„`_uAp¡A¡ k„ip¡r^s Åsp¡ s¡epf L$fu_¡ rfkQ® h¡fpeV$u sfuL$¡ bÅfdp„ d|L$¡ R>¡. Aphu Åsp¡ fuguT \e¡gu L$¡ _p¡V$uapB \e¡gu lp¡su _\u A¡V$g¡ L$¡ kfL$pfu dpÞesp d¡mh¡gu lp¡su

_\u A_¡ hph¡sf dpV$¡ cgpdZ L$fhpdp Aphsu _\u `f„sy h¢QpZ dpV$¡_y„ fÆõV$²¡i_ ^fphsu lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡B `Z `pL$_u rfkQ® h¡fpeV$u_y„ buepfZ Mfuv$sp `l¡gp s¡_y„ fÆõV$²¡i_, dpÞesp, Ås_u Mprkesp¡ hN¡f¡ QL$pkhp Å¡BA¡ A_¡ `pL$y„ bug d¡mhu_¡ S> hphhp_p¡ ApN°l fpMhp¡ Å¡BA¡. buS> dphS>s :DÐL$©ô NyZhÑphpmp buepfZp¡ Mfuv$uA¡ A_¡ hphuA¡ sp¡ akg kpfu dm¡ R>¡ `f„sy hps dpÓ ApV$g¡\u `|fu \su _\u. hphsp `l¡gp buS>_¡ S>yv$u S>yv$u dphS>s Ap`hu `X$¡ R>¡. `pL$_¡ buS> S>Þe fp¡Np¡\u bQphhp_p¡ kfm fõsp¡ A_¡ AkfL$pfL$ D`pe A¡V$g¡ buS>_¡ S>ê$fu dphS>s Ap`hu. buS>_¡ dphS>s A¡ `pL$_y„ kyfnp L$hQ R>¡. dp¡V$¡ cpN¡ buS>_¡ ayN_piL$, ÆhpÏ_piL$ v$hpAp¡_u s¡dS> ÆhpÏAp¡_u dphS>s Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

kpdpÞe fus¡ dNamu, sg, dN, AX$v$, L$`pk, L$p¡bu, dfQu, OJ, Æê$ S>¡hp `pL$p¡_¡ \pefd, L$¡àV$p_ L$¡ d¡ÞL$p¡T¡b S>¡hu ayN_piL$ v$hpAp¡_p¡ ârs rL$gp¡N°pd buS> v$uW$ 3 N°pd_p¡ `V$ Ap`hp¡ Å¡CA¡. L$`pkdp„ M|Zuep V$`L$p_p¡ fp¡N Aphsp¡ AV$L$phhp dpV$¡ õV$²¡àV$p¡kpe L$gu_ v$hp_p 50 \u 100 `u.`u.A¡d. hpmp ÖphZdp„ buS>_¡ bp¡mu_¡ hphhp Å¡CA¡. buS>_¡ S>¥rhL$ r_e„ÓL$p¡_u dphS>s `Z Ap`u iL$pe R>¡. Æh„s S>¥rhL$ OV$L$p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ buS> dpfas¡ a¡gpsp AdyL$ fp¡Np¡_y„ r_e„ÓZ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. V$²peL$p¡X$fdp hufX$u _pd_u ayN_piL$ S>¥rhL$ r_e„ÓL$ sfuL$¡ L$pd L$f¡L$ R>¡ A_¡ dNamu_p `pL$dp„ ka¡v$ f„N_u ayN _p¡ fp¡N \sp„ AV$L$ph¡ R>¡. Ap` V$²peL$p¡X$dp„ hufX$u r_e„ÓL$_p¡ buS> dphS>s sfuL$¡ kam D`ep¡N \pe R>¡. OZp ÆhpÏAp¡ `Z buS> dphS>s sfuL$¡ apev$pL$pfL$ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡_u dphS>s buS>_¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ AdyL$ `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ ip¡jZ L$fhpdp„ `Z klpesp dm¡ R>¡. s¡_p\u `pL$ DÐ`pv$_ h^pfu iL$pe R>¡. L$W$p¡m hN®_p `pL$p¡dp„ d|m D`f N„rX$L$pAp¡ Aph¡g lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ fpBTp¡bued ÆhpÏ _¡ L$pfZ¡ lp¡e R>¡.Ap N„rX$L$pAp¡ \L$u lhpdp„ fl¡gp _pBV$²p¡S>__y„ kfmsp\u S>du_dp„ [õ\fuL$fZ \pe R>¡. sp¡ Aphp ÆhpÏAp¡_p L$ëQf

_p¡ D`ep¡N buÅ `pL$p¡dp„ L$fu_¡ `p¡jL$sÐhp¡ _u ndsp dp„ h^pfp¡ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. A¡T¡V$p¡b¡L$V$f _pd_p ÆhpÏ `Z AgN fus¡ _pBV$²p¡S>_ `y{ `pX$¡ R>¡. Ap`u Aphp ÆhpÏAp¡_p L$ëQf bÅfdp„ D`gå^ lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu iL$pe. buS>_¡ ayN_piL$ v$hp_p¡ `V$ Apàep¡ lp¡e, Äepf¡ buS> hphhp_p¡ kde lp¡e Ðepf¡ S> Ap ÆhpÏAp¡_p¡ `V$ Ap`hp¡ Å¡CA¡ S>¡ v$hp_u Akf D`ep¡Nu ÆhpÏ `f _ \pe. buS>_¡ ep¡Áe dphS>s Ap`hpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ `pL$_¡ DNhp\u iê$ L$fu_¡ s¡_p¡ rhL$pk \pe Ðep„ ky^u _yL$kp_ kl_ L$fhy„ `X$¡ R>¡ A_¡ ApMf¡ DÐ`pv$_dp„ OV$pX$p¡ \pe R>¡. buS>_u k`pV$u `f, buS>_u A„v$f L$¡ buS>_u kp\¡ fp¡NL$pfL$p¡ fl¡gp lp¡e R>¡ S>¡_¡ S>du_dp„ c¡S> dmsp„ S> h©rÙ `pd¡ R>¡ A_¡ buS>_¡ gpNsp S> buS> kX$u Åe R>¡. dNamudp„ A¡õ`fTugk _pBTf _pd_u ayN\u buS> kX$u Åe R>¡ A_¡ M¡sfdp„ Mpgp„ `X$¡ R>¡ A¡ S> fus¡ DNk|L$_p¡ fp¡N gpNy `X$¡ A_¡ ^ê$ d©Ðey \pe R>¡. R>p¡X$_u rhL$pkiug Ahõ\pdp„ `Z fp¡N Aphhp_u k„cph_p lp¡hp\u fp¡NârsL$pfL$ Åsp¡_p dpÞe A_¡ DÃQ NyZhÑphpmp buepfZp¡ Mfuv$u hph¡sf `l¡gp buS> dphS>s Ap`hu Ar_hpe® R>¡.

A¡L$ dp¡S>Zu dyS>b _]v$Z\u hj£ v$lpX$¡ _ v$¡Mpe s¡hy„ A„v$pÆs 3000 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep_y„ _yL$ip_ \pe R>¡. _]v$Z\u Mfua `pL$dp„ A„v$pS>¡ 36.5 V$L$p A_¡ frh `pL$dp„ 22.7 V$L$p S>¡V$gp¡ DÐ`pv$_dp„ OV$pX$p¡ _p¡„Opep¡ R>¡. _]v$Zp¡ S>du_dp„\u `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ D`pX$hpdp„ cpN `X$ph¡ R>¡ A_¡ l¡L$V$f¡ A¡L$ hj®dp„ kf¡fpi 30 rL$.N°p. _pBV$²p¡S>_, 5 rL$.N°p. ap¡õafk A_¡ 90 rL$. N°p. `p¡V$pi _p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu S>du__u ãmv$³`sp OV$pX$¡

R>¡. L$¡V$gpL$ _]v$Zp¡ fp¡N A_¡ Æhps_y„ Apîeõ\p_ lp¡B fp¡N s\p Æhps s¡dS> `pL$_u N¡flpS>fudp„ fp¡N A_¡ Æhps_p¡ Æh_¾$d Qpgy fpMhpdp„ dv$v$ L$f¡

