Sastragathi Oct 2011

2011 HIvtSm-_¿

hmeyw 47

tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØv

e°w 4

10

Ih¿tÃmdn:

P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw cq]o-I-cnv°Ww I√d a[p

14 saUn-°¬ tImf-Pnkw`-hn-°p-∂Xv Cμp-teJ

Poh≥ ]¥m-Sp∂ Btcm-Ky-ÿm-]-\-߃ 6

B¥am≥ {S¶v tdmUv ˛ hwilXybnte°v Hcp ]mX

35

Pn. kmP≥

17

aRvPp at\mPv

I™n-IpSn ap´n-°p∂ [m\y-°-b-‰p-aXn

38

B¿. tlen

20

hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pv: P-\-Iob kwhm-Z-߃ A\n-hmcyw

41

{Ko°v ss]XrIw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

52

30

Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS \£-{X-th´ kn.-hn. N{μ≥

kn. cma-Ir-jvW≥

26

Pm∏\okv kvIqfpw Fs‚ Ip´nIfpw

GIo-IrX kne-_kv: {]N-c-Whpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw

th≠Xv Hcp KXm-KX \bw AUz. sI.-]n. chn-{]-Imiv

57

Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n:

kn. a[p-kq-Z\ - ≥

lc-W-^ew

]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃: Imc-W-sa¥v?

sI. kXojv

58

tUm. Sn. iin-[c - ≥, tUm. hn.-Pn. {iotZhn

imkv{X-hm¿Ø tUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\I - p-am¿

FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : sI. cm[≥ FIvkn-Iyp´ohv FUn-‰¿: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: ]n. kptc-jv ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn: s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿Z\≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´n Sn. cm[m-a-Wn, kn.-hn. N{μ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. sI. cmPvtam-l≥, tUm. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬, B¿. KncojvvIp-am¿, AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn, hn.-ss_-Pp, ]n. {]Im-i≥ Nn{Xo-I-cWw: sI. kXojv Ih¿ & teHu´v: ]n. {]Zo]v ssS∏v sk‰nMv: hn[p. ]n.-Fkv hnemkw

FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KX - n, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw ˛ 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C sa-bn¬ sasthragathy@gmail.com amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673 002 t^m¨ : 2701919, C sa-bn¬ ksspmagazine@gmail.com H‰-{]Xn : 12 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 125 cq] teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-߃ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. kμ¿in°pI: www.kssp.in

IØp-Iƒ

k¿°m¿ sNe-hn¬ Hcp A¨-F-bvUUv hnZym-ebw CXv Btcbpw A[n-t£-]n-°mt\m hne Ipd®v ImWn-°p-hmt\m A√ F∂v BZyta ]d-bs - ´. ]pXnb ]mTy]-≤X - nbpw ]co-£m-co-Xnbpw s\t©‰n-em-fn-°p∂ [mcmfw A[ym-]I - cpw hnZym-eb - ß - fpw anI-hns‚ {]Xo-Iß - fmbn \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ Xe Db¿Øn \n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw Pn√-bnse hnZym-`ymk ]cn-ioe\ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ em_v kvIqƒ CsXm∂pw Adn™ a´v ImWn-°p∂n-√. Hmtcm h¿jhpw Unhn-j-\pIƒ Cu hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ IqSn-°qSn hcp- ∂ p. kao] {]tZ- i sØ a‰v hnZym-e-b-߃ F{X ]cn-{i-an-®n´pw Hgp°v Ub-‰n-s‚ em_nte°v Xs∂. kvIqƒ_kv Bbn-cp∂p Hcp ImcWw. F∂m¬ AXn-t\-°mƒ D]-cn sR-´n-°p∂ Hcp kXy-amWv B

hnZym-e-b-Ønse c£n-Xm-°ƒ ]d™v Adn-™-Xv. AhnsS 4 Unhn-j-\p-Iƒ Hmtcm ¢mknepw D≠v. AXn¬ aq∂pw Cw•ojv aoUn-bw. D≈ ae-bmfw aoUn-bØn¬ Ccp-]tXm Ccp-]-Øt©m Ip´nIƒ am{Xw a‰p Unhn-j-\n¬ 45 Dw 50 Dw Ip´n-Iƒ. F¬.-sI.-Pn. apX¬ 7˛mw ¢mkv hsc CXp-Xs∂ ÿnXn. k¿°mcn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏n-s‚bpw F√m B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw Cu hnZym-e-bØn\v In´p∂p F∂-Xn¬ kwi-bs - am-∂pan-√-t√m. kzImcy GP≥kn-I-fpsS ]mT]p-kX v I - ß - fpw ]co£m coXn-If - pw. Ip´nIƒ anSp-°c - m-bX - n-\m¬, kmº-Øn-It- ijn-bp≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°f - m-bX - n-\m¬ tafI-fnepw Item-’h - ß - f - nepw {i≤n-°s - ∏Sp∂ t\´-߃. ]cn-io-e\ thf-I-fn\n w-K-cm-bn, \njv{In-b-cmbn Ccn-°p∂ A[ym-]I - ¿. a‰v hnZym-eb - ß - f - nse A[ym-

]-I¿ sNdnb sNdnb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf-t∏mepw hna¿in®v icn-bmb [mcW-Iƒ t\Sp-tºmƒ, AØcw {]h¿Ø\-߃ H∂pw-Xs∂ sNøm≥ km[n°mØ {]tXyI am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bnemWv Ahn- S psØ A[ym- ] - I ¿. hn⁄m-t\m-’t- h-fI - f - n¬ Cu Ip´n-IfpsS ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ hy‡-ambn a\ n-em-Ip-sa-¶nepw a‰v a’c ]co-£I-fn¬ Ch¿ Xs∂ ap∂n¬. ]pXnb ]mTy-]≤ - X - n-bp-sSbpw ]co£m coXn-bpsSbpw hnizm-ky-Xs - b-∏‰n Ub‰v A[nIm-cn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw hnizm-k-an-t√?. kao-]\ coXn-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ kao]-\-coXn ssIs°m≈p∂ Hcp ÿm]\sØ Bcpw ImWm- Ø - X m- t Wm. AtXm I≠n√ F∂v \Sn- ° p- I bmtWm. tKm]p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

shdpsX a\p-jysc t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cpXv k¿, imkv{X-KXn sk]vXw-_¿ e°-Øn¬ ""ag-s∏m∂v ]≤Xn'' F∂ teJ-\sØ-∏‰n s{]m^. A\n¬ ImS≥]d-ºn¬ Fgp-Xnb Ipdn-∏n-s\-∏‰nbmWo Ipdn∏v. At±lw tUm. _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb-cpsS kNn{X teJ\w Hcm-h¿ØnIqSn hmbn-°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. teJ-\Ø - n¬ hnhcn®ncn-°p-∂Xv sSd- nhogp∂ ag-sh≈w tiJ-cn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-b-√. B sh≈-ØnFen-bp-sS-tbm sXmc-∏-s‚-tbm aq{Xw Ie-cm≥ bmsXmcp km[y-Xbpw C√.

Ncn®v h®n-´p≈ ss^_¿ •mkn¬ hogp∂ sh≈w ]mØn-hgn Hcp kns‚Ivkv Sm¶n¬ tiJ-cn-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-∂X - v. sh≈w Hcp Acn-∏b - n-eq-sS-bmWv Sm¶ntiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ tiJ-cn® sh≈w em_-d-´-dn-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[\ \SØn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. Cßs\ tiJ-cn-°p∂ sh≈w IpSn-°m≥t]mepw ip≤n-bp-≈Xm-Wv. F¥n\v shdpsX a\p-jysc t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p A\n¬Ip-amtd? s{]m^. Fw.-sI. {]km-Zv

hcn-°m-cpsS {i≤bv°v

am

kn-I-bpsS hcn-kwJy Xocp∂ XobXn \n߃°p amknI Ab-bv°p∂ dm∏dns‚ apI-fn¬ A®-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp {i≤n-®n-cn-°p-a-t√m.

DZm: 35275 SG 2011˛12˛02 F∂v HcmfpsS dm∏-dn¬ t]cn\p apI-fn¬ A®-Sn-®n´p≠v F∂v Icp-Xp-I. BZy-tØXv sFUn \º-dm-Wv. XpS¿∂p≈ SG F∂Xv imkv{XKXn F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 2011˛12˛02 F∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw 2011 Unkw-_¿ 02\v t]mÃpsN-øp∂ Unkw-_¿e°w imkv{XKXn e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xm¶ƒ ho≠pw hcn-kwJy ]pXp-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv. XpS¿®-bmbn amknI In´p-∂-Xn\v Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn\v Hcpamkw aptº hcn-kwJy {]mtZ-inI ]cn-j-Zv{]-h¿Ø-I¿ aptJ-\tbm aWn-tbm¿U¿/ UnUn-bmtbm Ab-bv°m≥ Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. hcn-°m¿°-b-bv°p∂ amknI Xncn®p-h-cp∂ {]iv\w ]cn-lcn°p∂-Xn\v t^m¨\-º¿ hnem-k-Øn¬ ad-°msX tcJs∏-Sp-Øp-at√m. amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿

4

k¿, "A∂m-am-Wnsb Hm¿°p-tºmƒ'˛A\p-ka v c - Ww (tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn.-ta-t\m≥) Gsd {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂m-amWnsb Ipdn®v Gsd Adn-bp-∂X - n-te°v Cu teJ\w klm- b - I - a m- b n√ F¶nepw "{]Xn-`-Iƒ' \jvS-s∏-SpØn Adn-b-s∏-SmsX t]mIp∂ ka¿∏nX tNX- p-I-fmb h\n-X-Iƒ Cu A\pkva-cWw Hcn-°¬°qSn hmbn-°pw. apJ-{]-kwKw ka-tbm-NnXw Xs∂. \ΩpsS \m´p-ºp-dß - f - nse Ccp-fS- ™p InS-°p∂ AYhm Bcm-[-\tbm ]qPItfm H∂pw C√msX InS-°p∂ sNdpin-e-I-tfbpw B¬Ø-d-I-tfbpw tZh{]iv\w \SØn \mSn\v sFiz-cy-ap-≠m°p-∂X - n-\mbn t£{X kwc-£W kanXn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v D]-Po-h-\-am¿Kw Is≠-Øp∂ Hcp am^nb Xs∂ Cu ASp-Ø-Im-eØv D≠mbn´p-≠v. \nXy ]qP-Iƒ \S-°p-at√m F∂p-Ic - pXn CXv hn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijw CØcw t£{X- k w- c - £ W kan- X n- I - f psS XmXv]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v \S-Øp∂ tZh{]iv\˛]-cn-lmc {Inb-If - n¬s∏´v A_≤-Øn-emb Iptd Gsd-t]¿ \ΩpsS Np‰pw D≠v. Ah-cpsS IÆv Xpd-∏n-°t´ Cu apJ-{]-kw-Kw. Kncn-P, B‰n-ßHIvtSm-_¿ 2011

apJ-°p-dn∏v HIvtSm_¿ 2011

"\√' hnZym`ymkw tXSn F√m c£mI¿Øm°fpw XßfpsS Ip´nIƒ°v- "\√' hnZym`ymkw In´Ww F∂vB{Kln°p∂hcmWv. ]t£ F¥mWv \√ hnZym`ymkw F∂Xns\∏‰n ]e¿°pw ]e [mcWIƒ BWv- D≈Xv. \√ bqWnt^mw, \√ _ v, \√ sI´nSw, \√ Unknπn≥, \√ ^okv-, CsXms°bmWv Nne¿°v \√ kvIqfns‚ e£W߃.

Cw•ojv "]®sh≈wt]mse' ]dbm\p≈ Ignhv BWv - a‰pNne¿°v \√ hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpWw. ]≠p XncphnXmwIqdn¬ \n∂v- Cw•≠n¬ ]Tn°m≥ t]mb Hcp hnZzm≥ ho´nte°p IsØgpXnb IY tI´n´p≠v. "AtΩ, ChnsS F√mhcpw hnZym`ymkw D≈hcmWv. Xq∏pImcn t]mepw Cw•ojnemWv kwkmcn°p∂Xv!' Cw•ojp ]d®nemWv \√ hnZym`ymkw F∂ [mcW sIm≠mWt√m as‰¥p Ipdhp≠mbmepw Cw•ojp aoUnbw Xs∂ thWw F∂v- ]e c£m I¿Øm°fpw iTn°p∂Xv. AXpt]mep≈ as‰mcp {]NcWw BWv- "Xs‚ Ip´nsb FhnsS tN¿°Ww, F¥p Xcw hnZym`ymkw sImSp°Ww Fs∂ms° Xocpam\n°m\p≈ ]cam[nImcw c£mI¿Ømhn\mWv' F∂Xpw. hnZym`ymksØ shdpw hy‡nKX `mKymt\zjWw Bbn ImWp∂Xns‚ XIcmdmWnsX√mw. ]t£ hnIknX cmPyßfn¬ an°bnSßfnepw hnZym`ymksØ Hcp kmaqlnI kwcw`w Bbn´mWv ImWp∂Xv. Hmtcm Ip™ns‚bpw IgnhpIƒ ]camh[n hnIkn∏nt°≠Xpw Ahscsb√mw \√ a\pjycpw \√ ]uccpw Bbn hf¿Øn FSpt°≠Xpw kaqlØns‚ Bhiyw IqSn BWt√m?. Ah¿ ]ckv]cw a’cn®p a‰p≈hsc adnIS∂p kz¥w tIaØw ÿm]ns®Sps°≠h¿ A√. H∂n®p ]Tn°pIbpw H∂n®p- hfcpIbpw H∂n®pi‡n B¿Pn°pIbpw sNtø≠h¿ BWv.- AXn\p≈ ]cnioe\w BtWm kvIqfn¬ In´p∂Xv F∂v- Bsc¶nepw At\zjn°p∂pt≠m?

CsXms° G´nse ]‰q; {]tbmKØn¬ ]‰n√; CXv a’cm[n„nX kaqlw BWv-; BtKmfhXvIcWØns‚ Imew BWv-; \ap°v a‰p cmPyßtfmsSm∏w FØt≠? AXn\v Cw•ojnep≈ ]cn⁄m\w At√ G‰hpw th≠ KpWw? Fs∂ms° tNmZn°p∂h¿ P∏m\n¬ Xmakn°p∂ Hcp aebmfn AΩbpsS A\p`hw hmbn°p∂Xv \∂v. imkv{XKXn BZyambn Hcp tªmKn¬ \n∂v- ISw FSp°pIbmWv. tªmKpIƒ ImWmØhcnte°pw Cu ktμiw FØWw F∂p≈Xp sIm≠mWv Cßs\ Hcp ]pXpa ]co£n°p∂Xv. AXpt]mep≈ as‰mcp [mcWbmWv "\mSs\'°mƒ Ft∏mgpw \√Xv "hcØ≥' BWv- F∂Xv. kvt‰‰v kne_kns\°mƒ \√Xv Bbncn°Ww AJnte¥y≥.

AXnt\°mƒ tIaw Bbncn°Ww C‚¿\mjW¬. kne_ pw Icn°pehpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw ]et∏mgpw A[ym]I¿°pt]mepw ]nSnImWn√.

AXpsIm≠mWt√m tIcfØnse s]mXp hnZymebßfpsS \nehmcw Db¿Øm\mbn AhnsS√mw kn._n.Fkv.C kne_kv \S∏m°pw F∂v- k¿°m¿ ]dbm≥ ImcWw. hmkvXhØn¬ kn._n.Fkv.C.bpw tIcfhpsa√mw tZiob Icn°pew N´°qSn\v AIØp \n∂psIm≠mWv kne_ pIƒ D≠m°nbncn°p∂Xv F∂pw, AtX kabw Fßs\bmWv {]mtZinI kne_ pIƒ {]k‡w BIp∂Xv- F∂pw a[pkqZ\s‚ teJ\w hy‡am°p∂p. Ct∏mƒ hym]Iambn N¿® sNøs∏´psIm≠ncn°p∂ A[ym]I ]mt°Pv BWv- kn. cmaIrjvWs‚ hnjbw. ]T\ \nehmcw sa®s∏SWw F¶n¬ A[ym]IcpsS \nehmcw BZyw sa®s∏SWat√m. G‰hpw anI® A[ym]Isc e`yam°p∂Xn\v CXv F{Xam{Xw klmbn°pw?

F¥mWv \√ hnZym`ymkØn\v th≠Xv F∂v- At\zjWØn¬ CsX√mw {]k‡amWv.

imkv{X-KXn

5

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw Pn. kmP≥

a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bpsS bm{X XpS-ßn-bn-S-Øp-\n∂v Pdmhm kaqlw Gsd apt∂m´p t]mbn-´n-√. AXn\v Ah¿°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Imc-W-ßfp-≠mhmw. Cu {]mIr-X-bp-‡nsb B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bp‡n-sIm≠v \mw tNmZyw sNbvXp-Iq-Sm. Ah-cpsS ]cn-lm-c-߃ Ah¿X-s∂-bmWv \n¿t±int°≠-Xv. B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUv AS-®p-]q-´-Ww.

B¥am≥ {S¶v tdmUv ˛ hwilXybnte°v Hcp ]mX ITn\ambn ag s]bvXp-sIm≠ncp∂p.

Im´n\p≈nse shfn®hpw Ipdhmbncp∂p. F∂m¬, GXm≠v ]q¿W\·cmbn R߃ I≠ PdmhIsf CsXm∂pw _m[n®tXbn-√. Ah¿ ap∏Xntesdt∏cp≠mbncp∂p. apXn-¿∂ ]pcpj- ∑ m¿, ssI°p™p- ß sf H°tØ¥nb AΩam¿, Nph∂ \mcpIƒ tN¿Ø sXmß-ep-Iƒ Nm¿Ønb s]¨Ip´nIƒ, Xp≈nbm- ¿ °p∂ Ip´nIƒ. ag-bn¬ AhcpsS apJw IqSpX-¬ Xnfßn. Im´neqsS Nodn∏m™pt]mIp∂ hml\hyqlsØ Ah¿ \njv°f¶amb Aºct∏msS t\m°n. s]s´∂v ]tØm ]{¥t≠m hb ptXm∂n°p∂ Hcp Pdmhm _me≥ R߃ k©cn°p∂ Sm‰m kptambpsS sskUv sÃ∏nte°v NmSn-°bdn.

6

ss{UhdpsS ssIøn¬ ]nSn®p-sIm≠v Ah≥ ]d™p t_mwt_ tZm, t_mwt_... tZm... ]m≥]cmKp-Isf-°pdn®v Adn-hp≈h¿°v t_mws_ {]Nmcap≈ Hcp ]m\ns‚ C\-amWv F∂dnbmw. ss{UhdpsS ssIhiap≈ ]m≥]cmKmWv Ah\v th≠-Xv. AXv e`n®tXmsS Ah≥ tdmUnte°v NmSn HmSnt∏mIpIbpw sNbv X p. ap∏Xn\mbncw h¿jØntesdbmbn B¥am\nse Cu Im´nemWv PdmhIƒ Xmakn°p∂Xv. th´-bmSnbpw ]ghpw, Ingßpw, tX\pw tiJcn®pw ao≥]nSn®pw AhcnhnsS Pohn®p. kz¥amb`mjbpw, kwkvImchpw PohnXcoXnbpw hf¿ØnsbSpØp. B[p\nI a\pjy-Ncn{XØn\v Znimam‰w hcpØnb Hcp kmt¶XnI-hnZybpw Ah¿

kzoIcn®n√. Irjnbmcw`n®n-√, N{Iw \n¿Ωn®n-√, hkv{Xw [cn®n-√-, A]cnNnXamb Hcp {]tem`\-Ønte°pw hgpXn-hoWn-√. F∂m¬ B[p\nIa\pjy≥ ChcpsS kcfamb Bhmkhyhÿbnte°v AXn{Ian®p- I S∂pIbdn. ]ptcmKXnbpsS hnIeamb ioeßfpw tcmKßfpw Ahcnte°p ]I¿∂p. {ItaW a\pjy]cnWmaNcn{XØn¬ H‰s∏´p- t ]mb Hcp {][m\ tKm{X-hwiw hwi-\miØnse ]SnhmXn¬°seØn-\n¬°p∂ ZpxJIcamb Nn{XØn\mWv \mant∏mƒ km£yw hln°p∂Xv. hepXpw sNdpXpamb 572 Zzo]pIfpw D]Zzo]pIfpw ]mds°´pIfpaS-ßp-∂XmWv B¥am≥ \nt°m_m¿ Zzo]kaqlw. C¥y≥ apJy[mcbv°v HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

XmcXtay\ A]cnNnXamb Ncn{Xhpw `qanimkv{Xhpw kmaqlnI khntijXIfpw Cu Zzo]pIsf {it≤bam-°p∂p. `qanimkv{X]camb ]cnanXn-Iƒ adnIS∂v Ncn{X-Øns‚ BI-kvanIXbn¬am{Xw C¥y≥ bqWnbs‚ `mKamb Cu Zzo]pIƒ°v C∂v tZiob-kpc£-bpsS t]cnemWv `cWIqS-Øns‚ {]tXyI ]cnKW\ e`n°p-∂Xv. c≠mbncw h¿jØntesd ]g°ap≈ Hcp kap{Z-hym]mc]mXbpsS `mK-ambncp∂p Cu Zzo]pIƒ. F∂m¬ 1789˛e^v‰\‚ v B¿®n-_mƒUv ªb¿ Ip‰hmfnIƒ°mbp≈ ]o\¬ sk‰n¬sa‚mbn \n¿t±in®tXmsSbmWv Cu ÿew B[p-\nI-Ncn{XØns‚ `mKamIp∂Xv. t]m¿´v -ªb¿ F∂ t]cv Cu Ncn{XØns‚ kv a rXn- t cJbmWv .

XpS¿∂v 60˛-Hmfw h¿jw Cu {]tZisØ Bcpw {i≤n®n-√. F∂m¬ 1858˛¬ H∂mw kzmX{¥y-kacØn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb 200 tZiob kzmX{¥ykac`-S∑msc Ctßm´v \mSpISØn.

PbnedIƒt]mep- a n√mØ Xpd∂ ÿe-tØ°v Ahsc Xpd∂p-hn´p. {Ita-W Cu Zzo]-kaqlw tZiob-kzmX{¥y{]ÿm\Øns‚ D÷zeamb Ncn{Xw cNn®p- X pSßn. 1870˛B{^oZn ]Øm≥ sj¿Aen, {_n´ojv ssht{kmbn tem¿Uv tatbmsb sImes∏SpØnbXpw ChnsS-h®mWv. 1906 ˛]Wn-Xo¿Ø sk√p-em¿ Pbn¬ Cu tZiobNcn{X-Øns‚ kPoh kvarXnkm∂n≤yamWv. 1922˛¬ 1921˛se ae_m¿ Iem]Øn\v t{]cn∏n®p F∂ Ip‰w NpaØn 2243 am∏nfamsc Ctßm´p \mSpISØn. kzmX{¥ye_v [ n°p- t ijw IpSntb‰Øns‚ IpsØmgp°mbncp∂p. ImSp- s h´n Irjn sNøm≥ Xbmdp≈ I¿jI¿, Ing°≥ ]mInÿm\n¬ \n∂p≈ A`bm¿∞n-Iƒ, dm©nbn¬\n∂pw tOm´m \mKv∏qcn¬ \n∂pap≈ sXmgnemfnIƒ, DØ¿{]-tZinse `m≠p, _¿Ωbn¬\n∂v Imtc≥ _¿Ωokv, t\m¿Øv shÃv t{^m≠nb¿ s{]mhn≥kn¬ \n∂p≈h¿, a≤y{]tZin\n∂p≈ BZnhmkn- t Km{X- k aql߃, ]mInÿm\nIƒ, _n n\kpIm¿, Kh¨sa‚ v tPmen°m¿ Aßs\ C¥y- b nepw _¿Ωbnepap≈ A™qdntesd Pn√Ifn¬ 350-tesd Pn√-Iƒ°v ChnsS {]mXn\n[-y-ap-≠v.

Aßs\bmWv Cu {]tZiw an\n C¥y F∂v Adnbs∏´p-XpSßnbXv. tIcfØn¬\n∂p- h ∂v ChnsS Pohn°m≥ \ntbmKap- ≠ mbt∏mƒ ]ndIn¬ hn´p- t ]m∂ tZiØns‚ t]cpIƒ \¬In Ah¿ Hm¿Ωsb imkv{X-KXn

tIcfØn¬\n∂p-h∂v ChnsS Pohn°m≥ \ntbmKap-≠mbt∏mƒ ]ndIn¬ hn´p-t]m∂ tZiØns‚ t]cpIƒ \¬In Ah¿ Hm¿Ωsb ]p\xkrjvSn®p.

Aßs\ B¥am≥ ImSpIfn¬ Xncqcpw h≠qcpw Imen-°‰pw ae∏pdhpw \neºq-cp-ap≠m-bn. Ah¿ ImSpsh´nsØfn®v Irjn ÿeßfp≠m°n.

Ncn{XØn¬\n∂v ]pdØm°s∏´ Nne¿ kz¥w Ncn{Xw cNn°p∂ hnkvabIYbmWnXv.

]p\xkrjvSn®p. Aßs\ B¥am≥ ImSpIfn¬ Xncqcpw h≠qcpw Imen°‰pw ae∏pdhpw \neºq-cp-ap-≠m-bn.

