Sastragathi 2011 June by Friends of KSSP UAE

2011 Pq¨

hmeyw 46

tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØv

e°w 12

Pq¨ 5 ]cnÿnXnZn\w

Ih¿tÃmdn: 6

AdnbpI \mw h\ ÿnXn s{]m^. Fw.sI. {]kmZv

A¥m-cmjv{S h\-h¿jw

h\kwc£Ww tIcfØn¬˛sh√phnfnIƒ tUm. sI.]n. Hutk∏v

2011

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥: bp≤w Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n√ tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

tIc-f-Ønse P\-kwJym {]h-W-X˛AY-hm, P\-kwJym \nb-{¥-W-Øns‚ tIcf amXr-I tUm. tPmtam≥ amXyp

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ kacw; hnPbnt® Xocq

tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

tUm. B¿. Pb{]Imiv

46 26

\ΩpsS imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ _¿W-ens‚ km∂n-[yw, kzm[o-\w..!

hn⁄m\ kaq-l-ÿm-]-\-hpw tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\hpw AtimI≥ Rmd°¬

Fw.-kn. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

{Ko°v ss]XrIw

P\m-h-en-bpsS cmjv{Sobw F∂ km{am-Py-Xz-X{¥w

hnZym-`ymkmh-Imi \nb-a-hpw {KmaoW `mcX-Ønse hnZym-`ym-kÿ n-Xn-bpw hn sI Pbv tkma-\m-Y≥

tPmPn Iq´ptΩ¬

57 33

Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n:

lc-W-^ew

sI. kXojv

a’ytemIsØ amkva-c-°m-gvN-Iƒ

cmtIjv hn.-_n., tUm. _nt\mbv hn.-hn.

imkv{X-hm¿Ø tUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\I - p-am¿

FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : sI. cm[≥ FIvkn-Iyp´ohv FUn-‰¿: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: ]n. kptc-jv ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn: s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿Z\≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´n Sn. cm[m-a-Wn, kn.-hn. N{μ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. sI. cmPvtam-l≥, tUm. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬, B¿. KncojvvIp-am¿, AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn, hn.-ss_-Pp, ]n. {]Im-i≥ Nn{Xo-I-cWw: sI. kXojv Ih¿ & teHu´v: ]n. {]Zo]v ssS∏v sk‰nMv: hn[p. ]n.-Fkv hnemkw

FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KX - n, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw ˛ 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C sa-bn¬ sasthragathy@gmail.com amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673 002 t^m¨ : 2701919, C sa-bn¬ ksspmagazine@gmail.com H‰-{]Xn : 12 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 125 cq] teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. kμ¿in°pI: www.kssp.in

IØp-Iƒ

F≥tUmkƒ^m\v ]I-ct- aXv? imkv{XIY {]iwkm¿lw imkv{X-KXn˛imkv{X-IYm a’-cØn¬ 3˛mw ÿm\w Inńb "{]Im-ih¿j- ß ƒ°- ∏ pdw'˛A- £ - c m¿∞Øn¬ Xs∂ ASn-s]m-fn. HmIvknP≥, IpSn-sh-≈w, Blmcw Ch C≥kv { S- s a‚ v t_mIv k n- e m°n kvIqfn¬ t]mIp-Ibpw Ah-bv°pth≠n am¿Pn≥ {ô tjm∏p-Iƒ \mSp-\osf D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp Imew-hsc am{Xta Fs‚ `mh\ FØn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. hfsc DtZym-K-P-\-I-amb Hcp IY hmbn°p∂ AtX am\-kn-Im-hÿ - t- bm-sSbmWv IY apgp- h ≥ hmbn- ® - X v . "acWwt]mepw ""C{X Xo{h hnIm-cap-W¿Øp-∂n-s√∂v temIw Xncn-®dn™p'' {]Im-i-h¿j-ßƒ°-∏pdw as‰mcp Pohn- X - Ø n- t e°v kzbw \oßpIbm-W-h¿' F∂ IYm-IrØns‚ hmN-Iw, kXyw ]d-™m¬ a\- ns\ aYn®p If-™p. H∂pw c≠pw ÿm\w Inńb IY-Iƒ°v ImØn- c n- ° p- ∂ p. IYm- I r- Ø n\pw imkv{X-K-Xn°pw A`n-\-μ-\-ßƒ. Ih¿ tÃmdn-bnse c≠v teJ-\ßfpw hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ck- X - { ¥- h ¿j- Ø n¬ Cu hnjbsØ°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ a\- nem-°m≥ teJ\w klm-bn-®p. hnZym`ymk t]Pnse tUm. ANyp-Xvi-¶dns‚ {]_-‘-`m-Khpw Gsd {i≤n°-s∏-Sp-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p. KncnP, B‰n-ß¬

F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ Nne D]m-[n-It- fm-sSbm-sW-¶nepw A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-e-Øn¬ Xs∂ \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m? tIcf P\-X-bpsS s]mXp-hn-Imcw Cu \ntcm-[-\-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn F∂Xv bmZr-›nIw am{Xw. F¥m-bmepw Hcp ka{K-]-T\w \S-ØmsX th≠{X sXfn-hpIƒ Is≠-Øm-sX-bp≈ CØcw \ntcm[\w sIm≠v Imk¿-tKms´ {]iv\Ø - n\v ]cn- l m- c - a mbn F∂v ]d- b m- \ m- I n- √ . ImcWw ChnsS F≥tUm-kƒ^m\v ]Icw as‰mcp IoS-\m-in-\n-bmIpw Xfn°p-I. At∏mgpw {]iv\-ßƒ DS-se-SptØ-°mw. IoS-ßsf am{Xw \in-∏n-°p∂ Hcp IoS-\m-in\n C\nbpw I≠p-]n-Sn-t°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C∂v am¿°‰v sNø-s∏Sp∂ F√m IoS\m-in-\n-Ifpw a\p-jy-\pw, a‰p ]£n-arKm-Zn-Iƒ°pw amc-I-amb XI-cm-dp-Iƒ hcp-Øp-∂h-bm-Wv. IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf s]mXpsh \membn Xcw Xncn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. Chsb Xncn-®d - n-bm≥ XrtIm-Wm-IrXn-bn¬ \nd-ßƒ \¬In hcp-∂p. hnf-Ifn-epw, aÆnepw hnL-Sn-°msX h¿j-ßtfmfw \n¬°p-∂-hsb sImSnb hnj-

ambn Npa∏v \nd-hpw, hnL-Sn-°m≥ amkßƒ FSp-°p-∂-hsb a™ \nd-hpw, hnL-Sn-°m≥ BgvNI - s - f-Sp-°p-∂h - sb \oe \nd-hpw, GXm\pw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ am{Xw hnjw \n¬°p-∂h - sb ]®-\ndw \¬In-bp-amWv IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ \ap°v e`n- ° p- ∂ - X v. CXn¬ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ a™ \ndw \¬Inb KWØn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch Xfn-°m\p≈ am¿K-\n¿t±-iß - fpw Cu IoS-\min-\n-tbm-sSm∏w \¬In-hc - p-∂p. CØcw IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ \n›nX AI-eØv \n∂v Im‰n-√mØ ka-bØv tIm´pw, Iøp-d-bpw, amkvIpw a‰p-ap-]tbm-Kn®v Xfn-°m-\p-t±-in-°p∂ sNSnbn¬ am{Xta Xfn-°mhq F∂p-IqSn tcJ-s∏-SpØn ImWp-∂p. Cu \n¿t±i-ßs - f√mw ]msS Ah-KW - n-®p-sIm≠v k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-amb πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿∏tdj≥Xs∂ slen-t°m-]v‰¿ hgn bmsXmcp XXz-Zo-£-bp-an-√msX InW-dp-I-sf-tbm, a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ßsftbm ]cn-K-Wn-°msX Xfn®p F∂XmWv Kuc-ha - mbn ImtW-≠X - v. F. lcn-Zm-k≥, ]pXp-∏Ww

hnZymebßƒ AS®p]q´Ww? Hcp kvIqƒ h¿jw-IqSn XpS-ßm-dm-bn. Ipń-If - psS FÆ-°p-dh - p-aqew t\mt´m-´t- amSp∂ s]mXp-hn-Zym-eb - ß - ƒ. Hcp Ipń-sb-¶nepw B kvIqfn¬ hcp-sa-¶n¬ B kvIqƒ AS-®p-]q-´m≥ A\p-hZ- n-°m≥ ]mSn√ F∂ ]cn-jØ - ns‚ ap≥\n-e] - mSv ]p\x-]c - ntim-[n-t°-t≠. ]pXnb iº-fk - vsI-bn¬IqSn {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-Ip-tºmƒ 4 A[ym-]I¿ am{X-ap≈ Hcp hnZym-eb - Ø - nse Hcp amkw amdp∂ iºfw shdpsX IW-°pIqń t\m°mw. Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw iºfw hmßp∂ A[ym-]-Icpw Ccp]ØnFÆmbn-cØ - n-e[ - nIw hmßp∂ {][m-\m-[ym-]n-Ib - pw. 25 Ipń-Iƒt]mepw ASp-Øh - ¿jw C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Hcp hnZym-eb - Ø - nse ko\n-bd - mb Hcp A[ym-]n-IbmWv Rm≥. Cu Ipń-Isf C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ kvIqfn¬ hsc ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ km[n°p∂X-cØ - n-ep≈ XpI-bmWv Ct∏mƒ Hcp tZiob \jvSa - mbn Xocp-∂X - .v Ipń-If - n¬, hnZym-eb - Ø - n¬ Hcp am‰hpw hcp-Øm≥ B{K-ln-°m-Ø, Adn-bmØ tae[n- I m- c nbpw IqSn- b m- s W- ¶ n¬ IY ]q¿W- a m- b n. Bflm¿∞-Xbpw A¿∏-Wt- _m-[hpw Ipd-™p-hc - p∂ A[ym-]I - c - mWv Ct∏mƒ IqSp-Xe - pw. Hcp A\u-]N - mcn-I] - T - \w \S-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ sXfn-™p-h∂ - Xv Cu A[ym]-I¿ IqSp-Xepw 1985-˛\ - p-tijw ]cn-io-e\w ]q¿Ønbm-°n-bh - c - m-sW∂mWv. IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°n-bm¬ 1990\p-tijw. B ImeØv Fs¥-¶nepw kw`-hn-t®m-˛a - m\p-jnI aqey-Øn\v CSnhv h∂p XpS-ßn-bXv AXn-\pti-jt- am-? A-[ym-]I - ≥ shdp-samcp sXmgn-emfn am{Xw Bbn-Øo¿∂Xv Cu Ime-bf - h - n-em-tWm? G - X - m-bmepw CØcw hnZym-e-b-ßƒ C\n AS-®p-]q-´pIXs∂ thWw. Hcp A[ym-]n-I, Xncp-h-\ -¥-]2011 pcw Pq¨

apJ-°p-dn∏v Pq¨ 2011

ImSp \∂mbm¬ \mSpw \∂mIpw Ign™ 38 h¿jßfmbn Pq¨ 5 temI ]cnkcZn\ambn BNcn®p hcnIbmWs√m? ho≠pw Hcp Pq¨ 5˛Dw IqsS hcnIbmbn. Cu BNcW-Øns‚ ^eambn a\pjycminbpsS Nn¥bn¬ ]cnÿnXn kwc£-WØn-\\pIqeambn ImXemb am‰ap≠mbn´pt≠m? C√ F∂pXs∂ ]dbmw. F¶n¬ Ign™ aq∂p \q‰m≠n\nSbv°v BtKmfXeØn¬ h\taJebpsS hnkvXo¿Ww 40 iXam\w I≠p Ipdbpambncpt∂m? 2010 sFIycmjv { S kwLS\ ssPhsshhn[y h¿jambn BNcn®t∏mƒ Db¿Ønb Hcp ap{ZmhmIyap≠v. ""ssPhsshhn[yamWv Poh≥; ssPhsshhn[yamWp \ΩpsS PohnXw''. a\pjy≥ Xs∂ {]IrXnbnse kº∂amb ssPhssh- h n[yØns‚ `mKamsW¶nepw AXns\ kwc£n°m\pw \in∏n°m\pw a\pjy\p Ignbpsa∂pw bp.F≥.C.]n. Hcp ktμiØn¬ Hm¿an∏n°p∂p. \n¿`mKyhim¬ \in∏n°p∂XnemWv a\pjy≥ IqSpX¬ {]mK¤yw ImWn°p∂Xv . kzm`mhnIambn {]IrXnbn¬ \S°p∂ hwi\miw a\pjys‚ CSs]S¬sIm≠v 1000 apX¬ 10000 hsc aSßmbn h¿[n®ncn°p∂p F∂pw Hmtcm Ccp]Xp an\n´nepw Hmtcm kv]ojokv hoXw \nXy-\mi-Øntebv°v \oßp∂p F∂pw I¨k¿thj≥ C‚¿\mjW¬ hnebn-cpØp∂p. ]cnÿnXn XI¿®bpsS ImcyØn¬ C¥ybnse Nn{Xhpw hyXykvXa√. ]cnÿnXn kwc£n°pIbpw A`nhr≤ns∏SpØpIbpw sNøphm\pw cmPyØnse h\ßsfbpw h\yPohnIsfbpw ]cnc£n°phm\pw cmjv{Sw bXv\nt°≠XmsW∂pw h\ßfpw XSmIßfpw \ZnIfpw h\yPohnIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cnÿnXn kwc£n°pIbpw A`nhr≤ns∏SpØpIbpw PohnItfmSp ImcpWyw ImWn°pIbpw sNøpI F∂Xv `mcXØnse Hmtcm ]ucs‚bpw I¿ØhyamsW∂pw C¥y≥ `cWLS\ {]Jym]n®n´ps≠¶nepw C¥ybnepw {]IrXnbpsS taep≈ IS∂m{IaWw i‡ambn \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p. em`m¿Øn ]q≠ Hcp Iq´w a\pjy¿ {]IrXnbn¬ e`yamIp∂ F¥p kºØns\bpw sIm≈bSn°m\pw ]≈ ho¿∏n°m\pw {ian®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. B B{IaWØns‚ Hcp {][m\ Cc ssPhsshhn[yØns‚ Iehdbmb ImSmWv. CXns‚ {]XymLmXw AXni‡ambn ]ehn[Øn¬ a\pjy¿ A\p`hn®p XpSßnbn´pw ISpØ B¿ØntbmsS C°q´¿ ImSp XI¿ØpsIm≠ncn°p∂p. {]IrXnbpsS {]XnImcw AXnITn\ambncn°pw. AsXmgnhm°m≥ h\kwc£Ww imizX {]h¿Ø\am°m≥ \ap°pw {ian°mw. AXmbncn°s´ h\h¿jØn¬ temI ]cnÿnXnZn\Ønse \ΩpsS Xocpam\w.

imkv{X-KXn

Ih¿tÃmdn s{]m^. Fw.sI.{]kmZv

AdnbpI \mw h\ ÿnXn XÆo¿ØSßfn¬ sh≈w \ne\n¬°m≥ ImSpIfpsS klmbw thWw; PeN{Iw ]q¿ØoI-cn°m≥. ImSpIƒ sh≈w \ZnIfnepw, XÆo¿ØSßfnepw, aÆnepw FØm-≥ klmbn°p∂p. asÆm-en∏pw, acphXvIcWhpw ehWXzhpw XS-bp∂p. I≠¬°mSpIƒ \nd™ XÆo¿-ØSßƒ kp\mant]mep≈ hn]ØpIfn¬ \n∂pw c£ \¬-Ip∂p. sh≈s∏m°Øn¬ \n∂pw ImSpIƒ Irjnÿeßtfbpw a\pjy-hmkßtfbpw c£n°p∂p.

Icbnse ssPhsshhn[yØns‚ IehdbmWv ImSv. `qanbpsS ssPh `qcmkhyhÿIfn¬ {][m\s∏´ Hcp LSIamWnXv. a\pjys‚ t£aØn\v Bhiyamb Ct°mhyql tkh\ßfpsS DdhnSamWXv. F∂m¬ ImSns‚ hnkvXo¿Whpw Ahÿbpw ASpØ a\pjy Ncn{X ImeØv ipjvIn®p t]mbn. Ign™ aq∂v \q‰m≠n\nSbv°v BtKmf h\taJebpsS hnkvXo¿Ww FXm≠v 40 iXam\w Ipd™p; AXn¬ ap°m¬ ]¶pw Ign™ c≠p \q‰m≠n- e mWv kw`hn®Xv. 25 cmPyßfn¬ ImSv apgph\mbpw C√mXmbn. 29 cmPyßfn¬ 90 iXam\Øntesd \jvSambn-´p≠v.

bqtdm∏nepw hSt° Atacn°-bnepw h\hnkvXrXn Ign™ImeØv Ipd™Xv Ct∏mƒ h¿[n®n´p≠v . ]t£ DjvWtaJem cmPyßfn¬ h\\ioIcWw, {]Xnh¿jw Hcp tImSn slIv‰¿ I≠v ImSns\ hngpßns°m≠ncn°p∂p. CXn\p ]pdtabmWv h\kºØns‚ timjn∏pw Xp≠hXvI-cWhpw. CXv Bhmkhyh-ÿbpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ _m[n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. temIØnse h\ßsf kw_‘n® hnhcßƒ Xs∂ IpdhmWv. 2000¬ FAO \SØnb Global Forest Resources Assessment ImWn°p∂Xv 137 hnIkzc cmPyßfn¬ 22- ¬ am{XamWv hm¿jnI h\hnkvXrXn

IW°pIƒ {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xv. 28 cmPyßƒ°v IWt° C√; 33 cmPyßƒ°v `mKnIamb IW°mWp≈Xv. 34 cmPyßƒ°v 1990 \p tijap≈ IWt° D≈q. 1990-˛\p tijw IWs°Sp∏v ]q¿Ønbm°nbXv 43 cmPyßfmWv. ]e cmPyßfptSbpw IW°v 10 sIm√w ]g°ap≈XmWv; As√¶n¬ A]q¿WamWv. ]e hyhkm-bhXvIrX cmPyßfptSbpw hnhcßƒ A]q¿Ww, As√¶n¬ A_≤PSnew. ]pXnb dntam¿´v sk≥knMv sSIv t \mfPn D]tbmKn- ° ps∂¶nepw AXns‚ DXv ] ∂ßƒ D]tbmK iq\yw. ImSpIƒ, {]tXyIn®pw DjvWtaJem ImSpIƒ Adnbs∏´n´p≈ Ic Pq¨ 2011

kkyßfptSbpw P¥p°fptSbpw hmkÿeamWv. Cu ssPhssh-hn[yw h\ Ct°mhyqlßfpsS Btcm- K yØn\pw \nc¥camb {]h¿- Ø \Øn\pw BhiyamWv. BtKmf Im¿_¨ N{IØnepw, AXphgn BtKmf Xm]\ h¿[\hnepw \nb{¥WØnepw ImSpIƒ°v {][m\ ]¶p≠v. temIØnse ssPhob Im¿_¨ \n[nbpsS 50 iXam\hpw ssPh ]nfiØns‚ 80 iXam\hpw Imń-emWv. temIØns‚ Ic`qanbnse {]mY-anI DXv]∂Øns‚ aq∂nsemcp `mKØnepw IqSpX¬ ImńemWv. Imemhÿm am‰sØ XSbm≥ h\\ioIcWw \S∂ ÿeßfn¬ ImSpIƒ hf¿Øp∂Xv D]Icn°pw. temIØnse ip≤PeØns‚ ap°m¬`mKhpw ImSp \nd™ hrjvSn {]tZiØp \n∂mWv e`n°p∂Xv . h\hnkv X rXn Ipd™m¬ sh≈Øns‚ ]cnip≤nbpw Ipdbpw. sh≈s∏m°hpw, aebnSn®nepw, asÆm-en∏pw D≠mhpw. h\ßfpsS kw`cW tkh\ßƒ°v Imcyamb kmºØnI aqeyap≠v. {]Xnh¿jw 330 tImSn Iyq_n°v ao‰¿ XSn (180 tImSn Iyq_n°v ao‰¿ hndIpw Icnbpw Dƒs∏sS)bpw \nch[n XSntbXc h\ DXv]∂ßfpw tImSn°W°n\v a\pjy¿°v D]Icn°p∂p. acØSnbptSbpw hndInt‚bpw a‰p ht\Xc DXv]∂ßfptSbpw kmºØnI t\´Øn\pw D]cnbmWv ImSns‚ kmaqlyhpw ]mcnÿnXnIhpamb {]tbmP\ßƒ. F∂m¬ CØcw Imcyßƒ IW°nseSp°pItb C√. h\hn`hßtfmSv {KmaoWcmb km[pP\ßfpsS IS∏mSv FSpØp]dtb≠XmWv. D]Poh\Øn\pw AXnPoh\Øn\pw 30 tImSn Zcn{Z-\mcm-bW∑m¿ ImSpIsfbmWv B{ibn°p∂Xv . h\hmknIfmb 6 tImSn BZnhmknIfptSbpw \ne\n¬∏v ImsS∂ Ct°mhyqlØns‚ BtcmKy-sØ Bkv]Zam°nbmWv. am\ht£aØn¬, Zmcn{Zy \n¿am¿P\Øn¬, h\timjWhpw h\\ioIcWhpw hncp≤amb A\¥cêßƒ D≠m°p∂p. h\ßƒ kmwkvImcnIhpw Bflobhpw hnt\mZ]chpamb tkh\ßƒ kaqlØn\v \¬Ip-∂p≠v. h\ßƒ \jvSam°p∂Xn¬ t{]cI i‡nbmbn {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv kmºØnI, cmjv { Sob, ÿm]\ _‘nbmb ImcWßƒ F∂nhbpsS imkv{X-KXn

temIØnse h\ßsf kw_-‘n® hnhcßƒ Xs∂ IpdhmWv. 2000¬ FAO \SØnb Global Forest Resources Assessment ImWn°p∂Xv 137

hnIkzc cmPyßfn¬ 22-¬ am{XamWv hm¿jnI h\hnkvXrXn IW°pIƒ {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xv. 28 cmPyßƒ°v IWt° C√; 33 cmPy-ßƒ°v `mKnIamb IW°mWp≈Xv. 34 cmPyßƒ°v 1990 \p tijap≈ IWt° D≈q. 1990-˛\p tijw IW-s°Sp∏v ]q¿Ønbm°nbXv 43 cmPyßfmWv. ]e cmPyßfptSbpw IW°v 10 sIm√w ]g°ap≈XmWv; As√¶n¬ A]q¿WamWv.

kwbp‡ßfmWv . Djv W taJem h\ßƒ \in°p∂Xns‚ {][m\ t{]cIw Irjn°mbn ]pXnb \neßƒ D≠m°p∂XmWv, XSnsh´¬, tdmUpIfpsS hn]peoIcWw, ]pXnb tkh\ kwhn[m\ßƒ D≠m°¬ F∂n-hbmWv. hfscb[nIw h\taJeIƒ hndIn\pw \mcpIƒ°pw th≠n \in∏n°s∏Sp∂p. 2020˛-mw amt≠mSpIqSn Cu Bhiyw ]Xn∑Sßv h¿[n°pw. CXns‚ ^etam IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ πmt‚-j\pIƒ D≠m°pIbmWv. Hcp]mSv hnIkzc cmPyßƒ h\hn-`hßsf hnIk\ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°mbn th≠ coXnbn¬ {]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂n√. ]W°mcpw kzm[o-\ap≈ cmjv{Sob°mcpw h\hn`h-ßƒ IøS°n hbv°p∂p. h\hn`h D]tbmKØn¬ ]mhs∏´h¿°v Hcp ]¶pw e`n°p∂n√. imizX h\]cn]me\w F∂ ap{ZmhmIyw shdpw ap{ZmhmIyw am{Xambn \n¬°pIbmWv. tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZiobhpamb \bw F∂ \nebn¬, ]s£ AXv \S∏m°-s∏Sp∂n√. temIØnse h\kº-Øns‚ D∂a\Øn\mbn Cu \bßƒ {]tbmKØn¬ h∂n´n√.

F¥mWv C¥ybpsS ÿnXn?

2009˛-se IW°pIƒ A\pkcn®v tIcfØn¬11309 N.In.ao h\ap≠vv. tcJIfn¬ C{Xbps≠¶nepw h\w hIp∏ns‚ ssIhiw 9400 N.In.ao am{Xta D≈q. _m°nbp≈Xv πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿∏tdj≥, dolm_nent-‰-j≥ πmt‚j≥, tÃ‰v ^manMv tIm¿∏tdj≥ XpSßnb k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßƒ°v ]m´Øn\p \¬In-bncn°p∂p. CXv FgpXnØ≈nb am-XncnbmWv. ImcWw AsXm∂pw h\-amb√ ssIImcyw sNbvXp hcp∂Xv.

C¥ybpsS h\hnkvXrXn 7652 e£w slŒ¿ BWv. AXv aq∂mbn Xcw Xncn®n´p≠v. dnsk¿hv sNøs∏´Xv, kwc£n°s∏´Xv, h¿KoIcn°mØXv F∂nßs\. C¥ybpsS {]Jym]nX e£yw 2012 Bhptºmtgbv ° pw `qhnkv X yXnbpsS 33% h\ambncn°Ww F∂mWv. tZiob h\\bw AXmWv ]d™n´p≈Xv. t^mdÃp k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybpsS G‰hpw HSphnesØ dnt∏m¿´p {]Imcw (2003) C¥ybv°v 678 e£w slIvS¿ h\tabp≈q. CXn¬Øs∂ \n_nUh\w shdpw 1.5iXam\w BWp≈Xv. 2001 \pw 2003 \pw CSbv°v C¥ybv°p \jvSs∏´ h\hnkvXrXn 26000 N.In.ao‰dm-bn-cp∂p. 2005˛- ¬ t\cn- s bm- c p hnkv X rXn IqSnbn´p≠v. C¥y h\]cnc£WØn\v hfsc i‡amb \nba\S]SnIƒ FSpØn´p≠v. tPmbn‚ v t^mdÃv amt\Pvsa‚ v (JFM) , ]¶mfnØ h\]cn]me\w F∂nh P\ßfpsS ]¶mfnØw h\]cn]me\Øn¬ Dd∏phcpØm≥ ]pXnb \o°ßƒ D≠m°n F∂Xp hnkvacn°p∂n√. F¶nepw e`yamb hnhcßƒ henb {]Xo£bv°p hI \¬Ip∂n√. ta¬∏d™ c≠p X{¥ßƒ°pw [mcmfw IpdhpIfp≠v . DZmlcWØn\v ]cnlmc h\hXvIcW {iaßƒ th≠{X hnPbn®n√ ˛]Wan√mØXpsIm≠v. h\]cn-]me-\Øn\v \nch[n am‰ßƒ kw`hn®n´p≠v. A[nImcw sIm≠pw \nb{¥Wßƒ sIm≠pw am{Xw hnPbIcambn h\]cn]me\w km[yamhpIbn√ F∂v a\ nembn°gn™p. _Z¬ kwhn[m\ßƒ, {]tXyIn®v kmºØnI am¿Kßƒ {]tbmKn-°msa∂ tXm∂ep≠mbn´p≠v. BhiyØn\p ]Wan√. ]cnÿnXn-h\w hIp∏ns‚ samØw _UvP‰ns‚ 1 iXam\w am{XamWv h\]cn]me\Øn\v \o°n- h ®n´p≈Xv . h\ßfpsS Ct°mknÃw tkh\ßƒ°v kmºØnI aqeyw sImSpØpsIm≠v h\kwc£Whpw imizX hnIk\hpw i‡ns∏Sp-Øm-\m-hpsa∂mWv ]pXnb Nn¥mKXn, Ct°mknÃw tkh\ßƒ°v am¿°‰v D≠m°pIbmWv e£yw. tkh\ßƒ hn¬°pItbm? CXnte°v ]n∂oSv hcmw.

tIcfØnse h\ßtfm? 2009˛-se IW°pIƒ A\pkcn®v tIcfØn¬11309 N.In.ao h\ap≠vv. tcJIfn¬ C{Xbps≠¶nepw h\w

hIp∏ns‚ ssIhiw 9400 N.In.ao am{Xta D≈q. _m°nbp≈Xv πm-t‚j≥ tIm¿∏tdj≥, dolm_nent-‰j≥ πmt‚j≥, tÃ‰v ^manMv tIm¿∏tdj≥ XpSßnb k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßƒ°v ]m´Øn\p \¬Inbncn°p∂p. CXv FgpXnØ≈nb amXncnbmWv. ImcWw AsXm∂pw h\amb√ ssIImcyw sNbvXp hcp∂Xv. Nne kwc£nX taJeIfn¬ (\mjW¬ ]m¿°v, kmMvNzdn) ]s≠-tß-mh®p ]nSn∏n® tXm´ßfp≠v. bq°men, At°jy CXymZn DjvW-taJem \nXylcnX h\ßfn¬ Hcn°epw \Sm≥ ]mSn√mØ kv]ojnkpIƒ. CsXms° Ct∏mgpw πmt‚j\pIfmbnØs∂bmWv ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂Xv. tIcfØn¬ 1478 N.In.ao πmt‚j\pIƒ BsIbp≠v . kwc£nX {]tZißfnse tXm´ßƒ shdptX hn´m¬ AhnSw Ime{ItaW ImSmbn amdpw. AXhnsS InSt∂ms´ F∂p IcpXnbm¬ aXnbt√m. AXn\v amt\P¿am¿ Xømd√. tIcfØn¬ h\whIp∏ns‚ B[p\nIhXvIcWhpw anI® ]cn]me\hpw \SØm≥ th≠n Hcp IΩn‰n ip]m¿iIƒ k¿°mcn\p Cs°m√w ka¿∏n®ncn°p∂p. CXn¬ ]cnKWn®n´p≈ hnjbßƒ: ss\k¿KnI h\]cn]me\w, tXm´w ]cn]me\w, a\pjyhn`h ]cn]me\w, h\kwc£Ww, B[p\nI kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS {]tbmKw BZnhmkn hnIk\w, a‰p {][m\ {]iv\ßƒ F∂nhbmWv. CXns‚ hniZmwißfnte°v IS°p∂n√. ip]m¿iIfpsS apJ°pdn∏n¬ \n∂v Hcp hmNIw am{Xw FSp°s´, ""h\kwc£WØn\pth≠n {Iakam[\ ]me\hpw hnhn[ BIvSpIfpw dqfpIfpw _ew {]tbmKn®p \S∏m°epw F∂ X{¥w am‰n F√m KpWt`m‡m°fptSbpw kPoh CSs]SeneqsSbp≈ ]¶mfn- Ø h\]cn]me\w \S∏nem°m≥ h\w hIp∏v Xocpam\n®n´p≠v'' \√Imcyw. F∂m¬ CXv FgpXnbh¿ Hcn°¬ IqSn CXv hmbn®pthm F∂v kwibamWv. P\]¶mfnØ h\]-cn]me\w aXn \nbaßƒ H∂pw th≠ F∂p Xocpam\n°m≥ h\w hIp∏v aXntbm? FgpXnb ISem ns‚ hnet]mepw I¬∏n°mØ ip]m¿iIƒ \¬Inbn´v F¥p {]tbmP\w? temIw AwKoIcn® h\w Hcp Ct°mhyqlw F∂p I≠psIm≠p≈ h\ ]cn]m-e\-sØ∏‰n H∂pw ]dbp∂n√, ip]m¿ibn¬. (Ct°mknÃw F∂ hm°v Pq¨ 2011

D]tbmKn®n´p≠v dnt∏m¿ń¬). ChnsS D≈Xv h\w amt\Ppsa‚√ h\w `cWamWv F∂ Xncn®dn-sh¶nepw th≠s∏´h¿°p≠mhWw. Ct∏mƒ F√m N¿®Ifpw h\abØnemWt√m. {]tXyIn®pw A¥mcmjv{S ssPhsshhn[y Zn\mNcWw, temI ]cnkcZn\w, A¥mcmjv { S h\h¿jw F∂nßs\bp≈ F√m BNcWßfnepw h\amWv apJyhnjbw. sFIycmjv{S kwLS\ h\sØ hnSmsX ]nSn®ncn°bmWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ kzev]w ChntSbpw hnfºs´. h\w GXmbmepw, FhnsSbmbmepw kkyP¥pPmeßfpsS BhmkamWv, `qanbnse `qcn]£w IcPohnIƒ ImńemWv. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ Bhiy°m¿ A[nIamWv. AXn\m¬ h\ßƒ hnIk\ kvt\lnIfpsS òjWnbnem-Wp-Xm\pw. h\ssPhsshhn[yw BWv Nn¥mhnjbw. AXv h\Øn¬-°mWp∂ kIeam\ PohPmeßtfbpw Dƒs°m≈p∂p. F∂p h®m¬ ImsS∂m¬ acßfpsS shdpw Iqá√ F∂pkmcw. CXv Hcp ]t£ \ΩpsS h\]cn]me\ hIp∏n\v ]pXnsbmcdn- h mbncn°pw; Ahcpw ssPhsshhn[yw Fs∂ms° ]d™pXpSßnbn-´ps≠¶nepw. F¥mWv {]iv \ w? `qapJØp \n∂pw BZnh\ßfpsS 45 iXam\w A{]Xy£ambn Ign™p. Ct∏mƒ {]Xnh¿jw 1.3 tImSn slIvS¿ h\amWv shń \in∏n®psIm≠n-cn°p∂Xv. 2000-˛2005 ImeØv am{Xw 7.3 tImSn slIvS¿ C√mXmbn. AXpsIms≠¥m? Ign™ Imeßfn¬ ImSns‚ tPmen XSnbpXv ]mZn∏n°¬ am{XamsW∂m-bncp∂t√m [mcW. F∂ment∏mƒ B [mcW amdn hcp∂p≠v . ImSn\v thsdbpw tPmenIfps≠∂v . h\Øns‚ tkh\ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw D≠mbncn°p∂p. a\pjys‚ BtcmKyw, hnt\mZw, t£aw, ssPhsshhn[yw, Imemhÿm am‰sØ \nb{¥n°¬ F∂o Imcyßfn¬ ImSn\v Imcyap≠v. Chsbms° Dƒs°m≠psIm≠pthWw h\w ]cn]men°m≥ F∂mbn´p≠v. CXns\√mw ImXembn {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv ssPhsshhn[yw F∂ {]Xn`mkamsW∂pw Xncn®dnhp≠mbn. F¥mWp sNtø≠Xv? ssPhsshhn[y DSºSn h\ssPhsshhn[yhpambn t\cn´p _‘s∏´ {]h¿Ø\ ]cn]mSn°v Du∂¬ imkv{X-KXn

h\-Øns‚ tkh\ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw D≠mbncn°p∂p. a\pjys‚ Btcm-Kyw, hnt\mZw, t£aw, ssPhssh-hn[yw, Imemhÿm am‰sØ \nb-{¥n°¬ F∂o Imcyßfn¬ ImSn\v Imcyap≠v. Chsbms° Dƒs°m≠psIm≠pthWw h\w ]cn]men°m≥ F∂mbn´p≠v. CXns\√mw ImXembn {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv ssPhsshhn[yw F∂ {]Xn`mkamsW∂pw Xncn®dnhp-≠mbn.

\¬Ip∂p≠v . Cu sshhn[ysØ ]cnc£n°m≥ ]‰nb X{¥ßfmWv ]cn]mSnbn¬ apJyw. ]cnc£W-sa∂m-¬ kwc£Whpw imizX D]t`mKhpw ASßnbXmWt√m. h\P\nXI hn`hßfpsS D]tbmKØn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ t\´ßƒ \oXn]q¿hambpw XpeyXtbmsSbpw ]¶nSWsa∂ XXzw A\z¿∞amWv. h\\ioIcWw Ipdbv°pItbm, XSbpItbm F∂Xv A¥co£Ønte°v hnk¿Pn°s∏Sp∂ Im¿_¨-UtbmIvsskUns‚ BLmXsØ \nb{¥n°pI F∂Xpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. BIbm¬ h\\ioIcWw XSbpItb am¿Kaq≈q F∂v \njv]£aXnIƒ ]dbp∂p. F¶nepw kº∂ cmjv{Sßƒ-°n\nbpw AXv apgph≥ Zln®n´n√ F∂Xpw CØcpWØn¬ ]dbmsXhø. ImSns\∏‰n Hm¿an°m≥ C\nbpap≠v Imcyßƒ. C°gn™ s^{_phcn amkØn¬ \mw as‰mcp Zn\w BNcn®pht√m "temI\o¿ØS Zn\w'. At∏mƒ ImSpw \o¿ØSßfpw sh≈hpw a\pjy\pw Hs° Bbp≈ _‘sØ∏‰n ]d™pht√m. `qanbn¬ Bdn¬ Hcmƒ°v ip≤Pew In´p∂n√ F∂pw ]d™p ImWpw. Nne ]T\ßƒ ]dbp∂Xv 2025 Bhptºmƒ 180 tImSn BfpIƒ Pohn°p∂Xv H´pw sh≈w e`ya√mØ {]tZißfnembncn°pw F∂pw ]d™p ImWpw. Ct∏mƒØs∂ BtKmf P\kwJybn¬ 80 iXam\w t]cpw Pe Zmcn{Zy {]tZißfnemWv Pohn°p∂Xv. sh≈hpw ImSpambn _‘aps≠∂v A∂p ]d™Xv H∂pIqSn

sImSpØv D]tbmKn°pI F∂XmWv Cu C≥kv { Sqsa‚ v . Cu ]d™ tkh\-ßƒ GsXms°bmWv?

s]bn‚nMv: H≥dn dqt m

Hm¿as∏SpØs´. XÆo¿ØSßfn¬ sh≈w \ne\n¬°m≥ ImSpIfpsS klmbw thWw; PeN{Iw ]q¿ØoIcn°m≥. ImSpIƒ sh≈w \ZnIfnepw, XÆo¿ØSßfnepw, aÆnepw FØm≥ klmbn°p∂p. asÆm- e n∏pw, acphXvIcWhpw ehWXzhpw XSbp∂p. I≠¬°mSpIƒ \nd™ XÆo¿-ØSßƒ kp\mant]mep≈ hn]ØpIfn¬ \n∂pw c£ \¬Ip∂p. sh≈s∏m°Øn¬ \n∂pw ImSpIƒ Irjnÿeßtfbpw a\pjyhmkßtfbpw c£n°p∂p. ]WØns‚ `mjbn¬ tIƒt°≠h¿ AdnbpI˛DjvWtaJem h\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ Pe_‘nbmb tkh\ßƒ {]Xnh¿jw slIvSdn\v aqt∂Im¬e£w cq] aXn°p∂XmWv; CXv XSn hn¬∏\, hnt\mZk©mcw, Im¿_¨ tiJcw F∂nhbpsS hnebnepw F{Xtbm A[nIamWv. CsXms°-bmbn´pw h\amWv a\pjys‚ B¿Øn°phnt[bambn `ojWn t\cnSp∂Xv. CtXm¿°pI h√t∏mgp-a√, F√mbvt]mgpw. h\kwc£WØn\v ]pXnb kmºØnI D]IcWßƒ {]tbmKn°Wsa∂ hmZhpambn thƒUv ssh¬Uv sse^v ^≠v (WWF) C¥ybn¬ Cdßnbn´p≠v. temI_m¶ns‚ klmbtØmsS sU¬lnbnep≈ C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v C°tWmanIv t{KmØpambn tN¿∂mWv Cu {iaw. h\kwc£WØn\v ]Ww thWsa¶n¬ h\w F∂ Ct°mhyqlw {]Zm\w sNøp∂ tkh\ßƒ hn¬°pI, As√¶n¬ tkh\ßƒ ]Ww

]WØns‚ `mjbn¬ tIƒt°-≠h¿ AdnbpI˛DjvWtaJem h\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ Pe_‘nbmb tkh\ßƒ {]Xnh¿jw slIvSdn\v aqt∂Im¬e£w cq] aXn°p∂XmWv; CXv XSn hn¬∏\, hnt\mZk©mcw, Im¿_¨ tiJcw F∂nhbpsS hnebnepw F{Xtbm A[nIamWv. CsXms°-bmbn´pw h\amWv a\pjys‚ B¿Øn°phnt[bambn `ojWn t\cnSp∂Xv. CtXm¿°pI h√t∏mgpa√, F√mbvt]mgpw.

k÷oIcW tkh\ßƒ:˛ `£Ww, sh≈w, \mcpIƒ \nb{¥W tkh\ßƒ Imemhÿm \nb{¥Ww, sh≈s∏m° \nb{¥Ww, tcmK \nb{¥Ww, amen\y kwkv I cWw, Peip≤o- I cWw kmwkvImcnI tkh\ßƒ hnt\mZw, kuμcymkzmZ\w aÆpXv]mZ\w, {]`mk¶e\w, t]mjI Nw{IaWw. Cu tkh\ßƒ kuP\yamsW∂m-Wt√m hnizmkw, AXpsIm≠pXs∂ AhbpsS kmºØnI {][m\yw \mw ad°p∂p, As√¶n¬ XmgvØn-°mWp∂p. AXmWt√m h\ßsf \njv I cpWw shń \in∏n°p∂Xv. AXpImcWw `qanbnse CSXq¿∂ h\ßƒ t]mepw C√mXmIp∂p. Fßs\bmWv Cu tkh\ßsf N¥bn¬ hn‰gn°pI? Ct∏mƒØs∂ C¥ybn¬ hn¬∏\ \S°p∂p≠t√m. {]thi\ ôkv, Ft°mte_enßv, k¿ń^nt°j≥, s\‰v {]sk‚ v hmeyq, Ct°mtfmPn°¬ hmeyq SmIvkv XpSßnbh. ]pXnb ]cn]mSnbpsS hIvXm°ƒ ]dbp∂p. tkh\ßƒ°v am¿°‰v D≠m-°m≥ aq∂p {][m\ t{]cI-ßfp≠v.