R>¡. NpS>fOpk (L$p¡„N°¡k Opk) S>¡hp _]v$Zp¡ d_yóe s¡dS> âpZuAp¡dp„ A¡gS>}$ S>¡hp fp¡Np¡ _p¡sf¡ R>¡ A_¡ s„v$yfõsu_¡ lpr_ `lp¡„QpX$¡ R>¡. `pL$ kp\¡ Äepf¡ _]v$Z lp¡e sp¡ rhL$pk_p AphíeL$ `rfbmp¡ dpV$¡ `pL$ A_¡ _]v$Z hÃQ¡ lrfapB \pe R>¡. Ahgp¡L$_ L$fsp„ S>Zpe R>¡ L$¡ `pL$_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ OV$pX$p_y„ âdpZ 10\u 100 V$L$p S>¡V$gy„ _]v$Zp¡_p gu^¡ R>¡. S>yv$u S>yv$u Ås_p _]v$Z Ecp `pL$dp„ AphíeL$ sÐhp¡_y„ ip¡jZ L$f¡ R>¡ Ap\u `pL$_¡ `yfsp âdpZdp„ AphíeL$ sÐhp¡ dmsp _\u A_¡ `rfZpd¡ `pL$ DÐ`pv$_dp„ L$¡ `pL$_u NyZhÑpdp„ OV$pX$p¡ \pe R>¡. _]v$Z_p¡ a¡gphp¡

ApS>_p M¡X$|s_¡ `pL$_u hphZu kde¡ s\p hphZu bpv$ Ecp `pL$dp„ L$p¡B kss ksphsu kdõep lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `pL$dp„ DNsp A_¡ DÐ`pv$_dp„ AX$QZ ê$` b_sp _]v$Zp¡ A_¡ _]v$Z_p¡ DNphp¡ R>¡. _]v$Z_¡ L$pb|dp„ g¡sp `l¡gp„ Å¡ _]v$Z_p¡ a¡gphp¡ L$B fus¡ \pe s\p _]v$Z_u h©[Ý^_u Mpk âL$pf_u Mprkesp¡\u M¡X$|s hpL$¡a lp¡e sp¡ AkfL$pfL$ fus¡ DÐ`pv$_dp„ OV$pX$p¡ \ep rkhpe M¡sfdp„ S>¡ s¡ `pL$dp„ a¡gphp_¡ AV$L$phu iL$pe R>¡. `h_, `pZu, R>prZey„, Mpsf L$ç`p¡õV$ Mpsf, dpZk s\p `iy `„MuAp¡, M¡s Ap¡Åf, `pL$_u hphZu kde¡ Mfuv$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp krV$®apBX$ rkhpe_p buS> s\p _]v$ZeyL$s rhõspfdp„\u `kpf \sp `pZu_p¡ r`es sfuL$¡ D`ep¡N hN¡f¡ ApX$suep L$¡ _]v$Z_p a¡gphpdp„ A¡S>ÞV$ sfuL$¡ L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. A¡L$ hMs _]v$Z M¡sfdp„ âh¡i L$ep® `R>u A_yL$|m L$¡ ârsL$|m `rfõ\rsdp„ _]v$Z M¡sfdp„ l½$ S>dph¡ R>¡ A_¡ lW$ugpB L$f¡ R>¡ R>sp„ _]v$Z_u L$¡V$guL$ rhriô âL$pf_u Mprkesp¡_p L$pfZ¡ _]v$Z_p¡ ìep` hOsp¡ Åe R>¡:

_]v$Z r_e„ÓZ_p rhrhO D`pep¡ :

1. _]v$Z_p buS>\u dyL$s iyÝ^ buS>_p¡ hphZu dpV$¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.

2. kpfp L$p¡lhpe¡g k¡[ÞÖe Mpsfp¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡. `iyAp¡A¡ Mp¡fpL$dp„ gu^¡g _]v$Z_p buS> AL$y„fZi[¼s Nydpìep rkhpe R>pZdp„ blpf Aph¡ R>¡. Å¡ s¡_¡ bfpbf L$p¡lX$phhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ buS>_u AL$y„fZi[¼s _pi \ep rkhpe M¡sfdp„ v$pMg \pe R>¡. Ap\u kpfp L$p¡lhpe¡g k¡[ÞÖe Mpsf s\p L$ç`p¡õV$_p¡ D`ep¡N Mpsf sfuL$¡ L$fhp¡.

3. Å_hfp¡_¡ `pL$V$ _]v$Z_p R>p¡X$, Mp¡fpL$dp„ _]v$Z_p buS>_u AL$y„fZi[¼s_p¡ _pi L$ep® `R>u S> MhX$phhp„. v$p.s. kpCg¡S> L$fhp\u _]v$Z_u AL$y„fZi[¼s _pi `pd¡ R>¡.

4. Å_hfp¡_¡ _]v$ZN°õs rhõspfdp„\u _uv$ZdyL$s rhõspfdp„ S>sp AV$L$phhp. v$p.s. NpX$f_y„ Å_hfp¡ Üpfp âkfZ

5. S>¡ õ\m `f _]v$Z_p¡ D`Öh \e¡g lp¡e s¡ õ\m_u dpV$u_p¡ D`ep¡N _]v$ZdyL$s M¡sfdp„ _ L$fhp¡.

6. `pZu_u _uL$p¡ A_¡ Yprmep _]v$ZdyL$s fpMhp. 7.M¡sAp¡Åfp¡_p¡ _]v$ZN°õs rhõspfdp„ L$pd L$ep® `R>u kpa L$fu D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.

8. M¡sfdp„ Mmp_u S>Áep s¡dS> ApS>ybpS>y_u S>Áep _]v$ZdyL$s fpMhu.

9. ^ê$ L$¡ R>p¡X$_p AÞe cpNp¡_u fp¡`Zu `l¡gp QL$pkZu L$fu _]v$ZdyL$s L$ep® bpv$ a¡ffp¡`Zu L$¡ fp¡`Zu L$fhu.

10. M¡sf_p M|ZpAp¡, hpX$_u ApS>ybpS>y s¡dS> AÞe rb_`pL$ rhõspfp¡ _]v$ZdyL$s fpMhp.

_]v$Z _piL$ v$hpAp¡_y„ hN}$L$fZ

_]v$Z_piL$ v$hpAp¡_u hjp®ÐdL$sp âdpZ¡, _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p âL$pf âdpZ¡ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp Ap`hp_u `Ý^rs âdpZ¡ s\p _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp âkfhp_u Mprkes âdpZ¡ L$fu iL$pe.

(L$) râCdfS>Þk :

L$p¡C`Z `pL$dp„ `pL$_u hphZu kde¡ L$¡ hphZu bpv$ `pL$_p L$¡

_]v$Z_p AL$y„fZ `l¡gp„ S>du_ `f c¡S> lp¡e Ðepf¡ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp R>p„V$hp_u `Ý^rs_¡ râCdfS>Þk L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>du_dp„ `|fsp¡ c¡S> lp¡hp_p L$pfZ¡ râCdfS>Þk _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p R>„V$L$ph\u S>du__p D`f_p õsf `f DNsp _]v$Zp¡ _pi `pd¡ R>¡. v$p.s. A¡V$²pTu_, d¡V$²uåeyTu_, A¡gp¼gp¡f L$¡ d¡V$p¡gpL$gp¡f. (M) râ-àgpÞV$ :

