Hand book IYC-2011

ck-X-{¥-h¿jw: Hcm-apJw A¥m-cmjv{S ck-X-{¥-h¿jw ]n kn tdmbv tacn Iyqdn ASp°f ck-X{¥w D]-t`mK hkvXp-°-fpsS ck-X{¥w a\p-jy-i-co-c-Ønse ck-X{¥w ck-X{¥w Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn`£y-h-kvXp-°-fnse ambw

kwÿm-\-Xe ]cn-io-e\w 2011 Pq¨ 11, 12 Kh. tImtfPv aS-∏-≈n, tImgn-t°mSv Fkv F≥ kvIqƒ tImwπIvkv, Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S, Xr»q¿ t]cq¿°S tKƒkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

2

\ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ G‰hpw kzm[o-\w sNep-Øp∂ Hcp imkv{X-im-Jb - mWv ck-X{- ¥w. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ am\-hk - a - qlw Cu imkv{X-im-Jsb Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AXns‚ t\´-tIm-´-߃ hne-bn-cpØp-Ibpw thWw. \ΩpsS `qan-sb˛ AXnse aÆv, Pew, hmbp, Poh-Pme-߃ F∂n-h-sb˛ Imcy-amb t]md-te¬°msX hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°v ssIam-dm-\p≈ Ah-ÿ-sbm-cp-°p-∂-Xn\v CXv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu ktμiw s]mXp kaq-lØ - n¬ FØn-°p-∂X - n-\mWv 2011 A¥¿tZ-iob ck-X{- ¥-h¿j-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂X - .v CXns‚ `mK-ambn ]pkvXI ˛ eLpteJm {]Nm-cW - w, bpdo° ˛ imkv{X-tI-cfw {]tXyI ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ, CXpambn _‘-s∏´v hn⁄m-t\m-’-hw, _me-thZn Iq´p-Im¿°v Adn-bp-∂Xns‚ B\μw]Icp∂Xn-\mbn kzbw sNøm-hp∂ ck-X{¥ ]co-£W-߃, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ tI{μo-Ic - n®v skan-\m-dp-Iƒ, imkv{X {]`m-j-Ww, imkv{X-{]-Z¿i-\w, Ip´n-Itfbpw _lp-P-\-ßtfbpw, Dt±in-®p≈ hym]-I-ambn imkv{X-¢m pIƒ XpSßn Ht´sd {]h¿Ø-\߃°v tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv XpS-°-an-´n-´p-≠v.

2011 Pq¨ 11, 12 Xnø-Xn-I-fn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Xriq¿, tImgn-t°mSv F∂o tI{μ-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ kwÿm\Xe dntkmgvkv t]gvk-WpIƒ°p≈ ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bnse imkv{X-¢m- p-IfpsS Ipdn-∏p-If - mWv Cu ssI∏p-kvXI - Ø - n-ep-≈X - v. Cu Ipdn-∏p-If - pw, hnZ-Kv[c - mb A[ym]-I¿ \bn-°p∂ ¢m pw XpS¿∂p-≈ N¿®bpw ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Snbn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂h¿°v ^e-{]-Za - mbn imkv{X-¢m- p-IsfSp-°p-∂X - n\v klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

3

ck-X{- ¥-h¿jw: H-cm-apJw ck-X{¥w F∂ hnPvRm-\-hm-cn[n IS™v, ImfIqShnjw Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v, AarXv am{X-ambn FSp°p-I. CXmWv \ΩpsS ap∂n-ep≈ {]iv\w.

2011 A¥m-cmjv{S ck-X-{¥-h¿jw BWv. H∏w A¥m-cm-j{v S h\h¿jwIqSn BWv. sFIy-cm-j{v S-k` Hmtcm h¿j-Ønepw GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI hnjbsØ P\-{i-≤b - n-te°p sIm≠p-hc - m-\mbn ‘ h¿jmNc-Wß - ƒ‘ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂p. a\p-jy¿ hyXykvX taJe-I-fn¬ CX:]cy¥w t\Snb Adn-hn-s\, hna¿i-\mfl-Ia - mbn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw B hnj-bØ - n-te°v bphm°-fpsS {i≤ BI¿jn-°m\pw `mhn hnIm-k-Øns‚ Zni cq]o-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n¬ P\-ßsf ]¶m-fn-If - m-°m\pw e£y-an-´mWv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ h¿jm-N-c-W-߃ \S°p-∂X - v. Cu e£yw ]q¿W-ambn Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm≠v AXv km£m- X v I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v klm- b - I - a mb {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ imkv{X kmlnXy ]cn-jØv Bhn-jvIc - n-°m-dp-≠v. 2009, Aß-s\, imkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw imkv{X-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw h¿j-ambn sIm≠mSn. 2010 A¥¿tZ-iob h\n-Xm-Zn-\Ø - ns‚ \qdmw hm¿jnI-am-bpw, km¿h-{Xn-I-ambn C∂pw kv{XoIƒ A\p-`hn-®p-hc - p∂ ]mc-X{- ¥y-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb ka-cØ - ns‚ `mKambpw BN-cn-®p. F√m kμ¿`-Ønepw ‘kaqlw‘ F∂ ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ Imep-d∏ - n-®p-sIm-≠m-W,v sFIy-cm-j{v S-k`bpw imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØpw {]k‡ hnj-bØns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xv; `mhn-sb-∏‰n Btem-Nn-°p-∂X - .v ck-X{¥ h¿j-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw kao-]\w hyXy-kvX-a-√.

Hcn-°¬ Hcp imkv{X-⁄-t\mSp tNmZn-°p-I-bp≠mbn: “am\-h-cmin CX:]cy¥w t\Sn-bn-´p≈ Adnhns\°pdn®p ]d-bm≥ Xm¶ƒ°v Hscm‰ ]Zta A\ph-Zn-°p-∂p≈q F¶n¬ GXp-]Z- a - mWv D]-tbm-Kn--°pI“.

At±lw adp]Sn ]d™p: “am‰w“. “c≠p- ]-Zß - ƒIqSn A\p- h - Z n- ° p- I - b m- s W- ¶ n- t em?“. “kmZr- i yw, sshPmXyw“ ˛ At±lw XpS¿∂p. ck-X-{¥hpw CXn\v A]-hm-Z-a-√. am‰w, kmZr-iyw, sshPmXyw F∂nh ck-X{- ¥-Øns‚ aqe-°√ - p-If - m-Wv. ck-X{¥w am‰-Øns‚ imkv{X-am-Wv, kmZr-iy-Øn-s‚bpw. (Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I) sshPm-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw (C∂v e`n-°p-

∂-Xn-\p≈ hyXykvX ]Zm¿Y-߃) imkv{X-am-Wv, Af-hnse am‰-߃ - KpW-]c - a - mb am‰-ßf - m-Ip-∂X - ns‚ imkv{X-am-Wv. BZy-Im-eØv shdpw ‘ sN∏-Sn-hnZy‘ Bbn-cp∂ Cu am‰-߃°v Imcy-Im-cW _‘nXhpw ]cn-am-Wm-flIhpw Bb ASn-Ød \¬In-s°m≠v B¬s°-ansb sIankv{Sn B°n hf¿ØnbXv Xmc-X-tay\ ASpØ ImeØp am{X-am-Wv. KWn-X-Øn\pw `uXn-I-Øn\pw tPymXn-»m-k{v X-Øn\pw Hs°tijw: C∂pw Bfp-Iƒ ck-X{¥ sN∏-Sn-hn-Zy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v BƒssZh ]cnthjw t\Sm≥ {ian-°p-∂p-≠v. F√m-hcpw Xs∂ Ahkm\w Xpd-∂p-Im-Wn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-ap-≠v. AXn-cn-°s - ´. t\csØ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse F√m Adn-hn-s‚bpw ASn-Ød am‰w, kmZr-iyw, sshPmXyw F∂n-hb - m-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu ASn-Ød - t- a¬ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp∂ ku[߃°v Gsd sshhn-[y-ap-≠v. AXn-\m¬ ck-X{¥w `uXn-IØ - n¬\n∂pw Poh-im-k{v X-Øn¬\n∂pw `qan-imkv{X-Øn¬\n∂pw Hs° hyXy-kX v a - mb H∂mbn A\p`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ ASn-Ø-d- H-∂mIbm¬ ]q¿Wambn Cu imkv{X-im-J-Isf th¿Xn-cn-°m\pw ]‰n-√.

Cu _‘-߃ ck-X{- ¥-Øns‚ hnhn[ imJ-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-∂p. AIm¿_WnI ck-X-{¥w, Im¿_WnI ck-X{- ¥w, `uXn-Ic - k - X - {- ¥w, ssPh-ck - X - {¥w, X∑m-{Xm ssPh-c-k-X-{¥w, \£{X-c-k-X-{¥w, kmKc-c-k-X{¥w, `uac-k-X{¥w Cßs\ t]mIp∂p Ah. ck-X-{¥-Øns‚ imkv{Xob hi-߃ AXy¥w DtZzK-P-\-I-amWv. F∂m¬ ck-X-{¥-sa∂ imkv{X-a√, ck-X-{¥hpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv A¥mcmjv{S ck-X{- ¥-h¿j-Øns‚ {i≤m-tI-{μw. ckX{¥w \ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-amWv ˛ \mw AXv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw. Nneh Adn-bp-∂Xv \Ωn¬ AZv`pXw Df-hm-°p-∂p. Adn-bp-tºmƒ D≠mIp∂ AZv`pXw ˛ Adn-hn-√m-bvab - n¬ \n∂p P\n-°p∂ AZv`p-X-a-√ ˛ \ΩpsS Bflo-b-Po-hn-XsØ [\y-am°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Hmtcm-cp-Øc - p-sSbpw ico-cØ - n-\I - Øv \S°p∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Duln-°m≥t]mepw ]‰m4

Ø{X hnhn-[ß - fpw _lp-eß - f - p-amWv. \mw Ign-°p∂ `£Ww ]Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mKß-fn¬ Dƒt®¿°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, \ΩpsS Hmtcm Ne-\Øn\pw Du¿Pw ]I-cp-∂-Xv, AXns‚ ^e-ambn D≠mIp∂ amen-\y-߃ \o°w-sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ,v \ΩpsS Xe-t®m-dn¬\n∂v hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n-te°v ktμiw Ab°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ˛ F√mw \S-°p-∂Xv cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - fn-ep-sS-bm-Wv. enh¿, ]m≥{In-bm-kv, sNdp-Ip-S¬, InUv\n, akvXnjvIw . . . GXmWv IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿Wamb ckm-b-\-ime F∂p ]d-bm≥ {]bm-k-am-Wv. AsXms° t]mIs´. GsX-¶nepw Hcp tImiw ˛ \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn¬ tImSn-t°m-Sn-t°mSn . . . tImiß-fp-≠v!, AXn-sem∂v ˛- FSpØv AXns‚ LS-\bpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw ]Tn-°p-I. ‘‚tΩm‘ F∂v hnfn-®p-t]mIpw, A{X k¶o¿W-am-W-Xv. tImi-Øn-\p-≈nse hnhn[ `mK-߃ Hmtcm∂pw k¶o¿Wamb Hcp sIan°¬ ^mIvS-dnbmWv. tImi-tI-{μ-Ønse t{Imakw FSp-°p-I. AXnse Po\p-Iƒ FSp-°pI˛ F{X k¶o¿W-am-WX - .v . . Poh-s\∂ alm-Z` v p-XØ - ns‚, a\pjy-s\∂ AXy¤pXØns‚ Hcp ‘tSÃv‘ ˛ hnc¬Xpºp-sIm≠v sXm´v \m°n¬ sh°p-tºmƒ In´p∂ Hcp tSÃv ˛ In´m≥ am{Xta ssPh-c-k-X{¥w ˛ a\p-jy-ico-c-Øn¬ F∂ ¢m p-sIm≠p e`n-°q. AtX-k-abw Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-Ipw. Poh\v ck-X{- ¥-]c - a - mb Hcp ASn-Ød - b - p-≠v. Zo¿L-\m-fsØ cmk-]c - n-Wm-aß - f - n-eqsS-bmWv Poh≥ cq]w sIm≠-Xv, Cu `qan-bn¬ Xs∂bmWv AXv \S-∂-Xv,- Hcp ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw krjvSnb√ AXv F∂ hkvXp-X. \ΩpsS temI-ho-£W - s - ØXs∂ am‰n adn-°p∂ Hcp A\p-`hw Bbn-cn°pw Pohs‚ cmk ASn-Ød - b - n-tebv° - p≈ Cu FØn-t\m´w. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-h¿, {]tXy-In®pw sk°-≠dn ˛ k¿h-Ie - m-imem hnZym¿YnIƒ, Ahiyw hmbn-®n-cn-t°≠ Hcp ]pkvX-I-ap≠v: t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb dn®m¿Uv Um°n≥kv FgpXnb The Greatest Show On Earth.

Poh-s‚bpw Pohn-bp-sSbpw ck-X-{¥-hp-ambn XmcX-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ho´nse ck-X{¥w XmcX-tay\ efn-X-am-Wv. Xmc-X-tay\ am{Xw. ASp-°-f-bnep-≠v, hkv{X-Øn-ep-≠v, ]m¿∏n-S-Øn-ep-≠v. Dd Hgn®v ]mens\ ssXcm-°p-∂Xv \mw \ntXy\ ImWp∂ H∂mWv. F∂m¬ Nne-t∏mƒ \√ ssXcm-Ip∂p, Nne-t∏mƒ I´bpw sh≈-hp-ambn th¿Xn-cn-bp-∂p, Nne-t∏mƒ \qept]mse BIp-∂p, Nne-t∏mƒ ISpØ Zpkzm-Zp-≈-Xmbn-Øo-cp-∂p. F¥mWv kw`-hw? \S-°p-∂Xv cmk-{]h¿Ø\w Xs∂-bm-Wv. \S-Øn-∏p-Im¿ _mIvSo-cn-bßfpw. hyXykvX _mIvSo-cn-b-߃ hyXykvX XcØn-ep≈ cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-∂p. hyXy-kX v X - cw ssXcp-≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu _mIvSo-cn-bß - sf {]tXy-Ia - mbn hf¿Øn {]tXy-I-Xcw ssXcp-Iƒ t_m[-]q¿hw

D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNømw. CÕ-en-amhp ]pfn-°p-tºmgpw Acn thhp-tºmgpw Hs° cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S°p-∂p-≠v. Blm-c-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, \mw DSp-°p∂ hkv{X-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw ck-X-{¥tØmSv \mw IS- s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . sSdn- e n≥, ss\tem¨, dtbm¨ apX-em-b-h-sbm-s° cmk-{]h¿Ø-\-߃ hgn ^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ \n¿an-®n-´p-≈-h-bmWv. (A-h-bpsS \n¿amWw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf aen-\s∏-Sp-Øp-s≠-∂p≈ Imcyhpw ad-°c - pXv ˛ DZm-lc - Ww: Kzmfn-tbm¿ dtbm¨kv). hkv{X-߃ hrØn-bm-°m\p≈ Un‰¿P‚ v ]uU-dp-Ifpw cmk-h-kvXp-°-fm-Wv. tkm∏pw jmw]qhpw Xp≈n-\o-ehpw lm≥Uv hmjpw Hs°- Aß-s\-X-s∂. Npa-cn-\-Sn-°p∂ Nmb-ßfpw ^¿Wn-®d- n¬ ASn-°p∂ hm¿Wnjpw t]mfnjpw Hs° cmk-\n¿anX ]Zm¿Y-ßf - m-W.v Ch-sb√mw D≠m-°p∂ Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\v hyh-km-bi - m-eI - f - p-ap-≠v. \ap-s°√mw Blmcw Xcp∂ Irjn C∂v hensbmcp cmk-hy-hk - mbw IqSn-bm-W.v cmk-hf - ß - ƒ, IoS\m-in-\n-Iƒ apX-em-b-h-bpsS D]-tbm-K-an-√msX C∂v Irjn-sb-∏‰n Btem-Nn-°m≥ ]‰n-√. AtX-ka - bw AhsN-øp∂ t{Zmlß-sf-∏‰ - nbpw C∂p \ap°v Adn-bmw.

F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ F∂ IoS-\m-in-\nbpsS D]-tbmKhpw Dev]m-Z\ - hpw \ntcm-[n-t°-≠n-h∂ - p. apºp UnUn‰nbpw AXp-t]mse a‰-\-h[n IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw ]e cmPy-ßfpw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AXn-te°v \bn® Hcp ]T-\-amWv sdbv®¬ Imgvks‚ \n»-_vZh-k¥w F∂ ]pkvXI - w. F√m-hcpw hmbn-®n-cn-t°≠ Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-W-Xv. AXn¬ D∂-bn-®n-´p≈, Irjnbp-sSbpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Xs∂-bpw, Aan-X-amb cmk-h-XvI-cWw D≠m°p∂ {]iv\-߃ C∂pw \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ D≠v. ]e cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw aÆnXs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. ]eXpw AhnsSInS-∂v, ]pXnb cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Aßs\ aÆns‚ cmk-L-S\Xs∂ amdp-∂p. sNSn-IfpsS P\\w apX¬ acWw hsc-bp≈ Pohn-X-Øns‚ F√m L´-ß-fnepw aÆns‚ cmk-L-S\ \n¿Wm-b-Iamb kzm[o-\-amWv sNep-Øp-∂-Xv. aÆnse cmk-tNcp-h-bn¬ hcp∂ am‰w sh≈-sØbpw _m[n-°p-∂p.

IpSn-sh-≈-Øn¬ cmk-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS km∂n[yw h¿[n-®p-hc - n-Ib - m-W.v ]e-bn-SØpw CXv \ΩpsS BtcmKysØ Gsd tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p-ap≠v. ckX-{¥-Øns‚ Bcw`w ˛ B¬s°an ˛ Hcp-h-iØv a¿Øys\ Aa¿Øy-\m-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ ‘AarXv‘ tXSn-bp≈ Hcp bm{X-bm-bn-cp∂p. (a-dp-h-i-Øv, hnÕnØ-sa∂p ]d-b-s´, sXm´-Xn-s\-sbms° kz¿W-am°m≥ ]‰p∂ ‘am{¥n-I-°√v ‘ At\z-jn-®p≈ bm{Xbpw.) Aar-Xn-\mbn ]memgn IS-™t- ∏mƒ BZyw ]pdØp-h∂ - Xv Imf-Iq-Sh - n-ja - m-bn-cp∂p F∂m-Wt√m IY. sNSn-Iƒ°v Aar-Xmb hfw, IoS-\m-in\n apX-em-b-h5

B enÃv. tkm∏v, t]Ãv, Xos∏-´n . . . . Ch Hmtcm∂nepw H´-\h - [n a\p-jy-\n¿anX cmk-hk - vXp-°ƒ AS-ßn-bn´p-≠v. \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]m{X-߃, [cn-°p∂ hkv{Xw, k©-cn-°p-∂ hml-\w, \mw InS-∂n-cp∂ saØ, sImXp-Ins\ AI-‰m≥ D]-tbm-Kn® Ba-Øncn, NqSp-Ip-dbv° - m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® ^m≥ . . . F√m-‰ns‚bpw \n¿am-W-Øn¬ Ht´sd cmk-{]-{In-b-Iƒ \S°p∂p-≠.v ckm-hl - a - mb Hcp ]co-£Ww \S-Ømw. \ΩpsS Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sS-bpw- ho-´n¬ Hcp amk-ØnD]-tbm-Kn-°p∂, hyXy-kX v ß - fmb t]cp-If - p≈ km[\-߃ Hcp enÃv sNøm≥ {ian-°p-I. Hcp ¢m nse Ip´n-Iƒ apgp-h\pw tN¿∂v, Hcp i\n-bmgvN kvIqfnCcp∂v Cu A`ymkw \S-Ømw. BZyw FSpØ t\m´p]p-kvX-Iw, 200 t]Pns‚ Bbmepw icn, aXn-bm-ImsX -h-cpw. Hcp sNdnb kq∏¿_-km-dn¬ t]mbn AhnsS-bp≈ F√m km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp enÃv, As√¶n¬ Fs¥ms°, F{X-Xcw Ds≠∂v FÆw tNmZn°p-I. Ip´n-If - psS ]T-\Ø - ns‚ `mK-am-sW-∂d - n-™mAh¿ hnh-cw- X-cpw. AXp tIƒ°p-tºmƒ \n߃°pw tXm∂mhp∂ AZv`pXw sISp-Øm≥ ChnsS Dt±-in-°p∂n-√. sNbvXp-t\m-°p-I, Bkz-Zn-°p-I,

bpsS Dev]m-Z-\hpw a\pjy \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mKam-bn-Øo¿∂n-´p≈ s]t{Smƒ, πmÃn-Iv apX-em-bh - b - psS Dev]m-Z-\hpw ^e-Øn¬, F√m Aar-Xn-t\bpw ImfIq-Sh - n-ja - m-°p-Ib - mWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - .v CXn¬\n∂v c£-t\-Sm≥ Hcp am¿Khpw C∂p ImWp-∂n-√.

Ir{Xna cmk-hk - X v p-°ƒ H∂pw tN¿°mØ, Irjnsb-∏‰n \mw kz]v\w ImWp-∂p≠v ˛ ssPh-°rjn!

F∂m¬ C∂v 600 tImSn-bn-e[ - nIhpw `mhn-bn¬ 1000 ˛ 1200 tImSnbpw hcp∂ a\p-jy¿°v Bh-iy-amb `£Ww Fßs\ D≠m°mw? Cu ka-ky°v DØcw ImtW-≠n-h-cn-I-sb-∂Xv C∂sØ bph-X-e-ap-d-bpsS _m[y-XbmWv ˛ Imf-IqSw D≠m-°msX AarXv am{Xw D≠m-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ ck-X-{¥-hn-⁄m-\-am-Ip∂ ]memgn IS-bp-hm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-am-dm-IWw. Cu {]iv\w Ah¿°v t_m[y-am-IW - w. CXmWv Irjnbpw ck-X-{¥hpw F∂ ¢mkns‚ apJy {i≤m-tI-{μw. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®t- ]m-se, \mw Ime-sØ-gp-t∂‰v ]√p-tX-®v, tZl-ip-≤n-hc - pØn Znhkw Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - n\n-Sb - n¬ Ht´sd a\p-jy-\n¿anX cmk-hk - vXp-°ƒ D]tbm-Kn-®n-cn°pw ˛ Ah H∂v enÃv sNøm≥ {ian-®mXe-Id - ß - n-t∏mIpw ˛ Imc-Ww, A{X hep-Xm-bn-cn°pw

6

A¥m-cmjv{S ck-X{- ¥-h¿jw bps\-kvtIm-bpw C‚¿ \mj-W¬ bqWn-b≥ Hm^v ]yph¿ B‚ v AssπUv sIan-kv{Sn(IUPAC) bpw kwbp-‡a - mbn 2011 A¥mcmjv{S ck-X{- ¥-h¿j-ambn BtLm-jn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cßs\ GsX-¶nepw hnjbsØ Bkv]-Z-am-°ntbm am\-h-cm-inbv°v Hcp hy‡n/{]ÿm\w \¬Inb kw`m- h - \ - I sf kvacn®psImt≠m Hcp h¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]cn]m-Sn-Itfm h¿jw-tXmdpw Hcp Znh-ksØ ]cn-]m-Sn-Itfm \S-Øm-dp-≠v. 2005 A¥mcmjv{S `uXnI h¿j-am-bncp-∂p. imkv{XkXy߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]co£W \nco-£W coXn-bpsS ]n≥_ew thW-sa∂v kvYm]n®, B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp∂ Keo-en-tbm Keo-en-sbbpw B[p-\nI Pohim-kv{X-Øn\v ASn-Ød ]mInb Nmƒkv Um¿hns\bpw kvacn®p sIm≠p≈ A¥m-cmjv{S imkv{Xh¿j-am-bn-cp∂p 2009. Pq¨ 5 temI ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\w, am¿®v 8 A¥¿tZ-iob h\n-Xm-Zn-\w, G{]n¬ 7 temImtcm-Ky-Zn-\w, s^-{_p-hcn 28 tZio-b- imkv{XZn\w XpSßn-bh \mw BtLm-jn-°m-dp-≠v. BtLmjw Hcp h¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p-∂X - m-bmepw Hcp Znh-ka - m-bmepw ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ {]ta-b-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw P\-lr-Z-bß-fn¬ FØn-bv°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv CXp-sIm≠v Dt±in-°p-∂X - v.

A¥m-cmjv{S ck-X{¥ h¿j-Øns‚ {][m\ ktμiw "ck-X{¥w: \ΩpsS Pohn-Xw \-ΩpsS `mhn' F∂m-Wv. am\-h-cm-in-bpsS C∂sØ PohnXmhÿbv°mbn ck-X{¥w \n o-a-am-b- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.- Cu ktμiw s]mXpP\-ß-fnepw hfcp∂ Xe- a p- d - b nepw FØn- ° p- I - b pw ck- X {¥sØ°pdn®v P\-߃°n-Sb - n¬ aXn∏v h¿[n-∏n-°pIbpw BWv h¿jm-tLmjw sIm≠v {][m-\-ambpw Dt±-in°p∂-Xv. imkv{X-]-T-\-tØm-Sp≈ B`n-apJyw Ipd-™p-h-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-amWv CXv. temI-sغm-Sp-w CXpXs∂-bmWv Ah-ÿ . imkv{Xw ad∂p sIm≠v kmt¶-XnIhnZy-tbm-Sv Aan-X-amb Xmev]cyw ImWn-°p∂Xv am\-hc - m-in-b° v v `mhn-bn¬ KpWw sNøn√. GXp kmt¶XnIhnZy-bpsSbpw ASn-Ød AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ imkv{XamWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ kmt¶-

Xn-Ih - n-Zy-bpsS hf¿®bv°v A\n-hm-cy-LS- Iw imkv{Xhn- Z ym- ` ym- k - a m- W v . ad∂ps]mbv s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ C°mcyw Hm¿a-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂Xv Cu h¿jm-N-c-WØns‚ as‰mcp e£yamWv. ck-X-{¥-h¿j-ambn 2011 sXc-s™-Sp°m≥ ]eIm-cW - ß - ƒ D≠v. GsXmcp h¿j-mtLmjam-bm-bepw B Ime-b-f-hn¬ AXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´Xpw Hm¿t°≠--Xp-amb \nc-h[n Imcy-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. B[p\nI ck-X-{¥-Øn-te-°p≈ {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp hgn, "AthmKmt{Um \nbaw' Xpd∂p In´n-bXv 1811 BWv. AXp-I-gn-™v, 200 h¿jw ]n∂n-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Zm¿∞ck-X-{¥-Ønse hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´Xpw kutcm¿-PsØ-t∏mse C\nbpw ]q¿W-ambn ssI]nSn-bn¬ HXp-ßm-Ø-Xp-amb kq∏¿ I≠-Iv‰n-hn-‰nbv°v \qdp-h-bkv XnI-bp∂Xpw 2011 ¬ Xs∂.

F∂m¬, ta¬∏d™ c≠p-a√ 2011 ck-X-{¥h¿j ambn BtLm-jn-°m≥ Imc-Ww. ckX{¥imJbv°v km¿h-tZ-iob Xe-Øn¬ Hcp N´-°qSv D≠m-°p-Ibpw AXv ]cn-]m-en-°s∏Sp-∂p-s≠∂v Dd∏p hcpØpIbpw sNøp∂ kwL-S-\bmWv sF. bp. ]n.

F. kn. (C‚¿ \mj-W¬ bqWn-b≥ t^m¿ ]yph¿ B‚ v AπbvUv sIan-kv{Sn). sF. bp. ]n. F. kn. bpsS ap≥Km-an-bmb C‚¿ \mj-W¬ Atkm-kn-tbj≥ Hm^v sIan-°¬ skmssk-‰o-kv( sF. F. kn.

Fkv) \ne-hn¬ h∂n´v 2011¬ \qdv h¿j-am-bn. sF. F. kn. Fkv BWv ]n∂oSv 1919 ¬ sF. bp ]n. F. kn. Bbn amdn-bX - v. CXn-s\√mw D]-cn-bmbn {]ikvX im- k v { X⁄ amUw Iyqdn°v ck- X - { ¥- Ø ns\mt_¬ kΩm\w In´-nb-Xns‚ iXm_vZn h¿jamWv 2011. amUw Iyqdn-bmWv s\mt_kΩm\Øn\v A¿l-bmb BZy- h\n-X. 1903 Ah¿°v `uXnIimkv{X-Ønepw, 1911 ¬ ck-X-{¥Ønepw s\mt_¬ kΩm\w e`n®p. imkv { X cwKsØ G‰hpw henb AwKo-Im-c-amb s\mt_kΩm\w c≠p XhW In´nb BZysØ h\nXbpw, hyXykvX hnj-bß - f - n¬, s\mt_¬ kΩm\w In´nb GI- hy‡nbpw amUw Iyqdn-bm-Wv. kv{XoIsf Ah-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v ]pcp-j7

∑m-tcm-sSm∏w kaq-l-Øn¬ XpeyX \¬ImXncn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂- Imeambn-cp∂p tacn-bpsS PohnX-Im-e-hpw. kv{XoIƒ°v hnZym-`ym-kw t\Sp-∂Xn\pw Ah¿°v s]mXpcwKØp hcp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-kcw \¬Im-Xn-cp∂ B ImeØv hfsc ]mh-s∏´ ho´nP\n® amUw Iyqdn, kz{]b-Xv\-Øm¬, F√m IpSpw_- { ]- b m- k - ß - t fbpw kmaqly XS- - ß - s fbpw AXnPo-hn®v Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw \s√mcp A[ym-]n-Ib - pw Kth-jI - b - pw imkv{X-⁄bpw BbnØo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp kv{Xobm-bX - n-\m¬ Ah¿°v bqWn-th-gvkn‰n s{]m^-k¿jn∏v \ntj-[n-®p. c≠p s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Sn {]i-kvXn-bpsS D∂-Xn-bn\n¬°p∂ ka-b-Øp-t]m-epw, 1911 ¬ kv{Xobm-bXpsIm≠p-am{Xw {^©v A°m-Z-an-bn¬ Ah¿°v AwKXzw \ntj-[n-®p. ]t£, CsXm∂pw Ahsc Xf¿Øn-bn-√. aqØ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS AIm-e-a-cWw, Imap-Is‚ h©\, `¿Øm-hns‚ A]-I-S-a-c-Ww F∂nh Ah¿ ss[cy]q¿hw t\cn-´p. Kth-jWw Hcp X]-ky-bm°n am‰n. Ah-cpsS \n›-b-Zm¿Vyhpw A¿∏-W-t_m-[hpw Xt‚-Shpw XymK-a-\-kvYn-Xnbpw A\p-Ic - W - o-ba - m-Wv. kz¥w \mSmb t]mf- ≠ n- t \mSp≈ Xs‚ kvt\lmZchv tacn Iyqdn {]I-Sn∏n®Xv Xm≥ I≠p]n-Sn® BZy-aq-e-I-Øn\v s]mtfm-Wnbw F∂ t]cv \¬In-s°m≠mWv. Ah¿ \S-Ønb imkv{X-Kth-jW-ßfpw AXns‚ ^e-ßfpw am\-h-cm-in°v ka¿∏n°p-Ib - mWv D≠m-bX - v. I≠p-]n-Sp-ØsØ t]‰‚ v hgn kzImcyh¬°-cn°m≥ B alma\kvI Xøm-dm-bn√.

Ah¿ I≠p]n-Sn® tdUnbw aqe-IØ - n\v t]‰‚ v FSp°-W-sa∂ kplr-Øp-°-fpsS \n¿_‘w Ah¿ AwKo-Ic - n-®n-√. H∂mw temI alm-bp-≤Ø - n¬ ]cn-t°‰-h¿°v tdUnbw NnIn’ \¬Im≥ Ah¿ apt∂m´p h∂p. tdUnbw teml-hpw AXn¬ \n∂p≈ hnIn-cW-ßfpw A¿_pZ NnIn-’°v hfsc ^e-{]-Z-am-bnC∂pw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂p. In´nb s\mt_kΩm\w bp≤ ^≠n-te°v \¬Ip∂Xn\v Ah¿ aSnsbm´pw ImWn-®n√. kv { Xobpw ]pcp- j \pw XΩn¬ ssPh- ] - c - a mb hyXymkw am{X-ta-bp-≈q. a‰v F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Ah¿ Xpey-cm-Wv. kv{Xo]Zhn Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ah¿°v Xpey kmaqly\oXn e`yam-°p-∂-Xn\pw CXp kw_-‘n-®p≈ Ah-t_m[w Ah-cn¬ Df-hm-°p∂-Xn\pw D≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-°p∂ C°m-eØv, temI-h-\nXmZn\-Øns‚ 100-˛mw hm¿jnIw \S-°p∂ Cu thf-bn¬ tacn-Iyq-dn-bpsS Pohn-Xhpw {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw Adn-™n-cn-°pI A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ck-X{¥ h¿jm-tLm-j-Øns‚ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb DZvLm-S\w 2011 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ ]mco-kn¬ h®v \S-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. BtLm-j-ßfpsS `mK-ambn [mcmfw

]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ bps\-kvtIm-hn-s‚bpw sF. bp.-]n. F. kn bptSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp-∂p. sIan-kv{Sn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kn\na, \mS-Iß - ƒ, hyh-km-bi - m-eI - f - n-te°pw KthjW ime-I-fn-te°pw D≈ ]T\bm{X, {]ivt\mØ-cn, amUw-Iyq-dn-sbbpw a‰p imkv{X-⁄-scbpw BZ-cn-°epw A\p-kva-cn-°epw, kpÿnc hnI-k\sØ kw_-‘n® t_m[-h¬°-cWw, {Ko≥ sIankv{Sn, ¢n\n-°¬ sIankv{Sn XpS-ßn-bhsb kw_‘n® N¿®-Iƒ - , BtKm-fX - m-]\ - w, Imem-hÿ m-hy-Xnbm\w F∂nh kw_-‘n® ]T-\w, Ah-bvs°-Xn-scbp-ff I¿a ]cn-]m-Sn-I-ƒ°v cq]w-\¬I¬ XpS-ßn-bh-bmWv Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xv. bphm-°-sfbpw kv{XoIsfbpw e£y-an-´mWv an° ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bkq{XWw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. temI-Øn-se-√m-bn-SØpw \S°p∂ Cu BtLm-j-Øn¬ C¥y-bpw ]¶m-fn-bm-Wv. 18- ˛ mw \q‰m- t ≠m- S p- I q- S n- b mWv ck- X {¥w Hcp imkv{X-im-J-bmbn hf-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. tdm_¿´v t_mb¬, ethm-kn-tb, tPm¨ Umƒ´≥, sa≥U-eohv, jote, tPmk^v {]nÃen XpS-ßnb imkv{X-⁄c-- mWv {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ Cu imkv{Xim-J-bpsS hf¿®°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v A`q-X-]q¿h-amb hf¿®bmWv ck-X{¥w ImgvN-sh-®-Xv. AIm¿_-WnI ckX-{¥w, Im¿_-WnI ck-X-{¥w, `uXn-I-c-k-X{¥w F∂o-im-J-I-fmWv BZy-Im-eØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Imew ]n∂n-´t- XmsS Hmtcm imJbpw D]-im-Jbmbpw AXn-\p-]i - m-Jb - mbpw hf¿∂p. C∂v ck-X{- ¥-Øns‚ kv]¿i-ta-ev°mØ H∂pw Xs∂ C√. cmk-h-f-߃, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, Ir{Xna \mcp-Iƒ, Huj-[ß - ƒ, t]mfn-sa-dp-Iƒ, Nmb-߃, C‘-\ß - ƒ XpSßn FÆn- b m¬ HSp- ß mØ taJ- e - I - f nckX{¥w hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ \nXyPohn-X-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏´p hcp-∂p≠v. ]e cmk-hk - vXp-°fpw amcI hnj-am-Wv. Nneh kvt^mS\-Øn\pw h≥ \mi-\j - Sv ß - ƒ°pw CS-bm-°pw. cmkhkvXp-°ƒ aqe-w ]cn-k-c-Zq-jWw \S-°p-∂p. F∂mCsX√mw ck-X-{¥-Øns‚ Zqjy-h-i-ß-fm-sW∂v ]d™v Hgn™p amdp-∂Xv icn-b√ - . cmk-hk - vXp-°ƒ hnth-N-\hpw hnth-Ihpw IqSmsX ssIImcyw sNøptºmƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂X - m-Wv CsX√mw. imkv{XcwKØpw kmº-ØnI cwKØpw hf-sctbsd Ahn-I-kn-X-amb FtXym-]y-bmWv 2011 ck-X{¥-h¿j-ambn BtLm-jn-°W - s - a∂ \n¿tZiw h®-X.v s^U-td-j≥ Hm^v B{^n-°≥ sIan-°¬ Atkmkn-tb-j≥kv (F^v. F. Fkv. kn.) hm¿jnI tbmKØnemWv Cu \n¿tZi-ap-≠m-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v 2008 Unkw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ tN¿∂ sFIy-cm-j{v S-k`- b - psS 63-˛ mw P\-d¬ Iu¨kn¬ C°mcyw ]cn-K-Wn-°pIbpw 2011 ck-X{- ¥-h¿j-ambn BtLm-jn-°W - s - a∂v 8

Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-`-bpsS hnZym-`ym-k, imkv{Xo-b, kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S\ (bps\-ktv Im)-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn-emWv Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. IUPAC kμ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn Xß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnØw a\- n-em°n Cu kwcw-`tØm-Sp-IqSntN¿∂p. Aßs\ bps\kvtImbpw IUPAC bpw kwbp-‡a - m-bmWv ck-X{- ¥-h¿jw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-´p≈-X.v h¿Ø-am-\I - mew am\-hc - m-in-tbmSmh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kpÿn-ch - n-Ik - \ - w- e£y-an-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - m-Wv. temI-P-\-kwJy h¿[n®p hcp-∂p. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ßfmb s]t{Sm-fnbw, I¬°-cn, [mXp-°ƒ XpS-ßn-bh timjn®p hcp-∂p. Poh-Pew IqSp-X-embn aen-\-s∏-Sp∂p. hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnk¿Py-߃ aÆpw Pehpw hmbphpw aen-\s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. A¥-co£ Dujvamhv IqSn-h-cp∂p . CXv Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm-\Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. XXv^-e-ambn sh≈-s∏m-°w, hcƒ®, kmw{IanI tcmK-߃ F∂n-h h¿[n°p∂p.

AXn-\m¬ am\-hc - m-in-bpsS `mhn \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv C∂sØ P\-k-aqlw Xs∂-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h-ßfpsS Bkq-{Xn-Xa - mb D]-tbm-Kw, Ipd™ DXv]m-Z\ - w, Ipd™ D]-t`mKw, aen-\o-I-c-Whpw Du¿P D]-tbmKhpw Ipd™ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS {]tbm-K-߃ F∂nh t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww. Cu ]pXnb kmt¶XnIhnZysb {Ko≥ sIankv{Sn F∂p ]d-b-mw. CØ-cØn-ep≈ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS {]tbmKw kpÿnc hnI-k\ - Ø - n-te°v \bn-°pw.

BtKmfXe- Ø n¬ Cu ]cn- ] m- S n- b psS tIm˛ kvt]m¨tkgvkv _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\n-I-fmb bqtdm]y≥ s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j(EPCA) \pw Uu(Dow)hpw BWv. EPCA s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬kv Dev]m-Z-\-cw-KsØ Hcp `oa-\mWv. Hcp Imdn¬ Npcpßn-bXv 600 ]m¿Svkv s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬kns‚Xm-bn´p≠v. CXn¬ \s√mcp ]¶v C. ] - n. kn. F bptS-bmWv. anen-´dn s{]mU-Ij v ≥ Dev]∂ - ß - ƒ, Hmt´m samss_˛ hnam\ ]m¿Svkv , Iºyq-´¿, Un hn- Un, sk¬t^m¨, tdUn-tbm, Snhn XpS-ßn-b \nc-h[n Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS ]m¿Svkv, {^nUvPv, Unjv hmjv XpSßn-hb - psS ]m¿Svkv, saUn-kn≥ F∂n--hs - b√mw EPCA Dev]m-Zn®v temIsØ-ºmSpw hn]-W\w \SØp∂p.

Uu Ip{]-kn-≤n-t\-Snb Hcp _lp-cmjv{S IpØ-

I-bm-Wv. F\¿Pn, ss¢a‰v sNbv©v, sl¬Øv, F≥htbm¨sa‚ v F∂o t- a-Je - I - f - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Dev]∂-߃, sh≈w, `£-Ww, luknßv XpS-ßn-b-h-bpambn _‘-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-߃, ]mSvkpIƒ, saUnkn-\p-Iƒ, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Uu Dev]m-Zn-∏n®v hnev]\ \S-Øp-∂p. ]ckv]c kulr-Z-w, am\p-jnI aqey-߃°v ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\, kpÿnc hnI-k\w XpS-ßn-b-hsb√mw Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ {]amW-ß-fm-sW-∂Xv Uu Ah-Im-i-s∏Sp∂p. F∂m{]h¿Ø-\-߃ t\sc FXn¿Zn-i-bn-em-Wv. hnhn[ cmjv{S-ß-fn¬ AhcpsS cmk-hkvXp \n¿am-W-im-eIƒ ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Hcp am\pjnI aqeyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√. amcIhnj-ß-fmb Nne IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw cmk-hk - vXp-°fpw ]e cmjv{Sßfpw \ntcm-[n-®n-´p≠v F∂m¬ CtX cmk-hk - X v p-°ƒ a‰vcmPy-ßfn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v hn¬∏\ \SØn em`w sImøp-∂X - n\v Uuhn\v Hcp a\:-km-£n-°pØpw C√. t`m∏m-ense bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_Uv ^mIvSdn 1984 Unkw-_¿ 4\v \S-Ønb Iq´-s°me Bcpw ad-∂n-´n-√. bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_Uv Iº-\n-bpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnØ߃ C¥y-bn¬ \n¿hln-°p-∂Xv Uu BWv. ^mIvS-dn-bn¬ kpc£m kwhn-[m-\-߃ C√m-ØXn\memWv aossY¬ sFtkm-k-b-t\-‰ns‚ tNm¿® D≠m-b-Xv. CXv ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Isf sImesN-øp-Ibpw AXn-tesd t]sc \nXy-tcm-Kn-I-fm-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ct∏mgpw t`m∏m-ense ^mIvS-dn-bnS¨ IW-°n\v hnj-cm-k-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ahtijn®ncn∏p-≠v. CXv \n¿ho-cy-am°n am‰-W-sa∂ A[n-Ir-XcpsS DØ-ch - n\v Hcp ]cn-KW - \ - bpw ^mIvSdn DS-aI - ƒ \¬Ip-∂n-√. acn-®-h-cpsS IpSpw-_-Øn\pw Pohn-®n-cn°p∂ tcmKn-Iƒ°pw sImSp-°m\p≈ \ma-am-{X-amb Zpcn-Xm-izmk XpI t]mepw sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu IpØI Iº-\n-Iƒ aSn-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ _lp-cmjv{S IpØI-I-ƒ tIm˛ kvt]m¨k¿amcm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv ck-X{¥w 2011 s‚ {]m[m-\y-Øn\v aßteev]n-°pw. Uu t]mse-bp≈ IpØI Iº-\n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS I®-hS Xmev]cyw {]Ncn-∏n-°m≥ Cu Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√.

AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ kvt]m¨k¿amsc Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠p≈ ck-X{- ¥-h¿jm-tLm-ja - mWv A`n-Im-ayw.

9

{]^p√ N{μ-dmbv imkv { X- ] - T - \ - Ø n¬ XmXv ] cyw P\n® {]^p- √ , I¬°Ø {]kn-U≥kn tImf-Pn¬ t]mbn ck-X{¥ ¢m p-If - n-en-cp-∂p. AhnsS, Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ slUve¿ F∂ ck-X{- ¥m-[ym-]I - s‚ ¢m p-Iƒ tdsb lTm-ZmI¿jn-®p.

FA bv°p tijw 1981 ¬ Kn¬{InÃv kvtImf¿jn∏v t\Sn td FUn≥_¿Kv k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - n¬ tN¿∂p.

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ {Iw {_u¨ Bbn-cp∂p A[ym-]I - \pw ssKUpw. ck-X{¥w t]mse Xs∂ kmln-Xyhpw `mjmim-kv{X-hp-sa√mw At±-lØ - n\pw {]nb-s∏´ hnj-bß - fm-bn-cp-∂p. 1885 ¬ td BSc bpw 87 ¬ DSc bpw ]q¿Ønbm-°n. k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse sIan-°¬ skmssk-‰nbpsS sshkv {]kn-U‚mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´X - n\p ]pdsa t]m∏v ss{]kpw td t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. ]T-\I - m-eØv Ah-Xc - n-∏n® c≠v {]_-‘ß - ƒ ˛ "C¥y ]´mf hnπ-hØn\v apºpw ]nºpw' (India before and after Mutiny), "C¥y-sb-°p-dn®v Hcp {]_‘w' (Essay on India) F∂nh Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. cmjv{Sob Imcy-ßfn¬ tdbv°p≈ Ah-Km-lhpw XmXv]c - yhpw hy‡-am°p-∂h - b - m-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX teJ-\ß - ƒ. Xs‚ BflI-Y-bn¬ (Life and Experiences of a Bengali Chemist) At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v: "FUn≥_¿Kn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ ImeØv Fs∂ ZpxJn-X\ - m-°nb Hcp Imcy-ap-≠v. P∏m≥ Dƒs∏sS F√m ]cn-jvIrX cmPy-ßfpw temI hn⁄m\-ti-Jc - Ø - n-te°v apX¬°q´p \S-Øp-tºmƒ C¥y-b° v Xn\p Ign-bp-∂n-√. AXn\p Ign-bp∂ Hcp Imew hcnI Xs∂ sNøp-sa∂v Rm≥ Dd-®p-hn-iz-kn-®p.

1889 ¬ {]kn- U ≥kn tImf- P n¬ A[ym- ] - I \mbnt®¿∂ ]n kn td 1916 hsc (27 h¿j-°m-ew) AhnsS tkh-\a - \ - p-jvTn-®p. Hcp anI® A[ym-]I - \ - m-bncp∂p td. ]co-£W - ß - fpw A\p-`h IY-Ifpw sIm≠v tamSn ]nSn-∏n® ¢mkv Ip´n-Isf hfsctbsd BI¿jn®p. Hcp kuI-cyhpw C√mØ, cq£-K‘ - hpw cmknI _mjv]-ßfpw \nd™ et_m-d-´-dn-I-fm-bn-´p-IqSn ckX{¥ ]T-\-Øn-\mbn IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ t]¿ h∂ptN¿∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w. F∂m¬ Gsd-°gnbpw apºv, FUn≥_¿Kv amXr-Ib - n¬ anI® ]co-£W-ime Hcp-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw hnP-bn-®p. AXp ImWm\pw amXr-Ib - m-°m\pw \nc-h[n s{]m^-k¿am-¿ cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬ \n∂pw hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1895 emWv td Xs‚ {]i-kvX-amb Is≠-Øsa¿Iyp-dkv ss\ss{S-‰ns‚ Is≠-ج \S-Øn-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v, ss\ss{S-‰p-I-sfbpw sslt∏m-ss\-t{S-‰p-Itfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Hcp ]T\ imJbv°p Xs∂ XpS-°-

ck-X-{¥-h¿jw BN-cn-°p-tºmƒ, C¥y-°msc kw_-‘n-®n-St- Øm-fw, Hm¿t°≠ G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ hy‡n ]n kn td F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ {]^p√ N{μ-dmbv BWv. C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI ck-X{- ¥-Kt- h-jW - Ø - n\v XpS-°a - n-´Xv At±-la - m-Wv. sP kn tLmjv, B¿ F≥ [¿, sP F≥ apJ¿Pn, _n _n tU XpS-ßnb {]i-kvXcmb ck-X{- ¥-⁄c - psS Hcp \nc krjvSn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v Hcp C¥y≥ ck-X{¥ kvIqfn\v At±lw XpS°w Ipdn®p. "lnμp ck-X{- ¥-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw' (History of Hindu Chemistry) F∂ {KŸw cNn-®p-sIm≠v `mc-X-Øns‚ ck-X{¥ ]mc-ºcyw temI-Øn\p ap∂n¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n°p-∂X - n\pw AXp-hgn tImf\n `c-WØ - n¬ Aa¿∂ncp∂ `mc-Xo-bc - n¬ tZim-`n-am\w DW¿Øp-∂X - n\pw td°v Ign-™p. k¿thm-]c - n, _wKmƒ sIan-°¬ B‚ v ^m¿akyq-´n-°¬ h¿Ivkv (BCPW) F∂ Iº\n ÿm]n-®psIm-≠v C¥y-bn¬ cmk-˛H - u-j[ \n¿amW hyh-km-bØn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xpw td BWv. C∂v Cu cwKØv H∂mw \nc-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ cmPy-ßf - n¬ H∂mWv C¥y.

AXn\p \mw IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv tdtbm-Sm-Wv. ]n kn td P\n® Ime-L´w C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ cwKß-fn¬ al-Xz-am¿Pn® hy‡n-Iƒ°v P∑w \¬Inb Ime-L´- a - m-bn-cp-∂p. 1860 \p tij-ap≈ Hcp ]Xn-‰m-≠nam{Xw P∑w sIm≠h¿ Bscm-s°-bm-sW∂p t\m°q. c_o-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿, kzman hnth-Im-\μ - ≥, aZ≥ taml≥ amf-hy, tamØn-em¬ s\lvdp, Aip-tXmjv apJ¿Pn, emem ePv]X - vdm-bv, alm-flm-Km-‘n. 1861 BKÃv c≠n\mWv tdbpsS P\-\w. Ct∏mƒ _w•m-tZ-ins‚ `mK-amb Jp¬\ Pn√-bn¬ cmcp-en-˛I - S- n-∏md {Kma-Øn¬. A—≥ lco-jvN{μ ]mfin-Xyhpw kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nn-bp-ap≈ Hcp Irjn-°m-c\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. I¬°-Øb - n-te°v Xmakw am‰nb IpSpw_w {]^p-√sb lmtc kvIq-fnepw XpS¿∂v, B¬_¿´v kvIqfnepw tN¿Øp. CXn-\nsS ITn-\a - mb hb-dn-f° - t- cmKw ]nSn-s]´v Abm-fpsS ]T\w Gsd-°mew apS-ßn. AXv kΩm\n® A\m-tcmKyw Pohn-XI - mew apgph≥ ]n¥p-S¿∂p.