B⁄bpw \nb{¥Whpw F∂ kwc£W \bØn¬ \n∂pw amdn D]tbmK ^okv, Ct°m SmIvkv F∂o Itºmf D]m[nIƒ kzoIcn°pI. h\ Ct°mhyql tkh\ßsf hnebncpØm\p≈ sa®s∏´ Ignhp-≠m°pI. s]mXp ÿm]\ßfpw, kzImcy- h y- ‡ nIfpw D]t`m‡m°fpw Ah-cpsS ]mcnÿnXnI _m≤yXbn¬ t{]cnXcmbn AwKoImcw \¬Ipw.

CsXms°bmWv ]pXnb ]co£WØns‚ \ymbßƒ Cu t{]mPIv‰ns‚ KXnhnKXnIsf \ap°p \nco£n°mw. ^ew F¥mIpsa∂v ImØncp∂p ImWmw. BtKmfhXvIcWØnt‚bpw ]pØ≥ kmºØnI\b-ßfptSbpw Bio¿hmZw CXn\ps≠∂Xv Hm¿ahbv°pIbpw th-Ww. Pq¨ 2011

Ih¿tÃmdn tUm. sI.]n. Hutk∏v

t\m¿a≥ tabdpsS h¿KoIcW{]Imcw temIØnse 34 ssPhssh-hn[y Iehd Ifn¬ H∂mWv tIcfØnse h\ßƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ ]›naL´ae\ncIƒ. 4500˛¬]cw k]pjv]nIfmb kkyßfmWv ChnsS ImWp∂Xv. tIcf h\KthjW ÿm-]-\Øns‚ ]T\{]Imcw Cu h\-ßfn¬ 145˛Hmfw C\w kkvX\nIƒ ImWs∏Sp∂p. AXn¬Øs∂ 14 C\w ChnsS am{Xw ImWs∏Sp∂hbmWv. ChnsS ImWs∏Sp∂ 164 C\w ]£nIfn¬ 16 C\hpw DcKßfn¬ 93 C\hpw ChnsS am{Xw ImWs∏-Sp∂hbmWv. 196 C\w ip≤Pea¬kyßsfbmWv ChnsS ImWp∂Xv.

h\kwc£Ww tIcfØn¬˛sh√phnfnIƒ ]´mfsØ G¬∏n°m≥ am{Xw \n mcImcya√ bp≤w tPm¿÷v Ivsfam≥tkm

2011

˛s\ h\h¿jambn BNcn°m≥ sFIycmjv{S kwLS\ Blzm\w sNbvXncn°pIbmWv. 1861˛s\ C¥y-bn¬ imkv{Xob h\]cn-]me\Øns‚ XpS°h¿-jambn IW°m°p∂p. Aßs\sb¶n¬ imkv{Xob h\]cn]me\Øns‚ 150˛mw hm¿jnIw IqSnbmWv \ap°v Cu h¿jw. F¥mhiyØn\pw sh®pam‰w sNømhp∂ Hcp {]IrXn hn`hamWv h\ßƒ F∂ [mcW amt‰≠-Imeambn. Hmtcmtcm ImeØpw h\ßsf imkv{X-KXn

]e Bhiyßƒ°mbn D]tbmKn®ncp∂ Hcp ]mcºcyamWv a\pjycminbptSXv. XSnbpsS t{kmX v F∂ \nebn¬ \n∂pw h\Øns‚ ]mcn-ÿnXnI tkh\ßƒ°v (Ecosystem Services) th≠nam{Xw AXv kwc£n-°s∏SWw F∂ ImgvN∏mSv i‡n{]m]n®p- h cp∂p≠v . \nehnep≈ h\]cnNcW coXnIƒ Cu ]pXnb e£yßƒ t\Sm≥ ]cym]vXamtWm? kwibamWv. h\]cnNcW coXnbpsS am‰w N¿® sNøs∏tS≠XmWv. AXn\p≈ ]›mØe hnhcßfmWv Cu teJ\Øn¬. h\ßƒ F∂ {]IrXn hn`hØns‚ hym]vXn, Hmtcm ImeØpw h\]cnNcWØn\v ASnÿm\ambncp∂ k¿°m¿ \bßƒ. Ct∏m-

gsØ h\]cnNcW ]cn]mSnIƒ, h\]cnNcWw t\cnSp∂ `ojWnIƒ F∂nhsb∏‰n Hcp GItZi hnhcw e`n®m¬ am{Xta Cu hnjbØn¬ Hcp N¿® km[yamIq.

tIcfØnse h\hn`hØns‚ hym]vXn e`yamb G‰hpw ]pXnb IW-°pIƒ (2009˛teXv) A\pkcn®v tIcfØn¬ 11309 N.In.ao. h\ap≠v. tcJIfn¬ C{Xbpw h\aps≠¶nepw h\w hIp∏ns‚ ssIhiw 9400 N.In.ao‰tdbp≈q. _m°nbp≈Xv πmt‚j≥ tIm¿∏tdj≥, dnlm_nent‰j≥ πmt‚j≥, tÃ‰v ^manwMv tIm¿∏-tdj≥ XpSßnb k¿°m¿ ÿm]\-

`qhn\ntbmK coXn A\pkcn®v h\hnkvXrXnsb as‰mcp coXnbnepw h¿KoIcn°mdp≠v. AXv ]´nI 3˛¬ ImWn®ncn°pw hn[amWv.

ssPhsshhn[yw

ßƒ°v ]m´Øn\v \¬Inbncn°p∂Xpw a‰pamWv. \nba kw_‘nbmb Cu h\ßsf Xmsg∏dbpw {]Imcw Xncn°mw (]´nI 1).

{]kvXpX h\ßfnse kkyt{iWnbpsS C\w A\pkcn®v h\ßsf ]´nI 2˛¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂ {]Imcw h¿KoIcn°mw

]´nI 1

tIcfØnse h\ßƒ˛\nba]camb ]Zhn {I.\

1. 2. 3.

h\Øns‚ \nba]camb ]Zhn

hnkvXo¿Ww (N.In.ao.)

BsI D≈Xns‚ iXam\w

9107 1838 364 11309

80.53 16.25 3.22 100

dnk¿hv \n£n]vX h\w s{]mt∏mkvUv dnk¿hv BsI ]´nI 2

tIcfØnse h\ßƒ˛hnhn[ Xcßƒ {I.\.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

h\Øns‚ C\w

hnkvXo¿Ww BsIbp≈Xns‚ (Nn.In.ao.) iXam\w

\nXylcnX,A¿[\nXylcnX h\ßƒ B¿{ZCes]mgnbpw ImSpIƒ hc≠ Ces]mgnbpw ImSpIƒ tNmeh\ßƒ h\tXm´ßƒ ]p¬taSpIƒ a‰n\w BsI

3878 3616 391 386 1477 501 1060 11309

34.29 31.97 3.46 3.42 13.06 4.43 9.37 100

]´nI 3

tIcfØnse h\ßƒ˛`qhn\ntbmK coXn {I.\

1. 2. 3. 4.

h\Øns‚ `qhn\ntbmK coXn

hnkvXo¿Ww N.In.ao.

kzm`mhnI h\ßƒ 8772 h\tXm´ßƒ 1478 ]m´w 649 h\kwc£W \nbaw A\pkcn®v ht\Xc Bhiyßƒ°v \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv 410 BsI 11309

BsIbp≈Xns‚ iXam\w

77.57 13.06 5.74 3.63 100

t\m¿a≥ tabdpsS h¿KoIcW{]Imcw temIØnse 34 ssPhsshhn[y Iehd (Hotspot) Ifn¬ H∂mWv tIcfØnse h\ßƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂ ]›naL´ae\ncIƒ. 4500˛¬]cw k]pjv]nIfmb kkyßfmWv ChnsS ImWp∂Xv. tIcf h\KthjW ÿm]-\Øns‚ ]T\{]Imcw Cu h\ßfn¬ 145˛Hmfw C\w kkvX\nIƒ ImWs∏Sp∂p. AXn¬Øs∂ 14 C\w ChnsS am{Xw ImWs∏Sp∂hbmWv. ChnsS ImWs∏Sp∂ 164 C\w ]£nIfn¬ 16 C\hpw DcKßfn¬ 93 C\hpw ChnsS am{Xw ImWs∏Sp∂hbmWv. 196 C\w ip≤Pea¬kyßsfbmWv ChnsS ImWp∂Xv. Npcp°Øn¬ kwÿm\Øns‚ hen∏w sh®pt\m°ptºmƒ ChnSpsØ ssPhsshhn[yw hfsc hepXmWv. h\yPohnIƒ°pw ssPhsshhn[yØn\pw {]tXyI ]cnc£ \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn Nne h\ `mKßsf kwc£nXtaJeIfmbn {]Jym]n®v ]cn]men®p hcp∂p. \mjW¬ ]m¿°pIfpw h\yPohn kt¶XßfpamWv Cu kwc£nX taJeIƒ. 5 \mjW¬ ]m¿°pIfpw 17 h\yPohn kwc£WtI{μßfpamWv C∂v tIcfØn¬ D≈Xv. Hcp IΩyqWn‰n dnk¿hpw D≠v. CXv F√mw tN¿Øv BsI hnkvXo¿Ww 3213 N.In.ao. BWv. BsI h\hnkvXrXnbpsS 28 iXam\w hcpanXv.

tXm´ßƒ samØw h\hnkvXrXnbpsS 13% AXmbXv 1477 N.In.ao. hnhn[bn\w h\hr£ßfpsS tXm´ßfmWv . 33˛Hmfw C\w hr£ßfpsS tXm´ßƒ D≠v F¶nepw G‰hpw {][m\s∏´Xv. BsI tXm´ hnkvXrXnbpsS 60 % hcp∂ tX°v BWv. At°jy (7%), bq°men (4%), apf (3%), Iipamhv (2%) F∂nhbptSXmWv a‰v {][m\ tXm´ßƒ. hnhn[ Imeßfnse hyhkmb hf¿®bv ° pth≠n Akwkv I rX hkvXp°ƒ \¬IpI F∂ Dt±iytØmsS h®p]nSn∏n®hbmWv Cu tXm´ßƒ. tIcfØns‚ samØw XSn BhiyßfpsS 5% am{Xta h\ßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂p≈q F∂mWv IW°v . h\whIp∏ns‚ hm¿jnI hcpam\w 2010˛11 ¬ 274 tImSn cq]bmbncp∂p. CXn¬ 92% Dw XSn hnev]\bn¬ \n∂pw e`n®XmWv. Pq¨ 2011

]dºp]pcbnSßfnse hr£ßƒ tIcfØns‚ XSn BhiyßfpsS 5 iXam\w am{Xta h\ßfn¬ \n∂p e`n°p∂p≈q F∂v {]kvXmhn®t√m. _m°n ]dºp]pcbnSßfn¬ \n∂pw Cd°paXnbn¬ \n∂pamWv e`n°p∂Xv . tIcfØnse ]´Wßfnse L\ac BhiyØns‚ 50 iXam-\hpw e`n°p∂Xv ]pdw cmPyßfn¬ \n∂p≈ Cd°paXnbn¬ \n∂msW∂v Cu teJIs‚ Hcp ]T\ØneqsS Is≠Ønbn´p≠v. \ΩpsS Bhiyßƒ°p≈ XSn kwÿm\Øn\IØp\n∂pXs∂ Is≠Øn tIcfsØ L\acØns‚ ImcyØn¬ kzbw ]cym]vXamt°≠Xv `mhnbn¬ h\sØ kwc£n°m\p≈ Hcp D]m[nIqSnbmWv.

I≠¬°mSpIƒ, ImhpIƒ, kap{Zw ]cnÿnXn kwXpe\Øn\v I≠¬°mSpIƒ, ImhpIƒ, kap{Zw F∂nhbpsS kwc£Whpw AXy¥mt]£nXamWv . tIcfØn¬ 1700 slIvStdmfw I≠¬°mSpItf tijn°p∂p≈q F∂v IW°m°p∂p. sNdpXpw hepXpambn BbnctØmfw ImhpIƒ D≠v tIcfØn¬. 5 sk‚n¬ IqSpX¬ hnkv X o¿Wap≈hbpsS FÆw 400 hcpw. tIcf XocsØ ISense ssPhsshhn[yw kwc£Ww {i≤ A¿ln°p∂ as‰mcp taJe-bmWv. h\hn`hßsf ]cn]men°p∂Xv k¿°mcns‚ \bßƒ°v A\pkcn®mWv. B \bßƒ GsX√mamsW∂v t\m°mw.

h\\bßƒ Hcp {]tXyI Dt±ikm[yØn\mbn k¿°m¿ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ \btcJIƒ, D≠m°p∂ \nbaßƒ, ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ DØchpIƒ, a‰p {]Jym]\ßƒ F∂nhsb kqNn∏n-°p∂ Hcp s]mXp]ZamWv k¿°m¿ \bw AYhm s]mXp\bw. Aßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ k¿°m¿ ÿm]\ßƒ sNøp∂Xv Ft¥m AXmWv k¿°m¿ \bw F∂v hnZKv[¿ ]d™Xv F√m A¿YØnepw icnbmsW∂v ImWmw. Hcp {]tZisØ cmjv{Sob, kmºØnI, P\kwJy, kmaqly˛-kmºØnI ÿnXn, hyhkmbßƒ, Imehÿ F∂nhsb√mw AhnSsØ h\\b-cq]oIcWsØ kzm[o\n°mdp≠v. tIcfhpw C°mcyØn¬ hyXykvXambncp∂n√. Ign™ 200 h¿jsØ h\\bßfpsS ]cnWmaw ]cntim[nimkv{X-KXn

samØw h\hnkvXrXnbpsS 13% AXmbXv 1477 N.In.ao. hnhn[bn\w h\hr£ßfpsS tXm´ßfmWv. 33˛Hmfw C\w hr£ßfpsS tXm´ßƒ D≠v F¶nepw G‰hpw {][m\s∏´Xv. BsI tXm´ hnkvXrXnbpsS 60 % hcp∂ tX°v BWv. At°jy (7%), bq°men (4%), apf (3%), Iipamhv (2%) F∂nhbptSXmWv a‰v {][m\ tXm´-ßƒ. hnhn[ Imeßfnse hyhkmb hf¿®bv°pth≠n AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ \¬IpI F∂ Dt±iy-tØmsS h®p]nSn∏n®hbmWv Cu tXm´ßƒ. tIcfØns‚ samØw XSn BhiyßfpsS 5% am{Xta h\ßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂p≈q F∂mWv IW°v. h\whIp∏ns‚ hm¿jnI hcpam\w 2010˛11 ¬ 274 tImSn cq]bm-bncp∂p. CXn¬ 92% Dw XSn hnev]\-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n®XmWv.

®m¬ CXp t_m[yamIpw. {_n´ojv C¥ybnse 1894˛se h\\bhpw kzX{¥ C¥ybnse BZysØ h\\bamb 1952˛se h\\bhpw 1988˛se tZiob h\\bhpw tIcfØnse h\hnIk\ {]h¿Ø\ßtfbpw h\kwc£WtØbpw kzm[o\n®n´p≠v. {_n´ojv `cWImeØv km{amPyØns‚ I®hSXm¬]cyßƒ°pw XSn Bhiyßƒ°pw th≠nbmbncp∂p h\]cn]me\w F¶n¬ kzX{¥ C¥ybpsS hymhkmbnI hf¿®bv ° pth≠ Akwkv I rX hkvXp- h mb ]ƒ]pacßƒ hf¿Øm\p≈ `qanbmbn h\sØ D]tbmKn°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p Ign™ \q‰m≠ns‚ Fgp]XpIfpsS Ahkm\whsc h\-\bw. 1960˛Ifnse bq°men-tXm´-ßfpw 70˛80 IfpsS BZy]IpXn hscbp≈ kmaqly h\hXv I cWhpw B \bßfpsS _m°n]{XßfmWv. F¨-]XpIfpsS c≠mw]IpXnbnse ]cnÿnXn k¥pe\ N¿®IfneqsS hnIkn® h\\bw sXmÆqdpIfnse \ne\n¬]ns‚ hnIk\w, h\m{inX kaqlßfpsS Pohk‘mcWw F∂o Nn¥mkcWnIfneqsS hf¿∂v BtKmfXm]\Øn\v acamWv adp]Sn, F∂nSØv FØn \n¬°pI-bmWn∂v. ImeØns‚ Bhiyßƒ-°\pkcn®v \bßƒ C\nbpw amdpsa∂pw {]Xo£n°mw. Hcp ]t£ km{amPytamlnIfpsS h\\bw "h\Øn\p kz¥ambn \ne\n¬°p∂Xn\v AhImian√ AXv a‰mhiyßƒ°v D]tbmKnt°≠ Hcp hn`hamWv' F∂Xmbncp∂p F∂p]dbmw. CXn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn h\ßƒ Hcp {]tZiØns‚ \ne\n¬∏n\pw kpÿnchnIk\Øn\pw Hcp AhiyLSIamWv F∂pw h\ßƒ \¬Ip∂ "Ft°mfPn°¬ k¿hokkv' Xs∂bmWv h\w kwc£nt°≠Xns‚ Bhiysa∂pw F∂ coXnbnep≈ Hcp Nn¥ BZyambn hcp∂Xv 1988˛se tZiob h\\bØnemWv. C¥y≥ `cWLS\bn¬ h\ßƒ concurrent list-¬s∏Sp∂ Hcp hnjbamWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ h\]cn]me\Øn\v tI{μk¿°mcns‚ \bßƒ°mbncn°pw ap≥KW\. F∂ncp∂mepw tI{μ\bßƒ°p hncp≤amImØhn[w kz¥ambn \bßƒ D≠m°n \S∏m°m≥ kwÿm\k¿°mcn\v A[nImcap≠v. h\]cn]me\Øn\mbn 35˛Hmfw \nb-aßfpw

N´ßfpw tI{μ˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcpIƒ D≠m°nbn´p≠v. 1987˛emWv BZyambn kwÿm\Øn\v kz¥amb Hcp h\\bw D≠mbXv (Pn.H (Fw.Fkv) 1/87 XobXn 01.01.1987). h\]cn]me\Øn\p≈ am¿KtcJIƒ F∂ t]cn¬ 1998˛¬ as‰mcp DØchpw tIcf k¿°mcnt‚Xmbp≠v (Pn.H (Fw.Fkv) \º¿ 3/98 (h\w˛-h\yPohn) XobXn 07.01.1998). 02.05.2009˛¬ k¿°m¿ DØchv \º¿ (]n) 20˛Bbn ]pds∏Sp-hn®XmWv tIcf k¿°mcns‚ G‰hpw ]pXnb h\\bw. CXns‚ ap≥KmanIfn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn s]mXpP\-ßfpw h\kwc£WØn¬ XXv]ccmb At\Iw kwLS\Ifpw, hy‡nIfpw Cu ]pXnb h\\b- Ø ns‚ cq]oIcWØn¬ klIcn®ncp∂p F∂Xv CXns‚ {]tXyIXbmWv. G‰hpw HSphn¬ Pn.H. (Fw.Fkv)\º¿ 22/2010 (h\w) XobXn 21˛05.2010 {]Imcw h\whIp∏ns‚ B[p\nIhXv I cWØn\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ ka¿∏n°p∂Xn\mbn {io. ‰n.Fw. at\mlc≥, {]n≥kn∏¬ No^v t^mdÃv I¨k¿th‰¿ sNb¿am\mbpw, Xangv \ m´nse dn´tb¿Uv {]n≥kn∏¬ No^v t^mdÃv I¨k¿th‰¿ Bbncp∂ {io. {io[c≥, {io. F≥. tKm]n\mY≥, AUojW¬ {]n≥kn∏¬ No^v t^mdÃv I¨k¿th‰¿, tIcf, s{]m^k¿ Ip™nIrjvW≥ (tIcf bqWnthgvkn‰n) F∂nh¿ AwKßfmbpw k¿°m¿ Hcp hnZKv [ IΩn‰nsb \nban®n´p≠v . Xmsg∏dbp∂ taJeIfn¬ hIp∏ns‚

kwÿm\sØ h\-ßsf A©p sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w k¿-°nfp-Ifmbpw, Hmtcm k¿°nfn-t\bpw hnhn[ sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj-\pIfmbpw hn`Pn®n´p≠v. tIcfØn¬ BsI 24 sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj-\pIfmWp≈Xv. sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj\pIsf IqSmsX Nne {]tXyI ZuXyßƒ°mbn cq]oIcn®n´p≈ Unhnj\pIfpap≠v.

B[p\nIhXvIcWØn\p≈ ip]m¿iIƒ ka¿∏n°m\mWv Cu hnZKv [ kanXntbmSv \n¿t±in®n´p≈Xv. Imcy£aamb h\kwc- £ WØn\pw ]cn]me\Øn\pw B[p\nI kmt¶XnI hnZyIfpsS D]tbmKw. h\kwc£Wtk\bpsS hn\ymkw, hm¿Ømhn\nabw, Bbp[-ßƒ XpSßnbh. h\kwc£W tk\bpsS Imcy£aX h¿[n∏n°m≥ A[nIambn D≠mt°≠ ASnÿm\ kuIcyßƒ. ]pXnb {]iv\ßsf t\cnSp∂Xn\v am\hhn`h tijn hnIkn∏nt°≠coXn. Imemhÿm hyXnbm\w XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬ h\ßƒ°p≈ ]¶v a\ nem°n h\whIp∏ns‚ DØchmZnØßfn¬ am‰w hcptØ≠Xp kw_‘n®v. apIfn¬ ]d™ e£yßƒ \ndth‰p∂Xn\v as‰s¥¶nepw \n¿t±in°m\ps≠¶n¬ BbXpw. Cu IΩoj≥ tIcfØn¬ hnhn[ ÿeßfnembn ktΩfn®v Cu hnjbØn¬ XmXv]cyap≈ hnhn[ XeØnep≈ P\hn`mKßfn¬ \n∂pw, hy‡nIfn¬\n∂pw, kwLS\Ifn¬\n∂pw sXfnshSp∏v \SØn ip]m¿iIƒ t{ImUoIcn®v 2011 tabv amkw k¿°mcn\v ip]m¿iIƒ \¬Inbn´p≠v . Cu ip]m¿iIfnt∑ep≈ k¿°mcns‚ DØchv GXp kabhpw hcmw.

Pq¨ 2011

h\\bßƒ \S∏m°p∂Xv h\whIp∏ns‚ `cWw h\w Unhnj\pIfneqsSbmWv \S∏m°p∂Xv. kwÿm\sØ h\-ßsf A©p sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w k¿-°nfpIfmbpw, Hmtcm k¿°nfn- t \bpw hnhn[ sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj\pIfmbpw hn`Pn®n´p≠v. tIcfØn¬ BsI 24 sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj\pIfmWp≈Xv. sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj\pIsf IqSmsX Nne {]tXyI ZuXyßƒ°mbn cq]oIcn®n´p≈ Unhnj\pIfpap≠v (Functional Forest Division). XSn hnev]\ (6 FÆw), tkmjy¬ t^mdkv{Sn (14 FÆw) ^vssfbnwKv kvIzmUv (8 FÆw), h\y-Pohn kwc£Ww (11 FÆw) F∂nhbmWv ^MvjW¬ Unhnj\pIƒ. CXn¬ sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\w Unhnj\pIfnse h\]cn]me\w AXmXp Unhnj\pIƒ-°pth≠n 10 h¿jtØ°v Xbmdm°p∂ h¿°nwKv πm\pIƒ hgnbpw, h\yPohn Unhnj\pIfnse h\]cn]me\w AXmXp Unhnj\pth≠n 10 h¿jtØbv°v Xbmdm°p∂ amt\Pvsa‚ v πm\pIƒ hgnbpamWv \SØp∂Xv, tkmjy¬ t^mdkv{Sn Unhnj\pIfpsS `cWØn\v AXmXp Unhnj\pIfn¬ \S∏m°p∂ {]tXyI t{]mPIvSpIƒ°p≈ am¿KtcJIfpw B£≥ πm\pIfpw BWv B[mcw, XSn hnev]\, ^vssfbnwKv kvIzmUv Unhnj\pIƒ {]tXyI B£≥ ]vfm\pIƒ A\pkcn®pamWv `cn°s∏Sp∂Xv.

h\]cn]me\Øns‚ Dt±iyßƒ ta¬∏d™ h\\bßfpw tIcfØnse 24 sSdnt´mdnb¬ h\wUn-hnj\pIfpsS h¿°nwKv πm\pIfpw 10 h\yPohn Unhnj\pIfpsS amt\Pvsa‚ v πm\pIfpw ]cntim[n°ptºmƒ h\]cn]me\Øns‚ Dt±iyßƒ {][m\ambpw Xmsg∏dbp∂hbmWv F∂p ImWmw. 1. h\ßfpsS Ncn{X]chpw, kmwkvIm-cnIhpw aX]chpw kuμcy]chpamb {]m[m\yw \ne\n¿Øns°m≠pw ssPhsshhn[yw, h\ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ Ct°mknÃw k¿hokkv F∂nhbv°v tIm´wX´msXbpw aÆp kwc£Ww, Pe kwc£Ww F∂nh Dd∏m°nbp≈ Hcp kpÿnc hnIk\w (Sustainable Development) km[yam°pI. 2. C∂ns‚ Bhiyßƒ°pw, `mhnXeapdIƒ°pw th≠n h\hn-kvXr-Xnbpw h\ßfpsS ]pjvSnbpw DXv]mimkv{X-KXn

h\Øn\v bmsXmcp \mihpw hcmØ coXnbn¬ h\m{inX kaqlØns‚ PohnX \nehmcw Db¿Øm\pw h\ßsf-s°m≠p≈ KpWßsf∏‰n P\ßsf t_m[hXvIcn°m\pw, h\kuμcyw s]mXpP\ßƒ°v BkzZn°m\pap≈ Hcp am¿KamWv Ft°mSqdnkw. Z\tijnbpw sa®s∏Sp- Ø m\p≈ D]m[nIƒ \S∏m°pI. 3. h\m{inX kaqlßfpsS Poh\w Dd∏m°pIbpw PohnX \ne- h mcw Db¿ØpIbpw sNøpI.

\nehnep≈ h\]cn]me\ coXnIƒ apIfn¬ ]d™ \bßfpw Dt±iyßfpw \S∏m°p∂Xn\v Xmsg∏dbp∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfmWv h\whIp∏v \S∏m°p∂Xv. h\kwc£Ww: h\Øns‚ AXn¿Øn Xncn°¬, t^mdÃv tÃj\pIƒ D≠m°¬, {]IrXnZØ h\ßfpsS kwc£Ww, Im´pXobn¬ \n∂v h\sØ kwc£n°¬, h\kwc£W tk\sb i‡ns∏SpØ¬, clky hnhc tiJcWw, tIkpIfpsS \SØn∏v, {]£oW h\ßfn¬ ssX \So¬, ]¶mfnØ h\]cn]me\w, ]cnÿnXn imkv{X]cambn Zp¿_eamb {]tZißfpsS ]cn]me\w, hm¿Ømhn\nab kuIcyßƒ, hml\ßƒ XpSßnbhbmWv Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ. 2. ssPhsshhn[ykwc£Whpw h\yPohn ]cn]me\hpw: ssPh-sshhn[y kwc£Whpw h\yPohn ]cn]me\hpw e£yam°n s]mXp-hmbn

Xmsg∏dbp∂ {]hrØnIfmWv h\whIp∏v sNøp∂Xv . Im´pXo XSb¬, clky hnhctiJcWw, th´ XSb¬, h\Øns‚ KpWh¿[\, ]cnkchmknIfpsS PohnX \nehmcw Db¿Øm\p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ, ]´nIh¿K hm®¿amsc \ntbmKn°¬, sI´nSßfpsS \n¿amWw, hml\ßƒ hmß¬, t\®¿ IymºpIƒ \SØ¬, h\yPohn KthjWw, \m´m\]cn]me\w, arKkwc£Ww, h\yarKßƒ Irjn\in∏n°p∂Xv XSb¬, hwi\miw t\cnSp∂ sNSnIsfbpw PohnIsfbpw kwc£n°¬, h\yPohn˛CS\mgnIƒ ÿm]n°¬, DtZymKÿ∑m¿°p≈ ]cnioe\w, h\Øn\p]pdØp≈ ImhpIƒ, I≠¬ImSpIƒ, kap{ZXocw, kzImcy-`qanbnse h\yPohnIƒ, tZimS\- ] £nIƒ XpSßnbhbpsS kwc£-Ww. 3. tXm´ßfpsS ]cnNcWw : h\ h- r - £ tXm´ßfpsS ]cnNcWØn\mbn {][m\ambpw h\whIp∏v sNøp∂Xv Xmsg∏dbp∂ ImcyßfmWv. aqs∏Ønb tXm´ßfpsS AS°napdn AS°napdn \SØnb tXm´ßfn¬ ]pXnb tXm´ßƒ h®p]nSn∏n°¬

]pjv S nbn√mØ tXm´ßfn¬ Du¿PnX ]cnNcWw DXv]mZ\tijn Iq´p∂Xn\mbn \√bn\w \So¬ hkv X p°ƒ DXv]mZn∏n°m\p≈ tI{μoIrX \gvkdnIƒ. hnØptXm´ßfpsS ]cn]me\w. XSnsh´v, hnev]\ F∂nhbnep≈ B[p\nIhXvIcWw. 4. XSntbXc h\hn`hßfpsS ]cnNcWw: h\Øn\IØpw h\tØm- S p- t N¿∂pw Xmakn°p∂ P\ßfpsS {]tXyIn®pw ]ńI-h¿K°mcpsS Pohk‘mcWØns‚ \s´√mWv XSntbXc h\hn`hßƒ. 2001˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw tIcfØnse ImSpIfn¬ 723 sk‰n¬sa‚pIfnembn 73500 ]ńIh¿K°m¿ Xmakn°p∂p≠v. tIcfØnse BsI ]ńIh¿K P\kwJybpsS 20% hcpanXv. XSntbXc h\hn`hßfpsS ]cnNcWØn\mbn Xmsg∏dbp∂ ImcyßfmWv h\whIp∏v sNøp∂Xv. acp∂psNSnIsf∏‰nbp≈ hnhc]ńI Xbmdm°pI. acp∂psNSnIƒ \´p]nSn∏n°pI. acp∂p sNSnIsf°pdn®p≈ KthjWw {]mtZinI hn⁄m\ hym]\w, _u≤nI kzØhImiw

XSntbXc h\hn`hßfpsS tiJcWØn\pw I®hSØn\pw h\kwc£W kanXnIsf im‡oIcn°pI. 5. ASnÿm\ kuIcyßƒ: h\kwc£WØn\pw ]cn]me\Øn\pw Bhiyap≈ sI´nSßƒ, tdmUpIƒ XpSßnbhbpsS \n¿amWw, A‰Ip‰∏WnIƒ F∂nhbmWv Cu KWØn¬s∏Sp∂Xv. 6. Ft°m Sqdnkw: h\Øn\v bmsXmcp \mihpw hcmØ coXnbn¬ h\m{inX kaqlØns‚ PohnX \nehmcw Db¿Øm\pw h\ßsfs°m≠p≈ KpWßsf∏‰n P\ßsf t_m[hXvIcn°m\pw, h\kuμcyw s]mXpP\ßƒ°v BkzZn°m\pap≈ Hcp am¿KamWv Ft°mSqdnkw. CXn\mbn h\m{inX kaqlØn\v ]cnioe\w, SqdnÃpIƒ°v kpc£nXXzØn\p≈ ASnÿm\- k uIcyßƒ Hcp°¬, t_m[\hXvIcW ¢mkpIƒ, h\Øn¬ XmXvImenI IqSmcØn¬ Xmakn°m\p≈ kuIcyßƒ, amen\ykwkvIcWw XpSßnb tPmenIƒ Cu KWØn¬ sNøp∂p. 7. KthjWw: h\hn`hßsf-°pdn®p≈ hnhc ]´nI Xbmdm°¬, {]tXyI BhmkhyhÿIsfbpw, P\p pIsfbpw Ipdn®p≈ ]T\ßƒ, h¿°nwKv πm\pIƒ Xbmdm°¬

h\ßƒ s]mXpsh t\cnSp∂ `ojWnIƒ \nch[nbmWv. a‰mhiy-ßƒ°v kuIcywt]mse ssIam‰w sNbvXv D]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp hn`hw F∂Xn¬ \n∂pw kwÿm\Øns‚ \ne\n¬]n\p≈ AhiyLSIw F∂ \nebnte°v CXv amdnbncn°p∂p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu hn`hw F√mhcpsSbpw IqSn kzØmWv. "bp≤w ]´mf°m¿ am{Xw Xocpam\-saSpt°≠ Imcya√'

XpSßnb tPmenIfmWv Cubn\Øn¬ sNøp∂Xv. 8. am\hhn`htijn: h\whIp∏v DtZymKÿ∑m¿°v ]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂Xn\v Ct∏mƒ Acn∏ (sIm√w Pn√) hmfbm¿ (]me°mSv Pn√) F∂nhnSßfnembn c≠v s{Sbn\nwKv kvIqfpIƒ D≠v. P∏m≥ k¿°mcns‚ kmºØnI klmbtØmsS Cu ÿm]\ßsf B[p\nIhXvIcn°p∂Xn\p≈ {iaßƒ Bcw`n®p Ign™p. IqSpX¬ kuIcyßfpw B[p\nI hnjbßfn¬ ]cnioe\hpw \¬Im≥ sI¬∏p≈-hn[Øn¬ Acn∏bn¬ Hcp t^mdÃv A°mUan ÿm]n°m\p≈ ]WnIfpw Bcw`n®p Ign™p. 9. kmaqlyh\hXv I cWhpw h\hym]\hpw: h\Øn\p ]pdØpw h\hXvIcWw \SØm≥ Dt±in®psIm≠v cq]oIcn®XmWv tkmjy¬ t^mdkv{Sn hn`mKw. C°gn™ h¿jßfn¬ kvIqƒ, tImtfPv Ip´nIsf kwLSn∏n®v \S∏m°nb Fs‚ acw, \ΩpsS acw, F∂o ]≤XnIfpw, Xoc{]tZiØv \S∏m°nb lcnXXocw ]≤Xnbpw, I≠¬°mSv, ImhpIƒ XpSßnbhbpsS kwc£WØn\mbn \S∏m°nb ]≤XnIfpw CXn¬-s∏Sp∂p. 10. hnhckmt¶XnI hnZy: h\whIp∏ns‚ Iºyq´¿hXvIcW tPmenIfmWv Cu hn`mKØn¬ sNøp∂Xv. hn`hßƒ F{XbmsW∂pw, AXv ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\v \nehnep≈ \bßfpw, Ct∏mgsØ ]cnNcW coXnIfpamWv hfsc Npcp°ambn apIfn¬ hnhcn®Xv. C\n h\]cnNcWw t\cnSp∂ `ojWnIƒ Ghsb∂p t\m°mw.

h\]cnNcWw˛òjWnIƒ h\ßƒ s]mXpsh t\cnSp∂ òjWnIƒ \nch[nbmWv. a‰mhiyßƒ°v kuIcywt]mse ssIam‰w sNbvXv D]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp hn`hw F∂Xn¬ \n∂pw kwÿm\Øns‚ \ne\n¬]n\p≈ AhiyLSIw F∂ \nebnte°v CXv amdnbncn°p∂p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu hn`hw F√mhcpsSbpw IqSn kzØmWv . "bp≤w ]´mf°m¿ am{Xw Xocpam\saSpt°≠ Imcya√' F∂Xpt]mse h\]cn]me\hpw GXm\pw t]¿ am{Xw Xocpam\nt°≠ Hcp sIm®pImcya√. AXns\°pdn®v Xocpam\n°m≥ Hmtcm ]uc\pw AhImiap≠v. h\]cnNcWØn\p≈ òjWnIsf Ipdn®pw kaqlw BtemNnt°≠Xp≠v. {][m\s∏´ òjWnIƒ Pq¨ 2011

Xmsg∏dbp∂ coXnbn¬ XcwXncn°p∂p.

hnIk\ kw_‘nbmbh. a‰p hIp∏pIƒ, hnIk\w F∂ t]cn¬ \S∏m°p∂ At\Iw ]cn-]mSnIƒ h\Øn\v `ojWnbm-Ip∂p≠v. DZm: tdmUpIƒ, ]meßƒ, hnZyp—‡n sse\pIƒ, a\pjyhm-k-tI{μßƒ, hymhkmb imeIƒ, ^mIvSdnIƒ, aW¬ hmc¬, Ip∂nSn-bv°¬, ]mds]m´n°¬, Sqdnkw, ssItø‰ßƒ XpSßnbh.

]ńWn kw_‘nbmbh h\hmknIfpsS IpSnsh≈ £maw, Blmc £maw, sXmgn¬ £maw, hnZym`ymk kuIcyan√mbva, sshZy klmban√mbv a , ]m¿∏nS {]iv \ ßƒ, Im¿jnI hn`hßƒ hn¬°m\p≈ _p≤nap´v XpSßnbhbmWv ]ńWn kw_‘nbmb òjWnIƒ.

`qhn\ntbmK kw_‘nbmbh: sN¶pØmb aetbmcßfn¬ ]´bw \¬Inbn´p≠v. B {]tZißƒ°v tNcmØ IrjncoXnIƒ sNøpIaqeap≠mIp∂ {]iv\ßƒ A\h[nbmWv. hr£Irjn sNøm≥ km[n°msX hcp∂Xpw (hr£w apdn°m≥ A\phmZan√mØXpsIm≠v), h\yPohnIƒ Irjn\in∏n°p∂Xpw a‰pw Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏SpØmhp∂ `ojWnIfmWv.

\b kw_‘nbmb òjWnIƒ a‰p hIp∏pIfpsS \bßƒ h\ßƒ°v òjWnbmIp∂ At\Iw kw`hßfp≠v. d_¿Irjn t{]m’mln∏n°m≥ \¬Ip∂ k_v k nUn sN¶pØmb aetbmcßfn¬ òaamb asÆmen∏n\pw a‰pw ImcWamIpw. F√m hoSpIfpw sshZypXo-Icn°m\p≈ \bw h\{]tZiØv [mcmfw acwapdn®p \o°p∂Xn¬ Iemin°pw. h\{]tZiØv ]´b`qanbn¬ P\ßƒ \´phf¿Ønb acßƒ kz¥w BhiyØn\v apdn°m≥ A\phmZw \¬ImØXv acßƒ \in∏n°p∂Xn\v ImcWamIpw. 2009˛se h\mhImi\nbaw \bkw_‘nbmb òjWn°v as‰mcpZmlcWamWv.

aX]chpw kmwkv I mcnIhpamb `ojWnIƒ Imk¿tKmUv Pn√bnse hb\mSv Ipeh≥ sXøw D’htØmS\pimkv{X-KXn

_‘n®p≈ "_∏nS¬' NSßn\p h\yarKßsf th´bmSp∂ BNmcw, inhcm{XntbmS\p_‘n®v ]me°m´v Pn√bnse A´∏mSnbn¬ a√oizcapSnbn¬ XobnSp∂Xv apX¬ i_cnae hnIk\w hsc aX]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ]cn]mSnIƒ h\Øn\pw h\yPohnIƒ°pw `ojWnbmIp∂p≠v.

cmjv{Sob kw_‘nbmb `ojWnIƒ tIcfØnse {]tXyI cmjv{Sob kmlNcyØn¬ amdnamdn hcp∂ k¿°mcpIƒ P\ßsf {]oXns∏SpØm≥ (Populism) th≠n sNøp∂ Imcyßƒ BXy¥nIambn h\Øn\p `ojWnbmIp∂p≠v. h\wssItø‰ßsf km[qIcn°p∂ ]e \S]SnIfpw Cu XcØn¬ s]Spw. 01.01.1977˛hsc ssItødnb 28500 slIv S ¿ ÿeØv h\w ssItø‰ßsf k¿-

Hcp {]IrXn hn`hw F∂ \nebn¬ tIcfØnse h\ßsf hfscb[nIw NqjWw sNbvXp Ign™p. h\ßƒ a‰mhiyßƒ°v D]tbmKnt°≠ Hcp hn`hw F∂Xnt\°mƒ AXn\v kz¥amb \ne\n¬∏n\pw A¿lX-bnt√? h\ßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ ]mcnÿnXnI tkh\ßƒ Xs∂bt√ AXn\p≈ Hcp \ymbw.

°m¿ km[qIcn®p Ign™p. AXn-\ptijap≈ 6808 slIvS¿ ÿesØ ssItø‰ßƒ C\nbpw Xocpam\amImsX tijn°p∂p≠v. ssItø‰ßƒ°v C∂s√¶n¬ \msf km[qIcWw In´ns°m≈pw F∂ Nn¥ ssItø‰°mcpsS CSbn¬ Ct∏mgpw D≠v.

`cWkw_‘nbmb òjWnIƒ h\kwc£Whpw, h\]cn]m-e\hpw I¿i\ambn \S∏m°m≥ k¿°mcnse a‰p hIp∏pIfpsS klIcWw IpdhmWv F∂Xv Hcp kXyamWv. ]e hIp∏pIfpw (DZm: s]mXpacmaØv , ]ńI- P mXn˛]ńIh¿K hnIk\w, CeIv{Snkn‰n) h\w-hIp∏ns\ "hnIk\ hncp≤' hIp∏mbmWv IW°m°p∂Xv. Hmtcm hIp∏n\pw AhcptSXmb hnIk\ AP≠Ifpw, e£yßfpamWp≈Xv.

a‰mhiyßƒ°v D]tbmKnt°≠ Hcp hn`hw F∂Xnt\°mƒ AXn\v kz¥amb \ne\n¬∏n\pw A¿lXbnt√? h\ßfn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ ]mcnÿnXnI tkh\ßƒ Xs∂bt√ AXn\p≈ Hcp \ymbw. Cu hn`hsØ Ct∏mƒ ]cnNcn°p∂ coXnbpw AXn\v Dt]mXv_eIamb \bßfpw Npcp°n]d™n´p≠v. h\ßƒ Ct∏mƒ t\cnSp∂ `ojWnIfpw A°-an´v ]d™n´p≠v. B `ojWnIsf sh√phnfnIfmbn t\cnSm≥ \ap°v km[n°ptam? h\]cnNcWw {]mtZinI kaqlßfnte°v am‰nbm¬ h\]cnNcWw sa®s∏Sptam AtXm C∂tØ°mƒ hjfmIptam? ]pXnb e£yßƒ t\Sm≥ ]pXnb Hcp h\]cnNcW X{¥w F∂ hnjbw hym]Iambn F√m XeØnepw N¿® sNøs∏tS≠Xp≠v.