L$p¡B`Z `pL$dp„ `pL$_u hphZu L$¡ fp¡`Zu `l¡gp S>du__p D`f_p õsf `f _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_u AkfL$pfL$sp h^pfhp R>„V$L$ph bpv$ `„S>¡W$u hX$¡ S>du__p D`f_p õsfdp„ c¡mhu v$¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ðepfbpv$ hphZu L$¡ fp¡`Zu L$fu r`es Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. k|e®âL$pi_u lpS>fudp„ TX$`u rhOV$_ `pdsu _]v$Z_piL$ v$hpAp¡_¡ râ àgpÞV$ `Ý^rs\u Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. `¡ÞX$udu\pgu_, aéyãgp¡fpgu_ L$¡ V$²pC‰yfpgu_. (N) `p¡õV$-CdfS>Þk : M¡sfdp„ `pL$ L$¡ _]v$Z_p¡ DNph \e¡g lp¡e A_¡ DN¡g `pL$ L$¡ _]v$Zp¡ `f _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡_¡ `p¡õV$ CdfS>Þk L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ Ap âL$pf_u _]v$Z_piL$ v$hpAp¡ hZp®ÐdL$ `pL$p¡dp„ D`ep¡Nu _uhX$¡ R>¡. v$p.s. 2, 4-X$u OJ_p M¡sfdp„, `¡fp¼hpV$ L$¡ Ágpep¡k¡V$ rb_`pL$rhõspfdp„, ¼huTpgp¡ap¡` C\pCg L$`pk L$¡ dNãmu_p `pL$dp„. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp AÞe L$©rj-fkpeZp¡\u AgN `X$¡ R>¡, L$pfZ L$¡... L$p¡B`Z v$hp_u AkfL$pfL$sp a¡ kãmsp_p¡ dy¿e Ap^pf s¡ v$hp L$épf¡ (kde), L$¡hu fus¡ (`Ùrs-fus) A_¡ L$¡V$gu (S>Õ\p¡) R>p„V$hu s¡_p `f fl¡gp R>¡. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hpAp¡_p R>„V$L$ph_p S>Õ\pdp„ \p¡X$p¡ OZp¡ a¡fapf L$¡ nrs flu Åe sp¡ s¡_u dpW$u Akf S>¡s¡ `pL$ s\p Ðepf `R>u_p `pL$_p rhL$pk A_¡ h©rÙ `f \pe R>¡ s¡dS> _]v$Z r_e„ÓZ AkfL$pfL$ fus¡ \sy _\u. kpdpÞe fus¡ Äepf¡ dS>|fp¡_u gæesp kdekf A_¡ `|fsp âdpZdp„ _ lp¡e A\hp Äepf¡ L$¡V$gpL$ `pL$p¡ `|„L$u_¡ hhpsp lp¡e A\hp kss hfkpv$_u l¡gu fl¡ s¡hp k„Å¡Np¡dp„ cgpdZ L$f¡g _]v$Z_piL$p¡_p¡ h`fpi lp\_]v$pdZ s\p Ap„sfM¡X$ L$fsp h^y AkfL$pfL$ `yfhpf \pe R>¡. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp cgpdZ L$f¡g S>Õ\p L$fsp Å¡ h^pf¡ hp`fhpdp„ Aph¡

sp¡......

v$hp_u T¡fu Akf_¡ gu^¡ `pL$ A„is: A\hp k„`|Z® _pi `pd¡ R>¡. `pL$_p rhL$pk A_¡ h©rÙ `f dpW$u Akf \sp DÐ`pv$_dp„ _p¡„^`pÓ OV$pX$p¡ \pe R>¡.

S>du_dp„ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p Ahi¡jp¡_u dpÓp h^y gp„bp kde ky^u fl¡ R>¡ `rfZpd¡ Ðepf `R>u_p `pL$_¡ Ap Ahi¡jp¡_u rh`fus Akf DNphp D`f s\p `pL$_p h©rÙ rhL$pk `f dpW$u Akf \hp\u DÐ`pv$_ OV$u Åe R>¡. A¡L$d rhõspf v$uW$ `pL$ DÐ`pv$_MQ®dp„ h^pfp¡ \pe R>¡.

S>du_ s\p c|S>m-âv$|rjs \pe R>¡. cgpdZ L$f¡g _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p¡ S>Õ\p¡ Å¡ Ap¡R>p¡ hp`fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡..... _]v$Z_y„ AkfL$pfL$ r_e„ÓZ \sy„ _\u. v$hp `pR>m MQ£g _pZp„ ìe\® Åe R>¡.

AÞe `Ùrs\u Ecp `pL$dp„ _]v$ZL$pe® lp\ ^fhp_u afS> `X$¡ R>¡.

`pL$ DÐ`pv$_ MQ® h^u Åe R>¡.

L$¡V$gpL$ _]v$Zp¡dp„ _]v$Z _piL$ v$hp_p Ap¡R>p âdpZ\u ârsL$pfL$ i[¼s DÐ`ß \pe R>¡ S>¡\u s¡_p r_e„ÓZ dpV$¡ crhóedp„ cgpdZ L$fsp„ h^y âdpZ_u S>ê$f S>¡ s¡ `pL$dp„

_]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p R>„V$L$ph kde¡ fpMhp_u L$pmÆ

1. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp Mfuv$su hMs¡ s\p s¡_¡ h`fpidp„ g¡sp `l¡gp„ v$hp_p `¡tL$N D`f R>p`¡g DÐ`pv$_ s\p s¡_u Ahr^_u rhNsp¡ S>¡hu L$¡ dpk A_¡ hj®_u Qp¡L$kpC`|h®L$ Mpsfu L$fu g¡hu. Ahr^ - (A¡L$k`pefu X$¡CV$) `|fu \e¡g v$hp hp`fhu _l] L$¡ Mfuv$hu _l].

2. cgpdZ L$f¡g _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p¡ S> S>¡ s¡ `pL$dp„ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.

3. cgpdZ L$f¡g kde¡ S> _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp R>p„V$hu.

4. Ecp `pL$dp„ `pL$_u h©rÙ_u S>¡ Ahõ\pA¡ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp R>p„V$hp_u cgpdZ L$f¡g lp¡e s¡ S> Ahõ\pA¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡.

5.`p¡õV$-CdfS>Þk `Ùrsdp„ _]v$Z_p R>p¡X$ D`f h^y âdpZdp„ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp `X$¡ s¡ fus¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡.

6. A¡L$kfMp R>„V$L$ph dpV$¡ cgpdZ L$f¡g `pZu_p S>Õ\p_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.

7. cgpdZ L$f¡g lp¡e sp¡ S> b¡ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp rdî L$fu_¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡.

8. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_¡ S>„sy_piL$ v$hp kp\¡ rdî L$fu_¡ L$epf¡L$ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡ _lu.

9. h^y `X$sp¡ L$¡ sp¡ap_u `h_ lp¡e Ðepf¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡ _lu.

10. kpdpÞe `h_ lp¡e Ðepf¡ `„`_u _p¡Tg S>du__u _ÆL$ fl¡ s¡ fus¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡.

11. Qpgy hfkpv$¡ _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡ _lu.

12. râ-CdfS>Þk `Ùrsdp„ R>„V$L$ph L$fsu hMs¡ S>du_dp„ `|fsp¡ c¡S> lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.

13. A¡L$ kfMp R>„V$L$ph dpV$¡ ãg¡V$a¡_ _p¡Tg_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.

14. S>„sy_piL$ v$hp R>p„V$hp dpV$¡_u _p¡Tg_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ _lu.

15. `pR>p `N¡ Qpgu_¡ S> _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡ A¡V$g¡ L$¡ v$hp R>p„V$¡gp cpN `f Qpghy„ _lu.

16. ifuf_p L$p¡C `Z cpN D`f CÅ \e¡g lp¡e s¡hu ìe[¼sAp¡A¡ v$hp_p¡ R>„V$L$ph L$fhp¡ _l].

17. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp R>p„V$_pf¡ lp\dp¡Å„, A¡âp¡_, byV$ hN¡f¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡.

18. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp R>p„V$sp `l¡gp A_¡ R>„V$L$ph bpv$ v$hp R>p„V$hp_p¡ `„`, _p¡Tg s¡dS> `„`_u _mu S>¡hp cpNp¡_¡ b¡ \u ÓZ hMs Qp¡¿Mp `pZu\u bfpbf kpa L$fhp. iL$e lp¡esp¡ kpby_p ÖphZ\u kpa L$fu Qp¡¿Mp `pZu\u `„`_p sdpd cpNp¡ kpa L$fhp.

19. _]v$Z_piL$ v$hp_p R>„V$L$ph v$fçep_ buX$u sdpL$y_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ _l].

20. v$hp R>„V$L$ph bpv$ lp\-`N kpby hX$¡ Op¡C bfpbf kpa L$fhp.