1879 ¬ I¬°Øm sat{Sm-t]m-fn-‰≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq-j\n¬ (C-t∏mƒ, hnZym-km-K¿ tImtf-Pv) FA bv°v (First Arts Course) tN¿∂p. AhnsS imkv{X ]T-\Ø - n\v kuIcy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ CXv {]^p-√sb hnj-an-∏n-t°≠ Imcy-a√ - . ImcWw kmln-Xyhpw Ncn{Xhpw `mjm-im-kv{X-hp-sa√mw Abm-fpsS CjvSh - n-jb - ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. (Bdp `mj-Iƒ Abmƒ°p hi-ap-≠mbn-cp∂p) F∂m¬, s_©-an≥ {^m¶vfns‚ Bfl-IY - , {]tXy-In®v CSn-an-∂e - n-te°v ]´w ]d-∏n-®X - v, hmbn®v 10

am-bn. Aß-s\-bmWv {]ikvX Kth-jI - c - S- ß - nb Hcp ck-X{¥ kvIqfn\v XpS-°-am-b-Xv. hnZym¿Yn-Isf kvt\ln-®, Ah-cpsS BZ-chp ]nSn-®p-]‰ - nb tdsb sP kn t_mkv hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv "anI® {]mcw-`I - \pw am¿KZ¿inbpw' F∂m-Wv. t_mkv tdsb-°mƒ aq∂v h¿jw ko\n-b¿ Bbncp-∂p. ^nkn-Ivkn¬ t_mkpw ck-X{- ¥-Øn¬ tdbpw tN¿∂v C¥y-bn¬ ASn-ÿm\ imkv{X-K-th-j-W߃°v XpS-°a - n-´p. F∂m¬ td AXp-sIm≠v Xr]vX\m-bn-√. C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{Zyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw At±-lsØ Ae-´n. imkv{Xhpw hyh-km-bhpw HØptN¿∂m¬ sXmgn¬ krjvSn-°m≥ Ignbpw F∂t±lw a\- n-em-°n. A[ym-]I hrØn-°n-sS, ^m¿a-kyq-´n-°ep-Ifpw an\-d¬ Bkn-Up-Ifpw \n¿an-°m≥ ka-bhpw ]Whpw At±lw Is≠-Øn. PohnXw apgp-h≥ Ahnhm-ln-X-\mbn Ign™, hfsc efnXambn Pohn® tdbv ° p ]Ww \m´p- I m¿°p- t h≠n sNe- h n- S m\p≈Xmbn-cp-∂p. BNmcy td F∂m-W-t±lw Adn-bs∏-´-Xv. 1893¬ kz¥w ho´n¬ XpS-ßnb Ffnb \n¿amW kwcw-`-amWv ]n∂oSv (1902) C¥y≥ cmkhy-h-km-b-Øn\p Xs∂ XpS°w Ipdn® BCPN Bbn hf¿∂-Xv. 1902¬ Xs∂-bmWv td Xs‚ {]i-kvX-amb "lnμpc- k - X - { ¥- Ø ns‚ Ncn{Xw' {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n- ® - X pw. {]mNo\Imew apX¬ 16˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hs - c-bp≈ C¥y≥ ck-X-{¥-hn-Zy-bpsS Ncn-{X-amWv td AXn-eqsS A\mh-cWw sNbvX-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ Hmdn-b‚-en-Ãp-I-fpsS Kth-j-W-^-e-ß-fp-sSbpw kwkvIrXØnepw {]mIrX-Øn-ep-ap≈ At\Iw Isø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\w AXn-\p-th≠n h∂p. IqSp-X¬ hniZmwi-ß-fS-ßnb AXns‚ c≠mw-`mKw "{]mNo\ ˛ a[y-Ime `mc-X-Ønse ck-X-{¥-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw' (History of Chemistry in Ancient and medieval India) Ggp h¿jØn\p tij-amWv (1909) {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. Cu c≠p {KŸ-ßf - psS cN\ imkv{X-Nc - n{Xw ]Tn°p-∂-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Gsd hne-s∏-´-XmsW-¶nepw imkv{X-K-th-j-WsØ kw_-‘n-®n-StØmfw henb \jvS-ap-≠m°n F∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂h-cp-≠.v bqtdm-∏n¬ ck-X{- ¥-cw-KØv h≥ apt∂-‰ß - ƒ \S∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. dmte {]`phpw dmwtkbpw ]pXnb aqe- I - ß ƒ (\n- t bm¨, sIkv t \m¨, {In]vt‰m¨ apX-em-b-h) Is≠Øn; s_°mepw dY¿t^mUpw tkmUnbpw amUw-Iyq-dnbpw tdUntbm BIvSn-hn‰n F∂ imkv{X-im-Jbv°p P∑w \¬In;

tZhm¿ {Zmh-I-hmbp krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnPbn-®p. ]n∂oSv ssl{U-P-s\bpw {Zmh-I-am°n am‰p-∂-XnhnP-bn-®p. AXn-s\m-∏s - a-Øm≥ C¥ybv°p Ign-bmsX t]mbXv td Ncn{X Kth-j-W-Øn¬ {i≤-bq-∂-n-b-XpsIm-≠mWv F∂-h¿ Icp-Xn. CXp Xncn-®d - n-™X - p-sIm≠m-IWw BZy `mKw {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®t- ijw 7 h¿jw Ign-™p-am{Xw c≠mw-`mKw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. AXn\nsS, Kth-j-W-cw-K-Øp-≠mb hnShv Ipsd-sbms° ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ tdbv°v Ign-™p. _wKmfn B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn¬ imkv{X-hn-j-b-ßfn¬ ]n kn td [mcmfw teJ-\-߃ Fgp-Xn. 1932Bfl-I-Y-bpsS BZy-`mKw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. C¥y≥ bph-Xz-Øn-\mWv B {KŸw ka¿∏n-®X - v. c≠mw-`mKw 1935¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p. kmaq-ly-tk-h\ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°pw ({]-tXy-In®v kv{Xo hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\v) th≠n Xs‚ hcp-am-\Ø - ns‚ hen-sbmcp `mKw td sNe-hg - n-®p. 1923¬ _wKm-fn-ep-≠mb sh≈-s∏m-°Øn¬ c£m-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°mbn dneo^v IΩn‰n cq]oI-cn-°m≥ At±lw ap∂n-´n-dß - p-Ibpw 25 e£w cq] AXn-te°v kw`m-h\ sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. imkv{X cwKØv t\´w ssIh-cn-°p-∂h - ¿°m-bn, ck-X{- ¥-Øn\mKm¿Pp\ ss{]kpw Pohimkv{X-Øn¬ Aip-tXmjv apJ¿Pn ss{]kpw ÿm]n-®Xpw td BWv. I¬°Ø k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - n¬ sshkvNm≥kn-e¿ tUm. Aip-tXmjv apJ¿Pn "tImfPv H^v kb≥kv' Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ ck-X-{¥-Ønse BZysØ "]enXv s{]m^-k¿' Bbn ]n kn td \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. (1916At±lw˛ {]kn-U≥kn tImf-Pn¬ \n∂p hnc-an-®n-cp∂p). ASp-Ø-h¿jw kn hn cma≥ ^nkn-Ivknse "]enXv s{]m^-kd - mbpw ÿm\-ta-‰p. 29 hb p am{Xw {]mb-ap≈ cmas‚ ÿm\-e-_v[n-bn¬ td Fsd kt¥m-jn-®p. C¥y≥ imkv{X-K-th-j-W-Øn\v ASnØd ]mInbXv t_mkv˛ td˛ cma≥ (BRR) {XnXzw BsW∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

1919¬ tdbv°v ss\‰v ]Zhn \¬I-s∏-´p. 1934e≠≥ sIan-°¬ skmssk-‰n-bpsS HmW-ddn s^t√m Bbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´p. 1924¬ C¥y≥ sIan-°skmssk‰n ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ td AXns‚ ÿm]I {]kn-U≠ - m-bn.

1944 Pq¨ 16\v 83 hb- p-Xn-Ib - p-∂X - n\v c≠-ca - mkw apºv, ]n kn td A¥-cn-®p. aq∂p-h¿j-Øn\p tijw C¥y kzX{¥bm-bt- ∏mƒ cmk-hy-hk - m-bØ - ns‚ ASnØd ChnsS `{Z-am-bn-cp-∂p.

11

tacn Iyqdn s]¨Ip- ´ n- I ƒ°p- t h≠n {]i- k vX- a mb Hcp t_m¿UnwKv kvIqƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tacn-bpsS A—≥ Hcp \nco-iz-c-hm-Znbpw AΩ -Xn-I™ ImtØmen°m hnizm-knbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. tacn°v ]{¥≠p hb- p-≈t∏mƒ £b-tcmKw ]nSn-s]´v AΩ acn-®p-t]m-bn. c≠ph¿j- Ø n- \ p- t ijw tacn- b psS aqØ ktlm- Z cn tkm^nbbpw tcmKw h∂p ac-W-a-S-™p. AΩ-bptSbpw ktlm-Z-cn-bp-tSbpw acWw tacnsb aX-hn-izmk- Ø n¬ \n∂- I - e m≥ t{]cn- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw Ah¿ ssZhhnizmkw shSn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

t]mf-≠n¬ P\n-s®-¶nepw {^m≥kn¬ ÿnc-Xm-ak- a m- ° nb imkv { X- ⁄ , ^nkn- I v k n\pw sIankv{Sn°pw s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb Htc Hcp hy‡n, ]mcokv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse BZysØ h\nXm s{]m^-k¿ F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n A]q¿hX-Iƒ°p-Sa-bmWv tacn Iyqdn F∂ amUw Iyq-dn. tdUntbm BIvSn-hX - sb°pdn-®p≈ kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ cq]-h¬°-cn°p-Ibpw s]mtfm-Wn-bw, tdUnbw F∂o aqe-I-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Ah-cm-Wv. `¿Ømhv ]nbdn Iyqdn tacn Iyqdn-tbm-sSm∏w ^nkn-Ivkns‚ s\mt_¬ kΩm\w ]¶n-Sp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS aIƒ sFdo≥ tPmen-b‰v Iyqdnbpw aI-fpsS `¿Ømhv s{^U-dnIv tPmen-b‰v Iyqdnbpw tN¿∂v as‰mcp s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1911-˛se sIankv{Sn-bpsS s\mt_¬ kΩm\w tacn- Iyqdn am{X-ambn t\Sn. s\mt_¬ kΩm-\m¿l-bm-hp∂ BZysØ h\nX-bmWv tacn -Iyq-dn. c≠p taJ-e-I-fn¬ s\mt_kΩm\w t\Snb Htc -Hcp h\n-Xbpw c≠p imkv{Xhn-j-b-ß-fn¬ s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Sp∂ Htc -Hcp hy‡nbpw amUw Iyqdn-bm-Wv. Iym≥k-dn\v tdUn-tbj≥ NnIn’ XpS-ßn-bXv Ah-cpsS ta¬ t\m´-Ønem-Wv.

]Øphb- m-b-t∏mƒ tacn, AΩ- \-S-Øn-bn-cp∂ t_m¿UnwKv kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂p ]Tn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ]n∂oSv s]¨Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ tNcpIbpw 1884-˛¬ AhnsS \n∂p ]m m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tacn-bpsS A—-s‚bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-Kß - ƒ t]mf-≠ns‚ tZiob ka-c-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXp-aqew Ah-cpsS kzØp-°ƒ apgp-h≥ \jvSa - m-hpIbpw tacn Dƒs∏´ ]pXnb Xe-apd IjvS∏ - m-Sp-If - ns]Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tacn-bpsS aqØ ktlm-Zcn {_mWn-…m-hkvIn°v ]Tn-°m≥ tacn tPmen sNbvXp ]W-ap-≠m°n sImSp-°m-sa∂pw c≠p-h¿jw Ign™v tacn°v ]Tn-°m≥ ktlm-Zcn klm-bn-°-W-sa∂pw c≠p-t]cpw IqSn Xocp-am-\n-®p. AX-\p-kc - n®v hoSp-kq£n-∏p-Im-cn-bpsS tPmen kzoI-cn®v tacn c≠p hoSp-Ifn¬ ]Wn sNbvXp. AXn¬ c≠m-a-tØXv A—s‚ _‘p-°-fpsS Hcp hoSm-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS h®v Krl\m-Ys‚ aI≥ Imkn-an-tbgvkv skmdm-kvIn-bp-ambn {]W-bØ - n-em-sb-¶nepw hf-sc-kº - ∂ - c - mb B ho´pImcpsS FXn¿∏ns\ XpS¿∂v tPmenbpw {]W-bhpw Dt]£nt°≠n h∂p. ]n∂oSv aq∂m-as - Xmcp ho´n¬ ]WnI-s≠-Øp-Ibpw C°m-es - a√mw ktlm-Zc - nsb kmºØn-Ia - mbn klm-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

BZy-Ime PohnXw t]mf-≠nse hmgvkm F∂ ÿeØv (A∂v Cu ÿew djy≥ km{am-Py-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p ˛ Ct∏mƒ t]mf-≠n-epw) 1867 \hw_¿ Ggmw XnbXn t{_mWnt…mh ˛ hvemUn…m kvt¢mtUmhvkvIn Zº-Xn-If - psS A©m-a-tØXpw Ah-km-\-tØ-Xp-amb Ip´n-bm-bn´v tacn kvt¢mtUmhvkI v n P\n-®p. tkm^nb, tPmsk^v, t{_mWn-…mh, sleo\ F∂n-hc - m-bn-cp∂p tacn-bpsS ktlm- Z - c - ß ƒ. tacn- b psS A—≥ hv e mUn…m kvt¢mtUmhvkI v n IW°pw ^nknIvkpw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym-]I - \pw c≠p hmgvkm hnZym-eb - ß - f - psS Ub-dIvSdpw Bbn-cp-∂p. tacn-bpsS AΩ hmgvk-bn¬

t{_mWn-…mh hnhm-ln-X-bmbn ]mco-kn¬ hmkam-°n-bt- ∏mƒ, 1890 BZyw tacnsb Ah-tcm-sSm∏w Xma12

cp∂p tacn. {Imt°mhv k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Hcp ÿm\w, kv{Xobm-sW∂ H‰ ImcWw sIm≠v tacn°v \nc-kn-®t- ∏mƒ, Ah¿ ho≠pw ]mcn-kn-te°p aS-ßn.

1895 Pqsse-bn¬ ]nb-dnbpw tacnbpw hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. ]n∂oSv et_m-d´- d - n-bn¬ t]mepw Ah¿ an°-hmdpw Hcpan-®m-bn-cp-∂p. \o≠ ssk°nƒ bm{Xbpw hntZ-i-bm{X-Ifpw c≠p t]cpw Hcpt]mse CjvSs - ∏´n-cp-∂p. hnizkn-°m-hp∂ imkv{X-k-l-bm-{Xn-I-s\bpw ]¶m-fnsbbpw kvt\ln-X-s\bpw F√mw tacn ]nb-dn-bnIs≠-Øn.

kn®p ]Tn-°m≥ £Wn-s®-¶nepw tacn B £Ww \nckn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ho´p-Im¿ FXn¿Ømepw Xs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ skmdmkvIn Xøm-dm-tb°p-sa-∂p≈ B{K-l-Øn-emWv Cu \ncmkw D≠m-bXv. tacn hmgvkm-bn¬ A—-t\m-sSm∏w tNcp-Ibpw 1891 Ah-km\w hsc AhnsS Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°meØv sNdnbtXmXn¬ A[ym-]\w \S-Ønbncp-∂p. ¢m≥sU-ssÃ≥ ^vtfm´nwKv k¿hI-em-im-eb - n¬ Xs‚ ]T\w XpS-cp-Ibpw H∏w hmgvkm-bnse C≥U-k{v Sn-bB‚ v A{Kn-°ƒ®-d¬ ayqkn-bØ - nse et_m-d´- d- n-bnimkv{Xob ]co-£W - ß - f - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tacn-bp-sS _‘p Bb tPmk-^vt_m-K-kvIn-bmWv et_m-d´- d - n-bpsS ta¬t\m´w hln-®n-cp-∂X - v. {]i-kvX\mb djy≥ imkv{X-⁄≥ Unan{Xo sa≥U-eo-^ns‚ klmbn Bbn-cp∂p tPmk^v t_mK-kvIn. 1891 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ skmdm-kvIn-bpsS {]Wb\ntj[w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ IØp In´n-. ]ns∂ ktlm-Zc - n-bpsS \n¿_-‘Ø - n-\p-hg - ß - n tacn- ]m-co-kn-te-°p-t]m-Im≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

I≠p-]n-Sp-Øß - ƒ FIvkv civan-Iƒ°v kam-\a - mb th[-\i - ‡nbp≈ Hcp Xcw civan-Iƒ bptd-\nbw eh-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pd-tØ°v han-°p-∂p-sh∂v 1869-˛¬ sl≥{Sn- s_-Iztd¬ Is≠-Øn. kv^pc-Zo]vXn (phosphorescence)°v Bh- i y- a p- ≈ - X p- t ]mse ChnsS {]Im- i - Ø ns‚ km∂n[yw Bh-iy-an-s√∂pw bptd-\n-b-Øn¬ \n∂v kzta-[bm ]pd-Øp-hc - p-∂X - m-Wn-sX∂pw Is≠-Øp-Ibp-≠m-bn. bptd-\n-b-Øn¬ \n∂p han-°p∂ Inc-Wß-fn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øm≥ tacn- Iyqdn Xocp-am-\n°p-Ibpw ]nb-dnbpw ktlm-Z-c\pw IqSn ]Xn-\-©ph¿jw apºv D≠m-°n-sb-SpØ Hcp CevIvt{Sm-ao-‰¿ D]tbm-Kn®v Cu In-c-W-ß-fpsS Nm¿Pv Af-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. bptd-\n-bØ - n¬ \n∂p hcp∂ Inc-Wß - ƒ°v AXn\p Np‰p-ap≈ hmbp-hns\ sshZyp-XN - m-eI - a - m°n am‰m≥I-gn-bp-sa∂v tacn Iyqdn Is≠-Øn. bptd-\nbw kwbp-‡ß - f - n¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øp-hc - p∂ Inc-Wß - f - psS km{μ-X, Cu kwbp-‡ß - f - nse bptd-\n-bØ - ns‚ Afh-\p-kc - n®v hyXym-ks - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. X∑m-{X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ At\ym\y {Inb-sIm-≠√ - , {]XypX, bptd-\nbw B‰-Øns‚ Xs∂ khn-ti-j-XbmWv Cu BIv‰n-hX F∂ \nK-a\-Øn-se-Øm\pw Cu ]co-£Ww klm-bn-®p. imkv{X-Ønse kp{][m- \ - a mb Hcp I≠p- ] n- S p- Ø - a mbn´n √m- X n- c p∂XpsIm≠v Hcp ]cn-c£ - b - p-an-√msX ]co-£Ww \SØp∂ X߃°v `mhn-bn¬ F¥p hne \¬tI-≠n-hcp-sa∂pw At∏mƒ Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n√! 1898 Pqsse-bn¬, s]mtfm-Wnbw F∂p Ah¿ t]cp-hn-fn® (t]m-f-≠n-t\mSp tacn- Iyq-dn-°p≈ AZ-ay-amb {]Xn]Øn ImWn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu t]cv) Hcp ]pXnb aqeI-Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SpØw Ah¿ ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1898 Unkw-_-dn¬ tdUnbw F∂ c≠m-asØ aqe-IØns‚ I≠p]nSp-Øhpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.

tkm¿t_m¨ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn]mco-kn¬ BZyw ktlm-Zc - n-tbm-sSm-∏hpw ]n∂oSv kz¥-am-sbmcp hmS-I-ho-´nepw Xma-kn®v tacn ]mcoknse k¿hI- e m- i m- e - b mb tkm¿t_m- W n`uXnIimkv{Xw, ck-X-{¥w, KWnXw F∂nh ]Tn°m≥ XpS-ßn. ]I¬ ka-bØv hnZym-`ym-khpw sshIp-t∂-c-ß-fn¬ A[ym-]-\-hp-ambn kz¥w Bhiy-Øn-\p≈ ]Ww IjvSn®pk-ºm-Zn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

1893-˛¬ `uXn-I-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Un{Kn t\Sn Hcp hymhkm-bnI et_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ tPmen sNøm-\m-cw-`n-®p.

CtXm-sSm∏w tkm¿t_m-Wn¬ ]T\w XpS¿∂v 1894-˛KWn-XØ - n¬ _ncp-Zw- t\-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B h¿jw Xs∂-bmWv ]nbdn Iyqdn tacn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn-tebv°p IS-∂p-h-∂-Xv. kvIqƒ Hm^v ^nknIvkv B‚ v sIan-kv{Sn-bn¬ C≥kv{- S-Iv‰¿ Bbn tPmen-t\m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]nb-dn. ]mco-kn¬, hnhn[-Xcw Dcp-°p-If - psS Im¥nI KpW-[¿a-sØ-°p-dn®p ]Tn-®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ \o≠ imkv{X-K-th-j-W-bm{Xbv°v XpS°w Ipdn®p Ign-™n-cp∂p tacn. am·-‰nk-Øn¬ c≠p-t]¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cyamWv Ahsc XΩn¬ ASp-∏n-®-Xv. th\-en¬ hmgvkmbn-te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-bt- ∏m-gmWv ]c-k] v cw F{X-b[ - nIw CjvSs - ∏-Sp∂p F∂v Ccp-h¿°pw a\- n-em-bX - v. t]mf≠n-te°p aS-ßn-t∏mbn X\n°p Xmev]c - y-ap≈ afie-Øn¬ tPmen XpS-cm-sa∂v tamln-®p-I-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-

k¶o¿W-X-bp≈ Hcp [mXp-hmWv ]n®vsª≥Uv. 13

Øn-\p≈ s\mt_¬ kΩm\w In´n. tdUn-b-Øns‚ KpW-[¿aßfpw kwbp-‡-ßfpw Hs° tacn- Iyq-dnbpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-bn. Cu s\mt_kΩm\w In´n Hcp amkw Ign-™t- ∏mƒ hr° XI-cmdn\pw hnjm-Z-tcm-K-Øn\pw NnIn-’-bv°mbn amUw Iyqdnsb Bip-]{- Xnbn¬ {]th-in-∏n-t°-≠n-h∂ - p.

AXn¬\n∂v Hmtcm-]Z- m¿∞hpw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv hfsc {ia-Ic - a - mb tPmen-bm-Wv. s]mtfm-Wn-bØ - ns‚ Is≠-ج Xmc-X-tay\ Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p. Imc-Ww, s]mtfm-Wn-bØ - ns‚ KpW-[¿aß-fp≈ a‰p aqe-Iß - sfm∂pw ]n®vsª≥Un¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. tdUn-bØns‚ Imcyw Aßs\ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. tdUn-bØ - ns‚ KpW-[¿a-߃ t_cn-b-Øns‚ KpW-[¿a-ß-fp-ambn hfsc kmay-ap-≈h - b - m-Wv. ]n®vsª≥Un¬ t_cn-bh - pap-≠v. Ch XΩn¬ th¿ Xncn-s®-Sp-°pI hfsc ZpjvIc-am-Wv. 1898 Bb-t∏m-tgbv°v Iyqdn Zº-Xn-am¿ t_cnbw Xosc- I-e-cmØ Hcev]w tdUnbw th¿Xncn®pIgn-™n-cp-∂p.

amUw Iyqdn°v c≠v XhW s\mt_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®p-sh-¶nepw 1911-˛¬ {^©v kb≥kv A°m-Zan Ah¿°v AwKXzw \¬Im≥ hnk- Ω - X n- ® p, Hcp kv{Xobm-sW∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ am{Xw. ]ns∂bpw 50 h¿jw Ign™v 1962-˛¬ A°m-Z-an-bpsS BZysØ h\nXm AwK-am-bXv, amUw Iyqdn-bpsS Kth-jI hnZym¿∞n-\n-bmb am¿K-sc‰v sNdn-bm-Wv.

IqSp-X¬ tdUnbw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ AhcpsS {iaw XpS-ßn-bXv Hcp S¨ ]n®vsª≥Un¬ \n∂mWv. hnt`- Z I{InÃ- e o- I - c Ww (differential crystallisation) D]-tbm-Kn-®v, 1902 Bb-t∏m-tgbv°pw 0.1 {Kmw tdUnbw t¢mssdUv Ah¿ th¿Xncn-s®-Sp-Øp.

1910 Bb-t∏mƒ tacn-Iyqdn H‰bv°v (1906˛¬ ]nb-dnIyqdn Hcp- tdmU]I-S-Øn¬ ac-W-s∏-´p). tdUnbw D≠m-°n-sb-SpØp. ]n®vsª≥Un¬ \n∂v tdUnbw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ cmk-{]-{Inb-bpsS t]‰‚ v kz¥-am-°m≥ amUw Iyqdn B{K-ln-®n-√. imkv{Xkaql-Øn\v Cu hnZy kz¥-am-Is´ F∂ Xmev]-cy-am-bncp∂p Akm-[m-cW - a - mb Cu \S-]S- n°p ]n∂n¬.

]nbdn Iyqdn-bpsS acWw 1906 G{]n¬ 19-˛\v ]nbdn Iyqdn Hcp tdmU-]-I-SØn¬s]´p ac- W - a - S - ™ p. I\- Ø - a - g - b Øv tdmUn¬IqSn \S-°p-tºmƒ Hcp IpXn-ch - ≠ - n-bpsS N{IØn-\-Sn-bn¬s∏-´mWv Cu ZmcpW kw`-hw -D≠mb-Xv. hf-sc-b[ - nIw tdUn-tbm-BI - vSohv hnIn-cW - ß - ƒ icocØn¬ G‰p-hm-ßn-bn-cp∂ ]nbdn Iyqdn, XXv^e - a - mbn Zp¿_-e\ - m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°m-sa∂p Duln-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXp-sIm-≠mWv A]-ISw D≠m-b-sX-∂-Xn\v hy‡am-b -sX-fn-shm∂pw e`y-a-√. ]nbdn Iyqdn-bpsS acWw tacn I - yq-dnsb XI¿ØpI-f-™p. Xm≥ H‰-bv°m-bn-t∏m-sb∂v Ah¿°ptXm∂n. Kth-jW - Ø - n¬ ebn-®X - p-sIm≠v {ItaW Ah¿ B ZpxJ-Øn¬ \n∂v Ic-I-b-dn.

sl≥{Sn s_Iz-td-ens‚ ta¬t\m´-Øn¬ \S-Ønb Kth-jW - Ø - n\v ]mcokv k¿h-Ie - m-ime 1903-˛¬ tacnIyq-dn°v D.Sc _ncpZw \evIn. s\mt_¬ kΩm-\-߃

tkm¿t_m¨ k¿h-I-em-ime ]nb-dn- Iyq-dn°p th≠n D≠m-°nb s{]m^-kd - psS Itkc 1906 tabnamUw Iyqdn-°p-\¬Ip-Ibpw At±-lØ - ns‚ et_m-d´- dn-bpsS ]q¿W DØ-ch - m-ZnØw Ahsc Gev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]nbdn Iyqdn-bpsS \ng-en¬ \n∂v ]pdØp hcm≥ CXhsc klm- b n- ® p. tkm¿t_m- W nse BZysØ h\nXm s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂p tacn-Iyq-dn. ]n∂o-Sp≈ ITn-\m[zm-\Ø - ns‚ ^e-{]m-]vXn-If - n-sem∂mWv ck-X{- ¥-Øn-\p≈ s\mt_¬ kΩm-\w. XpS¿∂v t]mf-≠n¬\n∂v {][m\ ]uc-∑m-cpsS Hcp kwLw Ahsc kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS tkh\w t]mf-≠ntebv°p am‰-Ws - a∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sl≥{Sn s_Iz-c¬ I≠p-]n-Sn® tdUn-tbm-B-IvSnh-X-bpsS XpS¿]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn-\p-ap≈ kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ°v 1903-˛¬ s_Iz-c¬, ]nb-dn I - yq-dn, tacnIyq-dn F∂n-h¿°v ^nkn-Ivkn-\p≈ s\mt_kΩm\w Hcp-an®v \evIn BZ-cn-®p. Iyqdn ZºXnIƒ°v tÃm°vtlm-an¬ t\cn-´p-t]mbn s\mt_¬ kΩm\w kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. s\mt_¬ tPXm-°-fm-btXm-Sp-IqSn Iyqdn Zº-Xn-Iƒ s]s´∂v {]i-kvX-cm-bn. tkm¿t_m¨ k¿h-I-em-ime ]nb-dn -Iyq-dnsb s{]m^- -dmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øn\v kz¥ambn Hcp et_m-d´- dn ÿm]n-°m≥ A\p-hmZw \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. tacn Iyqdn Bbn-cp∂p et_m-d-´-dnbnse Kth-jW Ub-d-IvS¿.

Hcp Du¿P-X{- ¥-⁄\ - mb t]mƒ em≥Pnhn-\p-ambn 1910-˛11 ImeØv tacn- Iyq-dn°v Hcp kvt\l-_‘w D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]n∂oSp shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

Ct±lw ]nb-dn- Iyq-dn-bpsS ap≥ hnZym¿∞n-bm-b-ncp∂p. hnhm-ln-X\ - m-sW-¶nepw `mcy-bn¬ \n∂v AI∂p

s]mtfm-Wn-bhpw tdUn-bhpw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw Ah- th¿Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ cmk-{]-{Inb hnI-kn-∏n°pIbpw sNbvXX - n\v 1911-˛¬ tacn- Iyq-dn°v ck-X{- ¥14

1934-˛e - m-W.v A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX 1934 Pqsse \men\v Ing-°≥ {^m≥knse Hcp km\-t‰m-dn-b-Øn¬ h®v Ah¿ A¥yizmkw hen-®p. tdUntbm BIvSohv hnIncW-߃ aqew D≠mb "Aπm-k-‰nIv A\o-anb'bmbncp∂p tcmKw. Cu hnIn-cW - ß - f - psS \io-Ic - Wkz`mhw A∂-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. tacn-Iyqdn Kth-jWtPmen-Iƒ \√-]¶pw sNbvX-Xv bm-sXmcp kpc£m kwhn-[m-\hp-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp sjÕn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. tdUntbm BIvSohv sFtkm-tSm-∏p-Iƒ AS-ßnb Syq_p-Iƒ kz¥w t]m°-‰n¬ hln-®p-sIm≠p t]mIp-Ibpw kz¥w tai-bn¬ kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p Ah¿. Ccp-´-Øv, `wKn-bp≈ \oen® ]® {]Imiw AXn¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øp-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn tacn-Iyqdn tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

Ign-bpI-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Ch-cpsS _‘w Hcp A]-hm-Za - mbn {]N-cn-®p-Xp-Sß - p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS A°mZ-anI FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ AXp-ap-X-se-Sp-°m≥ CS-bm-hpIbpw sNbvXp. {^m≥kn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øp∂ hfsc {]i-kvXb - mb imkv{X-⁄b - m-bn´pw s]mXp-P\-ßfpw Ahsc th´-bm-Sn. amUw Iyqdnsb am\-kn-Iam-bn -h-fsc Xf¿Ønb Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp∂p CXv (]n-∂oSp amUw Iyqdn-bpsS sNdp-aI - ƒ sle≥ tUmenb´v t]mƒ em≥Pn-hns‚ sNdp-aI - ≥ ssa°¬ em≥Pnhns\ hnhmlw sNøp-Ib - p-≠m-bn). ck-X-{¥-Øn-\p≈ s\mt_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®t∏mƒ, kz¥-ambn Hcp tdUnbw C≥Ãn-‰yq´v XpS-ßm\p≈ sI´nSw D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°W - s - a∂v amUw- Iyqdn {^©p-k¿°m-cn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw 1914-˛¬ B kz]v\w km£m-XI v c - n-°p- I - bpw sNbvXp. AhnsS ckX{¥w, Du¿P-X-{¥w, sshZy-imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bnKth-jW - {- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Bcw-`n-®p. tPmen-b‰v Iyqdn Zº-Xn-am¿ ChnsS Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bmWv ]n∂oSv s\mt_¬ kΩm-\Ø - n\v A¿l-cm-bXv.

kobq-Ivknse skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ ]nb-dn-bpsS I√dbv°p kao]w Ah-scbpw AS-°n. Adp-]-Xp-h¿j߃°p tijw, 1995-˛¬, Ah-cpsS c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw tijn-∏p-Iƒ, Ah-cpsS t\´-ß-fpsS kvamc-I-am-bn, ]mcokv ]m¥n-tbm-Wn-te-°p a - m-‰n. ]m¥n-tbm-Wn-te°p tijn-∏p-Iƒ am‰-s∏-Sp∂ BZysØ h\n-X˛tacn Iyqdnbm-Wv. "ayqkn-Iyqdn' F∂ t]cn¬ Ah-cpsS et_m-d´- d nbpw Hcp kv a mc- I - a mbn kq£n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. tdUntbm BIvSohv hnIn-c-W-ß-fpsS AXn-{]-kcw aqew 1890-˛\p tij-w Ah¿ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp∂ t]∏-dp-Iƒ, hfsc A]-IS- I - m-cn-bm-sW∂p Is≠-Ønb-Xp-sIm-≠v, seUvsse-\nwKv D≈ s]´n-If - n¬ kq£n®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Bh-iy-ap-≈-hsc kpc-£m-hkv{X߃ [cn®p am{Xsa Ah- ssI-Imcyw sNøm≥ A\ph-Zn-°m-dp-≈p.

hnIn-cW NnIn’ H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\n-Sbv°v apdn-th‰ ]´mf-°msc NnIn-’n-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n "samss_¬ tdUntbm-{Km^n bqWn‰v' D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-®Xv tacn Iyqdn-bm-Wv. tdUn-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ dmtUm¨ BWv CXn-∂p-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. CXn-\mbn sNdnb tdUnbw Syq_p-Iƒ amUw Iyqdn t\cn´v Xømdm-°n- \¬In. "en‰n¬ Iyqdokv' F∂mWv Cu Syq_pIƒ Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv. ]nb-dn-˛-tacn Iyqdn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°p s\mt_¬ kΩm-\t- Øm-sSm∏w e`n® kz¿W-sa-Ue - pIƒ bp≤-^≠ - n-te°p kw`m-h\ sNøm\pw tacn- Iyqdn Xøm-dm-bn.

\ΩpsS-temIw C∂sØ coXn-bn¬ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p∂-Xn¬ hf-sc-b[ - nIw kw`m-h\ \¬In-bn-´p≠v Iyqdn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Kth-jW ^e-߃. tIm¿W¬ k¿hI-em-imem s{]m^-k¿ hntbgvkv hneywkv ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°q:

tdUnbw Kth-j-W-Øn\p th≠n -^≠p kzcq]n°m≥ 1921-˛¬ Atacn°-bn¬ ]cy-S\w \S-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ hfsc lm¿Zamb kzoI-c-W-amWv tacn- Iyq-dn°v e`n®-Xv. AXn¬ \n∂p kzcq]n-®- ^-≠n¬ \n∂mWv 1925˛¬ hmgvkm tdUnbw C≥Ã-n-‰yq´v ÿm]n®Xv. -- 1929˛¬ Hcn-°¬ IqSn Ah¿ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ hnP-b-I-camb Hcp ]cy-S\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ipsd°mew Ah¿ ]mÿ C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚ ta[mhn Bbn tPment\m-°n. ]mcokv k¿h-Ie - m-ime Ah¿°p th≠n Hcp tdUntbm BIvSn-hn‰n et_m-d-´dn ÿm]n-°p-I-bp≠mbn.

""Iyqdn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Kth-j-W-^-e-߃ Ncn{Xw krjvSn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ah-K-Wn-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø{X i‡-amWv tdUn-bØ - ns‚ tdUntbm BIvSn-hX - . AXv Du¿Pkwc- £ W kn≤m- ¥ sØ sh√p- h n- f n°p∂Xmbn tXm∂p-Ibpw ^nkn-Ik v ns‚ ASn-ÿm\w Xs∂ ]p\¿]-cn-K-W-\bv°p hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B‰-Øns‚ LS\m\n¿W-b-Øn\v dqY¿ t^m¿Un\v klm-bI - a - m-bXv tdUn-bØ - n¬ \n∂v ]pdØp- h∂ B¬^m IW-ßf - m-W.v Aßs\bmWv B‰Øns‚ \yq¢n-b¿ am-XrI ÿm]n-°m-≥ Ign-™-Xv. Huj[cwK-Ø,v Iym≥k¿ NnIn-’bv°v tdUn-bØ - n¬

acWw amUw Iyqdn Ah-km-\a - mbn t]mf≠v kμ¿in-®Xv 15

Ahsc BZ-cn-®p. 1935-˛¬ hmgvkm tdUnbw C≥Ãn‰yq-´ns‚ apºn¬ tacn Iyqdn-bpsS {]Xna ÿm]n-®p.

1967-˛¬ amUw Iyqdn-bpsS Hm¿a-bv°mbn hmgvkm-bnHcp ayqknbw Bcw-`n-®p. {^m≥kpw t]mf≠pw 2011 "tacn Iyqdn h¿j-ambn' {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-Ib - m-W.v tacn Iyqdn-bpsS c≠m-asØ aIƒ Cuhv AΩ-bpsS PohnX-IY cNn-®n-´p-≠v. tacn Iyqdn-bpsS Pohn-XsØ Bkv]Z- a - m°n kn\n-aI - fpw \mS-Ihpw Cd-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.

\n∂p≈ tdUntbm BIvSohv hnIn-c-W-ß-fmWv Ct∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.'' Du¿P-X{- ¥-Ønepw ck-X{- ¥Ønepw D≠m-bn-cp∂ amaq¬ BZ¿i-߃ am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn®XpIqSmsX kmaq-ly-am-‰-ß-fp-≠m-°m\pw amUw Iyqdn-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-߃°p Ign-™p. t]mf≠nepw {^m≥knepw s]mXpcwKØp hcm≥ kv{XoIƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ XS- ß - ƒ X´n-\o-°n-bmWv tacn- Iyqdn {]h¿Ø\cwK-sØ-Øn-b-Xv. Ime-Øn\v hfsc aptº \S∂ hy‡n-bmWv amUw Iyqdn. {]ikvXn°p ap∂nepw Agn-a-Xn-bpsS Id-]p-c-fmsX Pohn®, Hcp ]t£, Hscm‰ hy‡n amUw Iyqdn-b-sW∂v sF≥ssÃ≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠.v {^m≥tIm-bnkv KnduUns‚ "tacn Iyqdn ˛- F sse^v' F∂ ]pkvXI-ØnAh-cpsS {]tXy-IX - I - ƒ {]tXyIw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. {]i-kvXc - mb imkv{X-⁄¿ ]ecpw B¿`mSPohnXw \bn-®h - c - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Iyqdn Zº-Xn-am¿ Ah¿°p In´nb s\mt_¬ kΩm-\Ø - ns‚ Hcp ]¶p ho´nse hmƒt]∏¿ am‰m\pw Ipfn-apdn \∂m-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-ht{X!

C∂p-hs - c-bp-≠m-bn-´p≈ h\nXm imkv{X-⁄c - nG‰hpw {]ikvX F∂ \ne-bn¬ imkv{XcwKØv amUw Iyqdn Hcp al-Ømb amXr-Ib - m-Wv. tdUntbm BIvSo-hX-bpsS bqWn-‰n\v Iyqdn (Ci) F∂p-t]¿ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. At‰m-anIkwJy 96 D≈ aqe-IØns‚ t]cv Iyqdn- b w F∂mWv . Iyqssd- ‰ v , kvtImtkmhv kvssI‰v, Ipt{]mkvtIm tkmhvks v sI‰v F∂nh tdUntbm BIvSo-hX - b - p≈ hnhn[ bptd-\nbw [mXp- ° - ƒ °p \¬In- b n- ´ p≈ t]cp- I - f mWv. {^m≥kns‚ Ãmºp-If - nepw ]gb 500 {^m¶vt- \m-´nepw \mW-bß - f - nepw amUw Iyqdn-bpsS Nn{Xw Bte-J\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

c≠p s\mt_¬ kΩm-\-߬ IqSm-sX, 1903-˛se tUhn saU¬, 1904-˛se am‰yqkn saU¬, 1909˛se Fen-b´v {Ik¨ saU¬ F∂n-hbpw tacn-Iyq-dnsb tXSn-sb-Øn. {^©p Kh¨sa‚ns‚ "{^©v eoPnb≥ Hm^v HmW¿' F∂ D∂-X-_-lp-a-Xn°v amUw Iyqdn A¿l-bm-bn. t]mf-≠nse tem t]mfn-sS-Iv\nIv , s]mkv \ m≥ k¿h- I - e m- i m- e , {Iqt°mhv PmKnsbt√mWnb≥ k¿h-I-em-im-e, hmgvk -t]m-fnsS-Iv\nIv F∂nh HmW-ddn tUmIvS-td‰v sImSpØv

bps\-kvtImbv°p th≠n \yq k-b‚nÃv am-Kk - n≥ 2009-˛¬ \S-Ønb thms´-Sp-∏n¬ imkv{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Bthiw sIm≈n-°p∂ h\nXbmbn- Xn-cs™Sp-°-s∏-´Xv amUw Iyqdn-bm-Wv. t]m-f≠nepw {^m≥knepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw Ah-cpsS t]cn¬ \nch[n ÿm]-\ß - f - p-≠v. imkv{X-Kt- h-jWw Pohn-Xh - rØn-bmbn sIm≠p-\-S∂ amUw Iyqdn \ap-s°∂pw Bth-ihpw amXr-Ibpw Bbn-cn-°pw.

16

ASp-°f ck-X{¥w ASp-°f Hcp inev]-im-e-bm-Wv, ]co-£-W-˛-K-thj-Wi - m-eb - m-W.v ]mN-It- am, Hcp imkv{X-am-W,v kmt¶XnI hnZy-bm-Wv, Ie-bp-am-Wv. ASp-°f - b - n¬ ]mN-I≥ `£y ]Zm¿∞sØ thhn-°p-∂p, hd-°p-∂p, hc-´p-∂p, s]mcn-°p-∂p, Nps´-Sp-°p-∂p. Hmtcm {]hrØn sNøptºmgpw AXns‚ A\¥c^-es - Ø-∏‰n ]mN-I\v icnbmb t_m[-ap-≠m-hWw. ]mNIImc≥/Imcn, sIanÃpw, Iem-Im-c\pw/Imcnbpw, Btcm-Ky-{]-h¿Ø-Ibpw/ I\pw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. `£y ]Zm¿Y-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ cmkn-I-ß-fm-sW-∂Xv {]tXyIw Hm¿°p-I. ]mNI {]{In-bI - f - n-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ `£y ]Zm¿Y߃°v am‰-߃ kw`-hn-°p-a-t√m. Ch `uXnI am‰tam cmk-am-‰tam BImw. CØcw am‰-߃ Blmc-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ {]`mhß-sf-∏‰n Adn-™n-cn-°p∂-Xv, cpNnbpw hrØnbpw shSn-∏pw, Btcm-Ky-Øn\v KpW-I-c-hp-amb `£Ww Xøm-dm-°m≥ klm-b-I-cam-Wv. `£-Ww, ]mNIw sNøp-∂s - X-¥n\v?

BtcmKy ]cn]me-\Ø - n\v `£Ww ]mNIw sNøp∂Xv hfsc \√-Xm-Wv. `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-∂Xn\v 5 Imc-Wß - ƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°mw.

1. `£y ]Zm¿∞-ßf - n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ A]-IS- I - mcn-I-fmb kq£vam-Wp-°sf ]mN-I-{]-{In-b-I-fneqsS \in-∏n-°mw. AXp-hgn B-lm-cØ - n-eqsS ]S-cp∂ tcmKßsf XS-bmw. Zo¿L-t\cw NqSm-°p-tºmƒ kzm`m-hnI- a mbpw CØcw kq£v a - P o- h n- I ƒ\- i n- ° pw. icnbv°pw ]mNIw sNømØ amwk-]Z- m¿Y-߃ `£n°m≥ kpc-£n-Xa - √ - . {Sn°n≥ (Trichins) F∂ hnc-t]mep≈ ]cm-Zw, ]®-]-∂n-amw-k-Øn¬ ImWm-dp-≠v. \∂mbn ]mNIw sNømØ ]∂n amwkw tN¿Ø-p≠m°nb Blmc ]Zm¿Y-߃ `£n-°p-∂h - ¿°v Cu ]cmZ-Øn-eqsS {Sn°n-t\m-knkv (Trichinosis) F∂ tcmKw ]nSn-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. Zl-t\-{μob `nØn-I-fneqsS \oßn, Cu hnc-Iƒ t]in-If - n¬ FØp-∂p. AhnsS Ah- hf¿∂v "BXn-tY-b\v' AXn-IT - n-\a - mb thZ-\bpw Akzÿ-Xbpw \evIp-∂p. Cu ]cm-Z-Øns‚ B{I-aWw i‡-a-√-msb-¶n¬ Nne BgvN-Iƒ°p-≈ntem amk߃°p-≈ntem tcmKw ian-°pw. Ata-cn-°b - n¬, ]∂n

amwkw Dƒs°m≠ lmw_¿K¿ (Hamburger) Ign-°p∂-h¿°v, C∂pw, CS-bv°n-S°v Cu tcmKw hcm-dp-≠s{X. aen-\-P-e-Øm¬ Pe-tk-N\w \SØn hf¿Øp∂ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ ]e tcmKm-Wp-°-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-am-Imdp-≠v. ASp-Ø-Im-eØv P¿a-\n-bn¬ ]®- I°cnImbv Xn∂h¿°v C˛-tImfn (E-Coli) _mIvSo-cn-b-ß-fpsS B{I-aWw aqew AXn-kmcw ]nSn-s∏-´Xv am[y-a-߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-cp-∂p-ht- √m. CØcw tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ, `£y-]Z- m¿Yw \∂mbn NqSm-°p-tºmƒ \in-®p-t]m-Ip∂p.

2. ]mN-Iw, `£y-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS kzmZv (flavour) h¿[n-∏n-°pw, sa®-s∏-Sp-Øpw. cpNn ((taste), hm-k\ (aroma) A\p-`qXn (feeling) CXp aq∂pw tNcp-tºmgmWv BlmcØn\v kzmZv (flavour) D≠m-Ip-∂X - .v ]®bm- b , ]mNIw sNømØ `£y- ] - Z m¿Y- ß ƒ°v BI¿j-I-amb cq]-tam- a-Wtam D≠m-hn-√. ]t£, \∂mbn ]mNIw sNbvX,v NqtSmsS hnf-ºp-tºmƒ AXv Bkzm-Zy-Ic - a - m-Ip-∂p. ASp-°f - b - n¬ \n∂v As√-¶nXøm-dm-°n- hnfºm\mbn Xo≥ta-ib - n¬ sh®n-cn-°p∂ Blm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ hmk-\bv°v ImcWw, ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ `£y-]Z- m¿Y-߃°v D≠m-hp∂ cmk am‰-ß-fm-Wv. ]mNI {]{Inb-I-fn¬ `£y-]Zm¿Yw X]n-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, Ah-bnse Nne LS-I߃ XΩn-ep≈ {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø\w aqew K‘w {]kcn-∏n-°p∂ cmk-]-Zm¿Y-߃ D≠m-Imw. ]® `£y-]Zm¿Y-ß-fn¬ hmk-\-bp≈ cmk ]Zm¿Y-߃ D≠mhmw. F∂m¬ km[m-cW Xm] \ne-bn¬ aWw \ap°v A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-∂n-√. hmk-\bv°v tlXp-hmb Cu cmknI-߃ NqSv X´n _mjv]o-I-cn-°-s∏´v \mkm-c-{μ-ßfn¬ FØp-tºmƒ B hmk\ \ap°v A\p-`-h-s∏Spw. 3. ]mN-Iw, Zl\w kpJI-c-am-°p-∂p. NqSpw Cu¿∏hpw \evIp-tºmƒ Nne `£y-hk - vXp-°ƒ thKØn¬ Zl-\h - n-t[-ba - m-Ip∂p. DZm-lc - W - a - mbn A∂Pw (starch) AS-ßnb [m\y-ßfpw, Ing-ßp-Ifpw PeØns‚ Xnf \ne-bn¬ NqSm-Ip-tºmƒ, A∂-P-Øns‚ sNdp-tKmf-߃ (globules) XI¿∂v, A∂Pw ]pd17

tØ°v Hgp-Ip-∂p. Xm]-\ne Db¿Øn-bm¬ A∂Pw sUIvkv{Sn≥ (dextrin) F∂ ]Zm¿Y-ambn amdp-Ibpw Pe-Øn¬ IpSp-X¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \mcp≈Xpw ZrV-am-b-Xp-amb `£y-]-Zm¿Y-߃˛ DZm-l-cWw˛ amwk-]-Zm¿ßƒ, Nne Ce-°dnIƒ F∂nh thhn-°p-tºmƒ arZphmbn Xocp-∂p. H∏w \S-°p∂ Nne cmk-am-‰ß - ƒ Ah-bpsS Zl\w Ffp-∏a - m-°p-∂p.

X]n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ hmk-\, Zl-t\-{μn-bßsf {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°pw. AXp hgn Zl\ ck-߃ [mcmf-ambn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Spw. CXv Zl-\sØ ]tcm-£ambn klm-bn-°p-∂p.

4. ]mN-Iw, Blm-c] - Z- m¿Y-ßf - psS sshhn[yw h¿[n∏n-°p-∂p. ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]cn-∏p-h¿K-ß-fpw, a’y amwkm-Zn-Ifpw hnhn[ ]mNI hn[nIƒ°\p-cn®v ]mNIw sNøp-tºm-gmWv Blm-c-Øn\v sshhn[yw D≠m-Ip-∂X - v.

AXn-]m-NIw (Over Cooking) AXn-]m-NIw \∂-√. Nne `£y-]-Zm¿Y-߃-˛-D-Zml-c-W-ambn Nne-]-g-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ ]®-tbmsS `£n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bn-ep≈ Poh-Iß - ƒ ]q¿W-ambpw e`y-am-Ip-∂p. IqSp-X¬ thIp-∂Xv ]IpXn thIp-∂Xp-t]mse tZmj-I-c-am-Wv. AXn-]m-N-Iw, Blm-c-]Zm¿Y-Ønse t]mjI aqeyw \in-∏n°pw; {]tXy-In®v Poh-Iß - f - psS. AXn-]m-NI - w, Nne-t∏mƒ Blm-csØ A{]n-b-am-°p-∂p, Zl\w Zpjv°cam-Ip-∂p. DZm-lcWw: Nne t{]m´n-\p-Iƒ ]mNIw `£y-]Z- m¿Y-ßf - n¬ hcp-Øp-∂a - m-‰ß - ƒ 1. ]®-°-dn-I-fpsS ]mNIw A∂-Pw, t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ, Poh-Iß - ƒ, sk√p-t√mkv (\m-cv), J\n-P-߃ (minerals), sNdnb Af-hnsImgp∏v F∂o-L-S-I-ß-fmWv ]®-°-dn-I-fn¬ D≈-Xv. ]®-°d - n-Iƒ ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°-≠I - m-cy߃ F) Ign-bp-∂Xpw Ipd®v sh≈Øn¬ ]mNIw sNøp-I. _n) thhn® tijw sh≈w Du‰n-I-f-bm-Xncn-°p-I. PohIw 'A' sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°n-√. FÆ-bn¬/ sImgp-∏n¬am-{X-sa-eb - n-°p-∂p-≈p. sh≈-Øn¬ thhn°p-tºmƒ, PohIw 'A' \jvSs∏--Sp-∂n-√. Imc-‰v, Imt_Pv, X°mfn F∂n-h-bn¬ PohIw 'A' D≠v. PohIw _n , Xnf-®-sh-≈-Øn¬ ebn-°pw. Imt_-Pv, Imc‰v, Acn, tKmXºv t]mep≈ [m\y-߃ F∂n-h-bnPohIw 'B' D≠v. Ipd®v sh≈-Øn¬ thhn-®v, thhn® sh≈w If-bmsX Idn-sh-®m¬ PohIw 'B' \jvS-s∏Sn-√. PohIw 'C' Pe-Øn¬ Ate-b-am-sW-¶nepw \ocmhn tkzZ\(steam distillation)-Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-Ip∂-Xn-\m¬ Xpd∂v sh®v thhn-®m¬ _mjv]o-I-cn-°s∏´v \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ PohIw kn. \jvSs - ∏Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ sNdnb NqSn¬ AS-®p-sh®v thhn-°p-∂XmWv DØ-aw. an°m-hmdpw F√m ]®-°d - n-If - nepw ]gß-fnepw D≈ Poh-I-am-Wn-Xv. s]s´∂v HmIvko-I-cn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ PohIw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]®-°-dn-I-fnepw [m\y-ß-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ PohIw 'E' thhn-°ptºmƒ \in-°p-∂n-√. t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ˛ kkymlm-cn-Isf kw_-‘n-®-StØmfw ]®-°d - n-If - nse t{]m´o≥ hfsc {][m-\a - mWv. `£y-]Z- m¿Y-ßf - n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ hyXykvXßfm-Ib - m¬ ]mN-IØ - n¬ hcp∂ am‰-ßfpw hyXy-kX v a - m-bn-cn-°pw. sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ t{]m´o\p-Iƒ, thhn-°p-tºmƒ Nmdn¬ Aen™p tNcpw.

