Im‰-temKv 2011 tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv
apJ-hpc F√mhn[ km-aqly {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°pw Icp-Øp-]I - c - p-∂Xv Adn-hm-Wv. s]mXpkaq-ls - Øbpw hf-cp∂ Xe-ap-ds - bbpw Adnhns‚ Bbp-[a - W - n-bn-°p-Ib - mWv {]kn-≤o-Ic - W cwKsØ ]cn-jØv {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS apJy IS-a. cq]w sIm≠v H∂c ]Xn‰m≠p ]n∂n-Sp-tºm-gmWv tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv t\cn´v {]kn-≤o-Ic - WcwK-tØ°v IS∂v hcp-∂X - v. 1977 P\p-hcn H∂n\v 11 imkv{X-]p-kvXI - ß - f - psS kΩm-\s - ∏´n 8000 sk‰v {]o˛-]_ - vfn-t°-j\ - mbn {]kn-≤o-Ic - n®psIm≠mWv ]pkvXI {]kn-≤o-Ic - W cwKsØ Ac-tß-‰w. F∂m¬ 1966˛70 Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ Xs∂ imkv{X-KX - n, imkv{X-tI-cf - w, bpdo° amkn-II - ƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. imkv{X ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS {]Nm-cWØn¬ ]cn-jØv Hcp hnπhw Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. _p°vÃm-fp-Isf tI{μo-I-cn-®p≈ hn¬]-\°v ]Icw ]cn-jØv {]h¿Ø-I¿ hoSp-ho-Sm-¥cw Ib-dn-bp≈ ]pkvXI {]NmcWw Bcw-`n-®p. CXv Hcp ]cn-jØv ssienbpw X\n-a-bp-ambn amdn. Cßs\ sNøm≥ Imc-W-ap-≠v. imkv{X-]p-kvXI {]Nm-cWw ]cn-j-Øns\ kw_-‘n®v Bib-{]-N-mcW{]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. c≠m-a-Xmbn bqWn‰v apX¬ kwÿm\whsc-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI kam-l-cWw ]pkvXI {]Nm-c-W-Øn-eqsS thWw Is≠-Øm≥. 1980 se BZysØ Iem-PmY apX¬ ]cn-j-Øns‚ _lp-P\ hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn hºn® tXmXn¬ imkv{X-]p-kvXI {]Nm-cWw \S-∂p-h-cp-∂p.
_me-im-kv{Xw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, t]m∏p-e¿ kb≥kv, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, ]T-\w, Kth-j-Ww, hn⁄m\ tImiw XpSßn sshhn[y-am¿∂ imJ-I-fnembn 762 ssS‰n-ep-I-fn¬ 1373 ]Xn∏v ]pkvX-I-߃ ]cn-jØv CXn-\Iw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. KW-Øn-t\msSm∏w KpW-ta∑ sa®-s∏-SpØn ]pkvX-I-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ ]cn-jØv Pm{KX ]pe¿Øm-dp-≠v. Htc ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Xs∂ ]e-]e ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ Cd-°m≥ R߃ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bXpw AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. "hmbn-®mepw hmbn-®mepw XocmØ ]pkvX-Iw', "F¥p-sIm-≠v, F¥p-sIm-≠v, F¥p-sIm-≠v', "imkv{X-Iu-Xp-Iw' XpSßn \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ßfpsS ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°W-°n\p tIm∏n-Iƒ CXn-\Iw {]N-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßsf _me-im-kv{Xw, t]m∏p-e¿ kb≥kv, ]T-\-{K-Ÿ-߃, d^-d≥kv, CXcw F∂o -hn`m-Kß-fn-em°n Cu Im‰-tem-Kn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, A[ym-]-I¿, c£n-Xm-°ƒ, s]mXpP\-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS \n¿tem]-amb kl-I-c-W-amWv {]kn-≤o-IcW cwKsØ ]cn-jØv {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn-\m-[m-cw. Cu kl-I-cWhpw t{]m’m-l-\hpw XpS¿∂pw R߃ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p. I¨ho- \ ¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cW kanXn
]cn-jZv ]pkvX-I-߃ e`n°p∂ CS-߃
tImgn-t°mSv
Fd-Wm-Ipfw
CSp°n
tIm´bw
]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, F.sI.Pn. tdmUv, CS-∏≈n, sIm®n 682 024 ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, KSEB Izm¿´¿ \º¿ Un/ 24 hmgtØm∏v CSp°n tImf\n, ]n H CSp°n ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, sk≥{S¬ sSen-{Km^v Hm^o-kn\v kao]w, ]pfn-aqSv PwKvj≥, tIm´bw
.................
IÆq¿
]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, ]pXnb tIm´, Im™-ßmSv, Imk¿tKmUv 671 315 ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIc-f-im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Nn∑b _me-`-h\p kao]w, IÆq¿˛670 002 ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Nme-∏pdw, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673 002
.................
.................