Ah¿ ImSpsh´nsØfn®v Irjn ÿeßfp≠m°n. Ncn{XØn¬\n∂v ]pdØm°s∏´ Nne¿ kz¥w Ncn{Xw cNn°p∂ hnkvabIYbmWnXv. \n¿`mKyhim¬ Cu B[p\nINcn{X cN\bn¬ \mw hnkvacn®p-t]mhp∂Xv hwilXybpsS IdpØ Nn{XßfmWv. {_n´ojv A[n\nthi-Øn\papºv Cu Zzo]pIfn¬ s\{Knt‰m˛ awKtfmbnUv hwißfn¬s∏´ BZnhmkn-P\kaqlambncp∂p. s\{Knt‰m hwiPcmb t{K‰v B¥am\okv, Pdmh, sk‚n\eokv HmwKn F∂nhcpw awKtfmbvUv hn`mKØnse \nt°m-_mcn, tjmws]≥ hwiPcpambncp∂p {][m\ambpw ChnsS D≠m-bncp∂Xv. Chsc {]mIrX- P \- h n`mKßfmbn IcpXn B[p\nI-PohnX-{IaØnte°v ]cnh¿Ø\w sNøpI F∂ ZuXyw Gs‰-SpØ {_n´ojpIm¿ t{K‰v B¥am\okpambn {ItaW NßmØw ÿm]n®p. F∂m¬, Cu {]tem`\-ßfnhogmXncp∂ PdmhIsf t{K‰v B¥am\okpIsf D]tbmKn®v XI¿°m\pw Ah¿ {iaw XpSßn. B[p\nI temIØns‚ A]cnNnX- i oeßfnte°v _emXvImcambn sIm≠phcs∏´ t{K‰v B¥- a m\oknt‚Xv ZpxJIcamb

7

Hc¥yambncp∂p. ]pdw-temIßfn¬\n∂pw ssIamdn-°n´nbXpw AtXhsc Ah¿°v A⁄mXhpambncp∂ aokn¬kv, izmk-tImi-tcmK߃, \yqtamWnb, kn^nenkv F∂nhbneqsS AXn]pcmX\hpw {]mIrX-hpamb HcmZn-hmkn-hwiw XpS®p-\o°s∏´ IYbmWnXv. Hcp \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv AømbncØntesd AwKßfp≠mbncp∂ t{K‰v B¥-am-\o-kn¬ Ct∏mƒ 53 t]tc Ah-ti-jn-®n-´p-≈p. XpS¿®-bmb tcmK-ßfpw bp≤-ßfpw a‰v P\-hn-`m-Kß-sfbpw GXm≠v ]q¿Æ-ambpw XpS®p-\o-°n. s\{Knt‰m hwi-P-cmb 368 Pdm-h-Ifpw 94 HmwKn-Ifpw \qtdmfw sk‚n-\e - okpw Ct∏mƒ _m°n-bp-≠v. awK-tfm-bnUv hn`m-KØ - nse tjmws]≥ 398 t]¿ _m°n-bp-≠.v \nt°m-_m-dokv am{Xw hyXy-kX v a - mb Hcp ]mX-bn-eqsS k©-cn-®X - p-sIm-≠mhmw Ct∏mƒ 20000 tesdt∏cp≠v. B¥-am≥ ˛\nt°m_m¿ Zzo]-ka - q-lß - f - nse samØw P\kwJy 4.5 e£-ambn Db¿∂-t∏mƒ BZn-a-P-\X 8 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ t]mfn-kn-bpsS `mKambp≠mb hwi-lX - y-bpsS {]Xym-LmX-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]mTw ]Tn-°mØ Hcp ss{S_¬ t]mfnkn Xs∂-bmWv kzmX{¥ym-\¥ - c k¿°m-cp-Ifpw XpS¿∂-Xv. ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn®p Irjnÿ-eß-fm-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \qdp-IW-°n\v I¿j-Isc Ctßm´v tNt°dm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v klmbn-®p. h∂h¿°v 10 G°¿ ÿew ]Xn-®p-\¬In. CXns‚ ad-hn¬ hym]-Ia - mb coXn-bnImSv sh´p-Ibpw XSn sabn≥em≥Unte°v IS-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \qdp h¿jw--sIm≠v 9˛13 iX-am\w ImSv ]q¿Æ-ambpw sh´n-am-‰n. t]m¿´vªb-dn¬\n∂v kuØv, anUn¬t\m¿Øv A¥-am-\n-eqsS k©-cn®v hS-t°-b-‰-Øp≈ Un•n-∏p-sc-Øp∂ 340 Intem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ A¥am≥ {S¶vtdmUv 1971 ¬ ]Wn Bcw`n®v sXmÆq-dp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-amWv ]q¿Øn-bm-bX - .v B¥-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fnse G‰hpw hnkvXrX-amb B¥-am-\n¬ Pohn-°p∂ \mepe- £ - t Ømfw hcp∂ P\- ß - f psS sse^v sse\mbn F.‰n. B¿. hntijn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ 2003 ¬ kp{][m-\-amb Hcp hn[n-bn¬ Cu tdmUv AS-®p-]q-´m≥ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn \n¿t±iw \¬In. F∂m¬ Ggph¿jw Ign™n´pw Cu hn[n {]tbm-K-Ønh∂n-´n-√.

ImSpIfpsS hym]-I-amb \miw t\cn´p _m[n-®Xv Pdmh kaq-l-sØbm-Wv. 100 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰-tdmfw

8

]c∂p InS-°p∂ ImSp-If - n¬ Ign™ 30000 h¿j-Øn-te-sd-bmbn Ah¿ Pohn°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pd-w-temIw ]pXnb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw B[p- \ n- I - X - b n- t e°v IS- ° p- I bpw sNbvXt- ∏mƒ Pdm-hI - ƒ th´bm-Snbpw ]ghpw, Ing-ßpw, tX\pw tiJ-cn®pw a’yw ]nSn®pw Pohn-®p. Cu Pohn-Xssi- e n°v Ah¿ CtX- h sc Hcp am‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-bn-√. tdmUn¬, tImcn-s®m-cn-bp∂ ag-bØv R߃ I≠ Pdmh kaq-l-Øn¬ kv{XoIfpw ]pcp-j∑ - mcpw [mcmfw sIm®p-Ip-´n-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{Xo-I-fpsS H°Øv ape-IpSn amdmØ Ip´n-Iƒ. F√m-hcpw Gsd-°psd ]q¿W \·-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Nne¿ Nph∂ \mcp- I ƒ tN¿Øp Xp∂nb Nne Ae-¶m-c-߃ ]mhm-St]mse AWn-™n-cp-∂p. A]q¿hw Nne¿ ]pdw-tem-I-Øp-\n∂pw In´nb j¿´pw ]m‚pw C´p-t\m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. i‡-ambn s]øp∂ ag Ahsc _m[n®-tX-bn-√. F∂m¬ Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\p

h¿jw Ah-cpsS Bhm-kh - y-hÿ b - mbn-cp∂ Cu Im´n-eqsS IpXn-®p-]m-bp∂ B[p- \ n- I - X - b psS hml- \ - ß sf XnI™ Aº- c - t ∏msS Ah¿ Ct∏mgpw t\m°p-∂p. Cu kwk¿§Øn-¬-\n∂pw Ah¿°p e`n-®Xv ]eXcw el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A`n\n-thiam-W.v Aßs\-bmWv t_mws_ tZm.... t_mws_ Xcq F∂p-]-d™v HmSp∂ hml-\-Øn-te°v NmSn-°-bdm≥ Ah¿ t{]cn-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xv. BZn-hmkn kaq-l-߃°v ImSpIƒ ss\k¿§n-I-amb Hcm-hm-k-hy-hÿ- b mWv . AXn¬ AXn- c p- I - f n- √ .

At∏m-gmWv 750 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ ss{S_¬ dnk¿hmbn Kh¨sa‚ v {]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu AXn-cp-I-fnXSn-sh-´p-I-bpw, Irjn sNøp-I-bpw, hym]mcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XnhcmWv. Cu taJ-e-bn-eq-sS-bmWv B¥am≥ {S¶v tdmUv IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv. Cu AXn-cp-If - n¬\n-∂mWv AtX-hsc A]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ tcmK-߃ Ah¿°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv. tKm{X-h¿K P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v .]c-kv]-c-hn-c-p≤-amb c≠v Bi-bß - f - p-≠v. H∂n¬, Chsc {]mIrX-P-\-kaq-l-ambn I≠v B[p-\nIo-Ic-W-{]-{In-b-bp-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-I. c≠v, Ahsc Ah-cpsS hgn°v hnSpI. B[p-\o-Io-Ic-- W - Ø - ns‚ BZy kao]\w temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ tKm{X-h¿Kk-aq-lß - f - psS ]q¿Wamb \njv°m-k\-Øn-te°v \bn-®p-sh-∂mWv Pdmh taJ-eb - n¬ ]T\w \S-Øp-Ibpw hyXykvX-amb Hcp tKm{X-h¿K \b-cq-]o-Ic-WØ - n-\mbn hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kao¿ BNm-cy, ]¶-Pvsk-Jvkm-dnb F∂n-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. {_koense \ºn-Ipdm ss{S_v 1945 ¬ 10000 t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ 600 Bbn Ipd- ™ Xv Ah¿ DZm- l - c - W - a mbn ImWn-°p-∂p. sX‰mb Cu \b-cq-]o-Ic-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn I¬]-hr£ skmssk‰n t^m¿ B≥U-am≥ \nt°m_m¿ Ct°m-f-Pn, (SANE) t_mws_ \m®p-d¬ lnÃdn skmssk‰n F∂nh¿ tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-®p. {]Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn®pw {]IrXnhn`-hß-fpsS Nqj-Ws - Ø-°p-dn®pw Bhmkhy-h-ÿ-bpsS LS-\-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂ am‰-sØ°p-dn-®p-sams° Xo{h-amb DXvIWvTI-fmWv Ah¿ tImS-Xn-bp-ambn ]¶p-h-®-Xv. Cu Zzo]-k-aq-l-Øns‚ A\n-Xc - k - m-[m-cW - a - mb ssPh-hy-hÿ - bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ah¿ Nq≠n°m-´n. khn-tij kml-Nc - y-Øn-emWv Zzo]p-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠-X.v 180 Zi-e£w h¿j-߃°p apºv CXv _¿Ω (anb≥HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

am¿) apX¬ Ct¥m-t\-jy-hsc XpS¿®bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]¿h-X-\n-c-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp∂p. {ItaW CXn¬ Hcp `mKw IS-en¬ apßn-t∏m-bn. apßmsX _m°n-bm-bX - mWv C∂p-Im-Wp∂ Zzo]pIƒ. hS-t°-b-‰sØ em≥Uvt^mƒ sFe≥Up-ap-X¬ sXt° A‰-Øp≈ Cμncm t]mb‚ v (Iymw]¬ t_) hsc 710 Intem-ao-‰¿ \ofw. B¥-am-t\bpw \nt°m-_m-dn-t\bpw th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ sS≥ Un{Kn Nm\¬ temIsØ G‰hpw ZpjvIc - a - mb kap-{Z-]m-XI - f - n-sem-∂m-W.v Cu Zzo]-k-aql-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn _mc¨ Zzo]n¬ kPo-h-amb Hc-·n-]¿ΔXw Ct∏m-gp-ap≠v. C-¥y-bnse 600 kky-Pohn kwc-£-W-]m¿°p-I-fn100 FÆw Cu Zzo]-ka - q-lß - f - n-em-Wv. Chn-sS-bp≈ kky Pohn sshhn≤yw apJy `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw Gsd thdn´p \n¬°p-∂p. ]£nIfn¬ 60 i-X-am\hpw, kkvX\n-If - n¬ 40 iX-am-\hpw Nn{X-i-e-`-ß-fn¬ 50 iX-am-\hpw Cu {]tZ-iØv am{Xw ImWp∂ F≥U-anIv hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. temIsØ ]hng-∏p‰p-I-fpsS sshhn-[y-Øn¬ 80 iXam\hpw Chn-sSbm-Wv. temI ssPhssh-hn-[ytlm´v kvt]m´v F∂v hnZKv[¿ Cu {]tZ-isØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. Ct∏mƒ \S-°p∂ {]Ir-Xn-timjWw XpS¿∂m¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ h\hy-hÿ - bpw CXns‚ `mK-amb Pdmhm kaq-lhpw A{]-Xy-£-am-hm≥ Gsd°mew th≠n hcn√. ka-{Kamb hn[n-bmWv tImS-Xnbn¬\n-∂p-≠m-bXv Cu coXn-bn¬ {]IrXn-tim-jWw XpS¿∂m¬ Cu Zzo]-kaq-lhpw AXn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ {]mIr-X-P-\-k-aq-lhpw ]q¿W-ambpw XpS®p-\o-°s - ∏Spw F∂ hnImcw Cu hn[nbn¬ XpSn-®p-\n-∂p. Xt±-i-P-\-X-bpsS Bh-iy-߃s°m-gn-sI-bp≈ acw-ap-dn°¬ ]q¿W-ambpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI, Zzo]n¬\n∂v sabn≥em≥Un-te°v XSn IS-Øp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°pI, IpSn-tb-‰`qan Xncn-s®-Sp-°pI, sabn≥em≥Un¬\n∂v Zzo]n-te-°p≈ IpS-ntb‰w XpScp-∂Xv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI, Kh-s◊‚ v DS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ D≈ t^mdÃv πmt‚j≥ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ AS-®p-]q-´p-I, Npa∂ FÆ-∏-\, d∫¿, tX°v F∂nh-bpsS GI-hn-f-tØm-´-߃ {ItaW \n¿Ø-em-°p-I, Pdmhm ss{S_¬ Gcnbm-bn-te-°p≈ B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUv AS-®p-]q-´pI, Zzo]p-I-fnse IS¬Øoc-ßf - n¬\n∂p≈ aW¬hm-c¬ \ntcm[n-°p-I, B¥-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]k-aq-l-ßsf C∂¿sse≥ s]¿an-‰n\v hnt[-b-am-°pI F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m\ hn[n-Iƒ. hn[n-tbmSv `qcn-`mKw imkv{X-KXn

cmjv{So-bI - £ - n-Ifpw hntbm-Pn-®p. F√m cmjv{SobI£n-Ifpw tN¿∂v hn[n-s°Xnsc \S-Ønb _μv GI-tZiw ]q¿Whp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1942\p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xe-ap-db - nse tem°¬t_m¨ Atkmkn-tb-j\ - S- °w A]q¿hw Nne¿ am{Xw hn[nsb A\p-Iq-en-®p. ]q¿Wambpw \S-∏m-°m≥ CtXhsc Ign-™n-´ns√-¶nepw Cu Zzo]-kaq-l-Øns‚ ssPh-˛-km-aq-lnI khnti-jX - I - f - psS \ne-\n-¬∏n\v Cu hn[n \n¿Wm-b-I-ambn klm-bn-®p. acw-ap-dn°epw XSn-IS- Ø - epw aW-se-Sp-°e - pw GXm≠v ]q¿Wam-bn-Øs∂ Ah-km\n-®p. `mKn-Ia - m-sb-¶nepw {]mIr-Xt- Km{X-h¿K kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏v B[p-\nI bp‡n-bpsS `mK-am-hWw F∂ Ah-t_m-[a - p-≠m-bn.

F∂m¬ Pdmhm dnk¿hn¬ B¥am≥ {S¶vtdm-Un-eqsS-bp≈ hml-\-k©mcw \n¿_m[w XpS-cp-∂p.- A-dp-]Xn-\m-bncw h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp kwkvIr-Xn-bn¬\n∂v B[p-\n-I-XbpsS Cc-ºn-∏m-bp∂ i-IS-ßsf Ah¿ Aº-c∂p t\m°p-∂p. A]-cn-Nn-Xa - mb {]tem-`-\-ß-fn-te°v hgpXn hogp-∂p.

B[p-\n-It- emIw krjvSn-°p∂ Sqdn-k-

Øns‚ BI¿j-W-ambn Hcp ]gb BZn-hm-kn-k-aqlw amdp-∂p. hnI-k-\Øns‚ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ Ahsc tcmK_m-[n-X-cm-°p-∂p. tImS-Xn-hn[n h∂v F´p h¿j-am-bn´pw Cu hn[n CtXhsc \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. hnIk-\-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-bp-‡n°v CXv a\- n-em-hp-∂p-an-√.

Hcp-]t£ \qdp-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd P\߃ Po-hn-°p∂ Hcp cmPyØv 365 t]cpsS `mhn°v F¥p {]k-‡n.? \nc¥-c-amb \nb-a-bp-≤-ß-fn-eqsS A¥ams‚ {]Ir-Xn-°p-th≠n s]mcp-Xnb kao¿ C∂v ]cn-£o-W\mbn tXm∂p∂p- . F- ∂ m¬ ip`m- ] v X n- h n- i zmkw Ct∏mgpw At±lw ssIhn-´n-´n-√. a\p-jy-hw-iØ - ns‚ ]cn-Wm-a{- ]-{Inb-bpsS bm{X XpS-ßn-bn-S-Øp-\n∂v Pdmhm kaqlw Gsd apt∂m´p t]mbn´n-√. AXn\v Ah¿°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Imc-Wß - f - p-≠mhmw. Cu {]mIr-Xb - p‡nsb B[p- \ n- I - X - b psS bp‡nsIm≠v \mw tNmZyw sNbvXp-Iq-Sm. AhcpsS ]cn-lm-cß - ƒ Ah¿X-s∂-bmWv \n¿t±in-t°≠-X.v B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUv AS-®p-]q-´-Ww. kao¿ BNm-cy- Bh¿Øn®v ho≠pw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

9

Ih¿tÃmdn I√d a[p

\oXn-bp-‡-amb Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Huj-[-hn-e-bnse ]I¬s°m≈ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Huj-[-߃ F√mh¿°pw e`y-am-°-Ww. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ P\m-[n-]Xy Btcm-Kym-h-Im-i߃ kwc-£n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sNtø-≠-Xv.

P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw

cq]o-I-cn-n°Ww °Ww ""2020 - ˛ HmsS

F√m- h ¿°pw BtcmKyw'' F∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, ]{¥≠mw ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK- a mbn Hcp tZiob BtcmKy \nbaw'' (National Health Act) cq]o-Icn-°m≥ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Btem-Nn-°p∂-Xmbn tIƒ°p-∂p. πm\nMv IΩoj≥ CXn-te-bv°mbn Hcp hnZ-Kv[-kan- X nbpw cq]o- I - c n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . tUm. {io\mYv sdÕn sNb¿am-\mb Cu IΩn‰n-bn¬ tUm. _n\m-bIv sk∂n-t\bpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ka-{K-amb Hcp Btcm- K y- \ n- b - a - s Ø- ° p- d n®v N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ Ahiyw ]cn-KW - n-t°≠ hnj-b-amWv Huj-[-hn-e, KpW-\n-ehmcw F∂n- h - b p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ {]iv\ß - ƒ.

10

Huj-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv tcmK-ap-‡nbv°v am{X-a-√, tcmK-\n-hmc-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n-°qSnbm-Wv. BtcmKy]-cn-]m-e\ - Ø - n-\p-th-≠n-bm-W.v Btcm-Ky-]c - n-]m-e\ - Ø - n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ sNe-hn-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb ]¶v Huj[-߃ hmßm≥ th≠n-bp-≈X - p-Xs - ∂bm-Wv. KpW-\n-eh - m-ca - p≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ, Xmßm-hp∂ hnebv°v e`y-am-°n-bmam{Xta km¿Δ-{Xn-Ia - m-b BtcmKy]cn]m-e\w km[y-am-Iq. 1982˛¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Hcp tZiob Btcm-Ky-\bw {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. B {]Jym-]\ - Ø - n¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂ {][m\ Imcy-߃ Ch-bm-bncp∂p: 1. F.- U n. 2000˛- a m- t ≠msS F√mh¿°pw BtcmKyw F∂ e£yw

ssIh-cn-°m≥ C¥y {]Xn-⁄m-_≤-am-Wv. 2. hymP-Hu-j[ - ß - fpw KpW-\n-eh - m-can-√mØ acp-∂p-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv XS-bm≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]S- nI-sf-Sp-°pw.

3. cmPyØv e`y-amb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - nZy D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v, KpW-\n-e-hmc-ap≈ Poh≥c£m acp-∂p-Ifpw hmIvkn-\p-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ ASn- b - ¥ nc \S- ] - S n- s b- S p- ° p- I .

Poh≥c£m acp-∂p-Isf√mw-Xs∂ cmk-\m-a-Øn¬ e`y-am-°p-I. Cu {]Jym-]\w h∂p aq∂p-]-Xn‰m≠p XnI-bm-dm-hp-tºmgpw AXn¬∏d™ e£y-Øn-te°v Hcn-©p-ap-t∂dm≥ \ap°v Ign-™n-´n-√. F∂p-am-{XHIvtSm-_¿ 2011

a-√, hf-sc-]n-t∂m-´p-t]m-bn F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X.

Huj-[-߃°mbn {]tXy-I-h-Ip∏v Huj-[-ß-fpsS \n¿am-Whpw hn]W-\hpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky-hIp-∏√ - , s]t{Sm-fnbw˛sI-an-°¬ a{¥me- b - a m- W v . at‰- s Xmcp sIan- ° epw t]mse Hcp DXv]-∂-ambn am{Xta Huj-[ß - sf k¿°m¿ ImWp-∂p-≈q.

Huj-[-ß-fpsS hnebpw e`y-Xbpw a‰pw B{i-bn-®mWv kaq-l-Øns‚ BtcmKyw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂-Xn\m¬ tkmjy-enÃv ImgvN-∏m-tSm-Sp-IqSnb Hcp \bhpw hIp∏pw CXn-\mbn {]tXyIw D≠m-tb-aX - n-bm-Iq. Cw•ojv acp-∂p-Iƒ am{Xw GI-tZiw 85000 tImSn-cq-]bv°p (Pharma news, 2011 Feb) C¥y-bn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

CXn¬ 35000 tImSn cq]bv°p≈Xv Ib‰p-aXn sNøp-Ib - m-Wv. temIØv BsI DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Huj-[ß - f - n¬ 8 iXam\w C¥y-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bbp¿th-Z, bp\m-\n, tlmantbm F∂o imJ-Ifnse Huj[w IqSn-bm-bm¬ GI-tZiw H∂-c-e£w tImSn-bn-tesd cq]-bpsS Huj[w DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Huj[-߃°v am{X-ambn Hcp {]tXy-I-hIp∏v cq]o-I-cn®v AXns\ Btcm-Ky-hIp-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘n∏n-°p-I-bmWv, P\-Iob Huj-[-\-bØn-te-°p≈ BZy-\S- ] - S- n-bmbn D≠mtI-≠X - .v

temIØv BsI DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Huj-[ß-fn¬ 8 iX-am\w C¥y-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bbp¿th-Z, bp\m-\n, tlmantbm F∂o imJI-fnse Huj[w IqSn-bmbm¬ GI-tZiw H∂-ce£w tImSn-bn-tesd cq]-bpsS Huj[w DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Huj-[-߃°v am{Xambn Hcp {]tXy-I -h-Ip∏v cq]o-I-cn®v AXns\ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpambn _‘n-∏n-°p-IbmWv, P\-Iob Huj-[-\-b-Øn-te-°p≈ BZy-\-S-]-Sn-bmbn D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

Huj-[-hne \nb-{¥Ww \ne-hn¬ 74- Hu-j-[-߃ am{Xta k¿°m-cn-s‚ hne-\n-b-{¥-W-]-´n-I-bnep≈p. 16 h¿j- a mbn CXn- s emcp am‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-√. Cu 74-˛¬s∏´ an° Huj-[-ßfpw Bcpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n°p-∂n-√. \ne-hnse hne-\n-b-{¥Ww

t]mepw L´w-L-´-ambn C√m-Xm°pw F∂ {]Jym-]-\hpw A[n-Im-cn-I-fn\n∂p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cu L´-Øn-emWv Ah-iy-Hu-j[ - ß - f - psS Hcp ]´nI Xømdm-°-W-sa∂pw Ah-sb√mw hne-\n-b{¥-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°-W-sa∂pw kp{]ow-tIm-SXn \n¿t±-in-®X - v. XpS¿∂v H∂mw bp.-]n.-F. k¿°m¿ c≠v IΩn‰n-Iƒ cq]o-Ic - n-®p. H∂v {]Wm-_s v k≥ IΩn-‰nbpw as‰m∂v k‘p IΩn-‰n-bpw. i‡-amb hne-\n-b-{¥Ww thWw F∂p-X-s∂-bmWv c≠p IΩn-‰n-Ifpw ip]m¿i \evIn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ tI{μk¿°m¿ CXp-hsc AXn≥ta¬ \S]Sn FSp-Øn-´n-√.

Huj-[-hn-e-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°p∂-Xnse Agn-a-Xn Huj- [ - ß - f psS hne \n¿W- b n°p∂Xn¬ DXv]m-ZI - cpsS Xmev]c - yhpw hym]m-cn-If - psS em`hpw am{X-amWv ]cnK-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tImSn-°-W-°n\v km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iØ - ns‚ {]iv\a - m-WnXv F∂Imcyw Bcpw ]cn-KW - n-°p-∂n-√. DXv]mZ- \ - s N- e - h p- a mbn bmsXmcp s]mcpØhpw C√m-ØX - mWv Huj-[h - n-eI - ƒ. \mj-W¬ ^m¿a-kyq-´n-°¬ ss{]knMv AtXm-dn‰n F∂ ÿm]\w (NPPA) t]cn- \ p- t h≠n \ne- \ n- e v ° p- ∂ p≠v F¶nepw Huj-[-hne \n›-bn-°p-∂Xn¬ Ah¿°v CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√. D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v kz¥w CjvS-a-\pk-cn®v Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-°m≥ Huj-[ß - fpsS Imcy- Ø n¬ Ign- b n√ F∂ {]tXyI kml-Nc - y-sØ-bmWv hyh-kmbn- I fpw hym]m- c n- I fpw tN¿∂v NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xv. hfsc Db¿∂ dos´-bn¬ hne \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]e Huj-[-ß-fp-sSbpw CS-Ø-´p-Im-cp-sS em`w, DXv]m-ZI - ¿°v In´p∂ BsI-XpI-tb-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - m-Wv.

]´nI 1 Huj-[-Øns‚ t]cv

FÆw

hne

k¿°m¿ DØ-chv

Bkv]n-cn≥ 50 an.{Kmw

10

1.10

Bkv]n-cn≥ 75 an.{Kmw

10

1.22

Bkv]n-cn≥ 350 an.{Kmw 10

2.34

km¬_p-´t- amƒ

10

1.22

{]Uv\n-skm-tfm¨

10

3.48

1097 (E) 8.12.2000 1097 (E) 8.12.2000 1097 (E) 8.12.2000 1668 (E) 3.10.2006 170 (E) 7.2.2006

Iº\n

{_m≥Uv

sskUkv F.-F - v.F P¿a≥ sda-Uokv sskUkv F.-F - v.F saUn° bp.-F vv Ft°mhn. kv]n-cn≥ knπ AkvXm-en≥ knπ

{]Uvkn]v

Iº\n A[n-I-hne hnev°p-∂-hne (% Øn¬)

8.42

665.4

2.75

153

6.61

427

3.34

212

4.98

150

Ah-ew_w: knwkv 2011, F≥.-]n.-]n.-F. sh_vssk‰v

imkv{X-KXn

11

Fßs\-bmWv hne-Iƒ Db¿Øn \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv? Huj-[h - n-eI - ƒ XXz-Zo-£b - n-√msX Db¿Øn \n›-bn®v hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]eam¿K-ßf - mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v.