F∂m¬ a‰p- N ne t{]m´n- \ p- I ƒ NqSm- ° p- t ºmƒ sImbmKpeo-I-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. ebn-°ptºmƒ Zl\w thK-Øn-em-Ipw. F∂m¬ sImbmKp-eoI-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-tºmƒ Zl\w ITn-\a - mIpw t{]m´o-\p-Ifpw A∂-Phpw AS-ßnb CØcw `£y-]Z- m¿Y-߃ \o≠t\cw thhn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂X - mWv \∂v.

J\n-P-߃˛ ]®-°-dn-I-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ J\n-P-߃ thhn-°p-tºmƒ sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°pw. thhn® sh≈w If-bmsX Idn-sh-®m¬ J\n-Pß - f - psS \jvSw C√m-Xm-°mw. Im¬kyw, Ccpºv a·ojyw XpSßnb teml-ß-fpsS J\n-P-߃ ]®-°-dn-I-fn-ep-≠mhpw. \mcv˛ ]pd-tØm-Sn-epw, X≠nepw F√mw Ce-bnepw skep-t√mkv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. skep-t√mkv a\pjy ico-c-Øn¬ Zln-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ]mN-Iw, GXp hn[Øn¬ \S-Øn-bmepw sk√p-t√m- n\v cmk-am‰w hcp∂n-√. \mcp cq]-Øn-ep≈ skep-t√mkv Aev]w arZphm-Ipw. \mcv ae-Øns‚ hym]vXw h¿[n-∏n-°pw. tim[\ kpI-ca - m-°pw. IpSmsX sImgp-∏ns\ hen-s®Sp°m\pw \mcn\v Ign-bpw. ]®-°dn \pdp-°p-tºmƒ Bhiy-Øn-e-[nIw sXmen sNØn-I-f-tb-≠-Xn-√. ]®-°-dn-Iƒ Hcn-°epw Bh-iy-Ø-e-[nIw thhn°-cp-Xv. sh¥p-t]m-bm¬, kzmZpw Bkzm-Zy-Xbpw Ipdbpw. \ndhpw BIr- X nbpw \jv S - s ∏´v Blmcw ImgvNbv°v tami-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]e ]®-°-dn-I-fnepw kn{SnIv Bkn-Uv, amenIv Bkn-Uv, HmIvkn-enIv BknUv XpS-ßnb Aæ-߃ D≠m-Ipw. ]pfn-cp-Nn-bp≈hbn¬ Aæ-Øns‚ tXmXv IpSn-bn-cn-°pw. ]®-°-dn-Iƒ Ij-W-߃ B°n-btijw Aev]w ssl{U-P≥ s]tdm-Is v skUv tN¿Ø sh≈-Øn¬ \∂mbn Igp-In-bm¬ D≈n-ep≈ IoS-߃ \in-°pw. [m\y-߃ ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ s\√v, tKmX-ºv, tNmfw, hcIv XpS-ßnbh \´p-hf¿Ø-s∏-Sp∂ ]p√n¬ \n∂pw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂. ^e-ßt- fm, hnØp-Itfm BWv [m\y-߃. hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fnse apJym-lm-c-amWv [m\y-߃. [m\y-ßfn¬ A∂Pw Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-Xepw t{]m´o≥ Ipdhp-am-bn-cn-°pw. [m\y-ß-fpsS Xhn-Sn¬ J\n-P-ßfpw Poh-I-ßfpw \mcp-ap-≠v. an√n¬ Acn IpØn-sh-fp-∏n18

°p-tºmƒ XhnSpw D≈n-ep≈ {`qWhpw \o°-s∏-Sp-∂Xn-\m¬ Poh-I-ßfpw J\n-P-ßfpw t{]m´o-\p-Ifpw \jvSs - ∏-Sm≥ km[y-Xb - p-≠.v ho´n¬ IpØn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Acn-bn¬ Cu \jvSw Ipd-hm-Wv. tIc-fØ - n¬ D]-tbmKn-°p∂ Xhn-Sp-\n-d-ap≈ Acn-bn¬ XhnSv KWy-ambn \jv S - s ∏- S p- ∂ n- √ . ]s£ shfpØ Acn sdUv HmIvsskUpw a‰pw tN¿Øv Nph-∏n-°p∂ ]Xnhv D≠v. Acn sh≈-Øn¬ Igp-Ip-tºmƒ \ndw Cf-Int]m-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ Ir{Xn-aa - mbn \ndw tN¿ØXm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°mw. Hcp h¿j-sa-¶nepw ]g-°ap≈ Acn-bmWv C¥y-°m¿ CjvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. ImcWw thIp-tºmƒ [m\y-߃ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ H´n tNcp-∂n√. ]e-Xcw Acn-Iƒ D≠v. \o≠ t\¿∂ shfpØ ]®-cn-bmWv s]mXp-hn¬ DØ-tc-¥y-°m¿°v {]nbw. hS°vIn-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ a™-\ndw D≈ ]pgpß-ec - n-bm-Wn-jvSw. tIc-fo-b¿°v XhnSp \nd-ap≈ ]pgp-ße-cn-bpw. [mcfw sh≈-Øn¬ thhn®v I™n hm¿Øp-I-f-bp-tºmƒ, J\n-P-ß-fpw, t{]m´n-\p-Ifpw Nne PohIßfpw \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂p. Ipd®v sh≈-Ønthhn®v h‰n-°p-∂-XmWv t]mjImw-i-߃ \jvS-s∏Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ DØ-aw. IqSp-X¬ thhn-°p-∂Xpw \∂√. thhv Ipd-™m¬ Zl\w Zpjv°-c-am-Ipw. A∂-PØns‚ tKmf-߃s]m´n A∂Pw ]pd-tØ°v ]q¿Wambn hcm-ØX - n-\m¬ cpNnbpw Ipd-bpw. tZmibpw CUvenbpw `£ntW¥y-bnse G‰hpw {]nb-s∏´ ]elmcas{X tZmibpw CUv e n- b pw. tXß NSv W nbpw kmºmdpw tN¿ØmWv km[m- c W CUv e nbpw tZmibpw Ign-°m-dv. Acnbpw Dgp∂pw 3:1 F∂ A\p]m-XØ - n¬ FSpØv shtΔsd sh≈-Øn¬ IpXn¿Øv Ac-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv c≠p amhp-Ifpw Iq´n-t®¿Øv, Hcp cm{Xn ]pfn-°m≥ sh°p∂p. amhn¬ ASn-bp∂ boÃqw Dgp-∂n¬ h¿[n-®t- Xm-Xnepw Acn-bn¬ Ipd-™tXm-Xnepw D≈ kq£vam-Wp-°ƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ F≥ssk-ap-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn Im¿_¨ ssUHm-IvsskUv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp∂p. CXv amhn\v Aæ-cpNn {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Dgp-∂nepw Acn-bnepw D≈ ]i-t]m-ep≈ Nne cmkn-I-߃ s]m¥n-h-cp∂ amhns\ ÿnco-Ic - n-°p-∂p. I´n-Iq-Snb amhv CUven°pw I´n-Ip-d™ amhv tZmibv°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. \ocmhn X´p-tºmƒ Im¿_¨ ssUHm-IvsskUpw hmbphpw amhn-eqsS ]pd-tØ°v hcn-Ibpw amhv sh¥v s]m¥n kvt]m©v t]mem-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Dgp∂v Ipd™p t]mbm-tem, ]ina Ipd™ Dgp∂v D]-tbmKn-®mtem CUven ]md-s]m-en-cn-°pw. Dg∂p IqSn-t]mbm¬ CUven Iøn-sem-´pw. Dgp-∂ns‚ Afhv IrXyas√-¶n¬ tZmi, I√n¬ ]c-Øm≥ hnj-a-am-Ipw. N∏m-Øn-bpsS ck-X{¥w C¥y-≥ an√p-I-fn¬ aq∂p-Xcw tKmXºv Dev]∂-

ß-fm∂v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ssaZ (50%), dh (10%), B´ (40%) Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ {]mtZinI A¥-c-ap-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Z£n-tW-¥y-bndh-bmWv Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-embn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Imc-Ww, D∏pamhv D≠m-°m-\m-Wn-Xv {][m-\a - mbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v. DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ CXn\v {]nbw Ipdhm-Wv. Xcn Xcn-bm-bp≈ tKmX-ºns‚ IWn-II - f - mWv dh. D]-tbm-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n hnhn[ Xcw dhIƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. dh, tKmX-ºns‚ Dƒ°mºv (_n-Pm-∂w) \∂mbn s]mSn-®p-In-´p∂ t\¿Ø s]mSnbm-Wv. CXn¬ an°-hmdpw A∂Pw am{Xta D≈p. t{]m´n≥, Poh-I-߃, J\n-P-߃ F∂n-h- Xo¿Øpw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. an√n¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ Ah-km\sØ Dev]∂ - a - m-Wn-Xv. B´-bmWv G‰hpw `n∂m-flI (heterogeneous)-amb LS-Iw. Ipd®v XhnSpw {`qWhpw \o°-s∏´ B´-bn¬, _oPm-∂hpw tijn® XhnSpw Ipd®v {`qWhpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ata-cn-°≥ amhv F∂dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ ssaZ, apJy-ambpw t_°nßv {]{Inb hgn \n¿an-°p∂ s{_Uv, tI°v, _nkv°‰v XpS-ßnb Dev]∂-߃°mbn-´mWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. l¬h, ssakq¿]m°v XpS-ßnb a[p-c-]-e-lm-c-߃ D≠m°m\pw dh D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. B´, apJy-ambpw N∏mØn D≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

Acn-amhpw tKmX-ºp-amhpw XΩn¬ hyXymkw Ds≠∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. Cu hyXym-k-Øn\v ImcWw tKmX-ºp-am-hn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ khn-ti-ja- mb Kvfq´≥ (Gluten) F∂ t{]m´n≥ BWv. B´, sh≈-ØnIpg®v amhm-°p-tºmƒ, AXn¬ CgpIn tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂, hn´p-t]m-ImØ (cohensive) kwc-N\ \evIp-∂X,v •q´s‚ km∂n-[y-amWv tKmXºp s]mSn, Hgp-Ip∂ sh≈-Øn¬ Igp-In-bm¬ AXn-ep≈ ebn-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ßs - f√mw Hen®p t]mhp-Ibpw d_¿ t]mep≈ Hcp D≠ In´p-Ibpw sNøpw. AXmWv •q´≥. _wKmfn-Iƒ tkml≥ l¬h F∂ a[pc ]e-lmcw D≠m°p-∂Xv CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv. tKmX-ºn¬ km[m-c-Wbmbn 10-˛13% t{]m´o≥ D≠m-Ipw. CXn¬ 8˛10 % •q´≥ Bbn-cn-°pw. tKmX-ºvamhv sh≈w tN¿Øv Ii°n Ipg-bv°p-tºmƒ amhns‚ `mc-Øns‚ ]IpXn `mcw Pew, H´pw ]pd-tØ°v Hgp-ImsX AXn\v hens®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Aßs\ \∂mbn Ii°n Ipgs®-SpØ amhn\v ]ina D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. AXv d_¿ t]men-cn-°pw. \∂mbn ]c-Øm\pw ]‰pw. ]e-Xcw tKmX-ºp-Iƒ D≠t√m? Hmtcm Xc-Øn\pw AXn-s‚Xmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≠v. Hcp {]tXyI C\w tKmXºv N∏m-Øn-bp-≠m-°m-\mtWm {_Uv D≠m-°m\m-t\m, _nkv°‰v D≠m-°m-\mt\m D]-bp‡sa∂v \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv AXns‚ khn-tij KpW-ß-fm-Wv. tKmXºv samØ-Øn¬ s]mSn®v In´p∂ s]mSn-am-hmWv ]s≠ms° N∏mØn D≠m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - v.

19

\nbm-kn≥ F∂o aq∂v B2 Poh-I-ßfpw ]b-dp-I-fnD≠v. Ch-sbm∂pw sXmen-I-f-bp-tºmƒ KWy-ambn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ {]Xn-t]m-j-I(anti nutritional) LS-I-ßfpw ]b-dp-I-fn¬ D≠v. F∂m¬ Chsb√mw sh≈-Øn¬ thhn-°p-tºmƒ \jvSs - ∏-Spw. IS-e-∏-cn∏p t]mep≈ ]cn-∏p-I-fn¬ D≈ sh¿_mkvt°m-k(v verbaseosel) Ãm®n-tbm-k(v staehyose) dm^nt\m-k(v Raffinose) F∂o ]©-km-cI - sf Zln-∏n-°m≥ th≠ F≥ssk-ap-Isf \ΩpsS ico-c-Ønse sNdpIp-Se - n¬ C√.- A-Xn-\m¬ Ah Zln-°msX h≥Ip-Se - nte°v \oßp-∂p. h≥Ip-S-ense Nne _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ CXns\ Zln-∏n-°pw. At∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv DZ-c-Øn¬ \nd-bpw. Cu Ah-ÿbv°m-Wt√m hmbp-tIm]w F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. kmºm¿, ]cn-∏p-h-S, IS-e-°-dn, ISe ]mbkw XpS-ßnb hn`-h߃ `£n-°p∂ Nne¿°v Kymkns‚ AkvInX D≠mIm-dp-≠.v Np‰p-]mSpw \nev°p-∂h - ¿°pw CXp sshjayw krjvSn-°pw. CXp ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ F¥mWv am¿Kw? ]bdp/]cn∏p hI-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-en´p shbv°pI. apf®m¬ \∂v . sh≈-Øn-en´p shbv°p-tºmƒ ]©-kmc-Iƒ sh≈-Øn¬ Ipsd-sbms° ebn®p t]mIpw. apfh-cp-tºmƒ apf-bv°m-\m-h-iy-amb t]mj-Iw(-Du¿Pw) ]©-km-c-I-fpsS ssPh-hn-L-S-\-Øn¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-∏nse/ ]b-dnse lnX-I-c-a√mØ ]©-km-c-Iƒ hfsd Ipd-bp-∂p.

DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ ]mh-s∏-´h - ¿ hne Ipd™ tIkcn ]cn∏v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.- Xp-h-c-∏cn-∏n¬ tIkcn ]cn∏v tN¿Øv hn‰v em`-aS- n-°p-∂h - cpw D≠v. tIkcn ]cn-∏n¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ BOAA F∂p t]cp≈ hnj-h-kvXp, emX-dnkw F∂ hmX-tcm-KØn\v Imc-Wa - mbn Xocp-∂p. Imep-Iƒ Xf¿∂v t]mIp∂-XmWv tcmK-e£ - W - w.

FÆ-Ifpw sImgp-∏p-Ifpw t{kmX v GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw `£y Du¿÷-Øns‚ km-{μo-Ic - W - a - mWv sImgp-∏p-Iƒ. t{]m´o-\p-Ifpw ]©km-cI - fpw {]Xn{Kmw 4 Intem Itemdn Du¿Pw {]Zm\w sNøp-tºmƒ sImgp∏v GXp-Xc - a - m-bn-cp-∂mepw 9 Intem Itemdn \evIp-∂p. Itemdn Ipd-™(low ealoricfat) sImgp∏v Fs∂m-∂n-√. shfn-s®Æ, IS-es - b-Æ, kqcyIm-¥n-sb-Æ, ]mwHm-bn¬ F∂nh shÆ°pw s\øn\pw ]I-c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®Xp sIm≠v ico-c-`mcw Ipd-bn√. Itemdn Afhv GXm≠v Xpey-am-sW-¶nepw t]mjI-aq-ey-Øn¬ sImgp-∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ A¥-ca - p-≠v. cmk]-c-ambn kky-sb-Æ-Ifpw arK-sIm-gp-∏p-Ifpw •nktdmƒ F∂ B¬°-tlmfpw ^m‰n Aæ-ßfpw kwtbmPn-®p-≠m-Ip∂ FÃ-dp-If - mWv. `£-WØ - nse F, Un, C, sI F∂o Poh-Iß - sf ebn-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v sImgp∏pIƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ico-cØ - ns‚ iotXmjvW ÿnXn \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - nepw sImgp-∏n\v ]¶p-≠.v {]mb-]q¿Øn-

Cu amhn\v AXns‚ `mc-Øns‚ c≠n¬ aq∂v `mKw sh≈w BKo-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-bpw. sh≈-Øn¬ Ipgs®-Sp-Øm¬ H´mØ, hen®p \o´m≥ henb {]bm-ka - n√m-Ø, Hcn-°¬ ]c-Øn-bm¬ AtX-t]mse \nev°p∂ amhv In´pw.

Kvfq´≥ Xs∂ aq∂p LS-I-߃ tN¿∂ Hcp t{]m´o≥ BWv. •nbm-Un≥, Kvfqs´-\n≥, sdkn-Uypt{]m-´o≥ F∂n-h-bmWv Cu aq∂v LS-I-߃. Ch Xpey-ambn D≈Xpw samØ-Øn¬ Kvfq´≥ tNcph XmcX-tay\ IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xp-amb tKmXºv amhv sIm≠p≠m-°p∂ N∏mØn arZp-hm-bXpw, \∂mbn s]m¥p∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw. sdkn-Uyq-t{]m-´o≥ IqSnb tKmXºvamhv sIm≠p-≠m-°p∂ N∏mØn tXm¬ t]men-cn°pw. Kvfnbm-Un¬ IqSnb amhv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p∂ N∏mØn ISp-∏a - p-≈X - m-bn-cn-°pw.

N∏m-Øn-amhv \∂mbn Ii°n a¿Zn®v Ipg-bv°ptºmƒ AXnse A∂Pw ]pd-tØ°v hcpw. _o‰ Assa-tekv F∂ F≥ssk-ans‚ {]h¿Ø\ ^eambn A∂-Pw, amƒt´mkv F∂ ]©-km-cb - mbn amdpw.

CXv N∏m-Øn-am-hn\v teiw a[p-c-ckw \evIpw. amhv Ipg®v Iptd-t\cw shbv°p-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. F≥sskap-If - psS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ ]©-km-cI - ƒ InWz\Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-hp-Ibpw Im¿_¨ssU HmIvsskUv D≠mhp-Ibpw sNøpw. amhv IqSp-X¬ arZp-hm-Ipw, D≠m-°p∂ N∏m-Ønbpw arZp-hm-bn-´n-cn-°pw. N∏mØn NqSmb I√n¬ Nps´-Sp-°p-tºmƒ, AXp s]m¥pw. amhn-ep≈ Pew _mjv ] o- I - c n- ° - s ∏Spw Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv ]pd-tØ°v hcpw. CXmWv N∏mØn s]m¥n-hc - m≥ Imc-Ww. Nps´-SpØ N∏m-Øn°v Xhn´p \ndw hcpw. NqSv X´p- t ºmƒ N∏mØn amhnse t{]m´o\p-If - nse Aant\m Aæhpw ]©-km-cbpw (•qt°m-kv, {^IvtSm-kv, emIvtSmkv XpS-ßn-bh - ) XΩn{]Xn-{]-h¿Øn-®p-≠m-Ip∂ k¶o¿W buKn-Iß - ƒ NqSv IqSp-tºmƒ hnL-Sn®v Xhn´p \nd-Øn-ep≈ buKn-I߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. amhn\v InWz\w kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Bƒ°-tlmƒ NqSv X´p-tºmƒ _mjv]oI-cn-°-s∏-Spw. ]©-kmc Aev]w Icn-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. N∏mØn Nps´-Sp-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-hp∂ sImXn-∏n°p∂ hmk-\bv°v Imc-Wa - n-Xm-Wv. ]cn-∏pIƒ, ]b-dp-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cpsS `£-W-Ønse Hcp {][m\ LS-Ias{X ]cn-∏p-Ifpw ]b-dp-I-fpw. [m\y-ß-tfm-sSm∏w tN¿Ø, X\nt®m Ah ]e-Xcw hn`-h-߃ D≠m°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. t{]m´o≥ sN∏p-I-fmWv ]bdp-Ifpw ]cn-∏p-Ifpw. [m\y-ß-fn¬ C√mØ Nne Ahiy Aant\m Aæ-߃ ]cn-∏p-I-fnepw ]b-dp-Ifnepw D≠v. AXn-\m¬ [m\y hn`-h-tØm-sSm∏w ]cn∏v˛- ] - b - ¿ tN¿Ø Idn-Iƒ Ign-°p-tºmƒ GXm≠v Hcp kao-Ir-Xm-lmcw BIpw. Xnban≥, dntºm-^vtf-hn≥, 20

bmb Hcm-fpsS Hcp Znh-ksØ `£-W-Øn¬ c≠v Hu¨kv sImgp∏v D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Nne ^m‰n Aæ߃ ico-c-Øn\v \n¿an-°m-\m-hn-√. `£-W-Øn-eqsS e`n-°-Ww. Chsb Ahiy ^m‰n Aæ-ßsf∂v ]dbp-∂p. (Essential fatty acids) ^m‰n Aæ-߃ ]qcn-Xtam(-sh-fn-s®-Æ, shÆ, s\øv) A]q-cn-Xtam BIp∂p. A]q-cnX ^m‰n Aæ-߃ MUFA tbm PUFA BImw. ]qcnX Aæ-ßfpw MUFA bpw ico-c-Øn\n¿an-°-s∏-Smw. F∂m¬ PUFA `£-W-Øn-eqsS \evIW - w. t]mjI aqey-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw MUFA bpw PUFA bpw ]qcnX ^m‰n Aæ-ß-sf-°mƒ sa®-amWv. F∂m¬ HmIvko-I-c-Ww, Pe hnt«-jWw XpSßnb cmk {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - f - psS ^e-ambn s]s´∂v tISmhpw. CXn\v I\- ° p- I , ImdpI (rancid) Fs∂ms° ]d-bpw. HmIvko-Ic - Ww aqew D≠m-Ip∂ cmkn-I-ß-fpsS Pe-hn-t«-jWw hgn D≠m-Ip∂ kzX{¥ Aæ-ßfpw Zp¿K-‘a - p-≈X - mWv AXn-\m-emWv tISp-h∂ FÆ°pw shÆ°pw Zp¿K-‘-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. tISp-h∂ FÆ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Htc FÆ ]e-X-hW, hd-sØ-Sp-°m\pw s]mcn-s®-Sp°m\pw Hs° D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ AXns‚ cmk-kz-`m-hØn\v am‰w hcpw. FÆ hnL-Sn®v 'At{Im-en≥' F∂ hnj-hkvXp D≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm≠v D]-tbm-Kn®v ]gInb FÆ ]mN-I-Øn\v ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \∂-√.

FÆbpw sImgp∏pw `£-W-Øn\v BI¿j-IXzhpw cpNnbpw aWhpw {]Zm\w sNøp-sa-¶nepw AantXm-]-t`m-Kw, {]tXy-In®v ]qcnX FÆ-I-fpsS ˛ A]I-SI - c - a - m-W.v A]q-cnX FÆ-Iƒ tISp-hc - m-Xn-cn-°m\pw ]m°nwßv Ffp-∏-am-°m\pw th≠n ssl{U-P-t\‰v sNbvXv h\-kv]Xn D≠m°m-dp-≠v. kky FÆ-Iƒ ip≤o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ (refine) Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI aWhpw \ndhpw \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p F¶nepw sj¬^v sse^v h¿[n-°p-∂p. ip≤o-I-cn® FÆ-bn¬ Poh-Ißfpw Ahiy A]q-cnX FÆ-Ifpw tN¿Øv kw]pjvSa - m-°m-dp-≠v. amwkw ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ t]io\m-cp-Ifpw kwtbm-PI Iebpw tN¿∂-XmWv amwkw. ]mNI {]{In-b-Iƒ hgn amwksØ arpZphm°m\pw kzmZv h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb kq£vam-Wp-°sf \in-∏n-°phm\pw Ign-bp-∂p. ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ sSent^m¨ tIm¿Up-t]m-ep≈ t{]m´o≥ irwJ-e-bpsS Npcpƒ Agn-bp-Ib - pw, ho≠pw kwtbm-Pn-°p-Ibpw As√-¶ntImb-Kp-eo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. At∏mƒ Pehpw Dcp-Inb sImgp∏pw ]pd-tØ°v hcpw. XXv^-e-ambn amwkw kt¶m-Nn°pw. c≠v hyXykvX {]`m-hß - f - mWv Zriy- a m- I p- I . t]io- X - ¥ p- ° ƒ ZrV- a m- I p- t ºmƒ kwtbm-P-I-I-e-Iƒ arZp-hm-Ipw. ]mN-I-Øm¬ amwk-

Øn\v samØ-Øn¬ hcp∂ am‰w kwtbm-PI - I - e - b - nse apJy- L - S - I - a mb sImfm- P ≥ F∂ t{]m´os‚ Afhnt\bpw ]mN-Ih - n-[n-tb-bpw, ]mNIØn\p-th-≠n h∂ ka-b-sØ-bpw, Xm]-\n-e-tbbpw B{i-bn-®n-cn°p-∂p.- ]®-amw-k-Øn-epff atbm-t•m-_p-en≥ F∂ h¿W-hk - vXp-hn\v hnI-eo-Ic - Ww (denaturation) kw`hn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ amwk-Øns‚ Nph∏p \ndw aßm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. aq∏pIqSnb amwkw ]∏mb Ij-W-߃ C´p thhn-°m-dp-≠v. amwksØ Zln- ∏ n- ° m≥ ]‰p∂ ]∏- b n≥ F∂ F≥sskw ]∏m-bb - n¬ [mcm-fa - mbn D≠v. amwkm-lc - ߃ ]mNIw sNøp-tºmƒ ]∏mb tN¿Øm¬ Cu F≥ssk-ans‚ km∂n≤yw sIm≠v arZp-hm-Ip-∂p. `£y°q´p-Iƒ(Food additives) tISp-hc - msX Ccn-°m-\pw, ImgvNbpw cq]hpw kzmZpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p-ambn `£y ]Zm¿∞-ß-fntN¿°p∂ cmkn-Iß - f - mWv `£y-°q-´p-Iƒ. Cu cmknI-߃°v t]mj-Ia - qeyw hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw, As√¶n¬ Xo¿Øpw C√m-bn-cn-°pw. `£y-]-Zm¿∞-Øn‚ \n¿amW kwkvI-cW {]{In-b-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv Iq´pIƒ tN¿°p-∂-Xv. `£y-Iq-´p-Iƒ tN¿°p-∂-Xns‚ Dt±iw Xmsg-]d - b - p-∂h - b - m-Wv. 1. `£y-]Z- m¿∞-Øns‚ Bbp- v(Shelf life) As√¶n¬ kw`-c-W-k-abw \o´p-I. 2. `£y ]Zm¿∞-Øns‚ \n¿amWw kuIcy {]Zam-°p-I. 3. t]mj-I-aqeyw Db¿ØpI 4. kzmZv sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI 5. ImWm≥ BI¿j-I-am°n D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ AwKo-Imcw t\Sp-I. `£y-]-Zm¿∞-ßsf BI¿j-I-am-°m≥ h¿WI߃ tN¿°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠t- √m. CØcw h¿W-Iß - sf s]mXp-hn¬ c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-bv°mw. kzm`m-hnI h¿W-I߃(Natural dyes) Ir{Xna h¿W-I߃ AYhm kwt«-jn-Xh - ¿W-Iß - ƒ(Artificial or synthetic dyes) kzm`m-hnI h¿W-I-߃ F√m-Øcw Blm-c-]Zm¿∞-ßf - nepw Bh-iym-\p-kc - Ww tN¿°mw. ]≠pImew apX¬t° C¥y-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ kzm`mhnI h¿W-ß-fmWv a™-fpw, Ip¶p-a-]qhpw Ir{Xna h¿W-Iß - ƒ {]Xn-\n-[o-Ic - n-°p-∂Xv \mev ASn-ÿm\ \nd-t`-Zß - ƒ (Shades) BWv. Nph-∏v, a™, \oe ]® F∂n-hb - m-Wh - . `£y-]Z- m¿∞-ßf - n¬ ambw tN¿°\ntcm-[\ BIvS(v prevention of food adulteration (PFA Act), F´v, Ir{Xna h¿W-I-߃ Nne `£y-]-Zm¿∞ß-fn¬ tN¿°m≥ A\p-hZn-®n-´p-≠.v \n¿amW kwkv°cW L´- Ø n¬ am{Xta Ir{Xna h¿W- I - ß ƒ tN¿°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. sF Fkv sF \n¿tZ-i-߃°v A\p- k r- X - a mbn am{Xsa Ir{Xna h¿W- I - ß ƒ 21

tN¿°m≥ A\p-hmZ≈q. tN¿°-s∏´ \nd-ß-sf-∏-‰nbp≈ hnh-c-߃ ]mbv°-‰n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. (D-Zm contains permitted natural or synthetic colours) ]s£ C{]-Imcw ISI A\p-aX - n-bp≈ h¿W-Iß - fpw Nne-t∏mƒ tZmj-Ic - a - mbn-Xo-cmw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Sm¿Svdm-kn≥(Tartrazine) F∂ A\phZn°-s∏´ h¿WIw Nne Ae¿Pn tcmK߃°v Imc-Wa - mbn Xocmw. t\m¿tΔ, Bkv{Xnb XpSßnb cmPy-ß-fn¬ Ch \ntcm-[n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m`£y-]Z- m¿∞-ßf - n¬ Hcn-°epw tN¿°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ Nne Nmb-߃ D]-tbm-KØ - n-ep-≠v. DZm-lc - Ww sa‰m\n¬ Ft√m(Metanil Yellow) _ncn-bm-Wn-bnepw eÕphnepw tN¿°pw. sa‰m-\n¬ Ft√m A¿_p-Z-Im-cn-bmsW∂v Xncn-®d- n-™n-´p-≠.v Aßm-Sn-bn¬ hnev°s - ∏-Sp∂ kwkv°c - n® `£y-]Z- m¿∞-ßf - n¬ 70 iX-am-\Ø - nepw AwKo-Im-ca - n-√mØ h¿W-Iß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - mbn I≠n-´p-≠v. sa‰m\n≥ Ft√m seUvt{Im-ta‰v F∂o cmkn-I-߃, \ndw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn a™ƒs]m-Snbn¬ tN¿°p-∂p. ]mh-b° v ° - pw ]´m-Wn-]b - dn\pw IqSpX¬ \ndw \evIm≥ Xpcniv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p CsXms° \nb-ah - n-cp-≤a - m-W.v anTm-bn-If - nepw a‰pw tN¿°p∂ ]e h¿W-I-ßfpw ISI \n¿tZ-i-{]-Im-c-ap≈ X√. Ip´n-IfpsS Btcm-KysØ _m[n-°p∂ cmkn-Iß - f - mWv Chsb-√mw. `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ tISp-h-cm-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]e cmknI-ßfpw tN¿°m-dp-≠v. apJy-ambpw _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ, Ipan-fp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS B{I-a-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw `£y-hk - vXp-°sf ]cn-c£ - n-°m-\mWv Ch tN¿°p-∂Xv. DZm-lc - Ww 1. tkmUnbw ss\t{S‰v/ tkmUnbw ss\ss{S‰v: amwk-Øns‚ tizX \ndw \ne-\n¿Øm-\mWv Ch tN¿°p-∂X - .v Clostridium botulim F∂ hnjw Dev]mZn-∏n-°p∂ _mIvSo-dn-b-bpsS hf¿®-X-S-bm-\mWv ssU\m-an‰v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu cmknI an{inXw tN¿°p- ∂ - X v. F∂m¬ Ch ss\t{Sm skm Ban≥(Nitro soamine) F∂ A¿_p-ZI - m-cn-bpsS \n¿amW-Øn\v tlXp-hmbn Xocp-sa∂v I≠n-´p-≠v.

2. tkmkp-Iƒ, Pmap-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]cn-c£-W-Øn\v tN¿°p∂ tkmUnbw s_≥tkm-th-‰v, s]m´mkyw sa‰m-ss_-kƒss^‰v, kƒ^¿ ssUHmIvsskUv. 3. BHA, BHT XpS-ßnb B‚n HmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ

(Antioxidants) 4. ]©-km-c°v _Z-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ km°dn≥, Akv]m¿tSw, tkm¿_n-t‰mƒ, ssken-t\mƒ, ssk¢-ta-‰v, P-4000 XpS-ßnb Ir{Xna a[pc cmkn-I߃.

5. kzmZv h¿[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ tN¿°p∂ APv\t- am-t´m, (Fw Fkv Pn) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Mono sodium glutamate, ssN\okv Blmc ]Zm¿∞-ßf - n¬ hym]I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Fw Fkv Pn, Nne¿°v ssN\okv dtÃm-d‚ v kn≥t{Umw F∂ Ae¿Pn tcmKw ]nSn-s]-Sm-dp-≠v.

6. `£y]Zm¿∞-߃ ]mbv°v sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ t]mfn-Øo≥, t]mfn t{]m∏n-en≥, t]mfn-Ã-dn≥ XpS-ßnb t]mfn-ad - p-Iƒ. `£y-kw-kv°-cWw h≥hy-h-kmbambn amdnb C°m-eØ - v, cmkn-Iß - f - psS D]tbmKw IqSn hcn-Ib - mWv. ]cn-c£ - I - ß - s - f(Preservatives) Xo¿Øpw Hgn-hm°m-\m-hn-√. km[m-cW Idn-bp∏v t]mepw Hcp ]cn-c£-Ia - m-Wv. {i≤-tbmsS anX-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ Ch tZmjw sNøn-√. F∂m¬ Aan-tXm-]t- bmKw A]-ISw D≠m-°mw.

A∏-°mcw F∂ t_°nMv tkmU-bpw(-tkm-Unbw ss_Im¿_-tW-‰v) -t_-°nMv ]uUdpw (Ãvm¿®v + tkmUnbw ss_ Im¿_-tW‰v+ s]m´mkyw ssl{UP≥ Sm¿´-td-‰v) hoSp-I-fnepw `£-W-im-e-I-fnepw t_°n-ßn\pw , ]e-lm-c-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmkn-I-ß-fmWv . NqSv X´p-tºmƒ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv D≠m-hp-Ibpw AXv amhns\ s]m¥n®v kvt]m©v t]mse-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. `£y kwkv°-c-W-Øn¬ ssPh D¬t{]-c-I-ßfmb F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ ]¶v hln°p-∂p. F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ t{]m´o-\p-If - m-W.v arZp-Xz-ap≈ sdm´n Xn∂m≥ kpJ-ap-≠v At√? AXn\v arZpXzw Fßs\ In´n? sdm´n-bp-≠m-°p-tºmƒ boÃv tN¿°p∂p. hfsc kq£va-ß-fmb kky-tIm-i-ß-fmWv boÃv. boÃnse F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ Ãm¿®ns‚ HcwisØ B¬°-tlm-fm°n am‰p-tºmƒ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv hmXIw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu hmXIw sNdnb sNdnb Ipan-f-I-fmbn sdm´n-bn¬ \nd-™n-cn°p-∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv sdm´n°v arZpXzw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. sdm´n samcn-°p-tºmƒ B¬°-tlmƒ _mjv]o-Icn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \√ aWw hcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

22

D]-t`m-Kh - k - vXp-°f - psS ck-X{¥w kuμ-cy-h¿≤-I-߃ ssZ\wZn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ At\Iw cmk-]-Zm¿∞߃ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. hkv{X-ß-fpw, ]m{Xßfpw Igp-Im≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tkm∏v, Imcw, Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ F∂nh C√mØ Hcp temI-sØ-°pdn®v C∂v Nn¥n-°m≥ t]mepw Ign-bn-√. am{Xtam \hPmX inip-hns\ Ipfn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ t__n Hmbn¬, IÆn¬ tXbv°p∂ kdpa apXhm¿[IyImeØv Xe- b n¬ tXbv ° p∂ slb¿ ssUhsc \ofp∂ kuμ-cy-h-kvXp-°ƒ ths≠∂v hbv°m-\m-Iptam? kuμ-cy-h¿≤IßfpsS D^-tbmKw B[p-\nI bpK-Øns‚ am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-b-√. hmk-\-{Z-hy߃(perfumes) kpK-‘-te-]-\-߃(creams) hmk\-Nq¿W-߃, tIi-Nm-bß - ƒ XpSßn At\Iw kuμcy-h¿≤I߃ ]ucm-Wn-I-Imew apX¬ Xs∂ a\pjy¿ D^-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ]pcm-hkvXp ]T-\ß - ƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ImgvN-bn¬ bphXzw \ne\n¿Øm-\pw, Ag-In\pw th≠n-bp≈ At\z-jWw A∂-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂pw F{Xtbm hyXy-kX v a - mWv. C∂v kuμcy k¶¬]-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ hyXymkw h∂n-cn°p-∂p. kuμcyw {]tXy-In®v kv{Xoku-μcyw Hcp BtKmf hyh-km-b-ambn hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. imkv{Xkm-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø߃ aqew, Ir{Xna kuμ-cy-h¿≤-I-߃,-^m-j≥ Unssk-\nw-Kv, tIim-e-¶mcw _yq´o keq-Wp-Iƒ, kuμcy h¿≤I ikv{X-{In-bI - ƒ(cosmetic surgery) icoc timjo-I-cWw XpS-ßn-bh tImSn-°-W-°n\v ]Ww sImøm-\p≈ Ah-k-cßfm-Wv. kuμ-cy-h¿≤I-ß-fpsS FIvsskkv Xocph 78% Øn¬ \n∂v 40% am°n Ipd-®p-sIm≠v k¿°mcp-Iƒ t]mepw CXn\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂p.

F∂m¬ kuμcy h¿≤-I-ß-fpsS kpc-£n-X-XzsØ-°p-dn®pw KpW-sØ-°p-dn®pw \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-߃ ]eXpw s]m≈-bm--sW∂v sXfn™n- ´ p- ≈ - X m- W v . 1979 ¬ apwss_ I¨kyq- a ¿ skmssk‰n Hm^v C¥y ]co-£n® 13 kpdpa {_m‚pI-fn¬ 12 FÆ-Ønepw 29.7 % apX¬ 85.7 % hsc Imcnbw(-se-Uv) D≈-Xmbn dnt∏mdv´v sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Bƒ

C¥y C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ]T-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°nb 28 kpdpa kmºn-fp-I-fn¬ 26 FÆ-Ønepw Imcobw Ie¿∂n-´p≠v F∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Hsc-ÆØ - nCXns‚ tXmXv 84.5% Ønte-sd-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bphm-°fpw bph-Xn-Ifpw Nnc-Im-ea - mbn Bh-iy-s∏Sp∂ ImØn-cp∂ Hcp DXv]∂ - a - mWv am¿°-‰n-se-Øn-bsX∂ {]XoXn P\n-∏n-°p-∂-hn[w Ah-bpsS {]nbw h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm ]p-Xnb ]cky-߃ D¬]m-Z-I¿ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pw. bYm¿∞-Øn\nd-Øn-tem, aW-Øn-tem, cpNn-bntem Nne-am-‰-߃ hcp-Øp∂p F∂-√msX BXy-¥nI LS-\-bn¬ henb-am-‰-sam∂pw hcp-Øn-∂n-√. am‰m\pw BIn-√. am‰nbm¬ D¬]∂w Xs∂ amdn-t∏m-Ipw. CØcw ]c-kyß-en¬ IpSpßn km[\w F¥m-sW∂v t]mepw Adnbm-sX-bmWv `qcn-]£w t]cpw Hmtcm D¬]-∂-߃ hmßp-∂X - .v Ah-bp-sS-{]-h¿Ø-\s - Ø-°p-dn®v hnZym-`ymk-ap-≈h - ¿°v t]mepw H∂pw Adn-bn√ F∂ KXn-tISpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ kuμcy h¿≤-Iß - sf-°p-dn®v Hcp kmam\y [mcW D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v e£yw h®mWv Cu ¢mkv FSp-°p-∂-Xv. F¥mWv kuμ-cy-h¿≤Iw? 1940 se C¥y≥ tImkvsa-‰nIv BIvSv sk£≥ 3˛¬ kuμcy h¿≤Iw F∂-Xn\v \n¿h-N\w \¬Inbn-´p-≠v. a\pjy ico-cØ - ns‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mKw ip≤o-Ic - n-°m-t\m, AgIv h¿≤n-∏n-t°m-t\m, BI¿jWo-bX h¿≤n-∏n-°mt\m, _mly {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Ømt\m D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂tXm A{]-Im-ca - p≈ D¬]∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tNcp-h-Itfm Bb tkm∏v Hgn-®p≈ hkvXp-°sf kuμ-cy-h¿≤Iw F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. km[m-cW Ipfn-tkm∏pw kuμ-cyh¿≤-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. N¿Ωw Im≠m≥ {]mbw tXm∂p-Itb C√ F∂m-Wt√m ]c-kyw. imco-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf t`X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kuμ-cy-h¿≤-IØns\ Huj-[-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. ]√ns\ ip≤o-Icn®v Xnf-°hpw shfp∏pw am{Xw \¬Ip∂ SqØv t]Ãv kuμ-cy-h¿≤Iw am{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Z¥-£b - sØ XSp-°m-\p≈ Nne LS-I-߃ AXn-ep≠v F∂-h-Imi-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AsXmcp Huj-[-ambn amdp-∂p. AXp23

t]mse Agp-s°√mw \o°n°f-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w tcmKm-Wp-°s - fbpw \in-∏n-°p-sa∂v Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂ tkm∏ns\ Huj-[-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. Cu Xcw-Xncnhv C¥y-bn¬ I¿°-i-ambn ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√ ]e-t∏mgpw CXv s]m≈-bmb Ah-Im-i-hm-Z߃ am{X-am-Wv. km[m-cW kuμcy h¿≤-Iß - ƒ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-°p∂p.

1. apJ-te-]-\-߃ (2) apJ-Nq¿W-߃ (t^kv ]uU¿)(3) ssI ip≤o-I-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ emb-\n-Ifpw te]-\-ßfpw () 4. \Jm-h-c-W-߃ 5.

Na-b-߃(make up preperations) 6. ]¬s]m-Snbpw t]Ãpw7. tjhn-ßn\v D^-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ 8. tSmbve‰v tkm∏p-Iƒ 9. tIi-Na - b - ß - epw jmw]p-Ifpw 10. Zpcv U - K ‘ \n¿am¿÷- \ n- I ƒ, tcma- \ m- i n- \ nIƒ(dioderents and depilatorsl) 11. ]cn-a-f-߃ (Perfumes) D]-tbm-KØ - ns‚ kz`m-ha - \ - p-kc - n®v AXm-bXv icoc-Øn¬ F{X-k-abw kuμcy h¿≤Iw Ah-ti-jn°p-sa-∂X - ns\ ASn-ÿm-\a - m°n Chsb c≠mbn XcwXn-cn°mw (1) tZlØv Ipsd-k-abw \ne-\n¬°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h(2) D^-tbm-Kn-®-bp-S≥ Igp-In-If-bp-∂h _yqtdm Hm^v C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uvkv kuμ-cyh¿≤I \n¿Ωm-WØ - n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ kpc-£nX-amb Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bp-≠m°n-bn-´p-≠v. A{X kpc-£n-X-a-√m-Øh D]-tbm-Knt°≠n hcp-tºmƒ, hfsc ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXnam{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°mhq F∂pw A\p-im-kn-®n-´p-≠v.

A¥na D¬]∂w am{X-a-√, Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞ßepw kpc£m sSÃpIƒ°v hnt[-b-am-°-W-sa∂v \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p. Cu sSÃp-Is - f√mw Xr]vXnI-c-am-sW-¶n¬ \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ D¬]-∂-Øns‚ 5000 tam 10000 tam bqWn-‰p-Iƒ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS {]XnI-c-a-dn-bm-\mbn ]pd-Øn-d°Ww. Fs¥-¶nepw {]XnIq-ea - mb dnt∏m¿´v In´n-bm¬ IqSp-X¬ hni-Za - mb ]T\-߃°pw ]cn-tim-[\ - I - ƒ°pw tijw kpc-£n-Xa - msW-¶n¬ am{Xta hym]-I-ambn Itºm-f-Øn¬ Cd°m≥ A\p-hm-Za - p-≈q.

N¿a-te-]\ - ß - ƒ N¿a te]-\-߃ ]e-Xcw D≠v. ioX-f-te-]\w (Cold cream) tim[-I-te-]\w (Cleansing Cream) AkvXt- e-]\w(Vanishing Cream), teme-te-]\w (Tissue Cream) , h¿Æ-lc - W - t- e-]\w (Bleaching Cream), kuc-te-]\w (Suntan Cream), F∂n-hb - mWv apJy-amb-Xv. tNcph AkvX-te-]\w (vanishing cream) Hgn®v _m°nsb√m te]-\ß - f - p-sSbpw \n¿amW coXn GXm≠v Htc-

t]m-se-bm-W.v Ch-bpsS tNcph Xmsg-°mWpw t]msebm-Wv. 1) Heohv FÆ, J\nP FÆ, _Zmw FÆ XpS-ßnb {ZmhI FÆ-Iƒ 2) shfpØ tX≥sa-gp-Iv, ]mc-^n≥ sagp-Iv, sNΩ-cn-bm-´n≥, tcma-Øn¬ \ns∂Sp-°p∂ emt\m-en≥ sagp-Iv, Hcn\w Xnanw-K-e-Øns‚ inc- n¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ kvs]¿sa-sk‰n (spermaceti) F∂ sagpIv F∂o Jc sagp-Ip-Iƒ 3)Pew AYhm ]\n- \ o¿ 4) Hcp kvt\l an{iw (emulsifier)km[m-c-W-bmbn t_mImIvkv 5 Hcp ]cnafw (perfume) ta¬]-d™ LS-I-ß-fpsS tXmXn¬ hyXymkw hcp-Øn-bmWv hnhn-[X - cw te]\w \n¿an-°p-∂X - v. DZml-c-W-ambn ioXf te]-\ (cold cream)-Øn¬ PeØns‚ As√-¶n¬ ]\n-\o-cns‚ iX-am\w IqSp-Xepw {ZmhI FÆ-bpsS iX-am\w Ipdhpw Bbn-cn-°pw. teme-te-]-\-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {ZmhI FÆ _Zmw FÆ-tbm, Hmeohv FÆtbm Bbn-cn-°pw. emt\m-en≥, tImt°m FÆ (Cocoa butter)skss‰B¬°-tlmƒ (Cetyl alcohol)F∂nh Jc-sa-gp-Imbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. CXp IqSmsX hn®vtl-k¬- (witch hazel)F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp∂ B¬°-tlm-fnI emb-\nbpw teme-te-]\ - ß - f - n¬ Pe-Øn-t\m-sSm∏w tN¿°m-dp-≠v. h¿Æ-lc - W - t- e-]\w km[m-cW te]-\-Øn¬ ssl{U-P≥ s]tdmIvssk-Uv, Atam-Wn-tb-‰nX sa¿°p-dn, sa¿°p-dnIv t¢mssd-Uv, emIv‰nIv Aæw XpS-ßnb [h-fo-I-c-WhkvXp°ƒ (Bleaching Agents) tN¿ØmWv h¿Æl-c-W-te-]-\-߃ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. shfpØ \ndw {]Zm\w sNøp-sa∂v Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂ Nne te]-\ß - fn¬ sslt{Um-Izn-t\m¨ F∂ h¿Æ-\m-in\n D≠mbn-cn-°pw. N¿a-Øn\v ISpØ \ndw \¬Ip∂ saem\n≥ F∂ h¿Æ hkvXp-hns\ CXv, t\¿Ø \nd-ap≈ t{]msa-em-\n≥ F∂ hkvXp-hmbn am‰p-∂p. h¿W lcW te]-\-߃ D≠m-°p∂ A]-I-S߃ _yq´n ]m¿e-dp-If - n¬ t]mbn apJw ªo®v sNøp∂ ]Xnhv \ΩpsS \m´n¬ k¿Δ-km-[m-cW - a - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Idp-∏n\v Gg-gIv F∂ ]gb sNm√n\v C∂v ÿm\-an√. shfpØ sXmen-tbm-Sp≈ {`aw IqSn hcp-∂-Xm-bn´mWv ImWp- ∂ - X v. F∂m¬ N¿a- Ø ns‚ ss\k¿KnIamb \ndw am‰m≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv ]e XcØn-ep≈ tZmj-^-e-߃ D≠m-°pw. ªo®nwKv {IoapI-fn¬ h¿W lmcn-Iƒ th≠{X C√m-sb-¶n¬, \ndØn\v am‰-sam∂pw hcn-√. F∂m¬, \ndw am‰w D≠mIm-\p-XIpw hÆw h¿W-lm-cn-Iƒ tN¿Øn-´p-s≠-¶nAXv A]- I - S - I - c - h p- a - s {X. _mly- N ¿a- Ø n(epidermis)s‚bpw N¿aØn- (dermis) s‚bpw CS-bnemWv N¿a h¿WIw (skin pigment) ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. Idp-∏p-\n-dhpw Im°-∏p-≈n-Ifpw D≠m-hp-∂Xv saem24

\n≥ F∂ h¿ÆIw A[n-I-ambn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xp sIm≠m-Wv. \mc-ßm-\ocv (citric Acid) ssl{UP≥ s]tdm-IvsskUv em‰nIv Aæw XpS-ßnb arZp h¿Æ-lm-cn-Iƒ \ndw am‰w D≠m-°pw. ]s£ AhbpsS {]`mhw XmXv°m-en-Ia - m-Wv. (HmIvko-Ic - W - ˛- \ - ntcm-Ivko-I-cW {]{In-b-bmWv ªo®nw-Kv) AXn-\mHcn-°¬ ªo®v sNbvXh - ¿, IqsS-IqsS _yq´n-]m¿ednt]mIm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn Xocpw. AXv N¿a-Øns\ t\¿∏n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ i‡n \jvSs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a¿Ip-dnIv t¢mssd-Uv, sslt{Um-In-t\m¨ t]mep≈ i‡-amb h¿W-lmcn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ, saem-\ns‚ cmk-L-S-\bn¬ Xs∂ am‰w hcp-Ibpw hym[n-Iƒ D≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-tb-dp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. shfp-°m≥ tX®Xv ]m≠m-bn-Øo¿∂ A\p-`hw ]e¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

AkvXt- e-]\w (Vanishing Cream) CXn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ {ZmhI FÆbpw sagpIpw a‰v te]-\-ß-fn¬ D≈h Xs∂. F∂m¬ a‰p te]-\-ßfn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn CXn¬ Ãnb-dnIv Aæhpw (steeric Acid) s]m´mkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUpw tN¿Øp \n¿an-°p-∂ arZp-tkm∏v tN¿Øn-cn-°p-sa-∂Xm-Wv. apJØv ]uU¿ ]qip-∂h - ¿, AXn-s\mcp ASn-Ød (base) bmbn AkvXt- e-]\ - ß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠mbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v Aßs\ sNøm-dn-√. ImcWw Ãnb-dnIv Aæhpw s]m´mkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUpw XΩn-ep≈ A`-{Inb hgn-bmWv AkvX-te-]-\-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv, bYm¿Y-Øn¬ tkm∏v Xs∂bmWv. Hscm‰ hyXymkw am{Xw CXn¬ £mcw (Alkali) Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. an{in-X-Øn¬ kzX-{¥m-h-ÿbn¬ teiw Ãnb-dnIv Aæw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Hcp tkm∏p-I´ sIm≠v apJ-Øp-c-bv°pI F∂-XnIhn™v henb KpW-sam∂pw AkvXt- e-]\w D]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - p-sIm≠v D≠m-hp-∂n-√m-sb-∂¿∞w.