Imk¿tKmUv
]me-°mSv
Xr»q¿
]cn-k-c-tI{μw
Be-∏pg
]Ø-\w-Xn´
sIm√w Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, k\m-X\w hm¿Uv, Be-∏pg ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, IS-Ω-\n´ tdmUv, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ ]cn-jZv`h≥, 159, amSw-\-S, hS-t°-hnf, sIm√w -˛691 010 ]cn-jZv`h≥, Sn.kn. 28/2772, IpXn-c-h´w tdmUv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 001
]pkvX-I-߃ X]m-en¬ e`n-°m≥ Fw H/Un Un Ab-bv°p-I {Sj-d¿, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, ]-cn-k-c-tI{μw, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tdmUv, Xr»q¿ 680 004
....................
ae-∏pdw
]cn-jZv`h≥, ]n.-_n.-Fw. tlmkv]n-‰-en\v kao]w, ao\-ßmSn ˛ 673591 ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, ap\n-kn-∏¬ _kv Ãm‚n\p kao]w, ae-∏pdw 676 505 ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Ubd kv{So‰v, ]me-°mSv 678 001 ]cn-jZv`h≥, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Fw.Pn. tdmUv, Xr»q¿ 680 001 tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ tdmUv, Xr»q¿ 680 004
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....................
hb-\mSv
d^-d≥kv
imkv{X-\n-L≠p Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ sslkvIqƒ/lb¿sk-°≠ - dn hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ, a‰v s]mXp-hmb\°m¿ F∂nh-sc-sb√mw ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠mWv Cu \nL-≠p-hnse ]Zm-h-en-Iƒ sXcs™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-bv°p≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃ \¬Inbn-cn-°p-∂-Xpw. \nL≠phns‚ [¿aw \n¿h-ln-°p--∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ 500 Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂ kμ¿`-ß-fnsem-s° Ahbpw \¬In-s°m≠v Hcp d-^d≥kv ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ [¿aw IqSn \n¿h-ln-°m≥ Ignbpw hn[-amWv CXv kwhn- [ m\w sNbv X n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . hnc- k - X Hgn- h m- ° m\pw c≠mw ]Xn∏v: A¿∞{KlWw kpK-a-am-°m\pw Nn{X-ßfpw A[nI hni-ZoPq¨ 2010 151 I-c-W-ßfpw \¬In-s°m≠v ]c-am-h[n hmb\mkulrZ-am-°n-bn-´p-ap-≠v.
d^d≥kv
F¥psIm≠v..? F¥psIm≠v..? F¥psIm≠v..? FUn‰¿am¿: s{]m^. Fw. inhi¶c≥, s{]m^. ]n. sI. cho{μ≥ hn-ck - h - pw P-\h - n-cp-≤h - p-am-b ]mT-]p-kX v- I - ß - f - p-sS X-Sh - d- b - n¬ \n-∂v Ip-´n-Is - f tam-Nn-∏n-°m≥, ]T-\w ]m¬-∏m-b-k-hpw A-[ym-]-\w A-Xn-a-[p-c-hp-am-°m≥, hmb-\ A-\m-bm-k-hpw B-Àm-Z-I-c-hpw Nn-t¥m-±o-]-I-hpw B-°m≥ D-X-Ip300 ∂ co-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw. H-cp e-£-Øn¬-]-cw tIm-∏nCcp-]Xmw ]Xn∏v: Iƒ {]-N-cn-® H-cp Pn-⁄m-km-tIm-iw.
am¿®v 2010
152
d^d≥kv
{]IrXnbpsS Xmt°m¬ FUn‰¿ : s{]m^. Fw. inhi¶c≥ B-Zn-a a-\p-jy≥ in-tem-]-I-c-W-߃ D-≠m-°p-hm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b Im-ew ap-X¬-°v {]-Ir-Xn-sb A-dn-bp-hm-\pw a-\- nem-°p-hm-\pw {i-an-®v Xp-S-ßn-b-XmWv. \n-co-£-W-߃ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-®v h-kv-Xp°-sf h¿-§o-I-cn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. kmam-\y-h¬-°-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw \n-b-a-ß-fpw am-Xr-I-bpw kn-≤m-¥-ß-fpw B-hn425 jv-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. im-kv-{Xw h-f-cp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v im-J-I-fpw D-]-im-J-I-fp-am-bn ]n-cn-™p. {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se {]-Xn-`m-k-߃ a-\- n-em-°p-hm-\m-bn kn-≤m¥-߃ B-hn-jv-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]-e-t∏m-gpw C-h ]p-Xn-b {]-Xn-`m-k-ßc≠mw ]Xn∏v: fp-sS I-≠p-]n-SpØ-ß-fn-te-°v \-bn-®p. C-h-bp-sS D-≈-d-Iƒ \hw-_¿ 2006 153 Xp-d-°m≥ ]p-Xn-b "Xm-t°m-ep-Iƒ' \n¿-Ωn-t°-≠n h-∂p.
d^d≥kv
KWn-X-Iu-XpIw
325
{]]-©Ø - ns‚ `mj-bmWv KWn-Xw. imkv{X-ßf - psS imkv{X-hpw. at‰-sXmcp imkv{X-tØbpw t]mse a\p-jys‚ A[zm-\-tØmSpw kwkvIm-c-tØmSpw H∏amWv KWn-Xhpw hf¿∂-Xv. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ tIm¿sØ-SpØ KWn-X-imkv{X hkvXp-X-IfpsS efn-X-amb Ah-X-c-W-amWv Cu ]pkvXIw. kwJy-Iƒ apX¬ k¶o¿W-ß-fmb KWnX ka-ky-Iƒ hsc Dƒs°m≈p∂ KWnX imkv{X-Øn-te-°p≈ Hcp hgn-Im-´n.