D]kwlmcw Hcp {]IrXn hn`hw F∂ \nebn¬ tIcfØnse h\ßsf hfscb[nIw NqjWw sNbvXp Ign™p. h\ßƒ

teJI≥ tIcf h\w hIp∏nse AUojW¬ {]n≥kn∏¬ No^v I¨k¿th‰¿ BWv.

]cnkcw tUm. B¿.hn.Pn. tat\m≥

\jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬Im\p≈ _m[yX k¿°m¿ Xs∂ Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww. kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hcmhp∂ Hcp {]iv\w AhnsS ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-fn¬ GsXm-s°-bmWv F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ aptJ-\-bp-≈Xv GsXms°-bmWv A√m-Xp-≈Xv F∂v th¿Xn-cn®p ]d-bm≥ hnj-a-amWv F∂-Xm-Wv. AhnsS a\p-jy-Xz-]-c-amb kao]\w FSptØ ]‰q. B {]tZ-isØ A¿lcmb F√m-t]¿°pw NnIn-’bpw ]p\-c-[n-hmkhpw sImSp-°-Ww.

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥:

bp≤w Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n√ 125 cmPy-ß-fnse a{¥n-amcpw {]Xn\n-[n-Ifpw ]s¶-SpØ kvt‰m°v tlmw I¨sh≥js‚ P\oh tIm¨^d≥kv F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ \ntcm-[n°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw Hcp \√ Imcy-am-Wv. Imk¿tKms´ {KmaoW- c psS Zpcn- X - ß ƒ°v F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ BtWm DØ-c-hmZn F∂v C\nbpw \n›-ba - n-√, IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-t°≠-Xp≠v Fs∂ms° ]d-™n-cp-∂h¿°p≈ I\Ø {]l-c-ambn Cu Xocp-am-\w. tIcf πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿]td-js‚ Imk¿tKms´ Iip-amhv tXm´ß-fn¬ 1978 apX¬ tXbne sImXp-IpIsf HmSn-°m-\mbn F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ ASn-®n-cp-∂p. kI-e-hn[ ap≥ Icp-Xep-Ifpw Im‰n¬ ]d-Øn, kIe \nba-ßfpw sX‰n-®v, kmam\y _p≤n-°pt]mepw \nc-°mØ coXn-bn¬ P\-hmk-tI-{μ-ßƒ°p kao-]-amWv Ah¿ slen-tIm-]vS-dn¬ \n∂v IoS-\m-in\n

Xfn®p t]m∂-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXp InW-dp-I-fnepw tXmSp-I-fnepw IpSn-sh-≈-Ønepw aÆnepw hmbphnepw Hs° Ie¿∂p. {ItaW a\pjy-cnepw arK-ß-fnepw FØn-t®¿∂p Ipan-™p-IqSn ]e-hn[ Btcm-Ky-{]-i\ v ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-bn. \nc-£-c-cmb {Kmao- W ¿ CXv ssZh- t Im]w BsW∂pw a‰pw ]d™p ]c-Øn-bt∏mƒ B {]tZ- i - Ø p- I m- c - \ mb {io]s{Z F∂ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I-\mWv Cu Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßƒ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ Xfn-°-ep-ambn _‘-s∏-´XmWv F∂v BZyw kwi-bn-®X - .v Zo¿LIm-e-ambn AhnsS BXpc tkh\w \S-Øp∂ ssh.-F-kv.-tam-l≥Ip-am¿ F∂ tUmIvS-dmWv CXn\v Dt]m-Zv_e-I-amb imkv{Xob hnh-c-ßƒ tiJcn- ® - X v. acp∂v Xfn \S- ° p∂ F\vaIsP, aqfn-bm¿, ]ms{Z XpSßnb {Kma-ßf - nse \m\qdp hoSp-Iƒ k¿th

sNbvXt- ∏mƒ AhnsS 126 hoSp-If - nse 202 t]¿°v CØcw Akm-[m-cW tcmKßfpw sshI- e y- ß fpw Ds≠∂v At±lw I≠p. Ch F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ F∂ cmk-h-kvXp-hns‚ Adn- b - s ∏- S p∂ ]m¿iz- ^ - e - ß ƒ BsW∂v At±lw a\- n- e m- ° n. Xs‚ Is≠-Øe - p-Iƒ tUmIvS¿am-cpsS kwL-S-\-bp-ambn At±lw ]¶p-h-®p. ]t£ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw H´pw t{]m’m-l-I-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. XpS¿∂v {io]-s{Z-bp-sSbpw {]mtZ-inI {]h¿ØI-cmb Ac-hnμ bS-a-se, \mK-cmPv _men-sK XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw {ia-^e-am-bmWv ]pdw-temIw Cu {]iv\s - Ø∏‰n Adn-bp-∂-Xv. ]t£ F∂n´pw Imcy-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-bn√ F∂Xv tIc-f-k-aq-l-Øn\v Ip‰-t_m[-tØmsS am{Xta Hm¿°m≥ Ign-bq. Cu ka-b-a-{Xbpw \ΩpsS "kz¥w' πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ - B tZisØ Pq¨ 2011

BtcmKy-{]-iv\ß - ƒ°v acp-∂p-Xf - n-bpambn _‘-sam-∂p-an-√m-sb∂v sXfn-bn°m-\p≈ _≤-∏m-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Zpcn- X - _ m- [ n- X - c n¬\n∂v Xß- f psS tcmKm-h-ÿbv°v acp-∂p-X-fn-bp-ambn _‘-sam-∂p-an√ F∂v FgpXn hmßm\p≈ {Iqc- I r- X y- Ø n- \ p- t ]mepw apXn¿∂p. CXn-\Iw Zpc-¥-sØ-∏‰n tI´-dn™ imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv 1994-˛97 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ B {]tZ-iØv Hcp ka{K BtcmKy k¿th \S-Øn. CXns‚ ê-ßƒ ]n∂oSv ]e-t∏mgpw Cu {]iv\Ø - n-te°v imkv{Xob {i≤ BI¿jn-°m≥ DX-In-bn-´p-≠v. ko°v, XW¬ apX-emb a‰p kwL-S-\-Ifpw B {]tZ-i-Øp-Im-cpsS ZpcnXw P\-{i≤-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ klm-bn-®p. F∂n´pw BIm-i-am¿tK-W-bp≈ acp∂p-Xfn Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Xbm-dm-bn-√. AXn\v Hcp tImSXn DØ-chp Xs∂ th≠n-h∂ - p. AXv kºm-Zn-®-tXm, tIm¿∏-td-js‚ Xs∂ A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ Hmô-k-dmb eoem-Ip-amcn AΩ sImSpØ tIkn¬. kz¥w hońse Xs∂ Hcp AwK-Øn\v tcmKw h∂-t∏m-gmWv -A-h¿°v A]ISw t_m[y-s∏-´X - v. CXn-\nsS U¬ln Bÿm-\-amb sk‚¿ t^m¿ kb≥kv B‚ v F≥htbm¨sa‚ v F∂ kwL-S\ \S-Ønb ]T-\ß - fpw Ah¿ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® DtZzK- P - \ - I - a mb dnt∏m¿´p- a mWv Cu {]iv\sØ tZiob {i≤-bn¬ sIm≠ph-∂-Xv. AXn-s\-Xnsc IoS-\m-in\n tem_n i‡-amb {]Xym-{I-aWw Bcw`n-®p. Imk¿tKms´ Zpc-¥sØ IoS\m-in-\n-bp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-s∏-SpØm-\p≈ imkv{Xo-b-amb sXfn-hp-Isfm∂pw Cs√∂pw AXn\v a‰p ImcW-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn°mw F∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p. Ah¿°p-th≠n hmZn-°m\pw ]e imkv{X-⁄-scbpw Ah¿ AWn\n-c-Øn. B kμ¿`-Øn¬ BWv 2001˛¬ Cu {]iv\-sØ-∏‰n imkv{Xo-bambn ]Tn-°m-\mbn tUmIvS¿ ANypX≥ A[y-£-\mbn tIcf k¿°m¿ Hcp sSIv\n-°¬ IΩn-‰nsb \nb-an-®Xv. Ah-cpsS ip]m¿i {]Im-c-amWv tIc-f-sam-´p°pw F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ \ntcm-[n-°m≥ tIcf k¿°m¿ Xbmdm-b-Xv. C≥Uy≥ \nbaw A\p-k-cn®v IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS ÿnc-amb \ntcm[-\-Øn\v tI{μ k¿°m-cn\v am{Xta A[n-Im-c-ap-≈q. tI{μ k¿°m-cns‚ Bh-iy-{]-Imcw National Institute for Occupational Health F∂ tI{μ-ÿm]\w CsX-∏‰n IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. Ah-cpsS ]T-\hpw tI{μ k¿°mimkv{X-KXn

U¬ln Bÿm-\-amb sk‚¿ t^m¿ kb≥kv B‚ v F≥htbm¨sa‚ v F∂ kwL-S\ \S-Ønb ]T-\ßfpw Ah¿ {]kn-≤o-Icn® DtZz-K-P-\-I-amb dnt∏m¿´p-amWv Cu {]iv\sØ tZiob {i≤bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. AXn-s\-Xnsc IoS-\min\n tem_n i‡-amb {]Xym-{I-aWw Bcw-`n-®p. Imk¿tKms´ Zpc-¥sØ IoS-\m-in-\n-bp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm\p≈ imkv{Xo-b-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw Cs√∂pw AXn\v a‰p Imc-W-ßfpw D≠m-bncn°mw F∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-®p.

cns\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]cym-]vXam-bn-√. F∂p-X-s∂-b-√, AXnse Is≠-Ø-ep-Isf A]-Io¿Øn-s∏-SpØm-\mbn tUmIvS¿ Hm.-]n.-Zps_ A[y£-\mbn as‰mcp IΩn-‰nsb tI{μ Irjn a{¥m-ebw \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. B IΩn-‰n-bn¬ IoS-\m-in\n tem_n-bpsS h‡m-°ƒ°m-bn-cp∂p ap≥ssI. ]n∂oSv Ch-scgpXn-s°m-SpØ I]S dnt∏m¿´pw s]m°-n-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠mWv F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ \ntcm-[nt°≠ Bh-iy-an√ F∂v tI{μ Irjn a{¥m-ebw hmZn®p t]m∂n-´p-≈X - .v Cu \ne-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-sc-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]-I-amb {]Xn-tj[w D≠m-b-Xpw, HSp- h n¬ tI{μw `cn- ° p∂ I£nIƒ°pt]mepw AXns\ A\p-Iq-ent°-≠n-h-∂-Xpw. Ct∏mƒ kvt‰m°v tlmw I¨sh≥j≥ BtKmf hym]I-ambn F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ \ntcm-[n°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®t- XmsS tIc-fØ - ns‚ {]Xn-tj[w hnPbw I≠p F∂v Bizkn-°mw. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ""C\n-sb¥v?'' F∂ tNmZy-amWv Db-cp-∂X - .v {]Y-ahpw {][m-\hpw Bb Imcyw Zpc-¥-_m-[nX-cpsS NnIn-’bpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw BWv. Nne \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hs° tIcf k¿°m¿ {]Jym- ] n- ® n´ps≠- ¶ nepw AXv Xosc A]-cym-]X v a - m-W.v Xo¿Øpw Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw \nb-a-hn-cp-≤hpw Bb coXn-bn¬ Cu amc-Ih - njw slentIm-]vS-dn¬ Xfn-®Xv Hcp k¿°m¿ ÿm]-\-amb πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿]-tdj≥ BWv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \jvS-]-cnlmcw \¬Im-\p≈ _m[yX k¿°m¿ Xs∂ Gs‰-Sp-°-Ww. kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hcm-hp∂ Hcp {]iv\w AhnsS ImWs∏-Sp∂ Btcm-Ky-{]-i\ v ß - f - n¬ GsXms°-bmWv F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ aptJ\-bp-≈Xv GsXm-s°-bmWv A√m-Xp≈Xv F∂v th¿Xn-cn®p ]d-bm≥ hnja-amWv F∂-Xm-Wv. AhnsS a\p-jy-Xz]-c-amb kao-]\w FSptØ ]‰q. B {]tZ-isØ A¿l-cmb F√m-t]¿°pw NnIn-’bpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw sImSp°-Ww. c≠m-asØ {]iv\w \ntcm-[\w Fßs\ \S- ∏ m°mw F∂- X m- W v . hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ign™ ]Øp-h¿jambn tIc-fØ - n¬ F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ \ntcm-[nXw BWv. ]t£ B \ntcm[\w I¿i-\a - mbn \S-∏m-°m≥ \ap°v Ign™n´n√ F∂mWv ]{X hm¿ØIƒ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . Xangv \ m´n¬\n∂pw a‰pw a‰p ]e t]cp-If - nepw t]cn-√m-sXbpw AXn-hnsS FØp-∂p≠v. I¿j-I¿ AXv At\z-jn®p I≠p]n-Sn®p hmßn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.

imkv{X-KX - nsb kw_-‘n® A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw

DXvI- W vTm- P - \ - I - a mb hkvXpX Im¿jnI hnZ-Kv[¿ \n¿t±-in-°mØ ]e hnf-Iƒ°pw F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ I¿j-I¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂-Xm-W.v C°m-cy-Øn¬ IoS-\m-in\n hn¬]-\° - msc- b mWv I¿j- I ¿°v IqSp- X ¬ hnizmkw F∂v tXm∂p-∂p. CXv hfsc A]-I-S-I-c-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-Xnsc {]N-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ am{X-a√ {]iv\w. H´p an° IoS-\m-in\n-Ifpw hfsc Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn BWv \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. A\mh-iy-am-bpw, Ak-a-b-Øpw, Af-hn¬ IqSp-X-em-bpw, sX‰mbpw \mw IoS-\min-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. IoS-_m[ D≠m- I p- ∂ - X n\p apºpXs∂ Hcp ap≥I-cp-X¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬, As√¶n¬, IoS- _ m[ \n›nX cq£X ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv, As√-¶n¬ hnf-sh-Sp-∏n\p sXm´p apºv, As√-¶n¬ N¥-bn-te°v km[\w sIm≠p-t]m-Ip∂-Xn\v apºv Hs° ]e-t∏mgpw IoS\m-in\n {]tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. CsXms° Aim- k v { Xo- b hpw A]- I - S - I - c hpw BWv. CXn-s\-Xnsc I¿j-Isc t_m[h-XvI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v icn-bmb am¿K\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. icn°v ]d- ™ m¬ \mw acp- ∂ n- \ pth≠n tUmIvSd - psS Ipdn-∏S- nsb B{ibn-°p-∂Xpt]mse Irjn Hm^o-kd- psS Ipdn- ∏ Sn Ds≠- ¶ nte IoS\min\n hn¬°mhq F∂ Ahÿ hc-Ww. IoS-

\m-in-\n°v Irjn-°m¿ ""acp∂v'' F∂mWt√m ]d-bp-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ acp∂v ssIImcyw sNøp- ∂ - X p- t ]mse {i≤bpw Icp-Xepw tN¿∂p-thWw IoS\m-in-\nbpw ssIImcyw sNøm≥. IoS-\m-in\n ASn-°p-∂h - ¿°pw ]cnio-e\w sImSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ct∏mƒ H´pw ]cn-io-e\w C√m-Ø, ]e-t∏mgpw \nc- £ - c - c mb ]Wn- ° m- c mWv AXv sNøp-∂X - v. Ah¿°v IoS-\m-in\n IqSns‚ ]pdØv Fgp- X n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv hmbn®p a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bW - s - a-∂n√. ssIbp-d, apJw aqSn apX-emb kpc£m D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX Ah¿°-dn-bn-√. s]mXpsh AXn-t\m-sSms° Hcp ]p—w BWv \ap-s°m-s°. (sl¬a‰v \nb-aØn- s \- X nsc kacw sNøp- ∂ - h ¿ BWt√m \msa√mw!) hntZ-is - Øms° CØcw kpc£m {Iao-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ hfsc \njvI¿j BWv s]mXp-sh-bp-≈-Xv. (A-s√-¶n¬ \jvS]-cn-lmcw sImSpØp apSn-bpw.) CsXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ cmk IoS-\min-\n-If - psS D]-tbmKw Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw IqSp-X¬ ASn-b¥ - n-ca - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. kwtbmPnX IoS \nb-{¥Ww (Integrated Pest Management) ssPh IoS \nb-{¥Ww apX-emb coXn-I-fn¬ ASn-b-¥n-c-amb Kth-jWw \S-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ^e-ßƒ I¿j-Ic - n¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

FUn-‰¿ imkv{X-K-Xn, ]cn-jZv`h≥, IpXn-c-h´w sebv≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ 695 001 Csa-bn¬ : kssptvpm@yahoo.com F∂ hnem-k-Ønepw hcn-kwJy, ]cm-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ ]cn-j-Zv`-h≥, Nme-∏pdw ]n.-H., tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 2 Csa-bn¬ : ksspmagazine@gmail.com F∂ hnem-k-Ønepw Ab-b° v pI

Pq¨ 2011

Pq¨ 5 ]cnkcZn\w

]cnkcw tUm. B¿. Pb{]Imiv

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ F∂ amcI IoS\min\nsb BtKmf hym]Iambn \ntcm[n°p ∂Xn\v kvt‰m°vtlmw I¨sh≥j\n¬ GIIWv T ambn Xocpam\saSpØv Ign™ncn°p∂p. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ hncp≤{]t£m`- I mcnIƒ°v ]ncn™v t]mIcptXmsb∂ tNmZyw DbcpI kzm`mhnIamWv . F∂m¬ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ \ntcm[\w C¥ybn¬ {]m_eyØn¬ hcp∂Xn\v C\nbpw Gsd ISºIƒ

IS°phm\p≠v . \ntcm[\ \nbaw ]m¿esa‚ v AwKoIcn°pI, AXn\\p-krXambn \ntcm[\w \S∏nem°p∂Xn\v Bhiyamb \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°pI, \ntcm[\w ^e{]Zambn \S∏nem°p∂Xn\v \nco£W kwhn[m\w sIm≠phcnI, F≥tUmk-ƒ^m≥ DXv]mZ\w \n¿Øn hbv°pI. F∂nßs\ \ofp∂p \ntcm[\{]{Inb {]m_eyØn¬ hcp∂Xn\v Bhiyamb \S]SnIƒ. kvt‰m°vtlmw I¨sh≥j\n¬ F≥tUm-

sXfnhpIsf√mw Pohn°p∂ c‡-km£nIfmbn s]mXp kaqlØn\v ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂p. AXv s]mXpk-aqlØns‚ C\nbpw \ndth‰s∏SmØ DØchmZnØsØ Hm¿an∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. AXv \ΩpsS Nn¥Isf \nc¥cambn aYn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p. F∂n´pw F¥psIm≠v AXv _‘-s∏´ `cWm[nImcnIfpsS IÆv Xpd∏n-°p∂n√. ChnsSbmWv AhcpsS aqe[\ XmXv]cyßƒ shfnhmIp-∂Xv.

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ kacw;

hnPbnt® Xocq

kƒ^m≥ \ntcm[n°p∂Xn\v GI IWv T ambn´mWv Xocpam\- s aSpØsX¶nepw Cu Xocpam\tØmSv H´pw tbmPn∏n√mXncp∂ C¥ymK- h ¨sa‚ v \ntcm[\w \S∏nem°p∂Xn\v \nch[n CfhpIƒ t\SnsbSp- Ø n´p≠v. AXnse Hcp {][m\ Cfhv Iip-amhn≥ tXm´ßfn¬ F≥tUmkƒ-^m≥ D]tbmKn°p-∂Xn\p≈ A\paXn Xs∂bmWv. F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ BtcmKy ]mcnkvYnI kmaqlnI {]XymLmXßƒ A¥mcm{„kaqlØn\v t_m[yamsb¶nepw C¥y-bnse cm{„ob `cW t\XrXzØn\v C°mcyØn¬ Ct∏mgpw kwibamWv . Ah¿°v C\nbpw ]T\ßƒ thWsa∂ \ne]mSmWv D≈sX∂¿∞w. AXn\ptijw am{XamIpw ChnsS F≥tUm kƒ-^m≥ \ntcm[n°pIsb∂v A[nImcnIƒ I¨sh≥j\ptijhpw hy‡am°n°gn™ncn°p∂p. AXmbXv C¥ybn¬ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ \ntcm[n°p∂Xn\pw AXv ê{]Zambn \S∏nem°p-∂Xn\pw Ct∏mƒ Db¿∂ph∂ {]t£m`w sIm≠v aXnbmhpIbn√. AXn\v IqSpX¬ i‡amb \nc¥c {]Xntcm[ {]t£m`ßƒ C\nbpw kwLSn∏n°s∏tS≠Xps≠∂¿∞w. F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ CcIfpsS BtcmKy- { ]iv \ ßƒ, AhcpsS ]p\c[nhmkw F∂o hnjbßƒ ê{]Zambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ ka{Kamb N¿®Iƒ C\nbpw Db¿∂ph∂nń√. Cu ]ivNmØe-Øn¬ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ kr„n®psIm≠ncn-°p∂ ]mcnÿnXnI BtcmKy{]iv\ßƒ sshZyimkv{X]cambn hkv X p\njv T ambn ]cntim[n°s∏tS≠Xp≠v. AXv A\nhmcyambn C\nbpw Db¿∂phtc≠nbncn°p∂ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ hncp≤ {]t£m`Øn\v AXy¥mt]£nXamWv.

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥; Hcp sshZy-imkv{X]cntim[\ Imk¿tKmUv A\p`hØns‚ ASnkvYm\ØnemWv s]mXpkaqlw F≥tUmk ƒ^ms\Xnsc {]t£m`w XpSßnbXv. F∂m¬ CXns‚ Bcw`- L ´Øn¬ Xs∂ Hcp F≥tUm-kƒ-^m≥ tem_nbpw ChnsS {]h¿Øn®n-cp∂Xmbn ImWphm≥ km[n°pw. F≥imkv{X-KXn

tUm-kƒ^m≥ Xs∂bmWv Ct∏m-ƒ ImWp∂ coXnbnep≈ BtcmKy{]XymLmXßƒ kr„n®sX∂p≈Xn\v sXfnhpIfn√sb∂ hmZamWv Ah¿ \nc¥cambn Db¿ Øns°m≠ncn°p∂Xv. AtXkabw at‰sXmcp acp∂ns\°pdn®p-sa∂-Xpt]mse (Hcp cmk]Zm¿∞w) F≥tUmkƒ-^ms\°pdn®pw ]Tn°pIbpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]Tn∏n®p sIm≠pw Ccn°p∂ sshZyimkv{XØn\v Cu hnjb-Øn¬ Hcp kwibhpans√-∂XmWv kXyw. AXmbXv F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ P¥pPmeßƒ°pw Bhmkhyhkv Y °pw Zo¿L kv Y mbnbmb BtcmKy{]iv\ßfpw Zqchym]Iamb {]Xym-LmXßfpw D≠m°p∂p≠v. AXn\m¬ F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ D]tbmKw kaqlØn¬ \ntcm[n°s∏tS≠Xp Xs∂sb∂¿∞w. F∂m¬ Cu Adnhpw t]dn \S°p∂ sshZykaqlw AXn\\pkrXamb kmaqlnI DØchmZnØw {]ISn∏n°pItbm hnjbØn¬ kPohambn CSs]SpItbm sNømsX \nkwKX ]pe¿Øp∂Xv ZpxJIcamWv.

F≥tUmkƒ^m\v A¥co-£-Øn¬, hmbphn¬ \n∂v izk\w hgn izmktImi Ønte°v t\cn´v, hmbneqsS, Xz°neqsS F∂nßs\ {][m\ambpw aq∂v XcØn¬ P¥p icoc-Øn¬ {]thin°p∂Xn\v Ignbpw. t\cn´v Xs‚ IrjnbnSØn¬ D]tbmKn-°mØh¿ IqSn AXns‚ {]XymLmXØns‚ CcIfm°s∏Spsa∂ bmYm-¿∞yw C\n Bcpw \sΩ ]Tn∏nt°≠Xn√s√m.

sshZyimkv{Xw Hcp ]pXnb acp∂ns\ (cmkhkv X p) Ipdn®v ]Tn°p∂/-]Tn∏n°p∂ coXnsbs¥∂v t\m°mw. {]kvXpX cmkhkvXphns‚ a\pjyicocØnep≈ {]h¿Ø\coXn, AXv icocØnte°v BKncWw sNøs∏Sp∂ coXn, AXv F{XImew icocØn¬ Xßn \n¬°pw? AXv GXv Ahbhw hgnbmWv icocØn¬ \n∂v \n¿am¿P\w sNøs∏Sp∂Xv? AXv {]tXyIambn GXv GXv Ahbhßƒ/ hyhkvYIfnemWv IqSpX¬ {]h¿Øn°pIbpw \nivNnX^eßƒ/ {]XyLmXßƒ D≠m°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv ? a\pjyicocw Xncn®v {]kvXpX acp∂nt\mSv {]Xn{]h¿Øn°p∂ coXn, icocØnse D]m]Nb-{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ AXv sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w, icocØn¬ thKØnepw Zo¿LImemSnkvYm\Ønepw D≠m°p∂ {]XymLmXßƒ, icocØn¬ s]s´∂v \niv N nX acp∂v A[nIambm¬ D]tbmKnt°≠ {]Xnacp∂v, a‰v A]mbmhkvYIƒ XcWw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ am¿KtcJsb¥v?. F∂nßs\ \ofp∂p Hcp ]pXnb acp∂ns\ Ipdn®p≈ ]T\hpw ]Tn∏n°epw. CØcØn¬ Hmtcm cmkhkvXp-hns\°pdn®pw ]Tn°p∂Xns‚ ASnkv Y m\Øn¬ IqSnbmWv Hcp sshZyhnZym¿∞n NnIn’I\mbn Xocp∂Xv. Cu acp ∂p ]T\coXnbmWv B[p\nI sshZyimkv{XsØ a‰v NnIn’mcoXnIfn¬ \n∂v IqSpX¬ hkv X p\njv T hpw imkv { Xob- h pam°p∂ Hcp {][m\ LSIw. CXv ChnsS ]cma¿in®Xv B[p\nI sshZyimkv{XØns‚ ta¬t°mbva hnfnt®mXp∂Xn\√ adn®v Ct∏mƒ F≥tUmkƒ^ms\°pdn®v Db¿∂ph∂n´p≈ Btcm]W, {]Xymtcm]W {]{Inbsb sshImcnIambn´√msX bYm¿∞ hkvXpXIsf imkv{Xobambn Xs∂ hnebncpØp ∂Xn\v th≠nbmWv. CØcsamcp ]T\coXn Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ sshZyimkv { X- t aJebn¬ \ne\n¬- ° p∂ps≠∂v s]mXpkaqlsØ t_m[ys∏SpØp-∂Xn\v th≠nbmWv. ckX{¥]cambn F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ Hcp Hm¿Kmt\mt¢mdn≥ cmkhkvXphmWv. CXn¬ B¬^,_o‰ F∂n-ßs\ c≠v XcØnep≈ {]h¿Ø\ LS\bnep≈ F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ ASßnbn´p≠v. F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ amcIkz`mhw IW°nseSpØv temImtcmKy kwLS\ CXns\ Im‰Kdn 2- ˛ ¬s∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ IoS\m in\ntiPq¨ 2011

jnbpsS imkv{XobhiamWv ChnsS ]cntim[n°p∂Xv. H∏w F≥tUmkƒ ^ms‚ IoS\min\n kz`mhw (method of action) {]kvXpX IoSØns\Xnscsb∂t]mse as‰√mP¥p- P me- ß tfmSpw H∂p Xs∂bmsW∂pw Hm¿°pI. F≥tUmkƒ^m\v A¥co- £ Øn¬, hmbphn¬ \n∂v izk\w hgn izmktImi Ønte°v t\cn´v, hmbneqsS, Xz°neqsS F∂nßs\ {][m\ambpw aq∂v XcØn¬ P¥p icocØn¬ {]thin°p∂Xn\v Ignbpw. t\cn´v Xs‚ IrjnbnSØn¬ D]tbmKn°mØh¿ IqSn AXns‚ {]XymLmXØns‚ CcIfm°s∏Spsa∂ bmYm¿∞yw C\n Bcpw \sΩ ]Tn∏nt°≠Xn√s√m. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂bmWv Akm[mcWamb khntijX Ifp≈ F≥tUmkƒ^ms\ hnIknX cmPyßfneS°w \ntcm[n®ncn°p∂Xv. icocØn¬ {]thin®p Ignbp∂ F≥tUmkƒ^m\v c≠v Xcw {]h¿Ø\ coXnbmWp≈Xv. H∂maXmbn AXv Xet®mdns\ D±o]n∏n°p∂p. Xet®mdns‚ {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ Bhiym\pkcWw D±o]n∏n-°pIbpw \nb{¥n°pIbpw sNøs∏Sp∂Xv Xet®mdn\p≈nse ss•kn≥- / - K m_m (c≠v \yqtdm{Sm- ≥ kv a n‰dpIƒ) k¥penXmhkvYbpsS ASnkvYm\ØnemWv. ChnsS F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ Km_mbpsS {]h¿Ø\ßsf XSks∏SpØp∂p (calcium2+ ATP ase inhibitor). X∑qew ss•kn\ns‚ D±o]\{]h¿Ø\w \nb¥n°s∏SmsX A[nIamIpIbpw k¥penXmhkvY \„s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. Aßns\ \yqtdmWpIfneqsSbp≈ Bib hn\nab {]{Inb (conduction of nerve impulse) XSks∏Sp∂p. CXv Xet®mdn\v kvYmbnbmb £Xw/BLmXw D≠m°p∂p. AXpsIm≠mWv F≥tUm-kƒ^m\v ASns∏Sp∂hcn¬ Xe- t hZ\, XeNp‰¬, imcocnI £oWw, AXncpIS∂ tIm]w, A{Iakz`mhw, t_m[\nehmcØn¬ G‰°pd®n¬, A]kvamcw, icocØn\v hndb¬, I¨t]mfIƒ°v hndb¬, H]vtkm-t¢mWkv F∂nh D≠mIp∂Xv. IqSmsX `mc°pdhv, imcocnI hndb¬ icocØns‚ kaXpenXmhkvY \„s∏S¬ (ataxia), am\knImh-kvYbn¬ am‰w hcnI, Xe°v Akm-[mcWamb hn[Øn¬ hen∏w hcnI (pseudo tumor cerebri) F∂nßs\ \ofp∂p AXns‚ Zo¿LIme {]Xym- L mXßƒ. Npcp°Øn¬ F≥tUm-kƒ^ms‚ imkv{X-KXn

F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ icocØnse c≠masØ {]h¿Ø\coXn AXv kvss{XW tlm¿tamWmb Cukvt{Sm-Ps‚ {]h¿Ø\ßsf t{]m’mln∏n°p∂psh∂XmWv. AXv êØn¬ ]pcpjtlm¿tam-Wmb B≥t{UmPs‚ {]h¿Ø\-ßsf XSks∏SpØp∂p. AXpaqew BÏpńIfpsS hf¿®tbbpw hnImktØbpw hninjy AhcpsS {]XypXv]mZ\tijnbpsS hf¿®m]q¿-ØoIc-WtØbpw Kuc-hambn _m[n°p∂p thKØnepw Zo¿LImem-SnkvYm\Ønep≈Xpamb {]Xym-LmX-ßsf√mw t^md≥knIv saUnkns‚ (Hcp sshZyimkv{X imJ) ASn-kvYm\ {K\vYßfn¬ {]Xn]mZn®n-´p≠v. Chsbms° Xs∂bs√ Ct∏mƒ Imk¿tKmUv ImWp∂sX∂v Hm¿°pI. Hcp K¿`nWn Xs‚ K¿`[mc-WØns‚ BZy amk-ßfn¬ F≥tUm-kƒ^m\v hnt[b-ambm¬ Ipńbn¬ Hmńkw (Hcn°epw NnIn-’n®v t`Zam°p∂Xn\v Ign-bmØ Hcp \yqtdmsUhe∏vsa‚¬ Untkm¿U¿) D≠mIp∂Xn\p≈ km[yX hfsc- b [n- I amWv . Imk¿tKmUv {]tZi-ßfn¬ Xet®mdnt‚bpw a‰v hf¿®m sshIeyßfpambn _‘s∏´ tcmKmXpcXIƒ tIcfØn¬ a‰nSß-fnteXn¬ \n∂v A[nIambn Ccn-°p∂Xns‚ ImcWw as‰m∂√. (ChnsS Hcp Imcyw IqSn hy‡am°mw. Zriyam[yaßfn¬ FSpØpImWn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ apgph≥ Xet®m¿/ hf¿®msshIeyßfpw F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ aqeap≠mbn´p≈XmsW∂v Cu hnjbØnse Hcp hnZKv≤s\∂ \nebn¬ IcpXpI hø.) CXv CubnsS tImgnt°mSv saUn°¬ tImtfPnse

IΩyqWn‰n saUnkn≥ hn`mKw \SØnb ]T\ßfn¬ \n∂p Xs∂ hy‡ambn´p≠v. am{Xhpa√ AhnSßfnse c‡kmºnfpIfn¬ F≥tUmk-ƒ^m≥ Afhv a‰v {]tZißfnse kmºnfpIfnteXnt\°mƒ A[nIhpambncp∂p. F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ icocØnse c≠masØ {]h¿Ø\coXn AXv kvss{XW tlm¿tamWmb Cukvt{SmPs‚ {]h¿Ø\ßsf t{]m’mln∏n°p∂psh∂XmWv (xeno estrogen). AXv êØn¬ ]pcpjtlm¿- t amWmb B≥t{UmPs‚ {]h¿Ø\ßsf XSks∏SpØp∂p. AXpaqew BÏpńIfpsS hf¿®tbbpw hnImktØbpw hninjy AhcpsS {]XypXv]mZ\tijnbpsS (hrjWw) hf¿®m]q¿ØoIcWtØbpw Kuchambn _m[n°p∂p. adn®v s]ÏpńIfn¬ thKØn¬ B¿ØhN{Iw Bcw`n°p∂Xn\pw AXv km[mcWbn¬ \n∂v hn`n∂ambn B¿Øh hncmaw hfsc Xmakn®v am{Xw D≠mIp∂Xn\pw ImcWamIpw. CXv Xs∂bmWv Imk¿tKmUnsebpw A\p`hw.

F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ sImgp∏n¬ Aenbp∂XmWv. X∑qew AXv sImgp∏v tImißfn¬ IqSpXembn ASnbpIbpw icocØn¬ hfsc Imew \ne\n¬°pIbpw sNøpw. F≥tUmk-ƒ^ms‚ Cu khntijXaqew AXv Xet®mdv, Icƒ, hr° F∂o Ahb-h-ßfn¬ IqSpXembn \nt£]n°s∏SpIbpw AhbpsS {]h¿-Ø\ßsf Zo¿LImemSnkvYm\Øn¬ _m[n-°pIbpw sNøpw. CXv IqSmsX F≥tUmkƒ^m\v a‰v Nne khntijXIƒ IqSnbp≠v. F≥tUm kƒ^m≥ sImgp∏n¬ Aenbp∂XmWv. X∑qew AXv sImgp∏v tImißfn¬ IqSpXembn ASnbpIbpw icocØn¬ hfsc Imew \ne\n¬°pIbpw sNøpw. F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ Cu khntijXaqew AXv Xet®mdv, Icƒ, hr° F∂o Ahbh-ßfn¬ IqSpXembn \nt£]n°s∏SpIbpw AhbpsS {]h¿-Ø\ßsf Zo¿LImemSnkvYm\Øn¬ _m[n°pIbpw sNøpw. Icƒ Iym≥k¿ CØc°mcn¬ IqSpXembncn°pw. IqSmsX c‡Ønse tImißfpsS {]h¿Ø\tØbpw FÆtØbpw _m[n°pw (aplastic anemia). CØc°mcn¬ c‡m¿_pZØns‚ km[yXbpw IqSpXembncn°pw.

]mcnÿnXnI {]XymLmXßƒ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ P¥pPm- e ßfpsS Bhmkhyhkv Y tbbpw _m[n-°p∂p≠v. aÆn¬ Zo¿LImew {]h¿Ø\£aX \in®pt]mImsX \ne\n¬°p∂Xn\v Ignbpw. aÆnse

kq£va PohnIfpsS {]h¿Ø\sØ XSks∏SpØp∂Xn\pw Ipd°p∂Xn\pw F≥tUmkƒ^m\v Ignbpw. CXv kq£va PohnIfptSbpw a‰v P¥pPm-eß - fptSbpw Bhmk hyhkvYsb F{Xam{Xw kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂v {]tXy-Iamb ]T\ßƒsIm≠v am{Xta Is≠Øphm≥ IgnbpI- b p≈q. Pemibßfn¬ Iecp∂ F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ Pemibßfnse P¥pPmeßtfbpw hninjym a’yßtfbpw _m[n°p∂p≠v. AhnSßfnse a’yßfpsS icocØn¬\n∂pw F≥tUm-kƒ^m≥ th¿Xncn-s®Sp°mhp-∂XmsW-t∂m¿°pI. Npcp°Øn¬ F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ BtcmKy, ]mcnkvYnXnI {]XyLmXßƒ \Ωƒ Ct∏mƒ a\knem°nbn´p≈Xnt\°mƒ A[nIhpw `oIchpamsW∂¿∞w.