N¿a-te-]\ - ß - ƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂s - X-ßs\? ]e-Xcw N¿a-te-]\ - (-ap-Jt- e-]\ - ) ߃ Ds≠∂v ]d™p-h-t√m. AXn-\m¬, F√m-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿am-W-{]{Inb ChnsS hnh-cn-°m≥ km[y-a-√. F¶nepw ChbpsS \n¿am-WØ - n-e[ - n-jT v n-Xa - mb XØzw s]mXp-hnH∂p-Xs - ∂. Xmsg-]d- b - p∂ L´-ßf - mWv te]-\ß - f - psS \n¿am-W-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. 1)sa-gpIv Dcp-°pI 2){Zm-hI FÆbpw {Ko pw tN¿°pI 3) Pew AYhm ]\n\o¿ (Rose water) {]tXyIw Xnf-∏n-°p-I. AXnkvt\l-an{iw (Emulsifies) ebn-∏n-°p-I 4) 800C¬ Chsb√mw Iq´n- t ®¿Øv Cf- ° pI 5)Xm- ] - \ ne 40500CBIp-tºmƒ ]cn-afw (Perfume) tN¿°p-I. N¿a-te-]\w F¥n\v?

1) N¿aw ab-s∏-Sp-ØpI (lubricate the skin)2)N¿a ip≤n-bp-≠m-°pI 3) N¿asØ XShn DW¿Øm≥

{]tNm-Z\w \¬IpI 4)io-tXmjvW ÿnXn-bpsS tZmj-^-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v N¿asØ kwc-£n-°p-I, CXn¬ N¿a ip≤o-Ic - W - Ø - n\v te]-\ß - s - f-°mƒ D]tbm-K{- ]Zw tkm∏p-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. khn-ti-jL - S- I - ß - fpw Ah-bpsS aqeyhpw ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn, khn-ti-j-amb (special)]e LS-Iß - fpw te]-\ß - f - C - ¬ tN¿°m-dp-≠.v sh≈cn° Nmdv, Bthm-°mtUm FÆ (D-Øc C≥Uo-knse Hcp PmXn t]c-bv°-bn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ FÆ), Ba-sbÆ, Poh-Iß - ƒ, t^m¿tam-Wp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bhsbms° CXn¬s∏-Spw. CsXm-∂p-an-√m-Ø-h-bn¬ \n∂pw KpWØn¬ henb hyXym-ks - am∂pw khn-ti-jL - S- I - ß - ƒ AS-ßnb te]-\ß - ƒ°v Ds≠∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. PohI-ßfpw tlm¿tam-Wp-Ifpw N¿a-Øn¬ IqSn BKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-sa-∂X - n\v sXfn-shm∂pw C√. et\m-en≥ (lanolin) sImgpØ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sns‚ tcma-Øn¬ \n∂pw In´p∂ sagp-ImWv et\m-en≥, N¿asØ ab-s∏-Sp-Øphm≥ G‰hpw ]‰nb hkvXp-hm-Wn-X.v CXv ]c-ky-ØnFSpØp ]d-bm-dp-ap-≠v. et\m-en≥ AS-ßnb apJ-te]-\-M-M-fmWv G‰hpw tIa-ambn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ sImf-Ã-tdmƒ tN¿∂n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS N¿aØnse Hcp ss\k¿KnI LS-I-am-Wt√m sImf-Ãtdmƒ. kuc-te-]\ - ß - ƒ Hcp \n›nX tXmXn¬ kuc-hn-In-cWw N¿a-Øn\v \√-Xm-Wv. \sΩ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXn\v bmsXmcp £ma-hp-an-√. A¬]w IqSn-t]m-tbm-sb∂v am{Xta kwi-b-ap-≈q. F∂m¬ ]m›mXy cmPy-ßfnse P\-߃°v N¿a-kw-c£ - W - Ø - n-\m-hi - y-am-b{X kqcy-{]-Imiw In´p-∂n-√. AXn-\m-em-Wv, tImhffØpw tKmh-bn-ep-sams° shbn¬Imbm≥ Ah¿ FØp-∂-Xv. ico-c-Øn¬ kuc-te-]-\-߃ tX®v ]Sn∏n® tij-amWv shbn¬ Imbp-∂-Xv. kqcym-Lm-X (sunburn) -ap-≠m-°p∂ Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v civan-I-fn\n∂v N¿asØ c£n-°pIsb∂-XmWv kuc-te-]-\ß-fpsS [¿aw. t\¿Ø-X-hn-´p-\ndw B{K-ln-°p∂ sh≈-°m¿°v th≠n At\Iw kuc-te-]-\-߃ Itºm-f-Øn-ep-≠v. Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v civanIsf Acn-®pam-‰m≥ Ign-hp≈ c≠v cmkn-I-ß-fmWv dipropylene glycol salicylate Dw Meta homo menthyl Salicylate Dw. Cu LS-Iß - ƒ et\m-en-e≥, tImt°m, shÆ, shfns®-Æ, {ZmhI s]t{Sm-emIv‰w F∂n-hb - p-ambn tN¿Øv te]-\tam emb-\ntbm D≠m-°p-∂p. ktemƒte-]\ - w, Izn\n≥ sslt{Um- t ¢m- s sdUv (qumine hydrochioride)kn¶v HmIvsskUv F\v\o LS-Iß - fpw tN¿°m-dp-s≠-¶nepw bp.-hn.-c-ivan-Isf XS-bm≥ Ahbv°p≈ Ignhv Xptem Xp—-a-s{X. kuc-te-]-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ \n¿t±-i-߃ IrXy-ambn ]men25

\J-Iq-´p-Iƒ (NAIL PREPARATIONS) hnc¬ \J-ß-fpsS AgIpw Im¥nbpw h¿[n-∏n°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ s\bv¬ t]mfnjv, s\bv¬ ssh‰v (NAIL WHITE) t]mfojv dnaq-h¿ (PLISH REMOVER) s\bvªo®v (NAIL BLEACH) Iyq´n-°nƒ dnaq-h¿ (CUTICLE REMOVER) XpS-ßn-bh s\bv¬ t]mfojv ss\t{Sm-sk-ep-temkv F∂ Ac-°,v B¬°-tlmƒ AYhm Ak-t‰m¨ emb-I-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-®mWv s\bv¬ t]mfojv D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ hym]-\i‡n e`n-°m-\mbn CXn¬ Assa¬ Ak-t‰‰v (AMYLACETATE) F∂ cmkn-Ihpw, \nd-ta-Im≥ h¿Æ-Ißfpw tN¿°p-∂p.

Iyq´n-°nƒ dnaq-h¿ \J-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-ehpw A{K-`m-K-ßfpw an\p- s∏-Sp-Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Dev]-∂-ß-fmWv Iyq´n°nƒ dnaq-h¿. s]m´mkyw sslt{Um-Ivssk-Uv, •nkdn≥, Pew F∂n-hb - mWv CXn-eS- ß - n-bn-cn-°p∂ LS-I߃. CXn¬ £mc-Øns‚ tXmXv Gdn-t]m-bm¬ A]I-Sa - m-Wv. tijn-°p∂ £mcw \o°n-°f - b - m≥ th≠n Iyq´n-°nƒ dnaq-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn® tijw hnc-ep-Iƒ hn\m-Knc emb\n (VINEGAR SOLUTION) sIm≠v Igp-IWw. ]n∂oSv, hnc-ep-Iƒ XpWn-sIm≠v XpS® tijw Heohv FÆ tXbv°-Ww. s\bv¬ ssh‰v (NAILWHITE) Xpsh-≈- \n-da - p≈, ssSt‰-\nbw ssU HmIvsskUv (TIO2) As√-¶n¬ kn¶v HmIvsskUv (ZNO) Pe-hp-ambn tN¿Øv Ipgºp cq]-Øn-em-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv Hcp ]i tN¿°p-\\ - p. \J-Øn\v sh≈ \ndw \evIm-\mWv CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - .v s\bv¬ t]mfojv dnaq-h¿ (NAIL POLISH REMOVER) \J-Øn¬ ]qinb C\m-a-ep-Iƒ \o°w sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {Zmh-Iß - f - mWv s\bv¬ t]mfojv dnaqh¿. CssX¬ Ak-t‰‰v (ETHYL ACETATE) As√-¶nAk-t‰m¨ (ACETONE) BWv CXnse apJy LS-Iw. Aev]w kky FÆbpw ]cn-af - hpw tN¿°m-dp-≠.v CXv ho´n¬ Xs∂ D≠m-°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q.

CssX¬ Ak-t‰‰v 1 Hu¨kv Ak-t‰m¨ 3 Hu¨kv Heohv FÆ As√-¶n¬ 30 Xp≈n Bh-W-s°Æ CssX¬ Ak- t ‰‰pw Ak- t ‰mWpw am{Xw tN¿Øm¬, \Jw hc-≠v, s]m´m≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v.

AXv XSp-°m-\mWv kky FÆ tN¿°p-∂-Xv. s\bv¬ ªo®v (NAIL BLEACH) \J-Ønse Idp-∏p-\n-dhpw ]p≈n-If - p-sams° \o°nI-fm-bm-\mWv s\bv¬ ªo®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ssl{U- P ≥ s]tdm- I vsskUv ( HYDROGEN PEROXIDE)sslt{Umt¢m-dnIv Aæw (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) kn{SnIv Aæw(CITRIC ACID) XpS-ßnb [h-fo-Im-cn-If - mWv

®n-s√-¶n¬ AXn-IT - n-\a - mb kucm-Lm-XØ - n\v Cc-bmIpw. **** apJNq¿Æ-߃(FACE POWDERS) tkm∏pw SqØv t]Ãpw Ign-™m¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kuμ-cy-h-kvXp-hmWv apJNq¿Ww(FACE POWDER). apJsØ FÆ-abw Ipd-bv°pI, apJ-Øn-\p≈ sNdp-Ip∂pw Ipgn-Ifpw Npfn-hp-Ifpw ad-bv°pI F∂n-h-bmWv ]uU-dns‚ [¿aw. Npcp-°Øn¬, ]uU-dp-Iƒ apJ-Øns‚ BI¿j-Wo-bX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. taev]d - ™ [¿a-߃ \n¿h-ln-°W - sa-¶n¬ Hcp apJ-Nq¿W-Øn\v \mev KpW-[¿a-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°W - w.

1) hym]-\t- ijn (COVERING POWER) 2) sX∂¬ i‡n (SLIP) AXm-bXv tZl-Øn-eqsS kpK-a-ambn \oßWw. 3) H´n-∏n-Sp-Øw˛ N¿a-Øn¬ Iptd kabw H´n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn°-Ww. 4) BKn-c-W-tijn hnb¿∏pw FÆbpw BKncWw sNøp-∂X - n-\p≈ i‡n. ]uU-dns‚ tNcph ]uU-dn\v hym]-\-tijn \evIm-\mbn km[m-c-Wbmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmkn-I-ß-fs{X ssS‰m-\nbw ssU HmIvssk-Upw(T1O2) kn¶v HmIvssk-Upw(ZNO) Sm¬°v AYhm sslt{U-‰nX a·ojyw knen-t°‰mWv sX∂¬ i‡n \evIm≥ G‰hpw DØ-a-amb cmkn-Iw. kn¶v, a·o-jyw, Im¬knbw F∂o temlß-fpsS Ãnb-td-‰p-Ifpw Itbm-en≥ (CLAY ALUMINIUM SILLICATE)-F∂ sh≈°fn-a-Æp-amWv ]uU¿ tZlØv H´n-∏n-Sn-°m-\mbn tN¿°p-∂X - v. BKn-cW - t- ijn h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ tNcp-hI - f - s{X Im¬knbw. a·ojyw Im¬_-tW-‰p-Iƒ. taev]-d™ LS-I-ß-sfm-s°Xs∂ Xo¿Øpw A]-I-S-c-ln-X-am-I-bm¬, apJØv ]qim≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]uU-dp-If - mWv Xmc-Xt- ay\ G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-amb kuμcy h¿[-Iw. h¿Ko-Ic - Ww ]uU-dp-Isf km{μw(HEAVY) a≤y-am\w (MEDIUM) temew (LEGENT) F∂n-ßs\ aq∂mbn Xcw Xncn-°mw.

BIm-cw, apJ-h¿Ww, hnb¿°¬ kz`m-hw, apJØnse FÆ-abw CXn-s\-sbms° ASn-ÿm-\-s∏SpØn thWw ]uU¿ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥. bYm¿Y-Øn¬, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Hcp ]uU¿, hne-tb-dn-bX - m-IW - s - a-∂n-√. CXn-eS- ß - n-bn-cn-°p∂ LSI-߃ F√mw Xs∂ Xmc-X-tay\ hne Ipd-™-XmWv. Sm¬°w ]uU¿ (TALCUM POWDER), km[m-cW t^kv ]uU-dns\ (FACE POWDER) At]-£n®v hne Ipdhm-Wv. ImcWw AXn¬ hfsctbsd LS-I-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂n√. G‰hpw \√ Sm¬°w ]uU-dnip≤-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Sm¬°v (TALC) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sslt{U-‰nX a·ojyw knen-t°‰pw (HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILLICATE) ]cn-af - ß - fpw am{Xta D≠m-hp-Ib - p-≈q.

26

s\bv¬ ªo®nse {][m\ LS-I-߃. HmIvkm-enIv Aæ-Øns‚ hnj-{]-`m-hhpw sslt{Umt¢m-dnIv AæØns‚ {Zho-I-cW {]`m-h-hpw, A]-I-S-I-c-am-I-bmCXv D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ib - mWv DØ-aw. ta°∏v Iq´p-Iƒ (MAKE UP PREPARATION) en]nÃvIv (LIPSTICK)-dq-jv(ROUGH) akv°m-c(MASKARA) XpS-ßn-bh - s - bms° CXn¬ s]Sp-∂p. en]vÃnIv I´n-Iq-Snb {Ioan¬ As√-¶n¬ sagp-In¬ Hcp h¿WIw ebn-∏n-®mWv en]vÃnIv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. sa¿Iyq-tdm-t{Imw(MERCUROCHROME) A\n-en≥ Nmb߃(ANILINE DYES) te°v Nmb-߃(KAKE DYES Hcp teml-Øns‚ sslt{Um-IvsskUpw Hcp Nmb-hkvXphpw cmk-kw-tbm-P\w \SØn D≠m-°p∂ Nph∏p \nd-ap≈ hkvXp) t{_mtam BknUv Nmb-߃ (D-Zml-cWw Ctbm-kn≥ EOSIN) XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv km[mcW D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ h¿W- I - ß ƒ sa¿Iyqtdm t{Iman¬ sa¿Ipdn (c-kw) F∂ teml-Øns‚ ehW-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠.v sa¿Ipdn ehWw hnj-hk - X v p°-fm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Cu h¿WIw tN¿Øn-´p≈ en]vÃn°v XpS¿®-bmbn D^-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \∂-√. cm{Xn- b nepw tim`n- ° p∂ \nd- a p≈ Nmb߃( FLUORESCENT DYES ) D≈ en]v à n°v hfsc kq£n®p thWw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥. ImcWw CXnt]mfn Atcmam‰nX sslt{Um- I m¿_- W p- I ƒ (POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS) D≠m-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. Ch Im≥k¿ tcmK-Øn\v Imc-W-ambn Xocmw. ]e en]vkv‰n-°pIfnepw Ctbm-kn≥ F∂ Nmbw tN¿°m-dp-≠v. ]s£,B en]vÃnIv ]qinb Np≠p-Iƒ kqcy- { ]- I m- i - t a- ‰ m¬ Ccp≠ \nd- a mbn Xocm≥ km[yXbp≠s{X. A\n-en≥ Nmb-߃ ]eXpw hnj{]-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ah Ie¿∂ en]vÃn°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Pm{KX ]pe¿Ø-Ww. en]vÃn-I-°nse as‰mcp LSIw ]mc-^n≥ sagp-ImWv(PARAFFIN WAX) CXv A]-I-S-Im-cn-b-√. F∂mCXn¬ A]-IS- I - m-cn-If - mb amen-\y-߃ Ie¿∂n-´n-√msb∂v Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww. Itºm-f-Øn¬ e`n-°pw. apJØv ]qim≥ km[m-cW-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {Ioan¬ (FACE CREAM) Nmbw tN¿Øm-Wv, {Iow cq]-Øn-ep≈ dqjv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. ]uU-dn¬ Nmbw sN¿Øm¬ Nq¿W cq]-Øn-ep≈ dqjv BIpw. CXn¬ Pew tN¿Øv t]Ãm°n Iptd kabw sh®m¬ Dd™p I´-bm-Ipw.-CX - mWv tI°v cq]Øn-ep≈ dqjv. tN¿°p∂ Nmb-Øns‚ Imcy-ØnChn-sSbpw {i≤-th-Ww. akvIm-c, kp¿a sagp-In¬ As√-¶n¬ hmkven\n¬ (VASLINE) IdpØ-Nmbw Nmen®p tN¿ØmWv akvIm-cbpw kp¿abpw D≠m- ° p- ∂ - X v . A\n- e n≥ Nmb- ß - t fm, kn¬h¿

ss\t{St‰m CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv IÆn\v A]ISw D≠m-°pw. seUv buKn-I-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ kp¿a Xo¿Øpw h¿÷n-t°≠XmWv. hnf°v Icn shfn-s®-Æb - n¬ Nmen®p tN¿ØmWv ]≠v I¨ajn D≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂pw G‰hpw kpc-£n-X-amb I¨ajn AXp Xs∂. **** SqØv t]Ãv, SqØv ]uU¿ SqØv t]Ãv, SqØv ]uU¿ F∂n-h-bm-Wt√m Ct∏mƒ \mw D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp∂ apJy Z¥-tim-[-\h-kvXp-°ƒ . ]√p-Isf ip≤o-I-cn-°m-\pw, Ahbv°v Xnf°w \¬Im\pw Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°ƒ°v Ignbpw. AXn¬ IqSp-X-sem∂pw SqØv t]Ãn¬ \nt∂m ]uU-dn¬ \nt∂m \n߃ {]Xo-£n-°c - p-Xv. B\p-Imen-Iß - f - nepw tdUntbmhnepw Sn.-hn.-bnepw hcp∂ ]cky-߃ Ch-bpsS KpW-ßsf hf-sc-tbsd s]cp-∏n®p ImWn-°p-∂p.

Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°f - psS tNcph hfsc km[m-cW - ß - f - mb Nne ]Zm¿Y-ßf - mWv Chbn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. apJy-L-SIw Im¬knbw Im¿_tW‰v Nq¿W-am-Wv. NpÆm-ºp-I-√n¬ \n∂v ip≤-amb Im¬knbw Im¿_-tW‰v Nq¿Æ-ap-≠m-°mw. CXns‚ IqsS A¬]w tkm∏v, ]©-kmc As√-¶n¬ km°dn≥, A¬]w kpK-‘-h-kvXp-°ƒ F∂n-h tN¿°p∂p. t]Ãm-Im≥ Nq¿Æ-Øn¬ •nk-dn-≥, Pew, tX≥ apX-em-bh tN¿°p-∂p.

ISpØ a¬kcw \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp hmWnPy cwKam-Wn-Xv. D]-t`m-‡m-°sf BI¿jn-°m≥ th≠n ]pXnb ]pXnb LS-Iß - ƒ XpS¿®-bmbn tN¿Øp-sImt≠-bn-cn-°p∂p. CØcw LS-Iß - ƒ°v Nne am{¥nI KpW-߃ Ds≠∂v ]c-ky-߃ \sΩ [cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

1949¬ Atam-Wn-tb-‰nX SqØv t]Ãp-Ifpw ]uU-dpIfpw {]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. 1950¬ s]≥kn-e≥ SqØv t]Ãp-Iƒ h∂p. 1951¬ t¢mK-tdm-^n-em-bn-cp-∂p. am{¥nI cmknIw B‚n F\vsskw t]Ãp-Ifpw ]uU-dp-Ifpw Ipd®p Imew apºv am¿°-‰n¬ Cd-ßn.

Atam-Wn-tb-‰nX SqØv t]Ãnepw ]uU-dnepw bqdnbmbpw bqdn-tbkv F∂ F≥sskapw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

B‚n F≥sskw D¬]-∂-ß-fn¬ F∂o c≠v cmknI-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Z¥-£bw D≠m-°p∂ _mIvSocn-bß - sf Ch \in-∏n-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p ]ckyw AhIm-i-s∏-´-Xv. ]s£, D]-t`m-K-‡m-°ƒ°v AXp t_m[y-s∏-´n-√. Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°-fn¬ AXp t_m[y-s∏-´n-√. Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°-fn¬ Bhiyw th≠ c≠v LS-I-߃ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. H∂v Hcp A]-L¿jIw AXm-bXv Dc®v an\p-°m≥ D]-tbmKn-°p∂ Hcp ]Zm¿∞w. c≠v ip≤o-Ic - W - k - z-`m-ha - p≈ Hcp ]Zm¿∞w (tkm∏v As√-¶n¬ Unt‰¿P‚ )v t]ÃmsW-¶n¬ hnhn[ LS-I-ßsf XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n®p 27

\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn°-Ww. IqSmsX \ndhpw aWhpw, cpNnbpw \¬Im-\mh-iy-amb ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw tN¿°pw. G‰hpw IqSp-XtN¿°p∂ LS-Ia - s{X A]-L¿j-Iw. GXm≠v 40˛60 iX-am\w hcpw CXv. CXn-\m¬ Dc-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS Ah-injvSw Z¥-\n-c-bn\n∂v \o°w sNø- s ∏- S p- ∂ p. IqSmsX ]√ns‚ tamWbv°p ]pd-Øp≈ {]XeØn¬ ASn™p IqSp∂ "tπ°v F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ ]Zm¿Y-ßfpw A]L¿j-IØ - m¬ \o°w sNø-s∏Spw. ebn® `£-Wmwi-ßfpw _mIvSocnbß-fp-amWv tπ°ns‚ LS-I-ßfv. tπ°n-ep≈ _mIvSo-cn-b-߃ ]©-km-c-bp-ambn {]Xn-{]-h¿Øn®v Aæw D≠m-°p-∂p. CXp C\m-ae - n\v tISp-hc - p-Øp-∂X - n-\m¬ {ItaW Z¥-£bw D≠m-Ipw. AXn-\m¬ tπ°v XpS¿®-bmbn \o°n If-tb≠Xp≠v. hyXykvX A]-L¿j-I-Kp-W-ap≈ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fmWv Z¥-\n-csb tX®v an\p-°p-hm≥ th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-X.v AXn-IT - n-\a - mb A]-L¿j-Iß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°phm≥ ]mSn-√. ImcWw Ah ]√ns‚ C\m-ae - ns\ Xs∂\in-∏n-°pw. IWn-I-bpsS hen-∏hpw ]cp-]-cp-∏p-amWv Hcp an\p-°p-km-[\ (polishing agent) Øns‚ A]L¿jX (Abrasivity) \n¿W-bn-°p-∂X - v.

Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn D]tbm- K n- ° p∂ A]- L ¿j- I - ß - f s{X Im¬knbw Im¬_-tW-‰v, ssU Im¬knbpw t^mkvt^‰v ssU sslt{U‰v, sslt{U-‰nX knen° F∂n-h. Npcp°w Nne D¬]-∂-ß-fn¬ tkmUnbw sa‰m-t^m-kvt^‰pw sslt{U-‰nX Aep-an-\nbw HmIvsskUpw tN¿°m-dp≠v.

Ch-bn¬ Im¬knbw Im¿_-tW-‰mWv G‰hpw IqSpX¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns‚ A]-L¿jX ssU Im¬knbw t^mkvt^-‰n-t\-°mƒ Db¿∂Xpw knen°sb At]-£n®v Ipd-hp-am-Ip-∂p. knen-°b - psS Hcp {]tXyI cq]-amWv sP¬SqØp t]Ãp-I-fn¬ D]-tbmKn-°p-∂X - .v kpXm-cy-am-bn-´p≈ SqØv t]Ãn-\mWv sP(JEL) F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. ]s≠ms° ]√p-tX-°m≥ Dan°-cn-tbm, Icn-s∏m-Sntbm D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-h-t√m.

Ct∏mgpw Nne Bbp¿th-Z-]¬s]m-Sn-I-fn¬ Ch tN¿°m-dp-≠.v Cu s]mSn-If - n¬ Icn-bmWv A]-L¿jIw. Dan-°c - n-bn¬ knen-°bpw D≠m-Ipw. ssU Im¬knbw t^mkvt^‰v F∂ A]-L¿jI-Øns‚ t{imX- p-I-fs{X t^mkvt^‰v I√v F∂ J\n-Ph - pw, arK-ßf - psS F√p-If - pw. Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp°- f psS \n¿am- X m- ° ƒ°v ssU Im¬knbw t^mkvt^‰v tN¿°p-∂X - n¬ IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠.v ImcWw hfsc ip≤-cq-]Ø - n¬ F√p s]mSn-bmbn CXp e`n-°pw. F∂m¬ D¬]-∂ß - f - psS te_-en¬ AXnarK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ LS-I-߃ tN¿Øn-´p-s≠∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-dn-√.

ip≤o-Ic - W - h - k - vXp-°ƒ. Z¥-\n-csb ip≤o-Ic - n-°p∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v kwXr-]vXn-tb-Ip∂ ]Xbpw Dev ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p. tkm∏v As√- ¶ nUnt‰¿P‚ v ]√n¬ H´n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ `£-Wmw-i-ßsf AS¿Øn-sb-SpØv πh-cq-]-Øn-em-°p-∂p. Chsb sh≈w sIm≠v IgpIn If-bmw. BZy-Im-e-ß-fnBh-Ws - °Æ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≠m-°p∂ tkm∏p-If - mWv Z¥-tim-[-\-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ tN¿Øn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂mCt∏mƒ kwt«-jnX Unt‰¿P‚p-I-fmWv (synthetic detergents) apJy-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. \√ ]Xbp-≠m-°p-sa-∂X - n-\m¬ tkmUnbw temdn¬ k¬t^‰v As√-¶n¬ B¬^ Hen-^≥ k¬t^m-t\‰v XpS-ßnb Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ°mWv {]nbw. SqØv ]uU-dnepw t]Ãnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ Nne Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ hmbv ]pÆn\v Imc-Wa - mbn Xocmw. DZml-cWw B¬ss°¬ s_≥kn≥ k¬t^m-t\-‰v. Nneh-bn¬ Utbm-t¢≥ t]mep≈ hnj-am-en-\y-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. AXp-t]mse ]X-bm\pw [h-fo-Ic - n-°m\pw th≠n tN¿°p∂ tkmUnbw s]¿t_m-td‰v F∂ cmknIw Nne¿°v ]nSn-°n-√. t]Ãv Syq_n-\p-≈n¬ sh®p Xs∂ DWßn I´-bmIm-Xn-cn-°W - s - a-¶n¬ Cu¿]w \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-hp≈ Nne cmkn-I-߃ tN¿°-Ww. •nk-tdmƒ/tkm¿_nt‰mƒ/•bvt°mƒ XpS-ßnb cmkn-I-߃ CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. •nk-tdm-fn\pw tkm¿_n-t‰m-fn\pw a[pc ck-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v t]Ãn\v \√ cpNn-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw. SqØv t]Ãn-ep≈ Jc-h-kvXp-°-sfbpw {Zmh-Ih-kvXp-°s - fbpw tN¿Øv \n¿Øm-\mbn Nne _‘-I߃ (binders) tN¿t°-≠X - p-≠v. {]IrXym e`n-°p∂ ]i-Iƒ, A¬Pn-t\‰v (alginate) Im¿t_m-Ivkn-aossX¬ skep-tem v Ch-bmWv _‘-I-ß-fmbn tN¿°p-∂-Xv. kq£va Pohn-Iƒ t]Ãn¬ hf-cmsX Ccn-°m≥ tkmUnbw s_≥tkm-th‰v t]mep≈ ]cnc-£I - ß - ƒ (preservatives) tN¿t°-≠o-hc - pw.

SqØv t]Ãn- s ‚bpw ]uU- d n- s ‚bpw \ndhpw aWhpw cpNn-bp-amWv D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ IqSp-XBI¿jn-°p∂ LS-Iß - ƒ. CsXms° CjvSs - ∏-´m¬, D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw AsXmcp \√ t]Ãm-bn. s]∏¿an‚ v, {Kmºp, Ge-bv°, sa≥tØmƒ, kn∂-a¨ XpS-ßnb hkvXp-°f - mWv cpNnbpw aWhpw \¬Im-\mbn tN¿°p-∂X - v.

AwKo-Im-ca - p≈ tImƒSm¿ Nmb-߃ tN¿ØmWv SqØv t]Ãn\v \nd-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. a[pc ck-Øn\mbn tN¿°p-∂Xv km°-dn≥ BWv. ]©-km-c, IznW\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ign-bp-∂Xpw Hgn-hm°pw. Z¥-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°m-bn, Nne {]tXyI Huj-[ß - ƒ tN¿Ø SqØv t]Ãp-Ifpw D≠v. t]Ãnse ^vfqssdUv Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°f - n¬ tN¿°p∂ ^vfqssdUv 28

C¥y-bn¬ Hcp hnhm-Z-hn-j-b-ambn Xo¿∂n-´p-≠v. Z¥£-bsØ XSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1960 apX-emWv SqØv t]Ãp-I-fn¬ ^vfqssdUv tN¿Øp XpS-ßn-b-Xv. P\ß-fn¬ `nj-IvKz-c-∑m¿ hym]-I-ambn \S-Ønb imk{Xob ]co-£W - ß - f - n¬ \n∂v e`n® hy‡-amb A\pam-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv ^vfqssdUv SqØv t]Ãn¬ tN¿Øp XpS-ßn-bX-s{X. F∂m¬, C¥y≥ kml- N - c y- Ø n¬ ^v f qssd- U ns‚ hnj- { ]- ` mhw AXns‚ KpW-^e - ß - sf Xa-kvIc - n-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS IpSn-sh-≈-Øn¬ Xs∂ Bh-iy-Øn-e[nIw ^vfqssdUv D≠v. Cu hnhmZw Ct∏mgpw XpS-cpI-bm-Wv. km[m-c-W-bmbn SqØv t]Ãn¬ tN¿°p∂ ^vfqssd-Up-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h - b - m-Wv. 1)tkm-Unbw tamtWm ^v f qtdm t^mkv t ^‰v (SMEP) Sn≥ ^vfqssdUv (TF) tkmknbw knent°m ^vfqssdUv (SSF) tkmUnbw ^vfqssdUv. (SF) CXn¬ tkmUnbw ^vfqssdUv Ign-bp-∂Xpw Hgn-hm-°m-dp-≠v. ImcWw Ch ico-c-Ønse Nne F≥ssk-ap-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\- ß sf XI- c m- d n¬ B°pw. (A- X p- s Im- ≠ mWv tkmUnbw ^vfqssd-Uns\ Hcp hnj-ambn ]cn-K-Wn°p-∂-Xv.) IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v PeØn¬ ebn-°p∂ ^vfqssdUv BWv \√-Xv. ]s£, Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, AXns‚ BKn-cWw IqSp-Ibpw sNøpw. bmWv \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ IqSp-XCjvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v. ÿncXzw IqSn-bXpw Im¬knbw ehW-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Ah-£n]vXw D≠m-°p-∂-Xp-amb-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xv. ]√n¬ Id hogvØpw. s\ At]£n®v \v hnj-{]-`mhw Ipd-hm-W.v ]s£ Pe-Øn-ep≈ tebXzw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv. ^vfqssdUv tN¿°mØ SqØv t]Ãn¬ t]mepw ^vfqssd-Uns‚ Awiw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ImcWw Im¬knbw Im¬_-tW-‰n¬, Hcp amen\yw F∂ \nebn¬ Ipd®v ^vfqssdUv D≠m-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ^vfqssdUv tN¿°mØ t]Ãn¬ t]mepw 50 ]n.-]n.Fw. Atbm-Wo-IrX ^vfqssdUv A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ^vfqssdUv SqØv t]Ãn¬ tN¿°m≥ A\p-h-Z-\o-bamb ^vfqssd-Uns‚ IqSnb Afhv Syq_n¬ \nd-°p∂ ka-bØv 1000 ]n.-]n.-Fw. BIp-∂p. F∂m¬ \mw SqØv t]Ãv hmßp∂ ka-bØv AXn-ep≈ Ab-Wo-I-cn® ^vfqssd-Uns‚ Afhv \n¿W-bn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. km[m-cW - b - mbn c≠v h¿j-amWv Hcp SqØv t]Ãns‚ Imem-h-[n. t]Ãns‚ tNcp-hbpw t]bv°v, sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn® hkvXp-°f - psS kz`m-hhpw ^vfqssd-Uns‚ Af-hns\ _m[n-°pw. shfp-°m≥ tX®Xv ]m≠m-Ic - pXv SqØv t]Ãns‚ Aan-tXm-]t- bmKw Nne tZmj-^e - ߃ D≠m-°mw. ]c-ky-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xp t]mse {_jns‚ Hc‰w apX¬ a‰‰w hsc \o≠p \n¬°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ t]Ãv FSp-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√. Hmtcm Xh-

Wbpw ]√p-tX-bv°p-tºmƒ 6˛10 an√n{Kmw Unt‰¿P‚ v \mw D≈n-em-°p-∂p-≠.v IqSmsX t]Ãn-ep≈ Nne tNcph-Iƒ kq£vam-Wp-°sf hf¿Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah {_jv sNøp-tºmƒ hmbn¬ ISv\p IqSm≥ km[y-Xbp-≠.v Nne-t∏mƒ Ch tcmK-hm-ln-If - m-Imw. Nne SqØv t]Ãp-If - n¬ Bew tN¿°m-dp-≠.v A¬]w Ia¿]p-cpNn \¬Im≥ CXp klm-bn-°pw. ]s£ CXns‚ Pe-emb-\n-bpsS \men¬ Xmsg-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv emb-\n°v Aæ-Kp-W-ap-≠v. Cu Aæw ]√ns‚ C\m-a-ens\ \in∏n-°m≥ km[y-Xb - p-≠v.

SqØv {_jv SqØv t]Ãpw ]uUdpw XΩn¬ ^e-Øn¬ henb hyXym-ka - n-√. Z¥-kw-c£ - W - Ø - n¬ {][m\ ]¶p-hl - n°p-∂Xv {_jm-Wv. t]Ãn-√msX Xs∂ `£-WØ - n\p tijw {_jv D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬, ]√p-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬s∏-´ncn-°p∂ `£-W-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßsf \o°w sNøm≥ Ign-bpw. ]√p-Iƒ hrØn-bmbn Ccn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ]s£ {_jv hmßp-tºmƒ aXn-ense ]q∏v Dc-®p-If - b - m≥ Ign-bp-∂{X lm¿Uv {_jp-Iƒ hmßcpXv. tkm^v‰v {_jp-Itf hmßm-hq. ho´n¬ Fßs\ ]¬s]mSn D≠m°mw? \nß-fpsS ]√p-Iƒ hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°p-hm≥ hne-Iq-Snb Z¥-tim-[\ hkvXp-°ƒ Xs∂ thW-sa∂v \n¿_-‘a - n-√. ho´n-ep-≠m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp ]¬s∏mSn-bpsS tNcph Xmsg Ipdn-°mw. 112 {Kmw Im¬knbw Im¬_-tW‰v ]uU¿ 84 {Kmw a·ojyw Im¿_-tW‰v ]uU¿, 28 {Kmw ]©-kmc s]mSn-®X - v, 18 {Kmw tkm∏v s]mSn, A¬]w s]∏¿an‚ v Hmbn¬, Ch-sb√mw tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf-°n-bm¬ ]¬s]m-Sn-bm-bn. KpW\n-eh - mcw D≈ cmkn-Iß - ƒ hmßm≥ {]tXyIw {i≤n°p-I. Pehpw A¬]w •nk-dn\pw tN¿Øv amhns‚ cq]-Øn-em-°n-bm¬ t]Ãm-bn.

Ah-ew_w ˛ A Brush with Chemicals : N.G.WagleChemistry and life-J.W.Hill D.M.Feigl Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ XpWn-bnse Agp-°p-\o-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp km[m- c W Dev ] - ∂ - a mWv Unt‰¿P‚ v . F∂mC∂sØ ]c-ky-߃ Ahbv°v hen-sbmcp am\w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tim`-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb sh◊, ]´pt]mse arZp-Xzw, sk°-≠p-Iƒ sIm≠v Id-Isf \o°m-\p≈ A]m-c-i‡n Cßs\ \o≠p-t]m-Ip∂ C√mØ KpW-ßf - psS ]c-ky-߃.

Unt‰¿P‚ v F∂m-se¥v?

Agp°v \o°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ F√m hkvXp°fpw Unt‰¿P‚p-I-fm-Wv. B A¿∞-Øn¬ kv\m\Øn\pw Ae-°m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ tkm∏p-Iƒ, Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ Xs∂. Un‰¿P‚p-Iƒ Ir{Xn-a-ambn D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. tkm∏p-Isf t]mse kky FÆ29

I-fn¬ \nt∂m sImgp-∏p-If - n¬ \nt∂m \n¿an-°p-∂X - √. Hcp Unt‰¿P‚n¬ (tkm-∏pƒs∏-sS) Pe-Øns‚ {]X- e - _ ew Ipd- b v ° m≥ klm- b - I - c - a mb Hcp cmknIw D≠m-bncn°pw. FÆ absØ Faƒko-Ic - n°m\pw Agp-°ns\ Cf-°m-\pw, Hs° Ign-hp≠v. Cu BIvSohv GP‚n¬ c≠v {Kq∏p-Iƒ D≠v. Cu {Kq∏pIƒ X∑m-{X-bpsS Xe-bnepw hmen-ep-ambn ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. Xe-`m-K-Øp≈ {Kq∏v FÆ-tbmSv H´n \n¬°pw. hmen¬ D≈ {Kq∏v Pe-tØm-sSm´n \n¬°pw Cu c≠v {Kq∏p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-am-bn, XpWnbn¬ \n∂v Agp°v Cf-In-t]m-cp-∂p.

Unt‰¿P‚ns‚ \n¿amWw Aæ sNfn (Acid slurry) F∂v hnfn-°p∂ Hcp ]Zm¿∞-amav Unt‰¿P‚ v \n¿am-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞w. (LAB (Linear Alkyl Benzene) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ cmkn-I-ß-fmWv. Aæ-sN-fn-bn¬ D≈-X.v LAB Hcp s]t{Sm-fnbw Dev]∂- a m- W v . CXv km{μ k¬^yq- d nIv Aæ- a m- t bm, k¬^¿ ss{S HmIvssk-Up-amtbm {]Xn-{]-h¿Øn-∏n®v LABS (linear alkyl benzene sulphonate) B°n am‰p∂p. LABS s\ tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv AYhm tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v DZm-koI-cn-°p-∂p (neutralised) . ]n∂oSv CXn-t\mSv _n¬Udp-Ifpw (Builders) ^n√-dp-Ifpw (Fillers) tN¿°p-∂p.

Unt‰¿‚ns‚ `mchpw hym]vXhpw h¿[n-∏n-°p-I, AXns‚ ip≤o-I-cW i‡n h¿[n-∏n-°p-I, IqSp-X]X-bp-≠m-°pI XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms°bmWv ^n√-dp-Ifp- t Sbpw _n¬U- d p- I - f p- s Sbpw [¿aw. Ch- b nt^mkvt^-‰p-Iƒ (C-Xn¬ STPP F∂ Npcp-°t- ∏-cnAdn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ sodium tripolyphosphate BWv apJyw) tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW-‰,v (tkmUm `kvaw), tkmUnbw knen- t °- ‰ v , tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv As√- ¶ nk¬t^-‰v, kntbm-sse‰v (Zeolite Hcp Xcw Ifn-aÆv.

CXv sslt{U-‰nX tkmUnbw Aep-an-\nbw knen-t°‰m-Wv) XpS-ßnb ]Zm¿Y-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. BIvSoh LS-I-Øn-(LABSs‚ ) t^mkvt^-‰n-t‚bpw tXmXv A\p-k-cn®v Unt‰¿P‚p-Isf hnhn[ t{KUp-I-fmbn Xcw Xncn-°m-dp-≠v. t^mkvt^-‰p-Iƒ Agp-°p-If - b - i‡n h¿[n-∏n-°pw. kwt«-jnX Unt‰¿P‚pw Ae-°p-tkm-∏pw kwt«-jnX Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ°v (synthetic detergents) Ae-°p-tkm-∏p-Is - f-bt- ]-£n®v Nne sa®-߃ D≠v. km[m-cW Ae°p tkm∏p-Iƒ, ITn-\P - e - a - p≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ D]-bp-‡-a-√. ITn-\P-e-Øn-ep≈ Im¬kn-bw, a·ojyw Atbm-Wp-Iƒ (Ca2+Mg2+) tkm∏p-ambn tN¿∂v Pe-Øn¬ ebn°mØ Im¬kn-bw, a·ojyw eh-W-߃ D≠m-Ip∂p. CXn-\m¬ tkm∏ns‚ sNehv h¿[n-°p-∂p. ITn\ Pe- Ø n¬ tkm∏ns‚ ]Xbpw Ipd- h m- b n- c n- ° pw.

F∂m¬ Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ ITn\ Pe-Øn¬ \∂mbn ]X-bpw. Unt‰¿P‚p-If - psS Im¬kn-bw, a·ojyw ehW-߃ Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂XmWv. AXp-sIm≠v Unt‰¿P‚ v H´pw Xs∂ ]mgmbn t]mIp-∂n-√. F∂mUnt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ°v Hcp ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠v. Ah [mcmfw ]X-bp-≠m-°p-∂p. AXv hkv{X-tØmSv H´n-\n¬°pIbpw sNøpw. AXn-\m¬ Pew kpe-`a - mbn D]-tbm-Kn®v, ]e XhW Igp-In-sb-Sp-Øm¬ am{X-sa, hkv{XØn¬ \n∂v Unt‰¿P‚ns‚ Awiw ]q¿Æ-ambpw \o°n If-bp-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈p. ITn\ Pe-Ønt\m-Sp≈ {]Xn-tcm-[i - ‡ - n, NqSp sh≈-Ønepw XWpØ-sh-≈-Ønepw D≈ Imcy-£-a-amb {]h¿Ø\w, Ch Unt‰¿P‚p-If - psS t\´-am-W.v IqSmsX Pe-Øns‚ Aæ-X-tbm, £mc-Xtbm Unt‰¿P‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\sØ _m[n-°p-Ib - n-√.

D]-t`m-‡m-°f - psS Bh-iy-߃°-\p-kc - n®v hnhn[ LS-I-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂-XmWv Unt‰¿P‚ns‚ as‰mcp KpWw. hnhn-[-Xcw Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ \ΩpsS hkv{X-ß-fn¬ Gdnb Iqdpw ]cpØn hkv{X-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bn-ep≈ Agp°pw sagp°pw Ifb-Ws - a-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ £mc-Kp-Wa - p≈ Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ thWw. AXn-\m¬ ]cpØn hkv{X-߃ ipNo-I-cn°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Unt‰¿P‚p-If - n¬ t^mkvt^‰n-s‚bpw tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW-‰n-s‚bpw tXmXv IqSnbn-cn-°pw. Iº-fn, kn¬°v, ss\tem¨ XpS-ßnb hkv{X-߃ Ae-°m≥ \yq{S-emb Unt‰¿P‚mWv \√Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah-bn¬ t^mkvt^‰pw tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW‰pw (tkm-Um-`-kvaw) Xo¿Øpw Ipd-hm-bncn-°Ww £mc-Kp-Wa - p≈ Unt‰¿P‚ v CØcw hkv{Xß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ hkv{X-߃ thK-Øn¬ tISv hcpw. ho´m-hi - y-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ i‡n-tb-dnb Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ c≠v Xcw D≠v. H∂v, hkv{X-߃, ssI sIm≠v Ae-°p-∂h - ¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]‰nb-h. c≠v, Bt´m-am-‰nIv hmjnwKv sajo-\p-I-fn¬ D]tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ DX-Ip-∂-h. ]X™p s]mßp∂ Unt‰¿P‚p- I ƒ, sa®- s ∏- ´ - X m- s W∂ [mcW hnZymkº-∂-cn¬ t]mepw D≠v. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]Xb¬ KpWw Agp-°p-\o-°¬ i‡n-bpsS Af-h-√.

F¶nepw Ipd®v ]X Ahiyw Xs∂. Agp-°ns\ ]nSns®-Sp-°m\pw, sh≈-Øn¬ \∂mbn Ii°n Igp-Iptºmƒ, hkv{X-Øn¬ \n∂-hsb AI-‰m\pw ]X th≠n hcpw. F∂m¬, kar- ≤ - a mbn ]X- b p∂ Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ hmjnwKv sajo-\p-I-fn¬ D]-bp-‡-a√. ImcWw ]X™p s]m¥n ]pd-tØ°v Hgp-Ip∂ Unt‰¿P‚ v emb\n b{¥-Øns‚ Bt´m-am-‰nIv knÃØn¬ IS∂v tISv hcp-Øpw. {]tXy-In®v ap≥`m-KØp IqSn hkv{X-߃ CSp∂ b{¥-ß-fn¬. AXn-\m¬, hmjnwKv sajo-\p-I-fn¬ km[m-cW Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ 30

D]-tbm-Kn-°c - p-Xv. Unt‰¿P‚p-If - psS am\-ZWvUw \n›-bn-°Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ k¶o¿Æ-L-S-\-bp≈ cmk-]Zm¿∞-ß-fm-Wv. Ah-bpsS X∑m-{X-I-fn¬ km[m-c-Wbmbn c≠p Xcw {Kq∏p-Iƒ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°pw. CXnHcn\w FÆ-bn¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°mXn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. as‰m-cn-\-am-Is´ Pe-Ønebn- ° p- I bpw FÆ- b n¬ ebn- ° m- X n- c n- ° p- I bpw sNøp∂ kz`m-ha - p-≈X - m-W.v XpWn-bnse Agp°v {][m\-ambpw sImgp∏pw FÆ-ab hkvXp-°fpw Ah-bpambn Ie¿∂p InS-°p∂ amen-\y-ßf - p-am-Wt- √m. Ch sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p-I-bn-√. Unt‰¿P‚ v X∑m-{X-IfpsS Hcp LSIw Cu FÆ X∑m-{X-I-sfbpw AXn-eS-ßn-bn-´p≈ amen-\y-ßt- fbpw If-bp-Ibpw ebn-∏n-°pIbpw \o°w sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Unt‰¿P‚ v X∑m{X-Iƒ°v Hcp \o≠ sslt{Um-Im¿_¨ hmepw, Ab-Wo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Hcp Xebpw D≠v. (Nn-{Xw) Xe sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°pw. hmev sImgp-∏n-s‚bpw FÆ-bp-sSbpw Awi-ßsf ebn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Hcp en‰¿ Pe-Øn¬ 1/2 {Kmw ip≤ Unt‰¿P‚ v D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. km[m-cW \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ _°-‰p-I-fn¬ ]Øv en‰¿ sh≈w sIm≈pw. AXnIpd-™Xv 5 {Kmw ip≤o-I-cn-I-cW cmknIw D≠m-bncn-°W - w. G‰hpw hne Ipd™ Ae°p s]mSn-If - n10 iX-am\w ip≤ Unt‰¿P‚ v D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. 10 en‰¿ sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn-®v, \mw 4˛5 hkv{X-߃ Ae-°p-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ 50 {Kmw Ae°p s]mSn D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠n hcpw. F∂m¬ tkmUnbw ss{St]mfn t^mkvt^‰v IqSp-X-embn tN¿Øn-´p≈ Ae°p s]mSn-Iƒ Ipd®v D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ aXn. Ae-°p-I´ D]-tbm-Kn®v \\™ XpWn- b n¬ Dc- b v ° p- t ºmƒ, Bh- i y- Ø n- e - [ nIw Unt‰¿P‚ v D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. CXp ]mgv sNe-hmWv. Agp°v IqSp-X¬ D≈ `mK-߃ am{Xw Ae-°pI´ sIm≠v Dc-®m¬ aXnbmIpw. Unt‰¿P‚pw Xz°v kwc-£W - hpw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ `qcn-]£w Bfp-Ifpw ssIsIm≠v hkv{X-߃ Ae-°p-∂-h-cm-W-t√m. hkv{X-Ønse FÆ-sa-gp-°pw. Agp°pw If-bp∂ Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ, ico-c-Ønse FÆ-sa-gp°pw C√m-Xm-°pw. Xz°n\v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn th≠ FÆ-abw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xp sIm≠v ]e tcmK-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. an°-hmdpw F√m Unt‰¿P‚p-I-fnepw BIvSo-h-cm-knIv LABS \v ]pdw sXmen-bn-eqsS Aco-®n-dß - m≥ Ign-bpw. IqSmsX Ae°p-s]m-Sn-bn¬ tN¿°p∂ i‡n-tb-dn-b, £mc-Kp-Wap≈ _n¬U-dp-Ifpw ^n√-dp-Ifpw Xz°ns\ tZmj-Ic-ambn _m[n-°pw. CØcw s]mSn-If - n¬ \n°¬ F∂ teml-Øns‚ Awiw IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-dp-≠v. CXpw Xz°v tcmK-߃°v hgn sXfn-°pw. hkv{X-ß-fn¬ ]‰n ]nSn®p \n¬°p∂ Unt‰¿P‚ns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw

Xz°v tcmK- ß ƒ°v Imc- W - a m- b n- X o- c pw. AXpsIm≠mWv CXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ samWo-en-bmknkv F∂ ^wKkv _m[bpw \J-߃°p-ff tISpw km[m-cW ImWp-∂X - v.