Ggmw ]Xn∏v: Unkw-_¿ 2010
154
d^d≥kv
Htc-sbmcp `qan FUn-‰¿ : s{]m^.- Fw. inh-i-¶-c≥ \ΩpsS Krl-amb `qan D≠m-b-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? AXns‚ LS-\-sb-¥mWv? ine-If - psS ASn-ÿm\ LS-Ia - mb [mXp-°f - pw, hnhn-[X - cw ine-Ifpw, `qh¬°w D≠mb \mƒ apX¬ \S-°p∂ A]-£-bhpw A]-c-Z-\-hpw, inem-N-{Ihpw hnhcn-°p-∂p-≠v. A·n-]¿h-X-ß-fpsS LS-\, hnhn-[-Xcw A·n-]¿h-X-߃, ]¿h-X-߃, Ah-bpsS DXv]Øn F∂n-h-sb-√mw. B-[p-\nI `qhnH∂mw ⁄m-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ CXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.
400
]Xn∏v: BKÃv 2007
155
d^d≥kv
imkv{X-Iu-XpIw Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ hn-⁄m-\ hn-kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ Cu bp-K-Øn¬ Iu-am-c Pn-⁄m-k-bn¬ \n-∂p-b-cp-∂ \q-dm-bn-cw kw-i-b-߃-°v D-Ø-cw I-s≠-Øp-hm≥ H-cp Pn-⁄mkm-tIm-iw.... a-\p-jy-s\ Iv-tfm¨ sN-øp-hm≥ I-gn-bp-tam? sNm-Δ-bn¬ Po-h≥ D-t≠m? \m-t\m sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn F-∂m¬ F-¥m-Wv? {]-Im-i-sØ \n-›-e-am-°m≥ I-gn-bp-tam? Im≥-k¿ D-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\? sh¿-Nz¬ dn-bm-en-‰n F-¥m-Wv? B[n-Im-cn-I-X tNm¿-∂p-t]m-Im-sX G-‰-hpw B-[p-\n-I-am-b hn-⁄m-\-i-I450 e-߃ h-sc tX-Sn-∏n-Sn-®v A-Wn-\n-c-Øp-I-bm-Wv Cu Pn-⁄m-km-tImF´mw ]Xn∏v: i-Øn¬......
Pq¨ 2010
156
d^d≥kv
imkv{XNcn{Xw Poh-N-cn-{X-ß-fn-eqsS Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{Xw a-\p-jy-s‚ C-t∂m-f-ap-≈ hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS N-cn-{Xw X-s∂-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬ Cu N-cn-{Xw Ip-dn-°p-I H-´pw F-fp-∏-a-√. AXn-s‚ B-Zy-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn-®v \-ap-°v H-´pw A-dn-bn-√. Xo-tbm, N-{I-tam, I-e-∏tbm B-Zyw B-cv D-≠m-°n F-hn-sS D-≠m-°n F-∂v A-dn-bn-√. F-∂m¬ Hm-tcm 180 Im-e-L-´-Øn-epw Po-hn-®n-cp-∂ \n-c-h-[n {]-Xn-`m-im-en-I-fp-sS kw-`m-h-\-I-fmWv im-kv-{X-sØ C-∂-sØ-\n-e-bn¬ F-Øn-®-Xv. Cu {]-Xn-`m-[-\-cp-sS Po-hn-X-I-Y ]-d-bm≥ I-gn-™m¬ im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ c-k-I-c-am-b, PoGgmw ]Xn∏v: hn-X K-‘n-bm-b N-cn-{X-am-Ipw. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ C-cp-∂q-dn-e-[nUnkw-_¿ 2009 157 Iw {]-ap-J-cp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-eq-sS im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ N-cn-{Xw c-Nn-°p-I-bm-Wv Cu Ir-Xn-bn¬.
]T\ {KŸw
tPymXnjhpw tPymXn:imkv{Xhpw s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´n tPymXn-jhpw tPymXn-im-kv{Xhpw c≠mWv. BIm-iØ - ns‚ A\-¥X - b - n-ep≈ \£-{X-ßs - fbpw {Kl-ßs - fbpw Ipdn-®p≈ At\z-jW - Ø - n¬ \n∂mWv tPymXnjhpw tPymXn-im-kv{Xhpw hnI-kn-®p-h-∂Xv. CXn-e-∏pdw c≠n\pw XΩn¬ kam\-X-Iƒ H∂pw C√. hnizm-ksØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Hcn-°epw ]co-£-W-hn-t[-b-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. imkv{Xw \nc-¥c ]co-£-W-\nco-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]pXn-b-]p-Xnb Adn-hp-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw ]g110 b-hsb Xncp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v HºXmw ]Xn∏v: tIm∏n-Iƒ {]N-cn® Hcp P\-{]nb ]pkvX-Iw.