`pL$_p fp¡N

`pL$ DÐ`pv$_dp„ ky^pf¡g rbepfZ, kdekf_p M¡su L$pep£, `pL$_¡ S>ê$fu `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡, r`es A_¡ `pL$ k„fnZ ANÐe_p dyØp NZpe R>¡. `pL$ DÐ`pv$__¡ Akf L$fsp `rfbmp¡_¡ AS>¥rhL$ (Abiotic) A_¡ S>¥rhL$ (Biotic) A¡d b¡ cpNdp„ hl¢Qu iL$pe. AS>¥rhL$ `rfbmp¡dp„ Mpk L$fu_¡ sp`dp_, c¡S>, âL$pi, `h__u Nrs, hfkpv$ hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. S>epf¡ S>¥rhL$ `rfbmp¡dp„ L$uV$L$ (Æhps), L$\ufu, k|ÿdÆhpÏAp¡, Jv$f A_¡ _]v$Z_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. Ap b^p S> S>¥rhL$ `rfbmp¡ `¥L$u L$uV$L$ A_¡ k|ÿd ÆhpÏAp¡\u \sy„ _yL$kp_ kp¥\u h^y âdpZdp„ lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ A„v$pS> dyS>b M¡su `pL$p¡dp„ k|ÿd ÆhpÏAp¡\u \sp fp¡N A_¡ Æhpsp¡\u gNcN 30 \u 40 V$L$p S>¡V$gy„ _yL$kp_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. M¡su `pL$p¡dp„ Æhps (L$uV$L$)\u \sy„ _yL$kp_ M¡X$|sp¡_¡ kl¡gpC\u _S>f¡ `X$¡ R>¡. Æhps_u rhrh^

Ahõ\pAp¡ (IX$p„, Cem, bÃQp„, L$p¡i¡V$p, `y¿s hN¡f¡) \u \sy„ _yL$kp_, lNpf hN¡f¡ _fu Ap„M¡ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡. S>epf¡ fp¡N \hp dpV$¡ S>hpbv$pf fp¡NL$pfL$ _fu Ap„M¡ v$¡Mpsp _\u. s¡_¡ Å¡hp dpV$¡ kyÿdv$i®L$ e„Ó_u S>ê$f `X$¡ R>¡. `f„sy h_õ`rsdp„ s¡_p\u DØchsp _yL$kp__p gnZp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ S>¡ s¡ fp¡N_u Ap¡mM \C iL$¡ R>¡. Qp¡L$L$k âL$pf_p gnZp¡_¡ Ap^pf¡ S>¡ s¡ fp¡N_p Mpk _pd Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡d L$¡ kyL$pfp¡, d|mMpC, Ny„v$fuep¡, Ap„Æep¡, Tpm_p¡ fp¡N hN¡f¡. dp¡V$p cpN_p rL$õkpdp„ h_õ`rsdp„ Å¡hp dmsp Aphp fp¡N_p gnZp¡ gNcN A¡L$kfMp lp¡e R>¡. Aphp gnZp¡ A_¡ fp¡NL$pfL$_p Æh_¾$d_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu S>¡ s¡ fp¡N_p r_e„ÓZ dpV$¡ ep¡Áe `pL$-k„fnZ_p `Ngp„ k|Qhhpdp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡. M¡su `pL$p¡dp„ Å¡hp dmsp Aphp Mpk gnZp¡ rhi¡ M¡X$|sp¡dp„ âp\rdL$ ÅZL$pfu lp¡hu S>ê$fu R>¡.

(1) `p__p„ V$`L$p„ (Leaf spot)

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- ^pÞe `pL$p¡ (X$p„Nf, S>yhpf, bpS>fu, dL$pC), fp¡L$X$uep `pL$p¡ (sdpL$y, L$`pk), s¡gurbep„_p `pL$p¡ (dNamu, rv$h¡gp, sg, fpC, k|e®d|Mu, kp¡epbu_), ipL$cpÆ_p `pL$p¡ (f]NZu, c]X$p, L$p¡buS>, agphf, h¡gphpmp ipL$cpÆ, iL$L$fuep), L$W$p¡m `pL$p¡ (hpg, hV$pZp, AX$v$, dN, dW$, Qp¡mp) A_¡ am `pL$p¡ (QuL$y, L$¡m, ``¥ep, _prme¡fu, Mpf¡L$, v$pX$d)

gnZp¡ :- S>yv$p S>yv$p M¡su `pL$p¡dp„ dy¿eÐh¡ kfL$p¡õ`p¡fp, Ap¡ëV$f_¡fuep s\p AÞe Års_u a|N\u `p__p„ V$`L$p_p¡ fp¡N \pe R>¡. Aphp V$`L$p„_p¡ ApL$pf, L$v$ A_¡ f„N a|N_u Års A_¡ eS>dp_ `pL$ `f Ahg„b¡ R>¡. Aphp V$`L$p„_p¡ fp¡N L$¡V$gpL$ dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. (f) ^ê$_p¡ L$lp¡hpfp¡ (Damping off)

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- f]NZu, dfQu, V$pd¡V$u, X$y„Nmu, L$p¡buS> A_¡ agphf S>¡hp ipL$cpÆ_p `pL$p¡dp„ A_¡ sdpL$ydp„ ^ê$ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap ^ê$hpX$uepdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ S>du_S>Þe a|N\u \sp¡ L$lp¡hpfp_p¡ fp¡N Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

gnZp¡ :- L$lp¡hpfp fp¡N_u iê$Aps ^ê$hprX$epdp„ L$p¡C`Z Ahõ\pA¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap fp¡Ndp„ A„L$yf _uL$msp `l¡gp S> buS> S>du_dp„ L$lp¡hpC Åe R>¡ `rfZpd¡ A„L$yf S>du__u blpf _uL$mu iL$sy„ _\u. buS> DÁep `R>u fp¡N gpNy `X$¡ sp¡ R>p¡X$ `umpi `X$sp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. _p_p ^ê$_p \X$_p S>du_ `pk¡_p¡ cpN `p¡Qp¡ `X$u L$lp¡hpC S>sp _pi `pd¡ R>¡.

(3) DNkyL$_p¡ fp¡N :

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- a|N\u \sp¡ DNk|L$_p¡ fp¡N Mpk L$fu_¡ dNamu, dL$pC A_¡ kp¡epbu__p `pL$dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

gnZp¡ :- Ap fp¡Ndp„ buS> DNsp `l¡gp S> S>du_dp„ L$lp¡hpC Åe R>¡. s¡\u M¡sfdp„ Npdp (Mpgp) `X$¡ R>¡. OZu hMs buS> DN¡ `f„sy DÁep `R>u _p_p R>p¡X$ `ump `X$u kyL$pC Åe R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡ f¡spm A_¡ dÝed L$pmu S>du_dp„ dNamu_p `pL$dp„ DNk|L$_p¡ fp¡N Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. Ap fp¡Ndp„ buS> S>du_dp„ S> AL$y„fZ \ep `l¡gp kX$u Åe R>¡ A_¡ DNhp_u irL$s Nydph¡ R>¡. Aphp buS> S>du_dp„\u blpf L$pYu Å¡hpdp„

Aph¡ sp¡ L$pmu a|N_p buÅÏAp¡ s¡_p `f R>hpe¡gp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

(4) smR>pfp¡ (Downy mildew) : eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- a|N\u \sp¡ Ap fp¡N bpS>fu, dL$pC, fpC, h¡gphpmp ipL$cpÆ, L$p¡buS>, agphf, hV$pZp, CkbNyg, Akpmuep¡ A_¡ fS>L$p_p `pL$dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

gnZp¡ :- Ap fp¡N_p gnZp¡dp„ kpdpÞe fus¡ eS>dp_ h_õ`rs_p `p__u _uQ¡_u k`pV$u `f ka¡v$ a|N_u R>pfu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. OZu hMs `p__u D`f_u k`pV$uA¡ `Z a|N_u R>pfu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. fp¡N_u suh°sp h^sp `p_ kyL$pC_¡ Mfu `X$¡ R>¡. D`Örhs R>p¡X$dp„ am / tiNp¡ Ap¡R>p b¡k¡ R>¡ A_¡ L$v$dp„ _p_p fl¡ R>¡.