LABS\p ]I-c-ambn Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp∂ as‰mcp ip≤o-I-cW cmkn-I-as{X B¬^ Hen-^o≥ k¬t^m-t\-‰v. (AOS) Nne-t∏mƒ Cu cmkn-I-Ønk¬t´m-Wp-Iƒ (sultones) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂, ip≤o-I-cnW KpW-ap≈ cmkn-I-߃ tN¿°m-dp≠v. Cu k¬t´m-Wp-Iƒ, Xz°v tcmK-߃°pw Nnet∏mƒ sXmen-∏p-dsØ A¿_p-Z-Øn\p Xs∂bpw tlXphmbn Xocmw. AOS \v, ]s£ as‰mcp KpWw D≠v. AXp ]q¿W-ambpw ssPh hnL-S\ - Ø - n\v hnt[b-am-Wv. \n¿Ωm-WØ - n-ep≈ hyXymkw kvs{] ss{UbvUv Ae°p s]mSnbpsS (sprey dried detergent powder) Xcn-Iƒ s]m≈-bmbncn°pw. apØpIƒ t]mse ImWm≥ \√ `wKn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. `mc°p-dhpw D≠v. \√ {]hm-lK - p-Whpw D≠v. ImgvNb - nXs∂ D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v CjvSs - ∏-Spw. Pe-Øn¬ thKØn¬ ebn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ]s£ hne A¬]w IqSpw. tNcp-h-Iƒ, DW-°n, anIvk¿ D]-tbm-Kn-t®m, ssIsIm≠p Xs∂tbm Iq´n-t®¿ØmWv ss{UanIvkv Ae°p s]mSn-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. kvt{] ss{UbvUv s]mSn-Is - f-bt- ]-£n®v L\Xzw IqSpw Ch-bv°v. ip≤oI-cW - K - p-WØ - n¬ Cu c≠v s]mSn-Ifpw XΩn¬ henb hyXym- k - a n- √ . ]s£, Cu¿]w X´p- t ºmƒ ss{UanIvkv (drymix) s]mSn-Iƒ I´ ]nSn-°pw. km{μ Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ (compact detergents) Ch-bn¬ 25 iX-am-\-sa-¶nepw BIvSoh ip≤o-Ic-Wc - m-knIw D≠m-bn-cn-°W - w. £mcob hkvXp-°f - pw, {]tXy-In®v khn-ti-j-[¿a-sam∂pw \n¿h-ln-°m-\n√mØ ^n√-dp-If - p-amWv _m°n `mKw. hnI-knX cmPyß-fn¬ 40 iX-am\w BIvSoh cokn-I-a-S-ßp∂ Ae°p-s]m-Sn-Iƒ k¿h km[m-c-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. Nne-Xn60 iX-am\w hsc BIvSo-h-cm-knIw D≠v. CXp hgn ]m°nwKv sNehv hf-sc-tbsd Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-™n´p-≠v.

Unt‰¿P‚p-Ifpw ]cn-kc - hpw Unt‰¿P‚p-If - n¬ tN¿°p∂ t^mkvt^-‰p-If - mWv XSm-I-ß-fnepw Ipf-ß-fnepw Imb-ep-I-fnepw ]mbens‚ hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-ambn Xocp-∂-Xv. Pem-i-bß-fn¬ t]mj-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ IqSp-X-em-Ip-tºm-gmWv ]mb-ep-Iƒ kar-≤n-bmbn hf-cp-∂X - v. Ah Po¿Æn-°ptºmƒ Pew HmIvkn-P≥ \jvS-s∏´v aen-\-am-Ip-∂p. bpt{Sm-^n-t°-j≥ (eutrophication) F∂mWv Cu {]X`m-k-Øn\p t]¿ Unt‰¿P‚p-I-fn¬ t^mkvt^-‰vIfpsS tXmXv \nb-{¥n-°m-\mbn ]e cmPy-ßfpw \nb-a31

߃ ]m m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

C¥y-bnse {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ Unt‰¿P‚p-I-fnF¨]Xp iX-am-\-Ønepw t^mkvt^‰v C√. C¥ybn¬ ]mgvPe - w, Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-If - n-te-°pw, IS-en-te°pw X≈n-hn-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ bpt{Sm-^n-t°j≥ Hcp henb {]iv\-a-√. cmk-h-f-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-

Øp∂ t]mj-I-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fmWv \ΩpsS Ipf-ßtfbpw XSm-Iß - t- fbpw aen-\a - m-°p-∂X - v. tkm∏p-Is - fb-t]-£n-®v, aμ-K-Xn-bn-emWv LABSs‚ ssPh-hn-L-S\w. Unt‰¿P‚p-I-fpsS AanX D]-tbm-Kw, Pe-a-en-\oI-c-W-Øn\v hgn sXfn-°pw.

Ae°p I´-I-fn¬ Cu Af-hp-Iƒ Xmsg-°mWpw {]Im-ca - mWv ]´nI 2 BIvSoh ip≤otkmUn-bwI-cW Im¿_-tW-‰ns‚ t{KUv cmknIØns‚ tXmXv/ iX-am\w tXmXv/iX-am\w 1 20 20 2 18 24 3 15 30 4 12 40

]´nI 1 Unt‰¿P‚ v t{KUv tXmXv 1 2 3 4

BIvSoh ip≤oI-cW cmknIØns‚ tXmXv/iX-am\w 19 16 15 12

tkmUn-bw-Im¿_tW-‰ns‚ A\p-hZ-\o-ba - mb IqSnb tXmXv iX-am\w 30 40 50 60

]´nI 3 sse‰v%

BIvSoh cmknIw % t^mkvt^‰v/kntbm-sse‰v% tkmUm-`kvaw % tkmUnbw knen-t°‰v % tkmUnbw k¬t^‰v % tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv % Ifn-a¨ (clay) Cu¿]w % Ãm¿®v % sagpIv (wax) %

hne-Iq-Snb s]mSn

CS-Øcw hne bp≈ s]mSn

15˛-18 15-˛20 5˛10 4˛5 24˛40 C√ C√ 8˛10 ....

1˛3

11-˛14 5-˛8 12˛20 5˛30 23˛36 C√ 15˛20 10˛15 ....

0˛2

cmkn-I-tN-cp-hbpw ip≤o-I-cW i‡nbpw Hcp Ae°p s]mSn-bpsS/ I´-bpsS cmkn-It- N-cp-hbn¬ \n∂v AXns‚ ip≤o-I-cW KpWw hy‡a-a-Ip∂n-√. ]co-£-W-imebn¬ \S-Øp∂ sSÃp-I-fn-eqsS am{Xsa bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ KpWw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bq. hne-bpw, ip≤o-Ic - W KpWhpw X´n-®p-t\m-°ptºmƒ hne Ipd™ Ae°p s]mSn-Iƒ, D]-t`m-‡mhns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw em`-I-c-am-sW-∂-XmWv {]mY- a nI ]co- £ - W - ß ƒ ImWn- ° p- ∂ - X v . hne Ipd™ Ae-°p-s]m-Sn-I-fn¬ tkmUm `kvaw (tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW‰v) Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw.

Ae°n Ign-™mepw, CXv hkv{X-Øn¬ Ah tijn°m≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. DW-ßp-tºmƒ hkv{X-Øns‚ \ndhpw tim`bpw C√m-Xm-°pw. hkv{XsØ IqSp-X]cp- ° - \ m- ° pw. ITn- \ - P - e - a p≈ ÿe- ß - f ntkmUnbw Im¿_-tW-‰v, Im¬kn-bw, a·ojyw eh-

hne-Ip-d™ hne-Iq-Snb s]mSn _m¿ 8˛-10 C√ 30˛70 C√ 3˛5 7-˛50 10˛20 15˛20 .....

18˛20 10˛15 5˛10 .....

2˛3 5˛10 30˛50 8˛10 10˛15

hneIp-d™ _m¿ 12˛15 5˛10 5˛15 .....

2˛3 10˛20 40˛60 10˛12 5˛10

W-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Im¬kn-bw, a·ojyw Im¿_tW-‰p-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. CXv hkv{X-Øn¬ ]‰n-]n-Sn°pw. hne Ipd™ Unt‰¿P‚p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v XpS¿®-bmbn Ae-°p∂ XpWn-Iƒ \ndw aßn, s]s´∂v NoØ-bmIp-w. _yqtdm Hm^v C¥y≥ (BIS) Ãm≥Um¿Uvkv Unt‰¿P‚ v s]mSn-I-fnse BIvSoh £mcX(active alkalinity) bpsS am\-ZW - U v ß - ƒ \n›-bn-®n-´p-≠.v Ae°p-s]m-Sn-If - n¬ tN¿°m≥ A\p-hZ- \ - o-ba - mb Ae-°pIm-c-Øns‚ IqSn-b-tXmXv F{X-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v ¢n]vX-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp ]´nI 1¬ ImWpw {]Im-ca - m-Wv. Cu tNcph IrXy-ambn ]men-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ae-°ps]m-Sn-Ifpw I´-Ifpw kpc-£n-X-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw. ]´nI 3 ImWpI. hmjnwKv sajo-\p-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ s]mSn32

bn¬ tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW-‰n-s‚bpw tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Un-s‚bpw tXmXv Ign-bp-∂{X Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw.

D¬]-∂-Øns‚ tNcph icnbv°pw a\- n-em°msX hnesb am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\s - ∏-SpØn AXns‚ KpW-\n-eh - mcw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv imkv{Xo-ba - √ - . Hcp \√ Unt‰¿P‚ v s]mSn-bn¬ BIvSoh ip≤o-I-cW cmknIw (DZm: ) 15˛18 iX-am-\-sa-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. H∏w AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ A]-IS cln-X-ß-fmb ^n√-dp-Ifpw _n¬U-dp-Ifpw BImw. Ah-bpsS £mcX Ign-bp-∂{X Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-{Xw. G‰hpw \√ Unt‰¿P‚ v D]-tbm-Kn-®m-epw, Ae°ns‚ coXn Aim-kv{Xo-ba - m-bm¬ {]Xo-£nX KpWw e`n-°p-I-bn-√. ASn-®-e-°n-bXp sIm≠v {]tXy-In®v KpW-sam-∂p-an-√. hkv{X-ß-fpsS Bbp v Ipd-bv°msa-∂p-am-{Xw. Unt‰¿P‚ v emb-\n-bn¬ Ipsd kabw hkv{Xw ap°n-sh-°-Ww. Agp-°ns‚ IqSp-X¬ Ipdhv A\p-k-cn®v Cu kab ssZ¿Ly-Øn¬ am‰w hcpØmw. IqSp-X¬ Agp-°p≈ `mK-ß-fn¬ Unt‰¿P‚ v I´ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. {_jvsIm≠v \∂mbn Dc-b° v W - w. [mcmfw sh≈- Ø n¬ IgpIn FSp- ° - W w.

Unt‰¿P‚ns‚ Ah-in-jvSß - ƒ XpWn-bn¬ D≠m-hc - pXv. \n߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Unt‰¿P‚ v {_m≥Uv \nßfpsS Xz°n\v A]-ISw D≠m-°p-∂-X-√m-sb∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I. Ae-°m≥ icn-bmb am¿Kw kzoI-cn-°p-I. tkm∏p-Iƒ GsX-¶nepw Hcp sImgp-∏ns‚ eh-Wa - mWv tkm∏v. tkm∏v X∑m-{Xbv°v 2 `mK-ß-fp-≠v. Im¿_-Wpw, ssl{U- P \pw AS- ß nb sslt{Um- I m¿_¨ sNbn\pw CXns‚ Xe-bv°¬ Hcp Im¿t_m-Ivkn-enIv BknUv {Kq∏pw D≠m- I pw. Im¿t_m- I v k n- e nIv BknUv {Kq∏v GsX-¶nepw teml Atbm-Wp-If - mbn _‘- s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° pw. km[m- c - W - b mbn tkmUnbw s]m´mkyw XpS-ßn-bh - b - mWv teml-߃. s]m´mkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUv BWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX-¶nAXns\ tkm^v‰v tkm∏v F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

tkm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ Ie-°p-tºmƒ X∑m-{X-Iƒ ansk-√nkv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ¢Ã-dp-I-fmbn amdp-∂p.

CXnse t\m¨ t]mfm¿ Xe \Sp-°pw, t]mfm¿ Xe ¢Ãdns‚ ]pdw `mKØpw Bbn-cn-°pw. shf-f-Ønebn-°mØ Agp°v, Hmbn¬, {Kokv F∂n-hsb Faƒkn sNbv X v sh≈- Ø n¬ Hcp an{inXw t]msebm°m-\p≈ Ign-hmWv tkm∏ns‚ Igp-Iƒ tijn°v Imc-Ww. tkm∏v sImgp∏v X∑m-{Xsb s]mXnbp-Ibpw tkm∏ns‚ B¬ss°¬ {Kq∏n¬ sImgp∏v ebn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AtX-k-abw Atbm-WnIv Xe sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°pw. CXns‚ ^e-ambn HmbnXp≈n-Iƒ sh≈-Øn¬ apgp-h-\mbn hym]n°p∂p.

CXmWv Faƒkn- ^ n- t °- j ≥ F∂v ]d- b p- ∂ - X v .

Aßns\ sImgp∏pw AgIpw sh≈-tØm-sSm∏w HgpIn-t]m-Ip-∂p. sh≈-Ønse teml Atbm-Wp-I-fp-ambn {]Xn-{]h¿Øn®v tkm∏v Ah-bpsS Ah-£n]vXw D≠m-°mw.tkm∏v sh≈-Øn¬ ImWp∂ tkm∏v kvIw(soap scum) CXmWv. CXv hkv{X-Øn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn®v hkv{XØn\v Hcp a™-tbm, Nmc \ndtam D≠m-°pw. CXv Hgn- h m- ° m≥ Imc- w As√- ¶ n¬ (washing soda tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW‰v) t_mdm-Ivkv(-tkm-Unbw sS{Sm- t _m- t d‰v ) sh≈- Ø n¬ tN¿Øm¬ aXn. tkmUnbw As√-¶n¬ s]m´m-knbw sslt{Um-Is v skUn¬ sImgpt∏m FÆtbm tN¿ØmWv tkm∏v D≠m°p-∂-Xv. CXns\ kmt∏mWn--^n-t°-j≥ F∂v ]d-bp∂p. D] D¬]-∂-ambn •nk-dn≥ IqSn D≠m-Ipw. tkm∏n¬ AS-ßn-bn-c-°p∂ tSm´¬ ^m‰n am‰¿ BWv. AXns‚ KpW-\n-eh - mcw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - .v Ipfn°m-\p≈ tSmbve‰v tkm∏n¬ Npcp-ßn-bXv 65% TFM thW-sa-∂mWv \nb-aw. am¿°-‰n¬ hym]-I-amb ]ckytØmsS Cd-°p∂ ]e tkm∏p-Ifpw Toilet tkm∏pI-f√ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Bathing bar F∂ t]cn-´mWv \nb-a° - p-cp-°n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-∂X - .v tkm∏ns‚ AanX-amb Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-߃°v {]k-‡n-bn-√. TFM t\m°n-bmWv tkm∏v Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠X - v.

33

a\p-jy-ic - o-cØ - nse ck-X{¥w a\p-jy-\pƒs]sS kIe Poh-Pm-eß - fpw D≠m-bXv {]Ir-Xn-bnse aqe-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv F∂v \ap-°-dnbmw. Poh≥- F∂ {]Xn- ` mkw t]mepw cmk]cnWmaØns‚ ^e-am-bm-sW∂v imkv{X-temIw AwKoIcn-°p-I-am-{X-a√ Ir{Xn-a-ambn Poh≥ krjvSn°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Poh≥ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw At\Iw cmk- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS ^e- a m--b mWv . \ΩpsS icocw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw cmk-h-kvXp°ƒsIm- ≠ m- W v . \ΩpsS ico- c - Ø n¬ \S- ° p∂ izk\w Zl-\w, amen\y \n¿am¿P\w, {]Xyp¬]m-Z\w F¥n\v \ΩpsS ImgvN, tIƒhn, Nn¥, Dd°w F∂nh-sb√mw cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Xs∂. hnIm-cß - f - mb tZjyw, kvt\lw, k¶-Sw, {]Wbw XpS-ßnb Xe-t®mdn¬ \S-°p∂ kIe Imcy-ßf - pw cmk-hk - vXp-°f - psS {]h¿Ø\-^e - a - m-Wv. ck-X{- ¥-Øns‚ `mj-bn¬ ]cntim-[n-®m¬ \mw apgp-h-\mbn hnhn[ cmk-h-kvXp-°fpsS Hcp k¶-c-am-Wv, AXm-bXv Poh\pw Pohn-Xhpw H´msI ck-X-{¥-amWv F∂v ]d-bmw.

60 Hmfw cmkaqe-I-߃ sIm≠mWv \ΩpsS icocw \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 96% hpw shdpw 4 aqe-Iß-f-mWv. CXn¬ 65% HmIvkn-P\pw 10% ssl{U-P-\pam-Wv. Ch {][m-\-ambpw sh≈-am-bmWv \n¬°p-∂Xv. ico-c`- m-cØ - ns‚ 60% hcp-an-Xv. sh≈-an-√msX Pohs\-°p-dn- ®v Nn¥n-°m≥ t]mepw BIn-√t- √m. ico-cØ - ns‚ 18% Im¿_¨ \n¿an-Xa - m-W.v ]pdsØ ]Y-ta-J-e-bn-¬ \mev Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ am{X-ap-≈Xp sIm≠v cmk-_-‘-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-\p≈ Im¿_Wns‚ A\-\y-amb kz`mhw aqe-am-Wv \ΩpsS tImiß-fnse Du¿P DXv]m-Z\-apƒs∏sS kIe {]h¿Ø\-ßfpw \S-°p-∂Xvv. ss\{S-P≥ (3%) sIm≠mWv ico-c-Ønse t{]m´o\p-Iƒ, Aant\m Bkn-Up-Iƒ, \yq¢nIv Bkn-Up-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. _m°n hcp∂ 4% aqe-Ißsf samØ-Øn¬ [mXp-°ƒ (minerals) F∂v hnfn°mw. CXn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv Im’y-amWv. CXn¬ 99% ]√p-I-fnepw F√p-I-fn-ep-amWv hn\ykn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - .v amwk t]in-If - psS icn-bmb {]h¿Ø\-Øn\v Im¬kyw A\n-hmcy LS-Ia- m-W.v 2˛mw ÿm\w

t^mkv^-d-kn-\mWv ico-c-`m-c-Øns‚ 1% tØmfw t^mkv^d - kv BWv. F√p-If - psS cq]o-Ic - W - Ø - n\pw Du¿÷w \¬Ip∂ F.-Sn.]n X∑m-{X-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂Xn\pw t^mkv^d - kv Bh-iy-am-Wv. tkmUnb (0.15%) amWv \mUnI-fn-eqsS Bth-K߃ Ab- ° p- ∂ - X n\v klm- b n- ° p- ∂ Xv . s]m´mky(0.25%) hpw CXn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂p. am{X-a√ lrZban-Sn∏v \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw s]m´m-ky-am-Wv. t¢mdn≥(0.15%) BIs´ \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn¬ aq{XØns‚ DXv ] m- Z - \ sØ klm- b n- ° p- ∂ - X n- e qsS icocØnse Pe-Øns‚ Afhv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. kƒ^¿(0.25%) {][m-\-ambpw t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ°v icnbmb BIrXn \¬Ip∂ c≠v A-ant\m Aæ-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p. a·o-jyw(0.05%) sF—nI amwk-t]-in-If - psS{]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ klm-bn°p-∂p. ico-cØ - nse 300 e[nIw Nbm-]N - b {]h¿Ø\-ßf - n¬ a·ojyw ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p- ≠v. Nph-∂c - ‡ - m-Wp°-fpsS \n¿Ω-mW-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb lotam-t•m-_n≥ \n¿Ωn°p∂-Xn\v Ccpºv(0.005%) AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. ico-c-I-e-I-fn-te°v HmIvkn-P≥ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v lotam-t•m-_n≥ IqSntb Xocq. ]√p-I-fpsS \miw XS- b p- ∂ - X n\v klm- b n°p∂ aqe- I - a mWv ^vfqdn≥(0.0037%). CXv IqSmsX henb [¿Ω-sam∂pw ^vfqdn≥ sNøp-∂n-√. kn¶m-Is´ (0.0032%) F√m PohPm-eß - f - psSbpw hf¿®bv°v klm-bn-°p∂p. kn¶ns‚ Ipdhv \ΩpsS hf¿®m tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS D¬]m-Z\sØ _m[n-°p-Ibpw Ip≈Xzw D≠m-IpIbpw sNøpw. Ab-Un-\m-I-s´(0.000016%) ssXtdmbvUv tlm¿tam-Wp-If - psS \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v AXym-hi - y-am-W.v hf¿®, amwk-t]-in-I-fp-sS-bpw, Xe-t®m-dn-s‚bpw {]h¿Ø\w, ape-∏m¬ \n¿ΩmWw XpSßn \qdp-I-W°n\v {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ssXtdmbvUv tlm¿tam-WpIƒ AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. tIm∏¿ C√msX Ccp-ºn\v ico-c-Øn¬ icn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°m-\m-hn-√. ico-cØnse [mcmfw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tIm∏¿ Hcp CeIvt{Sm¨ ZmXm-hm-Wv. tImi-ßf - nse Du¿t÷m¬]mZ\tI{μ-ß-fmb ssat‰m tIm¨{Sn-b-bpsS kwc-£W-Øn¬ am≥K-\o-kns‚ ]¶v \n m-ca - √ - . PcWw XS34

bp-∂-Xnepw am≥K\okv ]¶v hln-°p-∂p-≠v. sken\n-b-am-Is´ Pc-WsØ XS-bp∂ B‚n HmIvkn-U‚pIƒ AS°w ]e F≥ssk-ap-I-fp-sSbpw D¬]m-Z-\Øn\v hfsc AXym-hi - y-am-Wv. kƒ^dns\ a\p-jy\v D]-tbm-Ky-am-°p-∂X - n¬ tamfn-_U v n\w hln-°p∂ ]¶v \n m-ca - √ - . tIm_mƒ´n-√msX hn‰m-an≥ B12 \n¿an-°m\m-In-√., Npcp-°Ø - n¬ {]Xy-£a - mbpw ]tcm-£a - mbpw cmk-kw-bp-‡ß - f - psS Iq´m-bvabmWv \ΩpsS ico-cw. ico-cØ - nse hnhn[ Ah-bh - ß - f - n¬ \S-°p∂ cmk{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ck-Icw am{X-a√ A¤p-XI - c - h - p-am-W.v A-hsb hfsc Npcp°n H∂v ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°mw.

Xe-t®mdpw hnIm-cß - f - psS ck-X{- ¥hpw Poh-imkv{X cwKØv G‰hpw ck-I-chpw Bthihpw A¤p-Xh - pw Df-hm-°nbXpw Bb H∂mWv Xet®m-dns‚ ]T-\w. a\p-jy-Po-t\m-anse 50% Øne-[nIhpw tI{μ-\m-Uo-hyq-l-Øn-\m-bmWv \o°n-h-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv Xs∂ CXns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂p. \ΩpsS kt¥m-jw, k¶-Sw, tZjyw, thZ-\, ssewKnI-X.... XpS-ßn-b- hnIm-cß - fpw _p≤n, Nn¥, bp‡n-]c-X, Hm¿Ω, {]Xn-Ic - W - ß - ƒ XpS-ßn-bh - b - psa√mw \nb{¥n- ° p- ∂ Xv Xe- t ®m- d m- W v . F∂m¬ hnIm- c ߃s°√mw ImcWw \yqtdm-{Sm≥-kvan-t‰gvkv F∂dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ \mUn k‘n (synapse) I - f - psS A{K-߃ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmk-]Z- m¿∞-ßf - m-W.v \mUo BthK-ßsf H∂n¬ \n∂v as‰mcp \mUn-bn-te-t°m, \n¿hmlImw-K-Øntet°m t{]jWw sNøp-I-bm-Wv Ch-bpsS [¿Ωw. Hcp \yqtdm-{Sm≥kvan-‰d - n\v AXn-t‚Xmb X\Xv hnIm-cß - f - mWv D≠m-IpI. Hcm-fpsS Xet®m-dn¬ GI-tZiw \qdv tImSn-bn-e-[nIw \mUo-tImi-ßf - p-≠m-Ipw. Hmtcm∂n\pw Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\v k‘nIfpw D≠mIpw. AXm-bXv Adn-bm-hp-∂{X Kme-IvknI-fnse samØw \£-{X-ß-tf-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bncn°pw Hcm-fpsS Xe-t®m-dnse kn\m-]vkp-I-fpsS FÆw. Duln-°m≥ t]mepamIn√ CXv. tUm∏-an≥, Km_ (GABA), Ak- s s‰¬ sImfn≥, t\m¿F∏ns\{^n≥, F∏ns\{^n≥, kntdm-t´m-Wn≥ XpSßn GXm\pw \yqtdm {Sm≥kvao-t‰-gvkmWv ta¬]-d™ hnImc߃°v Imc-Ww. Ch-bpsS kwXp-e-\-ØnXI- c mdv kw`- h n- ® m¬ \ΩpsS kz`m- h - Ø nepw s]cpam‰Ønepw hyXymkw hcpw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ak-ss‰¬ sImfns‚ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ hyXymkw h∂m¬ Hm¿Ω-°p-dhv A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw, Km_-bnhyXymkw h∂m¬ Atß-b‰w BImw-£-bpw, thhem- X nbpw IqSpw, tUm∏an≥ hyXym- k - s ∏- ´ mbmYm¿∞y-t_m[w \jvS-s∏-Spw. kntdm-tSm-Wn≥ Ipd™m¬ \mw hnj-Æ-\pw, Akz-ÿ\pw Dd-°-an√m-Ø-h\pw BIpw. t\m¿-F-∏n-s\-{^n-\n¬ am‰w h∂m¬ Ie-ie - mb tZjyw hcpw. hnIm- c - ß - f p- ≠ m- ° p∂ \yqtdm {Sm≥kv a n- t ‰-

gvkns\°pdn®p am{X-a√ Ah-bpsS D]-hn-`m-K-ß-sf°p-dn®v IqSn C∂v Adn-bmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kntdmt´m-Wp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-°p∂ 18 Hmfw D]-hn-`m-Kß - f - p- ≠v. \ΩpsS Xe-t®m-dns\ CSXpw heXpw F∂o c≠v Xpey A¿≤-tKm-f-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm-∂nt\bpw 3 `mK-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°mw. skdn-{_w, skdns_-√mw, saUp√ Htªmw-tK‰. \ΩpsS Nn¥, _p≤n XpSßn sF—n-I-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂Xv skdn- { _- a m- W v . sF—nI {]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf ]ckv ] c]qc- I - a mb hn[- Ø n¬ \nb- { ¥n- ° p- ∂ - X n\n¿Æm-bI ]¶p hln-°p-∂Xv skdn-s_-√a - m-W.v lrZb- k v ]- μ- \ w, izk\w XpSßn Ass\- — n- I - a mb {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ ]eXpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv saUp-√b - mWv. kXy-Øn¬ Hmtcm sk°‚nepw Hcp e£-Øn-e[nIw cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Xe-t®-mdn¬ \S-°p-∂p-≠.v am{X-a√ Xe-t®mdv Hcp tdUntbm {Sm≥kvan-‰dpw t]mse-bmWv. Hmtcm sk°‚nepw At\Iw sshZypX Xcw-K-߃ AXv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXv \ap°v Af-°m-w. hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ hnI-mc - ß - f - psS Bhiy-Øn-te-°mbn 50-e[ - nIw cmk-]Z- m¿∞-ßf - mWv Xet®m¿ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. hnIm-cß - ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂X - n¬ Xe-t®m-dns‚ Nne `mK߃°v {]tXyI {]m[m-\y-ap≠v. Xe-t®m-dnse ap≥`mKsØ t{^m≠¬ tem_v BWv Db¿∂-Nn-¥, Bkq{XWw, sshIm-cnI \nb-{¥-Ww, t{]m’m-l-\w, {]hrØn F∂n- h - b psS tI{μ- ÿ m- \ w. \ap°v kt¥mjw \¬Ip∂ kntdm-t´m-Wn≥ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv dms^ \yq¢n-bkpw IqSn-tN¿∂ anUv s{_bn-\mWv. Xe-t®m-dnse lnt∏m-Im-ºkpw enw_nIv knÃhpw tN¿∂-`m-K-amWv Hm¿Ω-bpsS tI{μw. AanKvUe (Amygdala) tZjy-Øn\v {][m-\-am-Wv. \yq¢n-bkv AIyp-s_≥kmWv t{]m’m-l\ - w., AwKo-Im-cw, B{inXXzw F∂nh \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬ apJy ]¶v hln°p-∂-Xv. sslt∏m-X-em-akv BWv `£-W-io-ew, A¥-{kmho{KŸn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w F∂nh \nb{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp \yqtdm{Sm≥kvan-‰-dn\v Hcp [¿Ωw am{Xa√ Df-fXv \nc-h[n [¿Ω-߃ sNøm-\p-≠m-Ipw. DZmlc-W-Øn\v kntdm-tSm-Wns‚ Ipdhv hnjmZw, BImw£, Dd-°w, ssewKn-I-X, `£W {]iv\-߃, thZ-\, XpS¿®-bmbn AIm-c-W-amb `bw, s]m´n-sØdn-°¬ ioew F∂n-h°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. Hmt´m-WanIv \mUo-hy-hÿ ico-c-Ønse GXm-s≠-√m Ahb-h-ß-fp-tSbpw {]h¿Ø\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. t]mkn-t{Sm¨ Fan-j≥ tSmtam-{Km^n kvIm≥ (PET Scan) hnI-kn-®-tXmsS Xe-t®m-dns‚ D≈-d-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ \ap°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. CXns‚ ^e-ambn hfsc \n›nX-am-b ( Specific) `mK-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-߃°-\pk-cn-®p≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw am\-knI tcmK35

߃ Xmc-X-tay\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn \nb-{¥n-°m\pw \ap°m-hp-∂p-≠v. DZm: hnjm-Z-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb acp-∂p-Iƒ, \mUo-k-‘n-Iƒ°p apºp≈ \mUoA-{K-ß-fn\n∂pw kntdm-t´m-Wns‚ XpS¿ BKn-cWsØ XS-bpIbpw XZzmc AXns‚ Nbm-]-N-b-sØ XS-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. X∑qew kntdm-tSm-Wnt\m F∏n-s\-{^n-t\m, t\m¿ F∏n-s\-{^nt\m \mUo-k‘ - n-If - n¬ IqSp-Ibpw hnjmZw amdp-Ibpw tZjyw, Akz-ÿX F∂nh C√mXmbn kt¥mjw tXm∂pIbpw sNøpw, {Sn]vs‰m-^m≥ F∂ Bant\m Bkn-Un¬ \n∂pw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kntdm-tSm-Wn≥ BWv \ap°v kt¥m-jØ - ns‚ Ahÿ ( Happy feelings) \¬Ip-∂X - v. AUn-£≥ D≠m°p-∂X - nepw CXv ]¶v hln-°p-∂p-≠.v kntdm-tSm-Wns‚ Afhv Ipd-™m¬ hnhn-[-tXm-Xn-ep≈ hnjm-Z-Øn\v CS-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. BImw-£, `bw, Pohn-XØns‚ A¿∞iq\y-X (feelings of worthlessness), Dd°-an-√mbva As√-¶n¬ CS-b° v n-Sb - ° v p≈ Dd-°w, hni∏n-√mbva Nne-t∏mƒ AanX hni-∏v, tim[-\-X-I-cm-dpIƒ, Xe-th-Z-\, ]pdw-th-Z-\, \n›n-X-a-√mØ ico-cth-Z-\-Iƒ, H∂nepw kt¥mjw tXm∂m-Xn-cn-°p-I, GIm-¥X F∂nh hnjm-Z-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-fm-Wv. ac-W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥, Bfl-lXy F∂n-h-bnte°v CXv FØn-t®-cmw. Nne¿ tZjyhpw Zp:Jhpw, Ip‰-t_m-[hpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. ]Icw kaq-lØn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥h-en-bpw. sS≥j≥, Bam-ib XIcm-dp-Iƒ, am\-knI kΩ¿±w (stress), Xe-th-Z-\, t]mj- I - ° p- d - h v , KpW- I - c - a - √ mØ Blm- c w, ssXtdmbvUv ho°w, kv{XoI-fnse F≥tUmsa{Sn-tbmkn-kv, Kpcp-Xc - a - mb AwK-ssh-Ie - y-߃, Ae¿Pn-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw hnjm-Z-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Imw. Nne-cnCcp´pw XWpØ Imem-hÿ - bpw hnjmZw Iq´pw. kqcy{]-Im-ihpw \√ sXfn™ {]Im-ihpw hnjmZw Ipdbv°pw. kqcy-{]-Imiw ]n\y¬ {KŸn-bn¬ \n∂v saemtSm-Wn≥ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ipw. CXv hnjmZsØ XS-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p-. 2 aWn-°q¿ kabw cmhn-esØ kqcy-{]-Imiw sImf-fp∂Xv hnjm-ZsØ Ipd-bv°p-sa∂v ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. F∂mkmbm” kqcy≥ Cu ^ew Xcp-∂n-√. \mw Ign-°p∂ Blmcw \ΩpsS Xe-t®m-dns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-sØbpw \ΩpsS kz`m-h-sØbpw kzm[o\n-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv ]T-\ß - ƒ ImWn-°p-∂X - .v tZmjI-c-amb `£-W-io-e-߃, CS-°n-sS-bp≈ t_°dn km[-\-߃, \qUn¬kv t]mep≈ P¶v ^pUp-Iƒ, lw_¿P¿, {^©v ss{^ XpS-ßnb hdhv km[-\ß - ƒ, Sn∂n-e-S® `£-W-߃ F∂nh Dt∑-j-°p-d-hn-\pw, Nn¥m-£-b-Øn-\pw, imco-cnI £oW-Øn\pw CS-bm°p-sa∂v ]T-\-߃ ImWn-°p-∂p. AanX sImgp-∏-Sßnb `£W km[-\-߃ Xe-t®m-dnse \yqtdm{Sm≥kvan-t‰-gvkns‚ D¬]m-Z-\sØ aμo-`-hn-∏n-°p-

∂XmWv CXn\v ImcWw. hmg-∏-g-߃, ]q¿W-amb [m\y-߃ XpSßn [mcmfw Im¿t_m sslt{U-‰p-Iƒ AS-ßnb `£-Ww, S¿°n-t]m-ep≈ Nne ]£n-I-fpsS t{]m´o≥ F∂n-hbn¬ [mcmfw {Sn]vt‰m-^m≥ F∂ Aant\m Aæw DffXpsIm≠v kntdm-t´m-Wn≥ D¬]m-Z-\sØ klm-bn°p-Ibpw hnjm-ZsØ XS-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. amwkyamIs´ tUm∏-an≥, t\m¿ F∏n-s\-{^n≥ F∂n-h-bpsS D¬]m-Z-\sØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XpsIm≠v \mw IqSp-X¬ Pm{K-Xbpw sS≥j\pw Df-fhcmbn-Øo-cpw. AXp-sIm≠v kwXp-en-Xa - mb `£-Wa - mWv \ap-°m-h-iyw. k¶o¿W-amb A∂-P-߃°v ]Icw ]©- k m- c - t ]m- e p≈ efn- X - a mb A∂- P ß- f nse Du¿÷w icocw Ffp∏w hen-s®-SpØv DW¿hp-≠m°p-sa-¶nepw XpS¿∂v AXv amwk-t]-in-I-fpsS £bØn\pw, hnjm-ZØ - n\pw CS-bm-°pw F∂Xv {]tXyIw {i≤n-°Ww. ssStdm-kn≥ F∂ Aant\m Aæw Xe-t®m-dns‚ icn-bmb {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v AXym-hi - y-am-Wv. `£-WØn¬ Cu Aant\m Aæw Bh-iy-Øn\v e`n-®mam\-knIkwL¿j-߃ Ipd-bp-∂X - n\v klm-bn-°pw.

L ssStdm- k n≥, L ^oss\¬ Ae- \ n≥ F∂o Aant\mAæ-ßsf t\m¿ A{Un-\m-en≥ B°n am‰p∂-Xn\v hn‰m-an≥ kn AXymh-iy-amWv. Sn]vt‰m-^m\ns\ kntdm-tSm-Wn≥ B°n am‰p-∂-Xn\pw hn‰m-an≥ kn thWw. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂ im¥hpw, kt¥mj-Ichp-amb Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-I-W-sa-¶n¬ hn‰m-an≥ kn AS-ßnb `£Ww Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]g-߃, s\-√n°, t]c-bv°, \mc-ßI - ƒ F∂n-hb - n¬ [mcmfw hn‰man≥ kn D≠v. NqSm°nbm¬ hn‰m-an≥ kn \jvS-s∏-Sp∂Xp-sIm≠v thhn-°msX Ign-°p-∂X - mWv \√-Xv. \ΩpsS Nn¥- I fpw, hnIm- c - ß - f - p w s]cp- a m- ‰ ßfpsa√mw icoc ck-X{- ¥-sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.Im-bn-Im-[zm-\w, Ifn-Iƒ, dnemIvtk-j≥ hnZyIƒ F∂nh klm-bI - c - a - m-Wv. dnem-Ivtk-j≥ t\m¿ F∏ns\-{^ns‚ D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-Ibpw hnjmZw Ipd- b v°pIbpw sNøpw. Imbn- I m- ` ym- k w, A{Un\mens‚bpw Ft‚m¿^n-\p-If - psSbpw D¬]m-Z\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Ch im¥-amb Dd-°-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w hnjm-Zw, BImwIvj F∂nh Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNøpw. kz¥w hnizm-kß - f - pw Nne-t∏mƒ cmk{]h¿Ø-\߃°n-Sb - m-°mw. DZm: Hcp {]tXyI tcmKhpambn Hcp _‘-an-√mØ Nne acp-∂p-Iƒ sImSp-Øm-¬ Xs∂ Nnecn¬ tcmK-e£ - W - ß - ƒ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂ (Placebo effect) Xmbn ImWp-∂X - ns‚ ImcWw CXm-Wv. am\-knI kΩ¿±w (stress) \yqtdm {Sm≥kvan-t‰gvkns‚ D¬]m-Z-\sØbpw _m[n-°p-∂p≠v. hy‡n _‘- ß - f nse Akzm- c - k y- ß ƒ, kmº- Ø n- I w, 36

tlm¿tam-Wp-Ifmb (sex hormones), Cukvt{SmP≥, sStÃm-Ãvtdm¨ F∂n-hb - mWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. (2) i‡n-bmb BI¿j-Ww (attraction) (Lovestruck phase Infatuation) {]Wbw Xe-bv°-Sn® Ahÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. tamtWm Aan-\p-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ cmk-hk - vXp-°f - p-sS- A-\n-b{- ¥n-Xa - mb Hgp-°mWv Cu L´-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv. kntdm-tSm-Wn≥, t\m¿ F∏ns\-{^n≥ (Norepinephin) F∂nh \sΩ Bth-i-`-cnX-cm-°p-∂p. tUm∏an\mIs´ kt¥mjw \¬IpI am{X-a√ imco-cn-Ihpw am-\kn-Ih - p-amb ASp∏w h¿≤n∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F√mw \nb¥n°p∂-Xm-Is´ ^nss\¬ CussX¬ A-an≥ (Phenyl ethylAmine PEA) F∂ {]WbX∑m{Xbpw (love molecule). ]n. C. F ]pc-´mØ Hcp a∑Ymkv{Xhpan-√ Xs∂.

IÆp-Iƒ XΩn-en-Sb - pI-tbm, H∂p Xtem-Sp-Itbm am{Xw aXn Ch-bpsS D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v. ck-Ic - a - mb Imcyw ]n.

C. F F∂ {]W-bX - ≥am{X tNm°-te‰v, kvt{Sm_dn F∂n-hb - n¬ [mcm-fa - p-≠v. CXm-bn-cn°mw {]nb-s∏-´h¿°v tNm°-tf‰pw kvt{Sm_-dnbpw a‰pw \¬Ip-∂X - v.

IÆ-pIƒ XnfßpI, D≈w ssI hnb¿°pI, kwkm-cØn\v hn°¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I, lrZb-an-Sn∏v IqSp-I, Im¬ap-´p-Iƒ Cf-°pI, izmtkm-—mkw BgØn-em-IpI F∂nh {]W-b-Øn‚ e£-W-ß-fmWv. {]W-bØ - n¬ sN∂v ]Xn-°p∂ Cu L´-Øn¬ {]I-Samb Cu e£-W-ß-ƒ ImWmw. Dd-°-an-√m-bva,- hn-i∏n-√mbva {i≤-°p-dhv F∂n-hbv°v CXn-Sb - m-°p-∂p.

Cu tlm¿tam-Wp- ItfmSv AUn-£≥ D≠m-bm{]Wbw i‡-am-Ip-∂p. C-tXmsS temIw- sam-ØØ - n{]W-bn-\n-bn-te°v Npcp-ßpw. {]W-bn-\nsb ImWm-Xncn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcnIbpw kmaqly DØ-ch - m-ZnØ-ßfpw a‰v _‘ßfpw F√mw Dt]-£n®v hnth-Ihpw _p≤nbpw \in-®h - s - \-t]mse hmbp-hn¬ ]mdn \S-°p∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂pIbpw sNøpw. CXmWv {`m¥\pw D∑-Ø\pw Hcp t]mse-bm-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ Imc-Ww. ]n C F BWv taml-Øn¬ \n∂v {]W-bØ - n-te-°p≈ am‰w \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - v. Hcp ]mSp-Imew {]W-bn®v \S°m-\m-In-√. ImcWw {]W-bt- lm¿tam-Wp-It- fmSv \ΩpsS- X-et- ®mdv XmZm¬ayw {]m]n-°pw. CXns‚ ImessZ¿Lyw F√m-hc - nepw Hcp-t]m-se-b√ - . F¶nepw icmicn 6 amkw apX¬ 3 sIm√w hsc FSp-°mw. an°-hcnepw CØcw tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ Ipd-™v km[mcW \ne-bn¬ FØpw. CtXmsS {]Wbw C√m-Xm-Ipw. (3) {]W-b-Øns‚ ASpØ L´-amWv ASp∏w (attachment). Ian-Xm-°fpw `mcym-`¿Øm--°∑ - mcpw ]n∂oSv H∂n®v Pohn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ImcWw CXm-Wv. HmIvkntSm-¨, hmtkm-{]-kn≥ F∂o tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fmWv CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂X - .v HmIvkn-tSm-kn-\mWv ]m¬ NpcØp-∂X - n\pw {]k-hk - a - b - Øv K¿`-]m{Xw Npcp-ßp-∂Xn\pw Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂X - v. Benw-K\ - Ø - ns‚ cmkn-Ia - m-

sXmgn¬, `qX-Ime A\p-`-h-߃, H‰-s∏-S¬, kzm`nam-\{- ]-i\ v ß - ƒ F∂nh am\-knI kΩ¿±ßƒ°v ImcW-am-Imw. CXns‚ `mK-ambn B{I-an-°pI A√-¶n]emb\w sNøpI ( fight or flight) F∂ {]h¿Ø-\w ico-c-Øn¬ \S-°p-Ibpw [mcmfw am‰-߃°v CSbm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. tZjy-s∏´v hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn°¬, ]pI-h-en, aZy-]m-\w, Imbn-Im-`ymkw F∂n-hbv°v CXv C-Sb - m°mw. Hmt´m-tWm-anIv \mUo-hy-hÿ - bpsS kwXp-en-Xm-hÿ \jy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-aq-ew, c‡a¿±w IqSp-Ibpw Nne-t∏mƒ lrZ-bm-Lm-X-w t]mepw D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°mw. kvs{S v Xe-t®-mdnse sslt∏m-Xe - m-ak - ns\bpw _m[n°pw. CXv A{Un-\¬ {KŸnsb DtØ-Pn-∏n-°pIbpw A{Un-\m-en≥ (Adrenalin) tIm¿´n-tkmƒ F∂o tlm¿tam-Wp-If - psS D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v CS-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv Pc-WØ - n-\pw, F√p-Iƒ £bn-°p-∂X - n\pw, tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[tijn Ipd-bv° - p-∂Xn\pw CS-bm°p-w. Cu Ahÿ XpS¿∂m¬ Xe-t®m-dnse lnt∏mIm-ºkv F∂ `mKsØ _m[n-°p-Ibpw, Aant\m Bkn-Up-I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw XI-cm-dn-em-Ip-Ibpw \yqtdm-{Sm≥kvan-t‰gvkv Xs∂ am‰-Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-IpIbpw sNøpw. Hm¿Ωsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ lnt∏m-Imºkv XI-cm-dm-bm¬ Bh-iy-amb hnh-cß - ƒ kzoI-cn°p-∂X - n\pw {]iv\ß - ƒ eLq-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n\pw Ign-bmXm-Ipw. Ah-km\w am\-kn-Im-hÿ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ignbm-sX-hc - n-Ib - pw, bp‡n-`{- Z-X, Dd°w , {i≤, ÿe-Ime-t_m[w F∂nh \jvSs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. aZyw, I©mhv XpS-ßnb ab°pacp-∂p-Iƒ F∂nh ico-cØ - nse a‰-hb - h - ß - ƒ°v tISp-hc - p-Øp∂-Xp-t]mse Xe-t®mdns‚ ck-X{¥hpw am‰n-ad - n-°p-Ibpw hnIm-cß - f - nepw {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - nepw am‰-߃ hcpØp-Ibpw sNøpw.

Nncn, F≥tUm¿- ^ n- \ p- I - f p- s Sbpw, F≥I- ^ men\pIfptSbpw D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v Imc-Wa- m-Ip-∂Xp aqew thZ-\I - ƒ Ipd-bp-Ibpw \ΩpsS am\-kn-Im-hÿ Dbcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂X - mbn A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-∂p. PcWw Ipdbp-∂X - n\pw Nncn klmbIc-amWv. ssewKnI_‘-Øn¬ AXn-i-‡-amb At\Iw cmk-]-Zm¿∞-߃ D¬]m-Zn-∏n°s∏Sp∂p≠v. CXv a\ n\v Bizmkhpw, im¥-Xbpw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw cmk-]-Zm¿∞-߃°v AUnIvj≥ D≠m°p∂ kz`-mhw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v ssewKn-IX icnbmbcoXn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-s√-¶n¬ AXv Xs∂ kz`mh hyXn-bm-\ß - ƒ°pw Imc-WamImw. Hcp hkvXp-hn-t\m-tSm, hy‡n-tbmtSm tXm∂p∂ AXn-bmb kvt\lw As√-¶n¬ ASp∏w (Affection) BWv {]Wbw. At\Iw cmkn-Iß - f - psS {]h¿Ø-\^-e-am-bmWv {]W-bw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. c≠p hy‡nIƒ XΩn-epff {]W-b-Øn\v 3 L´-ß-fp-≠v.

(1) ssewKo-Im-I¿j-Ww (Lust, Imaw), enwK 37

Wv (Cudding Chemical) HmIvkn-tSm-kn≥. ssewKnI cXn-aq¿—bn¬ BWnepw s]Ænepw CXv D¬]m-Zn-∏n°s∏Sp∂p-≠v. `mcym-`¿Øm-°∑ - m¿ XΩn¬ IqSp-XBkzm-Zy-I-c-amb ssewKnI _‘-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ZrV-am-Im-\p≈ km[y-X-bp≠v F∂mWv Icp-Xp-∂X - v. hmtkm-{]-kn-\mWv GI-]-Xv\o-{h-X-Øn\v Imc-Wamb cmknIw. kkvX-\n-I-fn¬ 3% ¬ Xmsg PohnIƒ am{Xta GI ]Xv\o-{h-X-°m-cm-bp-≈q. \n¿`m-KyØn\v a\p-jy≥ GI-]-Xv\o-{hX Pohn-b-√. Poh-imkv{X-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ 365 Znh-khpw cm]I¬t`Zs-at\y ssewKnI _‘-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-hp∂ thsd Pohn-Iƒ C√. ssewKnI DtØ-P-\w, CW-tNc¬, P\-\w, kv{XoI-fn¬ ape-bq-´¬, inip-]c - n-]m-e\w F∂nh CØcw tlm¿tam-Wp-If - psS D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p-≠.v {]mb-am-bh - c - n¬ HmIvkn-tSm-kns‚ Afhv Aev]w IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ IpSpw__‘-ßt- fmSv sNdp-∏° - m-tc-°mƒ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂Xv F∂v thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. kvt\l-_‘w Zo¿L-Imew \ne-\n¬°p∂-XnF≥tUm¿^n-≥ F∂ cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw \√ ]¶ph-ln-°p-∂p-≠.v thZ-\sb ian-∏n®v kt¥mjw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂X - n\pw F≥tUm¿^n-\p-Iƒ°v Ign-bpw. hfsc Bflm¿∞- a mb _‘w \ne- \ n¿Øp- ∂ Xv F≥tUm¿^n-\p-I-fm-Wv. tZjyw, k¶-Sw, Ic-®nF∂n-h-sb√mw cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. IÆp-\o¿ Xs∂ 3 Xc-ap-≠-t√m. km[m-cW Ah-ÿ-bnIÆns\ \\-bv°p∂ IÆp-\o-cns‚ cmk-L-S-\-b-√, IÆn¬ Ic-Sp-t]m-bmtem cmk-hk - vXp-°ƒ aqew \o‰ep-≠m-Ip-tºmtgm Hgp-Ip∂ IÆp-\o-cn-\v. k¶Sw aqew Ic-bp-tºmƒ as‰m-cp-Xcw IÆp-\o-cmWv D≠m-Ip-∂X - v. hnkvXm-c `bw aqew Ah-sb√mw ChnsS hni-Zo-I-cn°p-∂n-√. ico-cØ - nse a‰v Nne Ah-bh hyqlßfpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ IqSn H∂v ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Ømw.