Pqsse 2010
158
]T\ {KŸw
ae-bmf imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm\w˛Hcp ]T\w tUm.- Im-hp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥ B¿°pw Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-ImØ Hcp {]ÿm-\-ambn -aebmf-Ønse imkv{X-km-ln-Xyw- C∂p hf¿∂n-´p-≠v. 1847¬ tUm.-Kp-≠¿´v ]›n-tam-Zbw amknI-bn¬ imkv{Xkw_‘n-bmb teJ-\-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xp-apX¬ Bcw-`n°p∂p imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hnImk]cn-Wm-a- N-cn{Xw. 120 imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®-bp-tSbpw hnIm-kØ - n-t‚bpw Ncn{Xw A]{K-Y-\m-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ {]uV-amb Hcp {KŸ-amWv ˛aebmf imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm-\w˛ Hcp ]T-\w. imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-{]c≠mw ]Xn∏v: ÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ kph¿Æ- P q- _ n- e n- h ¿j- Ø n¬ ae- b mf s^{_phcn 2011 159 ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øn\v tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bmWv Cu {KŸw.
]T\ {KŸw
imkv{Xhpw I]Simkv{Xhpw Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ kwibZrjvSnbpw kpXmcyXbpw imkv{XtemIØns‚ c≠v s\SpwXqWpIfmWv. KpcpsamgnIƒ tNmZyw sNømsX kzoIcn°pI F∂Xv imkv{XØns‚ coXnb√. imkv{XØn¬ A¥naamb kXyßfn√. A\ntj[yamb thZ]pkvXIan√. A¥nahn[ntbm Ahkm\hmt°m C√. tNmZyw sNøs∏SmØ H∂pan√. imkv{XØns‚ Cu coXn ]n¥pScmØXpw F∂m¬ B[p\nI imkv{Xsa∂hImis∏Sp∂Xpamb ImcyßsfbmWv 90 I]Simkv{Xw F∂Xp sIm≠v Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ hnh-£n°p∂Xv. aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: imkv { XØns‚ te_eWn™v P\a[yØn- t e°ndßp∂ Pq¨ 2008 AØcw Imcyßsf bp‡nklambn hniIe\w 160 sNøm\mWv CXneqsS {ian°p∂Xv.
]T-\-{KŸw
]cnWmaw F∂m¬ Ip™pÆn h¿Ω ""]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-s‚ sh-fn-®-Øn-e-√m-sX Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn¬ H-∂pw X-s∂ a-\ n-em-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√''. Po-h-s‚ D¬-]-Øn ap-X¬ ]p-cm-Po-hn hn-⁄m\o-b-hpw, a-\p-tjym-Xv-]-Øn-bpw h-sc N¿-® sN-øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w ]-cn-Wm-a kn≤m-¥-sØ a-\- n-em-°p-hm≥ D-X-Ip-∂ co-Xn-bn¬, \-sΩ {]m-]v-X-cm-°m≥ D-]-I-cn-°p-∂p Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw.
140
Bdmw ]Xn∏v: sk]v‰w-_¿ 2009 161
]T-\-{KŸw
a\pjys‚ DXv]Øn s{]m^. Fw. inhi¶c≥ a-\p-jy≥ D-Xv-`-hn-®-sX-ß-s\-bm-Wv? a-\p-jy-sc kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw D-Xv-]Øn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ tNm-Zy-ß-fn¬ G-‰-hpw {]m-[m-\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂ H-∂m-Wn-Xv. "\jv-S-s∏-´ I-Æn' I-s≠-Øp-hm-\p-≈ {i-a-߃ Xp-S-ßn-bn-´v H-cp \q-‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn. B-[p-\n-I a-\p-jy-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-a-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ ]-e I-Æn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a-\p-jy ]q¿-Δn-I-sc-tØ-Sp-∂ ]p-cm-\-c-hw-i-hn-⁄m-\o-bw C-∂v k-hn-ti-jamsbm-cp im-kv-{X-im-J-bm-Wv. Im-e-K-W-\m k-{º-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ h-en-b ]p225 tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn. X-∑m-{Xm-hw-im-h-en ]T-\-߃ a-\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-a-]Taq∂mw ]Xn∏v: \-ß-fn-epw hn-π-h-I-c-am-b am-‰-߃ h-cp-Øn.