1. k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hns\ [n°-cn°p-∂p: Ct∏mƒ 74 Huj-[-ß-fpsS hne-bmWv k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥n-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ AXn¬s∏´ hf-sc-°p-d®v Huj-[-߃ am{Xta Ct∏mƒ DXv]mZn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈q. Aßs\ DXv]m-Zn-∏n°p-∂-h-bmI-s´, k¿°m¿ \n›-bn-®Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc Db¿∂ hne-bmWv CuSm-°p-∂-Xv. hne \nb-{¥n-®n-´p≈ Huj-[ß - f - n¬ Hmtcm∂n\pw Imem-Ime-ß-fn¬ ]pXp-°nb hne \n›-bn-®psIm≠v NPPA DØ-c-hn-d-°p-∂p-≠v. ]s£ hn]Wn hne hfsc IqSp-X-emsW∂v ]´nI 1 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\w \SØp- ∂ - h sc in£n- ° m≥ 1940˛se {UKvkv & tImkva-‰nIv \nb-a-Ønepw AXns‚ dqƒ 14 (1)˛epw hyh-ÿ-bps≠-¶nepw AsXm∂pw \mfn-Xp-hsc {]tbm-Kn-®n-´n-√.

2. h≥InS Iº-\n-bpsS {_m≥Uv Db¿∂ hne \n›-bn-°p-∂p: ]pXnb Huj- [ - ß ƒ ]pd- Ø n- d - ß p- t ºmƒ h≥InS Iº-\n-Iƒ hfsc Db¿∂ hne \n›-bn-®mWv hnev]\ Bcw-`n°p-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Huj-[-am-sW¶n¬t∏mepw hfsc Db¿∂ hne \n›bn®v kz¥w {_m≥Uv am¿°-‰n-en-d°m≥ h≥In-S-°m¿°v bmsXmcp aSnbp-an-√. hne-tb-Xm-bmepw XßfpsS acp∂v hn‰-gn-°m≥ GXp-am¿Khpw D]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ah¿°v aSn-bn-√. ASnÿm-\-an-√mØ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßfpw, \nc-kn-°m-\m-ImØ {]tem-`-\-ßfpw hgn Ah¿ I®-hSw Dd-∏m-°pw. Htc-acp-∂ns‚ hnhn[ {_m≥Up-Iƒ am¿°‰n¬ e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah-bpsS hne hyXymkw Bscbpw Aº-c-∏n-

°pw. hnebpw KpW- \ n- e - h m- c hpw XΩn¬ Hcp-_-‘-hp-an√ F∂Xv AhbpsS skbn¬kv t\m°n-bm¬ a\- nem-Ipw. hne-Iq-SnbXn\pw hnev]-\-bp≠v, hne-Ip-d™ X - n\pw hnev]\ - b - p-≠v. ]e acp-∂p-Iƒ°pw hnhn[ Iº-\n-IfpsS hne XΩn¬ 250 iX-am\w apX1500 iX-am\w hsc hyXym-k-ap-≠v. (]´nI 2 ImWp-I) CXn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ hnebv°v hnev°p∂ {_m≥Uns‚ DXv]m-ZI - \pw \√ em`w D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. am{X-a-√, 10 apX¬ 100 iX-am\w hsc Chbvs°√mw Dev]∂ kuP-\yhpw e`yam-W.v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hn‰-gn-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw Db¿∂- h ne CuSm- ° p- ∂ -

{_m≥Um-bn-cn-°pw. h≥XpI am¿°-‰nMn-\p-th≠n sNe-h-gn-®mWv Ah¿ {_m≥Uns\ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ FØn-°p∂-Xv. k¿°m-cn-t\m, DXv]m-Z-I¿t°m, \ymbo-Ic - n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Cu ISpØ hne hyXym-k-Øn-s\-Xntc A[n-Im-cnIƒ ]q¿W-ambpw IÆ-S-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. 3. P\dnIv acp-∂p-If - psS dos´-bnhne hfsc Db¿Øn-\n-›b - n-°p-∂p: Huj-[-߃ cmk-\m-a-Øn¬Øs∂ DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v hnev°p-∂Xv C∂v Hcp h≥hy-h-km-b-am-Wv. apºv sNdp-In-S°m¿ am{Xw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ P\dnIv DXv]m-Z-\-ta-Je C∂v hntZi ˛ C¥y≥ IpØ-I-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. Ahn- i z- k - \ o- b - a mb Ipd™ hne-

]´nI 2 acp∂v

dnkvs]-cn-tUm¨ Hcp KpfnI (2 an.-{Kmw) •nan-ss{]Uv Hcp KpfnI (1 an.-{Kmw) sk‰v{Sn-kn≥ Hcp KpfnI (10 an.-{Kmw) ]mc-sk-‰t- amƒ Hcp KpfnI 500-an.{Kmw

Iº\n

tPm¨k¨& tPm¨k¨ tSmd‚ v Ah‚nkv (A-am-cn¬) F^v.-Un.-kn.

•mIvtkm (Pn.-Fk - v.s - I.) dne-b≥kv •mIvtkm(-Pn.-Fk - v.s - I., t{Imkn≥) F.-F-®v.-]n.-F¬ (]n-c-a¬)

hne

hne-hy-Xymkw (%)

27.00 1.95 6.31 0.95 3.75 0.95 1.12 0.58

1284.62 564.2

294.7 93.0

Ah-ew_w: knwkv G{]n¬ 2011

12

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

]´nI 3

Nne P\-dnIv Huj-[-ß-fpsS I®-h-S-°m¿°p≈ hnebpw hnev]-\-hn-ebpw cmk-\maw

Akn-t{Xm-ssa-kn≥ 250 sk{Sn-kn≥ 5 an.{Kmw

Dev]-∂-t]cv

AkmIvkv HIm-sk‰v

Iº\n

dm≥_mIvkn knπ

I®-h-S-°m¿°v In´p-∂-hne cq]/-Kp-fnI

hnev]-\-hne cq]/-Kp-fnI

1.06 0.36

12.30 3.15

I®-h-S-°m-cpsS em`w (%)

1059.9 775

Ah-ew_w: sk]vXw-_¿ 2011˛se Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ saUn-°¬ tÃm¿ k¿sh.

bv°mWv CS-Ø-´p-Im-cmb hym]m-cnIƒ°pw kzIm-cy-B-ip-]-{Xn-Iƒ°pw Cu acp-∂p-Iƒ In´p-∂-Xv. F∂mAh-bn¬ A®-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnetbm hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. ChnsS DXv]m-ZI\v In´p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ em`w hym]mcn-Iƒ°pw Bip-]{- Xn-Iƒ°p In´p-∂p.

Chn-sSbpw Cc ]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ Xs∂bm-Wv. ]´nI 3 {i≤n-°p-I. 4. ASn-ÿm-\- Huj-[-ß-fpsS hne-bnse X´n∏v: ASn-ÿm\ Huj[w AYhm _ƒ°v {U§v hmßn-b-Xns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ NPPA bv°v \evIp-tºmƒ AXv s]cp-∏n®v ImWn®v, DXv]∂ - h - ne AX-\p-k-cn®v \ymbo-I-cn-°pI F∂XmWv Cu X{¥w. USV F∂ Huj-[-

I- º \n Glipizide F∂ {]talNnIn’m Huj-[-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Huj[w kzbw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ah¿ NPPA bv°v ka¿∏n® IW-°nHcp Intem-{Km-an\v 31,584 cq] ImWn®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ s]mXp-hn-]-Wnbn¬ CtX ASn-ÿm-\-Hu-j[w 9250 cq]bv°v e`y-am-Wv. CØcw \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-߃ e`y-am-Wv. F∂mCØcw Ir{Xnaw ImWn-°p-∂-hsc ssIbmaw hbv°m≥ \nb-a-an-√.

hymP-Hu-j-[-ßfpw, Huj-[-Icn-©-¥bpw KpW-\n-eh - m-ca - p≈ acp-∂v, G‰hpw ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°vhsc In´p-∂-X-c-Øn¬

sNdp-In-S-°m¿ am{Xw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ P\dnIv DXv]m-Z-\-ta-Je C∂v hntZi ˛ C¥y≥ IpØ-I-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn-emWv. Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb Ipd™ hne-bv°mWv CS-Ø-´p-Im-cmb hym]mcn-Iƒ°pw kzIm-cy-B-ip]-{Xn-Iƒ°pw Cu acp∂p-Iƒ In´p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ A®Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnetbm hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. ChnsS DXv]m-Z-I\v In´p∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ em`w hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ°p In´p∂p. Chn-sSbpw Cc ]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv.

\S-]-Sn-I-fp-≠m-°pI F∂-XmWv P\Iob Huj- [ - \ - b - Ø ns‚ ImX¬.

F∂m¬ hymP-Hu-j-[-߃ C¥y≥ Huj-[h - n-]W - n-bn¬ hym]-Ia - mbn hn‰gn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. 2011 s^{_p-hcn amkØn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ^m¿a \yqkv F∂ Cw•ojv amkn-Ib - n¬ sNs∂-bnhymP-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ I≠p-sI-´n-b-Xns‚ hm¿Ø-bp-≠v. hfsc {]i-kvX-amb Iº-\n-I-fpsS Huj-[-Øns‚ hymP\mWv ]nSn-°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv Bcv DXv]m-Zn-∏n®p F∂Xv C\nbpw shfn-hm-°s - ∏-´n-´n-√.

CtX ^m¿am \yqkns‚ as‰mcp t]Pn¬ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-SpØ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√mØ Huj-[-߃ DXv]m-Zn-∏n® Iº-\n-I-fpsS t]cp-I-fpap-≠v. hfsc {]i-kvXs - c∂v Ah-Im-is∏-Sp∂ ap≥\nc _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\nI-fmb ss^k¿, •mIvtkm F∂n-hbpsS t]cp-Ifpw A°q-´-Øn-ep-≠v.

Hcp e£-Øn-tesd {_m≥Up-Ifpw FÆ-a‰ P\-dnIv acp-∂p-Ifpw C¥ybn¬ hn‰-gn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-bpsS KpW\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hmZnØw AXmXv DXv]m-Z-Isc Gev]n®v IÆp-a-S-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv k¿°m¿.

Huj-[-ß-fpsS I¿i-\-amb KpW-]-cntim-[\ P\-Iob Huj-[-\-b-Øns‚ kp{]-[m\ `mK-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. F√m-h¿°pw BtcmKyw kwc-£n®p-sIm≠v Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ AXn‚ Bap-JØn-epw, 14 apX¬ 21 hsc-bp≈ hIp∏p-I-fnepw Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p-≠v. B¿´n°nƒ 39 (C), F^v, 47 F∂o hIp-∏pIƒ CXv ho≠pw Du∂n-∏d - b - p-∂pap-≠.v \oXn-bp-‡a - mb Btcm-Ky-]c - n-]m-e\w km[y-am-IW - s - a-¶n¬ Huj-[h - n-eb - nse ]I¬s°m≈ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. KpW-\n-eh - m-ca - p≈ Huj-[ß - ƒ F√mh¿°pw e`y-am-°W - w. `c-WL - S- \ Dd∏p-Xc - p∂ P\m-[n-]Xy Btcm-Kym-hI - mi-߃ kwc-£n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbmWv ASn-b¥ - n-ca - mbn sNtø-≠X - v. teJ-I≥ sI.-Fw.-F-kv.-B¿.-F. bpsS {]-kn-U‚ v BWv.

imkv{X-KXn

13

Ih¿tÃmdn Cμp-teJ

saUn-°¬ tImf-Pn¬

kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv saUn. tImtf-Pn¬ t]mepw sNøp∂ c‡-]-cntim[\-Iƒ, X- ray Iƒ F∂n-hbn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw A\m-h-iy-ambn sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXv em_p-I-fn¬ AanX tPmen-`m-c-Øn\pw dnk¬´p-I-fn¬ ]nghv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm°pw. Nnet∏mƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv sNbvXn-´p-ap≠m-In-√. CXn-s\ms° ]pdsa- Bh-iy-an√mØ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS ss{]h‰v em_n-te°v Fgp-Xns°m-Sp-Øv AhnsS \n∂v IΩo-j≥ ]‰p∂ tUmIvS¿am¿ A]q¿h-am-sb-¶nepw saUn. tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ D≠v.

sa Un°¬

tImtf- P p- I - f nse ss{]h‰v {]mIvSokv \ntcm-[n-®-tXmsSm∏w tUmIv S ¿am¿°v iº- f hpw h≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿[n-∏n®-Xns‚ Hcp {][m\ KpWw km[m-c-W°m-cmb BfpIƒ°v IptdIqSn sa®- s ∏´ tkh\w sNehv Ipd®v e`y-am-bn-ØpSßn F∂-Xm-Wv. Bip]-{Xn-bnse B¥-cnI kzIm-cy-hXvI-cWw hf-scb-[nIw Ipd-™n-cp-∂p. {]mIvSokv \ntcm-[n-®-t∏mƒ `qcn-]£w tUmIvS¿amcpw {]mIvSokv \ndp-Øn-sb-¶nepw Iptdt]¿ {]mIvSokv \ndp-Øn-bn-√. am{X-a√, \ndp-Øn-bh - ¿ - ] - ecpw ho≠pw {]mIvSokv Bcw-`n®p XpS-ßn. Db¿∂ iºfw X∂m¬ {]mIvSokv \ndp-Ømsa∂v AwKo-Ic - n® saUn°¬ tImtfPv

14

A[ym-]I kwL-S-\-I-fm-Is´ CØc°m-tcmSv hfsc A\p-`mh]q¿h-amb \ne-]m-SmWv FSp-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp amkw icm-icn 42,000 cq] apX¬ 1 e£-Øn\v ta¬ iº-f-amWv saUn°¬tImtfPv tUmIvS¿am¿°v e`n-°p-∂X - v. eIvNd¿am¿°v am{X-amWv 50,000-Øn¬ Xmsg iº-fa - p-≈X - v. a‰p-≈h - ¿s°√mw 60,000 ˛90,000-Øn-\p-an-Sb - n¬ iºfw D≠v. an° s{]m^-k¿am¿°pw 1 e£-Øn\v apIfn-emWv iº-fw. CXn¬ ASn-ÿm\ iº- f - Ø ns‚ 15% t]jy‚ v - s I- b ¿ Aeh≥kpw 25% t\m¨ {]mIvSokv Ae-h≥kp-am-bmWv ssI]-‰p-∂X - .v 2000tØmfw hcp∂ saUn. tImtfPv A[ym]-Ic - n¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw tcmKn-If - p-ambn _‘-an-√mØ t\m¨¢n-\n-°¬, ]mcm-

¢n-\n-°¬ hn`m-K-°m-cmWv. Ch¿°pw t]jy‚-vsI-b¿ Aeh≥kv e`n-°p-∂p≠v. t^md-≥-knIv hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≈h¿°v CXpIpSmsX t]mÃv a m¿´w sNøp-∂X - n\v (A-XmWv {][m\ ]Wn) Hcp ico-cØ - n\v 290 cq] h®v thsdbpw In´pw. t\m¨ {]IvSo-knwKv Ae-h≥kv 8,000 ˛ 15,000 cq]-h-sc-bmWv e`n-°p∂-Xv. (G.O.(P) No. 425/2009/ H & FWD Dated 14.12.2009.)

20 Znh-ksØ km[m-cW eohv, 22 Znhkw tImº≥tk-‰dn eohv, 30 ZnhksØ G¨Uv eohv, 52 hoIven Hm^v F∂nh Ign®v 245 Znh-k-ta km[mcW Hcp tUmIvS¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bnhtc-≠-Xp-≈p. CXpIqSmsX kvs]jy¬ eohv hn`m-K-Øn¬ 15 Znhkw HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

IqSn eohv thW-sa-¶n¬ FSp-°mw.

Uyq´n FSp-°p-∂-h¿°v Uyq´n Hm^v In´pw. AXv IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ icmicn Hcp h¿jw tPmen-sN-øp-∂Xv 200 Znhkw am{Xw. CXn\v 5 e£w apX12 e£w- cq] -hsc iºfw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. Tax Ign-®mepw \√ Hcp XpI e`n-°pw. F∂n´pw saUn-°¬ tImtfPn¬ ¢n\n-°¬ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ an° Un∏m¿´-sa‚pI-fnepw Fa¿P≥kn Uyq´n FSp-°m≥ Akn-Â v s{]m^k¿ apX¬ tatem-´p≈ tUmIvS¿am¿ Xøm-d√ F∂-XmWv Ahÿ. X-∑qew 8 apX¬ 12 hsc-bp≈ kabw Ign™m¬ saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fnUyq´nbn¬ D≠m- I p- ∂ Xv Pq\n- b ¿ tUmIvS¿am¿ am{X-am-Wv. G.O. (ms) No. 05/2010/H & FWD Dated 7.1.10 A\pk-cn-®v s{]m^-kdpw AUo-j-Ws{]m^-kdpw Hgn®v F√m-hcpw Uyq´n FSp-°m≥ _m[y-ÿc - m-W.v 3 h - ¿j ]n.Pn. hnZym¿∞n-tbm, ]n.-Pn. Ign™v t_m≠v sNøp∂ tUmIvStdm BWv AXym-lnX hn`m-KØ - nse Uyq´n saUn°¬ Hm^o-k¿. 10˛15 h¿jsØ A\p`- h - ⁄ m- \ - a p≈ Hcp k¿P- t \m, Hm¿tØm]oUo- j yt\m X\n°v sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp tIkv saUn. tImtf-Pn-te°v d^¿ sNbvXm¬ AXv BZyw ImWp- ∂ Xv lukv k ¿P≥, At±lw I¨kƒ´v sNøp-∂Xv 1˛mw h¿j- / 2˛mw h¿j ]n.-Pn. hnZym¿∞nsb. At±-la - m-Is´ Uyq´n Fw.H Bb 3˛mw h¿j hnZym¿∞n-sb. At±lw A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-°p-∂Xv ho´n¬ Ccn°p∂ I¨kƒ´‚n-t\mSv. ]e-t∏mgpw B tcmKnsb Hm∏-td‰v sNøp-∂X - v Cu 3˛mw h¿j ]n.-Pn. hnZym¿∞nsbm Xs‚ ]T-\-Im-e-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ t]mepw CØcw Hcp tIkv sNøm-\p≈ `mKyw e`n-°msX ]n.-Pn. Ign™ t_m≠v Imct\m Bbn-cn°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ Hm∏td- j - \ mbn hb¿Xp- d ∂ tijw ho´nencn°p∂ I¨kƒ´n\v t^m¨ sNøp-Ibpw t^mWneqsS \¬Ip∂ \n¿t±-iß - ƒ°\p-kc - n®v Fs¥-¶nepw sNbvXv Xp∂n- A-S-bv°p-∂Xpw D≠mIm- d p- ≠ v. 1˛2 aWn- ° q¿sIm≠v Xo¿t°≠ Hm∏-td-j≥ 3˛4 aWn-°q¿ hsc \ofp-Ibpw A{Xbpw kabw ab°w sImSp-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xp aqeap≈ {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. ko\n-b¿ tUmIvS¿amcpsS km∂n-[yØn¬ AhcpsS \n¿t±- i - { ]- I mcw sNbvXp ]Tn-°m-ØXp-aqew sNøp∂Xnse ]ng- h p- I ƒ Cu ]n.- P n. hnZym¿∞n°v a\-kn-em-°m\pw Ign-bp∂n√ F∂Xp-sIm≠v tImgvkv Ign-™ti-jhpw imkv{Xo-ba - mbn tIkv sNøpimkv{X-KXn

∂-Xn-t\m, icn-bmb Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp°p-∂-Xnt\m Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p.

CXv kaq- l - Ø n- t \¬]n- ° p∂ BLmXw \n m-c-a-√. ss{]h‰v {]mIvSokv \ntcm-[n-®-Xns\m∏w D≠m- t I≠ H∂m- b n- c p∂p tUmIvS¿am-cpsS {]hr-Øn-ka - bw ^e{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[-Øn¬ Bh-iy-Øn\v a‰v Ãm^ns\ \¬IpI F∂-Xv. AXv kw`-hn-°m-ØXp-sIm≠v Hm∏-td-j≥ hn`m-K-ß-fnhf-sc-b-[nIw tcmKn-I-fmWv Dugw ImØn-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. Elective k¿Pdn°v ]e saUn. tImtf-Pnepw kvs]jym-en‰n hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Hm∏-tdj\v 2012˛te tU‰v In´q F∂m-bn-´p≠v. F¥n\v Fs√m-Sn™v h∂m¬t]mepw 1 amkw 1 ½ amkw hsc Ignt™ Hm∏-td-j≥ \S°q F∂-XmW-h-ÿ. s{_bn≥Syqa¿ t]mepw 5˛6 amkw Ignt™ sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≈p. A{X-b-[n-I-amWv Dugw ImØn-cn°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw. sNdnb Nne am‰ßfpw GXm\pw D]- I - c - W - ß fpw Ãm^pw D≠m-bm¬ C∂p-≈X - ns‚ Cc´n-sb-¶nepw Hm∏-td-j\ - p-Iƒ saUn-°tImtf-Pp-If - n¬ sNøm-\m-Ipw. Hm∏-td-j\ - p≈ tcmKn-If - psS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-∂X - n\v Nne am\-Zfi ß - ƒ (Protocol) ]men-°s - ∏-tS-≠X - p-≠.v DZm: H_vÃ{SnIvkv ssK\-t°m-fPn hn`m-KØn¬ Fe-IvSohv kntk-dn-b≥ Ds≠¶n¬ AXv BZyw sNø-Ø°-hÆw enÃn¬ BZy-ambn tN¿°-Ww. ]et∏mgpw a‰v Hm∏- t d- j - \ p- I - s f√mw Ign™ tij- a mWv kntk- d n- b ≥ sNøp-I. Xte-Zn-hkw cm{Xn 8 aWn

apX¬ 14-˛16 aWn-°q¿ hsctbm AXne- [ n- I tam K¿`nWn `£- W - h pw, sh≈hpw IpSn-°m-\mImsX IjvSs - ∏Sp∂ Ah-ÿb - p-≠m-Ip-∂p. Ip™ns‚ Btcm- K y- s Øbpw {]Xn- I q- e - a mbn _m[n- ° p∂ Ah- ÿ - I fpw D≠mImdp≠v. IrXy-amb Hcp t{]mt´m-t°mƒ ]men-®m¬ CXv Hgn-hm-°mw. a‰v hn`mK-ß-fnepw IqSp-X¬ tImºvfn-t°‰Uv Bb Hm∏-td-j\pIƒ BZyw sNøp∂-XmWv DNn-Xw. Ah-km-\-tØ°v sh°p-tºmƒ Hm∏-td-j≥ \o≠p-t]mIp-∂t- XmsS D®bv°v 1 aWn°v tijw Bh- i y- Ø n\v \g- v k nwKv Ãmt^m A‰≥U¿amtcm C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Hcmfpw klm-bØ - n\v e`n-°msX hcp∂p. CXv {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°pIbpw sNøpw. c‡ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ°pw X- ray F∂n-hbv°pw Hmtcm Bip-]{- Xn-bnepw Hcp t{]mt´m-t°mƒ D≠m-t°-≠X - p-≠.v saUn. tImtf-Pn¬ t]mepw sNøp∂ c‡-]c - ntim[\-Iƒ, X- rayIƒ F∂nh-bn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw A\m-hi - y-ambn sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXv em_p-I-fnAanX tPmen-`m-c-Øn\pw dnk¬´p-Ifn¬ ]nghv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CSbm°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ bYm¿∞-ØnBh-iy-ap-≈Xv sNbvXn-´p-ap≠m-In-√.