(5) c|L$u R>pfp¡ (Powdery mildew) : eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- ipL$cpÆ_p `pL$p¡

(c]X$p, Nyhpf, hpg, hV$pZp, X$y„Nmu, gkZ,h¡gphpmp ipL$cpÆ), L$W$p¡m `pL$p¡ (dN, dW$, AX$v$, Qp¡mp, syh¡f), s¡gurbep_p `pL$p¡ (fpC, sg, k|e®d|Mu), am`pL$p¡ (Ap„bp¡, bp¡fX$u, ``¥ep),dfudkpgp_p `pL$p¡ (Æê$, ^pZp, d¡\u) A_¡ kyip¡c_ dpV$¡_p a|gR>p¡X$ (Nygpb, S>b£fp, Nygv$pDv$u) gnZp¡ :- Ap fp¡Ndp„ eS>dp_ h_õ`rs_p L$ydmp cpNp¡ `f a|N_p¡ DNphp¡ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. iê$Apsdp„ `p_ `f Mpk L$fu_¡ `p__u D`f_u bpS>yA¡ fpMp¡X$u, ApR>p `ump L$¡ ka¡v$ f„N_p R>|V$pR>hpep ^pbp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. ^uf¡ ^uf¡ Aphp ^pbp ApMp `p_ `f R>hpC Åe R>¡. fp¡N_u suh°sp h^pf¡ lp¡e sp¡ Aphp ^pbp `p__u _uQ¡_u k`pV$u `f A_¡ R>p¡X$_p AÞe L$ydmp cpNp¡ (a|g, X$pmu, L$y„`m, çlp¡f, `p__u v$p„X$u hN¡f¡) `f âkf¡gp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. fp¡N_y„ âdpZ h^sp `p_/R>p¡X$ `f ka¡v$ `pDX$f R>p„V$¡gp¡ lp¡e s¡hy„ v$¡Mpe R>¡. D`Örhs `p_ kyL$pC_¡ Mfu `X$¡ R>¡.

`pL$dp„ S>yv$p S>yv$p lp¡e R>¡. OJ_p `pL$dp„ `p__p¡ bv$pdu N¡ê$ A_¡ \X$_p¡ L$pmp¡ N¡ê$ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

bv$pdu N¡ê$

bv$pdu N¡ê$_p gnZp¡ dp¡V$¡ cpN¡ `p_ `f Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. bv$pdu N¡ê$_u iê$Apsdp„ `p_ `f R>|V$pR>hpep Ar_erds ApL$pf_p, _p_p bv$pdu f„N_p D`k¡gp V$`L$p (QpW$p„) `X$¡ R>¡. fp¡N_u suh°sp h^sp s¡ dp¡V$p A_¡ OpV$p bv$pdu f„Ndp„ `rfhs®_ `pd¡ R>¡.

L$pmp¡ N¡ê$

L$pmp N¡ê$_p gnZp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ \X$, `p_ s¡dS> Dbu `f Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. L$pmp N¡ê$_u iê$Apsdp„ \X$ `f bv$pdu f„N_p R>|V$pR>hpep D`k¡gp QpW$p„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. kde S>sp s¡ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ cmu S>C _S>f¡ v$¡MpC Aph¡ s¡ fus¡ gp„bp, OpV$p L$Õ\pC\u L$pmp f„Ndp„ a¡fhpC Åe R>¡. fp¡N_u suh°sp h^sp Aphp QpW$p„ OJ_u Jbu `f `Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

v$¡Mpe R>¡. X$|„X$pdp„ a|g Aphhp_u iê$Aps \pe Ðepf¡ X$|„X$pdp„\u d^ S>¡hp¡ QuL$Zp¡ âhplu `v$p\® Tf¡ R>¡ S>¡ X$|„X$p `f f¡gpC `p_ A_¡ S>du_ `f `X$¡ R>¡. X$|„X$p_y„ QuL$Ï„ âhplu kyL$psp v$pZp_u S>ÁepA¡ L$pmp\u c|Mfp f„N_u, L$v$dp„ v$pZp\u dp¡V$u A_¡ L$W$Z `¡iuAp¡ b_¡ R>¡. s¡dp„\u _uL$msp buS> L$Zp¡ `h_ A_¡ L$uV$L$p¡ dpfas¡ a¡gpC fp¡N_p¡ a¡gphp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. g]by g]by_p `pL$dp„ Ap fp¡N_p gnZp¡ kp¥â\d X$pmuAp¡ A_¡ \X$ `f Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. \X$ A_¡ X$pmuAp¡ `f Ny„v$f S>¡hp¡ QuL$Zp¡ âhplu `v$p\® Tfsp¡ dpg|d `X$¡ R>¡. Aphp fp¡rNô R>p¡X$ _bmp `X$¡ R>¡. `p_ `ump `X$u QudmpC S>C kyL$php gpN¡ R>¡. h^y suh°sp lp¡e sp¡ ApMy TpX$ kyL$pC Åe R>¡.

(8) Ahfp¡l d©Ðey (Dieback) : eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- Ap„bp¡ A_¡ g]by S>¡hp am`pL$p¡dp„ a|N\u \sp¡ Ahfp¡l d©Ðey_p¡ fp¡N Å¡h dm¡ R>¡.

(6) N¡ê$ (Rust) :

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡:-S>yv$u S>yv$u Ås_u a|N\u \sp¡ N¡ê$_p¡ fp¡N L$¡V$gpL$ ^pÞe `pL$p¡ (OJ, bpS>fu, S>yhpf), s¡gurbep„ `pL$p¡ (dNamu, fpC, k|e®d|Mu), ipL$cpÆ_p `pL$p¡ (L$p¡buS>, L$p¡guagphf), fS>L$p¡ A_¡ Ap„bpdp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. gnZp¡ :- Ap fp¡N_p gnZp¡ S>¡ s¡

(7)

Ny„v$fuep¡:

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- bpS>fu A_¡ g]by_p `pL$dp„ a|N\u \sp¡ Ny„v$fuep_p¡ fp¡N Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. gnZp¡ :bpS>fu bpS>fu_p `pL$dp„ X$|„X$p Ahõ\pA¡ Ap fp¡N

gnZp¡ :Ap„bp¡ Ap„bp_p S>|_p TpX$_u _p_u X$pmuAp¡ D`f\u _uQ¡_u sfa kyL$psu Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. fp¡rNô X$pmu_p sdpd `p_ Mfu `X$¡ R>¡. TpX$ Tpm\u v$pÆ Ney lp¡e s¡hy„ v$¡Mpe R>¡. _hu X$pmuAp¡dp„ Ecu rsfpX$ Å¡hp dm¡

R>¡. s¡dp„\u Ny„v$f S>¡hp¡ `v$p\® blpf _uL$mu Aphu_¡ kyL$pC Åe R>¡. g]by g]by_p 5 \u 6 hj®_p TpX$dp„ V$p¡Q_u L$ydmu X$pmuAp¡ â\d kyL$php gpN¡ R>¡ S>¡ ^ud¡ ^ud¡ _uQ¡ sfa âkf¡ R>¡. kde S>sp„ ApMu X$pmu k„`|Z®`Z¡ kyL$pC Åe R>¡. Å¡ kdekf `Ngp„ g¡hpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ ApMy„ TpX$ kyL$pC Åe R>¡. (9) kyL$pfp¡ (Wilt)

gnZp¡ :- Ap fp¡Ndp„ R>p¡X$_p \X$_p S>du_ _ÆL$_p cpN `f iê$Apsdp„ `pZu `p¡Qp V$`L$p„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. kde S>sp„ Aphp V$`L$p„ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ cmu S>C dp¡V$p b_¡ R>¡. fp¡N_u suh°sp h^sp \X$ `f ApR>p c|Mfp, bv$pdu L$¡ L$pmp QpW$p„ / ^pbp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. fp¡rNô R>p¡X$_y„ \X$ `p¡Qy„ `X$¡ R>¡ S>¡_¡ gu^¡ fp¡N gpN¡g R>p¡X$ kyL$pC S>C S>du_ `f Ymu `X$¡ R>¡. fp¡rNô R>p¡X$ _bmp `X$hp_¡ gu^¡ `pZu A_¡ `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡_p hl_dp„ Mg¡g `lp¡„Q¡ R>¡.