sabv 2011
162
]T-\-{KŸw
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR AND COLLOQUIUM ON 1500 YEARS OF ARYABHATEEYAM A Collection of 24 academic papers on Mathematics. The papers included in this volume were presented in a conference to commemorate the 1500th anniversary of 500 "Arybhatiya". The articles are Critical studies on the contributions of Aryabhata and later Indian Mathematicians and belonging to the Aryabhata School. Some of the papers highlights the historical importance of the writings of H∂mw ]Xn∏v: Mathematics of Kerala. \hw-_¿ 2002
163
]T-\-{KŸw
HEALTH TRANSITION IN RURAL KERALA 1987-1996
K. P. Aravindan, T. P. Kunhikannan This book based on survey conducted by KSSP in Kerala in the year 1987 in continuation to its study in the year 1996. The study based on empirical research had tried to link the socio-economic and the health status of the state. Major policy alterations and socio-economic changes have taken place in India and Kerala since the completion of the KSSP study. In this context, it is important and necessary to know the state of mor100 bidity, pattern of health expenditure and temporal trends on a periodic H∂mw ]Xn∏v: basis. This book is the result of such an enquiry
\hw-_¿ 2000
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HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL KERALA Kerala's remarkable achievements in reducing mortality and fertility and improving life expectansy of the population, have attracted the attention of scholars world wide. But doubts have been raised whether this has been at the cost of an increasing morbidity load. The mal distribution of the fruits of these achievements amongst the different socio economic strata of society is also a disturbing fact. This book, based on empirical research proves the inter relationship between these two questions. This book is based on a survey conducted by KSSP in Kerala in the year 1987. H∂mw
150
]Xn∏v: Un-kw-_¿ 1991
165
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THE SILENT VALLEY Hydro- electric, Project A Techno-economic and Socio- political Assessment & Ecological aspects of the Silent Valley Health and environment brigade of Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishad and Report of the joint committee setup by the Government of India and The Government of Kerala. Based on a report prepared with a view to generating an informed and objective 100 public debate. This gives a bird's eye view of the most fiercely contested environmental dispute in India-The Silent Valley. aq∂mw ]Xn∏v:
\hw-_¿ 2009
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tIcf ]T\w tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p FUn-‰¿ : tUm.- sI.- ]n.- A-c-hn-μ≥ tIcfw Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p? tIcfw Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p∂p? tIc-fØnse P\-߃°n-S-bn-ep≈ Zmcn{Zyw, Ak-a-Xzw, Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\w, PohnX-ku-I-cy-߃, sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bn¬ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-߃, ]pXnb 150 sXmgn¬ taJ-eI - ƒ, sXmgn-en-√m-bvab - psS {]tXy-IX - , D]-t`m-KØ - nse {]hW-XI - ƒ, hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\ß - ƒ XpS-ßn-bh - s - b-°p-dn-®p≈ aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: Hcp At\z-j-W-am-bn-cp∂p ]cn-jØv \S-Ønb tIcf ]T-\w. Unkw_¿ 2009 _rl-Ømb B P\-Iob ]T\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS Is≠-Ø-ep167 I-fmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ D≈-S-°w.
]T-\-{KŸw
hnZym`ymk ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\v HcmapJw Hcp-kwLw teJI¿ tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-cm-b hn-Zym-`ym-k Zm¿-i-\n-I-∑m-cp-sS Nn-¥-Iƒ, a-\x-im-kv-{Xim-J-Iƒ ap-t∂m-´psh-°p-∂ ]T-\-kw-_-‘-am-b Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, tN-jv-Sm-hm-ZØn¬ \n-∂v ⁄m-\-\n¿-an-Xn hm-Z-Ønte-bv-°p-≈ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ ssk-≤m¥n-I X-e-Øn-ep-≈ h-f¿-®, ]mTy-]-≤-Xn cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-th-≠ \h a-\x-im-kv-{X kn-≤m-¥-߃, `m-jm-]T-\-Øn-\p-≈ \-ho-\ k-ao-]-\-߃ Xp-S-ßnb-h B-g-Øn¬ Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. \m-f-sØ hn-Zym-`ym160 k-sØ-°p-dn-®v Ku-c-h-]q¿-Δw Nn-¥n-°p-∂-h¿-°v Xo¿-®-bm-bpw C-sXmHºXmw ]Xn∏v: cp h-gn-Im-´n-bm-Wv.
HIvtSm-_¿ 2010
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POLITICS OF VANISHING FORESTS IN KERALA
C. K. Karunakaran A vivid depiction of the history of forest destruction in Kerala, which was initiated by the Grow More Food Campaign and grew up into politically manipulated large scale forest land grab. A timely publication in understanding the current scenaria. H∂mw
120
]Xn∏v: sk]v‰w-_¿ 2003
169
]T-\-{KŸw
Po≥ apX¬ Pot\mw- hsc Ip™pÆn h¿a, s{]m^. Fw. inh-i-¶-c≥
220
Po-h-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-am-Wv Po≥. im-kv-{X kmw-kv-Im-cn-I -ss\-Xn-I ta-J-e-I-fn-em-sI ]p-Xn-b ]p-Xn-b h-gn-Øm-c-Iƒ kr--jv-Sn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv Po-\p--Isf kw-_-‘n-® K-th-j-Ww ]p-tcm-K-an-®p sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a-\p-jy-Po-\p-I-fpsS am-∏n-ßv H-cp hn-π-hw X-s∂. P-\n-X-I F-©n-\n-b-dn-ßv, P-\n-X-I Nn-In-’ F∂n-h A-\-\y km-[y-X-Iƒ D-f-hm-°p-∂p. C-Xn-te-bv-s°-√mw sh-fn-®w hoip-∂ H-∂m-Wv Po≥ ap-X¬ Po-t\mw h-sc.
aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: Pqsse 2009
170
]T-\-{KŸw
tIcf kaqlw: C∂v \msf tUm. sI. F≥. KtWjv h¿Ø-am\Ime tIc-f-Ønse aq¿Ø-amb {]iv\-ßsf AXy¥w kq£vaX-tbmSpw Ncn-{X-t_m-[-tØmSpw IqSn A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu {KŸw. Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy tIcfw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hy‡-amb Iptd \n¿tZi-ßfpw CXn¬ apt∂m´p sh°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-tbmSv tbmPn-°p-Itbm hntbm-Pn80 °p-Itbm Bhmw. tIc-f-Øns‚ "C∂n-s\'-°p-dn-®p≈ imkv{Xo-b-amb hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Øn-¬ "\msf' sb-°pdn-®p≈ A¿∞aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: ]q¿W-amb N¿®-Iƒ°v \nZm-\-am-Ip∂ Hcp {]uV {KŸ-am-WnUnkw_¿ 2008 Xv.