CXn-s\ms° ]pd-sa- Bh-iy-an√mØ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS ss{]h‰v em_n-te°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øv AhnsS \n∂v IΩo-j≥ ]‰p∂ tUmIvS¿am¿ A]q¿h-am-sb-¶nepw saUn. tImtf-PpI-fn¬ D≠v. ss{]h‰v Bip-]{Xn-Ifnepw CØ-c° - msc ImWmw. tUmIvS¿ SnIv sNøp∂ F√m sSÃp-Ifpw em_p-

15

Im¿ sNbvXn-´p-≠m-In-√. GsX√mw Sn°p-If - mWv sNtø-≠Xv F∂v em_pIm¿°v Adn-bmw. AXv am{Xta sNbvXn´p- ≠ mIq. a‰p- ≈ - h - b psS t\m¿ahmeyp Fgp-Xp-sa∂v am{Xw. ]s£ F√m sSÃn-s‚bpw ]Ww tcmKn°v \jv S - a mIpw. sNømØ sSÃns‚ ]Whpw IΩo- j \pw Dƒs∏sS tUmIvSdpsS ho´n¬ FØpw. acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xnepw Hcp t{]mt´m-t°mƒ D≠m-IW - w. hfsc hne-Iq-Snb B‚n-_-tbm´nIv Huj-[߃ IrXy- a mb imkv{Xo- b X t\m°msX Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-WX saUn. tImtf-Pp-If - n¬ ]s≠-tØ-°mƒ IqSnbn-´p-≠v. ]pØ≥ Xe-apd tUmIvS¿am¿°m-Is´ B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv ssKUv sse\-pIsf°pdn®v hy‡-amb ]cn-ioe- \ hpw e`n- ° p- ∂ n- √ . hfsc hne IqSnb B‚n-_-tbm-´n°v C©-Ivj-\pIƒ Hcm-hi - y-hp-an-√msX 1 ˛ 1 ½ amkw h - scbmbn In´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ tcmKnIƒ hm¿Up-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Bip-]{Xn-bn¬ e`y-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw {_m‚ v t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-W-Xaqew ]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ ]pdØp\n∂v hmtß-≠n-hc - p-∂p. P\-dnIv \maw FgpXp-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬ CXv Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ignbpw. DZm: thZ-\ kw-lm-cn-bmbn D]tbm- K n- ° p∂ ssUt¢m- s ^- \ mIv tkmUnbw an° Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xm-Is´ ssUt¢m-s^-\mIv s]m´mkyw Bbncn-°pw. As√-¶n¬ Aknt¢ms^\mIv F∂m-Wnh-bpsS {_m‚ \ v m-aß - ƒ. Chbv°ms´ IqSnb hnebpw ]pdØv \n∂v

16

hfsc hne-Iq-Snb B‚n_-tbm-´nIv Huj-[-߃ IrXy-amb imkv{Xo-bX t\m°msX Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-WX saUn. tImtfPp-I-fn¬ ]s≠-tØ°mƒ IqSn-bn-´p-≠v. ]pØ≥ Xe-apd tUmIvS¿-am¿°m-Is´ B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv ssKUv sse\-pIsf°pdn®v hy‡-amb ]cn-io-e\hpw e`n-°p-∂n-√. hfsc hne IqSnb B‚n_-tbm-´n°v C©-Ivj-\pIƒ Hcm-h-iy-hp-an-√msX 1 ˛ 1½ amkw -hscbmbn In´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ tcmKn-Iƒ hm¿Up-I-fnImWmw. Bip-]-{Xn-bne`y-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw {_m‚ v t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-W-X-aqew ]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ ]pdØp\n∂v hmtß-≠nh-cp-∂p.

hmtß-≠nbpw hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ Iº\n- I ƒ Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p∂ t]mse ssUt¢m-s^-\m-°n-t\-Imƒ ]d-bØ - ° KpW-sam∂pw a‰v c≠v acp-∂n\pw C√. ]pØ≥ Xe-apd acp-∂p- Iƒ Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-WX - bpw tUmIvS¿am-cpsS CS-bnIqSp-X-em-Wv. ]d-b-Ø° D]-tbm-Ksam∂pw Cu acp-∂n\v ]g-bX - e - a - p-dt- b°mƒ D≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. ]s£ hne 50 ˛ 100 Hm aS-ßm-bn-cn-°pw. DZm: km[mcW ]mc-sk-‰-tamƒ I.M. C©-Ivj≥ acp∂n\v 2 cq]tb hne-bp-≈p. amwk t]in- b n¬ sImSp- ° p- ∂ - X p- s Im≠v Ipd®v ]Xps° am{Xta {]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßq. km[m-cW D]-tbm-K-߃s°√mw AXv [mcmfw aXn. ]s£ shbn-\n¬ sImSp-°p∂ ]mc-sk-‰t- amƒ I.V. C©Ivj≥ Fgp-Xn-bm¬ H∂n\v 250 cq]-bmWv hne. 2 cq]bv°v Xocm-hp∂ Imcy-Øn\v C{Xbpw ]Ww tcmKn apSt°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. C≥jp-d≥kv D≠v F∂v ]d-bp∂ RSBY tcmKnIƒs°√mw ]e-t∏mgpw CØ-c-Øn¬ hne IqSp-Xep≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-hm-ßn-∏n°p∂ G¿∏mSv ss{]h-‰n¬ am{X-a√ saUn. tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw D≠m-bn-h-cp∂p. CXm-Is´ Izt´-j-t\m, sS≥U¿ \S- ] - S n- I tfm C√m- s X- tem- ° ]¿t®kv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xp aqew h≥-\jvS-amWv k¿°m-cn-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-h¿°pw, hmßp-∂h¿°pw IΩo-jt\m a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ßtfm e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. RSBY tcmKn CX-dn-bp-∂n√ F∂v am{Xw. saUn°¬tImtf- P n¬ BsI {]iv\a - m-Wv Fs∂m∂pw ta¬ ]d-™Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am°p∂n-√. At\Iw t]¿°v G‰hpw Db¿∂ hnZKv [ NnIn’ \¬Ip- ∂ Xv Ct∏mgpw k¿°m¿ saUn°¬ tImtfPpIƒXs∂; X¿°-an-√. F∂m¬ saUn. tImtf-Pp-Iƒ hnZym-`yk ÿ]-\ß - f - mb-Xp-sIm≠pw sS¿jydn sIb¿ e`nt°≠ -ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠pw s]mXp-hmbn ]cn-lc - n-°s - ∏-tS≠ Nne {]iv\-ß-fmWv ta¬]-d-™-h. Hmtcm saUn°¬ tImtf-Pnepw X\-Xmbn ]cnl- c n- t °≠ sNdpXpw hep- X p- a mb At\Iw {]iv\ß- f p- ≠ v. Ah {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ]Tn®v ]cn-lmcw ImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. AXmXv ÿm]-\-ßfnse {]n≥kn-∏¬, kq{]≠v XpSßn DØ-ch - m-Zs - ∏´ ÿm\-ßf - n¬ Ccn-°p∂-h-cpw, sl¬Øv sk{I-´-dn, a{¥n XpS-ßnb Kh¨sa‚ v Xe-Øn-ep≈ hcpw H∂n®v N¿® -sNbvXpw ]Tn®pw CXn\v ]cn-lmcw ImW-\m-bn-s-√-¶ntIc-f-Ønse km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS Poh\pw kzØn-\p-amWv \jvSw kw`hn-°p-∂-Xv. HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

kmº-ØnIw B¿. tlen

I™n-IpSn ap´n-°p∂

[m\y-°-b-‰p-aXn DXv]m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw k¿°m-cns‚ ]°¬ 6.5 tImSn SÆn-e-[nIw [m\yw tiJc-am-bn´v h∂p-IqSn F∂ hnhcw ]pd-Øp-h∂ DSs\ k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤ apgph≥ Acn Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn-tebv°v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]°-ep≈ [m\y-Øn\p]Icw kzImcy GP≥kn-Iƒ°v Acn Ib‰n Ab-bv°m≥ kp{]owtIm-S-Xn-bpsS hne-°n-s\-t∏mepw adn-I-S∂v Ib-‰p-aXn s]¿an‰v \¬Ip∂ hnh-c߃ "kmº-ØnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃' ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂p

C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn `£y[m\y DXv]m-Z\w 24.1 tImSn S¨ Ign™n- c n- ° p∂p! AtXm- s Sm∏w Khs◊‚ns‚ ]°¬ Bd-ct- °mSn (6.5) S¨ [m\yw Ct∏mƒ Icp-X¬ tiJ-cap-≠.v CXpw Hcp k¿h-Ime dnt°m¿Uv BWv. `£y-kp-c£m _n¬ hgn [m\yta-Je - b - n¬ Bizmkw ]I-cm≥ C{Xbpw anI® Hcp ÿnXn-hn-tijw krjvSn®p \¬In-bX - n\v I¿j-Isc \ap°v BZyambn A`n-\μ - n-°mw.

Xpd∂ hmWn-Py-\-b-Øns‚ Ccp]Xmw h¿j-Øn-te°v C¥y IS∂psN√p∂ kμ¿`-Øn¬ `£y-cw-KsØ Cu "`{ZX' ]e \nK-a-\-ß-fn-tebv°pw cmjv{So-b-˛-km-º-ØnI taJ-e-bpsS imkv{X-KXn

t\Xm-°sf \bn-°p∂ Nne ÿnXnhnh-cI - W - ° - p-If - mWv apºv kqNn-∏n-®Xv. k¿h-tcbpw AtX kabw Nn¥n∏n-°p∂ Hcp Imcyw [m\y-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w C{X Db¿∂n´pw an\naw hnesb-°mƒ Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ [m\y s]mXp hn]-Wn-bn¬ hym]mcw [rX-KXn-bn¬ \S-∂n´pw IS-If - nepw Itºm-fØnepw A\p-`h - s - ∏-´n-cp∂ Zp -la - mb hne-°-b‰w Ipd-bp-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. [m\yw kpe-`a - m-bn´pw ]men-s‚bpw ap´bp-sSbpw amwk-Øns‚ hne apIfntem´v Ib-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]b-dn-s‚bpw tNmf-Øn-s‚bpw Hs° DXv]m-Z\w IqSnbn-´p-≠v. samØ hn]-Wn-bn-te-bv°p≈ Ch-bpsS hc-hp-Iq-Sn. ]t£ hne-°-

b‰w ]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. (maize) sabn-kns‚ hne DXv]m-Z\w h¿[n-®n´pw CXn-\Iw Ign™ h¿jtØ-°mƒ hne 3% IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

DXv]m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-®mepw hn]-Wnbnse ka¿∞-amb CS-s]-S¬ hgn I®h-Si - ‡ - n-Iƒ°v hne XmgmsX AhcpsS XmXv]c - y-߃ kwc-£n®v hne Db¿Øm\pw IqSp-X¬ em`w sImøm\pw Ign-bp∂ \ne-bn-te-b° v mWv Imcy-߃ \oßp-∂Xv F∂ kwibw i‡n-s∏-SpI-bm-W.v CXn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ DZm-lc - Ww DXv]m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw k¿°m-cns‚ ]°¬ 6.5 tImSn SÆn-e[ - nIw [m\yw tiJ-ca - m-bn´v h∂p-IqSn F∂ hnhcw

17

]pd-Øp-h∂ DSs\ k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤ apgp-h≥ Acn Ib-‰p-aX - n-bn-tebv°v amdnbn-cn-°p-∂X - m-Wv. Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]°ep≈ [m\y-Øn\p]Icw kzImcy GP≥kn-Iƒ°v Acn Ib‰n Abbv°m≥ kp{]ow-tIm-SX - n-bpsS hne-°ns\- t ∏mepw adn- I - S ∂v Ib- ‰ p- a Xn s]¿an‰v \¬Ip∂ hnh-cß - ƒ "kmºØnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃' ]pd-ØpsIm-≠p-hc - p-∂p. ]Øp-e£w S¨ "_kp-aXn' A√mXp≈ Acn C\- ß ƒ Ib- ‰ p- a Xn sNøm≥ k¿°m¿ A\p-hmZw \¬In Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m I®-h-Shpw [rX-KX - n-bn¬ "C˛sa-bnen-eq-sS-bm-Ws{X Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - .v 82 t]¿°v CXn-\Iw ssek≥kv In´n. ]t£ AXn¬ Acn-I-®-h-S-°m¿ am{X-a√ - . Aep-an-\n-bw, Im¿s]-‰p-Iƒ, Ic-Iu-ie - - h-kX v p-°ƒ Ch hn¬°p∂ Iº\n-If - p-ap-≠v F∂-XmWv ck-Icw! "Aep-an-\n-bhpw Acnbpw' XΩn-ep≈ ]pXnb Ib-‰p-aXn _‘w k¿h-tcbpw sR´n°p-∂p. CXnepw DØc C¥y≥ I®-hS- °m¿°mWv {]map-Jyw. Z£nW C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw "s]m∂n', "tkmWm akqcn', "a´' F∂o C\-ß-

fmWv Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ A\p-aX - n. a´ (]m-e° - mSv a´) 25000 S¨ sIm®n XpdapJw hgn am{Xta Ib‰n Ab-bv°m≥ ]mSp≈q F∂mWv hyh-ÿ. 7500 t]¿ Acn Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v At]-£n-®p. ]t£ DØ-chv In´n-bXv 82 t]¿°p-am{Xw. I¿j-Ic - n¬\n∂pw t\csØ s\√p hmßn IpØn kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂h - ¿°p am{Xta CXns‚ KpW-^ew In´q. Irjn°m¿°v Cu Acn Ib‰n Abbv°¬\bw aqew Hcp \bm-ss]-kb - psS A[nI em`w In´n-√. kwi-bc - l - n-Xa - mb Hcp kXyw! 2002-˛¬ \S∂ Hcp Imcyw IqSn t\m°mw. A∂pw `mcX k¿°m¿ "6' tImSn-bn¬∏cw S¨ [m\yw tiJ-cn®p!

XpS¿∂p-\S- ∂ Imcy-߃ ]d-™mhniz- k n- ° m≥ {]bm- k w. ]e- h n[ kΩ¿± hnt[-ba - mbn Kh-s◊‚ v IcpX¬ tiJ-cØ - n¬\n∂pw aq∂p-tImSn S¨ [m\yw Ib‰n Ab-®p. AXpw C¥y-bnse ]mh-s∏-´h - ¿°v \¬In-bncp∂ [m\y hne-tb-°mƒ hfsc Ipd®v!!

CXp krjvSn® Ipg-∏ß - f - psS AXn{]-kc - w-aqew C¥y-bpsS [m\y DXv]mZ\w 3.9 tImSn S¨ Ipd-™p. ImcWw

I¿j-Ic - psS ta¬ hnhn[ \b-߃ hgn k¿°m-cns‚ "\jvSw' Ipd-b° v m≥ {ian®p. CØ-hW AXp hcptam F∂ Bi¶ ]e hnZKv[¿°pw Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ D≠v. temI Acn- h n- ] Wn F∂mAsXmcp "kmK-ca - mWv'. _lp-cmjv{S IpØ-II - fpw Ah-cpsS Hmtcm cmjv{Sß-fn-ep-ap≈ hniz-kvX-cmb tZiob GP≥kn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ HØp-Ifn ImcWw `oa-amb em`-amWv Ah¿ sImøp-∂X - .v C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw "A[n-I[m\yw' Ipd™ hnebv°v (C-Xn\p ]et∏mgpw ]d-bp∂ Hma\ \maw "a’c hne' F∂-s{X) [m\yw kºm-Zn-°p∂ GP≥kn AXp Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂p.

Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂ cmjv{S-Øn\v IqSnb hnebv°pw KpW-\n-b-{¥-W-ß-fnAbhp hcp-Ønbpw Hcp Iº\n hmßn AhnsS I®-hSw \S-Øp-∂p. bYm¿∞Øn¬ CXp-c≠pw \S-Øp-∂Xv Htc _lp-cm-j{v S-Iº - \n-bpsS c≠p Xt±i GP≥kn-Iƒ Xs∂. hmßp-∂b - n-SØ - p\n∂pw hn¬°p-∂b - n-SØ - p-\n∂pw Ah¿ saø-\ß - msX em`w hmcn-°q-´p-∂p. cmjv{So-b-ambn AXn-`-b-¶-c-amb kzm[o\w Ch¿°v D≠v F∂ Imcyw

Nn¥n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Imcyw [m\y-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w C{X Db¿∂n´pw an\naw hne-sb-°mƒ Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ [m\y s]mXp hn]-Wn-bnhym]mcw [rX-K-Xn-bn¬ \S-∂n´pw IS-I-fnepw Itºm-f-Ønepw A\p-`-h-s∏-´ncp∂ Zp -l-amb hne-°-b‰w Ipd-bp-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. [m\yw kpe-`-ambn´pw ]men-s‚bpw ap´-bp-sSbpw amwk-Øns‚ hne apIfntem´v Ib-dn-s°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]b-dn-s‚bpw tNmf-Øn-s‚bpw Hs° DXv]m-Z\w IqSn-bn-´p-≠v. samØ hn]-Wn-bn-te-bv°p≈ Ch-cpsS hc-hp-Iq-Sn. ]t£ hne-°-b‰w ]nSn®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

18

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

]e-t∏mgpw ad-\o°n ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂ps≠- ¶ nepw Ahbv ° v hm¿Øm- { ]m[m\yw In´p- ∂ n- √ . Hcp cwKØv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Iƒ ImgvN-°m-cm-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Xpd∂ hn]-Wn-bpsS Bcm-[I - ¿ Cu kXyw Hcp Xe-Ønepw Xpd-∂p-]d - b - m-dn-√.

At∏mƒ "`£y-kp-c£' sI´n-∏S- p°m≥ Irjn-sN-ehv, hfw, Iqen-sN-ehv, kw`-cW - w, hnX-cW sNehv Chsb√mw AºXpw Adp-]Xpw \qdpw Ccp∂qdpw iX- a m\w h¿[n- ® n- c n- ° p∂ ÿnXn°v Hcp Intem [m\yw DXv]m-Zn∏n-°m≥ I¿j-I¿°v sNehmt°≠n hcp-∂Xv 2010 te°mƒ Cc-´n-bn-e[ - n-Iam-bn-cn-°pw 2011-˛2012 Ime-L´- Ø - n¬. temI-[m-\y-cw-KsØ "Ac-£n-Xm-hÿ IY-Iƒ' ]cn-Xm-]I - c - a - mbn Nn{Xo-Ic - n°p∂ am[y-aß - s - f-t∏mepw hn]-Wnbv°v B`y-¥c - t- a-Je - b - nse DXv]m-Z\ - s - N-ehns‚ Db¿®-bn¬ Rc-ßp∂ \ΩpsS Irjn-°m-cpsS Imcy-ßf - n-tebv°v {i≤n°m≥ Ah-kcw Hcp-°msX t\m°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

Hcp Intem km-[m-cW C\w s\√cn-bpsS bYm¿∞ DXv]m-Z\ sNehv 20˛25 cq]m BIpw. kw`-cW hne AXnimkv{X-KXn

\-\p-kc - n®v Db¿Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ I¿jI¿ IqSp- X ¬ ]n¥n- c n- b pw. Cu h¿jsØ BZy-hn-f-°m-eØv Xs∂ cmk-hf hne h¿≤\ s]m≈p-∂Xv Bb-Xn-\m¬ `mh-l, s]m´mjv hf-ßfpsS D]-tbmKw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xmgv∂Xmbn kmº-ØnI {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - ƒ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. X∑qew [m\y-hn-fhv Ipd-bp-sa∂ `oXnbpw ]S-cp-∂p≠v! CXv aÆn\p hcp-Øp∂ £oWhpw tcmKh¿≤-\h - n-\p≈ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂Xpw kkq£vaw ho£n-°W - w.

DXv]m-Z\ D]m-[n-If - psS hnti-jn®v cmk-hf hne-bn¬ hºn® Cfhv \¬IpIbpw kw`-cW hne F√m [m\y߃°pw hkvXp-\n-jvTa - mbn Db¿ØpIbpw sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ [m\y-ti-Jc - Ww Cu h¿jw-Xs∂ ISpØ sshjayw krjvSn-°pw. I¿j-I¿ Xf-cp-sa-∂X - mWv bYm¿∞ `bw krjvSn-°p∂ Imcyw.

DXv]m-Z\ - s - N-ehv Intem-{Km-an\v 20˛25 cq]-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Acn 1 cq]bv°pw c≠p-cq-]bv°pw \¬Ip∂ coXn-bn-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw AXn-t‚-Xmb "izmkw-ap´p-Iƒ' A\p-`h - n°pw! [m\ytaJe h≥ DXvIWvT t\cn-Sp∂ Ime-Ømbncp∂p Cu h¿jw Nnßw]n-d-∂Xv!

Ip™p-a-\- p-Iƒs°mcp Nßm-Xn...

bpdo° ssZzhm-cnI hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy

200 cq] hni-Zh - n-hc - ß - ƒ°v amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ bpdo° ]cn-jZv `h≥, Nme-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv - 673002 t^m¨: 0495 2701919

19

hnZym-`ymkw kn. cma-Ir-jvW≥

hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pv:

P-\-Iob kwhm-Z-߃

A\n-hmcyw bp.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m-dns‚ \qdv Zn\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn \S-∏m-°psa∂v {]Jym-]n® hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pns‚ \S-Øn-∏ns‚ `mK-ambn k¿°m¿ A[ym-]I kwL-S-\-Ifp-ambpw amt\Pvsa‚ v kwL-S\ - I - f - p-ambpw N¿®-Iƒ \S-Øn-hc - n-Ib - m-Wv. Cu teJ\w A®Sn®v hcp-tºm-tg°pw Cu ]mt°Pv {]Jym- ] n- ° - s ∏- t ´- ° mw. k¿°m¿

{]Jym- ] \w h∂mepw Cs√- ¶ nepw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv Zqc hym]-I-amb \nc-h[n am‰-߃°v CS-bm-°n-tb-°mhp∂ Cu ]mt°Pv Bg-Øn-ep≈ P\Iob kwhm-Zß - ƒ°v hnt[-ba - m-tI-≠Xp-≠v.

Ign™ F¬.Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ \ne-hn-ep≈ A[ym-]-I¿°v tkh\ kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-

ambn Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-°p-dhv aqew XkvXn-II - ƒ \jvSs - ∏-Sp∂ L´-Øn1:30 Bbn A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p]mXw Ipd-bv°m≥ XXz-Øn¬ Xocp-am\n-°p-Ibpw Cu {]iv\-Øns‚ \m\mh-i-߃ ]Tn®v hy‡-amb \n¿t±-i߃ ka¿∏n- ° p- ∂ Xn- \ mbn No^v sk{I-´dn, [\-Im-cy-h-Ip∏v sk{I-´-dn, s]mXp-hn-Zy-m`ymk sk{I-´dn F∂n-h-

hnZym-`ymk ]mt°-Pnse kzmK-Xm¿l-sa∂v Cu L´-Øn¬ tXm∂p∂ \n¿t±-iß-fS- °w {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°p∂ L´-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hnZym-`ym-k]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ih - p-amb t\´-tIm-´ß - ƒ hni-Za - mbn N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-SW - w. A[ym]I kaq-lhpw amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°p-a∏ - pdw hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£h - p-amb ]¶m-fn-If - p-ambn hni-Za - mbn kwh-Zn-°p-Ibpw A`n-{]mb ka-\zbw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠X - p-≠v.

20

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

¿ AwK- ß - f mbn kanXn cq]o- I cn°pIbpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. hnZym-`ymkw t\cn-´p-sIm-≠ncn-°p∂ ]e {]iv\-ß-sfbpw kanXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw tIc-fob kv°qƒ hnZym-`ymk cwKØv Kuc-ht- a-dnb am‰ßƒ°v CS-bm-°ntb°m-hp∂ \n¿t±i-߃ apt∂m-´p-hbv°pIbpw sNbvXn´p-≠v. hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pv F∂mWv Cu \n¿t±-i-߃ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {][m-\-s∏´ \n¿t±-i-ßsf C{]-Imcw ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-Ømw.

1. A[ym-]I \nb-a\ - Ø - n¬ k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ewLn®v CjvSw-t]mse amt\-P¿am¿ A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-\co- X n°v \nb- { ¥Ww G¿s∏- S pØpI. 2. \ne-hn-ep≈ sI.-C.-B¿. hyhÿ hymJym-\n®v Hgn-hp-hcpw F∂v {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v amt\-P¿am¿ A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p∂ \ne-hnep≈ coXn am‰p-I. 3. FbvUUv kv°qfp-If - n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Hgn-hp-Iƒ (AXv GXv Xcambm-epw) kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn s]mXp-hn-Zym`ymk Ub- d - I v S ¿ t\m´nss^ sNøpI. 4. FbvUUv kv°qƒ Poh-\-°m-cpsS iº-f-Øn¬ t{Umbnßv B‚ vUnkvt_-gvknßv Npa-Xe _‘-s∏´ slUvam-ÿ°v \¬Ip-I. 5. sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ A[ym-]Isc Dƒs°m-≈n®v Sot®gvkv _m¶v cq]o-Ic - n-°p-I. 6. A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢m p-I-fn¬ 1:30 Bbpw AXn\v apI-fn¬ 1:35 Bbpw \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 7. \ne-hn-ep≈ GI-Zn\ ]cn-tim-[\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I. 8. Sot®gv k v _m¶n¬ Dƒs∏- S p∂ F¬.]n/bp.]n A[ym-]I - sc 15 ZnhksØ Hmdn- b - t ‚- j ≥ \¬In kvs]j-enÃv A[ym-]I - c - mbn \nban-°p-I. 9. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi \nb-aØ - n\v A\p-kr-X-ambn So®¿ Fen-Pn-_nen‰n sSÃv (Sn.-C.Sn.) tbmKyX IqSn \njvI¿jn-°p-I. 10. A[ym-]I - ¿°v tkh\ Ime-Øn-\IØv 2 amksØ ]cn- i o- e \w \¬Ip-I. {]kvXpX ka-bØv Ip´nIƒ°v Sot®gvkv _m¶n¬ \n∂v as‰mcp A[ym-]n-I-bpsS tkh\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I. 11. aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ A[ymimkv{X-KXn

]nI/A[ym-]-I≥ hne-bn-cp-Øen\v hnt[-b-am-IpI. CXn¬ FbvUUv kv°qfp-I-fnse A[ym-]I \nb-a\ - h - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ BZysØ aq∂v \n¿t±-i-߃°p-saXnsc amt\-P¿am-cpsS kwL-S-\-Ifpw Nne kmap- Z m- b nI kwL- S - \ - I fpw FXn¿∏v {]I-Sn-∏n®p Ign-™p. amt\P¿am-cpsS Ah-Im-iß - f - n¬ sXm´p≈ GsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw AwKo-I-cn-°n√ F∂pw Kpcp- X - c - a mb `hn- j yØv CXns‚ ^e-am-bp-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Ah¿ hy‡-am-°n-°-gn-™p. k¿°m¿ IqSpX¬ N¿®-Iƒ°mbn k]vXw-_¿ 5 \v A[ym-]I Zn\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v {]Jym- ] n°pw F∂p ]d- ™ n- c p∂ ]mt°-Pns‚ {]Jym-]\w \o´n hbv°pIbpw sNbvXp. amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v A{]n-b-ap-≠m-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-߃ ssIs°m-≈m≥ cmjv{Sob `c-Wt- \-XrXz-߃ X-øm-dm-Iptam F∂v ImØncp∂v ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv. {]tXy-In®pw kzIm-cy-am-t\-Pvsa‚p-Isf hnZym-`ymk cwKØv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww F∂ \bw A\p- h ¿Øn- ° p∂ k¿°m¿ Ahsc \nb- { ¥n- ° m≥ F{X- h sc t]mIpw F∂Xv {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ Imcy-am-Wv. am{X-hp-a√ \ne-hn-ep≈

\nb-a\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am‰m≥ \nb-a \n¿amWw Xs∂ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. tIhew k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ am{Xam-bm¬ AXv amt\-P¿am¿ tImS-Xn-bntNmZyw sNøp-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈ \nba--ß-fpsS ]cn-c£ t\Sp-Ibpw sNøpw F∂Xv hy‡-am-W.v FbvUUv kv°qƒ A[ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI \nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v tIcf-Ønse ]ptcmKa\ kwL-S\Iƒ \nc-¥cw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv. tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw apX\ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcm-hi - y-hp-amWv CXv. A[ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI \nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-hc - m≥ 1957˛¬ H∂v {ian- ® p- t \m- ° n- b - X ns‚ Xn‡- ^ - e Øn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-X-am-Im≥ tIc-fØnse CS-Xp-]£ - Ø - n\v t]mepw IgnbmØ Hcp cmjv{Sob kml-Nc - y-ØnFbvUUv kv°qfp-I-fnse A[ym-]I \nb-a\ coXn-bn¬ ImX-emb hyXnbm\w hcp- Ø p∂ Hcp Xocp- a m\w \n¿t±- i - ß ƒ°- ∏ pdw t]mIptam F∂Xv hy‡-ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv. am\P¿amcpsS kwL-S\ - I - f - p-am-bp≈ N¿®I-fn¬ D≠mb [mcW A[ym-]I _m¶n¬ \n∂pw Hcmsf am{Xw amt\P¿am¿ \nb-an-®m¬ aXn F∂mWv

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F∂pw Hcp Hgnhv am{Xw hcn-Ib - m-sW¶n¬ \nb-a\w Fßs\ thWw F∂ Xocp-am\w Bbn√ F∂p-amWv am[y-a߃ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - v. CXv icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v \ne-hn-ep≈ \n_-‘-\-I-fn¬ \n∂v Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn°p-∂-Xv. \yq kv°qƒ F∂ hn`m-KØn¬ \ne-hn¬ ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠m-Ip∂ apgp- h ≥ Hgn- h p- I fpw s{]m´- I v S Uv A[ym-]I - sc am{Xta \nb-an-°m≥ Ignbq. AXp-t]mse A[nI Unhn-j≥ D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-kc - Ø - n¬ s{]m´-ISv Uv A[ym-]I - ¿: ]pXnb A[ym-]I - ¿ F∂nhsc 1:1 A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ \nb-an-°Ww XpS-ßnb DØ-c-hp-Iƒ A{]-k-‡-amIp-Ibpw Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw {]tbm-P\w FbvUUv amt\-P¿am¿°v e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ^e- Ø n¬ hnZym- ` ymk ]mt°Pv hgn IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-߃ e`n-°-W-sa∂ amt\-Pvsa‚p-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw AwKo-I-cn°-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿb - mWv Ct∏m-gsØ {]h-W-X-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a\-Øn\v amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v \ne-hnep≈ {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fS°w Hgn-hm-°pI-bmIpw D≠m-IpI F∂ \nco-£-W߃ icn-sh-°p-∂X - mWv Ct∏m-gsØ kqN-\I - ƒ.