]T\ßfpsS kmwKXyw Imk¿tKmUpw ]cnkc {]tZißfnepw ImWs∏Sp∂ Xet®mdv/ hf¿®m-sshIeyßfpw (neurodevelopmental disorder) h‘yXm{]iv\ßfpw

F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ aqe ap≠mbn´p≈XmtWmsb∂XmWv sXfnbn°-s∏tS≠Xv. IqSmsX a‰nXc {]iv\ßƒ h√Xpw kr„n°s∏Sp∂pt≠msb∂pw ]cntim[n°s∏SWw. Xo¿®bmbpw imkv{Xobamb ]T\ßfpsS `mKambn DcpØn-cnbp∂ sXfnhpIfpsS ASnkv Y m- \ Øn¬ am{Xta GsXmcp imkv{XimJ°pw \nKa\ßfnte°v FØnt®cp∂Xn\v IgnbpIbp≈q. {]kvXpX Is≠ØepIƒ \nehnep≈ XXzØns‚ ASnkvYm\Øn¬ \n¿hNn°s∏Spw. \ne\n¬°p∂ XXzßtf°mƒ ]pXnbh sXfnhpItfmsS Is≠Øs∏Sptºmƒ \nehnep≈h XncpØnsbgpXs∏SpItbm am‰Øn\v hnt[bamhpItbm sNøpw. CXv GsXmcp imkv { XØnt‚bpw ASnkv Y m\{]amWamWv . DƒhnfnIfpsS ASnkvYm\Øn¬ imkv{XØn\v apt∂m´v t]mIp∂Xn\v IgnbpIbn√. ChnsS \ΩpsS `cWm[nImcnIƒ°v sXfnhp thWw F∂v hmZn°p∂Xn\v ]n∂nse `mjyw c≠mWv. H∂v tIhew P\ßƒ am{Xw ]dbp∂Xv kXyambn AwKoIcn°phm≥ Ignbn√. AXv icn Xs∂. F∂m¬ c≠masØ Dt±iyw ho≠pw ho≠pw ]T\ßƒ {]Jym]n®v \ntcm[\ Xocpam\w FSp°p∂Xn¬ \n∂v c£s∏Sp- I sb∂XmWv. CXpXs∂bmWv AhcpsS clky AP≠bpw. KthjW imkv { XimJbpsS `mjbn¬ (research methodology) Hcp \nivNnX LSIw (ßƒ) Hcp {]tXyI tcmKmXpcX (Iƒ) kr„n°p∂p-t≠msb∂v (causative factor) Adnbp∂Xn\v c≠pXcw ]T\coXnIfmWv Ahew_n°phm≥ IgnbpI. H∂pIn¬ tIkv I¨t{Smƒ kv‰Un (retrospective study) As√¶n¬ sImtlm¿´v (prospective study) kv ‰ Un. F¥mWv tIkv / I¨t{Smƒ kv‰Unsb∂p t\m°mw. {]mtbmKnIambn Hcp \nivNnX LSIw aqew (F≥tUmkƒ^m≥) tcmKmXpcX IqSnbn´pt≠msb∂v Adnbp∂Xn\v B LSIØn\v hnt[bambXpw Hcp ]s£ \nivNnX tcmKmXpcX D≈Xpamb Hcp kaqltØbpw (case) AtX kz`mhtØmSpIqSnbXpw (standardized socio-demographic samples) F∂m¬ \niv N nX LS-

IØn\v hnt[bambn´n√mØXpamb as‰mcp kaqltØbpw (control) XΩn¬ tcmKmXpcXbpw a‰v {]iv\ßfpw imkv{Xobambn \n¿hNn®v sXfnhpItfmsS tiJcn®v tcJs∏SpØn XmcXayw sNøWw. XpS¿∂v c≠v kaqlØnt‚bpw \nivNnX/a‰v tcmKmPq¨ 2011

XpcXbnep≈ hyXymkw kv‰mkv‰n°embn {]m[m\yap≈XmsW∂v kmt¶XnIambn sXfnbn°Ww (stastically significant difference in the morbidity of two samples). Aßs\

ImcyImcW _‘w sXfnbn°s∏SWw. CXv Hcp Sow h¿°mWv. GsX¶nepw XXv]c I£n°v H‰°v CØcw Is≠ØepIsf Xs‚ XmXv]-cya\pkcn®v hyXymks∏SpØp∂Xn\v IgnbpIbn√. am{Xhpa√ ]T\sØ°pdn®v D≠mIp∂ kwibw, ]T\Øn\v D]tbmKn°p∂ am¿Kw (research methodology) F∂nhsb°pdn®v as‰mcmƒ°v Xr]vXnIcambn hniZoIcn®v t_m[ys∏SpØn sImSp°p∂Xn\p≈ _m[yXbpw Kthj- I \p≠v. sFknFwB¿, tImgnt°mSv saUn°¬ tImtfPv IΩyqWn‰n hn`mKw XpSßn b \nch[n A°mZanI kvYm]\ßƒ CXpambn _‘s∏´ ]T\ßƒ \SØnbn´p≠v. Chsb-√mw tIkv I¨t{Smƒ kv‰Unbn¬ s]Sp∂p. t{]mkvs]Œohv kv‰Unbn¬ \nivNnX LSIØn\v hnt[bamIp∂/ hnt[bamImØ c≠v t]m∏pte-jt\bpw ]T\thfsXm´v tcmKmXpcXbp≠mIp∂ Imew hsc \nco£n°p∂p. XpS¿∂v tcmKmXpcX/hyXymkßƒ tcJs∏SpØp∂p. Aßns\ ImcyImcW _‘w sXfnbn°p∂p. CXv ZiIßƒ \o≠v \n¬°p∂ {]{InbbmWv.

am{Xhpa√ henb Hcp ss\XnI {]iv \ hpw CXn¬ ASßnbn´p≠v . AXpsIm≠v {]mtbmKnIambn tIkv I¨t{Smƒ kv ‰ UnbmWv ChnsS A`nImayw.

shfnhmIp∂ aqe[\Xm¬∏cyßƒ kqNn∏n® t]mse tIkv I¨t{Smƒ kv‰UnbmWv ChnsS \S∂hbn¬ an°Xpw. Ahsb√mw F≥tUmkƒ^m\pambn _‘s∏´ BtcmKy {]XymLmXßƒ shfn®Øp sIm≠ph∂n´p≠v. am{Xhpa√ sXfnhpIsf√mw Pohn°p∂ c‡km£nIfmbn s]mXp kaqlØn\v ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂p. AXv s]mXpkaqlØns‚ C\nbpw \ndth‰s∏SmØ DØchmZnØsØ Hm¿an∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. AXv \ΩpsS Nn¥Isf \nc¥cambn aYn®psIm≠ncn°p∂p.. F∂n´pw F¥psIm≠v AXv _‘-s∏´ `cWm[nImcnIfpsS IÆv Xpd∏n°p∂n√. ChnsSbmWv AhcpsS aqe[\ XmXv]cyßƒ shfnhmIp∂Xv. C¥ybmWv temIØv DXv]-mZn°s∏Sp∂ F≥tUmkƒ^ms‚ G‰hpw henb Itºmfw. ChnsS F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ \ntcm[n®p Ign™m¬ IpØI Iº\nIƒ AhcpsS DXv]∂w ]ns∂ FhnsS hn‰gn°pw? Npcp°Øn¬ \ΩpsS `cWm[nImcnIƒ°v BtcmSmWv Iqdv? Nn¥n°pI. Xo¿®bmbpw tI{μk¿- ° mcns\s°m≠v F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ \ntcm[n∏n®v AXv \S∏n¬ hcpØp∂Xn\v Ct∏mƒ cq]s∏´v h∂Xnt\°mƒ ]Xn∑Sßv {]Xntcm[hpw {]Xntj[hpw Db¿Øns°m≠v htc≠n hcpw. F¶n¬ am{Xta \ΩpsS e£yw ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v IgnbpIbp≈q. \ΩpsS tZiob `cWm[nImcnIƒ A¥mcm{„ kaqlØnt\°mƒ i‡cmsW∂v Hm¿°pI. \ap°v hcpw \mfpIfn¬ AXn\mbn Hcpan®v bXv\n°mw.

imkv{X-KX - nsb kw_-‘n® A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw

teJI≥ Xncph\¥]pcw saUn°¬ tImfPv ]oUnbm{SnIv k v hn`mKw Atkmkntb‰v s{]m^kdmWv. Referances 1. Text book of Forensic medicine & Toxicology, P.C. Dixkshit, PEEPEE 2. Text book of Forensic medicine & Toxicology, Principles & Practice, Krishna Viji, MD,LLB, 3rd edition, ELSEVIER 3. Comprehensive Medical Toxicology, V.V. Pillai 4. Modi’s Text book of Medical Jurisprudence, Prof (Dr,) Amrith patnaik & Dr. Mathiharan, 23rd edition, 2006 5. Forensic medicine & Toxicology, J.B.Mukherji, Academic publisher, 2008 6. Forensic Medicine by Guharaj.P.V, edited by M.R. Chandran, 2003. Orient longman

imkv{X-KXn

imkv{Xw Fw.-kn. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

""imkv{X-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-kz`m-hhpw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v imkv{X-tØm-Sp≈ IS-∏mSpw BZy-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-®Xv am¿Ivkv BWv.'' imkv{XØns‚ kmaq-ly-hiw Du∂ns°m≠v _¿W¬ as‰m-cnSØv ]d-bp∂p: ""imkv{Xw IΩyq-Wn-k-am-Wv.'' tKm¿U¨ {_uWns\ D≤-cn®p-sIm-≠v, At±lw hy‡-am°p∂p: ""kXyw, kzbw hy‡-am-hp∂ kXyw, imkv{X-k-Xyw-˛-H∂pw tIh-ea√; F√m-‰n-t\bpw kap-Zm-bØns‚ IÆp-I-fn-eqsS ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv.'' _¿Wens‚ Z¿i-\-sØbpw kao-]\-sØbpw Cu ]›m-Ø-eØn-emWv ImtW-≠-Xv, hnebn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.

\ΩpsS imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬

_¿W-ens‚ km∂n-[yw, kzm[o-\w..! XpS-°-Øn¬ \ΩpsS imkv{X-kmlnXy {]ÿm-\-Øn\v ]cn-an-X-amb e£yta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q: imkv{XsØ kmam\y P\-ßf - n¬ FØn-°pI; AXn-\mbn Ah¿°v a\- n-em-hp∂ `mj- b n¬, kpμ- c - a mb coXn- b n¬, imkv{X-Im-cy-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. ""100 tNmZy-ßƒ'' F∂ Xs‚ ]pkvXI-Øn¬ ]n.-Sn. `mkvI-c-∏-Wn-°¿ ]dbp∂p: ""\ΩpsS \m´nse km[m-c-W°m-cmb hmb-\° - m-cn¬-˛{- ]-tXy-In®pw sXmgn-em-fn-˛-I¿j-I-h¿K-ß-fn¬\n∂v hcp∂ Bbn-c° - W - ° - mb ]pXnb hmb\- ° m- c n¬- ˛ - I p- d - s ®- ¶ nepw imkv { X-

t_m[w D≠m- ° pI F∂ D∂w am{Xta CXn-\p-≈p.'' CXv tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-sbm∂p-a-√, Cu kao-]\w ]m›m-Xy-cm-Pyß-fnepw C¥y-bnse CX-c`- m-Kß - f - nepw "t]m∏p-e¿ kb≥kv' F∂ t]cn¬ thcq- ∂ n- ° - g n- ™ - X m- W v . F∂m¬ AXn\v Hcp kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]hpw `mhhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Chn-sS-bmWv tIcfw amXrI ImWn-®-Xv. 1957-˛¬ tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy kan-Xnbpw AXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn 1962-˛¬ tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØpw cq]o-IrX-am-bn.

{]ÿm-\Ø - n\v Hcp kwL-S\ - b - psS ]n≥_ew IqSn In´n-b-t∏mƒ, AXv AXn-thKw hf¿∂p. bphm-°s - f-t∂m, apXn¿∂-h-sct∂m D≈ hyXymkw IqSm-sX, ]ecpw P\-Iob imkv{XØns‚ {]Nm-c-I-cm-bn. Bfp-Iƒ FgpXm≥ ]Tn-®p. Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS ]pXnsbmcp Xe-ap-d-Xs∂ cq]w-sIm-≠p. F∂m¬ ]cn-j-Øns‚ kao-]-\Øn\v AXn-thKw am‰w hcm≥ XpSßn. hnπ-hm-ﬂ-I-amb am‰-ß-fmWv Fßpw \S-°p-∂-Xv. ]cn-j-Øn\v Hcp ImgvN-°m-c-\mbn \n¬°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibn-√-t√m? ""sske‚ vhmen'' ]≤Xn Pq¨ 2011

]cn-j-Øns\ Z¥-tKm-]p-c-Øn¬\n∂v Xmsg-bn-d-°n. ]≤-Xn-s°-Xnsc kwLS\ \S- Ø nb kacw AXns‚ BZysØ _e-]-co-£-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ B h≥]-≤Xn Ahn-SsØ Zp¿_-e-amb ]cn- ÿ n- X n°v Xmßm- \ m- h n- s √∂ hkvXp-X, _‘-s∏´ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Ø-tX-bn-√. ]cn-jØv k¿°m- c p- a mbn sImºp- t Im¿Øp. "sske‚ vhmen'bpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw kwc-£n-°m≥ ]cn-jØv kwL-Sn-∏n® {]t£m`w temI-{i-≤-t]mepw ]nSn-®p]-‰n. HSp-hn¬ Kh-s◊‚n\v ap´p-a-S-t°≠n-h-∂p. ]≤Xn Dt]-£n-°-s∏-´p. Kh-s◊‚ns\ hnP-bI - c - a - mbn sh√p-hnfn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ Hcp h≥]-≤Xn Dt]-£n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv Hcp \n m-c-Im-cy-a-√. ]cn-jØv Ah-KW - n-°m≥ hømØ Hcp i‡n-bmbn hf¿∂p. CXv AXns‚ kz`m- h hpw BZ¿i- k w- l n- X bpw {]h¿Ø-\c - o-Xnbpw am‰n-ad - n-®p. kmlnXy-`w-Kn-b-√, kmaq-ly-amb {]Xn-_-≤X-bmWv {][m-\-sa∂ Xncn-®-dnhv ]cnj-Øn¬ Hcp ]pØ≥ DW¿hp-≠m-°n. hnZym- ` ym- k - t a- J - e bpw ]cn- j Øns‚ i‡-amb CS-s]-S-en\v hnt[b-am-bn. hnZym¿∞n-I-sfbpw A[ym-]I-scbpw AXns‚ IpS-°o-gn¬ sIm≠ph-cm≥ AXn\v Ign-™p. CsX√mw AXns\ Hcp _lp-P-\-kw-L-S-\-bm°n-˛-F-hn-sSbpw I≠n-ń-√mØ Hcp {]Xn-`mkw! ]cn-j-Øns‚ cP-X-Pq-_nen-bm-tLmjw Rm≥ Ct∏mgpw Hm¿°p∂p. IÆq-cnse t]meokv ssaXm\w {]h¿Ø- I - s c- s °m≠v \nd™p Ihn™ B Ncn{Xw F\n°v Hcn°epw ad-°m-\m-hn-√. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ê-am-bn, ]cn-jØns‚ {]k‡n h¿[n-®p, AXv Hcp kmaq-ly-i‡ - n-bmbn. F¥n-t\-sd, 1977˛se ]Xn-s\m∂mw hm¿jn-IØ - n¬h®v AXv ""imkv{Xw kmaq-ly-hn-πh - Ø - n\v'' F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-Øn\v AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu imkv{Xo-b˛- k - m-aqly ]›m-Øe-Øn-emWv \mw sP.Un. _¿W-en-seØp-∂X - v. imkv{X-⁄≥, Kth-jI - ≥, imkv{X {]h¿Ø-I≥, Nn¥-I≥, FgpØp-Im-c≥-˛-F-√m-am-bn-cp∂ At±lw 1901-˛¬ sF¿e-≠n¬ P\n-®p. hnZym-`ymk-Imew sXm´v At±lw Cw•-≠n-emWv Pohn- ® Xpw {]h¿Øn- ® - X pw. Imw{_nUvPv k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - nse Cam\z¬ tImtf- P n¬ ùXn- I - Ø nse "doU¿' Bbn-cp-∂p. tUhn-˛-^m-ctU em_-d-´-dn-bn¬ k¿ hn√yw {_mKns‚ Iogn¬ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn Kth-jWw imkv{X-KXn

imkv{Xhpw kap-Zmbhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°phm≥ BZy-ambn apXn¿∂ imkv{X-⁄≥ _¿W¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. "imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""kap-Zmbw imkv{X-sØsb-∂-t]m-se, imkv{Xw kap-Zm-b-sØbpw kzm[o\n-°p-∂p.'' am¿Ivkns‚ Bi-b-ß-fpsS Nph-Sp-]nSn-®mWv _¿W¬ Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-bsX∂v ]d-™m¬ sX‰n-√. "am¿Ivkpw imkv{Xhpw' F∂ Xs‚ ]pkvX-IØn¬ At±lw FgpXp∂p: ""imkv{X-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-hhpw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v imkv{XtØm-Sp≈ IS-∏mSpw BZy-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-®Xv am¿Ivkv BWv.''

Bcw-`n-®p. ""{InÃ-t√m-{Km^n''bmbncp∂p hnj-bw. tdmb¬ skmssk-‰nbnse "s^t√m' (F.R.S.) Bbn sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. bqtdm-∏nse \nc-h[n imkv{X A°m-Za - n-If - n¬ hnin-jvSmw-Kam-bn-cp-∂p. ]e hntZi k¿h-I-em-ime-Ifpw At±-lsØ BZ-cn-®p. imkv{XØns‚ kmaq-ly-[¿aw (1939), imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ (1954, 1957, 1965), bp≤-an√mØ temIw (1951,1960), am¿Ivkpw imkv{Xhpw (1952), temIw, amwkw, sNIp-Øm≥ (1929), Bh-iy-Øns‚ kzmX{¥yw (1949), Pohs‚ `uXn-Im-Snÿm\w (1951), Pohs‚ D¤hw (1967) F∂n-ßs\ ]e {KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw I¿Øm-hm-W-t±-lw. CXn¬ H∂m-atØXpw c≠m-at- Ø-Xp-amWv IqSp-X¬ {]ikv X n t\Snb ]pkv X - I - ß ƒ. "imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬' tIc-fo-b¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. "imkv{X-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-[¿a'amI-s´, ]cn-Nn-Xa - m-hm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. AXv Ft∂ ae-bm-fØn\v e`n-t°≠Xmbn-cp∂p; imkv{Xkm-ln-XysØ AXv Ft∂m ]cn-t]mjn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. 1971-˛¬ A¥cn® At±-l-Øns‚ \q‰n-∏Ømw P∑hm¿jn-Ihpw \m¬]Xmw Nc-a-hm¿jnIhpw HØp-tN-cp∂ Cu h¿j-Øn¬ (2011) AXv ae-bm-fn-If - psS ssIbn-seØp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°mw. imkv{Xhpw kap-Zm-bhpw XΩnep≈ _‘-ßƒ Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°phm≥ BZy-ambn apXn¿∂ imkv{X⁄≥ _¿W¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. "imkv{Xw Ncn- { X- Ø n¬' F∂ {KŸ- Ø n¬ At±lw ]d- b p∂p: ""kap- Z mbw imkv{X-sØ-sb-∂-t]m-se, imkv{Xw kap-Zm-b-sØbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.'' am¿Ivkns‚ Bi-b-ß-fpsS Nph-Sp-]nSn-®mWv _¿W¬ Cu \nK-a-\-Øn-se-

®n-cp∂ Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-b-Xp-sIm-≠v, B ]gb Ime-Øp-t]mepw "sdt°m¿Uv' hn¬]-\b - m-Wp-≠m-bX - .v Zu¿`m-Kyh-im¬, \mev hmfy-ß-fp≈ ]pXnb kNn- { X- ∏ - X n- ∏ ns‚ hnh¿Ø- \ hpw {]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W hpw hf- s c- b - [ nIw \o≠p-t]m-bn. HSp-hn¬ imkv{X-kmlnXy ]cn-jØv 2000-˛¬ _¿W-ens‚ P∑-i-Xm-_vZn°v sXm´p-apºv˛\m-ep-hmfy-ßfpw Hcp-an®v ]pd-Øn-d-°n. ]n. tKmhn- μ - ] n≈ Cßs\ ]d- b p∂p: ""AXv ae-bmf imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v Hcp alm-\p-{K-lhpw alm-\mb imkv{X⁄\v ae-bm-f° - c \¬Ip∂ Hcp P∑i-Xm_vZn ]pc-kvIm-c-hp-am-Wv... Cu al¬ kw`m-h-\bv°v Fw.-kn. \ºqXn-cn-∏m-Sn-s\bpw imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cnj-Øn-s\bpw F{X A`n-\-μn-®mepw aXn--bm-hn√.''2 Bbncw cq] apJ-hn-e-

"imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ _¿W¬ ]T\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂Xv Ncn-{Xhpw kaq-lhpw imkv{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-sW-¶n¬, "imkv{X-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-[¿aw'hni-I-e\w sNøp∂Xv imkv{X-hpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-Wv. AXn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]e Imcy-ßfpw tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ct∏mgpw {]k-‡-am-Wv.

Øn- b - s X∂v ]d- ™ m¬ sX‰n- √ . "am¿Ivkpw imkv{Xhpw' F∂ Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""imkv{X-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-hhpw kap-Zm-bØ - n\v imkv{X-tØm-Sp≈ IS∏mSpw BZy- a mbn hni- Z o- I - c n- ® Xv am¿Ivkv BWv.'' imkv{X-Øns‚ kmaqly-hiw Du∂n-s°m≠v _¿W¬ as‰mcn-SØv ]d-bp∂p: ""imkv{Xw IΩyq-Wnk-am-Wv.'' tKm¿U¨ {_uWns\ D≤cn-®p-sIm-≠,v At±lw hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""kXyw, kzbw hy‡-am-hp∂ kXyw, imkv{X-kX - yw-˛H - ∂pw tIh-ea - √; F√m‰n-t\bpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ IÆp-I-fneqsS ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv.'' _¿W-ens‚ Z¿i-\-sØbpw kao-]-\-sØbpw Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n-emWv ImtW-≠X - ,v hnebn-cp-tØ-≠X - v. "imkv { Xw Ncn- { X- Ø n¬' F∂ {KŸw imkv { X- k m- l n- X y- Ø nse "¢mknIv' BsW∂p ]d-bmw. AXns‚ H∂mw-`mKw 1963-˛¬ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ap≠-t»cn amÃ-dpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw Fw.-kn. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-SmWv hnh¿Ø\w \n¿hln-®-Xv. ]ecpw hmbn-°m≥ B{K-ln-

bp≈ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ aq∂p ]Xn-∏pI-fmWv NqS-∏w-t]mse hn‰p-t]m-b-Xv. kmlnXy A°m-Z-an-bp-tS-X-S-°-ap≈ ]e Ahm¿Up-Ifpw ]pkvX-I-Øn\v e`n-®p. CsX√mw F¥mWv ImWn-°p∂Xv? tIc-fØ - nse imkv{X-km-lnXy {]ÿm-\-Øn¬ _¿W-ens‚ \ho-\mi-bß - f - p-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bß - f - p-sSbpw kzm[o-\-at√? kμ¿`- h - i m¬ ]d- b s´ \sΩ _¿W¬ F∂-t]mse C¥y At±-lsØbpw kzm[o-\n®p F∂v ]d-bmw. kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- X mWv : C¥y≥ imkv{X-⁄\ - mb Un.-Un. tImkmw_n imkv{X-Øn\v \¬Inb {]i-kvXa - mb \n¿h-N\ - s - Ø-˛B - h - i - ysØ Is≠-ØemWv imkv{Xw F∂ \n¿h-N\ - s - Ø-˛_-¿W¬ "imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬'s‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ AtX-]Sn kzoIcn®p!3 "imkv { Xw Ncn- { X- Ø n¬' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ _¿W¬ ]T\hnt[-b-am°p- ∂ Xv Ncn- { Xhpw kaq- l hpw imkv{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-sW¶n¬, "imkv { X- Ø ns‚ kmaq- l y[¿aw'hni-Ie - \w sNøp-∂Xv imkv{X-

hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]pØ-≥ taJ-e-I-f-dn-bm≥

imkv{X-tI-cfw sslkvIqƒ {]mb-°m-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw A[ym-]I - ¿°pw Adn-bm\pw kq£n-®p-hb - v°m-\p-ap-XI - p∂

imkv{X-am-knI

hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy 125 cq] hni-Zh - n-hc - ß - ƒ°v amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ imkv{X-tI-cfw ]cn-jZv `h≥, Nme-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv - 673002 t^m¨: 0495 2701919

Pq¨ 2011

hpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv. AXn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]e Imcy-ßfpw tIc-fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-StØmfw Ct∏mgpw {]k-‡-am-Wv. DZml-cW - Ø - n-\,v hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ Imcysa-Sp-°mw. "kmaq-ly-[¿a'Øn¬ hfsc hni-Za - mb ]T-\Ø - n\v hnt[-ba - m-°nb Hcp hnj-b-am-Wn-Xv. {]mY-anIhnZym`ymkw sXm´v k¿h-I-em-im-em-hn-Zym`ymkw hsc-bp≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ At±lw Ah-tem-I\w sNøp-∂p-≠v, t]mcm-bvaI - ƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v, ta¬\S]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. Kth-jW - Ø - n\v At±lw hf-sc-b[ - nIw {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. tIc-fo-b-cpsS G‰hpw Zp¿_-e-amb hn`mKw AXmWp-Xm-\pw. CXp-t]m-ep≈ ]e {]iv\ßƒ°pw ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ "kmaqly-[¿a'Ønse \n¿t±-i-ßƒ klmb-Ia - m-hp-sa∂v Xo¿®-bm-W.v tIc-fsØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ ]e {]iv\-ßfnepw CS-s]-Sm≥ ]cn-jØ - n\v Ign-™n´p-≠-t√m? ChnsS ]cn-j-Øn-s‚bpw _¿W-en-s‚bpw kao-]\ - ß - ƒ°v kam\-X-Iƒ Gsd-bp-≠v. Cu Ah-tem-I-\-Øns‚ apJy-[mc-bn¬s]Sm-Ø, F∂m¬ {]k-‡a - mb Nne Imcy-ß-fn-te°v {i≤ £Wn-°s´. _¿W¬ Ncn-{X-sØbpw kap-Zm-bsØbpw imkv { XsØ- Ø - s ∂bpw ImWp-∂Xv bptdm-∏ns‚ IÆ-Sb - n-eq-sSbm- s W∂v ]cs° Bt£- ] - a p- ≠ v . as‰m-cp-hn-[Ø - n¬ ]d-™m¬, At±-lØns‚ ]pkvX- I - ß ƒ "bqtdm sk≥{Sn°v' BW-s{X.4 Cu Zu¿_eyw At±lw Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.5 F∂m¬ Nne¿ sNøp-∂-t]m-se, Cu Imcyw Nq≠n-°m´n At±-lsØ {Iqin°p-∂-Xn-\¿∞-an-√. _¿W- e ns‚ ]cn- K - W - \ bv°v hcmØ Hcp `q`m-K-amWv, "Ccp-f-S™ `qJ-WvU-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp≈ B{^n-°. a\p-jy-hw-iØ - ns‚ P∑-`qan Ing-°≥ B{^n-°b - m-sW-∂mWv sXfnhp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ kqN-\. A{Xbpw kpZo¿L-amb Hcp ]mc-ºc - y-Øn\v AhIm-in-bmWv B{^n-°-°m-c≥. AbmfpsS Ncn-{Xhpw kmaq-ly-L-S-\bpw imkv{Xhpw khn-ti-j-]-T-\-Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-th-≠X - t√? `mKy-hi - m¬, ""Zn ªm°v AØo\'' F∂ ]pkvX-I-ØneqsS sP.-Un. _¿W-ens‚ aI-\mb am¿´n≥ _¿W¬ B ISa \n¿h-ln®n-´p≠v (Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰p-b¿Øn-s°m≠mWv B ]pkvXIw hmb-\-°m-cpsS ssIbn-se-Øn-bXv; cq£-amb hna¿i\-ßfpw hnhm-Z-ßfpw BWv AXns\ kzoI-cn-®Xv). imkv{X-KXn

C\n ssN\- b psS Imcyw. \mw DSs\ sNs∂-Øp-∂Xv tPmk^v \o[manepw At±-l-Øns‚ hniz-hn-Jym-Xamb ""imkv { Xhpw \mK- c n- I - X bpw ssN\-bn¬'' F∂ {KŸ-Øn-ep-am-Wv. ssN\- s b- ∏ ‰n \o[mw \S- Ø n- b n´p≈Xpt]m-ep≈ Hcp ]T\w AXn-\papºpw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw \S-∂n-ń-√. A{Xbpw ka-{Khpw kºq¿W-hp-am-bncp∂p B ]T-\w. sP.-Un. _¿W-ens‚ {KŸ-ßf - mb "imkv { X- Ø ns‚ kmaq- l y- [ ¿aw', "imkv { Xw Ncn- { X- Ø n¬': am¿ń≥ _¿W-ens‚ "ªm°v AØo\'; \o[mans‚ "imkv{Xhpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw ssN\-bn¬'˛Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Hcpan®v hmbn-®m¬, Iptd-sbms° ]q¿Wamb Hcp temI-N-cn{Xw sXfn-™p-hcp-sa-∂mWv hnZ-K[ v m-`n-{]m-bw. At∏mgpw C¥ybpw Ad-_ncm-Py-ßfpw ]pd-ØpX-s∂. \o[m-ans‚ ]T\w \S-∂n´v Ac \q‰m≠p Ign-™p. C¥y-sb-∏‰n AXpt]m-semcp ]T\w \S-°msX t]mbXv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv? DØcw In´mØ Hcp tNmZyw. Nne imkv{X-Nc - n-{X-ßƒ FgpX-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-∂p-am-{Xw. DZm-l-c-WØn\v ; ]n.- k n. tdbpsS "ck- X - { ¥Øns‚ Ncn{Xw' (1918); _n.- F w. koens‚ "{]mNo- \ - l n- μ p- ° - f psS imkv{Xw' (1915); t_mkv, sk≥, kp∫cm-b∏ F∂n-h¿ Fgp-Xnb "C¥y-bnse imkv{X-Øns‚ kw{K-ln® Ncn{Xw'; KWn-Xi - m-kv{X-⁄\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c\ - pamb Un.-Un. tImkmw-_n-bpsS "C¥y≥ \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS am¿IvknÃv Ncn{Xw' (1985). C…m-anI imkv{X-sa∂ t]cn¬ Adn- b - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂ Ad- _ nim- k v { XØns‚ \ne hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. KWn-XØnepw sshZy-im-k{v X-Ønepw ]pXnb

am\w krjvSn-®p-sIm≠mWv AXv apt∂dn- b - s X- ¶ nepw AXn\v Du¿Pw ]I¿∂Xpw AXns\ hnI-kn-∏n-®Xpw ]pdw cmPyßfn¬\n∂v kzoI- c n® ssh⁄m-\nI kº-Øm-Wv. {]mNo-\Im-eØv Ad-_n-Iƒ bqtdm-∏p-ambpw C¥y-bp-ambpw \nc-¥cw hmWn-Py_‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp-∂p. AhnS-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n-°p∂ ssh⁄m-\nI-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ A∏-t∏mƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. _mKvZm-Znepw a‰pw CØcw hnh¿Ø-\-tI-{μ-ßƒ ÿncambn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p-h-s{X. Aßs\-bmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C¥y-bpsS kw`m-h\ - b - mb "]qPy'hpw A°-ßfpw "Ad_v A°-ßƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ Adnbm≥ CS-bm-bX - .v Gsd \o´p-∂n√. Rm≥ Dd®p hnizkn-°p∂p: kap-Zm-b-Øn\v Hcp `mhnbp-s≠-∂v, \mK-cn-I-Xbv°v Hcp `mhnbp-s≠-∂v, imkv{X-Øn\pw Hcp `mhnbp-s≠-∂v. K{_n-tb¬ s]dn7 ]mSnb t]mse ""Rm≥ ]mSp∂ \mtf-Iƒ kz]v\w ImWp-∂p.'' 1. Bƒ C¥y ]o∏nƒkv kb≥kv tIm¨{K- n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® {]_‘w. 2. tZim-`n-am\n : 25-˛11-˛2000 3. imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬. hmfyw 1, t]Pv 58. 4. situating the History of Science - t]Pv 1. 5. "imkv{Xw Ncn-{X-Øn¬'˛hmfyw 1, t]Pv 423-˛24 6. C¥y-°m¿t]mepw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\p- a p- º p- X - s ∂, Z£nW Ata- c n- ° bnse "amb≥ kwkvImcw' "]qPy'Øns‚ D]-tbmKw I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂ph- s {X. FgpØpw hmb- \ bpw AdnbmØ Ah¿ IW- ° p- I q- ´ - e n¬ ka¿∞-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 7. c≠mw temI alm- b p- ≤ - I m- e Øv , P¿a≥Im¿ h[n® {^©v Hfn-t∏m-cm-fnbmWv Km{_n-tb¬ s]dn.

cmjv{SX{¥w tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

P\m-h-en-bpsS cmjv{Sobw

F∂ km{am-P y-Xz-X{¥w apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\v kwL-S-\-Ifpw {]ÿm-\-ßfpw Bh-iy-an-√. \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bnse B[n-]Xyw F∂ A\p-Iq-e-L-SIw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\v Ct∏mƒ D≠v. sNdpØv \n¬∏p-Iƒ°mWv kwL-Sn-X-cq-]hpw AXns\ \ne-\n¿Øm\p≈ {]Xyb imkv{Xhpw th≠-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v tIc-f-Ønse Iayq-Wn-Ãv-˛-sXmgn-emfn hncp≤ i‡n-Iƒ°v P\-Io-b-X-bp-sSbpw t]mcm-´-Øn-s‚bpw I]-S-apJw \¬Im-\p≈ Hcp {]N-c-W-bp-≤-Øns‚ s]cp-ºd AWn-b-d-bn¬ apg-ßp-∂Xv ImtXm¿Øm¬ B¿°pw tIƒ°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

kmaqly ]cn-h¿Ø\w hcp-Øp∂-Xn-\p≈ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Npa-Xe sXmgn- e mfn h¿K- Ø n- \ m- s W∂v am¿Ivkv. AXv Acm-jv{Sob P\m-h-enbv°m-sW-∂-Xn\v ssk≤m-¥n-I-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw CXp-hsc apt∂m´v hbv°-s∏-´n-´n-√. ssk≤m-¥nI sXfnhp-Is - f-∂m¬ kaq-lØ - ns‚ B¥-cnI LS-\-tbbpw AXnse hnhn[ LS-Iß-tf-bpw, Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßtfbpw sshcp-≤y-ßt- f-bpw, hni-Ie\w sNbvXv, hnhn-[L - ´- ß - f - n¬ kaq-lØ - nep-≠m-Ip∂ kwL¿j-ßsf ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°n, kmaq-ly-N-e-\-Øns‚ Zni \n¿W-bn-°m-\p≈ tijn Acmjv{Sob P\m-he - n-bn¬ \n£n-]vXa - m-bncn-°p∂p F∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂ ssk≤m¥nI cq]-ßƒ F∂¿∞w. AØcw

ssk≤m-¥nI cq]-ßƒ C\nbpw cq]s∏-´n-´n-√. thsdmcp Xc-Øn¬ efn-Xambn∏d-™m¬ kaqlw BsI c≠v h¿K-ß-fmbn ]nf¿∂v \n¬°p-I-bmsW∂pw Fgp-X-s∏´ Ncn{Xw apgp-h≥ Cu hncp≤ h¿K- ß ƒ XΩn- e p≈ kwL¿j-am-sW∂pw Cu kwL¿jØn¬ A¥na hnPbw ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xn-eqsS sXmgn-emfn h¿Kw tkmjyenÃv hnπhw km[y-am-°p-sa∂ bp‡n]q¿Whpw imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn k{ºZm-b-ßƒ°p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v hnIkn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xp-amb Hcp kn≤m-¥Øn\v hncp-≤tam kam-¥-ctam Bb as‰m∂v P\m-h-en-bpsS apt∂-‰sØ km[q-Ic - n-°p-∂X - mbn C√ F∂¿∞w. F∂m¬ ]›n-ta-jy-bnepw Ad_v kaq-l-ß-fnepw \S-°p∂ ""P\m-[n-]-

Xy-Øn-\m-bp≈ P\-Iob {]t£m-`ßsf'' ap≥\n-dpØn P\m-h-en-bpsS cmjv{Sob hnPbw {]Jym-]n-°p∂ \nch[n cmjv{Sob hni-I-e-\-ßƒ ae-bmf-Øn¬ h∂p-I-gn-™p. AXn¬ {][m\- s ∏´ H∂mWv "hnI- k - \ m- \ - ¥ c cmjv{So-bØ - ns‚ tIc-fob ]cn-kc - ß - ƒ' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am¿ am[yaw hmcn-I-bn¬ (2011 G{]n¬ 18) Fgp-Xnb teJ-\w. {ioIp-am¿ am{X-a√ tIc-f-Ønse a[y-h¿K _p≤n-Po-hn-IfmsI C°m-cy-Øn¬ Bth-i-`-cn-X-cmWv. apJy-[mcm am[y-a-ßfpw en‰n¬ amK- k n- \ p- I fpw AS- ß p∂ am[ya temI- a msI Ad_v tZi- ß - f nse t^bvkv_p-°v, Hm¿°p´v hnπ-hß - f - n¬ Bthiw sIm≠v temIsØ am‰n-sbgp-Xp-∂X - n-\p≈ A[n-Im-cm-hI - m-iß - ƒ Pq¨ 2011

Acm-jv{Sob P\m-he - n-tb-bpw, kq£vaXe kmaq-ly-kw-L¿j-ßf - n¬ hnπh cmjv{So-bØ - ns‚ ]Zm-he - n-Iƒ D]-tbmKn®v CS-s]-Sp∂ \h-{]-Xn-tcm[ kwLß-tfbpw G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Bkq-{Xn-X-amb LS-\-tbm, tI{μo-IrX-amb t\Xr-Xztam D≈ kpkw-L-SnX-amb ka-cß - f - √ temI-Øns‚ `mhn Xocp- a m- \ n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂pw sNdnb k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ, sIm®p {]kn≤o-Ic - W - ß - ƒ, ssk_¿ Iq´m-bvaI - ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv hº≥ hnπ-h-ßƒ \bn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-sX∂pw Ah¿ Bthiw sIm≈p-∂p. Pam AsØ C…m-an-bpsS bph-P\ hn`m-K-amb tkmfn-Um-cn‰n apX¬ hnhn[ sNdp ]cn-ÿnXn {Kq∏p-Iƒ hsc CXv G‰p ]mSp-∂p. CuPn-]X v ns‚ BsI P\-kw-Jy-sb{X-bmWv F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Hcp k¿hhn-⁄m-\tImi-Øn¬\nt∂m C‚¿s\‰n¬\nt∂m DØcw e`y-am-W.v F∂m¬ CuPn- ] v ‰ n¬ F{X- t ]¿°v Iºyq´¿˛C‚¿s\‰v kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ e`y-amWv. F{X-t]¿ t^kv_p-°n¬ AwKß-fm-Wv. F{X-t]¿ kPo-h-ambn D]tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠,v Ah¿ ssk_¿ ktμ-i-ßƒ Ipdn-®Xv Cw•o-jntem CuPn-]j v y≥ `mj-bn-tem, Cw•o-jn-se¶n¬ F{X-t]¿ CØcw Bi-bh - n-\n-ab-ßƒ°v DX-Ipw-hn[w Cw•ojv ]Tn®- h - c mWv XpS- ß nb tNmZyßƒs°m∂pw DØcw e`n-°pI Ffp∏-a-√. ]t£ Cu ZØ-ß-sfm∂pw C√msX CuPn-]v‰nse kac kwL-mS\-Øn¬ t^bvkv _p°ns‚ kzm[o\w F{X-sb∂v Fßs\ Dd-∏n-°pw F∂ tNmZyw Bcpw tNmZn-°p-∂n-√. C‚¿ s\‰n-eqsS Ipdn-®n-Sp∂ A]q¿Whpw IrXy- X - b n- √ mØ Ipdn- ∏ p- I - f pamWv Bbn- c - ° - W - ° n\v {]t£m- ` - I sc {]t£m-`-Øns‚ kqNn-ap-\-bn-te°v sIm≠p h∂-sX∂ tIhe hnizmkhpw {]N-c-Whpw kmam\y _p≤nbp≈ Hcmƒ°pw apJ-hn-ebv°v FSp°m- \ m- h n- √ . F∂m¬ Ad_v ap√∏q˛Xm- a - c - ∏ qhv hnπ- h - ß ƒ°v ]n∂n¬ kpkw-L-Sn-X-amb Hcp ka-ckw-LS- \ {]Xy-£Ø - n¬ ImWm-\p-≠mbn-cp∂ns√-∂Xv Hcp kXy-am-Wv. Cu hnS-hn-\p-≈n¬ BtKmf cmjv{So-bØns‚ shfn- s ∏- S mØ Hcp apJw Kp]vX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CuPn-]v‰nepw SqWo-jy-bnepw {]t£m-`I - ¿°v A¥na hnPbw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-ØXv P\-Iob C—b-s√∂pw ]´mfw \S-Ønb Imep-am-‰am-sW-∂p-ap≈ hkvXp-Xsb Bhp∂{X ad®v hbv°m≥ F√m DØ-cm-[p\nI hni- I - e - \ - ß fpw {ian- ° p- ∂ Xn¬\n∂v Nne kXy-ßƒ hmbn-s®-Spimkv{X-KXn

Bkq-{Xn-X-amb LS-\tbm, tI{μo-Ir-X-amb t\Xr-Xztam D≈ kpkwL-Sn-X-amb ka-c-ß-f√ temI-Øns‚ `mhn Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-sX∂pw sNdnb k∂≤ kwL-S\-Iƒ, sIm®p {]kn-≤oI-c-W-ßƒ, ssk_¿ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv hº≥ hnπ-h-ßƒ \bn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂sX∂pw Ah¿ Bthiw sIm≈p-∂p. Pam AsØ C…m-an-bpsS bph-P\ hn`m-K-amb tkmfn-Umcn‰n apX¬ hnhn[ sNdp ]cn-ÿnXn {Kq∏pIƒ hsc CXv G‰p ]mSp-∂p.

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv Hcp {][m-\-s∏´ kwK-Xn-bm-W.v Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ]´mfw s^bvkv_p-°nse Ipdn∏v hmbn®v cmPy-Øns‚ `mhnsb kw_-‘n® \n¿Wm-bI - a - mb Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈p- s a∂v hniz- k n- ° m≥ am{Xw _p≤niq\ycmWv temI-P-\-X-bmsI F∂v hcptam? kwib-ap-≈-h¿ C°mcy-Øn¬ en_n-bs - b-°qSn tN¿Øph®v hmbn-°p-I. en_n-b-bn¬ ]´mfw K±m^nsb ssIhn-ń-√. AØcsamc-hÿ bn¬ hnπhw hnP-bn-∏n-°m≥ GXp-Xcw ]qaWw {]k-cn-∏n-®X - p-sIm≠pw Imcyan-s√∂pw km{am-PyXzw CS-s]-Sp-IbmWv th≠- s X∂pw Ata- c n- ° , {^m≥kv, {_n´¨ kJy-Øn\v a\- nembn F∂Xv Hcp Nq≠p ]e-I-bm-Wv. km{am-PyXzw t\cn-ń-dß - msX Imcyw \S°p-sa-¶n¬ F√m-hn[ ""]qa-W-ßfpw'' Hcp ad am{X-am-Wv. Ah ]cm-P-b-s∏Sp-∂n-SØv km{am-PyXzw AXns‚ {Iqc Zwjv{S-ßf - p-ambn Cd-ßp-Ibpw sNøpw. Ad_v temIsØ Acm-jv{Sob P\mh-en-bpsS apt∂-‰-ßsf {]Io¿Øn® am[y- a - ß ƒ Xs∂ en_n- b - b nse km{am-PyXz CS-s]-S-ens\ \ymbo-I-cn°p- ∂ Xpw ImWmw. ""P\m- [ n- ] - X yØns‚ Im‰v en_n-b-bnepw FØs´'' F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬ 2011 am¿®v 21-˛\v Zo]nI Zn\-∏{Xw Fgp-Xnb apJ-{]kwKw AØ-cØ - n-sem-∂m-Wv. ""bp.-F≥. {]ta-bØ - ns‚ ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ shSn-\n¿Ø¬ {]Jym-]n-®n-s√¶n¬ en_n-bb - n¬ CS-s]-Sp-sa∂ ap∂-

dn-bn∏v Ah-KW - n®v {]t£m-`ß - ƒs°Xnsc ssk\nI \S- ] - S n- I - f p- a mbn apt∂m-´p-t]m-bX - mWv AhnsS thymam{I-aWw \S-Øm≥ ]m›mXy i‡nIsf \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-°n-bX - v'' F∂v ]d™mWv apJ-{]-kwKw Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ B`y- ¥ c kwL¿j- Ø n¬ km{amPyXzw CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xns\ \oXn-a-XvI-cn°p-∂-Xv. CXv CuPn-]v‰n\pw SpWojybv°pw _m[-I-am-Wv. ]qaW hnπh-ßƒ ]cm-Pb - s - ∏-´n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Xo¿®bmbpw AhnsS km{am-PyXzw CS-s]-Spam-bn-cp∂p F∂ kqN-\-bmWv \ap°v CXn¬\n∂v hmbn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂-X.v km{am-PyXzw AXns‚ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hfsc Bkq-{Xn-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-°p∂XpX-s∂-bm-W.v bmZr-›n-Ia- mbn s]m´n hogp∂ \nan-Øß - ƒ°v th≠n Ah¿ ImØn-cn-°m-dn-s√-∂X - n\v temI-Nc - n-{XØn¬ hnti-jm¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ At\zjn-t°≠ Imcy-an-√. F∂v ]d-™m¬ AXn- s ‚- b ¿∞w DØ- c m- [ p- \ o- I ¿ {]Io¿Øn-°p∂ F√m P\m-hen apt∂‰-ßf - p-sSbpw Atß-b‰ - Øv Hcp km{amPy-Xz-Icw Ds≠-∂p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv. H∂pIq-Sn, C∂sØ hym]-Ia - mb {]N-cW - ß-fn-eqsS DØ-cm-[p-\n-I¿ kwL-SnX {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ°v ]Icw hbv°m≥ {ian°p-∂Xv Acm-j{v Sob P\m-he - n-sb-b√ - , km{am-Py-Xz-sØ-Øs - ∂-bm-W.v km{am-PyXz CS-s]-S¬ Nne-t∏mƒ ]cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sm-sa∂pw H∂-ctbm ct≠m Zi-Iß - ƒ Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ah shfn-s∏Sp-Øs - ∏-Sm-sa-∂p-amWv ]›na _wKmfnse ]pcp-fn-bb - n¬ \S-Ønb Bbp-[h¿jw kw_-‘n® shfn-s∏-Sp-Øe - p-

Agn-aXn _q¿jzm cmjv{So-b-Øns‚ kl-P-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AÆm-l-kmsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn ]q¿Ønbm-°nb Hcp ZuXy-ap-≠v. AXv as‰m-∂p-a√; Agn-a-Xn°v FXn-cmb ka-c-Øn¬ \n∂v cmjv{Sob-°msc Hgn®v \n¿Ø-Wsa∂ a[y-h¿K-tamlsØ C≥Uy≥ a\- n¬ Dd-∏n-s®-Sp-Øpsh-∂-Xm-Wv. H‰-s∏´ hy‡n-Xz-ßsf P\-ßfpsS C—°v ]Icw hbv°p∂ AtX P\m-h-en-bpsS cmjv{So-bamWv AÆm-l-kmsc ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv.