171
]T-\-{KŸw
PohtcJ tUm. Fw. ]n. ]ctaizc≥ Po-h-s‚ D-Xv-]-Øn-bn¬ \n-∂v Xp-S-ßn ssP-h-tem-I-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-Wm-a hn-Imk-sØ-°p-dn-®v H-cp A-h-tem-I-\w \¬-In-b ti-jw a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-s‚ L-S\, a-\p-jy-s‚ D-Xv-]-Øn, a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-se {]-h¿-Ø-\w F-∂n-h hn-h-cn-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ k-ky-te-I-Øn-te-°pw P-¥p-tem-I-Øn-te-°pw H-sc-Øn-t\m-´w. At\-I-a-t\-Iw {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ H-tc k-a-bw \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ a-\p-jy i-coc-sa-∂ a-lm-]-co-£-W im-e-sb-°p-dn-®v hm-b-\-°m¿-°v Dƒ-°m-gv-N \¬300 Ip-∂ H-cp {K-Ÿa - m-Wv "Po-ht- c-J'. ssh-⁄m-\n-I km-ln-Xy hn-`m-Kc≠mw ]Xn∏v: Øn¬ tI-cf - km-ln-Xy A-°m-Za - n-bp-sS A-hm¿-Uv e-`n-® {K-Ÿw.
am¿®v 2010
172
]T-\-{KŸw
tIcf hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v tIc-f-Øns‚ hnZym-`ymk {]iv\-ßsf Bg-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøpIbpw Zu¿_-ey-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ P\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ Ah-Xcn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B[n-Im-cnI tcJ. tUm.-A-tim-Ivan-{X- sN-b¿am-\mbn {]ikvX hnZym-`ymk ]WvUn-X-cmb tUm.-sI.-F≥.-]-Wn-°¿, tUm.-kn.-Sn.-Ipcy≥, s{]m^.-Fw. hnP-b≥, {io.-Sn.-F≥ Pb-N-{μ≥. tUm.-sI.-tKm-]m-e≥, {io.100 ]n.-sI.-D-am-i-¶¿, {ioa-Xn. A\-¥-e-£van, tUm.-F≥ _me-Ir-jvW≥\m-b¿ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv Cu dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv. hnZymH∂mw ]Xn∏v: `ym-k-cw-KØv X¬]ccmb-h¿s°√mw A\n-hm-cy-amb d^-d≥kv sk]v ‰w-_¿ 2000 {KŸw.
173
]T-\-{KŸw
P\-Iobimkv{X- {]-ÿm\w tUm. Fw. ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ P\-ßsf F∂p ]d-™m¬ Ah-cpsS kakvX {]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw _lp-P\-kw-L-S-\-I-sfbpw imkv{Xm-`n-ap-Jy-ap-≈-h-cm-°p-I, imkv{Xob Nn¥m-K-Xn-bnte°p \bn-°pI F∂ XmXvIm-enI IS-a-bmWv P-\-Iob imkv{X {]-ÿm-\-Øn\p-≈-Xv. Cu "XmXvIm-enI L´w' Ipsd Zi-I-ß-sf-¶nepw \o≠p-\n¬°m-\mWv km[yX. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb P\-Iob imkv{X-{]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ \mec 100 ]Xn-‰m≠p ImesØ hf¿®-bp-sSbpw hnIm-k-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn{Xw H∂mw ]Xn∏v: hnt«-j-Wm-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp {KŸ-am-Wn-Xv.
Pq¨ 2008
174
]T-\-{KŸw
THE NUCLEAR BLACKOUT Dr. M.P.Parameswaran In this book Dr. M. P. Parameswaran refutes all the arguments put forward by the Government and its supporters about the necessity of the 123 Agreement with USA. He shows that there is no crisis in the energy situation; that the present shortage can be easily overcome with much lesser investment on coal burning thermal stations; that the additional release of CO2 due to this is extremely negligible; that nuclear 40 energy can never supply more than 8-9% of our requirements upto 2030 or so; that the costs - both financial and political - to be paid are too large and H∂mw ]Xn∏v: incommensurate with the benefits; that Western Europe and USA are actually planning to reduce the share of nuclear energy... BKÃv 2008
175
]T-\-{KŸw
tIcfw: ]pXnb At\z-j-W-߃°v Hcm-apJw FUn-‰¿: Sn ]n Ip™n-°-Æ≥
100
]pXn-sbmcp P\-]£ hnI-k\ \bw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°pI F∂Xv efn-Xamb Hcp {]h¿Ø-\-a-√. CXn-\p≈ tZiob˛A-¥¿tZ-iob {]Xn-_-‘-ßfpw Ah-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-X-√. BtKm-f-aq-e-[-\-Øns‚ IS-∂m-{I-a-Whpw AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-hp-ap-s≠-¶nepw Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn NnesXms° sNøm≥ Ignbpw F∂ ip`m]vXn hnizm-k-amWv \sΩ apt∂m´v \bnt°-≠X - v.