FbvUUv kv°qƒ Poh-\-°m-cpsS iº- f - Ø ns‚ t{Umbnßv B‚ v Unkvt_-gvknßv Npa-Xe _‘-s∏´ slUv a m- Ã ¿°v \¬IpI F∂Xv kzml-Xm¿l-amb \n¿t±-i-am-Wv. CXv sNøp-tºmƒ F.-C.-H., Un.-C.-H. Hm^okp-I-fnse A[n-I-ambn hcp∂ a\pjy-i‡ - nsb Fßs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn°pw F∂Xns\-°p-dn®p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Cu L´-Øn¬ Xs∂ D≠m-tI-≠Xp≠v.

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A[nI Unhn-j≥ D≠mIp∂ Ah-k-c-Øns{]m´-IvSUv A[ym-]-I¿: ]pXnb A[ym-]-I¿ F∂n-hsc 1:1 A\p-]m-XØn¬ \nb-an-°Ww XpSßnb DØ-c-hp-Iƒ A{]k-‡-am-Ip-Ibpw Ch-bpsS-sb√mw {]tbm-P\w FbvUUv amt\-P¿am¿°v e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ^e-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pv hgn IqSp-XkuI-cy-߃ e`n-°-Wsa∂ amt\-Pvsa‚p-IfpsS Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw AwKo-I-cn°-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿbmWv Ct∏m-gsØ {]h-W-X-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

\ne-hn-ep≈ GI-Zn\ ]cn-tim-[\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I, hnZym-`ymk AhIm-i\ - n-ba - Ø - n\v A\p-kr-Xa - mbn Sn.-C.Sn. tbmKyX IqSn \njvI¿jn-°pI XpSßnb \n¿t±-iß - ƒ kzmKXm¿l-am-W.v A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ - c - w-KØv H´-\h - [n kzm{i- b - ÿ m- ] - \ - ß ƒ hcn- I bpw th≠{X anI-hn-√mØh¿ A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\v tNcm≥ \n¿_-‘n-Xcmhp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-ØnSo®¿ Fen-Pn-_n-en‰n sSÃn\v {]k‡n-tb-sd-bp-≠.v A[ym-]I - \ - m-Im-\p≈ Adn-hpw, at\m-`m-hh - pw, Ignhpw Dt≠m F∂v hne- b n- c p- Ø m- \ p≈ Hcp imkv{Xob D]m-[n-bmbn Sn.-C.-Snsb am‰nsbSp-t°-≠X - p-≠v. hnZym-`ymk ]mt°-Pnse G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ \n¿t±iw Sot®gvkv _m¶v kw_-‘n-®p-≈X - m-Wv. kanXn dnt∏m¿´v {]Imcw sXmgn{]iv\w D≈ A[ym-]-I¿ 10503 BWv. ChscbmWv Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mKam-°p-∂-Xv. kanXn Cu FÆ-Øn-tes°-Øp-∂Xv C{]-Im-ca - m-Wv. I. amt\-P¿am¿ \nbaw ewLn®v \nb-a\w \S-Øn-bX - n-\m¬ iºfw e`n°mØ A[ym-]-I¿ 2920. Ch¿ Xmsg ]dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv. 1. kq∏¿ sN°vsk¬ ]cn-tim-[-\bn¬ Nne hymP AUvan-j-\p-Iƒ Is≠- Ø n- b - X p- a qew Xkv X nI ]p\¿ \n¿Æbw hgn A[n-I-amb A[ym-]-I¿ 109.

2. A¨ C°-tWm-an°v kv°qfp-If - n\ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ewLn®v amt\-P¿am¿ \nb-an-®n-´p≈-h¿ 374.

3. ]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n®/ A]vt{KUv sNbvX kv°pfp-If - n¬ s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°Ww F∂ hyhÿ ewLn®psIm≠v amt\P¿am¿ \nb-an-®n-´p-≈-h¿- 249 4. bp.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ G¿s∏-SpØnb \nba\\ntcm-[\ DØ-chn\v tijw 2006-˛2007 apX¬ AUoj-W¬ th°≥kn-If - n¬ \S-Ønb \nb-a-\-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnte°v F¬.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ 12˛01-˛2010 se Pn.-H. (]n) \w 10/10/ s]m.-hn.h {]Imcw 1:1 A\p-]m-XØn¬ s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I¿: ]pXnb A[ym-]I - ¿ F∂Xv kw_‘n®v t_m≠v amt\- P ¿am¿ hbv°m-ØXv aqew iºfw e`n°mØ A[ym-]-I¿ 1817 5. \nb-a\ \ntcm-[\ Ime-L´- Ø - n(2006-˛07 apX¬) hnZym-`ymk Hm^ok¿am¿ A[nI Unhn-j≥ A\ph-Zn-°msX amt\-P¿am¿ k¿°m¿ HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

DØ-chv ewLn®v \nb-a\w \S-ØnbXv 371.

II. s{]m´Iv j ≥ A¿l- X - b p≈ A[ym-]-I¿ 3083 III. Ip´n-bpsS FÆw Ipd-™-Xpaqew Cu A°m-Za - nI h¿jw sXmgn\jvS-s∏-Sp- sa∂v Icp-Xp∂ A[ym-]I¿ 4500 A[ym-]I kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \n¿t±-i-߃ F√mw Cu IW-°ns\ Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-≈X - mWv . F∂m¬ ASn- ÿ m- \ - ] - c - a mb Zu¿_-ey-߃ Cu IW-°n-ep-s≠∂v hy‡-am-Wv. ta¬]-d™ IW-°n¬ I¬ 2 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp≈ \nb-a-\-߃ amt\-P¿am¿ F√m-hn[ \nb-a-ßfpw ewLn®v \SØn-bX - m-Wv. Cßs\ \nb-an® 2811 t]sc Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ tPmen-sN-øp∂ CS-ß-fnXs∂ \nb-an-°m≥ Ip´n-Ifpw XkvXnIIfpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂h - c - m-Wv. Imem-Ime-ßf - n¬ k¿°m-cns‚ F√m-hn[ \nba-ßfpw ewLn®v amt\-P¿am¿ \nb-a\w \¬In-bh - c - m-Wv Ch¿. Cßs\ \nbaw ewLn®v \nb-a\w \¬Inb amt\-P¿amcpsS \S-]Sn \nb-a-hn-t[-b-am-°p-hm≥ {]kv X pX A[ym- ] - I sc Sot®gv k v _m¶ns‚ `mK- a m- t °- ≠ - X pt≠m?

Ahsc Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ tPmen sNøp∂ XkvXn-I-I-fn¬ Xs∂ XpScm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ t]msc? Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ Cu hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pns‚ G‰hpw henb KpW-t`m-‡m°ƒ k¿°m¿ \nb-a-߃ ewLn-®psIm≠v CjvSm-\p-kcWw A[ym-]I - sc \nb-an® amt\-P¿amcmWv. C\n s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I-cpsS KW-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ 3083 t]cp≠v F∂v kanXn \n¿t±- i - Ø n¬ ]d- b p- ∂ p.

AXn¬ Ipsd-tbsd t]¿ Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ a‰v FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fnte°v hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Chsc ]n≥h-en®v Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mKam-°p-∂Xv Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ tPmen sNøp∂ kv ° qfp- I - f nse amt\P¿am¿°v CjvS-s∏´ Xocp-am-\-am-Ipw. CXv sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m.? \ne-hn-ep≈ s{]m´Iv S Uv A[ym- ] - I - c n¬ ]p\¿hn\ykn°m- Ø tXm, k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-I-fn¬ kwc-£Ww \¬IpItbm sNbvXh - sc Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-am-°p-∂X - t√ DNn-Xw. CXn\p Imc- W - a mbn kanXn dnt∏m¿´ns‚ c≠mw JWvUn-Ib - n¬ ]dbp∂ 24- ˛ 03- ˛ 2011 se DØ- c - h ns‚ s]mXp-kØ 15-˛07-˛1997 apX¬ \nb-anX-cm-b-h-cn¬ kwc-£Ww e`n-°mØ A[ym-]-I-cpsS {]iv\w A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu A[ym-]-I¿ imkv{X-KXn

s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-IcpsS KW-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ 3083 t]cp≠v F∂v kanXn \n¿t±-i-Øn]d-bp-∂p. AXn¬ Ipsdtbsd t]¿ Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ a‰v FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-te°v hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

Chsc ]n≥h-en®v Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mKam-°p-∂Xv Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ tPmen sNøp∂ kv°qfp-I-fnse amt\P¿am¿°v CjvS-s∏´ Xocp-am-\-am-Ipw. CXv sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m.? \nehn-ep≈ s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I-cn¬ ]p\¿hn\ykn°m-ØtXm, k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-I-fnkwc-£Ww \¬IpItbm sNbvX-hsc Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mKam-°p-∂-Xt√ DNn-Xw.

F{X-bmWv F∂v dnt∏m¿´n¬ FhnsSbpw IrXy-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√.

Cu h¿jsØ 4500 ¬ C-hcpw s]Spw F∂v ]d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv ImWm-sXb√ CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Sot®gvkv _m¶v F∂ k¶¬]Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ htc-≠Xv \nb-a\w e`n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv sXmgn¬ \jvSs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX A[ym-]I - ¿ At√?

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C°mcyw th≠{X Kuc-h-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-SmsX t]mb-Xv? IrXy-amb Hcp tkm^v‰vthb¿ D≠m-°n-bm¬, sF.-Sn. kv°qfns‚- b pw, Fkv . - F - k v . - F - b p- s Sbpw km[yX {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬, Hcmgv N - ° Iw tIc- f - Ø nse apgp- h ≥ FbvUUv kv°qfpIfn¬ \n∂pw Cu IW°v FSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bnt√? Hcp k_vPn-√-bnse sslkv°p-fp-I-f-S-°ap≈ kv°qfp-I-fpsS GtIm-]\ NpaXe F.-C.-H.-hn\v \¬In-bm¬ aXn-bmIp-a-t√m. CXn-\mbn tkm^v‰vthb¿ D≠m-°p-Ibpw IW-°p-Iƒ FSp-°pIbpw sNøm≥ Ignbpw F∂v hnZym`ymk hIp∏v Xs∂ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. k¿°m¿ lb¿ sk°‚dn kv°qfp-Ifnse A[ym-]-I-cpsS IrXy-amb hnhc-ti-J-cWw Hcp tkm^v‰vthb-dns‚ klm- b - t ØmsS GXm\pw Znh- k ߃°Iw FSp-ØXv Hcp DZm-lc - Ww am{Xw. Ct∏mƒ Xøm-dm-°nb IW°v apgph≥ ]mfn- t ∏m- I m≥ km[y- X - b p≈ as‰mcp LSIw D≠v. kq∏¿ sN°vsk¬ kμ¿in-°p∂ thf-bn¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C√mØ Ip´n-Isf tN¿Øv XkvXnI D≠m-°n-b-Xmbpw Aßs\bp≈ 109 A[ym-]-Isc A[n-I-ambn Is≠- Ø p- I bpw sNbv X p. Ahsc Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

CXv Hcp Iogv hg-°-ambn ]cn-K-Wn®m¬ t_mKkv AUvan-j≥ hgn CXn\Iw \nb-an® F√m A[ym-]I - s - cbpw Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mKamt°-≠nhcpw. _tbm-sa-{SnIv kwhn-[m\w ASßp∂ bp.-sF.Un kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw FSpØv XkvXn-II - ƒ IW-°m-°n-bm\ne-hn-ep≈ F{X A[ym-]-I¿ A[nI-]‰ - m-bn-amdpw F∂pw Aßns\ F{Xt]¿ Sot®-gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-ambn amdpw F∂Xn\v Hcp aXn∏v IW-°mt°-≠X - nt√?

Sot®gvkv _m¶v F∂Xv A[ym-]I\v sXmgn¬ kpc£ \¬Ip-sa-¶nAXv kzmKXw sNø-s∏-tS-≠Xp Xs∂bm-Wv. Sot®gvkv _m¶n-ep≈ apgp-h≥ t]¿°pw iºfw \¬Ip-sa∂v Ct∏mƒ ]d-bp-∂p. F{X-am-{Xw A[ym-]-Isc

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Sot®gv k v _m¶n\v Dƒs°m- ≈ m≥ Ignbpw. CXnse FÆw {Iam-Xo-Xa - mbn h¿≤n- ® m¬ k¿°m- c p- I ƒ°v Cu _m¶n¬ s]Sp-∂-h¿s°√mw iºfw \¬Im≥ Ign-bp-tam. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂h IqSn ]cn- K - W n- ° msX Sot®gv k v _m¶nse FÆw \n›-bn-°m≥ Ignbptam?.

1. 1997 Pqembv 15 \v tijw \nb-a\w e`n® Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-°p-dhv aqew sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-´-h¿ 2. _tbm-sa-{SnIvkv kwhn-[m\w \S∏m-°n bYm¿∞ hnZym¿∞n-Isf am{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ CS-bm-bmsXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bp≈ A[ym-]-I¿. (kq∏¿ sN°v sk√v \S-Øp∂ ]cn-an-X-amb ]cn-tim-[\-bn¬ Xs∂ t_mKkv AUvanj≥ Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v).

3. kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C, sF.-kn.-F-kv.-C. A¨ FbvUUv taJ-eb - n¬ At]£n- ® - h ¿s°√mw kv ° qfp- I ƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn k¿°m¿/FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ßfn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øm-°s - ∏-Sm≥ CSbp≈ A[ym-]-I¿ 4. bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-Wtam ]cn-tim[-\tbm C√msX 1:30/1:35 Bbn. A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw amt\-P¿am¿ A[ym- ] - I sc \nb- a n- ° p- I bpw, ]n∂oSv _tbm-sa-{SnIvkv kwhn-[m\-a-S°w hgn bYm¿∞ IW-s°-

24

Sp-°p-tºmƒ kzm`m-hnIambpw ]pdØm-Ip∂ A[ym-]-I-cpsS FÆw.

(Cu L´-Øn¬ Cu \nb-aw AXni-tbm‡n F∂v tXm∂m-sa-¶nepw amt\Pvsa‚p-I-fpsS kΩ¿±-Øn\v hgßn Ct∏m-gp≈ hn[-Øn¬ \nb-a\w \SØm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw amt\-P¿am¿°v \¬In-bm¬ ASpØ h¿jw apXCu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ sXmgn¬ \jvSs∏-Sp∂ A[ym-]-I¿ Dd-∏m-Wv.) GsXmcp ]cn-]mSn apt∂m´p hbv°ptºmgpw hcp∂ 5˛10 h¿j-ß-fnse CXns‚ A\p-c-W-\-߃ ]cn-K-Wn°msX A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-cWw \SØm≥ Ign-bn-√. CsX√mw h®p t\m°ptºmƒ Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ s{]m´°vj≥ B\p-Iqeyw IqSn A[ym-]I - \v \jvSs - ∏-Se - m-Iptam hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pns‚ A¿∞w F∂v \ymb- a mb kwibw Db¿∂v hcmw. kZp-t±-iØ - nDtZym-Kÿ - ¿ \n¿t±-in® Cu ]cn-lmcw kn.-_n.-Fk - n.-C., sF.-kn.-Fk - .v C - , A¨ Fbv U Uv taJ- e - I fn¬ Xß- f psS CjvSm-\p-kc - Ww kv°qfp-Iƒ XpS-ßp∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ FXn¿-∏ns\ A[ym]-I¿°v kwc-£Ww Dd∏v F∂ hymtamlw \¬In ab-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ X{¥-ambn cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw {]tbmP-\s - ∏-Sp-Øm\pw CS-bm-Iptam ? k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-If - n¬ A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw hnZym-`ymk \nb-a-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn \nP-s∏-SpØptam F∂v dnt∏m¿´n¬ hy‡-

am°p∂n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw N¿®Iƒ FbvUUv kv°qfp-ambn _‘s∏´v am{X-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂p. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi \nb-a-{]Imcw k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-I-fnepw, AXv slUv So®-dpsS s{]mtam-j≥ hgnbp≈ Hgn-hp-I-fnem-bmepw icn Fkv.F-kv.F t]mep≈ A[ym-]I ]cn-ioe\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fnepw Hgn-hp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXv Sot®gvkv _m¶n\n∂pw \nb-an°mw F∂ \n¿t±iw Kpcp-X-c-amb `hn-jy-Øn\v CS \¬Intb-°mw. Cu H‰ \n¿t±iw ]n.-Fkv.kn. hgn-bp≈ \nb-a-\ßsf C√mXm- ° p- ∂ - X n- t e°v \bn- t ®- ° mw. k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m-\ß - f - nse \nb-a\ - m[n-Imcw ]tcm-£a- mbn FbnvUUv amt\P¿am¿°v \¬Ip-∂-Xns\ Hcp XcØnepw AwKo-Ic - n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. tIcf-Ønse 65% Øne-[nIw hcp∂ FbnUUv ÿm]-\ß - f - nse \nb-a\w amt\P¿am¿°v hn´psImSpØv k¿°m¿ kv ° qƒ \nb- a \w {]Xy- £ - a mtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv sadn‰pw Ign-hp-ap≈ sXmgn-en-√mØ sNdp-∏° - mtcmSv Im´p∂ Ahn-th-I-am-Ipw. C∂v ]n.-Fk - v.kn \nb-a\ - Ø - n¬ ]men-°s - ∏Sp∂ kwh-cW XXz-߃ am‰n-ad- n-°m≥ CXv CS-bm-°pw. am{X-hp-a√ sadn‰pw, Ign-hpw, k¿§-ti-jn-bp-ap≈ bphc‡w A[ym-]-I-ta-J-e-bn-te°v hcp∂Xv XS-bp-∂Xv Kuc-h-tadnb hnZym-

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

`ymk {]iv\w IqSn-bmWv. bYm¿∞Øn¬ hnZym- ` ymk Ah- I m- i - \nbaØns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ A[ym-]I-\m-Im≥ Ignhpw, at\m-`m-hh - pw D≈hsc Is≠-Øm≥ So®¿ Fen-Pn-_nen‰n sSÃv t]mep≈ kt¶-X-ßsf {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - t√ th≠-Xv. Cu dnt∏m¿´nse G‰hpw A]-IS- I-ca - mb \n¿t±iw 15 Znh-ksØ Hmdn-bt‚-j≥ \¬In-bm-¬ GXv A[ym-]I - scbpw kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-Ie - , Imbn-Iw, Xp∂¬ XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kvs]jenÃv A[ym-]I - c - mbn \nb-an°mw F∂Xm-W.v \ΩpsS Ip´n-If - n¬ A¥¿eo-\amb Ie-bn-epw, kwKoX-Øn-epw, ssIhncp-Xn-epw, Ifn-bnepw D≈ Ign-hp-Isf hnZym-`ymk {]{In-bb - n¬ \n∂v sK‰v Hu´m°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp \n¿t±iw Fßs\ cq]-s∏´p F∂Xv Xs∂ N¿® sNtø≠ Imcy-am-Wv. A[ym-]-Isc kwc-£n-°m≥ Cu \n¿t±iw Hcp ]s£ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-t´-°mw. ]s£ hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ hnim-ee - £ - y-Øns‚ A¥-kØ - sb Cu \n¿t±iw tNmZyw sNøp-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ hnZym-`ym-k] - c - ambn B[p-\nI kaqlw X≈n-°f - ™ tNjvSm-hm-ZØ - ns‚ F√m Awi-ßfpw Cu \n¿t±-iØ - n-ep-≠.v hnZym`ymk-]c - ambn {]Xn-tem-aI - c - a - mb Cu \n¿t±iw tIc-fob kaqlw X≈n-°-f-bp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°mw.

A[ym-]I - sc aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn°¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂X - n-\p≈ \n¿t±iw kzmK- X m¿l- a m- W v . kaq- l - Ø nse s]mXp-k-Ω-X-\mb Hcp hy‡n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk hnN-£W - imkv{X-KXn

∑m¿ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp Pn√m-Xe BUn‰v tamWn-‰d - nwKv AtXm-dn‰n cq]oI-cn-°pI F∂Xpw \√ \n¿t±-ia - m-Wv. Cu cwKØv GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ A°u-≠-_n-en‰n Dd-∏m-°m-\mh-iyamb kwhn-[m-\-߃ A\n-hm-cy-amsW∂ Bhiyw \nc-¥cw Db¿∂p-h∂-Xm-Wv. ]s£ Cu {]{In-bbv°v kpXm-cy-amb am\-ZW - vUß - ƒ D≠m-IWw. Ch hnZym-`ymk]c-hp-am-IWw. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]h-W-X-Iƒ D≠mImsX Fßns\ t\m°m-sa∂pw N¿® sNtø-≠X - p-≠v.

1. k¿°m-cp-If - psS cmjv{Sob k¶pNnX Xmev]-cym-\p-k-cWw A[ym-]Isc Ah-aX - n-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]-Ic - W - ambn Cu kwhn-[m\w {]tbm-Kn-°mw.

2. \ne-\n¬°p∂ ^yqU¬ hnZym`ymk aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw AX-\p-k-cn®p≈ t_m[- \ - X - { ¥- ß - f p- s Sbpw XpS¿®°v klm-b-I-amb kwhn-[m\am°n CXns\ am‰mw.

3. GsXmcp k¿§-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw coXn imkv{X-sØbpw tNmZyw sNøemWv . ^yqU¬ aqey- ß ƒ CXv Dƒs°m-≈W - s - a-∂n-√. \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿb - psS kwc-£W - Ø - ns‚ `mKambn Db¿∂p-h∂ hna¿i-\-ßsf C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp D]m[n F∂ \ne-bn¬ BUn‰v tamWn-‰-dnwKv kan-Xnsb {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Ømw. hnZym-`ym-kc - w-KsØ \qX\ {]h-WX-Isf Dƒs°m-≈msX ]nd-tIm´v hen°p∂ \b-߃ cq]o-Ic- n-°p-tºmƒ P\m[n-]X - y-hm-Znbpw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk

Bi- b - ß - f psS kzoI¿Øm- h p- a mb A[ym-]I - \v AXns\ FXn¿t°-≠nhcpw. DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v B[p-\nI hnZym`ymk Nn¥m-[m-cI - ƒ°v A\p-kr-Xa- mbn aqey-\n¿Wb coXn tIc-fØ - n¬ amdn-hcp-tºmƒ ^yqU¬ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zmb-Øn-\\ - p-Kp-Wa- mb Xc-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymksØ ]co£m tI{μo-Ir-Xa - m°n ]T\t_m[\ {]h¿Ø-\s - Ø-bmsI A´na-dn-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ \√ A[ym-]I¿°v AXns\ FXn¿t°-≠n-hcpw. Hcp \√ A[ym-]I - ≥ P\m-[n-]X - y-hm-Znbpw AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh- ÿ - I sf hna¿- i \]c- a mbn ImWp∂ Bfp-am-bn-cn-°pw. CØcw A[ym-]I - t- cm-Sv Ak-ln-jW v pX Im´p∂, Ah-cpsS k¿Km-flI - X - sb Xf¿Øp∂, Hcp kwhn-[m-\a - mbn amdm≥ ^yqUXmev]c - y-߃°v ta¬ss° e`n-°p∂ Hcp cmjv{Sob `cW A¥-co-£Ø - nFfp-∏a - m-Wv. F{X \√ \n¿t±-iß - ƒ apt∂m´p hbv°ptºmgpw AXns‚ \m\mL´-߃ ]cn-tim-[nt® \ne-]m-SpI-fn-te°v FØm≥ Ign-bq. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ hnZym-`ymk ]mt°-Pnse kzmK- X m¿l- s a∂v Cu L´- Ø ntXm∂p∂ \n¿t±-iß - f - S- °w {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°p∂ L´-Øn¬ D≠mIp∂ hnZym-`ym-k] - c - hpw kmaq-ln-Ih - pamb t\´-tIm-´ß - ƒ hni-Za- mbn N¿®-sNø-s∏-SW - w. A[ym-]I kaq-lhpw amt\Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°p-a∏ - pdw hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£h - p-amb ]¶m-fn-Ifp-ambn hni-Za- mbn kwh-Zn-°p-Ibpw A`n{]mb ka-\zbw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠X - p-≠.v

25

hnZym-`ymkw kn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥

tZiob hnZym-`ymk ImgvN-∏mSns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk-Øn-eqsS hnZym¿∞nI-fnt\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ kmwkvImcnIhpw hnZym-`ym-k]c-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-sSbpw Adn-hp-I-fpsSbpw kam-lr-X-enÃmbn ]mTy]-≤-Xn-sb-°m-Wmw. hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS kwK-a-`q-anbmb C¥ybp-sS _lpkzc-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v, C¥y-bpsS tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\-b-Øns\ {]Xn-^-en∏n-°p∂ H∂m-IWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn. CXv kwÿm-\߃°v Ah-cpsS `mj-bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øns‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzX{¥-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ H∂mbpw 1986˛se F≥.-]n.C bpw 1992˛se t{]m{Kmw Hm^v B£\pw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂p.

tZ

iob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn-s‚bpw tIcf ]mTy]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ ]mT-]p-kX v I-߃ ]cn-jvI-cn-®-t∏mƒ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]pXnb hmZamWv GIo-IrX kne-_kpw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT]p-kvX-I-ßfpw BWv tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏m-t°-≠Xv F∂v. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnhn[ A°m-Za - nI kan-Xn-If - n¬ AwK-ßf - mbn {]h¿Øn® Bfp-Iƒt]mepw GIo-IrX kne-_-kv, F≥.-kn.-C.B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvXI - ß - ƒ XpS-ßnb Cu ]pXnb ]Z{]-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ kwi-b-Nn-Ø-cm-bn. ]pXnb ]mTy-]≤Xn tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-∏m-°n-Øp-Sßn-bn´v 14 h¿jw Ign-™p. ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ ]mT]p-kvX-I-߃ aq∂p-X-hW ]cn-jvI-cn®p Ign-™p.