Iƒ (tZ-im-`n-am-\n, G{]n¬ 29) hy‡am-°p-∂X - .v C¥y-bp-sSbpw {_n´-s‚bpw C‚-en-P‚ vkv GP≥kn-Iƒ, ]mInÿm≥ hnam-\w, {_n´ojv˛Um-\njv ]uc∑m¿, C≥Uy≥ `c-WI - £n Ch-sb√m-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v AXn¬ IÆntN¿∂-sX∂v ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS apJy Bkq- { X- I ≥ \o¬kv {Inkv X y≥ \o¬k¨ F∂ Inw tUhn shfn-s∏Sp-Øn-bX - mWv hm¿Ø. A∂v Cu KqVmtem-N\ hnP-bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]›na-_w-Km-fnse Iayq-WnÃv GIm-[n-]X - yØn-s\-Xn-cmbn Ahn-SsØ Acm-j{v Sob {KmaoW P\m-hen \S-Ønb \njvIf - ¶-amb sNdpØv \n¬]ns‚ IY-Iƒ temI-saßpw hym]n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. P\m-he - n-bpsS apt∂-‰ß - ƒ°v \nch[n DZm-lc - W - ß - ƒ Sn.-Sn. {ioIpamdns‚ apºp-]d - ™ teJ-\Ø - n¬ hni-Za - m-°p∂p-≠.v 1989-˛¬ _¿en≥ aXn¬ XI¿ØXpw, 1997˛¬ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\ - n¬ bm\-tb-hns\ ]pd-Øm-°n-bXpw dpam\n-bm-bn¬ sbj-UI -v yq-hn-s\bpw ^nen∏o≥kn¬ tPmk^v Fkv{Sm-tUm-tbbpw ]pd-Øm-°n-bXpw F√mw CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-∂p. 1989-˛\pw 1991-˛\pw CS-bn¬ 1990 Fs∂mcp h¿j-ap-s≠∂pw B h¿jamWv tkmhn- b ‰v bqWn- b ≥ XI¿s∂∂pw D≈ Imcy-ßƒ {ioIpam¿ a\x-]q¿hw hn´p-If - ™ X - m-Im-\m-WnS. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿® IqSn ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AXn\v apºp≈ ioX-bp-≤-Im-e-hpw, A°mesØ km{am-PyXz X{¥-ßfpw tkmhnb‰v bqWn-b\ - n¬ ""P\m-[n-]Xyw ÿm]n°p-∂X - n-\p≈'' km{am-PyXz CS-s]-Se - pIfpw Hm¿t°-≠n-hc - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. DØcm-[p-\nI Nn¥-I∑ - m-cpsS Hcp {][m\ Ignhv Ah¿ Hm¿°m-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂Xv am{Xta Ah-cpsS Hm¿a-If - n¬ hcn-Ibp≈q F∂-Xm-W.v AXp-t]mse Ah¿ B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn k{ºZm-bß - sf X≈n°fbp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp- s Im- ≠ mWv CuPn- ] v ‰ nse s^bvkv_p°v hnπ-hsØ km[q-Ic - n°m≥ Bh-iy-amb ZØ-ß-sfm∂pw e`y-a-s√-¶nepw Ah¿°v Xß-fpsS hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßƒ°v Bh¿Øn®v km£yw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂X - v. CXn- s ‚- b ¿∞w P\m- h - e n- b psS cmjv{So-bs - a-∂Xv {]N-cW - ß - f - n¬ am{Xw \ne-\n¬°p∂ H∂m-sW-∂√ - . AXns‚ {]mtbm-KnI cq]-ßƒ krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m\p≈ \nc-h[n {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-°p∂p-≠v. ]pcp-fn-bm-bn¬ AXv hn^-ea - msb-¶n¬ AÆm-lk - msc F∂ Agn-aXn hncp≤ _nw_w \n¿an-s®-Sp-ØX - n-eqsS AXn\v hnP-bn® Hcp amXr-Ib - p-ap-≠mbn. AÆm-lk - msc A©v Znh-ka - mWv D]-h-kn-®-Xv. hfsc Ipd™ Znh-kPq¨ 2011

a’yhn⁄m\w ßƒsIm≠v am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw a[yh¿K-ka - q-lØ - n-s‚bpw ]n¥p-Wt- bmsS Agn- a - X n- b v s °- X n- c mb Hcp henb {]t£m- ` - a mbn AXv amdn. Cu temIv]m¬ \nbaw hcn-Itbm hcm-Xncn-°p-Itbm sNømw. AXv h∂mepw Hcp _q¿jzm `c-WI - q-SØ - nse Agn-aX - n-Iƒ \n¿_m[w XpS-cp-sa-∂X - n¬ B¿°pw kwi-bs - am-∂p-an-√. ImcWw Agn-aXn _q¿jzm cmjv{So-bØ - ns‚ kl-Pk - z-`mh-am-Wv. F∂m¬ AÆm-lk - msc hnPb-Ic - a - mbn ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Hcp ZuXyap-≠v. AXv as‰m-∂p-a√; Agn-aX - n°v FXn-cmb ka-cØ - n¬ \n∂v cmjv{So-b°msc Hgn®v \n¿Ø-Ws - a∂ a[y-h¿Ktam-lsØ C≥Uy≥ a\- n¬ Dd-∏ns®-Sp-Øp-sh-∂X - m-Wv. H‰-s∏´ hy‡nXz-ßsf P\-ß-fpsS C—°v ]Icw hbv°p∂ AtX P\m-he - n-bpsS cmjv{Sob-amWv AÆm-lk - msc ÿm]n-s®-Sp°m≥ {ian-°p-∂X - v. tIc-fØ - nse kq£vaX - e cmjv{Sob-Øns‚ {]mtbm-KnI taJ-eb - n¬ CXv {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°p∂Xn\p≈ \nc-h[n ]co-£W - ß - ƒ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. hnI-k\ - Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ cmjv{Sobw am‰n-hbv°-W-sa∂ ka-hmb ap{Zm-hmIyw apX¬ tIc-fØ - nse ]pXnb ]mTy-]≤ - Xn-bn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ¢mkp-ap-dnbnse ⁄mt\m-X] v m-Z\ - s - a∂ k¶-e] v Øn-s\-Xn-cmb aX kwL-S-\-I-fpsS \o°w hsc Cu ]pXnb cmjv{So-bØns‚ ]co-£-W-im-e-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. apØß apX¬ sNßd hsc-bp≈ kac-ap-Jß - f - n¬ I≠Xpw CXp-Xs - ∂. πm®na-S-bn¬ \S∂ {]t£m-`-ß-fn-sem-cnSØpw cmjv{SobØns‚ ap{Z ]Xn-bc - pXv F∂v AXns‚ kwLm- S - I cpw kvt]m¨k¿amcpw \n¿_‘w ]nSn-®t∏mƒ shfn-hm-bXv CXp-Xs - ∂. kwL- S nX {]ÿm- \ - ß sf XI¿°pI F∂p-]d - ™ m¬ sXmgn-emfn-If - p-sSbpw Zp¿_-ec - p-sSbpw Ah-Imi-t∏m-cm-´-ßsf XI¿°pI Ft∂ A¿∞ap≈q. ImcWw apX-em-fn-ØØn\v kwL-S\ - I - fpw {]ÿm-\ß - fpw Bh-iy-an-√. \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿnXn-bnse B[n-]Xyw F∂ A\p-Iq-eL-SIw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\v Ct∏m-ƒ D≠v . sNdpØv \n¬∏p- I ƒ°mWv kwL- S n- X - c q- ] hpw AXns\ \ne\n¿Øm-\p≈ {]Xyb imkv{Xhpw th≠-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v tIc-f-Ønse Iayq-Wn-Ãv˛- s - Xm-gn-emfn hncp≤ i‡nIƒ°v P\-Io-bX - b - p-sSbpw t]mcm-´Ø - ns‚bpw I]-Sa - pJw \¬Im-\p≈ Hcp {]N-cW - b - p-≤Ø - ns‚ s]cp-ºd AWnb-db - n¬ apg-ßp-∂Xv ImtXm¿Øm¬ B¿°pw tIƒ°m-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q. imkv{X-KXn

cmtIjv hn.-_n., tUm. _nt\mbv hn.-hn.

a’ytemIsØ amkva-c-°m-gvN-Iƒ ]cn-Wm-a-t{i-Wn-bnse ÿm\w h®p t\m°p-I-bmsW-¶n¬ `qap-JØv B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n® \s´-√p≈ Pohn h¿K-ß-fnse BZy kaq-l-Pohn a’y-am-Wv. Ign™ ]Xn-\©p h¿j-ß-fmbn hnhn[ a’y-h¿Kß-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv a\p-jy-\n¬ ImWp∂ H´p-an° kz`mh khn-ti-j-XIfpw NXn apX¬ HØpXo¿∏p-hsc ao\p-I-fnepw {]I-S-amsW∂mWv.

"Nn

¥n-°p∂ a\p-jy≥' F∂pw hniz-kn-°m-\n-jvS-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv Xm≥ ssZh-Øns‚ DXvIr-jvS-kr-jvSn-bmsW∂pw a‰p Poh-Pm-e-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy- k vX\pw BsW- ∂ pam- W v. F∂m¬ Nmƒkv Um¿hns‚ ]cn-Wma- k n- ≤ m- ¥ - Ø ns‚ {]Nm- c - t ØmsS AØcw Nn¥-Iƒ°v am‰w hcp-Ibpw a\p-jy≥ Bƒ°p-cßv h¿KØn¬s∏´ Hcp Pohn am{X-am-sW-∂pap≈ imkv{X-kXyw a\p-jy-k-aq-lØn¬ thtcm- S m≥ XpS- ß p- I bpw sNbvXp. Hm¿a, Nn¥, hnIm-c-ßƒ,

t_m[w XpS-ßnb DXvIrjvS at\m-\ne-Iƒ a‰p arK-ßƒ°v A{]m-]y-amsW∂pw Ch a\p- j y- h ¿K- Ø ns‚ am{Xw IpØ-I-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ hmZØn\v bmsXmcp Cf-°hpw kw`-hn-®n√. B[p- \ nI a\- i m- k v { X- Ø nepw \yqtdm-kb - ≥kn-ep-ap-≠mb hnπ-hI - c - amb I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ßƒ, at\m-hym-]mc-ß-sf√mw Xe-t®m-dns‚ {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ am{X-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-®t- XmsS, ico-c-Øn-s\mcp ]cn-Wma Ncn-{X-aps≠- ¶ n¬ hnIm- c - ß ƒ°pw Nn¥Iƒ°pw t_m[-Øn\pw k¿thm-]cn

a\-kn\p Xs∂bpw Hcp ]cn-Wm-a-IY ]d- b m- \ p- ≠ m- I nt√ F∂ tNmZyw imkv{X-cw-KØv P\-kΩ - X - n-bm¿Pn-®p. XpS- c - t \z- j - W - ß - f n¬ a‰p Pohn- I sf√mw shdpw Poh-\p≈ b{¥-ß-fs√∂pw a\p-jy-t‚Xp am{Xw F∂-hIm-i-s∏-´n-cp∂ ]e kz`mh hnti-jW-ßfpw a‰p ]e P¥p-°fpw {]I-Sn∏n-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw sXfn-™p. ]cn- W m- a - t {i- W n- b nse ÿm\w h®p t\m°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `qap-JØv B[n- ] Xyw ÿm]n® \s´- √ p≈ Pohn h¿K-ßf - nse BZy kaq-lP - ohn a’y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu ASpØ Imew hsc aq∂p sk°‚ v am{Xw Hm¿a \n¬°p∂ Pohn-If - m-bmWv ao\pIsf a’y-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ t]mepw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Ign™ ]Xn- \ ©p h¿j- ß - f mbn hnhn[ a’y-h¿K-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv a\p-jy-\n¬ ImWp∂ H´p-an° kz`mh khn-ti-jX-Ifpw NXn apX¬ HØpXo¿∏p-hsc ao\p-I-fnepw {]I-S-amWv F∂mWv Bkv t {S- e n- b ≥ imkv { X- ⁄ - \ mb Culmn Brown a’y-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n°p-∂-Xv. hnIm-chpw kwkvIm-chpw D≈ Pohn-Iƒ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂Xv a\p-jy-Po-hn-I-fmb \ap°v Hcp ]t£ Aº- c - ∏ p- ≠ m- ° n- t b- ° mw. a\pjy akvXn-jvI-Øn-t‚-Xn\p kam\-amb \mUo-tI-{μ-ßƒ a’yakvXnjv°-Ønepw ImWm-sa∂pw Cu `mKßƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw sshIeyw kw`-

hn- ® m¬ a\p- j y≥ {]I- S n- ∏ n- ° p∂ AtX- X cw kz`mhsshI- e y- ß ƒ a’y-ßfpw ImWn°pw F∂v h¿Kmkns‚ ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. DZml-cW - a - mbn a\p-jy-ak - vXn-jv°Ø - nse lnt∏m-Iymw-]kv F∂ `mKØv £Xta¬°p-I-tbm, {]h¿Ø-\-`wKw t\cnSp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ B hy‡n°v hgnIƒ ]Tn-°m\pw Hm¿an-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhp \jvS-s∏-Spw. a’y-Øns‚ Xet®m-dn¬ lnt∏m-Iymw-]-kn¬ Ir{Xn-aambn Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w hcp-Øn-bm¬ AØcw a’y-ß-ƒ hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p. CXn-se-√m-ap-]-cnbmbn t_m[-ap≈ Pohn-I-fpsS e£W- a mbn ]d- b - s ∏- S p∂ ico- c - Ø ns‚bpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-If - p-tSbpw am\-knI Nn{X-ßƒ \n¿an-°m\pw ]T-\-Øn-\\p-k-cn®v B Nn{X-Øn¬ am‰w hcpØm-\p-ap≈ Ignhv a’y-ßƒ°p-aps≠∂v {_uWns‚ ^njv sIm·n-j≥ B≥Uv _ntl-hn-b¿ F∂ ]pkvXIw ka¿∞n-°p-∂p.

Bƒ_-e-ap≈ {Kq∏n¬ tNcm-\mWv an° a’yßƒ°pw XmXv]cyw F∂m¬ \ΩpsS \mń¬ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-amb IcnIÆn ({]m-tZ-inI t`Z-a\p-k-cn®v I√p-Øn, s]mcp°v Fs∂√mw Cu ao\n\p t]cp-I-fp-≠v) F∂ a’yw ]cn-N-bØn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬Im-dp-≠v. GXp kwL-Øn¬ tNcWw F∂ {]iv\w hcp-tºmƒ Cu ao≥ km[m-c-Wbmbn ]cn-N-b-ap-≈-hcpsS IqsS-bmWv \n¬°m-dv. F∂m¬ ]cn- Hcp ao≥ Ip™p P\n-°p-∂p N-b-°m-cpsS kwLw h¿K-t`-Za - \ - p-kc - n®v ao≥Ip-™p-ßhfsc sNdpXpw A]-cn-Nn- fpsS _meyw aq∂p Xc-Øn-emWv. NneX-cptSXv hfsc hep-Xp-ambn-\-ßƒ P\n-°p-tºmtg H‰-°m-sW¶n¬ a‰p-≈h _meyw Nne-hn-Sp-∂Xv sW-¶n¬∏ns∂ ]cnA—-t\mtSm AΩ-tbmtSm H∏-am-Wv. Nb°msc Cu a’yw A—-t‚bpw AΩ-bp-tSbpw kvt\lw Is≠∂p \Sn-°m-dn-√. Hcp-an®p e`n-°m≥ `mKy-ap≈ Ip™pß-fp-ap-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn \ΩpsS \mń¬ kpeàmb Xnem-∏n-bb - p-tSbpw Icn-ao-\n-t‚bpw Ip™p-ßƒ CØ-c°m-cm-Wv. ao≥Ip-™p-ßƒ km[m-cW - ambn AXn-Po-h-\-X-{¥-ßƒ ]Tn-°p∂Xv a‰p a’y-ßsf \nco-£n-®m-Wv. amXm- ] n- X m- ° - t fm- s Sm∏w hf- c p∂ Ip™p-ß-fpsS BZy-Kp-cp-°ƒ amXm]n- X m- ° - f m- W v . DZm- l - c - W - Ø n\v Ãn°nƒ_m°v a’y-Øn¬ i{Xp-°fn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm\pw HmSn-sbm-fn°m-\p-≈ ]mT-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv c£n-Xm-°f - mb a’y-ßf - n¬\n∂mWv. F∂m¬ H‰bv°p hf-cm≥ hn[n-°s∏´ Cu kv‰n-°nƒ_m°v Ip™pßƒ henb \mW-°mcpw s]s´∂v `bs∏-Sp-∂-hcpw FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv sNdpØp-\n¬°m≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-h-cp-am-bn´mWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. IqSmsX a‰p a’y-ßsf ImWmsX H‰bv°v et_md-´-dn-bnse kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ hf¿∂p hep-Xmb B¿ńIv Nm¿ a’y-ßƒ°v a‰p kl- a o- \ p- I - f p- a mbn ]cn- N bw ÿm]n-°mt\m kwLw tNcmt\m D≈ Ignhv Xosc D≠m-Im-dn-s√∂v Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse knUv\n k¿h-Iem- i m- e - b nse imkv { X- ⁄ - \ mb {Kn^nØv Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pq¨ 2011

H‰bv°p Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-bmepw amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn¬ hf-cp-∂-h-cm-bmepw "Bim≥' a’yßsf A\p-I-cn-°m\pw Ahcn¬\n∂p ]Tn-°m\pw Ign-hp-≈-hcmWv a’y-Ip-™p-ßƒ. Cc-]n-Sn-°p∂Xpw Cc-]n-Sn-b∑mcn¬\n∂v c£-s∏Sp-∂Xpw Ch¿ ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂-cmb a’y- ß sf \nco- £ n®p ]Tn°pw F∂mWv ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. a’y-lm-®d - n-If - n¬ hncn-bn-s®-Sp-°p∂ Ip™p-ßƒ°v CØcw ]cn-N-b-k-º∂-cmb Bim≥ a’y-ß-fpsS tkh\w e`y- a m- ° p- I - b m- s W- ¶ n¬ Ah hfsc thKw ]pXnb A¥-co£-tØmSv CW-ßp-sa∂pw a‰p a’yßƒ°v Cc-bm-Ip-∂Xv 80% hsc Ipdbp-sa∂pw sXfn-bn-°s - ∏-´n-´p-≈X - m-Wv. C{k-tb¬, Cw•-≠v, t\m¿tΔ XpSßnb cmPy-ßƒ CØcw AXn-Po-h-\X{¥]T-\-tI-{μ-ßƒ a’y lm®-dn-Ifn¬ \n¿_-‘-am-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-W.v

kaq-l-Øn-te°v a’y-ßfpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-If - m-Wv. LS-\sb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n a’y-ßfpsS kaq- l sØ tjmƒ Ft∂m kvIqƒ Ft∂m c≠mbn Xcw Xncn°mw. GsXmcp a’y-k-aq-l-am-sW¶nepw \√ `£Ww Ign-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw D∂-X¿°m-Wv. a\p-jy-kaq-l-Øn\p kam-\-ambn Chn-sSbpw D∂-Xcpw a¿±n-Xcpw D≠v. G‰hpw D∂X-ÿm-\Ø - n-cn-°p∂ a’yw Xmsg-°nS-bn-ep≈ a’y-ß-sf-sb√mw CS-°nS°v ]Xps° ISn®v Xs‚ A[n-Imcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. ISn-°m-\p≈ Cu A[n-Imcw Xmsg-Ø´- n-ep-ap-≠v. X\n°v Xmsg-bp-≈-hsc B¿°pw ISn°mw F∂m¬ G‰hpw Xmgv ∂ ÿm\Øp≈ ao\n\v a‰p ao\p-I-fpsS ISntb¬°m≥ am{X-amWv tbmKw. ]mcssUkv ^njv, A‰vem‚ nIv km¬a¨, Ãn°nƒ _m°v XpS-ßnb a’y-ßƒ kaq-l-Ønse D∂-Xsc ImWp-tºmƒ ASn-bm-f¿ A[n-Im-cnIsf hW-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xß-fpsS \ndw ISp-∏n®p _lp-am\w ImWn°pw. Aßs\ _lp-am-\n-®n√ F¶n¬ ASpØ \nan-jØ - n-semcp ISn]nSn Dd-∏m-Wv.

kmtlm-Z-cyhpw ]cn-N-bhpw ]pXnb ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv ktlm- Z - c - k v t \- l hpw ]cn- N - b hpw a’y-ßf - psS kz`m-hØ - nepw am‰-ßƒ hcpØpw F∂m-Wv. Xs‚ ]cn-Nn-X\mb Ab¬°m-c≥ ktlm-Z-c-\-s√¶n¬ t]mepw AXn¿Øn ewLn-®m¬ imkv{X-KXn

henb hg- s °m∂pw D≠m- I m- d n- √ . am{X-a√ ]cn-N-b-°m¿ XΩn¬ `£Ww ]¶p-h-bv°epw Ie-l-ßƒ s]s´∂v HØv Xocp-∂Xpw Ãn°nƒ _m°nepw A‰vem‚nIv km¬a-Wnepw km[m-c-W-am-Wv. A‰vem‚ nIv km¬a¨ a’y-ßƒ°v Xß-fpsS AXn¿Øn-bn¬ a‰p a’y-ßƒ IS∂p hcp-∂Xv Xosc CjvS-an-√mØ Imcyam-Wv. F∂m¬ ktlm-Zc - ß - tfm c‡_- ‘ ap≈htcm Xs‚ km{am- P yØn¬\n∂v Cc- ] n- S n- ° p- ∂ Xv Cu a’y-ßƒ Ku\n-°m-dn-√. am{X-a√ hn≥s_¿Kns‚ ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p∂Xv Xs‚ AXn¿Øn ewLn-°p∂ a‰p a’y-ß-tfm-Sp≈ km¬a-Wp-IfpsS kao-]\w Ah-bp-am-bp≈ c‡_‘w A\p-k-cn-®n-cn°pw F∂m-Wv. ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ°p In´p∂ Db¿∂ ]cn-K-W\ AI∂ _‘p-°ƒ {]Xo£n-°≠ F∂¿∞w.

kl-Po-hn-Isf Ah-c-dnbmsX ]‰n-°Ww F∂ B{K-l-ap-≈-h¿ a’yß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. C°m-cyØn¬ hncp-X-\mb dmkv F∂ a’yw ao\p-I-fnse _yq´o-jy\pw sU‚nÃpw XzIvtcmK-hn-Z-Kv[\p-sa-√mam-Wv. Cu a’y-Øns‚ hmk-ÿm-\-Øn\p ap∂n¬ henb a’yßƒ ico-chpw hmbbpw hrØn-bm°n In´m-\mbn £a-tbmsS Iyq ]men®v Nne cmjv{Sob Nn¥-Iƒ kwL-ambn Pohn-°p∂ a’y-ßƒ aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw Xßƒ°v e`n-°p∂ ]cn-K-W-\, em`w ImØp-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂n- h - s b√mw IW- ° n- s e- S pØv km[m-c-W-am-Wv. CØ-cw kwL-ßƒ amdm-dp≠v F∂v a’y D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Kth-j-W-cw-KsØ AXn-Im-b-\mb t{SmWn ]n®¿ Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. hmbnepw ico-c-Øn-epkwLmw-Kß - sf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ap≈ ]cm-Z-ßfpw Agpa’y-ß-fnepw kzP-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw °p-I-fp-amWv dmkns‚ N-b-hp-sa√mw ASn-ÿm-\-am-Im-dp`£Ww. AXmWv {]Xn- ]nc≠v. K∏n, ant∂m XpS-ßnb a’y^-e-hpw. ßƒ°v ktlm-Z-c-ßsf am{X-amWv {Kq∏n-se-Sp-°m≥ XmXv]c - yw, A]-cn-NnX-tcmSv henb XmXv]-cy-an-√. F∂m¬ {]mb-]q¿Øn-bmb s]¨a-’y-ßƒ

\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw IqSp-X¬ IqSpX¬ `£Ww hmbn¬ \nd®v Icp-Xnh-bv°m-\mWv Cu a’yw CjvS-s∏-Sp∂-Xv. ck-Ic - s - a∂p ]d-bs´ C¥y-°mc-\mb Cu a’y-Øn-e-√msX as‰mcp a’y-Ønepw CØcw tiJ-cW - i - oew \mfn-Xp-hsc Is≠-Øn-bn-´n-√.

NXnbpw HØp-Xo¿∏pw

A]-cn-Nn-X-cmb Bä-’y-ß-tfmSv Iq´p-Iq-Sm≥ {]tXyI XmXv]cyw ImWn°m-dp-ap≠v F¶nepw Bä-’y-ßsf At]-£n®v {Kq∏p-am‰w s]ä-’yß-fn¬ Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. Bƒ_- e - a p≈ {Kq∏n¬ tNcm\mWv an° a’y-ßƒ°pw XmXv]cyw F∂m¬ \ΩpsS \mń¬ k¿h-km-[mc-W-amb Icn-IÆn ({]m-tZ-inI t`Z-a\p-k-cn®v I√p-Øn, s]mcp°v Fs∂√mw Cu ao\n\p t]cp-I-fp-≠v) F∂ a’yw ]cn-N-b-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \¬Im-dp-≠v. GXp kwLØn¬ tNcWw F∂ {]iv\w hcptºmƒ Cu ao≥ km[m-c-W-bmbn ]cnN-b-ap-≈-h-cpsS IqsS-bmWv \n¬°mdv. F∂m¬ ]cn-N-b-°m-cpsS kwLw hfsc sNdpXpw A]-cn-Nn-X-cptSXv hfsc hep-Xp-am-sW-¶n¬∏ns∂ ]cnNb°msc Cu a’yw Is≠∂p \Sn°m-dn-√. IqSmsX Htc kml-N-cyØn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-hcpw Htc `£Ww CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw s]mXp-i-{Xp-hp-≈hcpw kam-\-a-\-kvI-cp-am-bn-t®¿∂v kwL-ßƒ D≠m-°p-sa∂v knUv\n k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse hm¿Uv Is≠Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

kº-Øp-Im-eØv kºm-Zy-io-e-ap-≈-h¿ P¥p-temIØv hnc-f-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ `£Ww e`n-°p∂ ka-bØv AXv tiJ-cn°m\pw kpc-£n-X-amb Hcp ÿeØv sN∂n-cp∂v Ign-°m\pw Adn-hp≈ a’y-ß-fp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Icp∏nSn a’yw Ipc-ß-∑msc A\p-kva-cn∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ `£Ww Xs‚ hmbn¬ \nd-®p-sIm≠p t]mIpw. hni∏p- IqSpwtXmdpw `£Ww Ign-°m≥

CW-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ a\pjy-s\-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Hcp]mSv {i≤n-°p-∂-h-cmWv a’y-ßƒ. an° a’y PmXn-I-fnepw s]ä-’yß-fpsS kzbw-h-c-amWv \S-°m-dv. kzm`m-hnI Bhmk hyhÿIfn¬ Pohn-°p∂ a’y-ßƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn c‡-_‘-ap-≈-hsc CW-I-fmbn kzoI-cn-°m-dn√ F∂mWv hn≥_¿Kns‚ ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. {][m-\ambpw ss[cyw, hen-∏w, Btcm-Kyw, IqSp-≠m-°m\p≈ Ign-hv, ap´-Iƒ kwc-£n-°m-\pw, IpńIsf t\m°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv F∂o KpW-K-Wß-fmWv s]ä-’yßƒ {][m-\-ambpw ]cnK-Wn-°m-dv. AgIv t\m°p-∂-hcpw D≠v.

kl-Po-hn-Isf Ah-cd - n-bmsX ]‰n°Ww F∂ B{K-l-ap-≈-h¿ a’yß-fn-ep-ap-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ hncp-X\mb dmkv F∂ a’yw ao\p-I-fnse _yqó-jy\pw sU‚nÃpw XzIvtcmK-hnZ-Kv[\p-sa-√m-am-Wv. Cu a’y-Øns‚ hmk-ÿm-\-Øn\p ap∂n¬ henb a’y-ßƒ ico-chpw hmbbpw hrØnbm°n In´m-\mbn £a-tbmsS Iyq ]men®v aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw ImØp\n¬°p-∂Xv km[m-cW - a - m-Wv. CØ-cw D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS hmbnepw ico-cØn-ep-ap≈ ]cm-Z-ßfpw Agp-°p-I-fpamWv dmkns‚ `£Ww. AXmWv {]Xn-^-e-hpw. F∂m¬ Nne hncp-X≥ dmkp-Iƒ Agp-°p-It- fm-sSm∏w D]-t`m‡m-°f - psS ico-c` - m-Kß - fpw Iptds» `£- W - a m- ° m≥ {ian- ° pw. henb a’y-ßƒ km[m-cW CØcw NqjW-ßƒ Ku\n-°m-dn-√. CØcw dmkpIƒ ]ns∂ ¢o\nwKv tPmen-sbm∂pw hrØn-bmbn sNømsX D]-t`m-‡mhns‚ icocw `£n- ° p- ∂ - X n- t e°v \oßn, apgp-h≥ kab Nqj-I-cmbn amdpw. Cu ]Xnhp XpS¿∂m¬ CØcw dmkp-Iƒ°v ]ns∂ D]-t`m‡m- ° sf In´m- X m- I pw. Aßs\ ÿm]\w ]qń-t]m-Im-dmb dmkp-Iƒ D]- t `m- ‡ m- ° sf ¢o\nwKn- \ n- S °v sNIn-f-∏q-hnepw a‰pw Xń kt¥m-jn∏n®pw Ah- b v ° p- a p- ∂ n¬ \rØw sNbvXpw Xs‚ {]Xn-—mb h¿[n-∏n®v IqSp-X¬ a’y-ßsf BI¿jn-°m≥ {ian- ° m- d p- s ≠∂v kznkv kz`mh imkv { X- ⁄ - \ mb _v j mcn t\®¿ amkn-I-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n´p-≠v. CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂-bmWv bqtdm∏n¬ ImWp∂ Ãn°nƒ_m°v a’yØns‚ Imcy-hpw. Iq´-ambn Pohn°p∂ Cu a’y-ßƒ i{Xp-a-’y-ßfpsS \o°-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ clky-\o-°-ßfpw \nco-£-W-ßfpw \SØp∂ kz`m-h-°m-cm-Wv. km[m-c-Wbmbn CØcw Nmc-∏-Wn-Iƒ tPmUnI-fm-bmWv \S-Ømdv. F∂m¬ tPmUnbnse Hcp a’yw i{Xp \nco-£-WØn-\n-Sb - n¬ H‰bv°v HmSn-c£ - s - ∏-Sm≥ {ian-®m¬ at‰ a’yw ]n∂o-sSm-cn°epw Xs‚ kplr-Øns\ hniz-kn°n-s√∂pw B a’y-Øns‚ IqsS i{Xp \nco-£-W-Øn\p t]mIp-I-bnPq¨ 2011

s√∂pw am≥{^Uv anen≥kvIn Xs‚ hnJym-X-amb Tit for tat F∂ {]_-‘Øn¬ ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. kmcn-hm-e≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ K∏n- a’y-ßfnepw kam\kz`mhw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. CXn-se√mw ck-I-c-amWv ªm°vlmw-se‰v a’y-ß-fpsS Imcyw. a‰p a’y-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-bn, Cu h¿K- Ø n¬, ]pcp- j - ˛ kv { Xo ssewKn- I m- h - b - h - ß ƒ Htc a’yØn¬ Xs∂-bmWv I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ kz¥w AWvUhpw _oPhpw IqSn-I-e¿Øn {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂- X n- \ p- ] - I cw Ch AWv U hpw _oPhpw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dp-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. km[m-cW CØcw ssIam-‰ßƒ hfsc am\y-amb coXn-bn-emWv \S-°mdv. F∂m¬ Nne a’y-ßƒ Xs‚ Iq´m-fn-bn¬\n∂v AWvU-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\p-tijw XncnsI H‰ AWvUw-t]mepw sImSp-°msX IS-∂pI- f - b m- d p- ≠ v . Ãn°nƒ _m°n- s et∏mse Chn-sS-bpw ]‰n-°s - ∏´ a’yw NXn-b≥ a’y-hp-ambn AWvU-ssIam-‰-Øn\v \n¬°m-dn-s√∂p am{X-a√ IrXy-ambn AWvUw XncnsI \¬Ip∂ a’y-ß-fp-ambn \√ _nkn\kv _‘w ImØp kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

sshhm-lnIw CW-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ ImcyØn¬ a\p-jy-s\-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Hcp]mSv {i≤n-°p-∂-h-cmWv a’y-ßƒ. an° a’y PmXn-I-fnepw s]ä-’yß- f psS kzbw- h - c - a mWv \S- ° m- d v . kzm`m-hnI Bhmk hyhÿIfn¬ Pohn-°p∂ a’y-ßƒ km[m-c-Wbmbn c‡-_-‘-ap-≈-hsc CW-Ifmbn kzoI- c n- ° m- d n√ F∂mWv hn≥_¿Kns‚ ]T-\ß - ƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv. {][m-\-ambpw ss[cyw, hen-∏w, Btcm-Kyw, IqSp-≠m-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv, ap´-Iƒ kwc-£n-°m-\pw, Ipń-Isf t\m°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv F∂o KpW-KW-ß-fmWv s]ä-’y-ßƒ {][m-\ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-dv. AgIv t\m°p∂-hcpw D≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn K∏n a’y-ßƒ hen-bXpw ISpw-\n-d-Øn-ep≈-Xp-amb hmep≈ Bä-’y-ßsf CjvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ hmƒhm-e≥ a’yß-fnse s]Æp-ßƒ°njvSw \o≠-hmep≈ BWp-ß-sf-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ kbm-aokv ss^‰nwKv ^njn-em-Is´ \√ tbm≤m-°ƒ°mWv am¿°-‰v. I{Xn-I-hm-e≥ k¿P‚p ao\p-Iƒ CXn-se√mw IS∂ ssIbmWv ImWn°p-∂s - X-∂mWv tIw{_nUvPv k¿h-Iem-im-e-bnse tUm. am\n° Ah-Imi-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu h¿K-Øn¬ Bäimkv{X-KXn

a’y-ß-fn¬ at\m-\ne sX‰p∂ Ah-ÿ-Iƒ km[m-c-W-am-sW∂pw at\m-tcm-K- K-thjWßfn¬ arK-am-Xr-I-I-fmbn a’y-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn°m-sa∂pw sh¬°w {SÃnse imkv{X-⁄cmb s_Ãpw B¬tU¿´\pw Ah-Imi-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-lØns‚ ]co-£-W-im-ebn¬ k¶o¿W-amb at\m-tcm-K-amb kv{Iotkm-{^o-\n-bbpw A¬jn-tagvkv Unkokpw _m[n® a’y-ßsf kq£n-®n-´p≠v. am{X-a√ Fen-I-fn¬ tcmK-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xpt]mse a’y-ß-fn¬ at\m-tcm-K-ßƒ D≠m°m-\p≈ acp-∂p-Ifpw C∂p imkv{X-tem-IØv e`y-am-Wv.