c≠mw ]Xn∏v: am¿®v 2010
176
]T-\-{KŸw
tIc-fw: aÆpw a\p-jy\pw tUm. Sn Fw tXmakv sFkIv tIc-fsØ am‰n-Øo¿°m≥ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h - ¿°v Hcp ssI∏p-kvXIw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv c≠p ]Xn-‰m≠p apºv "tIcfw: aÆpw a\p-jy\pw' {]kn-≤o-Ir-Xam-bX - v. AXn-\p-tijw Zi-I° - m-eØv BtKm-fX - e - Ø - n¬ h∂ am‰-߃ tIc-fØ - ns‚ 175 kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XsØ am‰n-ad- n-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w tIc-fØ - ns‚ khn-tij ]mcº-cy-Øn-eq-∂nb ]pXnb ]e ]co-£W - ß - ƒ°pw \mw XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Cu A\p-`h - ß - s - f-°qSn ap≥ \n¿Øn ]cn-jvIc - n® ]pXnb ]Xn-∏v. aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy hn`m-K-Øn¬ tIcf kmlnXy s^{_p-hcn 2011 177 A°m-Z-an-bpsS 1989se ]pc-kvImcw t\Snb IrXn.
]T-\-{KŸw
apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]cn-ÿnXn hn⁄m\w tPm¨ s_√man t^mÿ hnh¿Ø\w: tUm. Fw ]n ]c-ta-iz-c≥ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb sXmgn-em-fn-h¿K-k-a-chpw ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-WØn-\m-bp≈ ka-chpw Fßs\ Htc ka-c-Øns‚ c≠p apJ-߃ BsW-∂v, BI-Ws - a∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ {it≤-ba - mb {KŸ-am-Wn-Xv. apX-em-fn-Øs - Øbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kw_-‘n®v \S-°p∂ cmjv{Sob kmº-ØnI hmZhnhm-Z110 ß-fn¬ t\cn´v CS-s]-SpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv t^mÿ Cu {KŸw cNn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. H∂mw ]Xn∏v:
HIvtSm-_¿ 2008
178
]T-\-{KŸw
MULLAPPERIYAR IMBROGLIO Interstate River Problems
Dr. A Achyuthan Recently Mullapperiyar project is receiving attention not only in Kerala and Tamilnadu, but all over India. The safety of the dam has become the bone of contention between the states of Kerala and Tamilnadu. Realising the seriousness of the issue the Hon. Division Bench of the Supreme Court has referred the mater to the Chief Justice of India 50 for giving directions to place it before a constitution Bench. A lot of hue and cry is being raised especially in the State of Tamilnadu.It is necessary that a larger H∂mw ]Xn∏v: section of people should be informed about the various aspects of the issue. \hw-_¿ 2009
179
]T-\-{KŸw
A SNAPSHOT OF KERALA Life and thoughts of the Malayalee people Editors: K P Aravindan, RVG Menon
250
This book contains the findings of a family based survey that looks at various aspects of life in the land of Kerala. Meant for the non-academic reader, it also examines, cultural mores, attitudes and opinions. The economic, social, regional and political divisions and how they influence life and thoughts are captured in numbers and presented in a simple format.
H∂mw ]Xn∏v: Unkw-_¿ 2010
180
]T-\-{KŸw
sske‚ v hmen: sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏ns‚ \mƒhgn B¿ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬ {]IrXn hn`-hß - ƒ F{X Xs∂ D≠m-bmepw AXn\v ]-cn-anXnbp≠v. s]cpIn hcp∂ Bh-iyhpw hn`-h-ß-fpsS ]cn-an-X-amb Afhpw XΩn¬ Hcp sshcp-[yap-s≠∂pw B sshcp[yw ImWmsX t]mIp-∂Xv `mhn Xe-ap-d-tbm-Sp-≈ ]mXI-am-sW∂pw sske‚ vhmen kacw ho≠pw ho≠pw \tΩmSv ]d™p-sIm-≠n100 cn-°p-∂p. hnIk\w B¿°v th≠n? Fßs\? BcpsS sNe-hn¬? F∂o tNmZy-ß-fmWv sske‚ v hmen {]t£m`w D∂-bn-°m≥ {ian-®-Xv. H∂mw ]Xn∏v: sske‚ v hmen kwc-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ap∂-Wn-t∏m-cmfn-Isf t\cn¬ I≠v kwh-Zn®pw In´m-hp-∂{X tcJ-Iƒ ]cnP\p-hcn 2010 181 tim-[n®pw Xøm-dm-°n-b-XmWv Cu {KŸw.
]T-\-{KŸw
`qan Hcp s]mXp-kzØv "Cu `qan H‰-s∏´ hy‡n-I-fpsS kzØ-√, Hcp kaq-l-Øn-s‚tbm Hcp cmjv{SØn-s‚tbm kzØ-√. F¥n\v `qan-bn-ep≈ F√m a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw Iq´p-kz-Øpa√ AXv. `qan-bpsS KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ am{X-amWv \Ωƒ.-\a - p°v e`n-®X - n-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v AXv ssIam-dm≥ _m[y-X-s∏-´-h-cmWv \Ωƒ˛ \√ Xd-hm´p Imc-W-h-∑m-sc-t∏m-se.' Imƒ am¿Ivkv, aqe-[-\w, thmfyw H∂v, 1862 100 tIc-f-Ønse `qhn-\n-tbm-K-sØ kw_-‘n®v Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv Cu {KŸw.