At∏m-sgm∂pw Xs∂ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvXI-߃ \S-∏n-em-°-W-sat∂m kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kØn\v Hscm‰ kne-_kv aXn Ft∂m D≈ Hcp A`n{]mbw Db¿∂p-tI-´-Xmbn Adn-bn-√. Hcp ]t£ ]pXnb ]mTy-]≤ - Xn Bcw-`n® 97 Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ ]mT]p-kX v I - s - Øbpw ]T-\c - o-Xn-Is - f-∏‰- nbpw Db¿∂ hnhmZ-ßf - n-sem∂pw Xs∂ ]mTy-]≤ - Xn N´-°qSv (Curriculum

GIo-IrX kne-_kv:

{]N-c-Whpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw 26

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

Framework) kne_kv F∂nh kw_‘n® Kuc-hX - c - a - mb N¿®-Iƒ \S-∂n´p-an-√. F∂m¬ F≥.-Un.F k¿°mcns‚ ImeØv ]pd-Øn-d-°nb F≥.kn.-F^v ˛ 2000 Øns‚ kao-]-\-ßfnepw A°m-Z-anI hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\-D-≈-S°w kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßfnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb "Imhn-hXvIcW' (Saffronisation) LS-Iß - f - mWv Hcp ]mTy-]≤ - Xn N´-°q-Sns‚ {]m[m-\yhpw kzm[o-\hpw hy‡-am-°n-b-Xv.

]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSpw ]mTy-]≤-Xnbpw ]mTy-]-≤Xn (Curriculum) F∂mHcp tImgvkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb ]T-\hn-jb - ß - f - psS ]´n-Ib - mbn s]mXpsh ]d-bm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ CXv ]mTy-]-≤Xn-bpsS Hcp `mKw am{Xsa BIp. ]mTy-]≤ - X - n-sb-∏‰n sk°-≠dn FUyqt°- j ≥ IΩo- j ≥ apt∂m´v h® Bibw CXm-Wv. "Curriculum does not mean only the academic subjects traditionally taught in the school but it includes totality of experiences that a pupil recieves through manifold activities that go on in the school, in the classroom, library, laboratory, workshop, playgrounds and in the numerous informal contacts between teachers and pupils AYhm

Hcp hnZym¿∞n°v kvIqfn¬ e`n-°p∂ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv ]mTy-]≤ - X - n. tZiob ]mTy-]≤ - Xn N´-°qSv ˛ 2005 (NCF - 2005) s‚ Icn-°pew, kne-_kv, ]mT-]p-kvXI s]mkn-j≥ t]∏dn¬ CXv Ipd-®p-IqSn hni-Z-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. "Curriculum is perhaps best thought

1975 \ptijw F√m kwÿm-\-ßfpw XßfpsS kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymk-{]-{Inb cq]-s∏-SpØnbXv tZio-b-X-eØn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-SnDu∂n-bmWv. F≥.-kn.-C.B¿.Sn Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw, sF.kn.-F-kv.C ]mT-]pkvX-I-ßfpw hnhn[ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]pkvX-I-ßfpw Cu s]mXpN-´-°qSv \n¿t±-in® ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fp-sSbpw D≈-S-°-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv

ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ kzX-{¥-ambn cq]-s∏Sp-Øm-hp∂ H∂mbpw 1986 se F≥.]n.C bpw 1992 se t{]m{Kmw Hm^v B£\pw (POA) bpw hn`m- h \w sNøp∂p.

F∂m¬ kv I qƒ ]mTy- ] - ≤ Xn tZiob hnZym-`ymk \bsØ kzmwioI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn\v sshhn-[yßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw \ΩpsS km[y-X-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-amb tIm¿L-SI - ß - ƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v s]mXp-hn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

CXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv 1973 ¬ tI{μ-Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnZym-`ymk kmaq-lyt£-a-a-{¥m-ebw Hcp {iaw Bcw-`n-®Xv. 10+2 ]mt‰-Wn-ep≈ Hcp hnZym`ymk k{º-Zm-bØ - n-\mbn 1975 ¬ cq]o-Ic - n® tcJ-bm-Wv "The Curriculum for Ten Year School A Framework'. Cu tcJ-bmWv kv I qƒ ]mTy- h n- j - b - ß ƒ, kv I qƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse hnhn[ ]T-\-L-´ßƒ (ss{]adn I - V, A∏¿ ss{]adn VI - VII, sk°-≠dn IX - X) ]T\ aWn°qdp-Iƒ Ch kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-iß - fpw {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnX ]T-\kma{KnIfpw BZy-ambn \n¿t±-in-®X - v. ]n∂oSv 1986 se F≥.-]n.C bpsS XpS¿®-bmbn "National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Education - A framework (1988) ]pd-Øn-dß - n. Cu N´-°q-Sn-emWv "Ah-iy-\n-eh - m-c] - T - \w' (Minimum levels of learning) \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb

of as that set of planned activities which are designed to implement a particular educational aim - set of such aims in terms of the content of what is to be taught and knowledge, skills and attitude which are to be deliberalely fostered together with statement of criteria for selection of content and choices in the methods, materials and evaluation'. tZiob hnZym-

`ymk ImgvN∏ - m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nhnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS hnZym¿∞nIƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ kmwkvIm-cnIhpw hnZym-`ym-k]c-hp-amb Ign-hp-If - p-sSbpw Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw kam-lr-X-enÃmbn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-sb-°m-Wmw. hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS kwK-a-`q-an-bmb C¥ybp-sS _lpkzc-Xsb AwKo-Icn-®p-sIm≠v, C¥y-bpsS tZiob hnZym`ym-k-\-b-Øns\ {]Xn-^-en∏n-°p∂ H∂m-IWw ]mTy-]≤ - X - n. CXv kwÿm\-߃°v Ah-cpsS `mj-bp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øn-s‚bpw imkv{X-KXn

27

aqey-\n¿Wbw (CCE) sSIvt\m-fP - n-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw, A[ym-]n-I-hn-Zym-`ymkØns‚ ]p\x- k w- L m- S \w F∂nh \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´-Xv. c≠p-h¿jsØ {]o˛-ss{]adn tÃPv, 8 h¿jsØ Fensa-s‚dn hnZym-`ymkw 2 h¿jsØ sk°-≠dn hnZym-`ymkw F∂o LSI-߃ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p. ]n∂oSv F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ˛ 1999 ¬ 12 h¿jsØ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymk L´sØ ka-{K-ambn I≠psIm≠v ]pdØn- d - ° nb tcJ- b mWv National Curriculum Framework for School Education (2000). c≠p h¿jsØ ECE,

8 h¿jsØ Fen- s a‚dn L´w, 2 h¿jsØ sk°-≠dn, 2 h¿jsØ lb¿ sk°-≠dn L´w F∂n-hb - mWv Cu tcJ-bn¬ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. amXr-`mjm hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ F√m L´-ß-fn-sebpw ]T-\-am-[y-aambn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]T-\-hnj-b-߃, aqey-߃,-aq-ey-\n¿Wbw, kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ v F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®p≈ IrXy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Cu tcJ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

1986 se NPE bn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂Xp-t]mse 5 h¿jØnsem-cn-°¬ ]mTy]-≤-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øm≥ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn \S-Ønb {ia-amWv NCF - 2005.

]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw kne-_kpw ]mTy- ] - ≤ Xn ]cn- j v I - c - W - Ø ns‚bpw ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn-s‚bpw hni-Za - mb Ncn{Xw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®Xv C¥ybpsS hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]mTy]-≤-Xnbpw (Curriculum) kne-_kpw

28

tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n°p∂ Hcmƒ°v F≥.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS kne_-kv, F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ Ch XΩn¬ F¥p-am{Xw ]mc-kv]cyw Ds≠∂p Xncn-®-dn-bmw. C¥y-bnse C‚¿\m-j-WkvIqfpIfn¬ ]n¥p-Scp∂ tIw{_n-UvPns‚ IGCSE kne-_kpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fp-am-Wv. Chbpw F≥.-kn.-C.B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw, tIcf kne-_kv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw Htc D≈-S-°hpw hnj-b-k-ao-]-\-hp-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂sX∂pw ImWmw

Htc A¿∞-Øn¬ ]cn-KW - n-°s - ∏-Sm-\nS-bmb kμ¿`w hy‡-am-°m-\mWv. ]mTy-]-≤Xn tcJ-Iƒ kvIqfn-tem, A[ym-]I - c - psS ssII-fntem FØp-∂n√. adn®v Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ØnXøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvXI - ß - ƒ am{XamWv {][m\ N¿®°v hnj-b-am-Ip-∂Xv. AtXmsS kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w am{Xambn Npcp-°s - ∏-´p. hnim-ea - mb A¿∞Øn¬ Ip´n-bpsS hnhn[ tijn-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ _lp-ap-J-{]-h¿Ø\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏m-°p∂ CSw F∂-Xn¬ \n∂v imkv{Xhpw KWnXhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw `mj-Ifpw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ CS-ßf - mbn hnZym-eb - ß - ƒ Npcp-ßn. Cu hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\ D≈- S °w F∂- X mbn kne- _ - k v .

AXn¬Xs∂ 1975 \ptijw F√m kwÿm-\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-{]-{Inb cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv tZio-bX - e - Ø - n¬ ]pd-Øn-dß - nb ]mTy]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn¬ Du∂n-bmWv. F≥.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kX v I-ßfpw, sF.kn.-F-kv.C ]mT-]p-kvXI-ßfpw hnhn[ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cpIƒ Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kX v I - ß - fpw Cu s]mXp-N-´-°qSv \n¿t±-in® ]T-\hn-jb - ß - f - p-sSbpw D≈-S° - Ø - n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ 1975 apX¬ tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-SpIƒ \n¿t±-in® 5 + 3 + 2 + 2 ˛ ]mt‰¨ CXp-h-scbpw \mw kzoI-cn-®n-´n√.

Cu L´-hy-Xymkw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn ]mT-]p-kvXI D≈-S-°-Øn¬ {]Xn-^en-®p-Xp-S-ßn. 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢m pI-fn-embn F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]pkvXI - ß - ƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hnjb-ßfpw (EVS DZm-l-c-Ww) D≈-S-°ßfpw ChnsS 1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkpI-fn-embn hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

F∂m¬ 5 apX¬ 7 hsc-bp≈ aq∂p¢m- p-If - n¬ ChnsS ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hnjb-ß-fpsS D≈-S° {Iao-I-cWw tZiob-X-e-Øn¬ 6 -˛ 8 ¢m p-I-fn¬ hyXykvX-am-Wv. ChnsS Cu ¢m p-I-fn]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv AXXp hnj-b-ØnUn{Kn D≈ s{Sbn≥Uv {KmtPz‰v So®¿ BWv. 9 apX¬ 12 hsc-bp≈ D≈-S-°am-Is - ´, tZio-bX - e - Ø - n¬ Hscm‰ bqWn‰mbn ]c-k] v c _‘n-Xa - mbn D≈-S° - w hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv PGT (Post Graduate Teacher). Cu L´hn-`-P-\-{]iv\w tIhew ¢m p-Iƒ FhnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xpam-{X-a√ - . hnj-bØ - n-s‚ Spiralling, D≈S-°-Øns‚ Bghpw, Ah-X-c-W-co-Xnbpw, ]c-kv]c - _ - ‘ - w, {]{In-bm-[n-jvTnX-amb ]T-\-co-Xn, A[ym-]-Is‚ hnjHIvtSm-_¿ 2011

b- Ø n- e p≈ Ah- t _m- [ w, Ch- b nsems° {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p.

Cu tZiob kne-_kv (CBSE, ICSE) tIcf kne- _ kv hyXymkw Hcp km[m- c W c£n- X m- h n\p, F¥n\v hnZym-`ym-kt- a-Je - b - n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h¿°p- t ]mepw s]s´∂v \ne- h mc hyXym-k-ambpw D≈-S°w Ipsd-°qSn Kl-\-am-b-Xm-bpw, {]{Inb Ipsd-°qSn anI-®-Xmbpw H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ tXm∂n∏n°pw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ 1975 apX¬ Xs∂ tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn-s‚bpw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsSbpw amXrI ]n¥p-S¿∂mWv tIc-fØnse ]mTy-]≤ - X - nbpw ]mT-]p-kvXI - ßfpw hn\y-kn-®n-´p≈-Xv. 90 IfntIc-f-Øn¬ Bcw-`n® MLL ]mTy-]≤Xn 1988 se ]mTy-]≤ - Xn N´-°q-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm\ \n¿t±-iØ - ns‚ ^e-am-WnsX∂v \ap°v ImWmw. F∂m¬ 1997 apX¬ ]mT-]p-kvXI - ß-fpsS D≈-S° {Iao-I-c-W-Ønepw Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bnepw aqey-\n¿W-bapƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fnepw \mw F≥.-kn.-C.B¿.Sn.bv°pt]mepw amXrI-bm-bn. NCF - 2005 s‚ t^m° v t]∏dp-I-fnepw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xbm-dm°nb ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnepw Cu ]mT-]p-kX v I - ß - f - psS kzm[o-\hpw ˛ km[y-X-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

1997 se 3˛mw ¢m v KWnX ]mT-]pkvXI - Ø - nse KWnX {]h¿Ø\w 2007 ¬ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]pd-Øn-d-°nb 4˛mw ¢m v KWnXØn¬ AtX-t]mse ImWmw. tZiob ]mTy-]≤ - Xn N´-°qSv 2005 ¬ C°mcyw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Cu tcJ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ F√m kwÿm-\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS ]mTy-]-≤Xnbpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ]cn-jvI-cn°-W-sa∂ tI{μ-am-\-h-hn-`-h-tijn a{¥m- e - b - Ø ns‚ \n¿t±iw ]n¥pS¿∂mWv tIcfw KCF 2007 ]mTy-]-≤Xnbpw 10˛mw ¢m p-h-sc-bp≈ ]mT-]pkvXI - ß - fpw ]cn-jvIc - n-®X - v. Cu tcJIƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v (NCF - 2005, KCF - 2007, 1 apX¬ 10 hscbp≈ ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kX v I - ß - ƒ) F≥.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS kne-_-kv, F≥.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS ]mT-]p-kvXI - ß - ƒ Ch XΩn¬ F¥p-am{Xw ]mc-kv]cyw Ds≠∂p Xncn-®-dn-bmw. C¥y-bnse C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ kvIqfpIfn¬ ]n¥p-Scp∂ tIw{_n-UvPns‚ IGCSE kne_kpw ]mT- ] p- k v X - I - ß - f p- a m- W v .

Chbpw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvXI-ßf - pw, tIcf kne-_kv ]mT-]p-kvXI-ßfpw Htc D≈-S° - hpw hnj-bk - a - o]-\h - p-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂s - X∂pw imkv{X-KXn

ImWmw. F∂m¬ IGCSE bn¬ History, Geography, Science Ch°v Ordinary level, Advance level F∂v th¿Xn-cn-hp≠v. KCF-2007 ¬ C°mcyw \b-]c - a - mbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v F∂m¬ CXv NCF - 2005 ¬ C√. tZiob Xe-tØ-°mƒ tIcfw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ ap∂n\n¬°p-∂X - ns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø - n-emWv Cu Imcyw KCF - ¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. 10˛mw ¢m n\pw 12˛mw ¢mkn\pw tijap≈ ]T\- Ø n- \ n- S - b n¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw 2 e£w Ip´n-Iƒ hoX-amWv hnZym-`ym-kØ - n¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-t]mIp-∂-Xv. Ch-cmWv A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb sXmgn-en-√m-∏S/sXmgn-ed - n-bm-∏S- b - mbn, \ΩpsS kaq- l - Ø n¬ hnhn[ 'ssh‰v t Im- f ¿' GP≥kn- ∏ - W n- I ƒ Gs‰-SpØp Pohn-°p-∂X - v. Chsc°qSn Dƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ hnZym-`ym-k-amWv KCF ¬ \n¿t±-in® HºXmw ¢mknep≈ 'O' eh¬ A eh¬.

CXmWv bmYm¿∞y-sa-¶n¬ GIoIrX kne-_kv F∂ apd-hnfn F¥n\p-th-≠n-bp-≈X - m-W?v tIc-fØ - n¬ aX kmaq-ln-I-i-‡n-Iƒ°v A{]n-b-amb Nn¥-Iƒ Ip´n-If - n-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃, hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥ t]mjn- ∏ n- ° p∂ ⁄m\\n¿ΩnXn ]T-\-{]-{Inb Ch Hgn-hm°n NCERT ]mT-]p-kX v I - ß - ƒ \S-∏m-°W - w.

NCF - 2005 s\ ASn- ÿ m- \ am°nbmWv NCERT bpw tIc-f-ØnSCERT bpw kne-_kv ]mT-]p-kvXIhpw Xbm-dm-°p-∂s - X-¶n¬ tamSnIqSpX-ep≈ NCERT ]mT-]p-kvXIw ]Tn-∏n°p-∂-Xn¬ F¥mWv sX‰v F∂t√? ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sns‚ \n¿h-l-Whp-ambn _‘-s∏´v NCERT bnse Fkv.sI. bmZ-hns‚ Hcp ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-

≠v. AXn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ Nne Imcy-߃ CXn¬ {]k-‡-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. $ U¬ln, alm-cm-jv{S, DØ-cm©¬, e£-Zzo]v F∂o kwÿm-\ß - ƒ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih - p-amb X\-Xp-LS- I - ß - ƒ ]mTy-]≤ - X - n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØW - w. $ aWn-∏q¿, _wKmƒ, \mKm-em‚ ,v bp.]n {]tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-߃ Xß-fpsS {]mtZ-inI DZm-lc - W - ß - ƒ, `qan- i mkv{X khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ, kmwkvIm-cnI X\n-aI - ƒ F∂nh ]mT`m-K-߃, Bi-b-߃ Ch hni-Zo-Icn-°p-∂X - n\v IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°W - w.

F¥mWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bpsS sshhn-[ysØ NCERT ]mT]p-kvXI - ß - ƒ°v Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hp-Ibn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn¬ ssiXy-Im-ew, AXns‚ {]tXy-IX - , khn-ti-j] - T - \w tIc- f - Ø nse Ip´n- I ƒ ss{]adn ¢mkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ Fß-s\bmhpw Ah¿ Bibw kzmwio-Ic - n-°pI. DØ- t c- ¥ y- b nse Uk- \ pw, t{Kmkpw a‰v {]mtZ-inI Af-hp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®v sa{SnIv knÃ-Øn-te°v Ip´nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NCERT bnse KWnX ]pkvXIw tIc-fØ - nse Ip´n°v KWn-X-]-T-\-Øns\ klm-bn°ptam XI¿°ptam?

GsXmcp {]N-c-W-Øn\pw hnhm-ZØn\pw XpS-°a - n-Sp-∂X - n-\p-apºv hkvXpX-Iƒ Adn-bm\pw At\z-jn-°m\pw aebm-fn-Iƒ C\n F∂mWv ]Tn-°p-I. "aebmf' samgn-sb√mw \ap°v ]Yyhpw tIa-hp-amWv. \ΩpsS ta∑sb ImWm≥ IÆn-s√¶nepw ]pdØp \n∂p hcp-∂Xns\ "IÆp-Xp-d∂p' kzoI-cn-°m-s\¶nepw ae-bmfn ]Tn-t°-≠Xp≠v.

29

hnZym-`ymkw tUm. Sn. iin-[-c≥, tUm. hn.-Pn. {iotZhn

Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bn¬ kmc-amb _p≤n-ap-´p-I-fp-≠m-hm≥ hgn-h-bv°p∂XmWv {]mb-am-hp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ ]T-\w. AXm-bXv {]o kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ˛ F¬.-sI.-Pn., bp.-sI.-Pn. ¢mkp-I-fn¬˛FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]e-Xcw {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°pw. amXr-`mj hmbn-°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw ]Tn-°p∂-Xn-\p-apºv as‰mcp `mj ]Tn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv hfsc henb _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ°v Imc-W-am-hpw. CXpw tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]Iambn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃:

Imc-W-sa¥v? kvIqfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-h∂ - Xp apX¬, F√m Ip´n-Ifpw hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-bncn-°Ww F∂ [mcW kaq-lØ - n{]_- e - a m- b - X p- a p- X ¬, ap∏tXm \m¬]tXm Ip´n-Isf H∂n-®n-cpØn Hcp amtjm So®tdm ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv hnZym-`ym-kØ - ns‚ amXrI F∂v \mw Icp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ Hcp {]iv\w hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS ap∂n¬ Iodm-ap-´n-bmbn Ah-X-cn®p: Ip´n-I-fpsS _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw ]cm-P-bßfpw. \mw {]Xo-£n-°p∂ Xc-ØnIp´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√, ]Tn-bv°p∂n-√˛- F - ¥m sNøpI? G‰hpw Ffp-∏am-sbmcp hgn-bp-≠˛-v t- Xm¬hn-bpsS DØc-hm-ZnØw Ip´n-bpsS ta¬ Nm¿Øns°m-Sp-°p-I. Ip´nbv°v _p≤n-bn-√m-™n-

30

´m-W,v {i≤n-°m-™n-´m-W,v ]cn-{i-an-°m™n-´m-Wv, t]mcm, Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]e-hn[-Øn-ep≈ tcmK-ßf - p-≈X - p-sIm-≠m-W.v CXn-\mWv Cc-bp-sS-ta¬ Ip‰-am-tcm-]n°p∂ {]Xy-imkv{Xw (Victim-blaming ideology) F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. Ip´n-Isf Ip‰w ]d-bp-∂Xv Ffp∏am-°m-\mbn _p≤n-sb-°p-dn®v PmXn hyh-ÿb - psS Hcp ]cn-Ie - v]\ \mw krjvSn-s®-Sp-Øp.

Ffp∏w ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂h - cpw anSp°-∑m-cp-amb {_m“-W¿ apX¬ ]n≥_©n-en-cp∂v Dd°w Xqßm≥ am{Xw hn[n°-s∏-´, H∂pw ]Tn-°m≥ tijntbm XmXv]c - ytam C√m-Ø, tXm¬hn-am{Xw A¿ln- ° p∂ Iogmf¿ hsc. Cu PmXnhyh-ÿ-bpsS kqN-I-amWv IQ. a\x»mkv{X-Øn¬ IQ F∂ k¶ev]w

AXn-\n-in-Xa- mbn hnNm-cW t\cn-´t- ∏mƒ hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-I¿°v ]pXnb ]cnI-e] v \ - I - fpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. Aßs\-bmWv "aμ-]T - n-Xmhv' (Slow learner) F∂ Hcp k¶ev]w Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂X - v. aμ-]T - n-Xmhv F∂mse¥mWv Ft∂m F¥m-WX - n\v Imc-Ws - at∂m A∂pw C∂pw B¿°p-ad - n-bn-√. F∂mepw \nch[n Kth-jW - ß - fpw AXn-\\ - p-kc - n®v CS-s]-Se - p-Ifpw D≠m-bn. Cu t{iWnbnse \hm-Xn-Yn-bmWv "]T-\s - sh-Ieyw' F∂-Xv. ]Øn-cp-]Xv sIm√w sIm≠v \nc-h[ - n-bmb ]T-\ß - ƒ, N¿®-Iƒ, ]cnio-e-\-߃, hnZ-Kv[¿, C≥Ãn-‰yq-´pIƒ.....-am-{X-tam, Xß-fpsS Ip´n°v ]T\-ssh-Ie - y-am-sW∂v km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn°n-´m≥ c£n-Xm-°f - psS \o≠-\n-c.

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

\ΩpsS ]Øp-iX - a - m\w Ip´n-Iƒ°v Cß-s\-sbmcp sshI-ey-ap-s≠-∂mWv ]T-\-߃ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. BZy-anXv ap∏-Xp-i-X-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬ F∂mbn-cp∂p Is≠Ønbncp-∂X - .v A{Xbpw ]d-™m¬ IS∂ ssIøm-hnt√ F∂p Icp-Xn-bm-hWw ]ns∂-bXv Ipd-®p-IqSn eLq-I-cn-®p. CsX-ßs\ km[n®p F∂v A¤pXw tXm∂p- ∂ pt≠m?

Is≠-Øp∂ kq{X-hnZy Adn-bm-™n´m-Wv. hmb-\, Fgp-Øv, IW-°nse {]mY-anI tNmZy-߃ F∂n-hb - n¬ Hcp ]co£ \S-Øp-∂p. ap∏Xp iX-am\w Ip´n-Iƒ tXm‰p. A{Xbpw th≠, Iptd°qSn DZm-c-ambn am¿°n-Smw. AXymhiyw tamU-td-j≥ sImSp-°mw. ^ew? tXm¬hn-bpsS iX-am\w kmc-ambn Ipd™v ]Øn- s e- Ø n. icn, aXn, Ct∏mƒ A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-cØ - n-seØn-t®¿∂p. ]Øpw ap∏-Xp-a-√, AºXv iX-am\-sa-¶nepw D≠mhpw F∂mWv RßfpsS IW-°v. shdp-samcp Dul-a-√. teJ-I-cn¬ Hcmƒ (tUm. Sn. iin-[c≥) 1990˛91 ImeØv ]me-°mSv Pn√bnse 15 kvIqfp-If - n¬\n∂pw c≠m-bnc-tØmfw ]Ømw ¢mkv hnZym¿∞n-Ifn¬ Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

IW- ° nse _me- ] m- T - ß ƒ F{Xt]¿°-dnbmw F∂-dn-bm-\p≈ efn-Xa - msbmcp ]co-£b - m-bn-cp-∂p. ^ew sR´n∏n-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW Iq´¬ (k-¶-e\w) Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ 12%, Ipd-bv°Adn-bm-Øh - ¿ 27%, sNdnb KpW-\hpw lc-Whpw Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ \mev]Xp iX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬. `n∂-kw-Jy, Zimw-i-kw-Jy, t]mkn-‰o-hv-˛-s\-K-‰ohv kwJy-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS efn-X-amb {Inb-Iƒ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cpsS iX-am\w Aº-Xn\p apI-fn¬. 3/4+1/2 F∂ tNmZyw sX‰n-®-h¿ 89%. AXm-bXv ]Øp-sIm√w kvIqfn¬ IW°v ]Tn®n´v ]IpXn Ip´n- I ƒs°- ¶ nepw AXns‚ G‰hpw {]mY-an-I-amb _me]m- T - ß ƒ t]mepw Adn- ™ p- I q- S m. \ΩpsS AºXp iX-am\w Ip´n-Iƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw tcmK-apt≠m Cuizcm?