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- dp¡V$pcpN_p `pL$p¡dp„ L$p¡C`Z Ahõ\pA¡ Ap fp¡N Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. gnZp¡ :- fp¡N_u iê$Apsdp„ k¥pâ\d _uQ¡_p `p_ `ump `X$¡ R>¡. `p_ dyfTpC / QudmpC Åe R>¡. ^uf¡ ^uf¡ fp¡N R>p¡X$_u V$p¡Q sfa ApNm h^¡ R>¡. fp¡rNô R>p¡X$_p \X$_¡ Ecy„ Qufu_¡ Å¡sp A„v$f_p cpNdp„ ka¡v$ ê$ S>¡hu a|N v$¡Mpe R>¡. \X$_u fkhplu_uAp¡ L$pmu `X$u Ne¡gu lp¡e R>¡. i¡fX$u_p `pL$dp„ kyL$pfpfp¡Ndp„ R>p¡X$_u h©[Ý^ AV$L$¡ R>¡. kp„W$p¡ A„v$f\u d¡gp¡, f¡kphpmp¡ A_¡ `p¡gp¡ \sp¡ Åe R>¡. fp¡rNô R>p¡X$_p d|m L$pmp `X$u kX$u Åe R>¡. (10) d|m_p¡ kX$p¡ / L$lp¡hpfp¡ / d|mMpC eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- a|N\u \sp¡ Ap fp¡N L$`pk, rv$h¡gp, sdpL$y, dNamu, Qp¡mp A_¡ QZp_p `pL$dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. gnZp¡ :- fp¡N_p dy¿e gnZp¡dp„

iê$Apsdp„ R>p¡X$ `pZu_u M¢Q A_ychsp¡ lp¡e s¡hy„ gpN¡ R>¡. M|b S> V$|„L$pNpmpdp„ A¡L$pA¡L$ R>p¡X$ D`f\u `ump `X$u QudmpC S>C kyL$pC Åe R>¡. M¡sfdp„ Ap fp¡N L$|„X$pmpdp„ ApNm h^¡ R>¡ S>¡_¡ 'L$|„X$u' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. fp¡rNô R>p¡X$_¡ M¢Qu_¡ D`pX$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ kl¡gpC\u D`X$u Åe R>¡. Aphp R>p¡X$_y„ r_funZ L$fsp s¡_p d|m L$lp¡hpC S>hp\u s¡_u R>pg kl¡gpC\u R>|V$u `X$u Åe R>¡. Apv$u d|m cu_p A_¡ QuL$Zp lp¡e R>¡. fp¡N_u suh°sp h^pf¡ lp¡e sp¡ R>pg bv$pdu A_¡ L$Õ\pC f„N_u b_u Åe R>¡.

(11) \X$_p¡ kX$p¡ / L$lp¡hpfp¡ :

eS>dp_ `pL$p¡:- S>du_S>Þe a|N\u \sp¡ Ap fp¡N dy¿eÐh¡ X$p„Nf, dNamu, bV$pV$p, syh¡f, ``¥ep, fpC A_¡ Qp¡mp_p `pL$dp„ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡.

(12) am_p¡ kX$p¡ / L$lp¡hpfp¡ : eS>dp_ `pL$p¡ :- am`pL$p¡ (Apdmp A_¡ v$pX$d) s\p ipL$cpÆ_p `pL$p¡ (f]NZu, dfQu A_¡ V$pd¡V$u)dp„ S>yv$u S>yv$u Ås_u a|N\u am_p¡ kX$p¡ (L$lp¡hpfp¡) _p¡ fp¡N Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. gnZp¡ :Apdmp : Apdmp_p am_u k`pV$u `f S>yv$u S>yv$u a|N_¡ gu^¡ ÓpL$ ApL$pf_p L$¡ hsy®mpL$pf, Nygpbu, L$Õ\C L$¡ bv$pdu f„N_p V$`L$p„ `X$¡R>¡. Aphp V$`L$p„hpmp cpN `p¡Qp `X$¡ R>¡. am a|N\u ApÃR>prv$s \C Åe R>¡. fp¡rNô am L$lp¡hpC Åe R>¡. am `X$hp\u L$¡ A¡L$buÅ kp\¡ A\X$php\u L$¡ Oj®Z \hp\u s¡_p `f TMd (Op) `X$¡ R>¡ Ðep„ a|N_y„ h^®_ \C kX$p¡ `¡v$p \pe R>¡. v$pX$d : v$pX$d_p am_u k`pV$u `f `umpi

Aphsp¡ _\u. s¡ S>du_dp„ flu R>p¡X$_p d|mdp„\u kss fk Q|ksp„ lp¡e L$©rd\u AkfN°õs R>p¡X$ _bmp¡ v$¡Mpe R>¡. R>p¡X$ `ump¡ `X$u W$]NZp¡ fl¡ R>¡. h^pf¡ D`Öh lp¡e sp¡ R>p¡X$ kyL$pC_¡ R>¡hV$¡ dfu Åe R>¡. s¡ D`fp„s L$©rd L$¡V$gpL$ fp¡NL$pfL$p¡_¡ R>p¡X$_u A„v$f v$pMg \hp dpV$¡ dpN® L$fu ApX$L$sfu fus¡ `Z _yL$kp_ L$f¡ R>¡. k|ÿd sÐhp¡_u DZ`\u \sp fp¡N L$¡V$guL$ hMs S>du__y„ b„^pfZ bNX$hp\u L$¡ AÞe L$pfZp¡kf R>p¡X$ S>du_dp„\u AdyL$ `p¡jL$ sÐhp¡ gC iL$sp _\u Ðepf¡ R>p¡X$_u h©[Ý^ A_¡ rhL$pk `f s¡_u Akf \pe R>¡ A_¡ fp¡N S>¡hy„ S>Zpe R>¡. fp¡`pZ X$p„Nf_p ^ê$hpX$uepdp„ \sp¡ L$p¡gpV$ (`umuep¡), X$p„Nf_u fp¡`Zu bpv$ iê$Aps_u Ahõ\pdp„ \sp¡ sp„buep¡, g]bydp„ \sp¡ `umuep¡ s\p Apdmp A_¡ v$pX$d_p `pL$dp„ bp¡fp¡_ sÐh_u DZ`\u \sp L$¡V$gpL$ fp¡N s¡_p Dv$plfZ R>¡.

"`pZu_y„ dlÐh'

S>m A¡ Æh_ R>¡, A¡ iåv$ Ap`Zu kp\¡ hZpe Nep¡ R>¡. v$yr_ep_p¡ v$f¡L$ Æh `pZu_p dlÐh_¡ kdS>¡

R>¡, A_ych¡ R>¡. `©Õhu D`f DNsu v$f¡L$ h_õ`rs_¡

DNhp dpV$¡ dpV$u (S>du_) _u S>ê$fueps R>¡, `Z s¡_¡

DNpX$hp dpV$¡ s¡dS> V$L$hp dpV$¡ `pZu_y„ lp¡hy„ S>ê$fu R>¡.

Ap`Zu M¡su_¡ `pZu kp\¡ ku^p¡ k„b„^ R>¡, `pZu hNf M¡su_u L$ë`_p iL$é _\u. L$pfZ L$¡ S>du__u amv$³`sp `pZu D`f Ap^pfus R>¡. `pZu hNf c¡S> iL$é _\u A_¡ s¡\u S> S>du__¡ `pZu_u S>ê$fueps

R>¡. A¡ D`fp„s S>du_dp„ DNpX$hp dpV$¡ _pMhpdp„ Aphsp buS> _¡ A„L$yfZ dpV$¡ `pZu ANÐe_y„ OV$L$ R>¡, sp¡ DNu Ne¡gp R>p¡X$_¡ c¡S> dmhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. Å¡

`yfsp âdpZdp„ c¡S> dm¡ sp¡ S> R>p¡X$_y„ A[õsÐh V$L$¡ A_¡ s¡_p¡ rhL$pk \pe.

`pL$_¡ kdekf A_¡ S>ê$rfeps dyS>b Å¡ `pZu `y{„ `pX$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `pL$ DÐ`pv$_ `|fsy„ dm¡ R>¡. L$p¡C`Z `pL$_p¡ L$yg `pZu_u S>ê$rfeps kpdpÞe fus¡ `pL$_p¡ Æh_L$pm, `pL$_u Ahõ\p, S>du__y„ `s A_¡ `p¡s, hph¡sf_p¡ l¡sy, hph¡sf Fsy hN¡f¡ `rfbmp¡ D`f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡.

`pL$_u `pZu_u S>ê$rfeps L$fsp„ h^pf¡ `pZu Ap`hp\u R>p¡X$_p¡ hp_õ`rsL$ rhL$pk h^pf¡ \pe R>¡. S>¡ fp¡N Æhps_¡ Apd„ÓZ Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ `pZu_p¡ bNpX$ \pe R>¡. Å¡ `pZu Ap¡R>y„ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ R>p¡X$_p¡

DÐ`pv$_ Ap¡R>y„ dm¡ R>¡. `pL$_u `pZu_u S>ê$rfeps _½$u L$fhpdp„ `pL$_p¡ rhL$pk_p¡ sb½$p¡ `Z ANÐe_p¡ cpN cS>h¡ R>¡. `pL$_p iê$Aps_p sb½$pdp„ `pZu_u S>ê$rfeps Ap¡R>u fl¡ R>¡. `f„sy S>¡d S>¡d R>p¡X$ dp¡V$p¡ \pe R>¡ A\hp TpX$_p¡ rhL$pk \pe R>¡ s¡d s¡d s¡_u `pZu_u S>ê$rfeps h^su Åe R>¡. r`es :`pL$ DÐ`pv$_dp„ dlÐh_p `rfbmp¡ `¥L$u `p¡jL$sÒhp¡ A_¡ r`es_p¡ A_y¾$d¡ 45 % A_¡ 27 % apmp¡ R>¡. h_õ`rs_p L$p¡jdp„ fl¡gp Æhfkdp„ 90 % `pZu lp¡e R>¡. âL$pik„íg¡jZ_u âr¾$epdp„ `pZu dlÐh_y„ OV$L$ R>¡. r`es M¡sudp„ ÓZ bpbsp¡ A„N¡ ÅZL$pfu lp¡hu OZu S> ANÐe_u R>¡. S>¡hu L$¡,

(1) `pL$_¡ `pZu L$epf¡ Ap`hy„.