Zl-\-hyqlw Zl\w bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hfsc efn-X-amb {]{In-bbm-Wv. At\Iw F≥ssk-ap-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\ ^eam-bmWv CXv \S-°p-∂-Xv. F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ F∂Xv {]tXyIXcw t{]m´o≥ X∑m-{X-I-fm-Wv. Zl\w F∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ D¬t{]-c-I-ß-fm-bmWv Ch {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. 3 hn[-Øn-ep≈ F≥ssk-ap-I-fp≠v(1) sa‰-t_m-fn-Iv(N - b - m-]N - b - ) F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ, Ch \ΩpsS c‡-Ønepw Ah-b-h-ß-fnepw Ie-I-fnepw ASßnbncn-°p-∂p. (2) `£y-hk - X v p-°f - nse F≥sskap-Iƒ. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ {]Ir-Xym-ep≈ `£y-h-kvXp°-fn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ CØcw F≥sskapIƒ 75% hpw `£y-hkvXp Zln-°p-∂X - n\v klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. DZm: amwk-Øn-ep≈ F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ . amwkØn-se henb t{]m´o≥ X∑m-{X-Isf hnL-Sn-∏n®v sNdnb X∑m-{X-I-

fm°n am‰p-∂p. amwkw Ffp∏w Zln-°m≥ CXv klmbn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv arKsØ sIm∂ DS-s\bp≈ {^jv amwk-tØ-°mƒ \√Xv 10-˛12 aWp-°q¿ ]g-Inb amwk-amWv F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - v. tlm´-ep-If - nse Cd-®n-°d - n°v IqSp-X¬ cpNn tXm∂m≥ Imc-Ww CXmbn-cn-°Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw Xte Znh-ksØ amwk-am-bncn-°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. `£y-hk - vXp-°ƒ thhn-°ptºmƒ Cu F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ \in®p t]mIp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂X - v. hntZ-ic - m-Py-ßf - n-sems° Iim-∏p-sNbvXv 12-˛16 aWn-°q¿ hsc amwkw ioXo-I-cW apdn-bnsI´n-Øq-°n-bn-´-ti-jta hn¬]\ \S-Øm-dp-≈q.(3).

Zl-\c - k - ß - ƒ AYhm ssUP-kv‰nIv F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ Ch \ΩpsS hmb, IpS-ep-Iƒ, Icƒ F∂nh D¬]mZn-∏n-°p∂ hnhn[ ]Zm¿∞-ßf - m-Wv. \ΩpsS `£-W-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw A∂-Pw(Im¿t_m-ssl-t{U‰v),- amwkyw (t{]m-´o≥), sImgp-∏v (^m‰v) F∂n-hb - mWv D≈-Xv. Hmtcm∂pw Zln-°p-∂Xv {]tXyIw {]tXyIw cmk {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ hgn-bm-Wv. Zl-\-Øns‚ BXy-¥nI e£yw ico-c-Ønse F√m tImi-߃°pw Pohn-°p-∂X - n\pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - n\pw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - n\pw Bh-iy-amb Du¿÷w {]Zm\w sNøp-Ib - mWv. `£W km[-\ß - ƒ Zln-°p-∂X - n\v Hcp {Ia-ap-≠v.

BZyw A∂Pw c≠maXv t{]m´o≥, aq∂m-aXv sImgp∏v . sImgp∏v Zln- ° m≥ Icƒ D¬]m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p∂ F≥ssk-ap-Iƒ thWw. sNdp-Ip-S-en¬h®v IqSp-Xka-b-sa-Sp-ØmWv Cu {]{Inb \S-°p-∂-Xv. IpS-en-eqsS-bp≈ sImgp-∏ns‚ \o°-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ ka-b-saSp-°p-∂X - ns‚bpw Imc-Wa - n-Xm-Wv. sh≈w, •qt°mkv (tamtWm km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ), Ct\m¿Km-\nIv AtbmWp-Iƒ F∂nh Zln-°msX Xs∂ ico-c-Øn-te°v BKncWw sNø-s∏-Spw. A∂Pw AYhm Im¿t_m-ssl-t{U-‰p-Iƒ 3 Xcap-≠v. tamtWm km°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ Hcp jpK¿ X∑m{X am{Xw AS-ßn-b-h-bmWv Ch: \ΩpsS •qt°m-kv, tX\n¬ AS-ßnb {^IvtSmkv F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-ßfm-Wv. ssUkm-°-ssd-Up-Iƒ ˛ \ΩpsS ]©-km-c-t]mep≈ Ch-bn¬ 2 jpK¿ X∑m-{X-I-fp-≠v. t]mfn-km-°s - sd-Up-Iƒ ˛ Ãm¿®v (A-∂P - w), sk√ptemkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ At\Iw jpK¿ X∑m-{X-Iƒ tbmPn®v Hcp Nße t]mse ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

Im¿t_m-ssl-t{U-‰p-I-fpsS Zl\w hmbn¬h®v Xs∂ XpS-ßp-∂p. Dan-\o-cnse Assa-tekv F≥sskw A∂-PsØ amƒt´mkv F∂ ]©-km-c-bm°n am‰p∂p. CXmWv s\√n-°-bpw tNmdpw hmbn-en´v Ipd®v t\cw Nh-®m¬ a[pcw tXm∂p-∂-Xn\v Imc-Ww. Dan\o-¿ hmb-hc - ≠p t]mIm-Xn-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw `£-WsØ 38

\\®v arZp-hm°n hngp-ßm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp Znhkw 1 1/2 en‰-tdmfw Dan-\o¿ D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. \√ `£-WØ - ns‚ aWw, ImgvN F∂nh hmbn¬ Dan-\o¿ Dudp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. Dan-\o¿ Xp∏n-°-fbm-\p-≈-X-√, A∂-\m-f-Øn-epw, Bam-i-b-ØnFØnb `£Ww sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Aæ-hp-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂X - p-hs - cbpw Dan-\o-cnse Assa-te-k(v Sbmen≥) {]h¿Øn®p sIm≠n-cn-°pw. CXn-\n-Sbv°v 30-˛40 % kv‰m¿®pw am¬t´m-kmbn amdn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. Bami-b-Øns‚ AIØv h®v s]cn-Ãmƒ´n°v aqhvsa‚ v F∂ IpS-ep-If - nse Ass\-—nI Ne\w aqew `£Ww Ipgºp cq]-Øn-em-Ip-Ibpw A¬]m¬]-ambn sNdp IpS-en¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Bam-i-b-Ønh®v sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Uns‚ DtØ-P\ - Ø - ns]]vkn≥, t{]m´o≥ X∑m- { X- I sf hn`- P n®v s]]vssdUp-Ifm°n am‰p∂p. s]]vssdUp-Isf ^m‰n Kmkv{Sn-Iv˛ sset∏kv ss{S•n-k-ssd-Up-I-sf- ^m‰n Bkn-Up-If - mbn am‰p-Ibpw sNøpw. sslt{Um-¢m-dnIv Bkn-Upƒs∏sS 1 1/2 en‰-tdmfw Zl-\-c-k-ß-fmWv Bam-ibw Hcp Znhkw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. sNdp-Ip-Se - n¬ h®mWv _m°n Zl\w ]q¿Øn-bmhp-∂-Xv. sNdp-Ip-S-en-s‚- Xp-S° `mK-amb Upthm-Un\-Øn-tebv°v Ic-fn¬ \n∂p≈ 1/2 en‰¿ ]nØ-c-k (- s s_¬) hpw Bt·b {KŸn(Pancreas) bn\n∂p≈ 1 1/2 en‰¿ ]m≥{In-bm-‰nIv Pyqkpw Hcp Znhkw h∂p tNcp-∂p-≠v, sNdp-Ip-S¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xpw \mw Hcp Znhkw IpSn- ° p∂ sh≈hpw tN¿Øm¬ GI-tZiw 3 en‰¿ {Zmh-I-amWv sNdp-Ip-Sen-epsS Hcp Znhkw IS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xv. sNdp-Ip-Sen¬ h®v ]m≥{In-bm-‰nIv Assa-tekv kvddm¿®ns\ amƒt´m-km-°n-am-‰pw. sNdp-Ip-S-ense Zl-\-c-k-߃ amƒt´m-k,v kpt{Imkv, emIvtSmkv F∂n-hsb ho≠pw hn`-Pn®v •qt°mkv {^IvtSmkv F∂n-hb - m-°n-am‰n c‡Øn-te°v hen-s®-Sp-°pw. ]m≥{In-bm-‰nIv F≥sskap-If - mb {Sn]vkn≥, ssItam-{Sn-]k v n≥, Im¿t_m-Ik v ns]-]‰ v n-tU-kv F∂nh t{]m´o≥ X∑m-{X-Isf, Aant\m Bkn-Up-I-fp-am°n am‰pw. sNdp-Ip-S-ense Zl-\-c-kß-fpw CXn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu {]h¿Ø\w \S-°W - s - a-¶n¬ GI-tZiw \yq{S¬ aoUnbw Bh-iyam-Wv. ]m≥{In-bmkv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ss_Im¿_tW‰v Atbm¨ BWv Bam-i-b-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp∂ Bkn-Uns\ \n¿hocy-am-°p-∂-Xv. Icƒ, sNdp-Ip-SF∂n-h-bnse ck-ßfpw CXn¬ ]¶mfnbmIp-∂p.

Blm-c-Ønse sImgp-∏n¬ {][m\w ss{S •mkvssdUpfpw sImf-kvt{Sm-fp-am-Wv. Bam-i-b-Øn¬ hfsc sNdnb Afhv sImgp∏v am{Xta Kmkv{SnIv sse-t∏kv hgn Zln-°p-∂p-≈p. knwl-`m-Khpw sNdp-Ip-S-en¬ h®mWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. Icƒ ck-Ønse ss_¬ BknUp-If - psS Un‰¿P‚ v

B£≥ aqew henb sImgp∏v t•m_yq-fp-Iƒ apdn™v sNdnb IW-ß-fmbn amdp-I (Emulisification)-bmWv BZyw \S-°p-I. AXn\v tijw sNdp-Ip-Se - pw, ]m≥{Inbmkpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ sset]kv F≥sskw Chsb ^m‰n Bkn-Up-Iƒ t^mkvt^m en∏n-Up-Iƒ F∂n-h-bm°n am‰n sNdp-Ip-Se - nse enw^v hmln-If - neqsS hen-s®Sp°p∂p. 80-˛90% sImgp∏pw enw^v hmlnI-fn-eq-sS-bmWv ico-cØ - n¬ {]th-in-°p-∂X - v. Zln® `£W km[-\ß - ƒ hen-s®-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ {]X-eh - nkvXo¿Æw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xn\mbn sNdp-Ip-Se - ns‚ `nØnbn¬ [mcmfw hns√-Iƒ D - ≠ - .v Hcp NXp-c{i an√n-ao‰dn\v 20-˛40 hsc hns√-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. F√mw IqSn t®¿ØmHcp thmfn-t_mƒ tIm¿´ns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw hcpw. Zl\-tijw sNdp-IpSen¬ \n∂v GI-tZiw 2 en‰-tdmfw {Zh-cq-]Ø - n-ep≈ ]Zm¿∞-ßf - mWv h≥Ip-Se - n-te°v {]th-in-°p-I. CXn¬ \n∂v sh≈w h≥Ip-S¬ hen-s®Sp-°pw. _m°n hcp∂ aew aem-ib - Ø - n¬ FØn, aeZzm-c-Øn-eqsS ]pd-tØ°v t]mIpw. hen-s®-SpØ ]Zm¿∞-ßf - psS bYm¿∞ Zl\w \S-°p-∂Xv c‡Ønepw ico-ct- Im-iß - f - n-ep-am-Wv. CXv {][m-\a - mbpw HmIvkn-Ps‚ km∂n-≤y-Øn-emWv \S-°p-∂X - .v hmb- apX¬ sNdp-Ip-S¬ hsc \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-eqsS Zl-\Ø - n-\p≈ C‘\w am{Xta D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈p.

•qt°mkv+ HmIvkn- P ≥= Im¿_¨ssU HmIvsskUv+ sh≈w+ Du¿Pw. Cßns\ D≠m-Ip∂ Du¿P-amWv {]hrØnIƒ sNøm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-Xv. Ch-sb√mw Xs∂ At\Iw F≥ssk-ap-If - psS klm-bt- Øm-sS-bmWv \S-°p-∂X - v.

A¥:-{km-ho-hyhÿ(Endocrine System) icocØnse H´p- a n° cmk- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß fpw \ΩpsS C—-bv°-√m-sX-bmWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. AXn{][m-\s - ∏´ Hcp taJ-eb - mWv A¥:-{km-ho-{K-Ÿn-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\w.

CØcw {KŸn- I ƒ D¬]m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p∂ {kh- ß ƒ {]tXyI Ipg-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-b-√msX t\cn´v c‡-Ønte°v {]th-in-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. ]n‰yq-‰d - n, ]n\nb¬, ssXtdm-bvUv,-]m-cm-ssX-tdm-bvUv, ssXa-kv, ]m≥{In-bm-kv, A{Un-\¬, Afim-ib - ß - ƒ, hrj-W߃ F∂n-hs - b√mw tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p-≠v. F√m A¥: {kmho{K-Ÿn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß-sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - psIm≠v ]n‰yq‰dn {KŸnsb amÿ •m≥Uv Bbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. CXn\v 3 `mKß- f p- ≠ v . Hmtcm∂pw hyXykv X Xc- Ø n- e p≈ tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. ssXtdmbvUv Ãnap- t e- ‰ nwKv tlm¿tam¨(TSH),A{Unt\m tIm¿´ntIm t{Sm^nIv Ãnap-te-‰nwKv tlm¿tam¨ (ACTH), t{KmØv tlm¿tam¨ (GH), t^mfn-°nƒ Ãnap-te-‰nwKv tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ(FSH), eyq´-ss\-knwKv tlm¿tam¨(LH), s{]mem-IvSn≥, β sse-t∏m-t{Sm39

]n≥, sae-t\m-ssk‰v Ãnapte-‰nwKv tlm¿tam-WpIƒ(MSH), hmtkm-{]-kn≥, HmIvkn-tSm-kn≥ F∂o tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ ]n‰yq-‰d - n-bp-tS-Xmbp≠v. F√mw IqSn Hcp ssat{Im {Kman¬ Xmsgsb hcq. F∂m¬ ChbpsS {]h¿Ø\w hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-amWv. hf¿®mtlm¿tam¨ {][m-\a - mbpw _mey-Ønepw Iuam-cØ - nep-amWv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. Cu {]mb-Øn¬ CXns‚ Afhv IqSn- b m¬ \mw cm£- k - c q]w {]m]n°pw(Gigantism). Ipd-™m¬ Ip≈-Xz-am-bn-cn°pw ^ew. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-ti-j-amWv Afhv IqSp-∂sX-¶n¬ At{Im-sa-Kmen F∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ipw. ico-c-Ønse an° Ah-b-h-ß-fpsSbpw hep∏w IqSn Hcp hnIrX cq]-am-Ipw. TSH s‚ Afhv IqSn-bm\mw hmcn-h-en®p Xn∂p-sa-¶nepw icocw timjn®p Xs∂-bn-cn-°pw. TSH Ipd-™mtem icocw XSn®p ho¿Øn-cn-°pw. aμ-_p-≤n-bp-≈Xp t]mse-bp-am-Ipw. ]pcpj _oP-\m-fn-bpsS hf¿®, _otPm¬]m-Z-\w, Afim-ib - ß - f - psS {]h¿Ø\w F∂nh \nb-{¥n-°p∂-Xm-Is´ FSH, LH F∂n-hbmWv. t{]mem-IvSn-\mWv ]m¬ DXv]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂X - .v hmtkm-{]-kn≥ h√msX Ipd-™m¬ hr°-I-f-psS {]h¿Ø\w XIcm-dm-Ip-Ibpw Znhkw At\Iw en‰¿ aq{Xw Hgnt°≠n h-cnIbpw sNøpw. kzm`m-hn-I-ambn shf-fhpw IpSnt°-≠n-hc - pw.

MSH, ACTH, saem-tSm-Wn≥ F∂nh sXmen-bpsS \ndw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - n¬ {][m\ ]¶phln-°p-∂p-≠v. ssXtdm-bvUv {KŸn Hcp Znhkw 150 ssat{Im{Kmw tlm¿tam¨ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-bmWv ico-cØnse Nbm-]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv. {]mb-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ \nc°v \n¿Æbn°p-∂-Xv ssXtdm-bU v m-sW∂v ]d-bmw. CXns‚ D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n\v Ab-Un≥ AXymhiy-am-Wv. ssXtdm-Ivkn\v ]pdsa ssXtdmbvUv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Im¬kn-tSm-Wn\pw ]mcm-ssX-tdmbvUv tlm¿tam-Wp-Ifpw tN¿∂mWv icoc-Ønse Im¬ky-Øns‚ Afhv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. F√p-Ifpw ]√p-Ifpw tISp IqSm-sX-bn-cn-°m≥ CXv AXym-hi - y-amWv. A{Un-\¬ {KŸn-I-fpsS ]pdw `mK-hpw (Confex) Dƒ`m-Khpw (Medulla) {]tXyIw {]tXyIw tlm¿tamWp- I - f mWv D¬]m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X v ; {][m- \ - a mbpw ÃotdmbvUv tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ an\dtemtIm¿´n-t°m-bU v p-Ifpw, •qt°m-tIm¿´n-t°m-bU v pI-fp-w. tIm¿´n-tkmƒ, tIm¿´n-t°m-Ãt- dm¨, B¬tUmÃ-tdm¨, Un HmIvkn-tIm¿´n-t°m-Ã-tdm¨, Un sslt{UmIvkn F∏n B≥t{Um-Ãt- dm¨ F∂n-hb - mW-h. •qt°m tIm¿´n-t°m-bU v p-Iƒ A∂-Pw, t{]m´o≥ F∂n-hb - psS Nbm-]N - b {]h¿Ø-\ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂Xn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p. an\-dt- em-t°m¿´n-t°m-bU v p-Iƒ ico-cØnse tkmUnbw Atbm-Wns‚ Afhv \nb-

{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS ico-c-Ønse Pe-Øns‚ kwXpe\w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. {]j¿ \nb-{¥n°p-I, aq{XØns‚ Afhv {Iao-I-cn-°pI XpSßn At\Iw {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw Ch sNøp-∂p≠v.

A{Un-\¬ saUp-√b - n¬ \n∂v Im‰s°mfm-an-\p-Iƒ F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ t\m¿ F∏n-s\-{^n≥, F∏n-s\-{^n≥ (Chsb bYm-{Iaw t\m¿-A{- Un-\men≥, A{Un-\m-en≥ F∂pw hnfn-°pw) tUm∏-an≥ F∂o tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. a\pjycn¬ {][m-\a - mbpw F∏ns\-{^n-\mWv (A-{Un-\m-en≥) D≠m-Ip-∂X - v. kμnKv[ L´-ßf - n¬ Xe-t®m-dn¬ \n∂p≈ \n¿t±-iØ - ns‚ ^eambn Ch c‡-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw ^vssf‰v As√¶n¬ ss^‰v dnbm-£≥ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. CXv apºv hnhcn-®n-´p-≈Xv Hm¿°p-at√m? ]m≥{In-bmknse sFe‰vkv Hm^v em≥K¿ lm≥kv tImi-߃ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ tlm¿tam-WmWv C≥kpen≥, c‡-Ønse •qt°m-kns‚ Afhv 80-˛120 an.{Kmw/ 100 an.{Kmw Bbn \nb-{¥n®v \n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v C≥kpen≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ Afthm {]h¿Ø\ £a-Xtbm Ipd-bp-∂-XmWv {]ta-l-Øn\v Imc-Ww. izk\w izk\w izmk-tIm-i-Øn¬ am{X-a√ \S°p∂Xv ico-c-Ønse F√m-bn-SØpw izk\ {]{Inb \S-°p∂p-≠v. izmk-tIm-iØ - nse 70 tImSnbne-[nIw hcp∂ B¬hn-tbm-fp-Iƒ F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ sIm®p-hmbp AdI-fpsS `nØn-bn-ep≈ c‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn-te°v hmbphnse HmIvkn-P≥ Atßm-´pw, c‡-Øn¬ \n∂v Im¿_¨ssU HmIvsskUv Xncn®v hmbp-hn-te°pw IS-°p-∂X - mWv izmk-tImiØnse izk-\w. samØw B¬hn-tbm-fp-I-fpsS hnkvXo¿Æw Hcp sS∂okv tIm¿´ns‚ A{X-bm-Wv. Cßns\ In´p∂ HmIvkn-P≥ Nph∂ c‡m-Wp-hnse lotam-t•m-_n-\p-ambn tN¿∂v ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ Ie-I-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. IeI-fn¬ sh®v HmIvkn-P≥ At\Iw cmk-{]-{In-bIƒ°m-bpw, Du¿÷ D¬]m-Z\ - Ø - n-\p-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Icw Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv c‡Øn¬ Ie-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. c‡w Id-ßn-Øn-cn™v izmk-tIm-i-Øn¬ FØp-tºm--ƒ Im¿_¨ssU HmIvsskUv B¬hn-tbm-fb - n-te°pw HmIvkn-P≥ c‡Øn-te°pw {]th-in-°pw. CXv Bh¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu {]{Inb \ne-®m¬ 3 an\n´v hsc am{Xta \ap°v Pohn-®n-cn-°m-\m-Iq. F{X {][m-\s - ∏-´X - mWv Cu cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂m-tem-Nn®p t\m°q. amen\y \n¿Ωm¿÷\w: CXn\v klm- b n- ° p∂ {][m- \ - s ∏´ Ah- b - h ßfmWv Icƒ, hr°, Xz°v F∂n-h. ico-c-Ønse G‰hpw henb {KŸn-bmb Icƒ(Liver) \qdv IW°n\v {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Htc kabw sNøp∂ Hcp henb ^mIvS-dn°v Xpey-amWv. ]nØ-ckw am{X-a√ \ap-°m40

h-iy-amb t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ, c‡w I´-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-hiy-amb ]Zm¿∞-߃, hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ, sImgp-∏p-Iƒ, tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb {]Xn-h-kvXp-°ƒ, •qt°m-kv, ss•t°m-P≥ XpSßn At\Iw ]Zm¿∞߃ XpS¿®-bmbn Icƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p-≠v. AtX kabw Xs∂ Bh-iy-Øn-e[ - n-Ia - p≈ Bant\m BknUp-Isf \in-∏n®v bqdnb apX-emb hkvXp-°-fm°n am‰p-I, Nmcm-bw, AS°ap≈ hnj-߃, Nne-a-cp-∂pIƒ, Ãotdm-bvUp-Iƒ, A\m-h-iy-amb tlm¿tam-WpIƒ, hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ F∂n-hsb \n¿ho-cy-am-°p-∂Xv Icfm-Wv. Ch ]n∂oSv ae-Øn-eq-sSbpw aq{X-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]pdØv t]mIp-∂p. ico-cØ - nse sImgp-∏v, •qt°m-kv, t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Nbm-]-Nb {]h¿Ø-\߃ \S-Øp-∂Xpw Du¿÷w D≠m-°p-∂Xpw Ic-fmWv. Ic-fns‚ [¿Ω-߃ hnh-cn-°m≥ Hcp ]pkvXIw Xs∂ th≠n-hc - pw. c‡-Ønse amen-\y-ßsf Acn®pam‰p∂ \ΩpsS hr°I-ƒ Hcp A¤pX {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. 45 an. an‰¿ apX¬ 65 an. ao‰¿ hsc \ofw hcp∂ s\t{^m-WpIƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ t\¿Ø \mfn-I-fn(Tubules)emWv aq{Xw cq]w sIm≈p∂Xv. Hmtcm hr°-bnepw CØ-cØ - n-ep≈ 13 e£w s\t{^m-Wp-Iƒ D≠m-Ipw. Ch-bpsS samØw \ofw 2 hr°bpw Iq´n-bm¬ 160 In.-ao-‰d - n-e[ - nIw hcpw. \mw hn{i-an-°p∂ ka-bØv Hcp an\n-´n¬ 1.2 en‰¿ c‡w \ΩpsS hr°-If - n-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp-∂p≠v. AXm-bXv Hcp Znhkw 1750 en‰¿ .

CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp an\n-´n¬ 125 an.-en-‰¿ amen-\y-ßf - S- ßnb sh≈w Acn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv Hcp aWn°q¿ 7.5 en‰¿. Hcp Znhkw 180 en‰¿ aen\ Pew s\t{^m-Wp-Iƒ°-IØp IqSn IS∂p t]mIp-∂p. CXne-S-ßnb •qt°mkpw eh-W-ß-fpw, (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) 99% Øne-[nIw ico-c-Øn-te°v hen-s®-Sp°p-∂p. _m°n amen-\y-ßfpw eh-Wß - fpw AS-ßnb Hcp en‰-tdmfw aq{X-amWv \mw Hgn®p If-bp-∂-Xv. ico-c-Ønse PeØns‚bpw eh-W-ß-fpsS AtbmWp-I-fp-sSbpw kwXp-e\w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ hr°Iƒ \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. CXv IqSmsX 3 Xcw tlm¿tam-Wp-Ifpw hr°-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p≠v.

1. 1, 25 sImfn-Im¬kn-^-tdmƒ 2. sd\n¬˛ B≥Pn- t bm- s S≥kn≥ F∂ F≥sskapambn tN¿∂ \ΩpsS c‡ a¿±w \nb-{¥n°p-∂p.

3. Fdn-t{Xm-t]m-bv‰n¬ ˛ Aÿn-a-÷-bn¬ Nph∂ c‡mWp°-fpsS \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.

Xz°v ico-c-Øn¬ At\Iw [¿Ω-߃ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-∂p≠v. ico-cØ - nse G‰hpw henb A-hb - h - a - mWv sXmen.

1 {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb Hcm-fn¬ 1 /2 N.-ao-‰dn¬ A[nIw

sXmen- b p≠v . tkzZ- { K- Ÿ n- I ƒ D¬]m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p∂ hnb¿∏mWv \ΩpsS ico-cØ - nse Dujvamhv \nb-{¥n°p-∂X - n\v klm-bn-°p-∂X - v. A\m-hi - y-amb ]e-cm-k]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw CØ-c-Øn¬ Xz°n-eqsS hnk¿Pn-°s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. hnb¿∏v Bhn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ ico-c-Øn\n∂pw NqSv hen-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-hgn icocw XWp-°p∂p. CXn-\mbn Hcp N.-sk.-ao-‰-dn\v 100-˛600 hsc tkzZ{K-Ÿn-Iƒ ico-c-Øn¬ hn\y-kn-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp Znhkw 24 en‰¿ hsc hnb¿∏p¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ch-bv°m-hpw.

AXym-hi - y-L´- ß - f - n¬ Hcp aWn-°q-dn¬ 3 en‰¿ hsc hnb¿∏v D≠m-Ipw. hnb¿∏ns‚ LS\ F√m-h-cnepw Hcp t]mse-b-√. Hmtcm ka-bØpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn°pw. ico-cØ - ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - nepw hyXymks∏´ncn-°pw. km[m-cW - b - mbn tkmUn-bw, t¢mdn≥, s]m´mkn-bw, bqdn-b, emIvtS‰v F∂n-h-bmWv D≠m-Ip-I. hnb¿∏n¬ tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv D≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv D∏p- c kw tXm∂p- ∂ - X v . A¥- c o- £ - Ø nse NqSp IqSmsX ico-c-Ønse tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ, am\-kn-Imhÿ F∂n-hbpw hnb¿∏n\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p-≠.v akme-Ifpw a‰pw tN¿Ø Nne `£W ]Zm¿∞-߃ Ign®m¬ Np≠v, s\‰n, aq°v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ am{X-ambn Nne¿°v hnb¿∏p-≠m-Imw. CXns‚ bYm¿∞ ImcWw Adn-hm-bn-´n-√.

Hcp NXp-c-{i-sk‚o-ao-‰-dn¬ 100 apX¬ 900 hsc (ap-Jw, s\‰n, XmSn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ 400-˛900 hsc) sImgp-∏p-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kvt\l-{K-Ÿn-Iƒ \ΩpsS ico-cØ - n-ep-≠v. •nkssd-Up-Iƒ, ^m‰n Bkn-Up-Iƒ, hmIvkv FÃp-Iƒ, sImf-ktv- {Smƒ F∂n-hb - n-eS- ß - nb Cu sImgp-∏mWv icocw hc-≠p-t]m-Im-sX kwc-£n°p-∂Xpw Ipan-fp-Iƒ, _mIvSocnbIƒ F∂nhbpsS B{I-aW - Ø - n¬ \n∂v XS-bp-∂Xpw. ico-cØ - ns‚ aWØn\v Imc-Whpw Cu kvt\l-I-amWv. CXp-Iq-SmsX NqSv, XWp-∏v, kv]¿i-\w, a¿±w, thZ\ XpS-ßnb ktμ-i-߃ Xe-t®m-dn-te°v Abbv°p-∂Xpw Xz°m-Wv. kqcy-{]-Im-i-Ønse Aƒ{Smh-b-e‰v civan-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hn‰m-an≥ Un \n¿Ωn°p-I. Ãotdm-bvUp-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS [mcmfw tlm¿tamWp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ klm-bn-°p-I, t\cnb tXmXnep≈ izk\w F∂n-hbnepw Xz°v ]¶p-h-ln°p-∂p-≠v.

Dan-\o¿ {KŸn-Iƒ, IÆv, IÆp-\o¿ {KŸn-Iƒ, sNhn, izmk-tIm-iw, amwk-t]-in-Iƒ, lrZbw XpSßn A-t\Iw Ie-If - n¬ Hmtcm \nan-jhpw \qdp-IW - ° - n\v cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p. Ah-sb√mw hnhcn°m≥ ChnsS apXn-cp-∂n-√. cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S°msX \ap°v kwkm-cn-°m-t\m, ImWm-t\m, tIƒ°mt\m, izkn-°mt\m, aq{Xw Hgn-°mt\m H∂n\pw Ignbn-√. \mw Xs∂ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS -^-e-amWv F∂v kmcw.

41

Irjn-bn-Sß - f - nse ck-X{¥w aÆns‚ ckX{¥hpw Irjnbpw aÆn\v sNSn- I sf Dd∏n®v \n¿ØpI F∂ [¿ΩØn\p ]pdsa a¡t\Iw tPmenIƒ \n¿Δln°m\p≠v. h-fsc k¶o¿Æ-amb `uXn-I,- cmk {]{In-b-Iƒ aÆn¬ \nc-¥cw kw`hn-°p-∂p≠v. t]mj-I-߃, Pew F∂nh aÆn¬ \n∂p-amWv sNSn°p e`n°p-∂Xv. shbn¬, a-g,- Im‰v XpS-ßnb {]IyXn i‡n-If - psS {]Xn{]h¿Ø\w aqew ]md kmh-[m\w s]mSn™v cq] ]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn®v aÆm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂- [m-Xp-]-Zm¿∞ßtfm-Sp-Iq-Sn- kky, P¥p Ah-in-jv߃, kq-£-vam-Wp-°ƒ, Pew, hmbp Ch Ie-cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bXv Iyjn-tbm-Ky-amb aÆm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. [mXp-]-Zm¿∞-߃, ssPhmwiw, Pew, hmbp F∂nh Hcp \n›nX A\p-]m-X-Øn-eps≠-¶n¬ am{Xta AXns\ ^e-]p-jvSn-bp-ff aÆv F∂v hnfn-°m≥ ]‰q.- Iy-jn-tbm-Ky-amb aÆn¬ 45 iXam\w [mXp-h-kvXp-°ƒ, 5 iX-am\w ssPhmwiw, 25 iX-am\w Pemiw, 25 iX-am\w hmbp Ch hym]vXmSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ D≠m-h-Ww-. aÆns\ Iy-jn-tbm-Kyam°pI F∂ {][m\ Dt±itØmsSbmWv \mw ]e Im¿jnI {]hrØnIfpw sNøp∂Xv. ta¬aÆw ASnaÆpw aÆns\ ta¬ asÆ∂pw, ASn asÆ∂pw km[mcW ]d-bm-dp-≠v. G‰hpw D]-cn-Xe - Ø - n¬ GXm≠v 25sk.-ao. hsc XmgvN-bn-ep-f-fXpw, Xm-c-X-tay\ Idp∏p \ndhpw Cf-°h - p-ap-ff `mKsØ ‘ta¬ aÆv’ F∂p ]dbmw. Iyjn-bn¬ ‘aÆv’F∂v ]d-™m¬ Cu `mK-sØbmWv DtZ-in-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, km[m-cW Inf-°ptºmgpw, D-ghv \S-Øp-tºmgpw Cf-°p-∂Xv GXm≠v 12-˛18- sk.-ao.hcp∂ ta¬ aÆv am{Xam-Wv. Cu `mKw ‘Dg-hp-]mfn’ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Dg-hp-]m-fn-bpsS icmicn L\w 15- sk.-ao. BbmWv km[m-cW ]cn-K-Wn°p-I. hf-°q-dp-≈X - p-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Hcp aÆv ^e-]p-jvSnbp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv ^e-]pjvSn-bp-≈Xpw IqSn BI-W-sa-¶n¬ aÆns‚ cmk, `uXnI kz`m-hß - ƒ A\p-tbm-Py-am-bn-cn-°W - w. Hmtcm

aÆn\pw kzX-kn-≤a - mb `uXn-I, cmk-Kp-Wß - ƒ D≠mhpw. CXv {][m-\-ambpw aÆp-≠m-I¬ {]{In-b-bn-eqsSbpw, aÆp-hn-Imk {]{In-b-bn-eq-sSbpw ssIh-cp-∂Xm-Wv. ]t£, a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S¬, asÆm-en∏v Ch CXym-Zn-Kp-W-ß-fpsS A]-N-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Imw. aÆns‚ cN-\, LS-\, kpjn-c-ÿ-ew, KmVX, Pekw-{K-lW - t- i-jn, \ndw, ssPhmw-iw, Aæ-X, eh-Wmwiw, [\m-b-W-hn-\n-a-b-£-aX XpSßn Ht´sd khntij LS-I-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bm-bn-cn°pw ^e]pjvSn AYhm aÆns‚ D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX. aÆns‚ ^e-]pjvSn AYhm D¬]mZ-\-£-aXbn¬ `uXn-I-KpW-ß-sfm-sSm-∏tam AXn-e-[n-Itam {]m[m-\yw- cm-kKp-Wß - ƒ°p-ap-≠.v km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ `uXnI KpW߃ \∂m-bn-cp-∂X - p-sIm≠v am{Xw Imcy-an-√. aÆn-eS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Ifn-aÆ - ns‚ Af-hv, Xcw, ssPhmw-iw, Ccp-ºv-˛-A-ep-an-\nbw HmIvssk-Up-I-fpsS Afhv CsXm-s°-bmWv cmk-Kp-Wß - sf kzm[o-\n-°p-I. aÆnse sImsfm-bvUp-Iƒ Hcp sNdnb ]m{X-Øn¬ aWseSpØv Ipd®v shff-sa-mgn®v \∂mbn Cf°n t\m°pI. A[nI-sam∂pw Ießn ImWn- √ . Ie- ß p- ∂ - h - X s∂ s]s´∂v sXfn™v hcpw. AsX kabw, ]mSsØ asÆ-SpØv CXp-t]mse Cf-°p-I. \∂mbn Ießn ImWp-∂psh∂v am{X-a-√,- I-e-ßn-bXv sXfn™v hcm≥ Ipsd ka-bs - a-Sp-°pIbpw sNøpw. ]mSsØ aÆn-ep-ff Ifna¨ Xcn-Iƒ ‘sIm-sfmbvUv’ Ah-ÿb - n¬ BIp-∂X - psIm-≠mWv Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂X - v. k - m-[m-cW KXnbn¬ 1 ssa{Im-ao-‰-dn¬ Ipdhv hen-∏-ap-ff IW-ßfmWv sImsfmbvUv BIp-I. Ifn-aÆpw t¢Z-hp-amWv aÆnse sImsfmbvUv kz`m-h-ap-ff Xcn-Iƒ. knent°‰v h¿£-Øn¬s]´ tam¨Svtam-dn-t√m-ssW‰v, sItbm-fn-ss\-‰v, Css√‰v apX-em-hbpw Ccpºv, Aepan\nbw F∂n-h-bpsS ssl{Ukv HmIvssk-Up-IfpamWv aÆnse Ifn-a¨ [mXp-°ƒ. ssPhhpw AssPhhpw Bb sImsfmbvUv hkvXp-°ƒ ]c-k] v can{inXambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. sImsfmbvUv Xcn-I-fpsS {]Xe hnkn-Xo¿Æw 42

hesc IqSp-Xe - m-W.v Hcp {Kmw Ifn-aÆ - ns‚ BsI {]Xe-hn-kvXo¿Æw Hcp {Kmw aW-en-s‚-Xn-s\-°mƒ 1000 Cc-´n-bp-≠m-Ipw.Cu h¿≤n® {]X-eh - n-kvXo¿Æ-Øn\v {]k-‡n-bp-≠v. sImsfmbvUv Xcn-Iƒ°v sshZypX Nm¿Pv D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. an° a¨ sImsfm-bU v p-Iƒ°pw EW (˛)-Nm¿Pv BWv D≠m-hp-I. Htc-bn\w Nm¿Pv BbXn\m¬ Ah ]c-k] v cw hnI-¿jn®v sImtfmbvUv Ahÿ-bn¬ Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°pw. F∂m¬ Nm¿Pp-ff hkvXp-°ƒ tN¿∂m¬ sImsfmbvUv Ah-kvYbv°v am‰w hcpw (]m¬ Hcp sImsfmbvUv BW.v ]pfn-tbm,Dt∏m tN¿Øm¬ ]m¬ ]ncnbp-∂Xv {i≤n-°pI.). aqeI hn\n-abw hnf-Iƒ°v t]mjI aqeI߃ Atbm¨ cq]Øn¬ am{Xta aÆn¬ \n∂v BKn-cWw sNøm-\m-Iq. sshZypX Nm¿Pp-ff IW-amWv Atbm¨. aqeI Atb-mWp-Iƒ a¨ embn-\n-bnepw, a¨ sImsfm-bU v pI-fpsS ]pdØv ]‰n-]nSn® \ne-bn-epw ImW-s∏-Spw. hnfIƒ°v th≠ aqe-I-ß-fn-e-[n-Ihpw [\ (+) AtbmWp-I-fm-bmWv BKn-cWw sNøp-I. sImsfmbvUv IW-߃°v EW Nm¿Pp-ff - X - p-sIm≠v Chbv°v [\ Atb-mWpI-fmbn a¨ emb-\n-bn-ep-ff ssl{U-P≥, A-ep-an-\nbw, Im¬kyw, a·o-jyw, s]m´m-kyw,- A-tamWnbw, tkm-Unbw F∂n-hsb BI¿jn-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.- ]-s£, -F√m [\ Atbm-Wp-Ifpw Htc ZyU-Xbn-em-bn-cn-°n-√- I-Wn-I-I-tfmSv tN¿∂n-cn-°p-I. Htc Af-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-ºmƒ ZyUX H > Al > Ca = Mg > K = NH4 > Na F∂o {Ia-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. AXpt]mse Xs∂ Aæ-Xbpw, £mcXbpw [\ Atbm-WpIsf _m[n-°pw. Aæ aÆn¬ ssl{U-P\pw, A-ep-an\n-b-hp-amWv IqSp-X¬ ImWp-I. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn£mc aqe-Iß - ƒ aÆn-ep-≠m-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-W.v ^e]pjvSn Ipd-bpI F∂-XmWv A\-¥c - ^ - e - w. £mc-mhkvYbn-te°v IS-°p-∂t- XmsS Im’yhpw a·o-jyhpw IqSn hcpw. sImsfmbvUv IW-ß-fnse [\ AtbmWp-Iƒ°v a¨ emb-\n-bnse a‰p Atbm-Wp-If - p-ambn hn\n-abw sNbp-∂X - n\v km[n-°pw. a¨ IWn-Ib - n-ep≈ Hcp Im’y-Øn\v a¨ emb-\n-bnse c≠p ssl{UP-\p-ambn hn\n-a-b-Øn-te¿s∏-Smw.-CXv Xncn®pw kw`hn-°mw (Ip-Ωm-ba - n-Sp-tºmƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv CXm-Wv). ssl-{UP≥ BtWm, Im’y-amtWm IqSp-X-ep-f-fXv,- A-X\ - p-kc - n-®mWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w apt∂m-´mtWm ]nd-tIm-´mtWm t]mI-≠s - X∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-I. s]m´mjv hfw tN¿Øm¬ F¥p kw`hn-°p-sa∂v t\m°mw. hf-sc-b[ - nIw s]m´mkyw Atbm¨ Bbn Hcp-an®v sN√p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v a¨ sImsfm-bvUp-I-fn\n∂v a‰p [\ Atbm-Wp-Isf A[n-tim-jWw sNbvXv s]m´m-ky-Øn\v Ib-dn-bn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw. CXv Ifn aÆv, t¢Zw F∂n-hb - psS D]-cn-Xe - Ø - n¬ am{X-a√ - ,- hn-

f-If - psS thcp-{]-Xe - ß - f - nepw kw`-hn-°pw. h - n-fI - ƒ°v t]mj-Ia - q-eI-߃ In´p-∂Xv {][m-\a - mbpw Cu cnXnbn-ep-ff hn\n-abw aqe-am-Wv. aÆnse hn\n-ab tI{μ-ß-fnse Atbm-Wp-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw Im¬kyw,- a-·o-jyw,- ssl-{U-P≥, s]m´m-kyw,- A-ep-an-\nbw F∂n-hb - m-Wv. sImsfmbvUv {]X-eØ - nse Ch-bpsS Afhv XpS¿®-bmb am‰-Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. ssPh-hf - ß - ƒ,- cmkh-f߃,- Ip-Ωm-b-anS¬,- Pn]vkw tN¿°¬,- hn-f-I-fpsS BKn--c-Ww,- hn-£m-f\w hgn-bp-ff \jvSw- apX-em-bh hgn aÆnepw, a¨ emb-\n-bn-ep-ap-ff Ch-bpsS Afhv amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. CX-\p-kc - n®v aqe-Iß - f - psS hn\nab coXn-bnepw am‰w hcmhp∂XmWv. aqeI AtbmWp-I-fpsS hn\n-a-b-Øn\v Iyjn-bn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. aÆnse sImsfmbvUv Xcn-I-fn¬ A[ntim-jWw aqew ]‰n-]nSn®v \n¬°p∂ Atbm-Wp-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ÿm\w amdp∂ {]{In-bsb ‘Atbm¨ hn\n-abw’ (Ion exchange) F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.- ]-ck - v]cw hn\n-ab - Ø - n\v hnt[-bc - m-Ip-∂Xv [\ A - t- bm-Wp-If - m-sW-¶n¬ AXn\v [\m-bW hn\n-abw (cation exchange) F∂pw EW Atb-mWp-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ EWm-b\ hn\n-abw (anion exchange) F∂pw ]d-bpw. sNSn-Iƒ°v th≠ Ahiy aqe-I-ß-fn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw [\-A-tbm¨ cq]-ØnemWv aÆn-ep-≠m-hpI F∂-Xn-\m¬ [\m-bW hn\na-b-Øn\v Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. {]`mI-e\w Ign™m¬ Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ G‰hpw kp{]-[m-\a - mb {]Xn-`m-ka - mWv aÆn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu [\m-bW hn\na-bw. [\m-bW hn\n-ab tijn [\m-bW hn\n-ab tijn-bpsS(cation exchange capacity, CEC) ImcyØn¬ aÆpIƒ XΩn¬ \√ A¥- c - a p- ≠ m- I pw. EW Nm¿Pp- I - ƒ [mcm- f - a p- f f ‘tam¨Sv tamdn-t√m-ssW‰v’ Ifn-a¨ [mXp-°ƒ ASßnb aÆn\v ‘sItbm-fn-ss\‰v’ AS-ßnb aÆn-s\-°mƒ [\m-bW hn\n-ab tijn IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. t¢Zw IqSp-Xe - p-ff aÆnepw [\m-bW hn\n-ab tijn IqSnbn-cn-°pw. AXm-bX,v ssPhmw-iØ - n\v [\mbW hn\nab Ignhv Db¿Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

Hcp aÆns‚ [\m-bW hn\n-ab tijn 20 sk‚ntamƒ /In.-{Kmw. (20 cmol/kg) F∂p ]d-™m¬ AXns‚-b¿∞w Hcp Intem{Kmw aÆn\v 20 sk‚ntamƒ ssl{U-Ps\ ]nSn®p shbv°m\pw XØp-ey-amb at‰sX-¶nepw Atb-mWns\ A[n-tim-jWw sNøm-\p-apff Ign-hp≠v F∂m-Wv (Hcp Nm¿Pv am{X-ap-ff s]m´mkyw, tkmUnbw Ch 20 sk‚n-tamfpw, c≠v Nm¿Ppff Im’yw,- a·ojyw 10 sk‚n- t amfpw BWv 43

A[ntim-jWw sNø-s∏-SpI). aÆnse {][m\ sImsfmbvUv hkvXp-°f - psS [\mbW hn\n-a-b-ti-jn- (CEC) Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p (sk‚n-tamƒ/ In.{Kmw IW-°n¬ ). tam¨Sv tamdnt√mssW‰v t¢ ˛ 60˛100 sh¿an-°p-sse‰v t¢ ˛ 80˛150 sItbm-fn-ss\‰v t¢ ˛ 3˛15 Ccp-ºv,-A-ep-an-\nbw ssl{Ukv HmIvssk-Up-Iƒ ˛ 0˛3 t¢Zw (lyq-a-kv) ˛ 200 sItbm-fn-ss\‰pw ssl{Ukv HmIvsskUp-Ifpw IqSpX-ep-ff sN¶¬ aÆns‚ CEC 8-10 sk‚n-tamƒ/ In.-{Kmw am{X-am-Wv. aW¬ aÆn¬ sImsfm-bvUp-Iƒ Ipdhm-b-Xp-sIm≠v Ch-bpsS CEC Ipd-hm-bncn-°pw.C-Øcw aÆp-I-fpsS CEC Db¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff Htcsbmcp am¿£w [mcmfw ssPhmwiw tN¿Øv t¢Zw Db¿ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. [\m-bW hn\n-a-b-tijn IqSp-t¥mdpw ^e-]pjvSnbpw IqSpw.- Aæ KpW-ap-ff aÆn¬ ssl{U-P≥ Atb-mWp-Iƒ [mcmfambn ]‰n∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°pw. CØcw aÆn¬ IpΩmbw tN¿Øm¬ Im’yw Atb-mWp-Iƒ a¨ Xcn-Iƒ°v Np‰pw IqSn ssl{U-Ps\ A[n-timjWw sNøpw.- Im’yw Atbm-Wp-Iƒ°v £mc-Xb - mb-Xn-\m¬ aÆns‚ pH h¿≤n-°p∂p. -s]m-´mkyw tN¿Øm¬ s]m´mkyw Im’ysØ BtZiw sNbpIbpw Xcn-I-fn¬ K Ib-dn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbpw.- hfw tN¿°p-tºmƒ hf-Øn-eS- ß - n-bn-´pff aqe-Iß - ƒ AtbmWp-I-fmbn amdn a¨ emb-\n-bnte°v hcp-∂p. CXv a¨ sImsfm-bvUp-If - p-ambn hn\n-abw aptJ\ ]‰n-tNcp-∂X - n-\m¬ shf-fØ - n¬ IqSn Hen®v t]mIp-∂Xv Hgnhm-°mw. sImsfmbvUv Awiw Ipd-hmb aÆn-en-Sp∂ hfw thKw \jvSs - ∏´p t]mIpw. hn\n-ab tI{μ-ßf - nse s]m´m-ky-amWv sNSn-Iƒ°v e`y-amb s]m´m-kyw. aÆv ]cn-tim-[-\bn¬ e`y-amb s]m´mkyØns‚ Afhv \n¿Æ- b n- ° p- ∂ Xp Xs∂ hn\n- a b s]m´mkyw (exchangable potassium) F{X-bp-s≠∂v t\m°nbm-W.v - [-\m-bW hn\-nabw as‰mcp [¿Ωw IqSn t]mjI-aq-ey-ßf - psS Imcy-Øn¬ sNbp-∂p-≠v. s - ]m-´m-kyw,A-tam-Wnbw F∂o Atb-mWp-Iƒ°v k©m-cX (mobility) IqSp-X-em-Wv. sImsfm-bvUp-I-fnse EW Nm¿Pp-ff {]X-e-߃ Chsb ]nSn®p hbv°p-∂Xp hgn aÆn-eq-sS-bp-ff Ch-bpsS k©mcw Ipd-bv°p-∂p.