Fs¥-¶nepw am‰m-\m-hmØ sshI-ey߃?

IY Cßs\ Bb-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw "]T-\-ssh-Ieyw' F∂ k¶-ev]-Ønepw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp≤-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂ AXns‚ \nch[n \n¿h-N-\-ß-fnepw hni-Zo-I-c-Wß-fnepw kmc-amb ]mI-∏n-gI - ƒ ImWs∏-SmsX hø. Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂nh-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°p-I. Ch-bn¬ Ip´nIƒ t\cnSp∂ {]bm-k-ß-fnepw ]cmP-bß - f - nepw apJy ]¶v kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw imkv{X-KXn

Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-hbpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°p-I. Ch-bn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ t\cnSp∂ {]bm-k-ßfnepw ]cm-P-b-ß-fnepw apJy ]¶v kvIqfpIƒ°pw \ne-\n¬°p∂ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-b߃°p-am-Wv. AXv IW°n-se-Sp-°m-sX, Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂nh th≠t]mse kzmb-Ø-am-°nbn-´n-√mØ \qdv Ip´n-Isf FSpØv Ah¿°v Fs¥ms° ASn-ÿm-\-]c-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv-˛-`m-jm-]cw, sshIm-cnIw, _p≤n-]-cw, imco-cnIw, \yqtdm-f-Pn-°¬-˛F∂v Kth-jWw \S-Ønbm¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw icn-bmb H∂pw-Xs∂ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I -bn-√.

\ne-\n¬°p∂ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-b߃°p-am-Wv. AXv IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX, Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂nh th≠t]mse kzmb-Øa - m-°n-bn-´n-√mØ \qdv Ip´n- I sf FSpØv Ah¿°v Fs¥ms° ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipg∏-ßf - m-Wp-≈X - v˛- ` - m-jm-]cw, sshIm-cnIw, _p≤n-]-cw, imco-cn-Iw, \yqtdm-fPn-°¬-˛F - ∂v Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bmkzm`m-hn-Ia - mbpw icn-bmb H∂pw-Xs∂ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ A_-≤-P-Sn-e-\n-K-a-\-ß-fpambn Kth-jW ]T-\-߃ cwK-{]thiw sNøp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb ÿnXn-hn-tijw kwPm-Xa - m-hp-∂p.

Ip´n-Iƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw ASn-ÿm\-]-c-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ]T-\sØ _m[n°pw F∂ bp‡nbn¬ Hcp XI-cmdpan√. ]t£ ]T\w t\sc \S-°m-Ø-h¿°p apgp-h≥ XIcm-dp-I-fp≠v F∂v Xncn®p ]d-bp∂ bp‡n-bn-emWv Ipg-∏w. "]T-\-sshIey'sØ \n¿h- N n- ° p- t ºmƒ Cu {]iv\w kvIqfns‚tbm A[ym-]\ - Ø - ns‚tbm kmaqly ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ b - psStbm Ipg∏w sIm≠√ F∂v Dd-∏ph-cp-ØWw F∂v ]e-t∏mgpw hy‡am-°m-dp-≠v. ]t£ Ip´nsb ]cn-tim[n-°p∂ ka-bØv \n¿h-N-\-Øns‚ Cu `mKw kuI-cy-]q¿hw ad∂p Ifbp-∂p. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ bmsXmcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ipg-∏hpw C√mØ \nch[n Ip´n-Iƒ "]T-\-ssh-Ieyw' D≈h-cmbn Is≠-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-cpsS GI-{]iv\w th≠-am-Xncn ]Tn-∏n-°s - ∏-

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´n-´n√ F∂-Xp-am-{X-am-W.v Ahsc t\sc ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ {]iv\w Xocp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ]cn-lcn-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmWv ]T-\-ssh-I-ey߃ F∂ anYym-[m-cW Cßs\ krjvSn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.

F¥n- s e- ¶ nepw sshI- e y- a p≈ Ip´nbv°v thsd GsX-¶nepw taJ-ebn¬ anSp-°p-≠mhpw F∂-XmWv hfsc hym]-I-amb thsdmcp sX‰n-≤m-c-W. sF≥ssÃ≥ AS-°-ap-≈-h-cpsS DZml-c-W-amWv \nc-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. "Xmsc kao≥ ]¿' F∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ t]m∏pe¿ kn\n-aI - fpw teJ-\ß - fpw CØcw [mc-W-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ apJy ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. "]T-\-ssh-Ieyw' F∂ k¶-ev]Øn¬ CØn-cn-s\√pw \ndsb ]Xncpw F∂ Ahÿ \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - n-\mCu k¶-ev]sØ XXvImew am‰n-h®v Ip´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-{]-bm-k-߃ F∂Xn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Fgp-Øv, hmb-\, F∂n-h-bnse _p≤n-ap-´p-Isf a\- n-em-°m-\mWv teJ-\Ø - ns‚ C\n-bp≈ `mKØv {ian°p-∂X - v.

Ip´n-I-fp-tS-X-√mØ sshI-ey-߃ _p≤n- b psS a\x- » m- k v { XsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kp{]-[m-\-amsbmcp kn≤m¥w - PASS Theory - AhX-cn-∏n® sP.-]n.-Zmkv c≠v Imcy-ß-fntebv°v \ΩpsS {i≤ £Wn-°p-∂p.

1. Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bnkmc-amb _p≤n-ap-´p-If - p-≠m-hm≥ hgnh-bv°p-∂XmWv {]mb-am-hp-∂-Xn-\p-apºp≈ ]T-\w. AXm-bXv {]o kvIqfpI-fn¬ ˛ F¬.-sI.-Pn., bp.-sI.-Pn. ¢mkpI-fn¬ ˛ FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]cn-ioen-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]e-Xcw {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°pw.

2. amXr-`mj hmbn-°m\pw FgpXm\pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv as‰mcp `mj ]Tn-t°-≠n-hc - p-∂Xv hfsc henb _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ°v Imc-Wa - m-hpw. CXpw tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]Iambn kw`-hn-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Chbv°p ]pdta H∂mw ¢mkp-apX-ep≈ Imcy-ßfpw {][m-\-am-Wv. `mjm-]T - \w imkv{Xo-ba - m-hWw F∂XmWv apJyw. tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v Khs◊‚ v, FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ sa®s∏´ `mjm-]-T\w \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ A¨ Fbv U Uv kv I qfp- I - f nse Ahÿ Xmc-X-tay\ hfsc ]n∂m-°am-Wv. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Hmtcm Ip´n°pw hy‡n- ] - c - a mb {i≤ sImSp- ° m≥ A[ym-]-I¿°v km[n-°-Ww. C°m-cy-

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Ip´n-Iƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipg-∏ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ]T\sØ _m[n°pw F∂ bp‡n-bn¬ Hcp XIcmdpan√. ]t£ ]T\w t\sc \S-°m-Ø-h¿°p apgp-h≥ XI-cm-dp-I-fp≠v F∂v Xncn®p ]d-bp∂ bp‡n-bn-emWv Ipg-∏w. "]T-\-ssh-Iey'sØ \n¿h-Nn-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]iv\w kvIqfns‚tbm A[ym-]-\-Øn-s‚tbm kmaqly ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ-bp-sStbm Ipg∏w sIm≠√ F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cpØWw F∂v ]e-t∏mgpw hy‡-am-°m-dp-≠v.

Øn-emWv \ΩpsS kvIqfp-Iƒ Zb-\ob-ambn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ap∏tXm \mev]tXm Ip´n-Iƒ°v H∂n®v ]T-\m\p-`-h-߃ sImSp-°p-tºmƒ ]cm-P-b߃ kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Cu ]cm-P-bßsf am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsS kvIqfp-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂Xv ASnb-¥c {i≤ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-bam-Wv. H∂mw ¢mkn¬\n∂pw th≠ tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°msX Ip´n c≠mw ¢mkn-se-Øp-tºmƒ {]iv\w IqSp-Xcq£-am-Ip-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ ASn-ÿm-\] - c - a - mb Ipd®v Imcy- ß ƒ kqNn- ∏ n- ° - s ´. \ΩpsS hnZym-`ymk LS-\, a‰p-]e kmaq-lyL-S\ - I - t- fbpwt]mse AXns‚ At_m[- Ø n¬ PmXn- h y- h - ÿ - b p- s Sbpw sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw hnØpIƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. PmXo-b-ambpw AXn¬Xs∂ kmº- Ø n- I - a mbpw Db¿∂-h¿°p-am{Xw hnZym-`ymkw F∂Xm-bn-cp∂p ]≠sØ aqey-t_m[w. \thm-∞m\ {ia-߃ Cu aqey-hy-hÿsb tNmZyw sNbvXv hnZym-`ymkw km¿h- { Xn- I - a m- ° m≥ bXv\n- ® p.

At∏mƒ apX¬ hnZym-`ymk hyhÿ hn]-co-X-amb c≠v ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpsS _me≥knwKv kwhn-[m-\a - mbn amdn-˛] - ptcm-Ka - t- \m-∑p-JX - b - p-tSXpw bmYm-ÿnXn- I - X - b p- t S- X pw. F√m- h ¿°pw kvIqfn¬t®cmw F∂p h∂p; F√mh¿°pw ]Tn®v hnP- b n°mw F∂ Ahÿ kwPm-Xa - m-bn-√. PmXn, kmºØnIw F∂n-h-bv°p-]-Icw _p≤n (]Tn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv) am\-Z-WvU-ambn amdn. CsXmcp hyXymkw Xs∂-bm-Wv, Xo¿®-bmbpw sIWn-In-S-°p-∂Xv Cu am\-ZW - U v ß - ƒ an°-hmdpw H∂n-®p-t]mIp- ∂ - X m- s W- ∂ - X nem- W v . ]Tn- ° pI F∂ ioew A—-\-Ω-am¿°n-√mØ "H∂mw Xe-ap-dh - n-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ' kvIqfpI-fn¬ {]bm-k-a-\p-`-hn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. am{X-a-√, \s√m-c-f-thmfw hnZym-`ym-kØns‚ D≈-S° - hpw coXn-Ifpw ta¬Ø´p-Imsc ap∂n¬°-≠p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ F√m Imcy-ßfpw Hcp-t]mse GIo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Ah-ÿbn¬, Cu GIo-Ic - Ww ta¬Ø-´p-Imsc tI{μo-I-cn®v \S-∏n¬ h∂ Ah-ÿbn¬, hnZym-`ymkw Hcp-t]msebp≈-h¿ XΩn-e-√mØ a’-c-ambn amdp-Ibpw ]cm-Pbw F∂Xv `qcn-`mKw Ip´n-I-fpsSbpw am®m¬ ambmØ hn[n-bmbn Xocp-Ibpw sNøp∂ cwK-amWv Ac-tßdn-bX - v. hnZym-`ym-kØ - nse hnπ-hß - ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw h¿Ø-am-\-Ønepw km[mc-W° - m-cs‚ kz]v\Ø - nepw am{X-ambn HXp-ßn. ]ptcm-K-a\ kao-]-\-Øns‚ ^e-߃ ]eXpw FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-\pHIvtSm-_¿ 2011

s≠-¶nepw H∏w Xs∂ kaq-l-Ønse \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmº-ØnI A[n-Imc-L-S-\-Iƒ AtX-]Sn ]p\-cm-hn-jvIcn- ° pI F∂ bmYm- ÿ n- X nI ZuXyhpw kvIqfp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰n. Cßs\tb km[y-amhq F∂ \n -lm-bX A[ym-]-Isc Bth-in-®p. ]Øp-sIm-√-°mew ]T-\-hp-ambn a√-Sn®v hnj-bß - f - psS _me-]m-Tß - fpw Adn- h ns‚ {]mY- a nI tijn- I fpw kzmb-Ø-am-°m-\m-ImsX in£-I-fpsSbpw ]cm-P-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-lm-kØn-s‚bpw BLm-X-߃ Ip´n-Isf th´-bm-Sn. Xmsg-Ø´- n-ep-≈h - ¿°v Xßsfm-∂n\pw sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cmWv F∂ A]-I¿jXm-t_m[w sNe-hn√msX hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ ÿm]-\Øn-\mWv \mw "kvIqƒ' F∂p-hn-fn®p t]mcp-∂-Xv. Cu cq£-amb bmYm-ÿnXnI aqey-t_m-[-amWv GXv ]cn-jvIcW {ia-ßs - fbpw D≈n¬\n∂v A´n-adn-°p-∂-Xv, ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Isf hgn-]m-Sm°n am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ta¬∏-d™ Imcy-ß-fpsS ASnÿm-\Ø - n¬ `mjm-]T - \ - Ø - n\v XS w \n¬°p∂ Imc-Wß - sf \mem°n XcwXn-cn-°mw.

1. Fgp- Ø v , hmb\ F∂n- h - b psS {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn°epw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°s - ∏-Sm-Xn-cn°epw; Ch-bn-tebv°p \bn-°p∂ ap∂-\p-`-h-߃ Ip´nbv°v In´m-Xncn-°p-∂Xv (hn-tKmSvkvIn Fgp-Xnb ‘Mind in Society’ F∂ ]pkvX-IØnse ‘The Prehistory of Writing’ F∂ teJ\w Fgp-Xp-∂-Xns‚ ap∂-\p-`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\am-W)v .

2. {]o kvIqfp-If - n¬ Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-hbv°p Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘nX-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv ({]o kvIqfp-IfpsS Imcy-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp \nb{¥- W - ß fpw sNep- Ø m≥ Khs◊‚n\p Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv CØc-Øn-ep≈ ]e {]iv\ß - fpw cq£am-°p∂p).

3. amXr-`mj hmbn-°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv a‰p `mj-Iƒ˛-{]-tXy-In®pw ae-bm-fØ - n¬\n∂pw ASn-ÿm-\] - c - a - mbn `n∂-amb Cw•ojv - ˛ - ] - T n- ° m≥ c£n- X m- ° - f psS taml-ßf - mepw \gvkd- n-˛k - I v qƒ-˛S- yqj≥ sk‚-dp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS _nkn-\kv taml-ß-fmepw Ip´nIƒ hnen-®n-g-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 4. hen-sbmcp {Kq∏ns\ H∂n®v ]Tn∏n-°p-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbn kw`hn-t®-°m-hp∂ ]T\ ]cm-Pb - ß - ƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ymk imkv{X-KXn

hyhÿ Ip‰-I-c-amb hogvN hcpØp-∂X - v.

CØcw Imc-Wß - fmemWv C∂v ]T\-ssh-I-ey-߃ F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-SpIbpw ]cn-tim-[n®v Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ 90 iX-am\w Imcyßfpw D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-∂X - .v Ch-b° v p≈ {]Xn-hn[n Xnc-tb-≠Xv hy‡n-]-c-amb√ F∂¿∞w. Cßs\ _p≤n-ap-´\ - p`-hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf Ch¿°v Hcp-X-cØn-ep≈ sshI-eyhpw C√ F∂v IrXy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Iq-SpX¬ {i≤-tbm-sS, imkv{Xo-ba - mbn ]Tn∏n-®m¬ am{Xw aXn-bm-Ipw. Ht∂m¿°pI: Chsc ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ "]T-\s - shI-eyØn's‚ Hcp hnZ-Kv[s‚ bmsXmcm-h-iy-hp-an-√.

]Øp-sIm-√-°mew ]T-\hp-ambn a√-Sn®v hnj-bß-fpsS _me-]m-T-ßfpw Adn-hns‚ {]mY-anI tijn-Ifpw kzmb-Ø-am°m-\m-ImsX in£-I-fpsSbpw ]cm-P-b-Øns‚bpw ]cn-lm-k-Øns‚bpw BLm-X-߃ Ip´n-Isf th´-bm-Sn. Xmsg-Ø-´n-ep-≈-h¿°v Ip´n-I-fpsS Imc-W-߃ Xß-sfm-∂n\pw sIm≈Fgp-X-s∏´ Imcy-߃ ImgvN-bncp-Xm-Ø-h-cmWv F∂ eqsS Xncn-®-dn™v Ah kwkm-c-ØnA]-I¿jXm-t_m[w te°v am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv hmb-\. sNe-hn-√msX hf¿ØmImgvN, I≠ Imcy-߃ kwkm-c-Ønte°v X¿÷a sNø¬, kwkmcw \p-X-Ip∂ ÿm]-\-ØnF∂o aq∂v tijn-I-fmWv hmb-\sb \mWv \mw "kvIqƒ' bn-°p-∂-Xv. hfsc A]q¿hw F∂p-hn-fn®p t]mcp-∂-Xv. \n¿WIp´n-Iƒ°p am{Xta Ch-bn-te-sXCu cq£-amb bmYm¶nepw H∂n¬ kmc-amb {]iv\-ß-fpÿn-XnI aqey-t_m-[≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q. Cu aq∂n¬ {]iv\-ap≠m-bmepw hmb\ ]Tn-∏n-°-e√ ]cnamWv GXv ]cn-jvI-cW lm-cw. Ahbv°p hfsc kq£va-amb {ia-ß-sfbpw psychological ]cn-io-e\w AXymD≈n¬\n∂v A´n-a-dn-°p- neuro h-iy-am-Wv. Ch-bn¬ c≠p-Xcw {]iv\∂-Xv, ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp- ߃-˛-Im-gvN, kwkmcw F∂n-h-bnse Isf hgn-]m-Sm°n am‰nASn-ÿm\ {]bm-k-߃-˛-hm-b-\-tbsb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. °mƒ IqSp-X¬ {]mY-an-I-am-Wv. AXmb-X,v hmb-\b - ntem kam-\a - mb at‰-sX¶nepw A°m-Za - nIv Imcy-ßf - ntem HXp-

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ßp- ∂ - X √ AØcw {]bm- k - ß ƒ.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahsb "hmb-\mssh-Ieyw' F∂p hnfn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.

AXp-sIm≠v ImgvNbv°pw kwkm-cØn\pw bmsXmcp Ipg-∏-ß-fp-an-√m-Xncn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Fgp-Øp-`mj kwkmc `mj-bm°n X¿Pa sNøp-∂Xn-ep≈ _p≤n-ap-´p-aqew hmb-\°v Akm-[m-cW {]bm-kß - ƒ D≠m-bn-hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿsb am{XamWv "hmb-\m-ssh-Ieyw' (Reading disability) F∂p hnfn-t°-≠X - .v apºv kqNn∏n® sP.-]n.-Zmkv ]d-bp∂p: “Poor reading is too broad and too vague a term and could be reflective of a number of factors including those associated with poor environmental conditions such as malnutrition, disease, widespread illiteracy, or poor schooling and instruction. Dyslexia, on the other hand, is more limited and specific, and can be used to specify a reading disability associated with an inability to translate written language to speech”. J.P.Das (2009).

C-ßs - \-bp≈ Ip´nbv°v D≈n¬ "5' F∂ cq]-a-dn-bmw, AXv A©v BWv F∂-dn-bmw, 5 F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞-a-dnbmw, 5 F∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´m¬ Fgp-Xm\-dn-bmw, ]t£ Xm≥ Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb 5 CØncn Ign™v hmbn- ° m≥ ]d™m¬ ]‰p-I-bn-√. C∂v "hmb-\mssh-Iey'aps≠∂v Is≠-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ \qdp-Ip-´n-If - n¬ Ht∂m ct≠m t]¿°p-

34

am-{Xta Cu bYm¿∞ {]iv\-ap-≈q. teJ-I-cn¬ Hcm-fmb tUm. {iotZhn 2008-˛¬ Cu bYm¿∞ {]iv\-Øns‚ ap≥ kqNIw Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

AXv \ndw ImWn-®m¬ ]d-bm-\p≈ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv (colour naming without cues). Ah¿°v Nph∏v F∂m-se-¥msW-∂-dn-bmw, Nph∏v F∂v ]d-bm-\-dnbmw, Hcp Nph∏v Im¿Uv ]e \nd-Ønep≈ Im¿Up-If - n¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp°m-\-dn-bmw, Htc t]mse-bp≈ \nd߃ tN¿Øp-h-bv°m-\-dn-bmw (colour matching), ]t£ Hcp Nph∏v Im¿Uv ImWn®v CtX-XmWv \ndw F∂p tNmZn®m¬ ]d-bm≥ ]‰p-I-bn-√. Cu {]iv\Øns‚ hfsc {]mY- a n- I - a mb Hcp kqNIw sequential processing ¬ D≈ _p≤n-ap-´m-sW∂v sP.-]n.-Zmkv Nq≠n°m-´p-∂p. kwkm-cw, ImgvN, kq£va Nme-Iti-jn-Iƒ (fine motor activities) F∂nh tN¿∂-XmWv Fgp-Xm-\p≈ tijn. CXnte-Xn-se-¶nepw {]iv\a - p-s≠-¶n¬ IqSpX¬ {]mY-an-I-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v "FgpØns‚ sshIeyw' F∂v hnfn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Cu aq∂n\pw Hcp Ipg-∏-hp-an√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw FgpØv _p≤n-ap-´mhp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-sb-bmWv Cu ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ImgvNbn¬\n∂v kq£va Nme-I-ti-jn-bnte°v X¿Pa sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤nap´v (t\m-°n-sb-gp-Xm-\p≈ {]bm-kw), kwkm-c-`mj kq£va Nme-I-ti-jn-

bmbn X¿Pa sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤nap´v (tI´ Imcyw/D≈n¬ tXm∂nb Imcyw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]bm-kw) F∂n-ßs\ Cu sshIeyw c≠p XcØn-ep-≠v. ]Xn-sc√mw tNdn-s°m-gn® s\√v C{X-am-{Xw. \ΩpsS ]Øv i-X-am-\-°W°v F{Xtbm Xmtg-b° v p-t]mcpw ]Xnscm-gn®p \n¿Øn-bm¬. kmaq-ln-Ia - mb {]iv\ß - sf hy‡n-]c - a - mb Xe-Ønam{Xw t\m°n-°m-Wp-tºm-gp≈ XI-cmdp-Iƒ _nkn-\kv XmXv]-cy-ß-fp-ambn - n-Xm-h,v ssItIm¿°p-∂X - mWv IQ, aμ-]T ]T-\-ssh-Ieyw, ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n {]tem-`-\ob ]cn-I-ev]-\Iƒ°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ {]Nmcw \¬Ip∂-Xv. ]Xn-sc√mw tNdn-s°m-gn-bv°ptºmƒ _nkn-\ - p-Im-cpsS XmXv]cyw Xmt\ Ah-km-\n-°pw. Hcp Ipg-∏-hpan- √ m- Ø - h sc "NnIn- ’ n- ° m- \ mWv ' Ah¿°v XmXv]c - yw, AXn-emWv sshZKv[y-hpw. klmb {KŸ-߃: 1. Das, J.P. (2009) Reading Difficulties and Dyslexia: An Interpretation for Teachers. New Delhi: Sage Publishers.

2. Sreedevi, V.G. (2008) An Exploratory Analysis of Developmental History and Behavioural Characteristics of Children with Learning Disabilities.

Ph.D.Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Calicut.

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

hnZym-`ymkw aRvPp at\mPv

Pm∏\okv kvIqfpw

Fs‚ Ip´nIfpw C¥ybn¬ D≈ hnZym`ymk coXnsb ]‰nbpw kne_ ns\ Ipdn®pw Hs° Hcp]mSp Imcy߃ ]ecn¬ \n∂pw Rm≥ tIƒ°mdp≠v. ]e tªmKpIfnepw N¿®Ifpw I≠n-´p-≠v.At∏msgms° hnNmcn°pw "Cuizcm `mKytam \n¿`mKytam Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ°v, C¥y≥ coXnbn¬ hnZym-`ymkw e`n°mØXv!!

Ct∏mƒ C¥ybn¬ D≈ hnZym`ymk coXnsb ]‰nbpw kne_ ns\ Ipdn®pw Hs° Hcp]mSp Imcy߃(\√Xpw hna¿i\mflIhpw) ]ecn\n∂pw Rm≥ tIƒ°mdp≠v . ]e tªmKpIfnepw N¿®Ifpw I≠n-´p≠v.At∏msgms° hnNmcn°pw "Cuizcm, `mKytam \n¿`mKytam Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ°v, C¥y≥ coXnbn¬ hnZym`ymkw e`n°mØXv!! "Nne kabØv \n¿`mKyw F∂v tXm∂mdps≠¶nepw `qcn`mKw kabhpw Aßs\ A√.

Fs‚ aIƒ°v c≠chbkp≈t∏mgmWv R߃ BZyambn P∏m\nFØp∂Xv - . Pm∏\okv Hcphm°v t]mepw AdnbmsX ChnsS h∂ndßnbt∏mƒ a\ nse Nn¥, IqSnt∏mbm¬ aq∂ph¿j߃ ChnsS, \μpimkv{X-KXn

(Fs‚ aIƒ) H∂mw ¢m n¬ BIptºmtg°pw Xncn®p C¥ybn¬ t]mIWw F∂Xmbncp∂p. Ahƒ Kindergarten t]mIphm≥ XpSßn. AhfmZyambn P∏m\okv kwkmcn°m≥ XpSßnbt∏mƒ R߃ kt¥mjn®p. sIm®p thsd Hcp `mj F{XthKw ]Tn°p∂p F∂v Al¶cn®p. (]ns∂ At√ a\ nembXv Chƒ am{Xw A√ F√m Ip´nIfpw Aßs\ Xs∂ BWv F∂v!!!) aq∂p h¿j߃ aq∂p \nanjßsf t]mse Ign™p t]mbn. tPmenXnc°nemb a\p C¥ybnte°v t]mIp∂ Imcyw BtemNn®tX C√.