(2) `pL$_¡ `pZu L$¡V$gy„ Ap`hy„ A_¡

(3) `pL$_¡ `pZu L$¡hu fus¡ Ap`hy.

v$p.s. OJdp„ hphZu bpv$ 18 \u 21 rv$hk¡ - dyL$yV$ Ahõ\p Ap kde¡ `pZu/c¡S>_u M¢Q `X$¡ sp¡ 35 \u 40 V$L$p OJ_y DÐ`pv$_ OV$u Åe R>¡. kpdpÞes: R>p¡X$ Üpfp S>du_dp„ fl¡sp 30 - 60 % c¡S>_p¡ D`ep¡N \B iL$¡ R>¡. L$¡V$gpL$ h©rÙ Ahõ\pA¡ `pZu_u S>ê$rfeps_u v$[ôA¡ ¾$p„rsL$ (L$V$p¡L$V$u_u) NZpe R>¡. Ap kde¡ DÐ`pv$_ dpV$¡ r`es Ap`hy„ AphíeL$ R>¡. kpdpÞe fus¡ a|g Ahõ\p\u v$pZp b_hp_p¡ kdeNpmp¡ M|b S> kyN°plpe NZpe R>¡. r`es_u `Ý^[Ñ :-

1. f¡m `Ùrs M¡sfdp„ `pZu cfu v$¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

2. `prmep `Ùrs `prmep_u `lp¡mpC 4 \u 5 duV$f S>¡V$gu A_¡ g„bpC 12 \u 15 duV$f S>¡V$gu fpMhpdp„

3. L$epfp `Ùrs

L$pf_u g„bpC 2 \u 2.5 duV$f A_¡ `lp¡mpC 1 \u 1.5 duV$f fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

4. _uL$`pmp `Ùrs i½$frfep, bV$pV$p hN¡f¡ dpV$¡ Ap `Ùrs OZu D`ep¡Nu R>¡.

5. fL$pbu OpV$_p L$épfp (MpdZp„) Mpk L$fu_¡ amTpX$ g]by, dp¡k„bu, k„sfu, Ap„bp, Ådam, v$pX$d, S>¡hp `pL$p¡_¡ `pZu Ap`hp dpV$¡ fL$pbu OpV$_ L$Qpfp b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

6. X$y„V$phpmp `Ùrs `pL$p¡_p \X$ `p¡Qp„ lp¡e L$¡

V$`L$ r`es `Ùrs\u \sp apev$pAp¡ :-

(1) `pZu_u bQs :- `pL$, S>du_ s\p hpsphfZ âdpZ¡ kf¡fpfp 40 \u 70 V$L$p `pZu_u bQs \pe R>¡.

(2) R>p¡X$_u h©rÙ A_¡ DÐ`pv$_ :- `pL$_u h©rÙ kpfu fus¡ \pe R>¡ A_¡ DÐ`pv$_ 20 \u 40 % h^pf¡ dm¡ R>¡.

(3) Mpsfp¡_p¡ dlÑd D`ep¡N :- `p¡jL$ sÒhp¡ S>du_dp„ `pZu kp\¡ KX$¡ S>sp„ _\u s\p `pZu_u kp\¡ hlu S>sp„ _\u, S>¡\u Mpsf_u L$pe®nds dm¡ R>¡. S>¡\u Aphpf¡ 30 \u 50 V$L$p Mpsf_u bQs \pe R>¡.

(4) _]v$Z, fp¡N, Æhps_y„ r_e„ÓZ :bpL$u_u S>du_ k|L$u fl¡hp\u t_v$pdZ s\p

fp¡N Æhps_p¡ D`Öh OV$¡ R>¡.

(5) dS>|f s\p EÅ® i[¼s_p¡ bQph :dS>|fp¡_u 30 \u 40 V$L$p S>¡V$gu S>ê$rfeps Ap¡R>u fl¡ R>¡. hmu Ap `Ùrs Ap¡R>p v$bpZ¡ Qpgsu lp¡hp\u huS> irL$s (Bg¡[¼V$²L$ `phf) dp„ 20 \u 30 V$L$p_p¡ bQph \pe R>¡.

(6) Akdsg lgL$u L$¡ _bmu S>du_p¡ dpV$¡ A_yL$|m

(7) npfhpmy„ `pZu (8) _l¡f rhõspf_u rb_D`ÅD S>du__¡ afu\u D`ÅD b_phhp

`pZu_p `©\½$fZ_u S>ê$rfeps ip dpV$¡ ?

1. M¡su r`es dpV$¡ `pZu A_yL$|m R>¡ L$¡ _l] s¡ ÅZhp.

2. `pZudp„ L$ep L$ep Üpìe npfp¡ L$¡V$gp„ âdpZdp„ R>¡ s¡dS>npf_p OV$L$p¡ hÃQ¡_y„ âdpZ ÅZhp„.

3. AdyL$ âL$pf_u S>du_dp„ gp„bp¡ kde hp`fu iL$pe L$¡ s¡ _½$u L$fhp„.

4. lpr_L$pfL$ npfey¼s `pZu_p¡ D`ep¡N r`es dpV$¡ L$fhp¡ lp¡e sp¡ S>du_dp„ NyZ^d® `f rh`fus Akf L$ep® hNf L$ep D`pep¡ ep¡Æ L$¡V$gp âdpZdp„ `pZu_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fhp¡ s¡ _½$u L$fhp.

5. _dy_pey¼s `pZu L$ep `pL$p¡ dpV$¡ hp`fu iL$pe s¡ ÅZhp.

"hphhy„' A_¡ "hpYhy„' A¡ b„_¡ iåv$p¡ DÐkh_p `ep®e R>¡. b„_¡ kde¡ M¡X$|s_p l¥epdp„ lfM_u

Aph¡. b^p `pL$p¡dp„ L$p`Zu _p„ rv$hkp¡ AgN AgN lp¡e R>¡. bk M¡X$|s rdÓ A¡ S>epf¡ `pL$ L$yv$fsu fus¡ `rf`L$h \pe Ðepf¡ S> L$p`Zu L$fhu Å¡CA¡. h^pf¡ hl¡gu L$p`Zu Qpgy L$f¡ A\hp sp¡ dp¡X$u L$f¡ Ap b_¢ `rf[õ\rs M¡X$|s A_¡ s¡d_p `pL$ dpV$¡ _yL$kp_v$peL$ R>¡. lh¡ V$¡¼_p¡gp¡Æ h^sp„ L$p`Zu dpV$¡ _p `Z AgN AgN kp^_p¡ Aphu Nep„ R>¡. S>¡ 10 rv$hk_y„ L$pd lpg A¡L$ rv$hkdp„ `|{„ L$fu Ap`¡ R>¡, S>¡\u kdekf L$p`Zu \pe A_¡ ep¡Áe kde¡ `pL$ dpL$£V$dp„ S>C iL$¡. bk L$p`Zudp„ S>¡d S>¡d V$¡¼_p¡gp¡Æ _p¡ D`ep¡N \sp¡ Åe s¡d s¡d A¡ h^y kfm b_sy„ Åe R>¡. ^pÞe `pL$p¡, L$W$p¡m `pL$p¡, ipL$cpÆ, am `pL$p¡. b^pdp„ L$p`Zu _p¡ kde A_¡ Ahõ\p AgN AgN lp¡e R>¡ bk `p¡sp_p A_ych A_¡ _hu V$¡¼_p¡gp¡Æ _p dpÝed \u s¡_¡ h^y kfm b_phu iL$pe R>¡.