’y-ßf - mWv ap´-Iƒ hncn-bn-°p-∂Xpw Ip™p-ßsf t\m°n hf¿Øn hepXm- ° p- ∂ - X pw. s]¨ a’y- ß ƒ BZyw ct≠m aqt∂m ap´-Iƒ \¬Inb- X n- \ p- t ijw ap´- I ƒ kq£n- ° m\p≈ Bä-’y-Øns‚ Ignhp ]cntim-[n-°pw. CjvS-s∏-´m¬ _m°nbp≈ ap´- I ƒ Bä- ’ y- Ø n\p kz¥w. CjvSs - ∏-ń-s√-¶n¬ s]äo≥ thsd Bäo-\ns\ tXSn-t∏m-Ipw. F∂m¬ \√-hÆw Ip™ns\ t\m°m≥ Ign-hp≈ Bä-’ysØ Hcp s]ä’yw Xnc-s™-Sp-Øm¬ ]ns∂ _m°n s]ä-’y-ß-sf√mw B Bä-’ysØ kz¥-am-°m≥ {ian°pw F∂p ]T-\-ßƒ sXfn-bn°p-∂p. ta‰v tNmbvkv tIm∏n-bnßv F∂mWv Cu kz`m-h-hn-tijw Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. s]ä-’y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXykvX-amWv an° a’y-h¿K-ß-fnepw Bä- ’ y- ß - f psS A`n- c p- N n- I ƒ. ChnsS GI ]Xv\o-{h-X-°m¿ hfsc Ipd- h m- W v . F∂m¬ IqSp- ≠ m°n Ip™p-ßsf t\m°p∂ Xcw Bä’yßƒ D≈ P\p-kp-I-fn¬, DZm-lc-W-ambn ss^‰nßv ^njv, ]≈-Øn, Icn-ao≥ F∂o a’y-ß-fn¬ Bä’y-ßƒ hfsc ske-IvSohv BWv. henb hbdpw \√ hen-∏hpw D≈ s]¨ a’y-ßƒ°mWv Cu P\p n¬ Unam‚ v. CXm-bn-cp∂p \Ωƒ a\p-jy-cnse kv{Xo kuμcy k¶ev]w F¶n¬ \ΩpsS hniz-kp-μcn- a m- c psS cq]w Fß- s \- b n- c n°pw F∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv ck-I-c-am-Wv. _p≤n-]-c-ambn IeymWw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂h - cpw a’y-ßf - n-ep-≠v. DZm-l-

A¬jn-tagvkv Unkokpw _m[n® a’y-ßsf kq£n-®n-´p-≠v. am{X-a√ Fen-I-fn¬ tcmK-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xpt]mse a’y-ß-fn¬ at\m-tcm-K-ßƒ D≠m- ° m- \ p≈ acp- ∂ p- I fpw C∂p imkv{X-tem-IØv e`y-am-Wv. IqSmsX `bw, hnjmZw XpS-ßnb tcmK-ßƒ°v a\p-jy-\n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]e acp∂p-Ifpw a’y-ß-fnepw ^e-h-ØmsW∂pw AØcw acp∂p e`n-°p∂ a’y-tcm-Kn-I-fpsS kz`mh sshI-eyß-fn¬ Bim-h-l-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp∂-Xmbpw kb≥kv XpS-ßnb {]apJ imkv{X {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ tcJ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

FXn¿hm-Z-ßƒ°p ka-b-ambn

a’y-ß-fn¬ Ah-t_m-[-e-£-W-ß-fp-s≠∂pw Cs√∂pw hniz-kn-°p∂ imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS hmZsØ ka¿∞n-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ Kth-j-W-ßfn¬ IqSp-X¬ hym]-cn-°p-∂-XmWv Ign™ ]Øp h¿j Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. XXv^-eambn [mcmfw a’y-h¿K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]pØ≥ Adnhp-Iƒ temI-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ shfn-s∏-´p. c- W - a mbn \ntbm- e mw- t {]m- t em- K kv F∂ t]cp≈ Icn-ao≥ h¿KØn¬s∏´ a’y-ß-fn¬ c≠v s]¨a’y- ß ƒ XΩn¬ t]mcp- ≠ m- b m¬ B¨a- ’ y- ß ƒ ]cn- N - b - a n- √ mØ s]Æns‚ ]£w ]nSn®v Ahsf kz¥-am-°pw.

enwK-am‰w : ikv{X-{Inb th≠ enwK-am‰ ikv{X-{Inbm cwK-Øp≠mb \qX\ kt¶-X-ß-fpsS Bhn¿`m- h - t Øm- s S, a\p- j y- \ n¬ BWv s]Æm-Ip-∂Xpw s]Æv BWmIp-∂Xpw hen-sbmcp hm¿Ø A√mXm-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Nne-bn\w a’yßƒ kml- N - c y- Ø n- \ - \ p- k - c n®v BWmtbm s]Æmtbm amdm-dp-≠v. \s´-√p≈ Pohn-I-fn¬ A{X-sbm∂pw km[m- c - W - a - √ mØ Cu {]Xn- ` m- k Øn\v DØa DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv ]hng-∏p-‰p-I-fnepw eKq-Wp-I-fnepw a‰pw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ¢u¨^njv (Clown fish) F∂ a’y-ßƒ. jo]vkvslUv dmkv (Sheepshead wrasse) F∂ a’y- Ø ns‚ kwLØn¬\n∂v GsX-¶nepw Imc-W-h-

im¬ B¨ a’y-ßƒ Ipd-™m¬ kwL-Ønse G‰hpw henb s]ä’yw {ItaW Bä- ’ yambn amdp-Ibpw a‰p s]ä-’y-ßfn¬ _oPm-[m\w \SØn {]Xyp-Xv]mZ\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. AtX-kabw Nne-bn\w a’y-h¿K-ß-fn¬ a‰v Bä-’y-ßt- fmSv Pbn-°mt\m CWIsf Is≠- Ø mt\m Ign- b msX t]mIp∂ Bä-’y-ßƒ s]ä’y-ßf - mbn amdp-∂Xpw ImWm≥ Ignbp-sa∂v {]apJ {_nójv a’y-imkv{X-⁄\ - mb B≥ aKp-cm≥ km£ys∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ao\n\v {`m¥m-bm¬ F¥psNøpw a’y-ß-fn¬ at\m-\ne sX‰p∂ Ah-ÿ-Iƒ km[m-c-W-am-sW∂pw at\m-tcm-K- K-thjWß-fn¬ arK-am-XrI-I-fmbn a’y-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°msa∂pw sh¬°w {SÃnse imkv{X⁄-cmb s_Ãpw B¬tU¿´\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ k¶o¿W-amb at\m-tcm-Ka - mb kv{Iotkm-{^o-\n-bbpw

kwKXn Cßs\sbms°-bm-sW¶nepw a’y-ßsf a\p-jy-\p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂X - ns\ FXn¿°p∂ imkv{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-ap-≠v. Ah¿ {][m\-ambpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ Imcyw a\p-jy-s\-t∏mse ka-{K-amb Hcp Nn¥m-co-Xntbm `mjtbm a’y-ß-fnen√ F∂-Xm-Wv. am{X-a√ a\p-jy\n¬ GtIm-]n-X-co-Xn-bn¬ ImW-s∏Sp∂ kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ hyXykvX a’y-h¿K-ßf - n-embn NnX-dn-°n-S° - p-Ibm-sW-∂p-≈Xpw Ch¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn°p-∂p. IqSmsX \s´-√p≈ P¥p-°fpsS ]cn- W m- a - Ø ns‚ BZy- Z - i bn¬Øs∂ th¿s∏-´p-t]mb c≠p Nn√- I - f nse Pohn- I - f mb a\p- j ys\bpw a’y- ß - s fbpw Xpe\w sNøm≥ apXn- c p- ∂ Xv kml- k - a msW∂pw Cu hn`mKw imkv{X-⁄¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p Pohn-Ifpw Nn¥n-°p-∂p≠v F∂p≈ hkvXp-X-IfpsS {]Nmcw AØcw Pohn- I sf Irjn sNøp-∂-h-tcbpw `£-W-am-°p∂-h-tcbpw _m[n-°p-sa∂pw Ch¿ `b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a’y-ß-fn¬ Ah-t_m-[-e-£-Wß- f p- s ≠∂pw Cs√∂pw hniz- k n°p∂ imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS hmZsØ ka¿∞n-°m≥ th≠n-bp≈ Kth-jW - ß - f - n¬ IqSp-X¬ hym]-cn-°p∂-XmWv Ign™ ]Øp h¿j ImeL- ´ - Ø n¬ ImWm≥ Ign- b p- ∂ - X v . XXv^-e-ambn [mcmfw a’y-h¿K-ßsf-°p-dn®v ]pØ≥ Adn-hp-Iƒ temIØn-\p-ap-∂n¬ shfn-s∏-´p. Bim-h-lamb coXn-bn¬ Cu cwKØv \S-°p∂ ]co-£-W-ßƒ, a’y-ßƒ°pw a\pjy-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ am\-kn-I-hym-]mc-ß-fpt≠m C√tbm F∂p-≈-Xns‚ Nn{Xw hcpw Ime-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am°pw F∂p \ap°p {]Xo-£n-°mw. Pq¨ 2011

P\kwJymimkv{Xw tUm. tPmtam≥ amXyp

tIc-f-Ønse P\-kwJym {]h-W-X˛AY-hm,

P\-kwJym \nb-{¥-W-Øns‚

tIcf amXr-I tIc-fØ - nse P\-kwJym {]h-WX tZiob icm-ic - n-bn¬\n∂v Ht´sd hyXykvXX ]pe¿Øp∂ H∂m-Wv. km£-cXm \nc-°n-epw, kv{Xo]p-cp- jm-\p-]m-XØ - nepw, Ipd™ hf¿®m \nc-°nepw kwÿm\w tZio-bX - e - Ø - n¬ H∂m-aX - mbn XpScp-tºm-gpw, inip-°f - nse kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-XØ - nse Xncn-®p-t]m°v Bi-¶b - pW¿Øp-∂X - m-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, P\-kwJym hf¿®-bnepw \nb-{¥-WØ - nepw cmjv{S-Øn-\msI amXrI krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-Ib - mWv \ΩpsS sIm®ptIc-fw.

C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Ønse ]Xn-\-©m-atØXpw kzX{¥ C¥y-bnse Ggm-atØ-Xp-amb P\-kwJym IW-s°-Sp∏v 2011 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. sk≥k-kns‚ CS-°me dnt∏m¿´pw h∂p-I-gn-™p. hnI-knX cmPy-ß-tfmSp-Xs∂ InS-]n-Sn-°pw-hn-[-ap≈ tIc-fØns‚ P\-kwJym kqN-I-ß-fpsS ]pXnb {]h-WX hni-I-e\w sNtø≠Xv ChnsS A\n- h m- c y- a m- s W∂v tXm∂p- ∂ p. temI- P - \ - k w- J y- b n¬ c≠mwÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw H∂m-as - X-Øm\p≈ IpXn∏v C¥y XpS-cp-Ibpw Zih¿j P\-kwJym hf¿®m \nc°v imkv{X-KXn

Db¿∂p-Xs∂ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNøptºm-gpw, P\-kwJym \nb-{¥-WØ - ns‚ hyXn- c - ‡ - a m- s bmcp amXr- I - b mWv tIcfw krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. 2011 am¿®v 1\v, 00.00 aWn-°q¿ kqNnX ka-ba - mbn IW-°m-°p-tºmƒ tIc-f-Ønse P\-kwJy 3,33,87677-˛¬ FØn- \ n¬°p- ∂ p. 2001- ˛ ¬ CXv 3,18,41374 Bbn-cp-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, tIcf- Ø nse Zi- h ¿j- h - f ¿®m- \ n- c °v tZiob P\-kw-Jymhf¿®m-\n-c-°mb 17.64 iX-am-\-Øn-epw, BtKmf \nc°mb 12.97 iX-am-\-Ønepw hfsc Xmsg 4.86 iX-am\w am{X-am-Wv. CXv

1991-˛2001 Zi-IØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ 9.4 iXam-\-Øns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xmsg am{XamWv F∂Xpw FSpØp ]d-tb-≠-Xp≠v. kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ 6 ZiI-ßf - nse P\-kwJy Xmc-Xayw sNøpI-bm-sW-¶n¬, 1951-˛s\ At]-£n®v tIc-f-Ønse BsI P\-kwJy 2011˛¬ 2.3 aS-ßmbn h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - mbn ImWmw. CtX Ime-bf - h - n¬ C¥y-bnse samØw P\-kwJy 3.36 aS-ßmWv h¿≤n-®n-´p-≈X - v. P\-kwJy IqSp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v P\km-{μ-X-bnepw (Hcp NXp-c{i Intemao-‰¿ {]tZ-isØ P\-ß-fpsS FÆw)

P\-kwJym {]h-WX˛1951 apX¬ 2011 hsc. h¿jw

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

P\-kwJy (tIm-Sn-bn¬)

Zi-h¿j hf¿®m-\n-c°v

P\-km-{μX

kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-jm-\p ]mXw

km£-cX - m\nc°v

tIcfw

C¥y

tIcfw

C¥y

tIcfw

C¥y

tIcfw

C¥y

tIcfw

C¥y

1.45 1.69 2.13 2.54 2.91 3.18 3.34

36.11 43.92 54.81 68.33 84.64 102.87 121.02

˛˛-˛˛16.19 26.28 19.00 14.55 9.40 4.86

˛- ˛- ˛ 21.64 24.8 24.66 23.87 21.54 17.64

284 349 549 654 749 819 859

117 142 177 216 267 325 382

1028 1022 1016 1034 1036 1058 1084

946 941 930 934 927 933 940

47.18 55.08 69.75 78.85 89.81 90.92 93.91

18.33 28.3 34.45 43.45 52.21 64.83 74.04

Dd-hnSw: hnhn[ sk≥kkv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

h¿≤-\-hp-≠m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. 2011-˛se IW-°\ - p-kc - n®v tIc-fØ - nse P\-km-{μX 859 BWv. 2001-˛se 891-˛¬ \n∂v 40 t]cpsS hf¿® C°m-cy-Øn¬ t]mb ZiIw tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p. F∂m¬ tZiobXe-Øn¬ P\-km-{μX tIc-fsØ At]-£n®v ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xmsg am{X-am-W˛-v N - X - p-c{i Intem-ao-‰d- n¬ 382 t]¿. tIc-f-Øn¬ Be-∏p-gsb ]n¥≈n Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√ (1509 t]¿) P\-km-{μ-Xb - n¬ H∂m-as - XØn F∂ {]tXy-IX - bpw Cu sk≥k-kn\p-≠v. kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-XØ - nse amXrIm-]c - a - mb apt∂-‰a - mWv FSp-Øp-]d - tb≠ as‰mcp hkvXp-X. C¥y-bnse as‰√m kwÿm-\ß - f - n-sebpw kv{Xo]pcp-jm-\p-]mXw s\K-‰ohv Bbn XpS-cptºmgpw tIc-f-Øn-eXv 1000 ]pcp-j∑m¿°v 1084 kv{XoIƒ F∂ \nc-°nem-Wv. BtKmf icm-ic - n-bmb 984-˛t\°m-fpw, tZiob icm-ic - n-bmb 940˛t\°mfpw _lp-Zqcw ap∂n-emWv tIc-f-

Ønse kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-Xw. A¥¿tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn¬ djy≥ sÛ-td-j\ - n¬ (1167) am{X-amWv tIcf-tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂ kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p]mXw D≈-X.v P∏m≥ (1055), bp.-Fk - .v F (1025) F∂o cmPy-ßƒ°p-t]mepw tIcf-tØ-°mƒ Xmgv∂ A\p-]mXw am{Xta Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≈q. tIc-fØnse Db¿∂ kmaq-lnI Aht_m[Øn-s‚-bpw, kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj Xpey-Xb - neq-sS-bp≈ kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\-Øns‚bpw Hcp {]Xn-ê - \ - a - mbn Db¿∂ kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-XsØ hne-bn-cpØm≥ Ign-bpw. F∂m¬ òZn-Xa - m-sbmcp adp-hiw IqSn CXn-\p-≠v. tIc-fØ - nse 6 hbkn\v Xmsg-bp≈ Ipń-If - psS FÆw ImWn-°p-∂Xv hyXy-kvXa - mb as‰mcp {]h-WX - b - m-Wv. 2011-˛se IW-°\ - p-kcn®v inip-˛k - {v Xo-]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw A{Xsbm∂pw Xr]vXn-Ic - a - √ - m-Øh - n[w 1000 BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v 960 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ F∂ \nc-°n-em-Wv. 2001-˛se sk≥k-

kn¬ CXv 959 Bbn-cp-∂p. AtX kabw, tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ inip-°-fnse kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw 2001-˛se 927-˛¬ \n∂v 2011-˛¬ 914 Bbn Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ antkm-dmamWv (971) C°m-cy-Øn¬ anIhp ]pe¿Øp-∂X - v. tIcfw F°m-ehpw A`n-am-\n-°p∂ as‰mcp kqNIw Db¿∂ km£-cXm \nc-°m-W.v kzmX{¥y e_v[n°ptijw kwÿm\w ssIh-cn® kmaq-lnI apt∂-‰Ø - ns‚ IqSn {]Xn-^e - \ - a - mWv h¿≤n® km£-cX - m-\n-c°v F∂v \nkwibw ]d-bmw. 2011-˛se P\-kwJym IW°-\p-kc - n®v tIc-fØ - nse km£-cXm \nc°v 93.91 iX-am-\a - m-W.v CXv 2001-˛s\ At]-£n®v 3 iX-am\w IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. FSpØp]d- t b≠ Hcp {]tXy- I X km£-cXm \nc-°nse Ipd-™p-hc - p∂ ]pcp-j˛- kv{Xo A¥-ca - m-Wv. tZio-bX - e-Øn¬ Cu A¥cw 16.68 iX-am-\ap≈t∏mƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ CXv shdpw 4.04 iX-am\w am{X-ambn Ipd-™n-´p-≠.v km£-cX - b - n¬ \mtasd Du‰w sIm≈ptºm-gpw, C¥y-bn¬ Db¿∂ km£-cX t\Snb BZy c≠v Pn√-Iƒ, A{Xsbm∂pw hnI-k\w Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sm-\n√mØ hS-°p-In-g° - ≥ kwÿm-\a - mb antkm-dm-an-emWv F∂ Imcyw \sΩ Nn¥n-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse P\kwJym {]h-WX tZiob icm-i-cnbn¬\n∂v Ht´sd hyXy- k v X X ]pe¿Øp∂ H∂m-Wv. km£-cXm \nc°n-epw, kv{Xo]p-cp- jm-\p-]m-XØ - n-epw, Ipd™ hf¿®m \nc- ° nepw kwÿm\w tZio-bX - e - Ø - n¬ H∂m-aXmbn XpS-cp-tºm-gpw, inip-°-fnse kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-X-Ønse Xncn-®pt]m°v Bi-¶-bp-W¿Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂m-epw, P\-kwJym hf¿®bnepw \nb-{¥-WØ - nepw cmjv{S-Øn\msI amXrI krjvSn-®n-cn-°p-Ib - mWv \ΩpsS sIm®p tIc-fw. Pq¨ 2011

imkv{Xw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

4.1 bqtdm-∏nse imkvt{Xm-Zbw ùXnIimkv{Xw F∂Xv BXy-¥n-Iambn {]Ir-Xn-bnse ASp°pw {Iahpw a\- n- e m- ° m- \ p≈ {ia- a m- W - t √m. AXn\v Nne ASn- ÿ m\ D]- I cWßƒ IqSntb Xocq. A°q-´Ø - n¬ IW°pw Pyman-Xnbpw am{X-a√ Zqchpw ka- b hpw Af- ° m- \ p≈ Nn´- I fpw s]Spw. Ch- s b√mw Xs∂ CuPn]vXnepw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnepw cq]s∏-ń-cp∂p F∂v ImWmw. Hcp-]mSv Hcp]mSv hnh-c-ßƒ Ah¿ tiJ-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ahbn¬\n∂v kmam-\y-hX - I v c - W - Ø - n-eqsS imkv{Xw DS-se-Sp-°p∂ A¤pXw AhnsS kw`-hn-®n-√. CuPn-]vXnepw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnepw [mcmfw hnhc-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-s∂-¶nepw Adn-hn-\p-th≠n Adnhv F∂ coXnbpw AXns‚ kn≤m-¥-h-XvI-cWhpw AhnsS hnI-kn-®n-√. AXp-≠mimkv{X-KXn

bXv CuPn-b≥ IS-tem-csØ sIm®p sIm®p {Ko°v tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Bbn-cp∂p. CuPn-]vXnepw _m_ntemWn-bbnepw C√m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Cu {Ko°v tImf-\n-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb LSIw F¥mWv? Hcp ]s£ AXv A£-c-am-ebne[njvTn-X-amb FgpØpw AXn-eqsS km[y-amb Adnhns‚ efn-X-h-XvI-c-Whpw Bbn-cn°mw. AtXmsS FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS \ocm-fn-∏n-Sn-ØØn¬\n∂v hntam-Nn-X-am-bn. as‰mcp ImcWw Xmc-Xt- ay\ ]pØ≥ Iq‰p-Imcmb {Ko°p-Im¿ a‰v sh¶e bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-t∏mse A‘-hn-izmk-ßƒ°v ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂Xp-am-Imw. GXm-bmepw Hcp Imcyw Dd∏v: {Ko°p-Im¿ tZim-S-\-°m-cmb hWn-°p-Ifpw I∏-tem-´-°mcpw Bbncp-∂p. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿°p kl-P-

amb Xpd∂ a\ pw ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp≈ Iºhpw kml-kn-I-Xbpw Ah¿°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e ]e kwkvIm-c-ßtfm- S p≈ ASp- ∏ hpw ]cn- N - b hpw Ahsc ]pXnb coXn-I-fn¬ Nn¥n°m\pw [oc-amb ]co-£-W-ßƒ \SØm\pw AtX kabw Xs∂ ]g-a-Ifn¬ IpSpßn°nS-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw Ignhp-≈-h-cm-°n.

4.2 Atbm-Wnb: {Ko°v kb≥kns‚ BZy Inc- W - ß ƒ Atbm-Wn-b≥ kvIqƒ Ct∏m- g sØ Xp¿°n- b psS ]Sn™mtd `mKØv saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ ISen-te°v X≈n \n¬°p∂ D]-Zzo-]n\v Gjym ssa\¿ B\-s‰m-fnb F∂pamWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu Xoc-tØmSv tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-ens‚ `mK-amWv CuPn-b≥ ko.

B\-s‰m-fn-bb - n¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ {Ko°v tImf-\n-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hm-bp≈ t]cmbn-cp∂p Atbm-Wn-b. bh\ kwkvIrXn-bpsS hf¿®-bn¬ henb ]¶mWv Atbm-Wnb hln-®-Xv. anse-‰- nse sXbv enkv [Thales of Miletus] Atbm-Wn-b-bn¬ s]´ anse-‰kv F∂ \K-c-Øn¬ P\n® sXbv enkv (D. 625- ˛ 524 {In.- a p.) Bbn- c p∂p {Koknse BZysØ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ imkv { X- ⁄ ≥. ta¬ kqNn- ∏ n® tbmKy-XI - s - f√mw At±-lØ - n¬ XnI™n-cp∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. Hcp I®-hS-°m-cs - \∂ \ne-bn¬ At±lw CuPn]vXnepw _m_n-tem-Wn-bb - nepw Hs° bm{X sNbvXv Ahn-Sß - f - nse {]mNo\ hn⁄m-\ß - s - f√mw lrZnÿw B°nbn- c p- ∂ - t {X. CuPn- ] vXn¬\n∂v At±lw PymanXn ]Tn-®p. satkms∏mtán-b-bn¬ \n∂pt\-Snb tPymXn»mkv{X hn⁄m\w h®v At±lw {Kl-W-ßƒ {]h-Nn®v {Ko°p-Im-cpsS A¤p-Xm-Z-c-ßƒ ]nSn®p ]‰n [1]. cmPy-X-{¥-⁄\pw F≥Pn-\o-bdpw _nkn- \ - p- I m- c \pw XXz- i m- k v { X⁄\pw KWn-X-⁄\pw tPymXn-imkv{X-⁄\pw Hs° IqSn-t®¿∂ Hcp _p≤n-cm-£-k≥ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ]e AXn-_p-≤n-am-∑m-scbpw t]mse At±-lhpw henb ad-hn-°mc-\m-bn-cp-∂-t{X. Hcn-°¬ am\-Øpt\m°n \S∂ At±lw Hcp InW-‰n¬ hoWXpw AXns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp Zmkn s]Æv At±-lsØ Ifn-bm-°n-bXpw tπt‰m hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. AsX-ß-s\bm-bmepw At±-l-Øn\v \√ _nkn\ v IÆv D≠m- b n- c p∂p F∂Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv. Hcp kok-Wn¬ \√ Heohv hnfhp ap≥Iqń I≠ At±lw \mń-ep≈ Heohv t{] p-I-sf√mw Icm¿ FSp-Øp. Aßs\ IpØI ssIh- i - s ∏- S p- Ø nb sXbv eokv Heohv Bń FÆ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p sXbv enkv

CuPn-]vXnepw _m_ntemWn-b-bnepw C√m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Cu {Ko°v tImf-\n-I-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb LSIw F¥mWv? Hcp ]s£ AXv A£-c-amebne[njvTn-X-amb FgpØpw AXn-eqsS km[y-amb Adn-hns‚ efn-X-h-XvI-c-Whpw Bbn-cn-°mw. AtXmsS FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS \ocmfn-∏n-Sn-Ø-Øn¬\n∂v hntam-Nn-X-am-bn. as‰mcp ImcWw Xmc-X-tay\ ]pØ≥ Iq‰p-Im-cmb {Ko°p-Im¿ a‰v sh¶e bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-sft∏mse A‘-hn-izm-kßƒ°v ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp∂n√ F∂-Xp-am-Imw.

tπt‰m

sIm≈ hmSI Bh-iy-s∏´v h≥em`w sImbvXp-ht- {X. (2) 582-˛-C¬ At±-lsØ {Koknse Ggp alm ⁄m\n-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmbn sXc-s™-Sp-ØX - mbn tcJ-bp-≠v. sXbv enkv˛s‚ {KŸ-ß-sfm∂pw Ah-ti-jn-®n-´n-√. F¶nepw Pyman-Xnbnse Nne ASn- ÿ m\ XXzßƒ At±lw BWv BZy-ambn \n¿h-Nn®Xv F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm: 1. GXp hrØhpw AXns‚ tI{μ-ØneqsS t]mIp∂ GXp tcJ-bm-bmepw c≠p Xpey `mK-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏Sp- ∂ p. 2. Hcp ka- ` pP {XntIm- W Øns‚ IogvtIm-Wp-Iƒ c≠pw Xpeyw Bbn-cn-°pw. 3. c≠v EPp tcJ-Iƒ JWvUn-°p-tºmƒ hn]-coX tImWpIƒ Xpeyw Bbn- c n- ° pw. 4. Hcp {XntIm-WØ - ns‚ ]mZhpw ]m¿iz-tImWp-Ifpw \n¿±n-jvSa - m-bm¬ {XntImWw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-Spw. CXn-\p- ]p-dta, Hcp A¿≤-hr-ØØ - nse tIm¨ a´w Bbncn°pw F∂pw At±-l-Øn\p Adn-bmam-bn-cp-∂-t{X. CuPn-]vXnse alm ]nc- a n- U ns‚ Dbcw AXns‚ \ngens‚ \of-Øn¬\n∂v sXbv enkv KWn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xmbn as‰mcp bh\ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb πq´m¿°v ]d-bp-∂p≠v. AXv icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ kam\ {XntIm-Wß - f - psS Af-hp-Iƒ B\p-]mXnIw BsW∂ \nb-ahpw Ct±-lØn\p ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v IcpXmw. BIr- X nbpw hnkvXo¿Whpw hym]vXhpw kw_- ‘ n® CuPn]vjy≥ Pyman-Xn-bn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXambn CsX√mw hc-I-fpsS PymanXn BsW∂v ImWmw. as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d- ™ m¬ PymanXn Hcp tIhe imkv{X-ambn hnI-kn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp ]t£ sXbv enkv- ˛ s‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m- h \ {]]© {]Xn- ` m- k - ß ƒ°v anØp- I - f nepw ssZhn-I-Xz-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-a-√m-

sltdmtUm´kv

ss]XtKmdkv

Pq¨ 2011

lnt∏m{Im‰kv

A\mIv k nam≠¿

Ø, XnI®pw `uXn-I-am-b, hymJym-\ßƒ \¬Im≥ At±lw Xbm-dmbn F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. AXn-eqsS At±lw Atbm-Wn-b≥ Z¿i-\-im-Jbv°v cq]w \¬In. {]]©w BZn-bn¬ Pe-abw Bbn-cp-s∂∂pw kIe {]]-©hpw sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn®p F∂pw At±lw kn≤m-¥n-®p. F√m hkvXp°ƒ°pw aq∂v Ah-ÿ-Iƒ D≠v: a™v-˛-sh-≈w-˛-`q-an. (Mist, Water and Earth.] Hcp ]t£, Jcw, {Zhw, hmXIw F∂ aq∂v Ah- ÿ - I ƒ Bbn- c n°mw At±lw Dt±- i n- ® - X v . Hc¿∞-Øn¬ {]]-©-Øn\p B[m-camb "`qX-ßsf' tXSn-bp≈ At\z-jW- Ø ns‚ Bcw`w Bbn- c n°mw ChnsS ImWp- ∂ - X v . Fs¥- ∂ m¬ ASpØ Atbm-Wn-b≥ Zm¿i\nI≥ Bb A\mIv k nam≥U¿ (Anaximander-c.611-585 B.C.) `qan, Pew, hmbp F∂nhbv ° v ]pdta A·n IqSn hkvXp°fpsS ASnÿm\ LSIw BWv F∂v kn≤m¥n®p. am{Xa√, Chbvs°√mw Xs∂ aqehpw k¿hhym]nbpw kq£v a hpw Bb Hcp B[mc XXzsØ°qSn At±lw k¶ev]n®p. `mcXob Z¿i\ßfn¬ BImiw F∂pw ]m›mXy Z¿i\ßfn¬ CuX¿ F∂pw hnfn°s∏Sp∂ "`qX'Øns‚ DZbw Bbn CXns\ IW°m°mw. AtXmsS bh\ Z¿i\ßfnse "]©`qXßfpw' XnI™p. A\mIvknam≥U¿ Hcp ]cnWmahmZn Bbncp∂p F∂p ]dbmw. F√m PohPmeßfpw sh≈Øn¬\n∂mWv h∂sX∂pw BZn Pohn a’ycq]n Bbncp∂ncn°Ww F∂pw At±lw hmZn®p. PohnIƒ C∂sØ cq]Øn¬-Xs∂ F°mehpw D≠mbncp∂p F∂ kn≤m¥Øn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Ahbv°v Ime{IaØn¬ cq] ]cnWmaw kw`hn®n´p≠mImw F∂ Bibw BZyambn {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv imkv{X-KXn

B¿ssI‰mkv

ChnsSbmWv. CXns\√mw ]pdta, A\mIvknam≥U¿ A∂v Adnbs∏´ncp∂ `qhn`m- K ßƒ F√mw tN¿∂ Hcp `q]Shpw cNn°pIbp≠mbn. AtbmWnb≥ ]cºcbnse aq∂masØ IÆnbmb A\mIvkn-sas\kv Anaximenes, C.550-475 B.C.) hmbp BWv {]]©Øns‚ ASnÿm\ B[mcsa∂pw as‰√m hkvXp°fpw AXn¬\n∂v D≠mbXmsW∂pw ]Tn∏n®p. L\o`hn®pw Bhnbmbpw hmbphns‚ km{μX amdn AXn¬\n∂mWv a‰p hkv X p°ƒ D¤hn°p∂Xv F∂v At±lw hmZn®p. F∂m¬ B ]cºcbnse ASpØ {]apJ ]Wv U nX\mb slcm¢n‰kns‚ (Heraclitusm P\\w F^ok n¬, Imew: D.535˛475 _n.kn.) A`n{]mbØn¬ A·nbmWv F√mØns‚bpw aqew. ÿncX AbYm¿∞w BsW∂pw am‰w BWv bmYm¿∞yw F∂pw Bbncp∂p At±lØns‚ Z¿i\w. ""F√mw HgpIp∂p, H∂pw ÿncambn \n¬°p∂n√'' At±lw ]d™p. ""Hcmƒ°v Hcn°epw Htc \Zn c≠pXhW IS°m≥ Ignbn√'' F∂ {]kn≤amb hN\hpw At±lØn-t‚XmWv.

ss]XtKmdmkns‚ KpcpIpew \ΩpsS kv I qƒ Ip´nIƒ°pt]mepw Adnbmhp∂ t]cmWv ss]XtKmdmkv Pythagoras 580-500 B.C. ]t£ At±lØns‚ PohnXsØ Ipdn®p \ap°v hfsc°pd®p Imcyßsf Adnbq. Gjym ssa\dnt\mSv tN¿∂p InS°p∂ kmtamkv (samos) Zzo]n-embncp∂p P\\w. sNdp∏Øn¬ CuPn]vXnepw ]uckvXy tZißfnep-sams° Hcp]mSv bm{X sNbvXXmbpw AXn\ptijw _n.kn. 530˛¬ sX°≥ C‰enbnse t{Im´≥ F∂ {Ko°v tImf\nbn¬ Hcp KpcpIpew ÿm]n-

eqkns∏

®-Xmbpw IcpXs∏Sp∂p. AhnsS HcpXcw B{ia PohnXamWv At±lhpw injycpw ]n≥XpS¿∂Xv. kv{Xo]pcpjsc√mw Xpey\nebn¬ AwKoIcn°s∏´ B KpcpIpeØn¬ ⁄m\ kºmZ\hpw {]NmcWhpw Bbncp∂p apJy ZuXyw. kmXznIamb Pohn-XØneqsS P\\ acW N{IØn¬\n∂v hntamN\w t\Smw F∂v Ah¿ hnizkn®p. Zm¿i\nI k]cybpw aX]camb A\pjvTm\ßfpw IqSn°e¿∂Xmbncp∂p AhcpsS NcyIƒ. Ahsc Nqgv∂p\n∂ KqVmflIX Ah¿°v [mcmfw i{Xp°sf D≠m°n. {]mtbmKnI cmjv{Sob-Ønepw Ah¿ CSs]ńcp∂p. HSphn¬ AXmWv Ah¿°v hn\bmbXv. G‰hpw \√ A¿∞Øn¬ t{ijvT∑mcpsS `cWw BWv Ah¿ \n¿t±in®Xv. CXv P\m[n]Xy t{]anIfmb {Ko°pIm¿°v cpNn®n√. "P\m[n]XyhmZnIfmb' Bƒ°q´w AhcpsS tImf\n B{Ian®p Xobns´∂pw BNmcy≥ Xs∂ Smsc≠ew F∂ ÿetØ°v ]emb\w sNbvXXmbpw BWv IY. kzØpw Adnhpw F√mw ]¶phbv ° - s ∏ńcp∂ B "IwayqWn¬' I¿i\amb clkymflIX \ne\n∂n-cp∂p. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ KWnX imkv { X]camb I≠p]nSnØ- ß fpsSt]mepw AhIminIsf \n¿Wbn°m≥ {]bmkamWv. ss]XtKmd ns‚ t]cnep≈ {]kn≤amb kn≤m-¥Øns‚ I¿XrXzhpw hmkvXhØn¬ k∂nKv ≤ at{X. KWnXØn\p s]mXpshbpw kwJyIƒ°p hntijn®pw Ah¿ aX]camb ]cnthjw \¬In. H∂v, c≠v, aq∂v, \mev XpSßnb FÆ¬ kwJyIƒ°v Ah¿ _nμp, tcJ, {XntImWw, NXp¿`pPw F∂nßs\ PymanXob cq]- ß ƒ k¶ev ] n®p. kwJyIƒ XΩn-ep≈ ]ehn[ ]ckv]c _‘-

ßƒ Ah¿ Is≠Øn Ahbn¬ A`ncan®p. Iºn hmZyßƒ k, cn, K, a...... F∂nßs\bp≈ kzcßƒ ]pds∏Sphn°ptºmƒ AhbpsS IºnIfpsS ssZ¿Lyßƒ XΩnep≈ A\p]mXw FÆ¬ kwJyIfpsS A\p]mXØnemsW∂Xv Ahsc A¤pX ]cX{¥cm°n. IºnbpsS ]Zm¿∞w F¥pamIs´, AXv ao´p∂Xv BcpamIs´, I¿Wm\μ-Ic-amb kzcßƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ IºnIfpsS ssZ¿Lyw ]q¿W-kwJy-IfpsS A\p]mXØn¬ Bbncn°pw! kwKoX-Øns‚ A¥ Ø kwJym-flIw BsW∂v Is≠Ønb Ah¿ kzm`mhnIambpw tNmZn®ncn°mw, ""F¶n¬ F¥psIm≠v a‰p≈hbpw kwJymflIw Bbn°qSm?'' Aßs\ Ah¿ {]]©w kwJymflIw BsW∂ \nKa\Øn¬ FØn. ]q¿W kwJyIfpsS ZnhyXzØn¬ hnizkn® Ah¿°v ss]XtKmdkv Xodw hgn shfnhmb Root 2, Root 3, XpS- ß nb irrational numbers sNdpX√mØ PmfyX BWp≠m°nbXv . {]IrXnbpsS Cu clkyw I≠p]nSn® sa‰mt]m¿j\nse ln∏mtkmkv Ah¿°v A\`naX\mbXn¬ A¤pXan√. HSphn¬ ISen¬ hoWv

A]ISacWw {]m]n®t∏mƒ Abmƒ°v "Int´≠Xv In´n' F∂pt]mepw Ah¿ ]d™p\S∂t{X. Zo¿L NXpcsØ kaNXpcw B°pI (X∂n´p≈ Zo¿L NXpcØn\v Xpey hnkvXrXnbp≈ NXpcw \n¿an°pI) ss]XtKmdnb∑mcpsS t\´w Bbn IW°m°s∏Sp∂p. CØcw KWnX tIfnIfn¬ Ah¿°v _lp Iºw Bbncp∂p. hrØsØ kaNXpcw B°pI (Hcp hrØØn\p Xpey hnkvXrXnbp≈ Hcp kaNXpcw \n¿an°pI) Bbncp∂p AhcpsS ASpØ e£yw. CXv PymanXobambn Akm[yamWv. F¶nepw CXdnbmØ F{Xsb{X bph ss]XtKmdnb∑m¿ CXn\mbn Dd°anf®n´p≠mImw! AXpt]mse, ka`pP I´Ifpw AhcpsS IuXpIw B¿Pn®p. \mev ka`pP {XntIm-Wßfm¬ \n¿anXamb tetrahedron, Bdp kaNXpcßfm¬ \n¿anXamb kaNXpc°´ (cube), F´p ka`pP {XntImWßƒ tN¿∂p≠mIp∂ octahedron, Ccp]Xp ka`pP {XntImWßƒ tN¿∂p≠mIp∂ icosahedron, ]ns∂ Ahkm\ambn ]{¥≠p ka]©`pPßƒ (pentagons) tN¿∂p≠mIp∂ dodecahedron. AtXmsS

sXbv enkv-˛s‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h\ {]]© {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ°v anØp-I-fnepw ssZhn-I-Xz-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-a-√m-Ø, XnI®pw `uXn-I-am-b, hymJym-\ßƒ \¬Im≥ At±lw Xbm-dmbn F∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw. AXn-eqsS At±lw Atbm-Wn-b≥ Z¿i-\-imJbv°v cq]w \¬In. {]]©w BZn-bn¬ Pe-abw Bbn-cp-s∂∂pw kIe {]]-©hpw sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn®p F∂pw At±lw kn≤m-¥n-®p.

ka`pPßƒ tN¿∂p≠mIp∂ IÍfpsS KWw ]q¿Ønbm°p∂p F∂v C∂v \ap°dnbmw. ss]XtKmdnb≥ Z¿i\Øm¬ kzm[o\n°s∏´ Hcp {][m\ XXz imkv{X⁄≥ Bbncp∂ FºntSm¢nkv (Empedocles, c.490-430 B.C) P\n®Xv knknenbnse B{KnsP‚w (Agrigentum) F∂ ÿeØv Bbncp∂p. {]]t©mXv]Ønsb Ipdn®p≈ ]cnWmamflI kn≤m¥w BWv At±lsØ {it≤b≥ B°p∂Xv. {]]©w Bcw`n®Xv \mev `qXßfpsS k¶pe an{inXØn¬ \n∂mWv F∂v At±lw kn≤m¥n®p. AXn¬ \n∂v BZyw hmbp th¿Xncn™p. ]ns∂ A·n, `qan, Ahkm\w Pew F∂nhbpw th¿Xncn™p. BImiw hmbphn¬\n∂pw kqcy≥ A·nbn¬\n∂pw _m°n a\pjy\pƒs∏sSbp≈ NcmNcßƒ tijn®hbn¬\n∂pw cq]w sIm≠p. {]ImiØn\p AXn- { ZpXw F¶nepw ¢n]v X amb thKX Ds≠∂p≈ At±lØns‚ kn≤m¥hpw {it≤bw Xs∂. F¶nepw \mw hkvXp°sf ImWp-∂Xv \ΩpsS IÆn¬\n∂pw ]pds∏Sp∂ Zrjv S n civ a nIƒ ]Zm¿∞ßfn¬ ]Xn®n´v BWv F∂ hnIeamb A`n{]mbw BWv apt∂m´p h®Xv. tπt‰mbpsS kaImenI\pw kplrØpw Bbncp∂ B¿ssI‰m pw (Archytas:428-347B.C) ss]XtKm-dm- n\m¬ hfsc kzm[o\n°s∏ńcp∂p. sX°≥ knknenbnse Smsc≠Øn¬ P\n® At±lw Zo¿LImew AhcpsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´ P\d¬ Bbncp∂p. tπt‰mbpsS {]kn≤amb XXzNn¥I≥ Bb cmPmhv (Philosopher King) F∂ k¶ev]Øn\v Ct±lw Bbncp∂ncn°mw amXrItbm {]tNmZ\tam BbXv F∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂p. imkv{XNcn{X-Øn¬ At±lØns‚ ÿm\w KWnXob _eX{¥Øns‚ (Mathe-matical Mechanics) ]nXmhv F∂ \nebnemWv. I∏nbpsS (Pulley) _eX{¥w At±lamWv BhnjvIc - n®Xv. ]d°pw ]£n Dƒs∏sS ]eXcØnep≈ b{¥ßfpw bm{¥nI Ifn∏m´ßfpw At±lw \n¿an®Xmbn ]n¬°me tdma≥ F©n\ob¿ Bb hn{Sqhnbkv (Vitruvius) ]dbp∂p≠v. PymanXnbnse At±lØns‚ {]i-kvX kw`mh\ Iyq_ns‚ Ccń∏n-°¬ BWv. [3]

]camWp kn≤m¥w {Kokn¬ anse‰knse

eyqkn∏ pw At±-

(Leucippus of Miletus:c.440 B.C.)

Pq¨ 2011

l-Øns‚ injy\mb sUtam{In‰ pw ( Democritus, c.470-400 B.C.) BWv {Kokn¬ ]camWp kn≤m¥Øn\p kzoImcyX \¬InbXv. B‰w F∂ hm°n\pXs∂ ]nf¿°m≥ ]‰mØXv F∂mWv A¿∞w. sRcp°m≥ IgnbmØ, ]nf¿°m≥ ]‰mØ, \mian√mØ, A¥na LSIßsf-s°m≠m-Wv kIe ]Zm¿∞ßfpw \n¿an°s∏´Xv. AØcw ]camWp°fpw Ahbv ° nSbnse iq\yXbpamWv {]]©Øns‚ kz`mhw. ]camWp-°ƒ°v am‰w kw`hn°p∂n√, AhbpsS Ne\hpw hn\ymkhpw am{Xta amdp∂p≈q. CXmIs´ Hcp A\nhmcyXbpsS ^eamWv. Aßs\ {]]©w ]q¿h \n›b{]Imcw Nen°p∂ Hcp bm{¥nI kwhn[m\w Bbn amdp∂p. Aßs\ t]mbn AhcpsS ]camWp kn≤m¥w. Cu kn≤m¥w hy‡n\njvTamb CjvSm\njvSßfpw ImgvN∏mSpIfpw A{]k‡am°p∂p. Npcp°Øn¬ a\pjy \nct]£amb, a\pjy _mlyamb, {]IrXnsb Is≠Øn F∂v ]dbmw. sUtam{In‰kv FgpXn: ""km{ºZmbnI coXn A\pkcn®v a[pcw, Ibv]v, NqSv, XWp∏v, _lphn[ \ndßƒ CsXms°bp≠v. C{μnb tKmNcamb KpWßƒ D≠v . F∂m¬ bYm¿∞Øn¬ ]camWp°fpw iq\yXbpw am{Xta D≈q. Ah am{XamWv kXyw.'' B[p\nI ]camWp kn≤m¥hpambn CXn\p≈ kmayw bmZr›nIw am{XamsW∂v ]dtb≠Xn√t√m. ]co£Wßfntem sXfnhpIfntem A[njvTnXa√mØ, shdpw bp‡nsb am{Xw B{ibn®p≈ \nKa\ßƒ Bbncp∂p Chsb√mw. Zm¿i\nIambn CXv `uXnI hmZw Xs∂bmWv. kzX{¥ C—m i‡nsb CXv \ntj[n°p∂p. a\pjy≥ F¥msWt∂m F¥mIWsat∂m Hs° apºn\mse Xs∂ Ahs‚ AWp°ƒ \n›bn®p Ign™ncn°p∂p. CtXmsS \n¿WbhmZw imkv { XØn¬ {]thin®p F∂v ]dbmw. {Ko°pIm¿ AXns\ \ntbmKw (compulsion) F∂v hnfn®p.