Pqsse 2010
182
]T-\-{KŸw
]cn-Wmaw Fßs\? Ip™p-Æn-h¿a `qap-J-Øp≈ Poh-Pm-e-߃ D¤-hn-®-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? Poh-im-kv{X-Ønse Hcp auenI tNmZy-am-Wn-Xv. CXn-\p≈ DØcw Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ ]cn-Wma {]{Inb \S-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. AXm-b-Xv, ssPh-]-cn-Wma-Øns‚ "sa°m-\nkw' Fs¥-∂d- n-bW - w. CXns‚ Hcp cq]-tc-Jb - mWv Cu {KŸw 200 hc-®p-Im-´p-∂X - v. Um¿hn-\nkØn¬ \n∂pw hf-sc-tbsd ]ptcm-Ka - n®p Ign™ B[p-\nI ]cn-Wma kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Chsb t\m°n°m-Wp-tºmƒ Cu N¿® Atß-b‰w B[n-Im-cn-I-am-hp-∂p. imkv{X\memw ]Xn∏v: km-t¶-XnI ]cn-ÿnXn IΩn-‰n-bpsS Ahm¿Uv e`n® "]cn-Wmaw \hw-_¿ 2009 183 F∂m¬' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv CXv.
]T-\-{KŸw
{]]© tcJ tUm. Fw. ]n. ]ctaizc≥ kq-£v-a {]-]-©w F-∂ B-Zy `m-K-Øn¬ ]-Zm¿-∞-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw au-en-I I-W-ß-fm-b Izm¿-°p-I-fn¬ \n-∂pw Xp-S-ßn A-Wp, X-∑m-{X-Iƒ, B-W-thm¿Pw F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-s®-√mw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. {K-Ÿ-Øn-s‚ c-≠mw `m-Kw ÿqe {]-]-©-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv. C-Xn¬ X-tam-Zzm-c-߃, a-lm-hn-kv-t^m-S-\ kn-≤m-¥w F-∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-߃ ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. C-Xn-s\-√mw ]p-d-sa `uXn-I im-kv-{X-sØ Zp¿-hym-Jym-\w sN-bv-Xv c-Nn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈ I-]-S-im-kv240 {X-sØ-bpw A-]-{K-Y-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v. {]-]-©-sØ-°p-dnaq∂mw ]Xn∏v: ®v k-a-{K-am-b H-cp {K-Ÿ-am-Wv {]-]-©-tc-J.
sk]v‰w-_¿ 2009
184
]T-\-{KŸw
Um¿hn\pw Hm¿°n-Up-Ifpw s{]m^. Fw inh-i¶ - c - ≥ Hm¿°n-Up-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Um¿hns‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn\v ]cn-Wma kn≤m-¥Øn-ep≈ {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v kao-]-Im-e-ØmWv imkv{X-temIw a\ n-em°n-b-Xv. Hm¿°nUv ]pjv]-ß-fpsS ]cm-K-W-co-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂tXm-sSm∏w krjvSn-hmZw hgn Ahbv°v DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-Ib - n-s√∂pw Um¿hn≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p≠v. Hcp {]tXyI kky-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ s]´ sNSnI-fpsS ]q°-fn¬ ]Sn-]-Sn-bm-bp≈ cq]m-¥-c-߃ hgn ]cn-Wmaw D≠mH∂mw Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂mWv Um¿hn≥ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
275
]Xn∏v: Pq¨ 2009
185
]T-\-{KŸw
imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ sP. Un. _¿W¬ hnh¿Ø\w : Fw. kn. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv
1000
(\mev hmey-߃) sP. Un. _¿W-ens‚ Science in History F∂ hnJymX {KŸ-Øns‚ aebmf ]cn-`mj. imkv{X kap-Zmb _‘-ßsf Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp Ahn-`mPy[mcbmbn I≠v hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. imkv{Xkm-ln-Xy-Ønse Hcp ¢mknIv.
aq∂mw ]Xn∏v: sk]v‰w-_¿ 2007
186
]T-\-{KŸw
Pew Poh-Pew ]n.- F-kv. tKm]n-\m-Y≥\m-b¿ Pe-sØ-°p-dn®v B[n-Im-cn-Ihpw ka-{K-hp-amb Hcp d^-d≥kv {KŸw. PeØns‚ D¤hw apX¬ hn]-Wn-bn¬ Pew C∂v Hcp D¬]-∂-ambn amdn-bn-´p-≈Xp-h-sc-bp≈ IY. sh≈-Øns‚ cmkLS\, KpW-[¿Ω-߃, Pe-t{km-X- pIƒ, ip≤-P-e-e-`y-X, Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, Pe-X¿°-߃, bp≤-߃ XpS-ßnb 200 Imcy-߃ Bh-iy-amb IW-°p-Iƒ klnXw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. efn-Xhpw kcf-hp-amb `mjbpw ssienbpw Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ am‰v h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p. \memw ]Xn∏v: P\-{]nb imkv{X-km-lnXy hn`m-K-Øn¬ tIcf imkv{X kmt¶-XnI ]cn-ÿnXn Iu¨kn-ens‚ Ahm¿Uv e`n® Unkw-_¿ 2010 187 {KŸw.
219