Pew aen-\-am-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xnepw [\m-bW hn\nab-Øn\v {]k-‡n-bp-≠v. aen\ Pe-Øn¬ ImWs∏-Sp∂ hnj-ab teml Atb-mWp-If - mb ImUvan-bw,Cubw, \n-°¬ F∂n-hsb [\m-bW hn\n-ab {]X-

e-߃ ]nSn®p shbv°p-∂Xp hgn D]-cn-X-e,- `q-K¿` Pew aen-\a - m-Ip-∂Xv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc XS-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. aÆns‚ D`b {]Xn-tcm-[\ Ign-hnepw CEC °v {][m-\y-ap-≠v. an-°-hmdpw aÆp-Iƒs°√mw hfsc Aæo-btam, £m-co-btam Bb hkvXp-°ƒ tNcp-tºmgpff pH hyXym-k-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-°m-\p-ff Ignhp-≠v; DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v Aæob hf-߃. Cßs\ pH hyXym-ksØ AXnPo-hn-°m-\p-ff aÆns‚ Ign-hn\v D`b {]Xn-tcm-[\w (buffering) F∂v ]d-bp-∂p. [\mbW hn\n-ab tijn IqSp-∂X - n-\\ - p-kc - n®v D`-b- {]-Xntcm-[\ - t- i-jnbpw IqSpw. EWm-b-W- hn-\n-abw tIc-fØn¬ [mcm-fa - mbn ImWp∂ sN¶¬ aÆnCcpºv, A-ep-an-\nbw ssl{Ukv HmIvssk-Up-Iƒ [mcm- f - a mbn D≠v. Ch t^mkv^- d - k ns\ cmkkwtbmP\w hgn _‘n-∏n®p \n¿Øn sNSn-Iƒ°v e`y-a-√-mXm-°pw. Cu {]Xn-`m-ksØ ‘t^mkv^-dkv Dd-°¬‘ F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ sNSnIƒ°v t^mkv^-dkv Bh-iy-Øn\v hen-s®-Sp-°m≥ ]‰msX hcp-∂p.- C-Øcw aÆn¬ IpΩm-bw-tN¿ØmpH aqeyw Db-cpw. pH IqSp-tºmƒ OH- Atbm-Wp-IfpsS FÆhpw h¿≤n-°pw. Cu OH- t^mkv^-dkv kwbp-‡ß - f - nse t^mkv^d - kv Atb-mWp-If - p-ambn hn\n- a - b - Ø n- t e¿s∏- S p- ∂ p. OH Aep- a n- \ nbw sslt{UmIvssk-Uns\ ho≠p-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw ]Icw t^mkvt^‰v Atbm-Wns\ a¨ emb-\nbn-te°v Ab°p-Ibpw sNbp-∂p. CXns\ sNSn-Iƒ°v BKn-cWw sNbm≥ km[n-°pw. C{]-Imcw OH -, H2PO4- F∂nh ]c-kv]cw ÿm\w amdp-∂Xv aÆnse Hcp {][m\ EWm-bW hn\n-a-b-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. aÆnIpΩm-b-an-´m¬ [\ Atb-mWp-Iƒ am{X-a-√,- EW Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw e`yX IqSpw. aÆnse {][m\ [\ Atbm-Wp-Iƒ Cl-, NO3,- H2PO4-, HPO42-, SO42,MoO42- F∂n-h-bm-Wv. [\m-b-W-hn-\n-a-b- £-X-atb At]-£n®v aÆns‚ EWm-bW hn\n-ab £aX Xptemw Ipd-™n-cn-°pw. F¶nepw EWm-bW hn\n-abhpw sNSn-Iƒ°v t]mjWw In´p-∂X - n¬ hen-sbmcp ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. pH aqeyw ssl{U-Ps‚ i‡n F∂¿∞w hcp∂ c≠p {^©p hm°p-If - n¬ (pouvoir hydrogene) \n∂mWv pH F∂ Npcp-s°-gpØp≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. -Hcp aÆv Aæo- b - a mtWm, £m- c o- b - a mtWm F∂- d n- b p- ∂ Xv aÆns‚ pH aqeyw t\m°n-bn-´m-Wv. a¨ emb-\n-bnssl{U-Ps - ‚bpw a‰ k v am-\a - mb Atbm-Wp-If - p-sSbpw km∂n≤yw pH am\-ZW - U v a - p-]t- bm-Kn®v Af-°mw. CXv 0 apX¬ 14 hsc-bp-ff Hcp \ \temK-cn-X-an°v 44

kvsIbn-en-em-Wv. G‰-hp-a[ - nIw kzX-{¥-amb ssl{UP≥ Atbm-Wp-I-fp-≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ pH aqeyw 0 BWv. ; 14 ¬ G‰hpw Ipdhv Bbn-cn-°pw. 0 apX7hsc Aæo-bhpw 7 apX¬ 14 hsc £mco-bhpw BWv. \n¿ho-cy-amb Ah-ÿb - psS pH aqeyw 7 Bbn-cn-°pw. ip≤-amb shf-f-Øns‚ pH BI-Ww. kky hf¿®bv°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb pH 6.0˛7.2 BWv. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ kky-ß-fpsS thcp hf¿®, aq- e I e`y- X , kq£v a Pohn- I - f psS {]h¿Ø\w Ch-sb√mw h¿≤n® tXmXn¬ \S-°pw. \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ tIc-f-Ønse `qcn-`mKw aÆp-Ifpw Aæo-b-am-Wv. amXr ]md {Kmss\-‰v- B-b-Xp-sIm≠pw h¿≤n® ag sIm≠v £mc AtbmWp-Iƒ°v hn£mf\w kw`-hn-°p-∂X - p-sIm-≠p-am-Wn-Xv. CØcw aÆnIm¬ky-Øns‚ A`m-hhpw \∂m-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. IpΩmbw th≠n hcp-∂Xv At∏m-gm-Wv. Cu kml-Ncyw IW°n- s e- S pØv F√m hnf- I ƒ°pw IpΩmbw ip]m¿i sNbp-∂p-ap-≠v. -tI-c-f-Øn¬ £mco-b-sa∂v ]d-bm≥ Ipd®p atÆ-bp-ff - q. AXv ]me-°ms´ IdpØ aÆm-Wv. hf-sc-b[ - nIw £mc-Xb - p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv icnbm-°m≥ Pn]vkw tN¿°mw. eh-Wmwiw aÆn¬ eh-W-߃, {]-Xy-In®v tkmUn-bw, a·ojyw F∂n-hb - p-tSXv ebn®p tN¿∂n-´p-≠m-Ipw. CØcw eh-Wß - f - psS tXmXv Hcp ]cn-[n-bnepw A[n-Ia - m-bmAXv kky hf¿®sb _m[n-°pw. aÆns‚ sshZypX Nme-IX 4 sUkn- ko-a≥/ ao‰¿ (4ds/m) F∂ Afhnepw IqSp-X-em-sW-¶n¬ AØcw aÆns\ ehW aÆmbn IW-°m-°mw.- C-Øcw ehW aÆn¬ hn\nab tkmUn- b - Ø ns‚ Afhv 15 iX- a m- \ - Ø nXmsgbpw pH aqeyw 8.5 ¬ Xmsgbpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww.tI-cf - Ø - nse Hmcp aÆp-If - mb s]°m-fn,- I-b] v mSv \ne߃ ehW aÆp-I-fmbn Icp-Xmw. Hmcp aÆn\v D∏p ckw ssIh-cp-∂Xv IS¬ shffw Ib-dp-∂X - v sIm-≠mWv.- sh-ffw Ib‰n hn£m-f\w \S-Øp-∂Xp hgn CΩmXncn aÆns‚ D∏p ckw If-bmw.- a-g-°m-eØv shffw Ib-dn-bn-d-ßp-∂Xp hgn eh-Wmwiw Hen®v t]mIpw. DØ-tc¥y-bnse ehW aÆp-Iƒ°v a‰v amt\-Pvsa‚ v coXn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. \mw ChnsS I≠ cmk-Kp-W-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ \√ a¨, hnf hn\n-tbm-K -X-Xz-߃ Ah-ew-_n°p-∂Xp hgn A\p-Iq-ea-- m°n am‰mw. s - sP-hh - f - ß - f - psS D]-tbm-Kw,- Ip-Ωm-ba - n-S¬, \o¿hm-¿®, A - \ - p-tbm-Py-amb hnf-bp-sSbpw hnf-bn-\-Øn-s‚bpw sXc-s™-Sp∏v, asÆm-en∏v \nhm-cWw apX-em-bh C°q-´Ø - n¬s]-Sp-∂p. ssPhmwiØns‚ -{]-m[m\yw aW¬, ho´pap¡Øp\n∂pw Ipd®p aÆv,

NmWI°pgnbpsS ASpØp\n∂p≈ aÆvv, F∂nh aq∂p _o°dpIfnembn FSpØv Chbnte°v Ipd®v ssl{UP≥ s]tdmIvsskUv Hgn°pI. F¥mWv kw`hn°p∂Xv ? GXp _o°dnemWv IqSpX]X™p s]m¥p∂Xv? Xo¿®bmbpw NmWI°pgnbpsS ASpØp\n∂p≈ aÆnembncn°pw. ssl{UP≥ s]tdmIv s skUv ssPhmwihpambn {]Xn {]h¿Øn°p∂XpsIm≠mWv Cßs\ kw`hn°p∂Xv. IqSpX¬ ssPhmwiap≠¶n¬ {]h¿Ø\hpw D{K\mbncn°pw. aÆns‚ `uXnI, cm-k -Kp-W-ßsfbpw, kky hf¿®, kq£va-Pohn hf¿® F∂n-h-sbbpw kzm[o\n- ° p- ∂ AXn- { ]- [ m- \ - a mb Hcp LS- I - a m- W v a¨ssPhmwiw. kky-˛P-¥p-PmeßfpsS Agp-Ie - n\v hnt[-ba - m-ImØ Awi߃ XpSßn \∂mbn AgpIn cq]m¥cw kw`-hn® t¢Zhpw aÆnse ÿqe, kq£va Pohn- I - f pw hnimeamb A¿∞ØnssPhmwiØns‚ hym]vXnbn¬ s]Sp-∂p. \√ ^e]p-jvSn-bp-ff aÆn¬ 4˛6 iX-am\w ssPhmw-i-ap-≠mIpw. I\Ø agbpw NqSpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ DjvW-taJ-em -{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse aÆn¬ ]s£,- C-{X-b-[nIw ssPhmwiw \ne-\n-∂p- t]m-Im≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv.- tIcf-Ønse an°-hmdpw aÆnse ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ Afhv 0.4˛2.0 iXam\w BWv. GsXmcp aÆn-sebpw ssPhmwi-Øns‚ Afhv I≠p ]nSn-°m-\m-bmAXns‚ ^e-]p-jSv nbpw hf-°qdpw F{X-am-{X-ap-s≠∂v A\p-am-\n°mw. aÆns‚ cN\ sh®v t\m°n-bm¬ ]in-a-cmin aÆmWv Iyjn°v G‰hpw \√-Xv. cN-\- tam-i-am-b-XpsIm- ≠ p- ≠ mb tZmj- ^ - e - ß ƒ Hgn- h m- ° m≥ ssPhmwiw klm-bn-°p-∂p. cN\ t]mseXs∂ aÆn\v \√ LS-\b - p-≠m-Ip-∂X - nepw ssPhmw-iØ - n\v hf-sc-b-[nIw ]¶p-hln°m\p≠v. a¨ IWn-I-Iƒ cq]o-Iy-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ahsb Dd-∏n®p \n¿Øp∂ ‘kna‚mWv’ ssPh-hk - X v p-°f - nse t]mfn-km-°s - sd-UpIƒ. Cu ‘kna‚ns‚’ Awiw Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ LS\ s]s´∂v XI¿∂v t]mIpw. ssPhmwiw aW¬ IqSnb aÆns‚ Pe-kw-{K-lW tijn Iq´p-∂p. C°m-cy-Øn¬ CXv Hcp ‘kvt]m©v’ t]mse-bm-Wv. Ifn-a-Æm-sW-¶n¬ hmbp,- Pew apXembh-bpsS aÆn-eq-sS-bpff k©mcw Ffp-∏am-°m≥ klmbn°p∂p. D]-cn-X-e-Ønse ssPh-h-kvXp-Iƒ Hcp ]pX∏v t]mse {]h¿Øn®v asÆm- e n∏v Ipdbv ° m\papXIpw. aÆn¬ \n∂p- f f Pe- _ mjv]oIcW-hpw Ipd-bv°pw. ssPhmwiw IqSp-X-ep-ff aÆns‚ \ndw Xhn´p \nd-tam, Idpt∏m BWv. CXv aÆns‚ Dujvam-hns\ kzm[o-\n-°pw. ssPhmwiw IqSpX-ep-ff aÆn¬ Pemwiw IqSn-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂X - p-sIm≠v 45

A[nIw Dujvamhv hen-s®-Sp-°s - ∏-Sn-√. NqSp-Im-eØv XWp∏pw inin-cØ - n¬ NqSpw ]I¿∂v aÆnse PohnXw kpJ-Ic - a - m-°m≥ ssPhmwiØn\v Ign-bpw. h\w sh´n am‰n Irjn-bn-d-°n-bm¬ BZy-Im-e-ßfn¬ ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ hnL-S-\hpw \jvS-s∏-Sepw h¿≤n® thK-X-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw. Cu thKw Ipd™v Ipd™v hcpw. Ipsd h¿j-߃°v tijw ]pXn-sbmcp k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ b - n-se-Øpw. ]n∂o-Sp≈ hnL-S\ - hpw \jvShpw hfsc kmh-[m-\a - m-bn-cn-°pw. Zo¿L-\m-fsØ ssPh-hfw tN¿°msXbp≈-tXm, hfsc Ipd-®p-am{Xw tN¿tØm sNøp∂ IrjnsIm≠v \ΩpsS Irjn`qanI-sfms° Cu ]p-Xnb k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-seØn Xosc ]cp-°-\mbn amdn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v. ssPhmwiw ta¬ aÆn-em-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu ]pXnb k¥p-en-Xmh-ÿ-bn-ep≈ Ipd™ ssPhmwiw Xs∂ Ahn-sSØs∂ D≠m-Ip-sa∂v Hcp-d-∏p-an-√. asÆm-en∏v i‡am-bm¬ ta¬aÆv samØ-Øn¬ Xs∂ \jvSs - ∏-Sm\pw aXn. \ΩpsS \m´nse {][m\ {]iv\w CXm-Wv. ssPhmw-ihpw t]mjI e`y-Xbpw aÆnse ss\{S-Ps‚ GI-tZiw 95 iX-am-\hpw ssPhm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. cmk-h-f-an-√msX Irjn sNøp-tºmƒ {][m-\-t]m-j-I-aq-e-I-amb ss\{S-Ps‚ 90-˛95 iX-am-\hpw ssPhmw-i-Øn¬ \n∂mWv sNSnIƒ°v e`n-°p-I. k¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ a¨ ssPhmw-iØ - ns‚ 5.0˛5.5 iX-am\w ss\{S-P\pw 50˛58 iX-am\w Im¿_Wpw BWv. AXm-bXv Ch XΩn9:1 apX¬ 12:1 hsc-bp≈ ÿnc-amb Hc-\p-]mXw D≠mhpw. km[m-cW IW-°p-Iq-´-ep-Iƒ°v 10:1 Fs∂-Sp°mw. ssPh-Im¿_-Wns‚ Af-hns\ 1.72 sIm≠v s]cp°n-bm¬ ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ Afhpw In´pw (ssP-hmwi-Øns‚ 58% Im¿_-Wm-bn-cn-°pw-). km[m-cW, aÆp ]cn-tim-[\ - m- im-eI - f - n¬ ss\{S-Ps‚ Afhv I≠p-]nSn-°p-∂X - p-Xs∂ aÆnse Im¿_-Wns‚ Afhv t\m°nbm-Wv. FXm≠v ÿnc-amb Im¿_¨: ss\{S-P≥ A\p-]mXw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv aÆnse ssPh ss\{SPs‚ Afhv Iq´msX ssPhmwiw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\m-hn√ F∂m-Wv. Xncn-®pw. ss\{S-P≥ am{X-a-√, t^mkv^-d-kpw, kƒ^dpw ssPh-kw-bp-‡-ß-fmbn aÆn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ssPhmwiw 2.0 iX-am-\Ø - nepw IqSp-Xe - p≈ aÆnse t^mkv ^ - d - n- t ‚bpw kƒ^- d n- s ‚bpw {][m\ t{kmX v Xs∂ ssPhmw-i-am-bn-cn-°pw. sNSn-Iƒ°v kq£va-aq-e-I-߃ s]mXpsh Bcpw {]tXy-I-ambn C´p-sIm-Sp-°m-dn-√. ssPh-hf - ß - ƒ Ipd®v cmk-hf - ß - ƒ am{Xw \¬In Irjn sNøp-tºm-gp≈ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\w Xs∂ Bh-iy-Øn\p kq£vaa - q-eI - ß - ƒ In´p∂n-√ F∂-Xm-Wv. DjvWt- a-Je - b - nse aÆp-If - n¬ CXv

AXoh cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw. sN¶¬a-Æp-I-fn¬ £mc, kq£va aqe-I-ß-sf√mw \s∂ Ipd-hm-Wv. kky߃°p kq£va aqe-I-߃ {][m-\-ambpw In´p-∂Xv ssPh- k w- b p- ‡ - ß - f n¬ \n∂m- W v . A©p iXam\tØmfw kq£vaa - q-eI - ß - f - S- ß - nb Nmc-amWv Hcp {][m\ t{kmX- v. [mcmfw ssPhmwiw tN¿°p-∂Xp-hgn DjvW-ta-Jem aÆp-I-fnse kq£va-aq-e-I£maw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]cn-lc - n°mw. ssPhmw-ihpw cmk-Kp-Wß - fpw sNSn-Iƒ°v t]mj-I-aq-e-I-߃ In´p-∂-XnaÆnse ‘[\m-bW hn\n-abw’ F∂ {]Xn-`m-kØ - ns‚ ]¶v kqNn∏n®pIgn™p. aÆns‚ [\m-bW hn\n-a-bti-jn-bpsS GXm≠v 30˛70 iX-am-\hpw ssPhmw-iamWv \evIp-∂X - .v Ifn aÆns‚ Awiw Ipd™ aWaÆn¬ CXv 100 iX-am\w hsc t]mIpw. am{X-a-√, -Aæ-X,- £mcX,- e-hW - mw-iw,- C-hb - psS s]s´-∂p-ff am‰w adn-®nen-s\-Xnsc ssPhmwiw Hcp _^¿ t]mse {]h¿Øn-°pw. IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hnja-b-tem-l-߃ F∂n-hb - psS hn]-co-X^ - e - ß - f - n¬ \n∂pw aÆn\v c£ \evIp-∂-Xn\pw ssPhmwiw thWw. as‰mcp khn-tij-X,- ssP-hmw-i-Øn\v ‘Iote‰v’ Bbn amdm≥ Ign-bpsa-∂-Xm-Wv. teml-aq-e-I-߃ (Ccp-ºv,- A-ep-an-\n-bw, sNºv, -kn¶v,- amw-K-\o-kv apX-em-bh) ]-eXpw sNSnIƒ°v hen-s®-Sp-°Ø - ° - h - n-[Ø - n¬ teb-cq-]Ø - n-embn-cn-°n-√. ssPhmw-ihpw Cu teml Atbm-Wp-Ifpw XΩn¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ _‘\߃ hgn dnwKv BIyXn-bn-ep-≈ X∑m-{X-If - mbn amdpw. Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ ssPh-hk - X v phpw teml-aq-eI - ß - fpw XΩn-ep-ff Iote‰p-Iƒ kq£va-aq-e-I-ßsf sNSn-Iƒ°v In´p∂ XcØn-em-°pw. ssPh-kvXp-°-fpsS hnL-S\-Øn-eqsS GXm\pw hn‰m-an-\p-Iƒ, B‚n- _-tbm-´n-°p-Iƒ, kky-tlm¿tamWp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw aÆn-te°v sN√p-∂p. Ch sNSnIƒ hen-s®-Sp°p-∂X - mbn a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠.v - hn-Øpap-f-°¬, thcv hf¿®, hn-fhv F∂n-h-sbsb√mw Cu hkvXp°ƒ kzm[o\n-°pw. -tcm-Km-Wp-°-fpsS kwJy Ipd-bv°p-∂X - n¬ ssPhmwi hnL-S\ - Ø - n-eqsS hcp∂ B‚n-_t- bm-´n-°p-Iƒ°v ]¶p-≠v. CXn-\p-sa-√m-ap-]cn ssPhmw-i-amWv aÆnse kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS Du¿Pt{km-X v. \√ ssPhmw-i-ap-ff aÆn¬ kq£-PohnI-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\hpw IqSn-bn-cn-°pw. aÆns‚ ^e]pjvSn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ kq£va-Po-hn-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v henb ]¶m-Wp≈Xv. ssPhmwi kwc-£Ww aÆnse ssPhmwiw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw Nne Imcy-߃ {i≤n-°m-\p-≠v.aÆnse ssPhmw-ihpw ss\{S-P\pw XΩn¬ ÿnc-amb 46

Hcp _‘w Df-f-Xp-sIm≠v ssPhmwiw \ne-\n¿Øphm≥ Bh-iy-Øn\v ss\{S-P≥w aÆn-ep-≠m-I-Ww. ]b¿h¿£ sNSn-Iƒ ]cn-{I-aØ - n-epƒs∏-Sp-∂Xpw, {i≤m-]q¿h-ap-ff ss\{S-P≥ AS-ßnb cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Khpw CXn\v Bh-iy-am-Ipw. CtXm-sSm∏w hn£m-f\ - w,- _m-j] v o-`h - \ - w,- H-en®v t]m°v F∂nh hgn ss\{S-P≥ \jvSs - ∏´p t]mIp-∂Xp XS-bm-\p-ff \S-]SnIfpw ssIsIm-f-f-Ww. aÆnse ssPhmwiw \ne\n¿Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ XpS¿®-bmbn ssPhh-kvXp-Iƒ tN¿Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Wsa∂XmWv as‰mcp Imcyw.sXmgpØphfw, I-tºm-Ãv, hnfm-hi - n-jvSß - ƒ F∂n-hbmWv {][m\ ssPh-t{km-X - p-Iƒ. B[p-\nI PohnX-coXn hf-sc-b[ - nIw Jc-am-en-\y-߃ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂p- ≠ v . CXp \Kc{]tZißfn¬ hensbmcp {]iv\ambn hfcpIbmWv. Jc-am-en-\y-ßfnse ssPham-en-\y-ßsf th¿Xncn®v ItºmÃv B°n ]p\-Nw-{IaWw \S-Øm-\p≈ km≤y-XI - ƒ Gsd-bm-Wv. CØcw ItºmÃpIƒ aÆns‚ ssPhmwiw kmcambn Db¿Øm≥ klmcn°p∂p. ]mgv hkv X p- ° sf ItºmÃv B°n am‰m-\p≈ {]tXyI coXn-Iƒ Xs∂ \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p-≠v. aÆn-csb D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ sh¿an ItºmÃv coXn k¿Δ-km-[m-cW - a - mbn°gn-™p.

Bh-c-W-hn-f-Ifpw, ]-®ne hnf-Ifpw Cu tPmen-Xs∂-bmWv sNbp-∂-Xv.- ]®n-e-hf e`yX h¿≤n-∏n-°m\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw {]m[m\yw e`n°Ww. h´, Dßv, ioa-s°m-∂, kp_m-_pƒ F∂n-h-sbms° \´p]n-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. sUbn-©, Inep-°n, NW-ºv, sImgn™n¬ apX-emb ]®n-e-h-f-s®-Sn-Iƒ hnf-I-fpsS CSbn¬ hnX®v DgpXv tN¿°p∂ ]cn-]m-Snbpw \√-Xp-Xs∂. Hmtcm aÆn-s‚bpw kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v tN¿ØpsIm-Sp-t°≠ Af-hn¬ am‰w hcp-sa-¶nepw s]mXp-hnslIvS-dn\v 5˛6 S¨ F∂ tXmXn¬ ssPh-h-f-߃ tN¿Øp sImSp-°-Ww. h¿j-Øn¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X{]mhiyw Iyjn-sb-SpØv hnfhv am‰-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nHmtcm {]mh-iyhpw Cu Afhn¬ Bh¿Øn-°Ww. Pohm-Wp-h-f-ß-sfbpw B{ibn°mw. Aßns\ In´mhp∂ ssPh-hf - ß - s - fms° Irjn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°pI. AæaÆn¬ Ip-Ωm-bhpw tN¿t°≠Xp≠v. ]t£, cmk-h-fhpw, Ip-Ωm-bhpw Bh-iy-Ønt\ D]-tbm-Kn°mhq F∂-XmWv Hm¿Øn-cn-t°≠ {][m\ Imcyw.

Du¿÷-kz-e-X-sbmsS hf-cp∂ hnf-Iƒ aÆnse ssPhmwiw h¿Zv[n∏n-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ hn[-Øn[mcmfw thcpw hnfm-hi - n-jvSß - fpw _m°n-sh-°pw.

Dghpw, In-f-°epw ]cm-hp[n Ipd-bv°-W-sa-∂mWv ssPhmwi kwc-£Whpambn _\v[s∏´ as‰mcp {][m\ Imcyw. AXym-hiyw hmbp k©mcw Iq´m\pw If-Isf HXp-°m-\p-ap-f-fXv aXn-bm-Ipw. ssPhmwiw IqSn-bm¬ hmbp-k© - mcw IqSp-sa-∂p-ff - X - p-sIm≠v CXn-

\p-th-≠n-bp-ff Dghv eLq-I-cn-°mw. Hcp \nhy-Øn-bpan-√¶ - n¬ `qan Xcn-in´v kzm`m-hnI kky Pmew hf¿∂v h∂v \∂m-hm≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°-Ww. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Iyjn sNømt\ ]mSn-√mØ F{X-am{Xw `qanbmWv \mw sh´n shfp-∏n®v Iyjn-bn-d° - n-bn-´p-ff - X - v? aÆv kwc-£-Whpw {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂p. taaÆv Hen®p t]mIpI F∂p ]d™m¬ a¨{]-cq-]Ø-ns‚ (soil profile) ssPhmwiw IqSp-Xe - p-ff 0-a¨ ]mfnbpw A-a¨ ]mfn-bp-w \jvSs∏Sp∂psh∂mWvv. Cßs\ h¿jw {]Xn Ch Hen®p t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cp∂m¬ a‰p Xc-Øn-ep-≈ \ΩpsS ssPhmwi kwc-£W-sa√mw hyYm-hn-em-Ipw. Iøm-es - I-´¬,- _≠p\n¿ΩmWw.- X-´p-Xncn°¬, B-hc - Whnf, an{i-hn-f,- ]p-√p-sh®v ]nSn-∏n-°¬, ]p-Xb - n-S¬, hy-£ß - ƒ sh®p]nSn-∏n-°¬, hnf-]c - n-{I-aw F - ∂ - n-hs - b√mw aÆv kwc-£W - Ø - n\pw ssPhmwi kwc-£-W-Øn\pw tbmPn® \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv. Ch Imcy£aambn \S∏nem°s∏SWw. t]m-jI -aq-e-I-߃ `qan-bn¬ samØw 92 {]Ir-Xn-ZØ aqe-I-ß-fmWt√m D-≈-Xv? Ch-bn¬ GXm≠v 60 aqe-I-߃ kky-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. NneXv hfsc IqSnb Af-hnepw a‰p NneXv Ipd™ Af-hnepw I≠ph-cp-∂psh¶nepw Cu 60 aqe-I-ßfpw sNSn-I-fpsS hf¿®bv ° v AXy- ¥ m- t ]- £ n- X - a - √ . sNSn- I - f nImWs∏Sp∂ aqe-I-ßfn¬ 17 FÆw am{XamWv AhbpsS hf¿®°v AXym-hi - y-sa∂v AwKoIcn®n-´p≈-X.v Im¿_¨, ssl{U-P≥, HmIvkn-P≥, ss\{S-P≥, t^mkv^-d-kv, s]m´m-kyw, Im¬kyw, a·o-jyw, kƒ^¿ (K-‘-Iw), Atb¨ (C-cp-ºv), amwK-\o-kv, tIm∏¿ (sN-ºv), kn¶v (\m-Iw), tamfn-_vUn-\w, t_mtdm¨, t¢mdn≥, \n°¬ F∂n-ßs\ t]cp hnfn°p∂ Cu “Ah-iy-aq-e-I-ßsf√mw” hnf-I-fpsS \√ hf¿®°v IqSntb Xocq. Ch-sb-Iq-SmsX tkmUn-bw, tIm_mƒ´v, knen-°¨ F∂o aqe-I-߃ Nne {]tXyI hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ sNSn-Iƒ°v Bh-iyap≠∂v Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. acp-`q-an-bnse Nne sNSnIƒ°v tkmUn-bh - pw, ss\{S-P≥ kw`-cn-°p∂ _mIvSocnbIƒ°v tIm_mƒ´pw, s\√v, Icnºv apX-em-bh - °v knen-°Wpw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa - m-sW∂p ÿnco-Ic - n®p-Ig - n-™n-´p-≠v.

Ah-iy-aq-eI - ß - ƒ Ah-iy-aq-e-I-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ 17aqs∂Æw, AXmbXv Im¿_¨, HmIvkn-P≥, ssl{UP≥ F∂n-h kky-߃°v hfsc henb Af-hn¬thWw. DW-ßnb kky-`m-K-ß-fpsS GXm≠v 94 iX-am\hpw Cu aqe-I-ß-fm-Wv. ]t£, hmbp-hn¬ \n∂pw, Pe- Ø n\n∂pw Bh- i y- Ø n- \ p- ≈ Xv 47

In´psa∂p≈XpsIm≠v Ipg∏an√. Cu aqs∂-Æ-samgn-®m¬ _m°n 14 FÆ-Øn\pw AXm-bXv ss\{S-P≥ - , t^mkv^-d-kv, s]m´m-kyw, a·o-jyw, K‘-Iw, Ccpºv, amwK-\o-kv, \mIw, sNºv, tamfn-_vUn-\w, Im’yw, t_mtdm¨, t¢mdn≥, \n°¬ F∂n- h °v aÆv am{XamWv B{ibw. ss\{S-P≥, t^mkv^-d-kv, s]m´mkyw F∂o aqeI-߃ sNSn-Iƒ°v IqSnb Af-hn¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xn\m¬ ‘{]mY-an-I-t]m-jI aqe-I-߃’ F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. an°-hmdpw Ch-bmWv hf-ambn sImSp-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ ‘hf-aq-e-I-߃’ F∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v.

Ch Ign- ™ m¬ ASpØ {]m[m\yw Im’yw, a·ojyw, K‘Iw F∂n-h° - m-Wv. Ch-bmWv ‘ZznXob t]mjI aqe-I-߃’. _m°n-bp≈ 11 t]mj-I-aq-e-Ißfpw “kq£va-aq-e-I-߃” F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. kky-i-co-c-Øn¬ Ch s]mXp-hn¬ 100 Zi-e-£Øn-semcp `mK-Øn\pw (100 ppm) Xmsg am{Xta D≠mbn-cn-°q. Hcp Ah-iy-aq-e-I-amb tamfn-_vUn\w 100 tImSn-bn-sem-cp-`mKw IW-°nt\ th≠q sh¶nepw C√msX h∂m¬ hf¿®sb _m[n-®X - p-Xs∂! km[m-cW KXn-bn¬ ZznXnb aqe-I-ß-fp-sSbpw kq£va aqe-Iß - f - p-sSbpw e`yX {]iv\a - m-hm-dn-√. hfambn \¬tI-≠n-h-cm-dp-an-√. Ch-bpsS Bhiyw Ipdhm-b-Xp-sIm≠v aÆn¬\n-∂pw, ssPh-h-kvXp-°-fn\n∂pw e`n-°p-∂Xv [mcmfw aXn. ]t£, ssPh-f-{]tbmKw Ipd-™p-hc - p-∂X - pw, A[o-Ic - n® asÆm-en∏pw ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw kq£va-aq-eI Zu¿e`yw krjvSn°p-∂p-≠v. kky-aq-e-I-ß-fpsS aÆnse Ipdhv sNSnI-fpsS icn-bmb hf¿®sb hfsc {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-°p-w. sNSn-If - psS hf¿® apc-Sn-°p-∂X - n\pw hnfhv Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\pw CXv ImcWamIpw. {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn Ipd-bp-Ibpw X≥aqew tcmK-߃ h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CØcw hnf-Iƒ Bl-cn-°p∂ Pohn-Iƒ°pw CXp {]iv\-am-bn-h-cmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v t]mj-߃ Ipd-hp≈ Xo‰-∏p√v I∂p-Im-en-I-fn¬ ]e tcmK߃°pw Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂Xmbn sXfn-™n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS \m´n¬ agbpw shbnepw [mcm-f-ap≈ Imem-h-ÿ-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ aÆn¬\n∂pw aqe-I-߃ s]s´∂v \jvS-s∏-Spw. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX - bpw D¬]m-Z\ - £ - a - X - bpw \ne-\n-dp-Øm\p-XI - p∂ am¿£-߃ Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah-ew-_n-°W - w.

If-\n-b{- ¥-Ww, Dghv Ipd-°¬, ]pX-bn-S¬, ssPh-hfw tN¿°¬, cmk-hfw tN¿°¬, Pohm-Wp-hf - ß - ƒ, hnf]-cn-{I-aw, ]b-dp-Ir-jn, aÆp-kw-c£ - Ww Cßs\ ]ehn-[-Øn-ep≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aptJ-\-bmWv CXv km[n°p-∂X - .v ssPh-hf - ß - ƒ sNSn-Iƒ°m-hi - y-amb t]mj-Ia - q-eI - ß - ƒ t\cnt´m

48

aÆn¬ IqSntbm \¬Ip-∂X - n-s\-bmWv ‘hf-{]-tbmKw’ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂X - v. CXn-\mbn \mw km[mcW sNøpI ssPh-hf - ß - f - pw, cmk-hf - ß - fpw aÆntN¿°p-I-bm-Wv. Nne-t∏m-sgms° Pohm-Wp-h-f-߃ Fs∂mcp {]tXyI hn`m-Ks - Ø-IqSn ]cn-KW - n-°m-dp-≠.v Poh-\p≈ _mIvSo-cn-b-tbm, Ipantfm BWv CXn-ep≠m-hp-I. PohmWp hf-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-bnse Ate-ba - mb ss\{S-P≥, t^mkv^d - kv F∂o aqe-Iß - ƒ kky-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\mIpw. aÆns‚ Poh-\mbn ssPhmwiw Fßns\ h¿Øn-°p∂p-sh-∂I - mcyw CXn-\Iw N¿® sNbvXXm-Wt√m? ssPh-hk - X v p-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv \ΩpsS ]q¿Δo-I¿ Imem-Im-eß - f - mbn A\p-jT v n-®p-t]m∂-Xv. ]t£, ISpw-Irjn hym]-Ia - m-bt- XmsS cmk-hf - ßsf \mw B{i-bn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. ssPh-h-f-ß-fpsS D]tbmKw Ipd-™p-hc - n-Ibpw sNbvXp. ssPh-hf - ß - f - psS Afhv Ipd®v cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS Afhv Iq´n-bp≈ Hcp Irjn-co-Xn-b√ \ap°v th≠-Xv. adn-®v, aÆns‚ `uXnI, cmknI kz`m-h-߃ \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-hiy-amb{X Af-hn¬ ssPh-h-f-ßfpw ]qc-I-ß-fmbn cmk-h-f-ßfpw F∂ kao-]-\-amWv Bh-iyw. Irjn kpÿn-ca - m-IW - s - a-¶n¬ Ch c≠pw tN¿∂ kao-IrX hf-{]-tbm-Ka - mWv th≠-Xv. {][m-\-aq-e-I-ß-fpsS tXmX-\p-k-cn®v ssPh-h-fßsf c≠v Xcambn ]dbmdp≠v. {][m\ aqe-I-ßfpsS tXmXv Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bh ÿqe ssPh-hf-ßfpw (DZm: ]®ne hf-s®-Sn-Iƒ, Imen-hfw) GsX¶nepw t]mj-I-aq-eIw IqSp-X¬ Af-hn¬ AS-ßn-bn´p-≈ km-{μo-IrX ssPh-hf - ßfpw (DZm: ]nÆm-°p-Iƒ, ao≥h-fw, F√p-s]mSn), ÿqe-ssP-hh - f - ߃ kkyaq-e-I-߃ Ipd-hmWv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnfIƒ°m-hi - y-am-bt- Xm-Xn¬ t]mj-Iß - ƒ e`n-°p-hm≥ ÿqe-ssP-h-h-f߃ (bulky organic manures) hfsc IqSnb tXmXn¬ aÆn¬ tN¿t°-≠n-hc - pw. IqSnb-hn-e, Irjn ÿe-tØ°v FØn-°p-hm-\p≈ _p≤nap-´v, e`y-X-°p-dhv F∂nh ImcWw ]e I¿j-Icpw CØcw hf-ß-tfmSv sshapJyw ImWn-°m-dp-≠v. ]t£, aÆnse ssPhmwiw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - n¬ Chbv°p≈ ]¶v ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. arK-h-f-߃, sXmgp-Øp-hfw (farm yard manure), t I m g n °mjvTw, kkym-h-in-jvS-߃, Nmcw F∂nhbmWv {][m\ ssP-hh - f - ߃. as¡m∂v ItºmÃv BWv. ssPh-h-kvXp-°-fpsS Hcp “an{inXw” F∂m-Wv I-tºmÃv sIm≠v A¿∞-am°p-∂-Xv. N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ, Ce-Iƒ, D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-ambXpw F∂m¬ Agp-In-t®-cp-∂X - p-amb ssPhm-hi - n-jSv ߃, NIn-cn-t®mdv apX-embh NmW-Iw, tKmaq{Xw

F∂n- h - b p- a mbn tN¿Øv t]mjI kar- ≤ - a mb ItºmÃv Xøm-dm-°mw. ssPhm-hi - n-jSv ß - ƒ \√-hÆw hnL-Sn®v Ah-bnse aqe-Iß - ƒ sNSn-Iƒ°v Ffp∏w hen-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ Ah-ÿb - n-em-bn-cn-°pw. D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ ssPh-h-kvXp-°-fnse Im¿_¨ ˛ ss\{S-P≥ A\p-]m-Xw, Cu¿∏w, hmbp-k© - m-cw, Xm]-\ne F∂nh Itºm-Ãns‚ KpW-\n-eh - mcw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - n¬ {][m\-am-Wv. ta∑-bp≈ Itºm-Ãp-≠m-IW - s - a-¶n¬ ss\{SP≥ IqSp-Xe - p≈ ssPh-hk - vXp-°ƒ (D-Zm-lc - W - Ø - n\v NmW-Iw) ioa-s°m-∂b - n-et- ]m-ep≈ ]b-dp-h¿£-]® - ne-Iƒ, tImgn-°m-jT v w, No™-a’yw F∂nh kq£vamWp-°-fpsS t]mjI t{kmX v Bbn tN¿t°-≠-Xp≠v. Ch Im¿_¨ A[n-Ia - p≈ ssPhm-hi - n-jvSß - f - pambn Iq´n-°-e¿Øn kq£vam-Wp-°-fpsS hnL-S-\Øn\v hnSp-∂p. ]e-Xc - Ø - nepw coXn-bn-ep-ap≈ ItºmÃp-I-fp--s≠-¶nepw tIc-f-Øn\v tbmPn-®Xpw km[m-cW-°m¿°v XmXv]-cy-hp-ap≈Xv km[m-c-W-I-tºm-Ãv, NIn-cn-t®m¿ ItºmÃv, aÆn-cI - t- ºmÃv F∂n-hb - m- Wv. km{μo-IrX ssPh-hf - ß - ƒ ssPhmwiw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ t]mjI-߃ \¬Ip-∂X - n-\mWv km{μo-IrX ssPh-hf - ß - ƒ (concentrated organic manures) D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xv. aÆns‚ `uXn-I cm-knI KpW-߃ sa®-s∏-SpØp-∂-Xn-epw sNdp-X-√mØ ]¶p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ {][m\-s∏´ H∂mWv ]nÆm-°p-Iƒ(oil cakes). `£-Wt- bmKy-am-bXpw A√m-ØX - p-amb hnhn-[X - cw ]nÆm-°p-Iƒ ssPh-h-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. CXn¬ tXßm-]nÆm-°v, \ne-°-Se ]nÆm°v F∂nh I∂p-Im-enIƒ°pw a‰pw `£-W-ambn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Irjn°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Ipd-hm-Wv. `£y-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ th∏n≥ ]nÆm-°v, Bh-W-°n≥ ]nÆm°v F∂nh ssPh-hfw F∂-Xn-ep-]cn ssPh-Io-S\ - m-in\nIfmbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. as¡mcp {][m\ km{μo-IrX ssPhh-fw- F√vs]mSnbmWv. t^mkv^d - kv AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ Hcp ssPh-h-f-am-Wn-Xv. GI-tZiw 20-˛25 iX-am\w t^mkv^-dkv D≈ F√vs]mSn AæX IqSnb aÆpIƒ°v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. `£y-tbm-Ky-a√ - mØ a’y-ßfpw a’y kwkv°-c-W-im-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pdw-X≈ - p∂ a’y-mh-in-jSv ß - fpw DW-°n-s]m-Sn-®mWv a’y-hfw (fish meal) Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - .v icm-icn 4 iXam\w ss\{S-P-\p- ]p-dta kmam\yw \√ tXmXnt^mkv^d - kpw (3.9%) D≈ a’y-hfw hfsc \s√mcp ssPh-hf - a - m-W.v Ad-hp-im-eI - f - n¬ \n∂pw kw`-cn-°p∂ c‡w DW°n s]mSn-®p-≠m-°p∂ c‡-hfhpw (blood meal) {]NmcØnep≠v. km[mcW 10 apX¬ 12 iXam\w hsc ss\{S-P≥ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Irjn-bn¬ cmk-h-f-ßfpsS kvYm\w ]≠p-Im-eØv GXp-Xcw Irjn-bnepw ssPh-h-f49

߃ am{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ISpw Irjn hym]I-am-bt- XmsS ssPh-hf - ß - ƒ am{Xw t]mc F∂ ÿnXn h∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv cmk-h-f-ß-ƒ {]Nm-c-Øn-em-hp∂-X.v Hcp ÿeØv Htc hnf Bh¿Øn®v Irjn sNøp∂-Xp-aqew aÆns‚ ^e-]pjvSn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. sNSnI-fpsS Xzcn-XK - X - n-bn-ep≈ hf¿®bv°pw \√ hnf-hn\pw t]mj-I-aq-e-I-߃ Ffp∏w hen-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂ coXnbn¬ kky-߃°v \¬tI-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. cmk-h-f-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-t]m-jI aqe-I-߃ IqSnb tXmXnepw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ cq]-Ønep-amWv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I. Irjn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmk-hf - ß - sf {][m-\ambpw aq∂mbn Xcw Xncn-°mw.

• t\¿h-fß - ƒ : Ch-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]mYanI kky-aq-eIw am{X-amWp≠m-hpI. DZm.:˛ bqdnb (ss\-{S-P≥), kq∏¿ t^mkvt^‰v (t^m-kv^d - k - v) • kwbp-‡-h-f-߃ : Ch-bn¬ H∂n¬Iq-Sp{]mY-anI aqe-I-߃ \n¿ΩmW thf-bn¬ Xs∂ Iq´n-tN¿°p-∂p. DZm. :˛ AtamWnbw kƒt^‰v t^mkvt^‰v AYhm ^mIvSw t^mkv (20% ss\{S-P\pw 20% t^mkv^-d-kpw) • Iq´p-h-f-߃ : ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam t\¿hf-߃ Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ h®v Iq´n- t®¿Øp-≠m-°p∂hbmWv Iq´p-h-f-߃. DZm. :˛ 10 : 5 : 20 Iq´p-hfw hf-ßf - psS D]-tbmKcoXn Hmtcm hnfbv°pw GXp aqeIw GXv ka-bØv F{X Af-hn¬ thWw F∂v a\- n-em°n hfw tN¿°pI-bmWv th≠-Xv. hnf-If - psS C\w, Ah-°m-hi - y-amb t]mj-Ia - q-eI - ß - f - psS tXmXv, aÆns‚ LS-\, kz`mhw F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv hf ip]m¿i-Iƒ \¬Ip-I. cmkhf ip]m¿i-Iƒ aqe-Im-\p-]m-X-Ønem-Wv km[m-cW ]d-bp-I. Ch hf-ßf - psS bYm¿∞ Af-hn-te°v am‰p-∂Xv Fßns\ F∂p t\m°mw.

DZmlcWØn\v, lrkz-Im-e aq∏p≈ s\√n-\ß - ƒ°v 70:35:35 F∂ tXmXn¬ ss\{S-P≥, t^mkv^-d-kv, s]m´mkyw F∂o aqe-I-ßfpw 5 S¨ ssPh-h-f-hpamWv Hcp slIvS-dn\v ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. C{Xbpw kky-aq-e-I-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v F{X bqdnb, tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v, ayqdntb‰v Hm^v s]m´mjv F∂nh thWsa∂p t\m°mw. bqdnbbn¬ 46 iXam\w ss\{S-P\pw tdm°v t^mkvt^‰n¬ 20 iXam\w t^mkvt^‰pw, ayqdntb‰v Hm^v s]m´mjn60iXam\w s]m´mjpw ASßnbncn°p∂p. bqdnb = 100/46 x 75 = 163 In. {Kmw tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v = 100/20 x 35 = 175 In.{Kmw

ayqdn-tb‰v Hm^v s]m´mjv = 100/60 x 35 = 58 In. {Kmw Ch Hcp slIvS-dn-te°v Bh-iy-ap≈ (10000 N.an.) hf-Øns‚ Af-hm-W.v XpS¿∂v Irjn ÿe-Øns‚ bYm¿∞ hnkvXo¿Æ-\p-kc - n®v IW-°p-Iq-´n-sb-Sp-°Ww. hf-߃ tN¿°p∂ coXn cmk-h-f-ß-fpw, ssPh hf-ßfpw hnX-dns°m-Sp°p∂ coXn-bmWv k¿Δ-km-[m-c-Ww. Ch ASn-h-f-ambpw, ta¬h-fa - mbpw \¬Im-dp-≠v. hfw hnX-dn-bt- ijw sNdp-Xmbn Cf°ns°m-Sp-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS Imcy-£a - X h¿≤n°pw. cmk-hf - ß - f - nse aqe-Iß - fpsS hnhn-[-X-c-Øn-ep≈ \jvSw Hgn-hm-°m≥ A\ph¿Øn-°m-hp∂ Hcp coXn-bmWv sNSn-I-fpsS thcp ]Sew ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ÿe-ß-fn-te°v t\cn´v C´psIm-Sp-°pI F∂-Xv. aÆp-am-bp≈ _‘w Ipd-hm-bncn°pw F∂-Xn-\m¬ hf-ßf - psS Imcy-£a - X IqSp-∂p.

C°m-cWw sIm≠p-Xs∂ hf-Øns‚ Afhv Ipdbv°m-\m-Ipw. hf-°qdv Ipd-hp≈ aÆn¬ cmk-h-f-ßfpsS Imcy-£a - X Iq´m≥ Cu coXn hfsc \√-Xm-Wv. ssPh hf-ßf - nse ]Zm¿∞-߃ aqe-[m-Xp-°f - mbn hnL-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v ka-b-sa-Sp°pw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Ch hnX-bv°p-∂-Xn\v AYhm \Sp-∂-Xn\v c≠mgvN apºv aÆn¬ tN¿t°-≠X - m-Wv. F∂m¬ cmk-hf - ß - ƒ hnfIƒ \Sp∂ ka-bØpw ]n∂oSv hnf-I-fpsS hnhn[ hf¿®m-Zi - I - f - nepw \¬Im-hp-∂X - m-Wv. kky-ßf - psS ImbnI hf¿®bv°v XpS¿®-bmbn Bh-iy-amb aqe-IamWv ss\{S-P≥ F∂-Xn-\m¬ ss\{S-P≥ hf-߃ XhW-If - mbn \¬Ip-∂X - m-Wp-Øa - w. t^mkv^-dkv hf-߃ thcp-I-fpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn-°p-sa-∂X - n-\m¬ hf¿®-bpsS BZy L´-ØnemWv \¬tI-≠X - v. ip]m¿i-sNbvX apgp-h≥ hfhpw ASn-h-f-am-bmWv \¬tI-≠-Xv. tdm°vt^m-kvt^‰v aÆn¬ ebn-®p-tN-cp-hm≥ ka-b-sa-Sp°pw F∂-XpsIm≠v \Sp-∂X - n\v 2˛4 BgvN ap≥]v \¬Ip∂-Xm-WpØaw. s]m´mkyw hf¿®-bpsS F√m L´-ß-fnepw Bh-iy-am-bX - p-sIm≠v Xh-WI - f - mbn \¬Ip-∂X - m-WpØ-aw. F∂m¬ Ime-ssZ¿Lyw Ipd™ hnf-Iƒ°v H‰ Xh-W-bmbn \¬Imw. A\nhmcyamIp∂ hf-{]-tbmKw aÆn¬\n∂pw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂pw t]mj-Iaq-eß - sf kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v {]`m-Ie - \w F∂ ssPh˛-cmk {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv sNSn-Iƒ hf-cp-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ kky-h-f¿®-°p-th≠n aÆn¬ \n∂pw \o°w sNøs∏- S p∂ aqe- I - ß sf XncnsI aÆn¬Øs∂ FØn-°pI F∂-XmWv GsXmcp hf{]-tbm-Kc - o-Xn-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\X - X - zw. AtXm-sSm∏w

aÆns‚ `uXn-I, cmknI LS-\-Iƒ G‰hpw A\p-Iqe-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. aÆn¬ Bh-iy-Øn\v ssPhmwiw D≠m- I - W w, t]mj- I - a q- e - I ߃ [mcmfap≠mbncn°Ww, aÆns‚ AæX hnf-Iƒ°v tbmPn® Xc-Øn-em-bn-cn-°W - w, ehWmwiw tbmPn® XcØnemhWw Ch-sb√mw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ hf-{]-tbm-Kc - o-Xn-sb-bmWv kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbmKw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂X - .v CtXm-sSm∏w ]cn-]m-e\ - a - p-dI - f - nepw Nne am‰-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. aÆns‚ ^e-]pjvSn {][m-\-ambpw Imem-h-ÿ, Irjn-co-Xn, aÆp-kw-c£ - W - w, hf-{]-tbm-Kc - oXn F∂nhsb B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂X - .v \ΩpsS \m´n¬ agbpw shbnepw [mcm- f - a p≈ Imem- h - ÿ - b m- b - X n- \ maÆn¬\n∂pw aqe-Iß - ƒ s]s´∂v \jvSs - ∏-Spw. IqSpX¬ hnfhv In´p∂ C\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ t]mj-I\jvSw Gdn-bn-cn-°pw. A\n-b-{¥n-X-amb asÆm-en∏p IqSn-bm-hp-tºmƒ t]mj-I-߃ s]s´∂v \jvS-am-hp∂p. aÆv- ^-e-]p-jvSn-tbmsS \ne-\n¬°-W-sa-¶nAXn¬ \n∂pw \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂X - n\v Xpey-amb t]mj-I߃ Xncn-®p-sN-√p-∂X - n-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\t- a¿s∏-Sp-ØWw. If-\n-b{- ¥-Ww, Dghv Ipd-°¬, ]pX-bn-S¬, ssPhhfw tN¿°¬, cmk-hfw tN¿°¬, Pohm-Wp-hf - ß - ƒ, hnf-]c - n-{I-aw, ]b-dp-Ir-jn, aÆp-kw-c£ - Ww Cßs\ ]e-hn-[Ø - n-ep≈ \S-]S- n-Iƒ aptJ-\b - mWv CXv km[n°p-∂-Xv. {]IrXn Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc t]mj-W-Øn-\p≈ hgn kzbw sNøp-∂p-≠v. ag-s]-øp-tºm-gpw, CSn-an-∂ep-≠m-Ip-tºmgpw A¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂pw ss\t{S‰v cq-]Øn-emb ss\{S-P≥ Ipsd-sbms° aÆn-se-Øp∂p. kq£vam-Wp-°fpw Ipsd ss\{S-P≥ kw`-cn-°p∂p. ssPh-h-kvXp-°ƒ No™-fn-bp-tºmgpw Ipsdsbms° t]mj-I-߃ aÆn-te°v Xncn-®p-sN-√pw. ]t£, Ch-sbm∂pw Hmtcm-h¿jhpw ]n≥h-en°s∏Sp∂ t]mj-Iß - ƒ°v ]I-ca - m-hp-∂n-√. t]mj-I\ - jvSw ]cn-lc - n-°p-∂X - n\v \mw ]c-ºc - m-KX- a mbn kzoI- c n- ® n- c p∂ am¿£w NmWIapƒs∏sSbp≈ ayKhnk¿PPy߃, Nmcw, ]®n-eh-f-߃, F√p-s]m-Sn, ]nÆm-°p-Iƒ F∂nh aÆntN¿Øp- sIm-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ssPh-hk - vXp°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv \ΩpsS ]q¿ΔoI¿ Imem-Im-eß - f - mbn A\p-jT v n-®p-t]m-∂X - .v F∂mISpw-Irjn hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS aÆnse t]mj-I\jvSw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ ssPh-h-f-߃ am{Xw aXnbm-Im-sX-bm-bn. ]t£, h¿≤n®p hcp∂ P\ßfpsS `£ymhiyw IW°nseSpØv D¬]m-Z\w Ipd-bp∂ kvYnXn h®ps]mdp∏n°m\pw Ignbn√. Aßn-s\-bmWv cmk- h - f - ß ƒ Bhn¿`- h n- ° p- ∂ - X pw D]tbmKw hym]Iamhp∂Xpw. ssPh-h-f-ß-fpsS Afhv Ipd®v cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS 50

Afhv Iq´n-bp≈ Hcp Irjn-co-Xn-b√ \ap°v th≠-Xv. adn-®v, aÆns‚ `uXnI, cmknI kz`m-h-߃ \ne\n¿Øp-∂X - n-\m-hi - y-amb{X Af-hn¬ ssPh-hf - ß - fpw ]qc-I-ß-fmbn cmk-h-f-ßfpw F∂ kao-]-\-amWv Bh-iyw. cmk-hfw am{Xw tN¿Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]mS-ß-fnse t]mj-I-ti-Jcw ]cnan-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

Imew Ign-bp-t¥mdpw CØcw ]mS-ß-fn¬ kq£va-aqe-I-I-Ωnbpw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßpw. AtX ka-bw, ssPh-hfw am{Xw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]dºn¬ Ipd™ tXmXn-se-¶nepw {Ia-ambn D¬]m-Z\ \ne-hmcw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ignbpw. ]t£, CXp-am{Xw t]mct√m? Db¿∂ D¬]m-Z\ \ne-hm-chpw em`hpw e£yw sh°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ssPh-hf - t- Øm-sSm∏w cmkh-fhpw tN¿t°-≠n-hc - pw. aÆns‚ `uXnI cmk-Kp-Wß - fmb LS-\, Pe-kw{K-lW - t- i-jn, kpjn-cÿ e - w, samØ km{μ-X, [\mbW hn\n-ab - £ - a - X - , kq£vaP - o-hn-If - psS {]h¿Ø\w Ch-sbms° icn-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬ aÆn¬ [mcmfw ssPhmwiw thWw. aÆns‚ AæX hnf-Iƒ°v tbmPn® Xc-Øn-em-bn-cn-°W - w. Ch-sb√mw ]cn-KW - n®p-sIm-≠p≈ hf-{]-tbm-Kc - o-Xn-sb-bmWv "'kwtbm-PnX hf-{]-tbmKw'' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. CtXm-sSm∏w ]cn]m-e-\-ap-d-I-fnepw Nne am‰-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Npcp°-Øn¬ ssPh-hf - {- ]-tbmKw aÆns‚ ^e-]pjvSn \ne\n¿Øp-∂X - n-\m-hi - y-amb `uXn-I, cmk-Kp-Wß - ƒ sa®s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n¬ ]cn-an-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v t]mj-Ia - qe-I-߃ cmk-h-f-ß-fn-eqsS F∂ Hcp {Iaw B[pI IrjnbpsS Bhn¿`mhtØmsS \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CtXmsSm∏w AæX IqSnb aÆn¬ IpΩm-bhpw tN¿t°≠n hcpw. ssPh-hf - h - pw, cmk-hf - hpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p≈ Cu coXn-bmWv imkv{Xo-b-hpw, kpÿn-c-hpw.