{Ko°v sshZyw BZnIme {Ko°v sshZyØn¬ aq∂v [mcIƒ ImWmw. {]Yahpw {][m\hpw Bbn sshZy tZhXbmb FkvIse]nbqkns‚ (Aesculapius) Xm{¥nI ]mcºcyw. c≠maXmbn ss]XtKmdmkns‚ ssk≤m¥nI ]mcºcyw. aq∂maXmbn lnt∏m{Im‰ ns‚ AtbmWnb≥ {]mtbmKnI ]mcºcyw. {In.]n. aq∂mw \q‰m≠v imkv{X-KXn

apºv XpSßp∂ AtbmWnb≥ sshZy ]mcºcyØns‚ tcJIƒ tImknse lnt∏m{Im‰kns‚ (Hippocrates of Cos:c.460-377 B.C.) t]cnemWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. F¶nepw AsXmcp injy ]cºcbpsS IrXn k©bw BImt\ hgnbp≈q. Xo¿®bmbpw lnt∏m-{Im‰kv DPzeamb Hcp hy‡nXzw Bbncp∂p. sshZyhrØnsb Hcp ssk≤m¥nI A`ymkw F∂Xntesd AXns\ Hcp Ietbm ss\]pWntbm BbmWv Ah¿ I≠Xv. F¶nepw Ah¿°pw BtcmKysØ∏‰n Ahcp- t SXmb kn≤m¥ßƒ D≠mbncp∂p. tae≥sImfnIv, km≥Kphn\kv, sImsfdnIv, ^vsf‹m´nIv (melancholic, sanguineous, choleric and phlegmatic) F∂nßs\ \mev ckßƒ (humours) BWv BtcmKyØns‚ clkyw F∂v Ah¿ IcpXn. ChbpsS k¥pen-Xmhÿ BWv AtcmKmhÿbv°pw AhbpsS G‰°pd®n¬ BWv tcmKØn\pw ImcWw F∂pw Ah¿ kn≤m¥n®p. (Bbp¿thZØnse {XntZmj kn≤m¥hpw Bbp≈ kam\X hy‡amWt√m.) kn≤m¥w Fßs\ Bbmepw hfsc hn]pehpw kar≤hpw Bb Hcp A\p`h kºØv Huj[ {]tbmKØnepw imkv{X {Inbbnepw Ah¿ t\SnsbSpØp. B ]mcºcytØmSv B[p\nI sshZy imkv{XØn\p≈ IS∏mSv sshZy hnZym¿∞nIƒ FSp°p∂ lnt∏m{Im‰nIv {]Xn⁄bn¬ {]Xn^en°p∂p. (XpScpw) Ipdn∏pIƒ: 1. CtX∏‰n slctUm´kv F∂ {Ko°v Ncn{XImc≥ Hcp IY ]dbp∂p≠v. enUnb°mcpw taUkvImcpw XΩn¬ A©v h¿jw Bbn Hcp bp≤w \S°pIbmbncp∂p. Hcn°epw Ah-km\n°ns√∂v tXm∂nb B bp≤w Ahkm\n∏n°m≥ HSphn¬ sXbv

enkv Hcp hnZy {]tbmKn®pht{X. hcm≥ t]mIp∂ Hcp kqcy{KlWw At±lw ap≥Iq´n {]hNn®v AXv bp≤w Ahkm\n∏n°m\p≈ ssZhß-fpsS ASbmfw Bbncn°pw F∂v Ahsc DZv t _m[n∏n®p. ]d™- X pt]mse IrXyw B Znhkw (AXv ]n∂oSp≈ IW°pIq´¬ {]Imcw _n.kn. 585 tabv 28\v Bbncp∂p) kqcy{KlWw D≠mbn. ssZhlnXw a\ nem°nb Ccp]£°mcpw bp≤w Ahkm\n∏n®v imizX kJyØnte¿s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. 2.

Sir T L Heath: A Mannual of Greek Mathematics, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931.

3. _n.kn. 430 t\mSSpØv GX≥kn¬ Hcp ]I¿®hym[n ]c∂pht{X. AXn\v ]cnlmcw ImWm\mbn sZtem- k nse At∏mtfm tZhmebØn-tebv°v ZqX∑m¿ t]mbn. sZtemknse shfn®∏mSv Dd™pXp≈n shfn]mSv ]d™p: ""GX≥knse At∏mtfmbpsS tZhmebØnse AƒØmc Ccń∏n°pI!'' GX≥kpIm¿ kaNXpc°´bpsS BIrXnbnep≈ AƒØmcbpsS \ofhpw hoXnbpw s]m°hpw Ccń∏n®p. ]I¿®hym[n ian®n√. sZtemkntebv°v as‰mcp \nthZI kwLw t]mbn. shfn®∏mSv ]d™p: ""\nßƒ AƒØmc Ccń∏n°pIb√ sNbv X Xv ; Fńcń B°pIbmWv . Ccń∏n°q!'' At∏mgmWv kwKXnbpsS Kuchw GX≥kpIm¿°v t_m[yw BbXv. ]ns∂ Iptd ImetØbv ° v {Ko°pImcpsS IuXpIw Iyq_v Ccń∏n°¬ F∂ kaky Bbncp∂p. HSphn¬ B¿ssI‰mkv BWt{X B {]iv\w \n¿[mcWw sNbv X Xv . At∏mtg°pw ]I¿®hym[n AXns‚ kzm`mhnI ]cnkam]vXnbnseØnbncp∂p F∂v ]dtb≠-Xn√t√m! A{X s]s´∂v \n¿[mcWw sNøm\mImØ Hcp kaky \n¿t±in® sZtemknse shfn®∏-mSns\bpw A`n\μnt® ]‰q.

A kwhmZw AtimI≥ Rmd°¬

hn⁄m\ kaq-l-ÿm-]-\-hpw

tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\hpw tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\ sh_vssk‰v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CXp-h-scbpw e`y-am-°n-bn-´n-√. aebmfw D≈ \nc-h[n sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬ t]mepw GIo-IrX en]n-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-Ø-XpIm-cWw hntZ-i-a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS ]e¿°pw Ah A{]m-]y-ambn XpS-cp∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞y-hp-ap-≠v. tIc-f-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m sF.-Sn. kwhn-[m-\-ß-fnepw bqWn-tImUv k{º-Zm-b-Øn-ep≈ ae-bmf en]n-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Ch-bpsS D]-tbmKw kpK-a-am-°Ww F∂v k¿°m¿ \n¿t±-i-ap-s≠-¶nepw AXp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂n-√.

sXc-s™-Sp∏v ASp-Ø-tXmsS Agna-Xn-\n¿am¿P-\hpw, ka-{K-hn-I-k-\hpw kPoh N¿®m-hn-jb - ß - f - m-bn-cn-°p-Ib - mW- t √m. Agn- a Xn XS- b m- \ mbn Hcp ]pXnb temIv]m¬ kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏Sp-Ø-W-sa∂ Bh-iy-ap-∂-bn®v {]ikvX Km‘n-b-\mb A∂ lkmsc XpS-ßnb \ncm-lm-c-k-acw hºn® P\]n-¥pW t\Sn-s°m≠v {][m-\-a{¥n a≥tam- l ≥kn- ß n- \ pw, tIm¨{Kkv A[y£ tkmWn-bK - m-‘n°pw Hcp Xeth-Z-\-bmbn amdn. AtXmsS lkmsc D∂-bn® Bh-iy-tØmSv BZyw apJw Xncn-®p-\n∂ `c-W-IqSw temIv]m¬ _n¬ ]mkm-°m≥ kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm≠v

hnP-bI - c - a - mbn ]n∑m-dm≥ \n¿_-‘nX-am-bn. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ad-hn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw \S-°p∂ Agn-a-Xnsb cmjv{S-Øns‚ {i≤bn¬ sIm≠p-hcp-∂-Xn¬ {io lkm-sc-bpw, {ioaXn ta[m- ] - S v I ¿ t]mep≈ At±- l Øns‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw hnP-bn®n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. AXn- e - h ¿ \ΩpsS IrX-⁄X A¿ln-°p-∂p. ]t£ CØcw ka- c - ß - f n¬ FSp-Øp-Nm-Sp∂ ]e-cp-sSbpw temIho-£-W-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xnbpw Cu kacw shfn- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p. Hcp temIv]m¬ \nbaw h∂m¬ AgnaXn C√m-Xm-Iptam? \nb-a-ß-fp-sS-

tbm, \oXn- \ ymb ÿm]- \ - ß - f p- S sStbm Ipd-hmtWm Agn-aXn s]cpIm≥ ImcWw? \oXn-]o-T-sØ-Øs∂ Agn-aXn hngp-ßn-bnt√? DtZym-K-ÿkw-hn-[m-\hpw ]´mfw t]mepw Agn-aXn- b psS Ib- Ø n¬ apßn- b nt√? CØcw {]iv\ß - s - fm∂pw ka-{K-ambn ]cn- K - W n- ° msX Imf s]s‰∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ Ib-sd-Sp-°m-t\m-Sp-∂h-sc-t∏mse Agn-aX - n°p H‰-aq-en-bmbn P≥ temIv]m¬ kwhn-[m-\sØ AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xp temI-ho-£W - Ø - ns‚ ]cn-anXn Xs∂. F∂m¬ CØ-c-Øn¬ Agn-aXn \n¿am¿P-\hpw hnI-k-\hpw Bbn Pq¨ 2011

_‘-s∏´p Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \S°p∂ N¿®- I - f n¬\n∂pw ]e- X psIm≠pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p 2011 BZy BgvN-bn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØp \S∂ aq∂mw A¥m-cmjv{S tIcf ]T\- tIm¨{K-knse N¿®-Iƒ. km{am- P yXz t\Xr- X z- Ø n- e p≈ BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm´w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xocp-am-\n®-t∏mƒ Xs∂ km{am-PyXz BtKm-fh-XvI-c-W-Øn-\p≈ bYm¿∞ _Zembn km¿h-tZ-iob kl-Ic - W - Ø - n¬ A[n- j vTn- X - a mb km¿h- t Z- i ob hn⁄m-\k - a - qlw F∂ k¶-ev]sØ AXv XXz-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®p. AXpt]mse Xs∂ hn⁄m\kaq-l-sa∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-te-°p≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ (a‰p \mSp-I-fp-sS-bpw) {]bm-W-Øn¬ kzX{¥ tkm^v ‰ v s hb- d ns\ ASnÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ C˛-`-c-W-Øn-\pw, AXp-hgn D≠m-Im≥ t]mIp∂ ka-{K`-cW ]cn-jvIm-c-Øn-\pw, \n¿Wm-bI ]¶p- h - l n- ° m- \ p≠v F∂pw ]T- \ tIm¨{Kkv hne- b n- c p- Ø n. ]T\tIm¨-{K-knse N¿®-Isf hne-bn-cpØn-s°m≠v AXns‚ Aa-c-°m-cn-semcm- f m- b n- c p∂ tIc- f - Ø ns‚ ap≥ [\a{¥n tUm. tXmakv sFkIv Fgp- X nb {]uV- a mb hni- I - e - \ Ønse {]k- ‡ - ` m- K - ß ƒ am{Xw ChnsS D≤-cn-°-s´. (C-Xns‚ ]q¿Wcq]w imkv { X- K Xn amkn- I - b psS s^{_p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v 2011 {]tXyI ]Xn∏n-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ ""BtKm-f-hXvI-cW ImeØv tIc-f-Øns‚ hnIk\ ImgvN-∏mSv F¥m-bn-cn-°Ww'' F∂ teJ-\-Øn-ep-≠v). kzX-{¥-tkm^v‰v shb-dns\ ASnÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Cu˛-K-th¿W≥kmWv tIcfw e£y-an-tS-≠Xv ˛ tUm. tXmakv sFk°v ]cn- ÿ nXn kulrZ kao- ] - \ Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤ ]Xn- ∏ n- t °- ≠ - X p≠v F∂v (tI- c f ]T\) tIm¨{Kkv hne- b n- c p- Ø n. Db¿∂ hf¿® ÿmbn-bm-°m≥ CXv IqSntb Xocq. F√m taJ-eI - f - n-sebpw enwK-\o-Xn-bpsS {]iv\-ßfpw tIm¨{Kkv N¿® sNbvXp. tIc-fØ - n¬ ASpØ- X mbn \S- t °≠ kmaq- l y- a m- ‰ Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb {]iv\w enwK-\o-Xn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. ssh⁄m-\nI kaq-l-ambn tIcfw amtd-≠Xv \ΩpsS hnI-k\ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. hnZym`ym-k˛- B - t- cmKy taJ-eI - ƒ°v tIcfw \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ap≥K-W\ XpS-c-Ww. CS-°m-eØv h∂ Ah-Kimkv{X-KXn

W\ Xncp- Ø p- ∂ - X n\v Cu taJ- e bnse \nt£]w kao]- I m- e Øv KWy-ambn Db¿Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu kao-]\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. D∂X hnZym- ` ymk taJ- e - b n¬ henb tXmXn¬ apX¬ap-S°v IqSntb Xocq. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw {]mYanI BtcmKy kuI-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW- \ n- e - h m- c - Ø n- e p- ≠ mb henb Db¿® C\nbpw apt∂m´v sIm≠p-t]mI- W w. Btcm- K y- I - c - a mb ImbnI kwkvIm-c-Øn-\mbn Bhn-jvI-cn® kvIoap-Iƒ ka-b_ - ‘ - n-Xa - mbn \S-∏m°-s∏-S-Ww. ta¬∏d™ Imcy-ßƒ \S-∏n-em°p-∂-Xn\v \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v k¿°mcn-\p-≠v. CXn\v k¿°m-cns‚ hn`-htijn KWy-am-bn-´p-b-c-Ww. AtXmsSm∏w I¿a-ti-jn-bnepw kaq-e-am‰w th≠-Xp-≠v. hnhn[ `c-W-ta-J-e-Ifnse ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v tIm¨{Kkv hne- b n- c p- Ø n. Ahsb√mw kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v Hcp ka{K `cW]cn-jvImc ka-b-_-‘nX ]cn]mSn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv C\nbp≈ e£yw. Cu ISa C\n \o´n-hbv ° m- \ m- I n- √ . kzX{¥ tkm^v ‰ v shb¿ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ C˛Kth¿W≥kmWv tIcfw e£y-an-tS-≠-

Xv. ka{K \nba ]cn-jvImc \S-]-SnIƒ kzoI- c n- t °- ≠ - X ns‚ {]m[m\yhpw ]T-\-tIm¨{Kkv hne-bn-cpØn. `c-W] - c - n-jvImccwKsØ G‰hpw {][m\ Im¬h-b] v mbn A[n-Im-ch - n-tI{μo-I-c-W-cw-KsØ CXp-h-sc-bp≈ t\´-ßsf IW-°m-°-Ww. F∂m¬ P\-]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°nbpw DtZymKÿ ]p\¿hn- \ ymkw ]q¿Øn- b m°nbpw hnI-k-\-h-Ip-∏p-I-fpsS hnhn[-X-e-ß-fnse GtIm-]\w km[y-am°nbpw Cu cwKsØ IS- a - I ƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-t°-≠X - p-≠v. `cW kwhn-[m-\w-t]mse hnI-k\-Øn¬ kp{]-[m\ ]¶v tIc-fØ - nse kl-I-cW {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw hln°m- \ p- ≠ v . sshZy- \ m- Y ≥ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´v Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-tºmƒXs∂ tIc-f-Ønse kl-I-cW {]ÿm-\Øns‚ ]p\x-kw-LS- \ kp{]-[m\ ISa-bm-sW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øn. ]pØ≥ hnI- k \ kwkv I m- c Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX C.-Fw.-F-kv. ]e h´w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≠.v cmjv{So-bt`Z-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°pw. BtKm-f-h-XvIcW ]cn-jvIm-cß - t- fm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏pw XpS- c pw. F∂m¬ AtX kabw kwÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ hnI- k - \ - Ø n\v {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS

]t£ CØcw ka-c-ß-fn¬ FSp-Øp-Nm-Sp∂ ]e-cpsSbpw temI-ho-£-W-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xnbpw Cu kacw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Hcp temIv]m¬ \nbaw h∂m¬ Agn-aXn C√m-Xm-Iptam? \nb-a-ß-fp-sS-tbm, \oXn-\ymb ÿm]-\-ß-fp-S-sStbm Ipd-hmtWm AgnaXn s]cp-Im≥ ImcWw? \oXn-]o-T-sØ-Øs∂ AgnaXn hngp-ßn-bnt√?

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn]p-e-amb tbmPn∏v hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bWw. CØ-cs - amcp kao-]\ - Ø - n\v P\m[n-]-Xy-]-chpw aX-\n-c-t]-£-hp-amb kwkvImcw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI aWvUe - Ø - nse {]iv\ßƒ, {]tXy-In®v am[ya taJ-e-sb°p-dn®v ]T-\-tIm¨{Kkv hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. ka-hm-bß - ƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ am[y-a-ßƒ°pw kp{]-[m-\-amb ]¶p-≠v. am[y-a-cwKsØ A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb a’-chpw \n£n]vX XmXv]-cy-ßfpw CXn\p XS w \n¬°-cp-Xv. ]T\ tIm¨{Kkv apt∂m-´p-h® hnI-k-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS ASn-Ød \nehn- e p≈ CS- X p- ] £ P\m[n]Xyap∂Wn k¿°m¿ krjvSn®p Ign™p. CXn-\p≈ XpS¿®-bmWv C\n th≠-Xv. Cu XpS¿® Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ cmjv{Sob s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]mbw D≠mI-Ww. (B-tKm-fh - X - vIc - W - I - m-eØv tIc-fØns‚ hnI-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv F¥mbn-cn-°Ww?˛tUm. tXmakv sFk-Iv, imkv{X-K-Xn, s^{_p-h-cn-˛-am¿®v 2011. Xe- ° p- d n∏v Iq´n- t ®¿Ø- X m- W v. imkv { X- K - X n- b psS sh_v s sk- ‰ n¬ \nßƒ°v ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ teJ\w hmbn-°mw) ]T-\ -tIm¨{Kknse N¿®-Isf t{ImUo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tUm. sFkIv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]pXnb kao-]\w k¿hmﬂ\m kzmK-Xm¿l-am-W.v F∂ncn-°nepw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne \n¿t±-iß - ƒ IqSn tIc-fk - a - q-lØ - n¬ \S-°p∂ XpS¿N¿®-I-fn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-

°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. \n¿t±-i-ßƒ Chbm-W.v 1. hn⁄m\ kaql \n¿anXn amXr-`m-jb - n¬ IqSn am{Xta km[y-amIq. tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØns‚ 48˛mw hm¿jn- I - k - t Ω- f \w ]mkm-°nb ""hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZymcw-KØv ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS D]-tbmKw h¿[n-∏n-°pI'' F∂ {]tabw C°mcy- Ø n¬ \s√mcp hgn- I m- ´ n- b m- W v . {]ta-b-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ {]k-‡-`m-Kßƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p. {]tabw ]q¿W-cq-]-Øn¬ ]cn-j-Øns‚ sh_vssk-‰n¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv 48-˛mw kwÿm-\-hm¿jnIw AwKo-Icn® {]tabw hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI hnZym-cw-KØv ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw h¿[n∏n-°p-I. temIsØ√m-bn-St- Øbpw t]mse tIc-f-Ønepw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy Pohn-XØ - ns‚ ka-kvXt- a-JeIfnepw hym]n-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnhc kmt¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bpsS Cu hym]\w Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbm-KsØ XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXnbn-embn amdp∂p F∂ hkvXp-Xb - nse A]-ISw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ Rßƒ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ {][m\ sh_vssk‰v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CXp-h-scbpw e`y-am-°n-bn-´n-√. aebmfw D≈ \nc-h[n sh_vssk-‰p-Ifn¬ t]mepw GIo-IrX en]n-Iƒ (t^m-≠p-Iƒ) D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-ØXp- I m- c Ww hntZ- i - a - e - b m- f n- I ƒ

Dƒs∏sS ]e¿°pw Ah A{]m-]yambn XpS-cp∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞y-hpap-≠v. tIc-f-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ F√m sF.-Sn. kwhn-[m-\-ß-fnepw bqWntImUv k{º-Zm-b-Øn-ep≈ ae-bmf en]n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-SpØn Ch-bpsS D]- t bmKw kpK- a - a m- ° Ww F∂v k¿°m¿ \n¿t±-i-ap-s≠-¶nepw AXp \S-∏n-em-°p-∂n-√. _lp- ` q- c n- ] £w t]cpsS ssIbnepw samss_¬t^m¨ FØn-°g - n™n-cn-°p∂p F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ `cW kpXm-cy-X-°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏Sp-Øm-\p≈ tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ Fw˛K-th¨kv AYhm samss_¬ `c-W]-≤-Xnsb kzmKXw sNøp-tºm-gpw, CØcw ]≤- X n- I - f n¬ Ab- ° p∂ Fkv.-Fw.-F-kp-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-e√ adn® Cw•o- j n- e mWv F∂ Ipdhv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m\pw Rßƒ B{Kln-°p-∂p. Cw•ojv en]n Adn-bmØ km[m-cW km£-c¿°v samss_¬ `c-Wk - w-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n\v Cu Ipdhv XS- a - m-Ip-∂p. samss_¬ `c-Wk - w-hn-[m-\Ø - n¬ ae-bm-fØ - ns‚ X\-Xp-en-]n-bn-ep≈ D]-tbmKw km[yam-°m-\pw, {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw D≈ \S]-Sn-Iƒ DS≥ XpS-ß-W-sa∂v Rßƒ _‘-s∏´ F√m-h-tcmSpw A`y¿∞n°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-tØ-°mƒ F{Xtbm A[nIw k¶o¿W-amb en]n-I-fp≈ ssN\okv, Pm∏- \ okv `mj- I ƒ samss_¬ t^mWp-I-fn¬ Imcy-£-aamb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kml-N-cyØn¬ ae-bmfw en]n Cu ]≤-Xnbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv kmt¶-Xn-Iambn Akm-[y-amb Hcp Imcy-a-√. AXp-sIm≠v CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-{]-iv\ßƒ ]cn- l - c n- ° m≥ Kth- j - I ¿, samss_¬ t^m¨ \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ, tkh- \ - Z m- X m- ° ƒ F∂n- h - c psS klmbw tXSm≥ k¿°m¿ ap≥ssIsb- S p- ° Ww F∂p- I qSn Rßƒ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. ae-bmfw ad-∂p-sIm-≠p≈ sF.-Sn. hym]-\-Øns‚ A]-I-S-ß-sf-∏‰n ]dbp- t ºmƒ Xs∂, sF.- S n.- b p- s Sbpw hnti-jn®v bpWn-tImUv kmt¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sSbpw hf¿® ae-bm-f-apƒs∏sS- b p≈ F√m ]uc- k vXy- ` m- j Iƒ°pw Xcp∂ ]pXnb km[y-X-Iƒ tIc-f-Ønse `c-W-h-Ip-∏p-I-fnepw tImS-Xn-I-fn-epw, _m¶v, kl-I-c-W_m¶v apX-emb [\-Imcy ÿm]-\ß - fnepw ae-bm-fØ - ns‚ {]tbmKw hym]I-am-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p-IqSn Rßƒ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. C‚¿s\‰pw, bqWn-tImUpw hym]-Ia - m-°p-∂X - nPq¨ 2011

\p-apºv kmt¶-XnI sshj-ay-ßƒ, hnti-jn®pw ssS∏vssd-‰¿ Iot_m¿Up- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ kmt¶- X nI sshj-ay-ßƒ, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hym]I D]-tbm-KsØ XS- s - ∏-Sp-Ønbn- c p∂p F∂Xv hkv X p- X - b m- W v . F∂m¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-ZymcwKsØ ]pXnb apt∂-‰-ßƒ AØcw sshjay-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn®p Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂Xv kt¥m- j - { ]- Z - a m- W v . Cu ]pXnb kml- N - c y- Ø n¬ ae- b m- f Øns‚ HutZym- K n- I - c w- K sØ D]tbmKw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xmsg-∏-dbp∂ \S- ] - S n- I ƒ FSp- ° - W - s a∂v Rßƒ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. 1. G‰hpw Xmgv ∂ - X ew apX¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂-Xew hsc-bp≈ (sF.F.- F - k v.- I m¿ Dƒs∏- s S) F√m k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw ae-bmfw ^b-ep-Iƒ Iºyq-´-dn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ {]mhoWyw Dd-∏m-°m\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬I-Ww. k¿°m¿ iºfw ]‰p∂ Fbn-UUv Dƒs∏- s S- b p≈ kv I qƒ/tImtfPv A[ym-]I - ¿°pw ae-bmfw Iºyq-´d - n¬ ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Im-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°-Ww. sF.-Sn. A‰v kvIqƒ apX-emb \ne-hnep≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßsf CXn-\p-]-tbmK-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. IS-emkv clnX `c-Wkw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn F√m DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS apºnepw Iºyq-´¿ sS¿an-\-ep-Iƒ FØp-tºmƒ Ah¿ ^b-ep-If - n¬ Cw•ojv D]-tbm-Kn-°n√ F∂Xv Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ CXm-h-iy-amWv. 2. _m¶v, kl-I-c-W-_m¶v apXemb taJ-e-I-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂h¿°pw CØcw ]cn-io-e\ kwhn[m\w Hcp-°W - w. F√m tcJ-Ifpw aebm-f-Øn¬ IqSn e`y-am-°m≥ Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°-Ww. 3. \ne-hn¬ Cw•o-jn¬ ^b-ep-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-h¿°v s]s´∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v amdpI Ffp-∏-a√ F∂ bmYm¿∞y- a p- ≠ v . Cu am‰w Ffp∏-am-°m≥ th≠n tIcf k¿°mcns‚ ap≥ssI-bn¬ sh_v A[n-jvTnX bm{¥nI X¿Pa kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏Sp-Øm-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ AXn-thKw XpS-ß-W-sa-∂p-IqSn Rßƒ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. CØcw kwhn-[m\w \S∏n-em-bm¬ C∂v Cw•o-jn¬ DØ-c-hpI-fpw, hn[n-Ifpw Xbm-dm-°p∂ D∂X DtZym- K - ÿ ¿°pw, PUv P n- a m¿°pw Cw•ojv ]I¿∏n-t\m-sSm∏w X’-abw Xs∂ AXns‚ ae-bmfw ]I¿∏pw (B- h - i y- s a- ¶ n¬ lnμn ]I¿∏pw) imkv{X-KXn

Xbm-dm-°m-\pw, AXp-hgn `c-W-`mj (tIm-S-Xn-`m-j-bpw) ae-bm-f-am-°p∂ {]{Inb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ign-bpw. 4. ae-bmfw C∂v t\cn-Sp∂ Hcp {]Xn-k‘n imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI {]kn≤o-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Ipd-hm-Wv. auen-Iamb IrXn-If - psS cN-\h - g - n-bpw, X¿Pa hgnbpw Cu {]Xn-k‘n adn-I-S-°m\p≈ Hcp _rl-Zv]-cn-]mSn Bhn-jvIcn- ° - W - s a∂pw Rßƒ k¿°m- c nt\mSv A`y¿∞n- ° p- ∂ p. apI- f n¬ kqNn- ∏ n® bm{¥nI X¿P- a - k w- h n[m\w \S-∏n-em-bm¬ AXv Cu Ipdhv ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw hgn-sbm-cp-°pw. 5. bqWn-t°mUv ae-bmfw t^m≠pI-fpsS kmt¶-XnI {]iv\ß - ƒ ]q¿Wambn ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw C°m-cyØn¬ ssat{Im-tkm^v‰v t]mep≈ IpØ-I-I-fpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ ASnt®¬∏n-°p-∂Xv XS-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ bqWn-t°mUv I¨tkm¿jy- Ø n¬ AwK- a m- I - W sa∂pw Rßƒ A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. 2. hn⁄m\ kaq-l-\n¿an-Xn-bpambn _‘- s ∏´v ]cn- K - W n- t °≠ as‰mcp {][m\ \n¿t±iw kºq¿W hn⁄m\ km£-c-X-bp-ambn _‘s∏-´-Xm-Wv. hn⁄m-\-k-aqlw Xcp∂ km[y-X-Iƒ Xß-fpsS sXmgn¬ taJe-I-fnepw \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønepw D]tbm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø m- \ p≈ ]cn- i o- e \w F√m-h¿°pw \¬IpI F∂-XmWv

CXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-cØn¬ ]cn- i o- e \w DtZym- K - ÿ ∑m¿°pw, A[ym-]I - ¿°pw, s{]m^-jW¬ tPmen-°m¿°pw am{X-a√ Irjn°m¿°pw sNdp- I - ® - h - S - ° m¿°pw, ss{Uh¿am¿, ac-∏W - n-°m¿, I¬∏-Wn°m¿, tIm¨{Io‰v ]Wn-°m¿, Npa-´pIm¿, πw_¿, Ce-Iv{So-jy≥ XpSßn F√m- h n- ` mKw sXmgn- s e- S p- ° p- ∂ h¿°pw \¬I-Ww. C∂p sXmgn-en-√mØ-h¿°pw ho´-Ωa - m¿°pw hnZym¿∞nIƒ°pw Cu ]cn-io-e\w \¬I-Ww. tIc-f-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-km-l-N-cyØn¬ CØcw XpS¿]-cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ \¬tI≠ hn`mK-ßf - mWv {]hm-kn-Iƒ, Xt±i ÿm]\-ß-fnse P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, DtZym-Kÿ¿, kl-I-c-W-_m¶v Ub-dIvS¿t_m¿Uv AwK-ßƒ, kl-I-c-W_m¶v tPmen-°m¿ F∂n-h¿. tIcfw C∂p t\cn-Sp∂ ]e {]iv\-ß-fpw, ]cn-lc - n-°m≥ Ch-cpsS im‡o-Ic - Ww klm-bn-°pw. tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ ]n.-F-kv.-kn. ]co- £ - I ƒ Fgp- X p- ∂ - h ¿ hcm≥ t]mIp∂ C˛-`-c-W-Im-esØ C˛-^-bep-Iƒ \ΩpsS HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j-bmb ae- b m- f - Ø n¬ Xs∂ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ {]m]vXc - m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v C\n-taep≈ F√m ]n.- F - k v . - k n. ]co- £ Iƒ°pw At]-£n-°p-∂-h¿ \n¿_-

‘-ambpw Iºyq-´-dn¬ bqWn-tImUv ae- b m- f - Ø n¬ thK- Ø n¬ ssS∏p sNøm-\p≈ Ignhv t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Wsa∂ \n_-‘\ DS≥ G¿s∏-Sp-ØWw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hn⁄m-\k - m-£c - Xsb (km-[m-cW km£-c-X-tb-bpw) ]›m-Øe kuIcy hnI-k-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-bmWv C∂v ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. ]gb hyh-kmb bpK-Øn¬ sXmgn-emfn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]cn-an-X-amb km£-cXtb {]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. AXp-sIm≠p- X s∂ {]mY- a nI hnZym- ` ymkw am{X-amWv kmaq-ly-_m-[y-X-bmbn apJy-[m-cm-[-\-imkv{Xw I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. AtX kabw tdmUv, sdbn¬, Xpd-apJ-ßƒ, sshZypXn DXv]m-Z\ - h - pw, hnXc-Whpw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ tI{μo-I-cn-®ncp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hn⁄m-\-k-aq-lØn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Imbn-I-I-gnhp-Iƒ am{Xw t]mcm. adn®v _u≤n-II-gn-hp-Iƒ°mWv {]m[m-\yw. b{¥-hXvI-cWw hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS Imbn-I{]m-[m-\y-ap≈ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ hf-sctbsd Ipd-™n-cn-°p-∂p. C∂p hym]I-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp hnjb-am-Wt√m sXmgn¬ \mi-I-h-f¿®. CXns‚ ^e-ambn ^mIvSdn sXmgn-emfn-I-fpsS FÆw henb tXmXn¬ Ipd™n-cn-°p-∂p. AØcw sXmgn-em-fn-IfpsS Bt]-£nI hcp-am-\hpw Ipd™n-cn-°p-∂p. Irjn, sNdp-I-®-hSw XpS- ß nb sXmgn¬ taJ- e - I - f psS Imcyw XnI®pw ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-Wv.

ae-bmfw ad-∂p-sIm≠p≈ sF.-Sn. hym]-\Øns‚ A]-I-S-ß-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ Xs∂, sF.Sn.-bp-sSbpw hnti-jn®v bpWn-tImUv kmt¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sSbpw hf¿® ae-bm-f-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m ]uc-kvXy-`m-jIƒ°pw Xcp∂ ]pXnb km[y-X-Iƒ tIc-fØnse `c-W-h-Ip-∏p-Ifnepw tImS-Xn-I-fn-epw, _m¶v, kl-I-c-W-_m¶v apX-emb [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw ae-bmf-Øns‚ {]tbmKw hym]-I-am-°m≥ D]-tbmKn-°-W-sa-∂p-IqSn Rßƒ A`y¿∞n°p∂p.

C∂v I¿j-Is - ‚-tbm, sNdp-I® - h - S- ° - mc-s‚-tbm, ^mIvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsStbm a°ƒ AtX taJ- e - b n¬ sXmgn¬ t\Sm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂n-√. D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-ap-≈-h¿°pw sXmgn¬ e`n- ° m≥ _p≤n- a p- ´ mWv F∂ hkv X pX Nq≠n- ° m- ´ n, Cu kºq¿W-hn-⁄m-\-km-£-cXm ]cn]m-Snsb FXn¿°m≥ Nne¿ ht∂°mw. ]e _p≤n-Po-hn-Ifpw {]Xy-bim-kv{X-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ CØcw ]cn]m-Sn-I-fn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. ]t£ D∂-Xh - n-Zym-`ym-ka - p-≈h - ¿°p sXmgn¬ e`n-°m-\p≈ _p≤n-ap-ń\p ImcWw \ne- h n- e p≈ apX- e m- f nØ kaq- l Øns‚ kl-Pa - mb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ am{Xam-Wv. D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw hn⁄m\- k m- £ - c - X bpw D≈- h ¿°n- S - b n¬ sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw ]ń-Wnbpw hym]I-am-bm¬ AØcw Hcp kaq-lsØ am‰p∂ {]{Inb Ah¿ Xs∂ \S-Øns°m-≈pw. CuPn-]vXn-epw, SpWo-jybnepw _lvssd-\nepw en_n-b-bnepw F¥n\v kuZv Atd-_y-bn¬ t]mepw Cu {]{In-b-bmWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Acm- P - I - h m- Z n- I ƒ°mWv ap≥ssI F∂Xv kXy-am-Wv. XpS°w Ft∏mgpw Cßs\ Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°pw. Ime-{ItaW Acm-PI - h - mZw ê-Øn¬ `c-Wh¿K- Ø n- s \- b mWv klm- b n- ° p- ∂ sX∂v A[zm-\n-°p∂ `qcn-]£w a\ n-em-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmaqly- a m- ‰ - Ø n- \ p- t h≠n bXv \ n- ° p∂ i‡n- I - f p- a mbn sFIy- s ∏- S p- I bpw sNøpw. hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn-embn Zi-e-£I-W-°n-\pw, tImSn-°-W-°n\pw Bb P\-ßƒ \S-Ønb BtKm-fh - X - vIc - W hncp-≤-t]m-cm-´-ß-tfmSv F°m-eØpw apJw Xncn-™p-\n-∂n-´p-≈-h-cn¬ Nnesc-¶nepw km¿h-tZ-iob hn⁄m-\-kaq-lhpw BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ DZm- l - c Ww X∂- b t√ F∂ ap´ptNmZyw tNmZn-t®-°mw. anX-amb `mjbn¬ ]d-™m¬ CXp IY-b-dn-bm-sXbp≈ B´w ImW-em-Wv. BtKm-f-hXvI-cW hncp-≤-t]m-cm´w F∂ ]Zw H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ F√m hntZ-i-_-‘ßƒ°pw hntZ-in-Iƒ°pw FXn-cmsW∂v hymJym- \ n- ° - s ∏- t ´- ° mw. F∂m¬ hkvXpX F¥mWv? XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ km{am-Py-Xz-t\-Xr-Xz-Ønep≈ BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-s\-Xncmb km¿h-tZ-iob sFIy-am-bmWv BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW hncp-≤-t]m-cm´w \ne- h n¬ h∂- X v . Hcp cmPysØ ^mIvSd - n-If - n¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ kacw (tijw t]Pv 56˛¬)

Pq¨ 2011

hnZym`ymkw hn sI Pbv tkma-\m-Y≥

hnZym-`ymkmh-Imi \nb-a-hpw

{KmaoW `mcX-Ønse hnZym-`ym-k-ÿn-Xn-bpw hnZym-`ym-km-h-Imi \nbaw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂v 1 h¿jw ]n∂n-s´-¶nepw ka-b_-‘n-X-ambn \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ th≠{X {i≤ tI{μ-kwÿm\ Kh¿sa-≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn-´n-√. tbmPn® P\-Iob apt∂‰w hf¿∂ph-∂n√ F¶n¬ hnZym-`ymk \nb-a-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-an-X-amb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t]mepw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-hp-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√.