rX$rS>V$g V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ_p eyNdp„ A¡L$ ìehkpe sfuL$¡ M¡su_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fhp dpV$¡ Ap^yr_L$ M¡s`ÙrsAp¡ A_¡ AÛs_ L$©rjrhjeL$ dprlsu\u hpL$¡a fl¡hy„ S>{fu R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ M¡su_p op__p¡ a¡gphp¡ L$fhp dpV$¡ v$f¡L$ rv$ipdp„ rhrh^ dpÝedp¡ Üpfp âeÐ_p¡ \pe R>¡. rhL$pkiug v$¡idp„ M¡su_p DÐL$j® dpV$¡ k„ip¡^_L$pe® kpQu rv$ipdp„ \B füy„ R>¡. Ap k„ip¡^_ A¡V$gu S> TX$`¡ M¡X$|sp¡ ky^u `lp¡„Qhy„ Å¡BA¡. S>¡\u M¡X$|sp¡ `Z A¡V$gu S> TX$`¡ `p¡sp_p M¡sf `f Adgdp„ d|L$u iL$¡. Ap`Zp„ fpÄedp„ M¡X$|sp¡ ky^u k„ip¡^_p¡ `lp¡„QpX$hp dpV$¡ M¡suhpX$u Mpsy s¡dS> L$©rj eyr_hrk®V$uAp¡ L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s kdyl dpÝedp¡ S>¡hp L$¡ f¡rX$ep¡, V$¡gurhT_, hs®dp_`Ó, kpdreL$p¡ A_¡ `yõsL$p¡ dy¿e R>¡. `f„sy ApS>_p eyNdp„ Bg¡¼V$²p¡r_L$ D`L$fZp¡_y„ dlÐh h^hp\u L$©rj rhjeL$ dprlsu d¡mhhp dpV$¡ BÞV$f_¡V$, B-d¡Bg, dp¡bpCg ap¡_, rhX$uep¡ kuX$u raëd hN¡f¡_p¡ _p¡„^`pÓ D`ep¡N

\pe R>¡. Ap b^p dpÝedp¡ lh¡ rX$rS>V$g õhê$` Üpfp dprlsu, kdpQpf s¡dS> L$©rj k„ip¡^_p¡_y„ OZu kpfu fus¡ âkpfZ A_¡ rhõsfZ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ Ap`Z¡ L$C fus¡ D`ep¡Ndp„ gC iL$uA¡ s¡ ANÐe_u hps R>¡. L$p¡çàeyV$fhL$®, CÞV$f_¡V$, f¡rX$ep¡, V$uhu âkpfZ, Öíe îpìe f¡L$p¡rX$¯N, QgrQÓ, dp¡bpCg ap¡_ hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ n¡Óp¡dp„ s¡_u D`ep¡Nusp h^u R>¡ L$pfZ L$¡ s¡_p `rfZpdp¡ h^y kpfp, õ`ô, Qp¡¿Mp A_¡ kfm R>¡. Ap`Zu M¡sudp„ rX$rS>V$g V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fuA¡ sp¡ S> "rX$rS>V$g C[ÞX$ep'_y„ k|Ó kp\®L$ \pe. v$¡i_u dp¡V$pcpN_u hõsu A_¡ S>du_ M¡sudp„ fp¡L$pe¡gu R>¡ A¡V$g¡ fpô²_u âNrs `Z rX$rS>V$g V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu R>¡. dp¡bpCg ap¡_ (õdpV$®ap¡_dp„ ANpD S>Zphu A¡ b^u kyrh^p lp¡e R>¡.) lh¡ v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s_¡ `p¡sp_¡ S>ê$fu kyrh^p dmu fl¡ s¡hu A¡àguL$¡i_ õV$p¡f L$fu

iL$¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_p Üpfp `p¡sp_p ìehkpe L$¡ kyM, kyrh^p, d_p¡f„S>_ hN¡f¡ d¡mhu iL$¡ R>¡. S>¡d L$¡ i¡f bÅf, dpL$£rV$„epX$®_p cph, QX$ Dsf, AphL$, ÅhL$, g¡ h¡Q hN¡f¡ sÐnZ ÅZu iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ Ap`Z¡ `Z s¡_u kp\¡ ìehlpf L$fu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. Apd L$©rj dprlsu A_ L$©rj V$¡L$_p¡gp¡Æ_p¡ k„v$¡ip ìehlpf, Ap[\®L$ ìehlpf ArsTX$`u b_u Nep R>¡, S>¡ rX$rS>V$g C[ÞX$ep_p k|Ó_¡ L$©rjn¡Ó¡ kpL$pf

L$©rjgnu OZu A¡àguL$¡i_ D`gå^ \pe R>¡.A¡V$g¡ S> A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ S>¡hu A¡[àgL$¡i_ Üpfp L$©rj rinZ_p cpN ê$`¡ ky„v$f âp¡ÐkplL$ khpg S>hpb Üpfp Ap`Z_¡ M¡su_¡ gpNsy„ op_ Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ B_pdp¡ Üpfp Ap`Z_¡ âp¡Ðkprls `Z L$f¡ R>¡ .ApS>¡ S> A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ A¡[àgL$¡i_ X$pD_gp¡X$ L$fp¡ A_¡ B_pdp¡ d¡mhp¡.

Ap A¡àguL$¡i_ D`fp„s kp¡rieg rdrX$ep_u A¡[àgL$¡i_ S>¡hu L$¡ ìlp¡V$¹k A¡`, a¡kbyL$, V$¡rgN°pd, CÞõV$pN°pd hN¡f¡_p¡ L$©rjdprlsu_p Apv$p_ âv$p_ dpV$¡ D`ep¡N L$fu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. Ap\u `pZu dp„Np¡ Ðep„ v$|^ lpS>f \pe A¡V$gu rhipm agL$ `f dprlsu D`gå^ \i¡. AÐepf¡ `Z e|V$é|b `f rX$rS>V$g õhê$`¡ Ak„¿e L$©rjrhjeL$ rhX$uep¡ D`gå^ R>¡. M¡X$|scpCAp¡ õdpV$®ap¡__p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ AÞe d_p¡f„S>__¡ bv$g¡ Ap âL$pf_y„ L$©rjgnu âkpfZ r_lpm¡ sp¡ M¡sf¡ b¡W$p„ b¡W$p„ L$©rj âNrs_p riMfp¡ kf L$fu iL$pe.

Apcpf v$i®_

Adp¡_¡ M¡X$|s lp¡hp_p¡ Nh® R>¡ A_¡ A¡S> L$pfZ¡ M¡X$|sp¡_u kdõep A_¡ gpNZu_¡ KX$pZ`|h®L$ kdÆA¡ R>uA¡. lpg OZp„ b^p dpÝedp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ M¡X$|sp¡_¡ kpQu A_¡ kQp¡V$ L$©rj dprlsu d¡mhhpdp„ S>¡ dyíL$¡gu `X$¡ R>¡ s¡ Adp¡ A_ychu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. M¡X$|sp¡_¡ `X$su d|íL$¡guAp¡_p r_hpfZ dpV$¡ A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$_u iê$Aps L$f¡g R>¡. A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ Üpfp Mpk M¡X$|sp¡ dpV$¡ kp¥ â\dhpf rX$rS>V$g M¡X$|s spgud L$p¡j®

- Basic Agriculture - M¡X$|s A_¡ M¡su h^y_¡ h^y kd©Ù b_¡ A¡ Ýe¡e kp\¡ iê$Aps L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. Ap rX$rS>V$g M¡X$|s spgud_p cpN õh{`¡ A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ A_¡ L$©rj rhop__p klep¡N\u "M¡su_p„ _h fÐ_p¡' `yõsL$_¡ s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. S>¡dZ¡ "M¡su_p„ _h fÐ_p¡' `yõsL$_¡ b_phhpdp„ `p¡sp_y„ ep¡Nv$p_ Apàey„ R>¡ A¡hp M¡X$|s rls¡ÃR>y îu A¡. A¡. L$V$¡riep, îu lj®v$ v$h¡, Arð_ L$gkfuep, ^pfp `V$¡g A_¡ r_ip„s Mpf¡Qp s¡dS> L©$rjrhop__p s„Óu îu âhuZ `V$¡g_p¡ A¡N°ubp¡ÞX$ M|b M|b Apcpf ìe¼s L$f¡ R>¡.