Cu hkvXpXIƒ IW-°n-se-SpØmWvv B[p-\nI Irjn- c o- X n- I ƒ Ah- e w- _ n- ° p- t ºmƒ cmk- h f ip]m¿i-I-tfm-sSm∏w ssPh-h-f-ip-]m¿ibpw IpΩmbip-]m¿ibpw \¬Ip∂Xv. ]t£, I¿j-I¿ Ffp-∏Øn¬ ssPh-h-f-Øns‚ D]tbmKwIpd®p. IpΩmbØns‚ D]tbmKhpw Ipd™p. ssPh-h-f-ß-fpw.

Bhiysa¶n¬, IpΩm-bhpw D]tbmKn°pI Xs∂ thWw. cmkhf-ß-fpsS “{]iv\w” cmkhf-߃ - AanXambn D]-tbm-Kn®m¬ Nne ]mcnÿn-XnI {]iv\ß - ƒ D≠mhm≥ km≤yXbp≠v. cmkhfw ]q¿Æ-ambpw Hgn-hm°n ssPhfw am{Xambn Irjn ]‰p-sa-¶n¬ \√-Xp-X-s∂. ]t£, ssPh-hfw am{X-ap]- t bm- K n®p≈ Irjn- b p- a mbn aptºm- ´ p- t ]m- I m≥ ]e¿°pw Ignbmdn√. Bh-iy-Øn-s\mØ Xc-ØnssPh-hf - ß - ƒ In´m-\n-s√∂XmWv {]iv\w. C¥y-bnIrjn sNøp∂ hnf-I-sf√mw IqSn Hcp-h¿jw 28 Zi-

e£w S¨ t]mj-I-߃ \o°w sNbvXv D¬]-∂-ßfm°n am‰p-∂p-≠v. NmW-Iw, a\p-jy-aew, hnfm-hinjvS߃ Ch-sb-√mw-IqSn Iq´n-bmepw BsI 5.6 Zie£w S¨ t]mj-I-ßsf Xncn-®p-\¬Im≥ Ignbq F∂mWv IW-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂X - v. IΩn Xo¿®-bmbpw cmk-h-f-ß-fn-eqsS Xs∂ \nI-tØ-≠n-h-cpw. ]t£, cmk-hf - Ø - ns‚ Zpcp-]t- bmKw XStb≠Xp≠v. ssPhf--ßf - psS ]cn-an-XnIfpw cmk-hf - ß - f - psS {]iv\ßfpw IqSn IW°nseSpØp sIm≠p≈ k¥p-enX hf-{]tbm-K-coXnIfmWv \ap°v Bhiyw . ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {][m-\-hn-fIƒs°√mw IrXy-amb ssPh-hf - , cmk-hf ip]m¿iIƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. ]t£, CsXms° `qcn`mKw I¿jIcpw IrXyambn ]men°mdn√. I¿j-Ic - psS hf{]-tbmKw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv an°-t∏mgpw cmk-hf I®h-S° - m-cmWv! cmk-hf - {- ]-tbmKw aÆp-]c - n-tim-[n®v Bhiy-sa-¶n¬ a‰m\pw \n¿t±-i-ap-s≠-¶nepw ]men-°p-∂¿ F{X-t]-cp-≠pIpw? Ipd-™-]£w NPK hf-߃ \njvI¿jn-°p∂ s]mXp-A-\p-]m-X-Øn-se-¶nepw Bhm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww. hSt° C¥y-bnse aÆns]m´mkyw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v s]mXpsh tKmXºv, s\√v XpSßnb hnfIƒ°v 4:2:1 F∂ NPK A\p]m- X - a mWv AhnsS th≠- X v. F∂mtIcfØnse aÆn¬ s]m´mkyw Ipd-hm-b-Xp-sIm≠v s\√v t]mep≈ hnfIƒ°v 2:1:1 F∂ A\p-]m-Xa - mWv th≠n-hc - n-I. hf-{]-tbmKw imkv{Xo-b-Xam°pI ssPh-hf - ß - f - psS Ipd™ e`y-X,- ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ _p≤n-ap-´v, Db¿∂ hne Ch-sIm≠v ]ecpw ssPh-hfw Xo¿Øpw Hgn-hm°n cmk-hfw am{X-am-°n hf-{]-tbmKcoXn am¡nbn´p≠v. cmk-hfw D]-tbm-Kn®XpsIm≠p am{Xw Irjn imkv{Xo-ba-mhn√. H´pw ssPh-hfw tN¿°msX aq∂m-ep-h¿jw Irjn \S-Ønbm¬ {]iv\-߃ DS-se-SpØp XpS-ßpw. Irjn sNøs∏-Sp∂ aÆn-te°v B≠p-tXmdpw Npcp-ßn-bXv 5˛6 S¨ ÿqe-ssP-hh - f - ß - ƒ tN¿Øp-sIm-Sp-Ømse aÆnse ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ Afhv \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-bq.

H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ hnf-sh-Sp-Øm¬ ssPh-h-f-{]-tbmKhpw Bh¿Øn-t°-≠n-hc - pw.hf-sc-b[ - nIw ssPh-hf - ߃ H‰-b-Sn°v \¬In ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ Afhv Iq´m≥ km[n-°n-√. aÆnse Im¿_Wpw ss\{S-P\pw XΩn¬ GXm≠v ÿnc-amb Hc-\p-]mXw \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ch c≠n-t‚bpw Afhv Ipd-™p-t]mhm\pw ]mSn-√. hnf-]-cn-{I-a-Øn¬ ]b¿h¿£-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbpw, Imcy-£-a-amb ss\{S-P≥ hf-߃ hgnbpw ss\{S-Ps‚ Imcyw icn-bm-°mw. CXv aÆnXs∂ \ne-\n¬°-W-sa-¶n¬ CXn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ Im¿_¨ IqSn aÆn-ep-≠m-h-Ww. AXn\v ssPhmw-i51

Øns‚ Afhv \ne-\n¿Øp-Itb am¿£-ap-≈q. ssPh-h-f-߃ Bh-iy-Øn\v e`n-°mØXmWv ChbpsS D]- t bmKw Ipd- b m≥ Imc- W - s a∂v ]dbs∏Sp∂p≠v. Jc-am-en-\y-ßfnse ssPh-am-en-\yßsf th¿Xncn®v ItºmÃv B°n ]p\-Nw-{I-aWw \SØm- \ p≈ km≤y- X - I ƒ ]cntim[n°Ww. \Kcamen\yßsf ItºmÃv B°n am‰m- \ p≈ {]tXyI coXn-Iƒ Xs∂ \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p-≠v. ]®n-ehf e`yX h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw {]k‡n-bp-≠v. ssPhmw-iaSßnb ta¬aÆv Hen-®p-t]mhmsX t\m°-pIbpw thWw. Pohm-Wp-h-f-ß-sfbpw k¥p-en-X hf-{]-tbm-KcoXnbpsS `mKam°mw. Aßns\ In´m-hp∂ ssPh-hf-ßs - fms° Irjn-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°pI. CtXm-sSm∏w apJy-t]m-j-I-߃ k¥p-enX A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ cmkh-f-ß-fmbn \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. k¥p-en-X-amb Hcp hf-{]-tbm-Kc - oXn ChnsS hnI-kn®v htc-≠X - p-≠.v CØc-samcp hf-{]-tbm-K-coXn am{Xta Irjn°v kpÿncX \¬Im\p]Icn°q.

Irjnbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ \√ aÆn¬ th≠{X sh≈hpw hfhpw \¬In Irjn sNbvXmepw \√ hnfhv In´psa∂v Hcp-d-∏p-an√. {]IrXnbnse kzm`m-hnI k¥peØn\pw A\p-{Ia-Øn\pw FXn-cmbn Ir{Xnaamb A¥-co-£-Øn-em-bn-cn°pat√m Irjn. Cu kml-Ncy-Øn¬ If-Iƒ, {]mWn-Io-S-I-߃, Ipan-fp-Iƒ, _mIvSo-cn-bI - ƒ, \na-hn-cI - ƒ, ]£n-Iƒ, a‰v kkvX\ Pohn-Iƒ F∂nh kky-ßsf Ah-bpsS sN-dp-{]m-bØn¬ Xs∂ D]-{Z-h-ap-≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßpw. CØcw D]-{Z-h-Im-cn- Po-hn-Isf (pests)-Xp-c-Øm≥ a\p-jy≥ F°m-ehpw {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]cm-Pbw G‰p-hmßm-\m-bn-cp∂p ]e-t∏mgpw hn[n. ]´n-Wnbpw ]´nWn ac- W - h p- s ams° ssZh- t Im- ] - t am, {]- I rXnbpsS `mKtam Hs° Bbn hnNm-cn--®n-cp-∂XpsIm≠v B¿°pw ]cm-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. C∂-X√ ÿnXn h¿≤n®p hcp∂ P\-X-Xn°v \nb-a-]-c-ambnØs∂ `£Ww FØn°pI F∂Xv ]e-cm-Py-ßfpw AwKo-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠.v C¥ybpw `£y kpc£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-te°v \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. Ab¿em≥Un¬ 1845kw`-hn® sFjnjv s]m´t‰m ^man≥ Dcp-f° - n-gß - ns\ Icn-®n¬ tcmKw sIm≠v kw`-hn-®X - m-Wv. ]´n-Wn-aqew \mep tImSn P\-߃ acn-®p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. C¥ybn¬ Xs∂ 1943-˛44 ¬ kw`-hn® _wKmƒ £ma-Øns‚ ImcWw s\¬Irjnsb _m[n® ""sl¬hnt¥m kvt]mdnbw eo^v kvt]m´v'' F∂ Ipanƒ tcmK-amWv. B h¿jw am{Xw 15 e£w t]¿ acn-®p-sh∂v IW°p Iq´p∂p. tKmX-ºns‚ Xpcpºp tcmKw, sh´p-Infn ieyw XpS- ß n- b h ]e- t ∏mgpw alm- a m- c n(epidemic)-

bmbnØs∂ kw`-hn®v `£y-kp-c-£sb A]-I-S-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. CØcw- km-l-N-cy-߃ Hgn-hm°m-\p≈ a\p-jy-cpsS AZ-ay-amb {ia-amWv IoS-\n-b{¥-W-Øn\v cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XnsN∂-hk - m-\n-°p-∂X - v. Irjnbnse IoS-ßf - psS Imcy߃ t\m°p-∂-Xn\v IoS-imkv{Xw (entomology), kky-tcm-Ki - mkv{Xw (Plant pathology), If-\n-b{- ¥W imkv{Xw (weed science) F∂n-ßs\ imkv{X-im-JIƒ Xs∂ DS-se-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v.

IoS-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - n\v {][m\ambpw \mep am¿§-ßf - m-Wp-≈X - v.

1. bm{¥nI \nb-{¥Ww : ssI sImt≠m, sIWn D]-tbm-Knt®m IoS-ßsf tiJ-cn-®p- \-in-∏n-°p∂ coXn. kqcy-Xm]w D]-tbm-Kn-t®m, NqSp-]t- bm-Knt®m IoS-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw CXn¬ hcpw.

2 Irjn-co-Xn-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v : Im¿jn-I-co-Xn-I-sf {IaoIcWw sIm≠p am{Xw Nne Xcw IoS-ßsf \nb{¥n°m≥ km[n-°pw.

3 ssPhnI \nb-{¥Ww : {]Ir-Xn-bnImWp∂ FXn¿ {]mWn-Iƒ, ]cm-Z-߃, Cc-]n-Snb∑m¿, tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ Chsb hf¿Øn-sb-SpØv ssPhn-I\ - n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°mw.

4 cmk-\n-b-{¥Ww : cmk-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fp-]tbm-Kn®v IoS-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. cmk-Io-S\ - m-in-\n-If - psS XpS-°w. cmk- \ n- b - { ¥- W - Ø n- e mWv ck- X - { ¥- Ø ns‚ {]tbmKw {][m-\-ambpw hcp-∂-Xv. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬, {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ In´p∂ Nne cmk-]-Zm¿ßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp ]t£, K‘-I-am-bncn°pw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® cmk IoS-\m-in-\n.

B¿sk-\n-Iv, sa¿°p-dn, D∏v, ]pI-bn-e, ss]dn{Xw F∂n-hbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI IoS\n-b{- ¥-WØ - ns‚ Ncn{Xw XpS-ßp-∂Xv ]mcokv {Ko≥ (tIm∏¿ Ak-t‰-‰n-t‚bpw tIm∏¿ B¿k-t\-‰n-t‚bpw Cc´ kwbp‡w) 1867 ¬ tImf-dmtUm s]m´t‰m _o‰nen-s\-Xnsc D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠mWv. 1885 emWv C∂pw {]i-kvXa - mb t_m¿tUm an{inXw hcp-∂X - v. CsXmcp BI-ka v nI I≠p]nSpØambmWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - .v {^m≥knse ap¥n- c n- t Øm- ´ - ß - f n¬ I≈- ∑ msc hnI¿jn°m-\mbn Xpcnipw IpΩm-bhpw tN¿Øpw tXm´-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ ap¥n-cn-I-fn¬ ASn°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cßs\ Xpcnipw IpΩmbhpw Xfn® ap¥n-cn-Isf ""tUmWn an¬Uyq'' F∂ AkpJw _m[n-°p-∂n√ F∂ Xncn-®d - n-hmWv hgn-Øncn-hm-bX - v. ""t_m¿tUm'' F∂ ÿe-Øp-sh-®mWv CXv I≠p-]n-S-n-°-s∏-´Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ C∂v t_m¿tUm an{inXw F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂p. (t_m¿tUm Ipg-ºp-ap-≠v).

52

Ipanƒ tcmK-߃ - s - °-Xn-sc-bp≈ ^e-{]-Za - mb Ipanƒ \min-\n-bmbn t_m¿tUm an{inXw C∂p-ap-≠v.

B[p-\nI IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw hym]-Iam-hm≥ ]ns∂bpw ka-b-sa-Sp-Øp. HXv\m¿ knUve¿ ([Othnar Zeidler) 1874¬ D≠m-°n-sb-SpØ DDT bpsS IoS-\m-in\n kz`mhw shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv 1939 emWv. t]mƒ ap≈-dmWv DDT Hcp IoS-\m-in-\n-bmbn Adn-bs∏-Sm≥ Imc-Ww. 1942 apX¬ DDT h≥tXm-Xn¬ D]tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn. DDTbpsS icn-bmb t]cv 2,2˛di (Pchrophenyl) 1,1,1 (trichloethane) F∂m-Wv. c≠mw temI-al - m-bp-≤I - m-eØv ]´mf Iymºp-If - n¬ ate-dnb ]S¿∂p ]nSn-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xn¬ DDT al-Ømb ]¶p hln-®p. bp≤m-\¥ -- cw DDTbpsS D]-tbm-Kw- Irjn-bn¬ hym]-I-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. CXn-s\mcp am‰w hcp∂Xv td®¬ Im¿ksk ""\n»_vZ hk¥w'' F∂ {]kn-≤a - mb ]pkvXIw ]pd-Øn-dß - p-∂t- Xm-sS-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂p-≠mb {]Xn-tj-[-hpw, DXvI-WvTIfpw DDT bpsS D]-tbmKw ]e cmPy-ßf - pw \ntcm-[n-°p-∂X - nIem-in-®p. tÃm°v tlmw I¨sh≥j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-SpØ-s∏´ ""hrØn-sI´ 12 t]¿'' (the dirty dozen) F∂dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ ÿmhc ssPh {]Zq-jI - ß - f - n¬ {][m-\nbmWv DDT. (]t£ CXn-t∏mgpw ]´nI c≠n-em-Wp≈-X,v D∑q-e\w sNtø-≠h Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]´nI 1¬ A√, DDT bpsS Irjn-bn-ep≈ D]-tbmKw 1992¬ Xs∂ \ntcm-[n-®p-sh-¶nepw ate-dnb shIvSd- mb sImXp-Ins\ Xpc-Øm≥ saUn-°¬ hnZ-K≤ v ¿°v as‰mcp ^e-{]-Zhpw Nne-hp-Ip-d™ X - p-amb am¿§w ]d-bm-\n-√m-ØX - n-\msImXpIp \io-Ic - W - Ø - n\v D]-tbmKw XpS-cp-∂p.)

Cw•o-jn¬ s]Ãn-sskUv (Pesticide) F∂p ]dbp-∂Xv IoS-\m-in\n (insecticide), Ipanƒ \min\n (fungicide), B‚n-_-tbm-´n-Ivkv, sNdp-ar-K-hn-j-߃ (rodenticides), kky- \ m- i n- \ n- I ƒ (herbicides) F∂nhsb√mw tN¿Øm-Wv. CXn-te-Xpw km[m-c-W°m-cs\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw IoS-\m-in\n Xs∂-bmW-.v ]t£, Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw {]h¿Ø-\c - o-Xnbpw hnjho-cyhpw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-°p∂ {]iv\ß - fpw hyXymk-s∏-´n-cn-°pw.

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb {]h¿Ø\-co-Xn-bmWv Ipanƒ\min-\n-Iƒ, B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°pIƒ, kky-\m-in-\n-Iƒ F∂n-h° - p-≈X - v. kky- \ m- i n- \ n- I sf (herbicides) If- \ m- i n\n (weedicide) F∂p ]e-t∏mgpw ]d-bp-sa-¶nepw AXv A{X \√ {]tbm-K-a-√. If-sbt∂m hnf-sbt∂m t\m°msX F√m kkyß-sfbpw \in-∏nv° - p∂ cmkh-kvXp-°fpw kky\m-in\n hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≠v. {]`m-Ie-\w, tlm¿tam¨ k¥p-e-\w, t{]m´o≥ \n¿ΩmWw XpS- ß nb ssPh cmknI {]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf XS-

s∏SpØnbmWv kky-\m-in-\n-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. \n¿§-a\ - ] - q¿Δ (Pre-emergent) kky-\m-in-\n-Ifpw \n¿§-at- \m-Øc (Post-emergent) kky-\m-in-\n-If - p-ap≠v . hc- W - £ - a X (selectivity) F∂ {]tXy- I X sIm≠v Nne kky-߃°v lm\n-Ic - hpw a‰p Nne-Xn\v kpc-£n-X-hp-am-Ipw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v 214-˛Un F∂ kky-\m-in\n s\¬Ir-jn-bnse ""aßv'' F∂ Ifsb s\√n\v tZmjw-hc - msX \in-∏n°p-∂X - n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°mw.

F∂m¬ ss•t^m-tk‰v F∂ \n¿§-a-t\m-Ø-c-k-ky\m-in\n F√m-Øcw kky-ßs - fbpw \in∏n°pw.

IoS\m-in\n-I-fpsS h¿§o-I-cWw IoS-\m-in\n IoS-ß-fpsS ico-c-Øn¬ Fßns\ FØn-s]-Sp∂p F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿§oI-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

DZ-cI - o-S\ - m-in\n-Iƒ: IoS-ßf - psS hb-‰n-seØn amcI-am-hp∂ cmk-hk - vXp-°f - m-Wn-h. DZm: Im¿_m-dn¬. kv]¿i\ IoS-\m-in\n-Iƒ : CØcw IoS-\m-in-\nIƒ IoS-ßf - psS icoc `mK-ßf - n¬ kv]¿in-°p-tºmƒ sXmen-bn¬ IqSn {]th-in®v c‡-Øn¬ Ie-cp-Ibpw kncm-hyq-lØ - ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. DZm: ame-Øn-tbm¨ [qa IoS-\m-in\nIƒ : CØcw IoS-\m-in\n-Iƒ hnj-hm-X-I-ap-≠m°n izmk-\m-fn-bn¬ IqSn D≈n{]th-in® IoS-ßsf sIm√p-∂p. DZm: \m]vXe - o≥ IoS-\m-in\n-Isf cmk kz`mhw Bkv]-Z-am°n h¿§o-Ic - n-°p-∂s - X-ßn-s\-sb∂p IqSn t\m°mw. IoS\m-in-\n-I-sf-bmsI AIm¿_-WnI IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Im¿_-WnI IoS-\m-in\n-Iƒ F∂p Xncn-°p-I-bmWv BZysØ ]Sn. ]g- b - I me IoS- \ m- i n\n- I - f mWv AIm¿_-WnI hn`m-K-Øn¬ hcn-I. B¿sk-\n-Iv, K‘-Iw, s_mdm-Ivkv, sa¿°p-dn, kn¶-t^mkv {Ko≥, t_m¿tUm an{ioXw F∂n-hs - bms° Cu hn`m-KØ - nhcpw. Im¿_-WnI IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h - t]mse h¿§o-Ic - n-°mw. * sslt{Um-Im¿_¨ FÆ-Iƒ ˛ asÆ-Æ, Smcv, tkm∏v. * kky-P\y IoS-\m-in\n-Iƒ ˛ ss]dn-{Xw, \nt°m´n≥ . * P¥p P\y IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ ˛ th∏n≥ kØv. * Ir{Xna Im¿_-WnI buKn-Iß - ƒ ˛ Hm¿Kmt\m t¢mdo≥, Hm¿Kmt\m t^mkv t ^- ‰ v , Im¿_- t a- ‰ v , Hm¿Kmt\m kƒ^¿ F∂n-ßs\ Ch hnhn[ hn`m-Kß-fn¬s]Sp-∂p.

IoS-\m-in\n Ah-jn-]vX-߃ IoS-\m-in\n {]tbm-Kn®p Ign-™m¬ sNdnb tXmXn¬ Ah-jn-]vX-߃ (residues) aÆnepw, sNSn53

ØnI ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ (economic threshold level) F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v s\√nse X≠pXp-c∏ - s‚ Imcy-sa-Sp-°mw. Hcp NXp-c{- iao‰d-n¬ 5 iX-am\w \´p \m_p Icn-®n¬ A√-¶n¬ Hcp ie`w/ ap´-°q´w I≠m¬ am{Xw IoS-\m-in\n {]tbm-KØ - n\p t]mbmaXn. kmº-ØnI t{Zml-]-cn[n IoS-\n-b{- ¥-WØ - n\v Nne-hp-≠.v IoS-\n-b{- ¥W \S]-Sn-Iƒ°v tijw Cu Nne-hn-\\ - p-kc - n®v IqSp-X¬ hcpam\w In´-Ww. IoS-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn\p th≠n hcp∂ Nnehpw AXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ A[nI hcp-am-\hpw C√Xm-Ip∂ ]cn-[n-bmWv kmº-ØnI t{Zml ]cn[n (economic injury level). Cu ]cn[n FØp-∂Xv hsc IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw Bh-iy-an-√. kwtbm-PnX kky-kw-c£ - Ww kky-kw-c£ - W - s - a-∂m¬ IoS-\m-in-\n-If - psS A\nb-{¥nX {]tbm-Ka - √ - . hnhn[ IoS-\n-b{- ¥W am¿§-߃ {i≤m-]q¿Δw sXc-s™-SpØv hnf-Iƒ°pw, kml-Ncy-߃°p a\p-krX-ambn Bhm-kh - y-hÿ - °v henb £Xw Gev]n-°mØ Xc-Øn¬ kky-kw-c£ - Ww Dd∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ coXn-°mWv kwtbm-PnX kky-kw-c£Ww (Integrated Pest Management, IPM) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. IoS-{]-Xn-tcm[ tijn-bp≈ hnØn-\-ßfpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏p apX¬ bm{¥n-I, Im¿jn-I, ssPhnI IoS-\n-b-{¥W am¿§-ßfpw CXns‚ `mK-ambn-cn-°pw. IoS-_m[ s]cp-Im≥ km[y-Xb - p≈ kabw Xnc-s™SpØv Irjn sNbpI F∂-sXms° CØns‚ `mK-am-Wv. cmk IoS-\n-b-{¥Ww A‰ssI {]tbmKw F∂ Xc-Øn¬ ImW-Ww. Ah {]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmkmº-ØnI ]Sn-hm-Xn¬, kmº-ØnI t{Zml-]-cn-[n, ImØn-cp∏p Imew F∂o kwK-Xn-Iƒ Xo¿®-bmbpw ]cn-KW - n-®n-cn-°W - w.

I-fnepw ImWpI kzm`m-hn-Ia - m-Wv. CXv Xo¿Øpw Hgnhm-°pI km≤y-a-√. ]t£, a\p-jy¿°pw PohnIƒ°pw {]iv\-am-ImØ Xc-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS A\p-hZ-\o-b-amb tXmXv \n¿Æ-bn-°mw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Im¿t_m-^q-dm≥ (^q-cU - m≥) F∂ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS A\p-hZ- \ - ob Ah-jn]vX tXmXv 0.2 ppm (0.2 an{Kmw/ In{Kmw) BWv. C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ IoS-\m-in\n BIvSv {]Im-cw. CØcw hnh-c-߃ IqSn Adn-bn-t°≠-Xp-≠v. ]co-£W arK-ß-fn¬ IoS-\m-in\n Znhkhpw ¢n]vX Af-hn¬ sImSpØv Ah-bpsS B¥-cmh-b-h-߃ s°m∂pw Ipg∏wap-≠m-ImØ Ahÿ \n¿Æ-bn-°m-s∏-SW - w.

ImØn-cp-∏p-Imew IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ Hcp hnf-bn¬ Xfn®p Ign-™mHcp \n›n-XI - mew Ign™p am{Xta Ah hnf-sh-SpØv `£n-°p-∂X - n\v kpc-£n-Xa - m-hp. IoS-\m-in\n hnL-Sn®v \n¿ho- c y- a m- I p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ ka- b - a mWv ImWp- I .

Cßs\ IoS-\m-in\n hnL-Sn®v B]-¬° - c - a - √ - m-Xm-bnØo-cm≥ FSp-°p∂ ka-bsØbmWv ImØn-cp∏v Imew (waiting period) F∂p ]d-b∂ - X - v. cmk-LS- \ - , `uXn-I-cq]w (formulation), hocyw, hnf-Iƒ D]-tbmKn-°p∂ kky-`m-K-߃, A¥-co-£-ÿnXn F∂n-hb-\p-k-cn®v ImØn-cp-∏p-Imew amdmw. cPn-kvt{Sj≥ In´p-∂X - n-\v Im-Øn-cp-∏p-Im-eØ - ns‚ hnh-cß - fpw \evIWw. kmº-ØnI ]Sn-hm-XnIrjn-bn-SØ - n¬ Ah-Sh - nsS Noe IoSm {Ia-Wß - ƒ I≠v F¥p sIm≠p am{Xw IoS-\m-in\n {]tbm-Kn°p-∂Xv kmº-ØnI \jvSw hcp-Øp-sa∂ am{X-a√ {]Ir-Xn°pw lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. I¿j-I\v kky kwc£Ww \S-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ \jvSw D≠m-°m≥ km[yX-bp≈ IoS-_m-[-bpsS Ah-ÿsb AWv kmº-

54

`£y-hk - vXp-°f - nse ambw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ ]co-£-W-߃ I kky FÆ-Iƒ

Nph∏v \ndtam I≠m¬ ]ip-hn≥ s\øn¬ h\-kv]Xn tN¿Øn-´p-s≠∂v A\p-am-\n-bv°mw.

`£y FÆ-If - n¬ Bh-Ws - °-Æbpw hne-Ip-d™ a‰v ]e-Xcw FÆ-Ifpw tN¿Øp-h-cp-∂-Xmbn I≠phcp-∂p-≠v. Ch Is≠-Øm-\mbn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]co£-Wß - ƒ \S-Øm-hp-∂X - m-Wv.

c) kky FÆ-If - n-epw ]ip-hn≥ s\øn-epw Ir{Xna Nmb- ß ƒ tN¿Øn´pt≠msb- ∂ - d n- b m≥ Hcp sSÃvSyq_n¬ 2ml kmºn-sf-SpØv AXv CuYdn¬ ebn∏n-°p-I. c≠v `m-K-am-°pI. H∂n¬ 1ml HCl tN¿°pI. at‰ sSÃvSyq_n¬ 1ml 10% NaOH Hgn-°p-I. \∂mbn Ipep-°nb tijw Cf-°msX shbv°p-I. BknUv emb-\n-bn¬ ]n¶v \nd-hpw, B¬°en emb-\n-bna™ \ndhpw cq]-s∏-´m¬ AXv {In{Xna Nmb-ßf - psS km∂n-[y-amWv ImWn-°p-∂X - v.

a) Cu¿∏-an-√mØ Hcp sSÃyq-_n¬ 1ml FÆ-sbSpØv 10ml Aæo-I-cn® s]t{Sm-fnbw CuY¿ tN¿Øv 2 an\p´v i‡n-bmbn Ipep-°p-I. ]n∂oSv Hcp Xp≈n Atam-Wnbw tamWn_vtU‰v emb\n AXn¬ tN¿°pI. -em-b-\n-bn¬ Dud¬ hcp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv `£y FÆ-bn¬ Bh-Ws - °-Æb - psS km∂n-[y-amWv sXfnbn-°p-∂X - v.

III tX≥

b) Hcp sSkv‰yq_n¬ 1ml FÆ-bn¬ 5ml KmU ss\{SnIv Aæw tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. A¬]t\cw A\-°msX shbv°p-I. Xmtg X´n¬ a™-tbm, Hmdt©m \ndw cq]-s∏´p hcp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ FÆ-bnNmbw tN¿Øn-´p-s≠∂v a\- n-em-°mw.

tX≥ hf-sc-tbsd Huj-[K - p-Wa - p-≈Xpw Btcm-KyØn\v hfsc KpW-I-c-hp-am-Wv. tX\n¬ ]©-kmc Ipg-ºpw, i¿°c]m\n-bpsams° hym]-Ia - mbn tN¿Øp-hc - p-∂p-≠v. tX\n¬ ambw tN¿Øn-´p-t≠m-sb∂v I≠p-]n-Sn°m≥ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]co-£-W-߃ \S-Ømw.

II ]ip-hn≥ s\øv ]ip-hn≥ s\øn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn h\-kv]-Xn, thhn-®s v ]m-Sn® Dcp-f° - n-gß - ,v {Iow cq]-Øn-em-°nb Dcpf-°n-gßv Ch-sbm-s°-bmWv em`w sImøm-\mbn tN¿Øv hcp-∂-Xv. Ch tN¿Øn-´p-t≠m-sb∂v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]co-£W - Ø - n-eqsS Xncn-®d - n-bmw.

a) 5ml tX\n¬ 5ml CuY¿ tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep°p-I. ]n∂oSv CuY¿ ]Sew Hcp ssN\m-Un-jn-te°v kmh-[m\w Hgn®v _mjv]o-I-cn-bv°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I. AXn¬ 2ml dntkmkn-t\mƒ Hgn-°p-I. sNdn-bpsS Nph∏p-\n-d-tam, hb-e‰v Ie¿∂ Nph-∏p-\n-dtam I≠mtX\n¬ i¿°-c-tbm, ]©-km-ctbm AS-ßn-bn-´ps≠∂p A\p-am-\n-°mw.

a) Hcp sSkv‰yq_n¬ 5ml ]ip-hn≥ s\sø-SpØv \∂mbn Xnf-∏n-°p-I. XWp-Ø-tijw AXn¬ Hcp Xp≈n Ab- U n≥ emb\n tN¿°p- I . \oe- \ ndw I≠m¬ s\øn¬ Ãm¿®v AS-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂v A\pam\n-bv°mw. NqSm-°p-tºmƒ \oe-\ndw A{]-Xy-£a - m-hpI-bpw, XWp-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Xncn-®p-hc - n-Ibpw sNøpw.

b) Hcp ssN\m-Un-jn¬ 5ml tX≥ FSpØv AXnIpd®vXp≈n A\n-en≥ t¢mssdUv emb\n tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf-°p-I. Hmd©v \ndw D≠m-bm¬ AXv ]©km-cb - psS km∂n-≤y-amWv ImWn-°p-∂X - v.

b) Hcp sSkv‰yq_n¬ 5ml ]ip-hn≥ s\øpw 5ml sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUpw A¬]w ]©-km-cbpw tN¿Øv 5 an\p´v \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. ]n¶v \nd-tam,

IV. ]b¿ h¿K-߃/ ]cn-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-∏p-I-fn-epw, ]b¿h¿K-ßfnepsa√mw hym]-Iambn ambw tN¿Øp-h-cp-∂p-≠v. CXn-\mbn tIkcn 55

]cn∏v IqSp-Xe - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXv ]cn-tim[n-°m-\mbn Hcp _o°-dn¬ 50ml t\¿Ø sslt{Umt¢m-dnIv Bkn-Un¬ ]cn∏v 15 an\n´vkabw IpXn¿Øv sh-bv°p-I. t\cnb ]n¶v \ndw I≠m¬ AXv tIkcn ]cn-∏ns‚ km∂n-[y-amWv sXfn-bn-°p-∂X - v.

ebn-∏n-®-tijw AXn¬ 13N kƒ^yq-dnIv BknUv tN¿°p-I. Nph∏v \ndw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv ambw tN¿Øp-sh-∂X - ns‚ e£-Wa - m-W.v CXn-tebv°v Ipd®v Xp≈n sh≈w tN¿Øm¬ \ndw \ne-\n¬°p∂p-sh-¶n¬ ambw tN¿Ø-bmbn Dd-∏n-°mw.

]cn∏v h¿K-ß-fn¬ (Xp-h-c-]-cn-∏v, sNdp-]-b¿ ]cn∏v, IS-e-]-cn-∏v) BI¿j-Iamb a™\ndw \¬Im\mbn sa‰m\n¬ btem (Metanil yellow) t]mep≈ Ir{Xna Nmb-߃ tN¿°m-dp-≠v. CXv ]cn-tim-[n-°m\mbn Ipd®v ]cn-s∏-SpØv hfsc Ipd®v sh≈-ØnIpXn¿Øv AXn¬ 5ml KmU sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Aæw tN¿°p-I. ]n¶v \ndw D≠m-hp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv ]cn∏n¬ Ir{Xna Nmb-߃ (cm-k-]-Zm¿Y-߃) tN¿Øn´p-s≠-∂p-≈X - ns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.

Idn-s∏m-Sn-bn¬ Cu¿®-s∏mSn tN¿tØmsb∂-dnbm≥ Hcp _o°-dn¬ sh≈-sa-SpØv AXns‚ D]-cn-Xe-Øn¬ Idn-s∏mSn hnX-dp-I. Cu¿®-s∏mSn D]-cn-X-eØn¬ Xßn-\n¬°pw. a√n-s∏m-Sn-bn¬ NmW-Is - ∏mSn hym]-Ia - mbn tN¿Øph-cp-∂p-≠.v CXv ]cn-tim-[n-b° v m-\mbn a√n-s∏mSn sh≈Øn-en´v \nco-£n-®m¬ aXn. NmW-I-s∏mSn D]-cn-X-eØn¬ s]mßn-\n¬°pw. AXns‚ aWw Xs∂ AXv Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ Xncn-®d - n-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-at- √m.

]cn-∏n\v BI¿j-Ia - mb \ndw e`n-°m-\mbn seUv t{Imta‰v (Lead Chromate) tN¿Øn-´p-t≠m-sb-∂-dnbm≥ A¬]w ]cn-s∏-SpØv 10ml Pew tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. ]n∂oSv ]cn∏v am‰n-b-tijw Cu sh≈- Ø n¬ 10ml sslt{Um- t ¢m- d nIv BknUv tN¿°p-I. ]n¶v \nd-ap-≠m-bm¬ AXv seUv t{Imta‰v tN¿Ø-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.

a) apf-Ivs]mSn apf-Ivs]m-Sn-bn¬ CjvSn-I-s]m-Sn, HmSv s]mSn-®-Xv, Nph∂ aÆv Ch-sbms° tN¿Øp-hc - p-∂p-≠.v CXv ]cntim-[n-bv°m-\mbn Hcp _o°-dn¬ t¢mtdm-t^m-an-t‚bpw, Im¿_¨ sS{Sm-t¢m-ssd-Un-t‚bpw (1:1) Hcp an{inX-sa-SpØv AXn¬ apf-Ivs]mSn tN¿Øn-f-°p-I. CjvSnIs∏mSnbpw Nph∂ aÆpw ASn-bn¬ ASn-™I v qSpw.

V. B´/ ssaZ ssaZ-bnepw B´-bnepw em`-Øn-\mbn tNm°p-s]mSn, Ifn-aÆv XpSßn ]e-Xcw s]mSn-Ifpw tN¿Øp-hcp-∂p-≠v. CXv ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mbn Hcp sSÃvSyq_nA¬]w ssaZ-sb-SpØv AXn¬ 10ml Im¿_¨ sS{Smt¢m-ssdUv tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. aÆpw a‰v s]mSn-Ifpw ASn-bn¬ ASn-™p-Iq-Spw.

b) a™ƒs∏mSn a™ƒs∏m-Sn-bn¬ seUv t{Imta‰v (Lead chromate) F∂ cmk-]Z- m¿Yw hym]-Ia - mbn tN¿Øv hcp-∂p-≠v. seUv t{Imta‰v Xmc-X-tay\ hne-Ip-d-hp-≈Xpw \√ a™ \nd-ap-≈Xpw `mcw IqSn-b-Xp-am-Wv. a™ƒs∏mSn-bn¬ CXv tN¿Øn-´p-t≠m-sb-∂d - n-bm≥ Hcp ssN\mUn-jn¬ A¬]w a™ƒ s]mSn-sb-SpØv \∂mbn Icns®-Sp-°pI. ]n∂oSv AXv kƒ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Unebn-∏n-°pI (1:7 kƒ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Uv). Cu emb\n Acn-s®-SpØv AXn¬ c≠v Xp≈n ssU^o-\-bnIm¿_-sskUv tN¿°pI (0.1% Diphenyl carbazide). ]n¶v \ndw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv seUv t{Imta‰v tN¿Ø-Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv.

ssaZ-bn¬ tNm°p-s]mSn tN¿Øn-´p-t≠m-sb-∂-dnbm≥ Hcp sSÃvSyq_n¬ A¬]w ssaZbn¬ t\¿Ø sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep°p-I. Ipan-fI - ƒ ]pdØv hcp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv tNm°ps]mSn tN¿Øn-´p-s≠-∂X - ns‚ sXfn-hm-Wv. VI. Idn-s∏m-Sn-Iƒ a™ƒs]m-Sn, apf-Ivs]m-Sn, kmºm¿s]m-Sn, a√ns∏mSn Ch-bn-se√mw \nd-ap≈ ]Zm¿Y-߃ s]mSn®v tN¿°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠v. Cu¿®-s∏m-Sn, CjvSn-I-s∏m-Sn, NmW-Is - ∏mSn XpS-ßn-bh - t- bm-sSm∏w seUv t{Imta‰v t]mep≈ cmk-]-Zm¿Y-ßfpw CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn®v hcp-∂p-≠.v Idn-s∏m-Sn-If - nse ambw ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mbn ]e-Xcw ]co-£-W-߃ \S-tØ≠n hcpw.

VII. s]cp-¶mbw kmºm¿ Imb-Øn¬ km[m-cW - b - mbn tkm∏v, sagpIv, Nfn XpS-ßn-bh - s - b√mw amb-ambn I≠p-hc - p-∂p-≠v. \∂mbn s]mSn® Imb-Øn¬ A¬]w Hcp sSÃyq_n-se-SpØv Ipd®v sh≈w tN¿Øv \∂mbn Iep-°pI. ambw tN¿Ø ]Zm¿Y-߃ ASn-bn¬ ASn-™pIqSpw (aÆv XpS-ßnb ]Zm¿Y-߃). Hcp sSÃvSyq_nA¬]w s]mSn® Imbw Im¿_¨ sS{Sm-t¢m-ssdUv

Ir{Xna Nmb-߃ s]mSn-bn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-t≠m-sb∂-dn-bm≥ A¬]w Idn-s∏mSn s]t{Sm-fnbw CuY-dn56

Wn-Iƒ F∂nh \nd-bpw. ]e-t∏mgpw H‰-t\m-´-ØnChsb ImW-Ws - a-∂n-√. CXv ]cn-tim-[n-®d - n-bm-\mbn 1% \n≥ ssl{Un-\n¬ (1% Nin hydrinin Alcohol) ap°nbp-W-°nb Hcp ^n¬´¿ t]∏-dn¬ A¬]w [m\yw/ ]b¿ aWn-Iƒ FSpØv t]∏¿ \∂mbn aS-°n-bt- ijw Hcp Np‰nI D]-tbm-Kn®v AXv \∂mbn ASn®v s]mSnbm-°p-I. ^n¬´¿ t]∏-dn¬ \oe \nd-ap≈ IpØp-Iƒ I≠m¬ [m\y-Øn¬/]b¿h¿K-Øn¬ IoS-߃ Ds≠∂pw, AXv ]g-bX - m-sW∂pw Dd-∏m-°mw.

tN¿Øv \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. A¬]-k-abw Cf°msX shbv°p-I. ASn-bn¬ Dudn-°q-Snb `mKw th¿Xncn- s ®- S pØv AXn¬ t\¿Ø sslt{Um- t ¢m- d nIv BknUv tN¿°p-I. Ipan-fI - ƒ ]pd-Øp-hc - p-∂p-sh-¶nImb-Øn¬ tNm°v AS-ßb - n-´p-s≠∂v A\p-am-\n°mw.

VIII. `£y [m\y- ß ƒ h∂pthmsb∂-dn-bm≥

Ime- ∏ - g °w

`£y-[m-\y-߃ ]b¿h¿K-߃ Ch Ime-∏g - °w sN∂m¬ Ch-bn¬ IpØ≥, Nmgn, ]e-Xcw sNdp-{]m-

Bh-iy-ap≈ hkvXp-°ƒ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ: kky FÆ (Fs≈-Æ), ]ip-hn≥ s\øv, tX≥, Xph-c∏ - c - n∏v, B´/ssaZ, a™ƒs]mSn, apf-Ips]m-Sn, s]cp-¶m-bw, [m\y-߃, ]b¿h¿K-߃.

D]I-cW߃: sSÃvSyq_v ˛6, t_mbn-enwMv Syq_v˛2, •m vtdmUv ˛2, •m vSyq_v˛2, _o°¿˛100ml ˛2; 250ml 2, kv]ncn‰v emºv˛1 cmk-hk - X v p-°ƒ: KmV sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-U,v KmV-kƒ^yq-cnIv Bkn-U,v KmV ss\{SnIv BknUv, t\¿Ø sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Uv, t\¿Ø kƒ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Uv, tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv, CHCl3, CCl3, CuY¿. ssU^o-ss\¬ Im¿_ssUUv, Atam-Wnbw tamfn-_vtU‰v, Ab-Un≥ emb-\n. Ãm¿®v, dntkm-Un-t\mƒ, A\n-en≥, \n≥ ssl{Un≥ emb\n (1%)bn¬ DW-°nb ^n¬´¿ t]∏¿. a‰p-h-kvXp-°ƒ: `£-W-Nm-b-߃, Cu¿®-s∏m-Sn, DW-°-®m-W-Iw, Ifn-a-Æv, Um¬U, Bh-W-s°-Æ, ]©-km-c, i¿°-c, tIk-cn-∏c - n-∏v.

57

imkv{X-¢m- p-Iƒ ˛ kwLm-S\ - Ø - n-\p≈ \n¿tZ-iß - ƒ 1. Pqembv 4 apX¬ (ta-cn-Iyq-dn-bpsS Nc-aZ- n-\w) BKÃv 2 hsc (]n kn tdbpsS P∑-Zn-\w)bp≈ Ime-bf - h - nemWv bq\n-‰X v e - Ø - n¬ hym]-Ia - mbn ¢m p-Iƒ \St°-≠X - v. bq\n-‰n¬ Npcp-ßn-bXv 10 ¢m p-Iƒ. RP am-cpsS e`y-X-b-\p-k-cn®v h\-h¿jw, BtKm-f-Xm]-\-hpw Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\hpw, Btcm-Ky-¢m p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw BImw. 2. hnZym- e - b - ß ƒ, hmb- \ - i m- e - I ƒ, ¢∫p- I ƒ, Ab¬°q-´t- bm-Kß - ƒ, sdkn-U≥kv Atkm-kn-tbj-\p-Iƒ F∂n-hb - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v ¢m p-Iƒ \SØ-Ww. `£y-hk - X v p-°f - nse ambw I≠p-]n-Sn-°]co-£-W-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬In sXcp-thmc ¢m p-Ifpw \S-Ømw. t\m´o-kv, IØp-Iƒ, t]mÃdnwKv F∂o {]Nm-c-tWm-]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØ-Ww. amknIm Imw]-bn≥ {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°m≥ {i≤n-°W - w.

3. ¢m p-Iƒ Ign-™m¬ ]{X-hm¿Ø \¬I-Ww. {]mtZ-inI Nm\epIfp-ambpw _‘-s∏-S-Ww. ]cnjZv h m¿Ø°v dnt∏m¿´v Ab- b v ° - W w. H∏w dnt∏m¿´v kwÿm-\I - ¨ho-\¿°pw Ab-bv°W - w.

4. ¢m p-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿°p ]pdsa ¢m v FSp-°m≥ k∂-≤-X-bp≈ Ipd-®p-t]sc IqSn Is≠Øn taJem Soan\v cq]w \¬IWw. Npcpßn-bXv 15 t]¿.

5. Ch-cpsS IqSn-bn-cn∏pw ]cn-io-e-\hpw Pq¨ 26\v apºv ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂X - n\v ]cn-]mSn Xøm-dm-°W - w. taJ-eb - n¬ imkv{X ¢m p-Iƒ°v Npa-Xe - ° - m-c\pw Hcp A°m-Z-an°v {Kq∏pw D≠m-I-Ww. taJ-em-Np-aX-e-°m-cs‚ t]cpw t^m¨\-ºdpw (C˛-sa-bnhnem-k-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXpw) Pn√m-Np-a-X-e-°m-cs\ Adn-bn-°W - w.

6. Hmtcm ¢m v Ign-bp-tºmgpw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hnh-c߃ taJ-em-Np-aX - e - ° - m-cs\ t^m¨ sNbvXv Adnbn-°-Ww. taJ-em-Np-a-X-e-°m-cs‚ t^m¨ \º¿ F√mw RP am¿°pw \¬I-Ww. $ ¢m v \S∂ Xnø-Xn, kabw, ÿew

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

58

$ hnjbw $ ]s¶-Sp-Øh - c - psS FÆw $ ¢m n-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج. imkv{X-¢m- p-Iƒ kw_-‘n® {]Xn-hmc dnt∏m¿´v taJ-em-Np-aX - e - ° - m-c≥ taJem sk{I-´d - n°v \¬IWw. taJ-em-sk-{I-´dn Hmtcm BgvNbpw dnt∏m¿´v Pn√m Npa-Xe - ° - m-cs\ hnfn-®d - n-bn-°p-It- bm, C˛-sabn¬ sNøp-Itbm thWw. Pn√m Npa-Xe - ° - m-cs‚/ Pn√m-`-hs‚ Email ID taJem sk{I-´-dn-am¿°v \¬I-Ww. imkv{X-¢m- p-Iƒ taJ-em-Xe - Ø - n¬ tUmIyp-sa‚ v sNøp-∂X - n-\mbn t^mt´m, ]{X-I´- n-ßp-Iƒ F∂nh kam-l-cn-°-Ww. Hcp taJ-em-I-Ωn‰n AwK-Øn\v CXns‚ Npa-Xe \¬I-Ww. ck-X-{¥-h¿jw ˛ ]m\¬ {]Z¿i\w CD kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Xøm-dm°n Pn√bv°v \¬Ipw. CXv D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂s - X-ßs - \-sb∂v Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ N¿® sNbvXv Xocp-am-\n-°-Ww. taJ-eI - ƒ°v Hcp sk‰p-ho-Xs - a-¶nepw e`y-am-°m≥ {ian-°-Ww. "ck-X{¥w Pohn-Xhpw `mhnbpw' F∂ hnj-bØ - nlb¿sk-°-≠-dnkvIq-fp-I-fnepw sdKp-e¿ tImtfPp-Iƒ, ]mc-e¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ F∂n-hn-Sß - f - nepw {]`m-jWw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[yX Bcm-bW - w. hnjbw Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ {]`mj-I-cpsS Hcp ]m\¬ Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°Ww. ck-X-{¥-h¿jw ¢m p-Iƒ°v klm-b-I-c-amb c≠p ]pkvX-I-߃ CubnsS ]cn-jØv {]kn-≤oI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 1. ck-X{¥w Pohn-Xhpw `mhn-bpw. 2.

F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ XpS-tc≠ t]mcm´w. Ch c≠pw RP am¿ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. taJ-em-Xe - Ø - n¬ ¢mkns‚ DZvLm-S\ - w, Pn√m-Xe DZvLm-S\w F∂nh Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-ØW - w. F√m taJe-I-fnepw ¢mkv, RP, ÿew, XobXn F∂nh ImWn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ s]mXp t\m´okv/ t{_mj¿ Xøm-dm-°W - w.