\o ≠

t]mcm- ´ - ß ƒ°p tijw sshIn-bm-sW-¶nepw \nc-h[n t]mcmbvaI - f - p-s≠-¶nepw 2010 G{]n¬ 1 apX¬ hnZym-`ym-km-hI - m-i\ - n-baw cmPyØv \S∏n-em-°n-Xp-Sß - n. Ct∏mƒ Hcp h¿jw ]n∂n-´n-cn-°p-∂p. 19 kwÿm-\-ßƒ am{X-amWv CXp-hs - c-bmbn amXr-Im-\nbaw ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. AXn¬ Xs∂ Hdo-k, kn°nw, Acp-Wm-N¬{]tZ-iv, aWn-∏q¿ F∂o kwÿm-\ß - ƒ am{X-amWv \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°m-\m-bp≈ Adn-bn∏v ]pd-Øn-d° - n-bX - v. 6˛14 {]mb°m-cmb 81.5 e£w Ip´n-Iƒ - kvIqfn\v ]pd-Øm-sW-∂p≈ dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn¬ tI{μ a\p-jy-hn-`h hnI-k\ a{¥n DXvIW - vTm-Ip-e\ - m-bX - mbn ]{X-ßf - n¬ h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. kzmX{¥yw e`n®v 64 h¿j-am-bns√? \nß-fnXphsc Fhn-sSbm-bn-cp∂p? B¿°v th≠n-bmWv `cnimkv{X-KXn

®psIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv?... F∂ tNmZy-ßƒ P\-ßf - n¬ \n∂p-b¿∂p-ht- c-≠X - m-Wv. cmjv{So-b-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fpw, kwÿm\ Kh¿sa-≠p-Ifpw Cu \nb-asØ Kuch-ambn FSpØv \S-∏n-em-°p∂Xns‚ Hcp kqN-\bpw ImWp-∂n-√. `mcXv ⁄m\ hn⁄m\ kanXn DØ-cm-J≠ - v, Pm¿J-≠v, OØo-kvKV - v, Hdo- k , cmP- ÿ m≥, a[y- { ]- t Z- i v , _olm¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ 20 Pn√-I-fn-embn 4000 ]©m-b-Øp-I-fn¬ hnZym- ` ym- k m- h - I mi\n- b - a - Ø ns‚ KpWw P\-ßf - n¬ FØn-°m-\m-bp≈ t_m[- h Xv I - c W {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f nte¿s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°b - m-W.v a\p-jy-hn`-h-hn-I-k\ a{¥m-e-Øns‚ klm-btØm-sS-bm-WnXv sNøp-∂X - .v P\-ßsf \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn®v PmK-cq-I-cm-°p-∂tXm-sSm∏w hnZym-`ymk cwKØv Xm¬]-

cy-ap-≈-h-sc-I-s≠Øn ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I. Hmtcm ]©m-bØ - nepw hnZym`ym-kk - a - nXn cq]o-Ic - n®v kvIqƒ amt\Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰nsb klm-bn-°pI F∂Xm-Wn-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Zri {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v th≠n-bpw, _n Pn hn F ns‚ a‰v {]h¿Ø-\-ßfp- a mbn _‘- s ∏´pw Cu Hcp h¿j°m-eØ - n-\n-Sb - n¬ Nne kwÿm\-ßf - n¬ bm{X-sN-øm-\h - k - cw e`n-°pI-bp-≠m-bn. Htcm ÿeØpw sN√ptºmƒ Ahn-SpsØ kvIqfp-Ifpw Np‰p]m-Sp-Ifpw IqSn-sbm∂v t\m°n-°m-Wm≥ {ian-®X - n¬ \n∂p-≠mb A\p-`h hnhc-Wa - m-Wn-hnsS Ipdn-°p-∂X - v. AXn\v apºv _n Pn hn Fkns‚ hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dns®m∂v {lkz-ambn ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Ømw. Fd-Wm-Ipfw km£-c-X-bpsS hnP-

bsØ XpS¿∂v Fd-Wm-Ipfw tamU¬ km£-cX - m-{]-h¿Ø\w cmPyØv Nne Pn√-I-fn¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-t√m. tIc-fØns‚ kmaq-ly-cm-j{v Sob Np‰p-]m-S√ - mØ-Xn-\m¬ DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\ß - fn¬ k¿°m- c ns\ kw_- ‘ n- t ®- S tØmfw km£-cX - m-{]-h¿Ø\w _mentI-dm-aebmbn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cyØn-emWv km£-c-Xsb tZiob AP≠-bm-°pI F∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsS AJnte¥y P\-Iob imkv{X {]ÿm-\Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ C¥ym Kh¿sa≠ns‚ IqSn klm-b-tØmsS `mcXv ⁄m\ hn⁄m\ kanXn 1989¬ cq]oIr-X-am-b-Xv. F∂m¬ km£-c-X-bpsS ktμ-i-hp-ambn _n.Pn.hn.Fkv {]h¿Ø-I¿ DØ-tc-¥y≥ {Kma-ß-fnte°v IS-∂p-sN-∂t- ∏m-gmWv tImSn-°W - ° - n\v Ip´n-Iƒ C\nbpw kvIqfn-se-Øm-\ps≠∂pw km£-c-X-tbm-sSm∏wXs∂ ss{]adn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw ap≥KW\ \¬tI-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw Xncn-®-dn™-Xv. (B-tcm-Kyw, P‚¿, hnI-k-\w, imkv{X {]kn-≤o-I-cWw XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fn-te°pw ]n∂oSv _n Pn hn Fkv {]h¿Ø\w hym]n-∏n-°p-I-bp≠m-bn) Aßn-s\-bmWv 1994¬ tPmbv Hm^v te¿Wnßv (Joy of Learning) {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ Bcw- ` n- ° p- ∂ - X v . ]n∂oSv ]mh-s∏´ Ip´n-Isf hnZym-`ymk-cw-K-tØ°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ "Poh¬ime' {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-Øn. ]n∂oSv \nc-h[n kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ⁄m\ hn⁄m\ hnZym-e-b-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p. hnZym-`ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw Ip‰-a-‰-Xm°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n XpS°w apX¬ {]h¿Øn-®p. \nbaw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-tXmsS AXv A£-cm¿Y-Øn¬ P\-ßf - n-se-Øn-°p-∂X - n-\m-bp≈ \nch[n {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw _n Pn hn Fkv G¿s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p. DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\ß - ƒ, F¥n\v tIc-fs - am-gn-sIbp≈ ]e Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwÿm-\ß - fpw hnZym-`ym-kc - w-KØv Ct∏mgpw Gsd ]n∂n-em-W.v B\v{[m-{]-tZ-ins‚ Imcyw Xs∂ t\m°q. ]pXnb P\-kwJy IW°p-Iƒ {]Imcw ]pcpj km£-cX 75.56 iX-am-\a - m-sW-¶n¬ kv{Xo km£-cX 59.74 iX-am\w am{X-am-W.v \nc-£c - X {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-ksØ _m[n-°p-sa∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√s - √m. cmPyØv hnZym- ` ym- k m- h - I mi \nbaw {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-Xns‚ 6˛mw Znhkw B{‘m-{]-tZ-inse s\√q¿ Pn√-bn¬ GXm\pw {Kma-ßƒ kμ¿in°m-\-h-kcw e`n-®p. Nmcm-b-hn-cp≤ {]t£m-`w-sIm≠v tZio-b-{i-≤-bmI¿jn-®n-cp∂ Pn√-bm-Ws√m s\√q¿. H∂c ]Xn-‰m≠v apºm-bn-cp∂p AXv. km£- c - X m- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - Ø n¬ \n∂v

Inńb Bth-iØ - n¬ \n∂v kv{XoIƒ XpS-ßn-sh® ka-ca - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. Hcp {Kma- Ø n¬ \n∂v XpSßn s\√q¿ tI{μo-I-cn®v kwÿm-\-ØmsI AXv Bfn-]-S¿∂p. Ah-km\w Kh¿sa‚ v Nmcmbw \ntcm-[n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - mbn. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv C¥y≥ \n¿anX hntZ-ia - Zyw tIc-fs - Ø-t]mse B{‘bnepw hym]-I-ambn F∂Xv bmYm¿Yyw. s\√q-cnse I√ym-W-]pcw afiense ss{]a-dn-kvIqfns‚ Ah-ÿsbm∂p t\m°mw. 1965¬ ÿm]n-Xa - mb hnZym-eb - a - m-Wv. I√ym-W] - pcw afi¬ ss{]adn kvIqƒ F∂p-X-s∂-bmWv t]cv. 1 sXm´v 5 hsc-bp≈ ¢mkp-I-fnembn 30 Ipń-Iƒ Cu hnZym-eb - Ø - n¬ ]Tn- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v. AXn¬ 15 t]¿ s]Ïp-ń-I-fmWv. cmaø (sl-UvamÃ¿), cmL-th-{μ-dmhp F∂o c≠v A[ym-]I - c - p-≠.v H∂mw ¢mkn¬ 4 IpńIƒ am{X-ta-bp-≈q. D®-`£ - Ww D≠v. "Ipń-Is - f-¥p-sIm-≠mWv Ipd-™ph-cp-∂Xv?''˛ Rm\-[ym-]-I-tcmSv tNmZn®p. "Cw•o-ja v o-Unbw kvIqƒ hym]n-®p, ]ns∂ IpSpw- _ m- k q- { XWw aqew s]mXpsh Ipń-Iƒ Ipd-™-Xpw.''˛ A[ym-]-I¿ ]d-™p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v bm{X ]d-™n-dßn Ipd®p Zqsc-bp≈ _n¿Z-hmep ss{]adn kvIqfn-se-Øn. A∏¿ ss{]adn kvIqfm- W v. 40 s]Ïp-ń-I-f-S°w 110 hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfm-Wv. 6 A[ym-]-I-cp≠v. AXn-sem-cmƒ h\n-Xb - m-Wv. sXm´Sp-sØm∂pw sslkvIqƒ C√m-Ø-Xn\m¬ 7˛mw ¢mkn\v tijw s]Ïp-ńIƒ ]T\w \n¿Øm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmhp-∂p. P\-hn-⁄m\ thZn-IbpsS

{]mtZ-inI {]h¿Ø-I¿ kvIqfnse GXm\pw ]q¿h-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fp-ambn kwkm-cn-°m-\h - k - c - s - am-cp-°n. Rßƒ ASp-Øp-s≈mcp AwK-\-hm-Sn-bn-semØp-Iq-Sn. tImtf-Pn¬ t]mbn ]Tnt°≠ {]mb- ° m- c n- I - f m- b n- c p∂p AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp-∂h - c - n-e[ - n-Ih - pw. 7˛mw ¢m n\v tijw ]T\w \n¿tØ-≠nh∂ kpKp-W-°n-t∏mƒ 20 hbkmbn. Ah-fpsS ktlm-Zc - ≥ atljv Fw kn Fbv°v ]Tn-°p-∂p-≠v. tcWp-I, ]h\, im¥ F∂n-ßs\ AhnsS IqSn-bncp∂ s]Ïp- ´ n- I - s fms° 7˛mw ¢mkn\v tijw ]T\w \n¿tØ-≠n-h∂-h-cm-Wv. bap\ F∂v t]cp≈ Hcp s]Ïpń ]d-™p˛ ""Rm≥ 9˛mw ¢mkv hsc ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v.'' ""F¥p-sIm-≠mWv XpS¿∂v ]Tn-°mØXv?''˛ Rm\-ht- cmSv tNmZn-®p. "" B { K - l - a n - √ m - ™ n - ´ m t W m ? sslkv°qƒ 6 Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqsc-bm-W.v AhnsS FØpI Ffp-∏-a-√. hml-\ku-I-cy-hp-an-√. ]ns∂ hoń-se...'' bap\ hm°p- I ƒ CSbv°v h®v \n¿Øn. ""\nß-fpsS ASn-b¥ - nc Bh-iy-sa¥mWv? Rm\-ht- cmSv tNmZn-®p. ""IpSn-sh-≈hpw Bip-]-{Xnbpw''-˛ DØcw GI-kz-c-Øn¬ e`n-®p. F¥n-\m-Wm-ip-]{- Xn. tcmKw-hc - mØ kml-N-cy-at√ th≠-Xv. \√ `£-Whpw, hnZym-`ym-khpw e`n-°m-\p≈ Ahÿ Ch¿°p-≠m-IWw Fs∂ms° \ap-°m-{K-ln-°mw. F∂m¬ bmYm¿Yy-aX - n-\∏ - p-dØ - m-Ws - √m. `cn-°p-∂h - sc, Dd°w \Sn-°p-∂h - sc DW¿Øm≥ P\-ßƒs°-∂m-Wv Ign-bpI? Pq¨ 2011

AhnsS IqSnb s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Zn\]{Xw hmbn-°p-∂h - c - √ - . 2 t]cpsS hoSpI-fnte I°q-kp-≈q. s]mS-e-°q¿, sN√ø ]mfbw XpS-ßnb afi¬ ]©m- b - Ø p- I - f n¬ t]mb- t ∏mgpw ÿnXn-bn¬ Imcy-amb hyXymkw I≠n√. s]Ïp- ´ n- I - f psS hnZym- ` ymk ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ Fhn-tSbpw {]I-Sa - mbn-cp-∂p. c≠v amk-ßƒ°v tijw Pq¨ 12\v ho≠pw s\√q-cn-se-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ P\-hn⁄m-\-th-Zn-I-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {ianIv \K-dn¬ \S-Øp∂ hnZym-ebw ImWm-\-h-kcw e`n-®p. 80 s]Ïp-ńI-f-S°w 126 Ip-ń-Iƒ Cu kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ 65 t]¿ ]ń-IP - mXn hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ipń-IfpsS c£n-Xm-°-f-[n-Ihpw ho´p-the sNbvXv IpSpw_w t]m‰p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Rm≥ sN∂ Znh-k-Øn¬ kvIqfnse lmP¿\ne C{]-Im-ca - m-Wv. ¢mkv

B¨ Ip-´n-Iƒ 1˛mw Xcw 14 2˛˛mw Xcw 10 3˛mw Xcw 11 4˛mw Xcw 12 5˛mw Xcw 5 52

s]¨ BsI Ip-´n-Iƒ 16 30 10 20 12 23 15 27 14 13 67 113

4 A[ym-]-I-cp-≠v. k¿Δ-in-£m-A`n-bms‚ klm-b-tØmsS ]mT-]p-kvXI-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ipń-Iƒ°v D®`- £ Ww \¬Ip- ∂ p- ≠ v . amXr- k - a nXntbmKw \S- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AXnepw Ipd®pt\cw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. kvIqfns‚ ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {]mtZ-inI kl-I-cWw h¿[n-∏n-t°≠-Xp-s≠∂v AΩ-am¿ ]d-™p. IpńIsf {]th-in-∏n-°m≥ c£n-Xm-°fpsS kΩ-X-]{Xw aXn. GsX-¶nepw Ipń kvIqfn¬ h∂n-s√-¶n¬ sXm´-SpØp≈ apXn¿∂ Ipńsb Iqń A[ym-]-I≥ hcmØ Ipń-bpsS hoń-se-Øpw. P\hn-⁄m-\-th-Zn-I-bmWv ss{]a¿ Xbmdm-°p-∂X - .v A[ym-]I - ¿°v h¿j-Øn¬ 4 XhW ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. ""Cu kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂X - p-sIm≠v a°ƒ°v F¥v am‰-amWv D≠m-bn-´p≈Xv?''˛AΩ-am-tcmSv tNmZn-®p. ""\∂mbn hmbn-°p-∂p-≠v. kz¥w hkv{Xw Ae-°pI XpS-ßnb AXymhiyw tPmen- I ƒ ]d- b m- s X- X s∂ sNøp-∂p-≠.v '' ""10˛mw ¢m v Ign-™m¬ Cu IpńIsf F¥n-\mWv ]d-™b - ° - pI?'' ""ss{Uhn-ßv, Xp∂¬, πw_n-ßv, Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ h¿°v, Fwt{_m-bvUd - n... imkv{X-KXn

XpS-ßnbh ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ ]d-™-bbv°pw.''-˛ Ah¿ ]d-™p. AXn-\-∏p-dtØ°v Nn¥n-°m-\p≈ kml-Ncyw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ""Fs¥ms° Ifn-I-fm-WnjvSw?''-˛ Ipń-It- fmSv tNmZn-®p. ""I_-Un, IpSp-Ip-Sp, ^pSvt_mƒ.''˛ Ipń-I-fpsS DØcw Fs∂ AZv`p-Xs∏-Sp-Øn. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv {In°‰ns‚ t]cv Bcpw ]d-bm-Xn-cp-∂X - v. Hcp]s£ sSen-hn-j≥ Ch-cpsS hoSp-Ifnte-s°-Øn-°m-Wn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. AXs√-¶n¬ {In°-‰n-t\-°m-ƒ \√Xv \mS≥ Ifn-If - m-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-´X - p-sIm-≠mbn-cn-°mw. ""AΩ-bv°-kpJw h∂m-se-¥mWv sNøpI?'' F∂v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ Hcp Ipń Fgp-t∂‰v \n∂p. ""ssk°n- f n¬ t]mbn acp∂v sIm≠p-h-cpw. F∂n´pw amdp-∂n-s√¶n¬ A—≥ h∂m-ep-Ss\ Bip-]-{Xnbn¬ sIm≠p-t]m-Ipw.'' CXn-t\-°mƒ cq£-amWv DØ-tc¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse ÿnXn. _n Pn hn Fkv kwL-Sn-∏n® hnZym-`ym-kmh-Imi Imem-PmY {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏´v cmP-ÿm≥, a[y-{]tZ-iv, Pm¿J-≠v, _nlm¿ XpSßn ]e DØ- t c- ¥ y≥ kwÿm- \ - ß - f n¬ Ign™ GXm\pw amk-ßf - n¬ t]mbncp-∂p. cmP-ÿm-\nse Iem-PmY _mc, _qμn, t[m¬]q¿ Pn√-I-fn¬ Ign™ \hw-_¿ 21\v XpSßn a\p-jym-h-Imi Zn\-amb Unkw-_¿ 10\mWv kam-]n-®Xv . \hw- _ ¿ 21,22 Xnø- X n- I - f n¬ t[m¬]q¿ Pn√-bn¬ PmY-tbm-sSm∏w k©-cn®v {Kma-ß-fnse hnZym-`ymk ÿnXn a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-®p. Nº¬

\Zn- X o- c - Ø p≈ Hcp {Kma- Ø n- s eØnbt∏mgmWv icn°pw sRń-b-Xv. kvIqƒ ap‰-ØmWv lm‚ v]-ºv. Fcpasb Ipfn-∏n-°-epw, XpWn-b-e-°epw, sh≈w ]nSn-°epw BsI _l-fa - b - w. Nfnbpw NmW-Ih - pw, sh≈hpw tN¿∂ an{inXw Ahn-sS-bmsI ]c-∂n-cp-∂p. 140 \SpØv Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv slUvam-kv‰¿ ]d-™-Xv. A∂sØ lmP¿\ne "39' BWv. ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ iq\yw. s]mń-s∏m-fn™v aeoa-k-amb I°q-kv. c≠v kv{XoIƒ D®`-£Ww Xøm-dm-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 15 AwK kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰n cq]o-Ic - n-°W - s - a∂ k¿°m¿ \n¿tZiw ]men-°m-\mbn IS-em-kn¬ cq]o-Ic - n-®n´p-s≠-¶nepw IΩn-‰n-bw-Kß - ƒ°X-dn-hp≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {Kmao-Ws - c√mw HØp-IqSn. Ah¿°v apºn¬ Iem-]c - n-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n® tijw kvIqƒ amt\Pvsa‚ v IΩn-‰n-bw-K-ß-fpsS t]cv ]dbm≥ slUv a m- Ã - t dm- S m- h - i y- s ∏- ´ p. At∏m-gmWv Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xßƒ AwK-ß-fm-sW-∂-dn-bp-∂Xv Xs∂. ]©m-bØv {]kn-U≠v Hcp h\n-Xb - mWv. Ah¿°v hoń¬ hncp-∂p-Im-cp-≠mbn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ aI-\mWv tbmKw \nb{¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. DØ-tc-¥ybn-ent∏mgpw ]e-bn-SØpw Aß-s\-bm-Wv. {][m≥]Xn (h-\n-Xm-{]-kn-U≠ - ns‚ `¿Ømhv) {][m≥ ]p{Xv (h-\n-X {]kn-U-≠ns‚ aI≥) Ct∏mgpw i‡-cm-Wv. ^yqU¬ P∑n ta[m- h n- X z- Ø n- t ‚bpw PmXn h¿Ko-b-X-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\w temIsaßpap≈ Sqdn-Ãp-Isf BI¿jn°p∂ Cu at\m- l - c - ` q- a n- b psS IdpØhi-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠pIqSnbmWv kzmX{¥yw e`n®v 64 h¿j-ambn´pw cmP-ÿm-\nse kv{Xo km£-cX

52.66 iX-am\w am{X-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂-X.v "_namcp' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏Sp∂ DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ as‰mcp kwÿm-\-amWv a[y-{]-tZ-iv. C¥y≥ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Bdm-aXpw hnkvXo¿W-Øn¬ cmP-ÿm≥ Ign™v c≠m- a Xpw hcp∂ a[y- { ]- t Z- i nse kv{Xo km£-cX 60.02 iX-am\w am{Xam-Wv. \nc-£c - X IqSp-Xe - p≈ Aen-cmPv]q¿, afiv-e, UnwtUm-cn, _memLm´v XpS-ßnb ]ń-Ih - ¿K hn`m-Kß - ƒ Xnßn-Xm-ak - n-°p∂ Pn√-If - n¬ P\-kwJy-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ IqSp-X-ep-s≠-∂p≈Xv (_m-em-Lm-ń¬ 1000 ]pcp-j∑m¿°v 1012 kv { XoI- f m- W p- ≈ - X v ) FØcw hnZym-`ym-ka - mWv \¬tI-≠X - v F∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. hnZym-`ym-khpw kºØpw IqSp-Xe - p≈ \Kc {]tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Ws√m {`qWlXy IqSp-X¬ \S-°p-∂X - v. hnZym-`ym-km-h-Imi Iem-Pm-Y-bpambn _‘-s∏´p Xs∂-bmWv Ign™ Unkw- _ ¿ 14\v a[y- { ]- t Z- i nse "kntlmdn'seØn-bX - v. Rßƒ sN∂t∏mƒ kntlm-dnse JPpcnb-Ie {KmaØn¬ Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∂p-sIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 400 \SpØv Ipń-Ifpw Ipd®v apXn¿∂-hcpw ]cn]mSn Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Iem]-cn-]mSn Ign™v PmYm-Aw-K-ß-fpambn AXp-hsc t]mb {Kma-ß-fnse hnZym-`ym-k-ÿn-Xn-sb-∏‰n tNmZn-®p. \nc-h[n tªm°p-I-fn¬ hnZym-`ym-kmh-Imi \nb-asØ°pdn-®p≈ Iem-]cn-]m-Sn-If - h - X - c - n-∏n-®X - n\v tij-am-Wh - ¿ JPq-cnbIe-bnseØnbn-cp-∂X - v. hnZym`ymk cwKsØ Ahÿ s]mXpsh

\hw-_¿ 21,22 Xnø-Xn-Ifn¬ t[m¬]q¿ Pn√-bn¬ PmY-tbm-sSm∏w k©cn®v {Kma-ß-fnse hnZym`ymk ÿnXn a\- n-em°m≥ {ian-®p. Nº¬ \Zn-Xo-c-Øp≈ Hcp {KmaØn-se-Ønbt∏mgmWv icn°pw sR´n-b-Xv. kvIqƒ ap‰-ØmWv lm‚ v]-ºv. Fcp-asb Ipfn-∏n-°-epw, XpWn-b-e°epw, sh≈w ]nSn°epw BsI _l-f-abw. Nfnbpw NmW-I-hpw, sh≈hpw tN¿∂ an{inXw Ahn-sS-bmsI ]c-∂n-cp-∂p. 140 \SpØv Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂p≠v F∂mWv slUvam-kv‰¿ ]d-™-Xv. A∂sØ lmP¿\ne "39' BWv. ¢mkv apdn-Iƒ iq\yw.

]cn- X m- ] - I - c - a m- s W- ∂ - h ¿ ]d- ™ p. c£m-I¿Xr-ka - n-Xn-Iƒ \njv{In-ba - m-W.v 10 AwK- k - a n- X n- b n¬ 5 h\n- X - I ƒ thWw. F∂m¬ `qcn-`mKw ÿeØpw AXv IS-em-kn¬ am{Xw. Xßƒt]mb Hcp {Kma-Ønse Hcp kvIqƒ BKkvXv 15\v tijw th≠-t]mse {]h¿Øn-®nt´- b n- s √∂v Hcmƒ ]d- ™ p. AhnSpsØ 3 A[ym-]-Icpw aZy]m-\n-I-fmsW∂v {Kma-hm-kn-Iƒ ]d-™-Xmbn Hcp PmYmwKw ]d-™p. 160 Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ kvIqfm-Ws{X AXv. hnZym`ym-km-hI - mi \nb-aØ - ns‚ KpW-ßƒ F{Xbpw thKw {Kma-X-e-ß-fn-te-s°Øn-t°-≠-Xp-s≠∂v Ah¿ ]d-™p. Fkv Fw kn D≠m-°p∂ kvIqƒ Uhe-∏vsa‚ v πm≥ {Kma-k-`-bn¬ N¿® sNbvXv AwKo-Ic - n-°W - w. AhnsS Hcp cPn-Ãsd ]mSp-≈q. FSp-°p∂ Xocpam\w A[y-£-t‚bpw sk{I-´-dn-bptSbpw am{X-a√ F√m AwK-ßf - p-tSbpw Ht∏msS Bbn-cn-°W - w. kvIqƒ amt\Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰n AwK-ßsf sXc-s™Sp-°p-∂Xv P\m-[n-]X - y-co-Xn-bn-em-hWw. Ah¿°v XpS-°-Ønse ]cn-io-e\w \¬I-Ww. {]h¿Øn-°mØ AwK-ßƒ kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbn ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip∂ hn[Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww \nb-a\ - n¿am-Ww. {]h¿Ø- I - c p- a mbn kwkm- c n- ® tijw JPq-cnb Ie-bnse kvIqfn-seØn. H∂p-sXm´v 10 hsc-bp≈ hnZym-eb- a m- W v . 318 s]Ïp- ´ n- I fpw 241 BÏp-ń-If - p-aS- °w 559 t]¿ ]Tn-°p∂p-≠v. 1931¬ ss{]adn kvIqfmbn XpSßn 1969¬ Pq\n- b dpw 2006¬ sslkvIq-fp-ambn. 5 ¢mkv apdn-Is - f-bp≈q. ¢mkv a pdn- I - f psS Ipd- h p- ≠ v . s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°mbn {]tXyI I°qkn-√. H∂mw-¢m-kn¬ 11 s]Ïp-ń-If - S°w 29t]¿ ]Tn- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . 9˛mw ¢mkn¬ 42 s]Ïp-ń-I-f-S°w 86 t]cpw ]Tn-°p-∂p. 10˛mw ¢mkn¬ 33 s]Ïp-ń-I-f-S°w 67 t]cpw. 6¬ \n∂pw 9¬ \n∂pw ]mkm- I p∂ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ ssk°nƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv Ah-cpsS Bfl-hn-izmkw h¿[n-∏n-®n-´p-s≠∂v A[ym-]-I¿ ]d™p. 10 A[ym-]I - c - n¬ 4 t]sc ÿncam-bp-≈q. ""kvs{SßvXv IqSn, KpW-ta∑ Ipd-™p, hn`-h-ß-fpsS Ipd-hp-≠v. Bhiy-Øn\v ^¿Wo-®-dn-√. FgpØv ]Wn°v Xs∂ 2 A[ym-]I - ¿ thWw''˛ slUv amÃ¿ {io \tc-{μ-]m-en-hmƒ ]d-™p. hnZym-`ym-km-h-Imi Iem-PmYm {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´p Xs∂bmWv `mc-X-Øns‚ 28˛m-asØ kwÿm-\-ambn 2000 \hw-_¿ 15\v cq]w-sIm≠ Pm¿J-≠n-se-Øn-b-Xv. Pq¨ 2011

]nt∂m-°-Pn-√-I-fm-b, ]ń-I-h¿K P\hn-`m-Kß - ƒ IqSp-Xe - p≈ ZpwI, ]mIq¿, kmtl-_vK©v Pn√-If - n-emWv {][m-\ambpw hnZym-`ym-km-hI - mi \nb-at- _m[-h¬°-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ _nPn hn Fkv \S-Øp-∂X - v. 2010 k]vXw-_¿ 29\pw HIvtSm-_¿ 5\pw CS-bn-ep≈ Znhk-ß-fn¬ Cu 3 Pn√-I-fn-ep-ambn \nch[n {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈m\- h - k cw e`n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. 2001 se sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw ZpwIbnse km£-cX 47.9 iX-am\hpw kv{Xokm-£c - X 32.3 iX-am-\h - p-am-Wv. kmtl-_vK© - n-t‚Xv bYm-{Iaw 37.6Dw 26.6Dw am{X-am-Wv. ]mIq¿ Pn√-bpsS km£-cX 30.6 iX-am-\hpw kv{Xo km£-cX 20.6 iX-am-\h - p-am-W.v (C-sXgp-Xp-tºmƒ 2011se sk≥k-kns‚ Pn√m-Xe hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-am-bn-ń-√.) 31 h¿j-Øn\v tijw \S∂ ]©mbØv sXc-s™-Sp-∏n\v tijw ˛ Pm¿J≠n¬ ho≠pw FØm≥ Ign-™Xv 2011 am¿®v 11\mWv. am¿®v 12\v hnZym-`ym-kmh-Imi Iem-Pm-Yt- bm-sSm∏w ZpwI Pn√bnse cmwKVv tªm°nse "emØvh¿_', "kpkv\nb' XpS-ßnb {Kma-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-®p. emØv h¿_bn¬ Iem-]-cn-]mSn Ign™v {Kmao-Wcp-ambn kwkm-cn-®p. "Ipń-Isf kvIqfne-bbv-°m-Ø-sX-¥psIm-≠m-sW∂v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ "ZmcnZy'amWv Imc-Wsa∂v Hcp kv{Xo DØ-chpw ]d-™p. \nb-a-Øn¬ 6 apX¬ 14 hb-kp-hsc {]mb- ° m¿°v `£- W w, hkv { Xw, ]pkvX-Iw... F√mw k¿°m¿ Dd-∏p\¬Ip-∂p-s≠-∂h - t- cmSv ]d-™t- ∏mƒ {]Xn- I - c Ww Cß- s \- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ""Rßƒs°m∂pw Adn-bn-√, A\p-`h - Øn-en-√.'' ImWn-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ lnμn, _¶m-fn, k¥men `mj-Iƒ

imkv{X-KXn

31 h¿j-Øn\v tijw \S∂ ]©m-bØv sXcs™-Sp-∏n\v tijw ˛ Pm¿J-≠n¬ ho≠pw FØm≥ Ign-™Xv 2011 am¿®v 11\mWv. am¿®v 12\v hnZym-`ym-km-h-Imi IemPm-Y-tbm-sSm∏w ZpwI Pn√-bnse cmwKVv tªm°nse "emØvh¿_', "kpkv\nb' XpS-ßnb {Kma-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-®p. emØv h¿_-bn¬ Iem-]cn-]mSn Ign™v {Kmao-Wcp-ambn kwkm-cn-®p. "Ip´n-Isf kvIqfn-e-bbv°m-Ø-sX-¥psIm-≠msW∂v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ "ZmcnZy'amWv Imc-Wsa∂v Hcp kv{Xo DØchpw ]d-™p. \nb-aØn¬ 6 apX¬ 14 hbkp-hsc {]mb-°m¿°v `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]pkvX-Iw... F√mw k¿°m¿ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂ps≠-∂-h-tcmSv ]d-™t∏mƒ {]Xn-I-cWw Cßs\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ""Rßƒs°m∂pw Adnbn-√, A\p-`-h-Øn-en-√.''

kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 13\v ZpwI-bnse _nZp-Im-\p-k¿Δ-Ie - m-im-ebnse sshkvNm≥k-e-dmb t]m≠nt®cn \nhmkn tUm. _jo¿ AlΩZvJmt\-bpw, a‰v hnZym-`ymk {]ap-Jtcbpw I≠v hnZym-`ym-km-hI - mi IemPm-Yb - psS kam-]\ - ] - c - n-]m-Sn°v £Wn®-Xn\v tijw ASpØ Znhkw ZpwIbnse Xs∂ as‰mcp tªm°mb in°mcn-∏m-d-bn-se-Øn. "Vm°' F∂p-t]cp≈ {Kma-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Iem-]c - n-]mSn-I-f-h-X-cn-∏n®v sIm≠n-cp-∂-Xv. ]cn]mSn Ign™v Vm° Pq\n-b¿ kvIqƒ kμ¿in®v Ahn-SpsØ A[ym-]-I-cpambn kwkm-cn-®p. 433 hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ (232 s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ 201 BÏp-ń-Iƒ) Cu hnZym-eb - Ø - n¬ ]Tn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hmtcm ¢mkn-t‚bpw hni-Zmw-iß - ƒ 1˛mw ¢mkv 2˛mw ¢mkv 3˛mw ¢mkv 4˛mw ¢mkv 5˛mw ¢mkv 6˛mw ¢mkv 7˛mw ¢mkv 8˛mw ¢mkv

˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛

55 33 45 47 56 67 77 53 433

2 h\n-XI - f - S- °w 6 A[ym-]I - c - p-≠.v AXn-sem-cmƒ tIm¨SmIv‰v So®-dm-Wv. Acn-e`- n-°m-ØX - n-\m¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v D®`-£Ww \¬Ip-∂Xv \n¿Ønsht°≠n-h-∂-Xmbn slUvam-Ã¿ ]d-™p. kv I qƒ tImºu- ≠ n\v Np‰p- a - X n¬ \n¿an-°p-I, sslkvIq-fm°n Db¿ØpI AXym-hiy Imcy-ßf - m-sW∂pw slUvam-Ã¿ ]d-™p. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h - ß - ƒsIm≠v kº-∂amb Pm¿J≠v kmaq-ly˛ kmwkvImcnI taJ-e-bn¬ hfsc ]n∂n-em-Wv. 2011se sk≥kkv IW- ° p- I ƒ {]Imcw Pm¿J-≠nse km£-cX 67.63 iX-am-\-am-Wv. ]pcp-j-km-£-cX 78.45 iX-am-\hpw kv{Xo km£-cX 56.21 iX-am-\h - pw. hnZym-`ym-km-hI - mi \nbaw {]m_ey-Øn¬ h∂v 1 h¿jw ]n∂n-s´-¶nepw ka-b-_-‘n-X-ambn \nbaw \S-∏n-em°p∂ Imcy- Ø n¬ th≠{X {i≤ tI{μ-kw-ÿm\ Kh¿sa-≠p-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn-´n-√. tbmPn® P\-Iob apt∂‰w hf¿∂p- h - ∂ n√ F¶n¬ hnZym-`ymk \nb-a-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-an-Xamb Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t]mepw ka-b-_‘n-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-hp-sa∂v tXm∂p∂n-√.

t]Pv 50˛¬ \n∂v XpS¿®

sNøm≥ Hm¿U-dp-Iƒ a‰p cmPy-ßfnse ^mIvS-dn-I-fn-te°v Xncn-®p-hn´v Xßsf hnj-a-hr-Ø-Øn-em-°m-\p≈ BtKm-f-aq-e-[-\-Øns‚ Ignhv A\p`hw sIm≠v Xncn-®-dn™ sXmgn-em-fnIƒ kzta-[bm km{am-PyXz BtKm-fhXvIc-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc BtKmf (A-XmbXv km¿h- t Z- i o- b ) sFIy- Ø n\v ap≥ssI- s b- S p- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. CXns‚ G‰hpw ]pXnb DZm-l-c-WamWv A¥m-cmjv{S Im¿ `oa-\mb P\d¬ tamt´m-gvkns‚ KpP-dmØv ^mIvSdn-bn¬ \S∂ ka-c-Øn\v km¿h-tZiob teml-sXm-gn-emfn s^U-td-j≥ \¬Inb ]n¥p- W . C°m- c y- Ø n¬ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-ØXv KpP-dmØv ^mIvSdn- b n- s e ka- c - Ø n\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ sF.-F≥.-Sn.-bp.-kn. bqWn-b\m-sW-∂Xpw {it≤-ba - m-Wv. sXmgn-emfn-Iƒ am{X-a√ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpw, bphP-\ß - fpw I¿j-Icpw apX¬ kmaq-lyambn G‰hpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ hsc Cu ka-cØ - ns‚ km¿h-tZ-iob kz`mhw Xncn-®d - n-bp-∂p≠v. AXp-sIm-≠mWv BtKm-f-h-XvIcW hncp-≤-t]m-cm-´-ßsf hgn-sX-‰n®v hntZ-in-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ A{I-aß - f - mbpw, h¿Ko-b, hwiob Iem-]ß - f - mbpw am‰m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ hnP-bn-°msX t]mb-Xv. tIc-fØ - n-em-sW-¶n¬ Kƒ^v cmPy-ß-fnepw a‰pw tPmen°v t]mIp∂-h¿ BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW hncp-≤-t]mcm-fn-I-fpsS i{Xp-ÿm-\-ØmWv F∂

Ip{]-Nc - Ww \S-∂n-cp-∂p. sF.-Sn, sF.Sn. A\p-_-‘-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ tPmen sNøp- ∂ - h ¿s°- X n- s cbpw CØcw Ip{]-N-c-W-ßƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Sqdnkw hyh-km-bhpw hna¿i\ hnt[-b-am-bn. GXm-bm-epw, C∂v AsX√mw Ah-km\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W- hncp≤kacw F∂m¬ a‰p cmPy-ßf - nse P\-ßfpw \Ωfpw XΩn¬ h¿≤n-®psIm- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ _‘- ß ƒs°- X nscbp≈ ka-c-a-√, adn®v C∂sØ temI-Øns\ ssI∏n-Sn-bn-em-°n-bn-cn°p∂ BtKm-f-Ip-Ø-Iƒs°-Xn-scbp≈ ka-c-amWv F∂v P\-ßƒ Xncn®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. \ap°v hnj-b-Øn-te°p IS-°mw. _lp-`q-cn-]£w P\-ßƒ°pw BtKmf-h-XvI-cWw C∂pw ISpØ a’-chpw, Iog-S-ßepw BbmWv A\p-`-hs∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv. Agn-aXnbpw I≈-∏W - hpw P\-Po-hnXw Zp l-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. GXm\pw Bbncw hcp∂ hy‡n-I-fmWv C∂sØ BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X-k-aq-lØn¬ tImSm-\p-tImSn P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-XsØ _m[n-°p∂ Xocp-am-\ßƒ GXm- s ≠√mw FSp- ° p- ∂ - X v . temIw sh´n-∏n-Sn-°m≥ th≠n BtKmf-Ip-Ø-I-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ ISpØ a’c-ß-fp-sS-bpw, \nb-a-ew-L-\-ß-fp-sSbpw, ]cn-ÿnXn \io-Ic - W - Ø - n-s‚bpw ^e-ßf - mWv BtKm-fX - m-]\w XpSßn C∂v a\p-jy-k-aqlw t\cn-Sp∂ GXms≠√m {][m\ {]Xn-k‘ - n-If - pw. C∂v

\mw t\cn- S p∂ Cu {]Xn- k - ‘ n- I sf√mw Xs∂ ]c-kv]c - k - l - I - c - W - Ø - n\mbn a\p-jy-k-aq-lsØ \n¿_-‘n°p-I-bm-Wv. A\p-\n-anjw A\n-hm-cyam-bn-am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu km¿htZ- i ob ]c- k v ] - c - k - l - I - c - W hpw km{am-PyXz t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ BtKmf- h - X v I - c - W hpw H∂v Xs∂- s b∂v hymJym-\n®v FXn¿°p∂ Acm-PI - h - mZn-Iƒ ^e-Øn¬ _Z-en-√m-hm-ZsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-Wv, AXp-hgn P\ßsf \n -lm-b-cm-°p-I-bm-Wv. apX-em-fnØhyh-ÿ-bn¬ a’cw aq¿On- ° p- t ºmƒ a’cw AXns‚ sshcp-≤ym-ﬂ-I-Zz-μ-amb kl-I-c-WØn\v hgn-am-dm≥ \n¿_-‘n-Xa - m-Ip∂ {]{In-bb - psS DZm-lc - W - a - mbpw thW-sa¶n¬ \ap°v km¿h-tZ-io-bk - l - I - c - W - Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-Xa - mb km¿h-tZ-io-bhn- ⁄ m- \ - k - a qlw F∂ k¶- e v ] Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hsØ ]cn-KW - n-°mw. hn⁄m-\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ hym]\w XpS°w Ipdn-®n-t´-bp-≈q. XpS-°Ø - n¬ Xs∂ C{X henb {]Xym-Lm-X-ßƒ krjvSn-°m≥ hn⁄m-\k - a - q-lØ - ns‚ hc-hn-\m-sb-¶n¬ ]Øp-h¿j-Øn-\ptijw F¥m- b n- c n°pw AXns‚ {]`mhw F∂v Nn¥n-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp≈q. hcm≥ t]mIp∂ Cu am‰-ßsf IÆp-Xp-d∂p ImWm-\p≈ _p≤n-bn-√ kºq¿W hn⁄m- \ - k m- £ - c - X sb FXn¿°p-∂h - ¿°v F∂-XmWv hkvXpX. Iºyq-´¿ hym]-Ia - m-bm¬ sXmgn-emfn-h¿Kw Xs∂ C√m-Xm-Ipw. AtXmsS kmaq-ly-am-‰-sØ-bpw, hnπ-h-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Iayq-WnÃv kz]v\-ßfpw I´-∏p-d-Øp-I-bdpw F∂v hymtam-ln®v Iºyq-´-dns\ kzmKXw sNbvX IayqWnÃv hncp-≤-tc-bpw, CtX ImcWw sIm≠v `b-N-In-X-cmbn Iºyq-´-dn-s\Xnsc k‘n-bn-√m-k-acw {]Jym-]n® Nne CS-Xp-]£ Dt´m-]y-∑m-scbpw Hcp-t]mse Cfn-`y-cm-°p-I-bmWv Ncn{X-sa∂p ]d-tb≠n hcp-∂p. Cu \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw IqSn hn⁄m-\-k-aq-lhpw tIc-f-hn-Ik- \ - h p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´p \S- ° p∂ Cu kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Spsa∂ {]Xym-i-tbmsS Npcp-°p-∂p. Cu kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-sIm≠pw, Bi-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-®p-sIm≠pw Agn- a Xn XpS- ® p- \ o- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ pw, hn⁄m-\k - a - q-lÿ m-]\ - Ø - n-\pw, aebm-f-`m-j-bpsS im‡o-I-c-W-Øn-\pw, AXp-hgn tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k\-Øn\pw {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-amb i‡nI-fp-ambn Xm¶fpw AWn-tN-c-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. Pq¨ 2011

lc-W-^ew

imkv{X-KXn

sI. kXojv

imkv{Xhm¿Ø-

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

ssS‰\nse {ZmhIPekap{Zw

kq∏¿ `qanbn¬ {ZmhIPew? ‘Gliese 581d’

`qantb°mƒ 5.6 aSßv `mcap≈ {KlamWv . AXns‚ \£{X- Ø n¬ \n∂pw hmktbmKyamhm≥ km[y- X bp≈ ZqcØv ÿnXnsNøp∂ Cu {KlØn¬ {ZmhIm-hÿbnep≈ Peap-≠m-Imsa∂v {^©v KthjIcpsS kwLw Imemhÿm knaptej≥ hniZambn ]Tn®v \nKa\ØnseØnt®¿∂p. (www.sciencenews.org)

i\nbpsS N{μ\mb ssS‰\nse sslt{Um Im¿_¨ ImbepIfpw aossY- ≥ A¥co£hpw kp]cnNnXamWv. ssS‰s‚ lna]pd- t ¥mSn- s ‚bSnbn¬ Pekap{Zap≠mImsa∂v Hcp ]pXnb ]T\w \n¿tZin°p∂p. {_k¬knse tdmb¬ H_vk-¿th‰dn Hm^v s_¬-PnbØnse Kthj-IcmWv Cu ]T\w \SØnbXv. ssS‰s‚ {`aW]YsØbpw khntijXIsfbpw ]‰n icnbmbn hniZo-Icn-°phm≥ Cu Pe kap{Zaps≠¶nte km[n°p F∂mWv ‘Astronomy and Astrophysics’ F∂ tP¿Wen¬ {]kn-≤oIcn°m≥ t]mhp∂ ]T\Ønep≈Xv.

Xtam K¿Ø B‰ßƒ alm hnkvt^mS\Øn¬ krjvSn°s∏´ Ip™≥ XtamK¿Øßƒ kao] IWßsf hebnem°n ÿncXbp≈ {`aW ]Yap≈ KpcpXzmI¿jW kam\amb IWßfm°pw. Cu IWßƒ {]]©Ønse Xtam {ZhyØn\v apJykw`mh\ \¬Ipw. hebnem°s∏´ Cu Xtam{ZhyIWßƒ Db¿∂ Du¿P\nebn¬\n∂pw Xmgv∂ \nebnte°v ]Xn°ptºmƒ ]pds∏Sphn°p∂ IncWßƒ CØcw AhÿIsf Is≠Øm≥ klmbIcamIpsa∂v Sandia National Laboratories ˛se KthjI¿ sabv aq∂mw XnbXn xiv.org ¬

dnt∏m¿´v sNbvX t]∏dn¬ hniZoIcn°p∂p. Aßs\bp≈ AhÿIƒ \nehneps≠¶n¬ Ah XtamK¿Ø _mjv]o-IcWsØ Ipdn®pw Izm≠w KpcpXzmI¿- j WsØ°pdn®pw Adnhp\¬Ipsa∂v imkv { XkwLw IcpXp∂p.

Atbm (IO) bpsS am‹kap{Zw hymgØns‚ N{μ\mb Atbmbn¬ am‹bpsS B¥cnI kap{Zaps≠∂v Hcp ]pXnb ]T\w shfns∏SpØn. 50 In.ao. Bgap≈XmWv kap{Zsa∂pw KthjI¿ "kb≥kn'¬ sabv 12˛mw XnbXn Hm¨sse\mbn dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp. \mkbpsS Keoentbm _lncmImit]SIw tcJs∏SpØnb Um‰m ]p\xhniIe\w sNbvXv University of California and Los Angeles˛se Irj≥ Jpcm\bpw kwLhpamWv Cu \nKa\Øn-seØnt®¿∂Xv.

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-ﬂm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥ Printed & Published by V.Vinod on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1 and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon. Approved by CSIR for financial support Volume 46 No. 12, Sasthragathy 2011June, 60 Pages