AXn\nSbn¬ tam≥ P\n®p, tamƒ H∂mw ¢m n¬ Bbn, Rm≥ Ipsdsbms° P∏m\okv ]Tn®p.Aßs\ Aßs\ ChnSpsØ PohnXhpw

Bbn s]mcpØs]´p. (P∏m\okv ]Tn®Imcyw ]d™t∏mƒ BWv Hm¿ØXv-, AXv Bcmbmepw ]Tn®p t]mIpw tIt´m... ImcWw as‰mcp `mjbpw ChnsS \Ωsf c£n°m≥ hcn√). Kindergarten se Ahkm\ h¿jw XpSßn Bdp amkw BIptºmƒ Xs∂ B Ip´nIsf H∂mw ¢m n¬ tN¿t°≠ ]cn]mSnIƒ Khs◊‚ v XpSßn Ignbpw.. \Ωf√ tIt´m.. Khs◊‚ v... Kindergarten \n∂pw kvIqƒ sIm≠pt]mbn ImWn°¬ BZy]Sn.R߃ Xmakn°p∂Xv I¨{Sn sskUv se Hcp sNdnb SuWn¬ BbXp sIm≠v ChnsS BsI Hcp Fesa‚dn kvIqƒ, Hcp Pq\nb¿ sslkvIqƒ, ]ns∂ Hcp sslkvIqƒ... C{Xbpw BWv D≈Xv.

35

AXXp Gcnbbn¬ Xmakn°p∂h¿ AXXp kv I qfn¬ Ip´nIsf tN¿°Ww F∂v \nbaw D≠v ChnsS....

A√msX Xmakw HcnSØv.. kvIqƒ ]Øp Intemao‰¿ amdn... B ]cn]mSn \S∏n√.

Aßs\ \μp BZyambn kvIqƒ ImWm≥ t]mbn... ]ns∂ Hcp Znhkw kvIqfn¬ \n∂v c£nXm°sf kvIqƒ ImWm≥ £Wn®p sIm≠p≈ Hcp IØv h∂p. \n¿Zn„ Znhkw Rm≥ t]mbn,Fs∂ t]mse H∂mw ¢m ntNcm≥ t]mIp∂ Hcp]mSp Ip´nIfpsS AΩamcpw.Ahcn¬, B Fesa‚dn kvIqfn¬ Xs∂ ]Tn®hcpw [mcmfw. kvIqƒ hniZambn I≠p, \o¥¬Ipfw AS°w F√m kuIcyßfpw D≈ kvIqƒ. ]ns∂ saUn°¬ sN°v-A∏n\pw bpWnt^mw Afhv FSp°m\pw thsd Hcp Znhkw.. A∂v Ip´nIfpsS hmIvkn-t\j≥ sN°pw \S∂p.... Aßs\ Ahkm\w kvIqƒ Xpd°p∂Xn\p Hcp amkw ap≥]v Khs◊‚ v \n∂pw Hcp IØv..."\nßfpsS Ip´nbpsS kv I qƒ Xpd°p∂ Znhkw G{]n¬ Ggv BWv, kabw cmhnse 8:45.]cn]mSnbn¬ ]s¶Sp°m≥ Zbhmbn hcnI' F∂v.. \Ωps°¥m{]iv\w... £Ww In´nbXv At√...

R߃ kkt¥mjw t]mbn...hfsc Hu]NmcnIamb Hcp ]cn]mSn BWv AXv... AΩam¿ F√mw IntamW F∂ Pm∏\okv ]cºcmKX thjhpw

36

A—∑m¿ t^m¿a¬ kq´pw. AXpsIm≠v Rm≥ C¥y≥ ]cºcmKX thjw Bb \ΩpsS kz¥w kmcnbnepw a\p kq´nepw BWv t]mbXv. (G{]nense XWp∏n¬ kmcn DSpØp t]mbn hnhcw Adn™p F∂Xv thsd Imcyw.)

P∏m\okns\ kw_‘n®nS-tØmfw CsXmcp henb NS-ßmWv. CXv Xs∂ Ip´nIƒ Pq\nb¿ sslkvIq-fnBZy h¿jw BIptºmgpw ssl kvIqfn¬ BZy h¿jw BIptºmgpw.

BZy ZnhksØ ]cn]mSn Ign™p ]pkvXIßfpw Hs° Bbn R߃ aSßn.. ]nt‰∂v apX¬ Ip´nIƒ X\nsb \S∂p kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ XpSßpw.

A∂v hsc Kindergarten ¬ ImdnsIm≠v hn´ncp∂ Ip´nIsf H∂mw ¢m vapX¬ Xs∂ hnSWw. kvIqfn\v c≠c Intemao‰¿ Np‰fhn¬ hoSv D≈h¿ Xo¿®bmbpw \S∂p Xs∂ t]mIWw. AXn¬ IqSpX¬ Zqcw D≈h¿ kvIqƒ _kn¬. BZysØ HcmgvN ASpØv hoSpIfn¬ Db¿∂ ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ Ds≠¶n¬ AhcpsS IqsS t]mIWw. AXpw t\csØ Xs∂ kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw Atd©v sNøpw. HcmgvN Ign™m]ns∂ Hcpant®m, Iq´pIqSntbm, H‰bvt°m... C„wt]mse. agbmbmepw a™mbmepw shbnembmepw \S∏v Xs∂ \S∏v.. \μp BZyambn H‰bv°v t]mbt∏mƒ Rm≥ ]IpXn hgn IqsSt]mbn... t]Sn®n´v... sIm®n\v hgn sX‰ptam...?

]ns∂ ]ns∂ ioeambn. Ct∏mƒ Fs‚ aI\pw Cu Ign™ G{]napX¬ H∂mw ¢m n¬ Bbn.. kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw hcptºmƒ Nnet∏mƒ Ipsd ]q°fpw Bbn hcpw..

AΩbv ° v F∂pw ]d™p... hgntbmcØv \nevIp∂XmWv... CsXms° ImWptºmƒ Rm≥ Fs‚ Ip´n°mew Hm¿Øpt]mIpw.... s]cpagbØv \S∂pw HmSnbpw Iq´pImtcmsSmØv t]mbncp∂Xv.. Ifn®p \S∂p t\cwsshIn hosSØnbm¬ AΩbpsS IÆpcp´¬.... C∂v, Fs‚ Xeapdbn¬s]´ an°hmdpw BfpIƒ ]dbp∂ ]cmXnIfn¬ H∂v-, Ct∏mgsØ Ip´nIƒ°v \√ _meyw C√ F∂XmWv. kvIqƒ, Syqj≥, tlmwh¿°v-.... CX√msX Ahscm∂pw \ΩpsS ImetØ t]mse _meyw BkzZn°p∂n√ F∂v. F\n°v ]s£ hfsc kam[m\tØmsS ]dbm≥ Ignbpw... Fs‚ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Aßs\ Hcp \„t_m[Øns‚ km[yX C√ F∂v.... ]q®tbmSpw ]´ntbmSpw, hgnbcpInse ]q°tfmSpw, hgnbn¬ ImWp∂ A∏q∏t\mSpw AΩpΩtbmSpw In∂mcw ]dbm\pw kvIqfn¬ Xmakn®p sN∂v So®dpsS hg°v tIƒ°m\pw, Xncn®p ho´nseØptºmƒ AΩbpsS IÆpcp´¬ ImWm\pw Ah¿°v Ahkcw D≠v... (IÆpcp´¬ \SØm≥ Rm\pw aSn°mdn√...)

Cu kvIqfn¬ A©mw ¢m n]Tn°p∂ Ip´nIƒ, kvIqfns‚ hI-bmbn

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

D≈ ]mSØp s\¬Irjn sNøpw...

IrjnbpsS Hmtcm L´Øn-epw Ah¿ ]WnsbSp°Ww. Rmdp \Sp∂Xv apX¬ sImbvØp hsc.... F∂n´v B Acn sIm≠v D®`£-WØ - ns‚ tNmdv D≠m°pw. ]mSØp Xhfsb I≠p NmSn HmSnb Imcyw \μp ]d™Xv Rm≥ Hm¿°p∂p. \memw ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ°v kv I q- f nse ]®°dntØm´w... F√m Znh-khpw cmhnse Duga\pkcn®p Ip´n-Ifpw So®¿amcpw IqSn tXm´w \\-bv°p∂Xv Rm\pw a\phpw IqSn Hm^o--kn-te°v t]mIptºmƒ F∂pw ImWp-∂ ImgvNbmWv. H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ°v AhchcpsS ¢m ns‚ hcm¥bn¬ Xs∂ kz¥w ]qs®SnIƒ D≠v. AXns\ {i≤n-°Ww, ¢m nse AtIz-dnbØnse ao\ns‚ `£Ww, apbens‚bpw lmw-kvt‰¿s‚bpw Xo‰.

Aßs\ Aß-s\... D®bv°v `£Ww F√mh¿°pw kv I qfn¬ \n∂mWv .

AXpw Ip´nIƒ Dugw A\pkcn®v hnfºpIm¿ BIpw... AXn\p≈ G{]¨ IgpIn tX®p \¬tI≠Xv AΩbpsS NpaXe. `£Ww Ign®p, Ifnbpw Ign™m¬ ]Xn\©p an\n‰v kvIqƒ hrØnbm°¬ BWv F√m Znh-khpw...

Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Hmtcm ÿew ]Xn®p \¬Inbn´p≠v. F√m amkhpw AXv amdn sIm≠ncn°pw. CsXms° Ign™p _m°n D≈ kabØns‚ ]IpXn ]Tn∏v, ]IpXn kvt]m¿Svk.v- Hcp X\n aebmfn AΩ-bmb F\n°v BZysams° kwib-ambncp∂p... Cu coXnbnBWv ]Tns∏¶n¬ Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ F¥mhpw F∂v... ]s£ Ct∏mƒ C¥ybnse kne_kv `mcsØ- °pdn®pw, Ip´nI-fpsS I„∏mSpw Hs° tIƒ°ptºmƒ C{Xbpw _p≤nap´v ChnsS C√t√m F∂v Hm¿°pw. ChnsS Ip´nIƒ Bkz- Z n®mWv kv I qfnt]mIp∂Xv. CXns\√mw ]pdta Cu F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw, ]mT]pkvXI߃ AS°w, kuP\yw BWv. P∏m\n¬ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw kuP\yw BWv. ]s£ CXns\mcp adphiw D≠v, \Ωƒ C¥y°msc kw_‘n®v.

F{X \√ kvIqƒ BsW¶nepw, F√m ]Tn∏pw Pm∏\okn¬ am{Xw. Cw•ojv Hcp {]iv\ta A√ ChnsS. Cu ImcyØnepw Rm≥ Hcp]mSp hnjan®n-´p≠v, Cw•ojv AdnbmsX Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ F¥v sNøpw F∂v. \m´n¬ t]mIptºmƒ Hs° F√mhcpsSbpw ]gn tIƒ°pw... P∏m≥ C{X hnI-knX cmPyam-sW-¶nepw Cw•ojv C√msX F¥v {]tbmP\w \Ωp°v F∂v F√mhcpw, _‘p°fpw kplrØp-°fpw AS°w imkv{X-KXn

kvIqfn¬ A©mw ¢m n¬ ]Tn°p∂ Ip´nIƒ, kvIqfns‚ hI-bmbn D≈ ]mSØp s\¬Irjn sNøpw... IrjnbpsS Hmtcm L´Øn-epw Ah¿ ]WnsbSp°Ww. Rmdp \Sp∂Xv apX¬ sImbvØp hsc.... F∂n´v B Acn sIm≠v D®`£-W-Øns‚ tNmdv D≠m°pw. \memw ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ°v kvIqfnse ]®°dn-tØm´w... H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw ¢m nse Ip´n-Iƒ°v AhchcpsS ¢m ns‚ hcm¥bn¬ Xs∂ kz¥w ]qs®SnIƒ D≠v.

AXns\ {i≤n-°Ww Fs∂ hg°v ]d-™n´p≠v. BZysams° Rm\pw Ah¿ ]dbp∂Xv icnbmWt√m... Cw•ojv Cs√¶n¬ Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ Fßs\ Pohn°pw. Ah¿°v izmkw ap´nt√ Cu Cw•ojv temIØn¬... Fs∂m-s° t]Sn®ncp∂p...

A∂v Hcn°¬ hfsc hnes∏´ Hcp D]tZiw F\n°v Fs‚ AΩbn\n∂pw In´n. "GXp `mj ]Tn®mepw Adnhv D≠mbm¬ aXn... GXp `mj°pw AXns‚Xmb alXzw D≠v'... CXmbncp∂p B D]tZiw. AXn¬]ns∂ Fs‚ hnja-߃ Ipd™p. ]ns∂ Rm≥ kmh-[m\w BtemNn°m≥ XpSßn... Rm≥ ]Tn®Xv aebmfw aoUnbw kvIqfn¬, A∂v, 5˛mw ¢m nh®mWv BZy-ambn ABCD ]Tn°p∂Xv. ]ns∂ ]Ømw ¢m v - hsc Hcp k_vPIv‰v- Bbn Cw•ojv ]Tn®p. {]oUn{Kn°v tImtfPn¬ tN¿∂t∏mƒ BWv Cw•ojv Imcyambn {i≤n°m≥ XpSßnbXv. F∂n´pw kwkmcn°m≥ XpSßnbXv IeymWw Ign™p ]qs\bn¬ sN∂Xn¬ ]ns∂... B Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ Pm∏\okv- Cw•ojv {Sm≥t…dd¿ Bbn tPmen sNømdp≠v F∂v Hm¿Øt∏mƒ, hfsc \∂mbn Pm∏\okpw, \∂mbn aebmfhpw Hcp hn[w sX‰n√msX Cw•ojpw kwkmcn-°p∂ Fs‚ aIsf Ipdn®v F¥n\p

hnjan°Ww? \μphpw H∂mw ¢m vapX¬ Cw•ojv ]Tn°p∂p≠v, Hcp k_vPIv‰v- Bbn. Ct∏mƒ Pq\nb¿ sslkvIqƒ H∂mw h¿jw (\ΩpsS Ggmw ¢m v.- ..At{X D≈p) Bbt∏mƒ Hcphn[w \∂mbn kwkmcn°pw, \∂mbn hmbn°pw, FgpXpw Cw•o-jn¬.

AXpt]msc?? ]s£, C¥y°mcpsS am{Xamb B Hcp A]I¿jXmt_m[w Ahƒ°pw D≠v, \m´n¬ sN√ptºmƒ am{Xw. ka{]mb°mcmb AhfpsS Ikn≥kv Hs° ""Atøm.. \μq\p Cw•ojv Adnbn√ At√...'' F∂a´n¬ kwkmcn°ptºmƒ, As√¶n¬ Ah¿ kwkmcn°p∂ kv]oUnepw C¥y≥ BIvsk≥Snepw Ahƒ°v IgnbmsX BIptºmƒ hnjaw. ]s£ P∏m\n¬ Xncns®Ønbm¬ F√mw ad°pw... ChnSpsØ Zn\NcyIfnte°v DufnbnSpw... kvIqƒ, AXpIgn™m¬ kvIqƒ ¢_v]cn]mSnIƒ, i\nbpw Rmbdpw AS°w {]mŒokpIƒ, ayqknIv - _m≥Uv tImº‰nj≥ Aßs\ t]mIpw...

C\n \n߃ ]d-bq... Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ C¥y≥ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°m-ØXv, `mKy-tam... \n¿`m-Kytam...? http://manjumanojverutheoruswapnam.blogspot.com/2010/06/ blog-post_22.html

IS-∏mSv:

37

IpXn-sIm-≈p∂ imkv{Xw kn.-hn. N{μ≥

Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS

\£-{X-th´ BIm-i-KwK Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ henb Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ ]e-Imeßfnembn a‰p sNdp Kme-Ivkn-Isf "hngpßn' hf¿∂-h-bm-sW∂ Bibw Ct∏mƒ hm\imkv{X-⁄¿°n-S-bn¬ {]_-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI _ln-cm-Imi t]SI-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ ]pØ≥ D]-I-c-W-߃ C°m-cy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ IqSpX¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

ap

ºn¬ ]Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ A]-ISw Adn-bm-sX-bmWv B sNdnb KmeIvkn \oßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂X - v. BI¿j-Whpw i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. AI-se, _ln-cm-Imi-Øv, tim`-bm¿∂ Hcp IpS-®{- Iw-t]mep≈ H∂mWv AXns\ BI¿jn-®Xv. AXns‚ k¿∏n-fm-Im-ca - mb lkvX߃ BI¿j-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \oebpw, a™-bpw, Nph-∏p-amb \£-{X߃ {]Im-in-°p∂ AXym-I¿j-Ia- mb Hcp taml-he - b - w-Xs∂ krjvSn-®p-sIm≠mWv AXns‚ BI¿j-Ww. F∂mCu IpS-®-{I-Øn\p Np‰p-ambn Hcp ZrjvSn-bnepw s]SmØ Ccp≠ {ZhyØns‚ (Dark Matter) Hcp he hncn-®n´p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AXn- i - ‡ - a mb BI¿jW i‡n-bp≈ Cu A]-IS taJ-e-bn-te-°mWv sNdnb KmeIvkn ASp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂X - v.

38

Cu sIm®p Kme- I vknsb BI¿jn®v X∂n-te-°S- p-∏n-®p-sIm-≠ncp-∂Xv a‰m-cp-a-√. BIm-i-KwK F∂v \mw BZ-c-thmsS hnfn-°p∂ \ΩpsS amXr- K m- e - I v k n- X - s ∂. BI¿j- W Øn¬s]-´-tXm, kPn-‰m-dn-bkv F∂ Hcp sNdp Kme-Ivkn-bpw. ]Xn- b n- c n- ° p∂ A]- I Sw AdnbmsX BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS taml heb-Øn-te°v \oßnb kPn-‰m-dn-bkv GXm≠v ASp-sØ-Øm-dmtb D≈q.

BIm-i-KwK Hcp `oI-c-b-£n-bmbn amdn. AXv kPn-‰m-dn-bk - ns‚ apJ-`mKw ]nf¿∂-IØ - n, AXnse FÆ-a‰ \£{X-ßsf NnX-dn-sØ-dn-∏n®v Xs‚ AKm[-amb Ccp≠ {Zhy°-b-Øn-te-°n-´p.

Cu ka-bØv tIw{_n-UvPnse aq∂p hm\-im-kv{X-⁄¿, tdm{UntKm Ct_-‰, sPdm¿Uv Kn¬aq¿, ssa°v

C¿hn≥ F∂n-h¿, Hc-{]-Xo-£nX ZriyØn\v km£yw hln-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.

BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS a[yØnte°p≈ Zni-bn¬ kmPn-‰m-dn-bkv \£{X kaqlsØ \nco- £ n- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p∂p Ah¿. AhnsS Kme-Ivkn-bpsS a[yØn- e mbn Hcp Iq´w \£- { X- ß ƒ th¿Xn-cn™p \n¬°p-∂-X-h¿ I≠p. a‰p \£- { X- ß ƒs°m- s °- b p≈ kz`mhw Ah-bpsS thKw \nb-X-a-s√∂Xpw ]e-hn[ Zni-If - n-te-°m-sW-∂pap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn¬\n∂v `n∂-ambn C∏-d™ \£-{X-ßs - fms° Htc Znibn-te°v Htc thK-Øn¬ \oßp-∂p. t]msc-¶n¬ Ah-sb√mw Xs∂ `qanbn¬\n∂v Xpey Zqc-Øn-ep≈ ]mX-bnepw.

CXv 1994-˛¬ BWv. Cu imkv{X⁄¿ Hcp Kme-Ivkn-bpsS ac-W-ØnHIvtSm-_¿ 2011

\m-bn-cp∂p km£yw hln-®Xv. AXpw \ΩpsS amXr Kme-Ivkn-bmb BIm-iKw-Kb - psS ssIsIm-≠v.

t\¿°mgvN _ln- c m- I m- i Øv CØ- c - Ø nkz¥w h¿K-sØ, kl-\£ - {- X-ka - q-lß-sf, Kme-Ivkn-Isf sIm∂p-hngpßp∂, kzh¿K t`mPn-I-fmb Kme-Ivkn-Ifp-s≠∂ Bibw 1970-˛-I-fn¬Xs∂ \n¿t±-in-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ BImi-KwK CØ-cØ - n-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xn\v CXm-Zy-am-bmWv sXfnhv In´p-∂Xv. XpS¿∂v kao-]I - m-eØv CXn\v IqSpX¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. \ΩpsS amXr KmeIvkn \njv°c - pWw a‰p Uk≥ IW-°n\v "kl-Pohn'Isf ]nf¿∂v Ah- b psS \£- { X- ß sf ssI°-em°n Xs‚ AXn-i-‡-amb Icp-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ _e-taIp∂ hkvXp-X-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-X.v BIm-i-KwK Hcp `oa≥ Kme-Ivknbm-W.v ]mT-]p-kX v I - ß - ƒ CXns\ icmi-cn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw CXv Hcp `oa≥ Kme-Ivkn-X-s∂. a‰-\-h[n Kme-Ivkn-I-sf-°m-sfms° hepXpw tim`-bm¿∂-Xp-amb H∂v. CXn-s\-°mƒ Aev]w IqSn hep-XmWv B≥s{UmaoUm Kme-Ivkn. BIm-i-Kw-Kbpw B≥s{Um-ao-Ubpw tN¿∂v "{]mtZ-inI- {Kq∏v' F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ ap∏-Xn-tesd Kme-Ivkn-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n®n-cn-°p-∂p. C∏-d™ {Kq∏nse AwK߃ H∂p-In¬ B≥s{Um-ao-Us - btbm As√-¶n¬ BImiKwK-sbtbm tI{μam°n Np‰n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv. N{μ≥ `qansb Np‰pw-t]m-se. BIm-i-Kw-KbpsS km{amPyw Ipd-™Xv ]Øp Kme-Ivkn-Is - f-¶nepw AS-ßp-∂X - m-Wv. Ct∏mƒ sh´n-ap-dn-°s - ∏´ kPn-‰m-dn-bkv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ ]Xn-s\m-∂v.

{Kq∏p-Iƒ Kme- I v k n- I ƒ Iq´w- t N¿∂mWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw Ah XΩn_‘-sam-∂p-an√ F∂mWv hm\-imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1972-˛akm- ® p- s k‰v k v C≥Ãn- ‰ yq´v Hm^v sSIv t \m- f Pn (Fw.- s F.- S n.)- b nse Ae¿Xp-avsdbpw ktlm-Zc - ≥ Pqdnbpw tN¿∂v Iºyq- ´ ¿ tamU- e p- I - f psS klm-b-tØmsS Nne {]tXyI KmeIvkn-If - psS BIrXn Aß-s\-bm-Im≥ ImcWw Iq´n-bn-Sn-If - m-sW∂v A`n-{]mb-s∏-´p. AXm-bXv Ahn-sS-sbms° a‰p Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ Iq´n-bn-Sn®v tN¿∂n´p-≠m-h-Ww. Ch-cpsS G‰hpw {]kn≤-amb DZm-l-cWw Corvus \£{X kaq-l-Ønse c≠v Kme-Ivkn-I-fm-Wv. imkv{X-KXn

Ch XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c Kpcp-XzmI¿jWØns‚ ^e-ambn H∂v as‰m∂n¬ \n∂p hen-s®-SpØ (Xn-cn-®pw) \£-{X-߃ Hcp hm¬t]mse ImWs∏-´p.

XpS¿∂v Bdp h¿j-߃°p-tijw ]mk-tZ-\-bnse Im¿WnKn \£{X \nco- £ WtI{μ- Ø nse te\m¿Uv tkƒ, tdm_¿´v kn≥ F∂n-h¿ BImi- K wK cq]- s ∏- ´ - X n- s \- ° p- d n®v Hcp tamU¬ D≠m-°n. BIm-i-Kw-K-bv°pNp-‰p-ap≈ Xmc-]c - n-thjw as‰-hn-sStbm cq]w-sIm≠v AhnsS ]n∂oSv h∂ptN¿∂-Xm-sW∂ hnhmZ \nK-a\ - Ø - nAh-sc-Øn. {]]© hoYn-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu \njvTqc "sIme-]m-X-I-߃' BIm-iKw-Kb - psS am{Xw IpØ-Ib - √ F∂mWv XpS¿∂p≈ \nco-£-W-߃ shfn-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ktN-X-\-amb Kme-IvknI-sfm-s°-Øs∂ CØcw ""{Iqc-XI - ƒ'' \nc-¥-c-ambn \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h-b-s{X.

BIm-i-Kw-Kbpw B≥s{Um-ao-Ubpw tN¿∂v "{]mtZ-in-I- {Kq∏v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ap∏-Xntesd Kme-Ivkn-I-fnB[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®n-cn°p-∂p. C∏-d™ {Kq∏nse AwK-߃ H∂p-In¬ B≥s{Um-aoU-sbtbm As√-¶nBImiKwK-sbtbm tI{μ-am°n Np‰n-Øn-cn-bpI-bm-Wv. N{μ≥ `qansb Np‰pw-t]m-se. BIm-i-KwK-bpsS km{amPyw Ipd™Xv ]Øp Kme-Ivkn-I]pXnb \nco-£-W-߃ sf-¶nepw AS-ßp-∂-XmCØ-c-Øn-semcp \nco-£-W-amWv Wv. Ct∏mƒ sh´n-ap-dn-°C°g n™ Pq¨ 17- ˛ mw XobXn s∏´ kPn-‰m-dn-bkv {]ikvX Kth- j W tPW- e mb Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ ]Xn"kb≥kv' hmcn-Ib - n¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® s\m-∂v.

Kth-jW {]_-‘Ø - n-\m-[m-cw. \mk (NASA) bpsS Swift Gamma Burst Mission F∂ _ln-cm-Im-i-t]-SIw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ønb Ce-Ivt{Sm-am-·-‰nIv kn·emWv Ch¿ hni-I-e\w sNbvX-Xv. Kmam-˛td hnIn-cW ]T-\-Øn-\mbn {]tXyIw Xbm-dm-°nb _ln-cm-Im-it]-S-I-amWv "kzn^v‰v'. AXn-i-‡-amb aq∂p-]I - c - W - ß - ƒ CXn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) X-Ray Telescope (XRT), UV/Optical Telescope (UVOT) F∂nhbmW-h. Kmam-˛td hnIn-

cWw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\n-hbv°p Ign-bpw. {]]-©m-cw-`-Ønse alm-kvt^m-S-\sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb henb Kmam-˛td hnIn-cW - ß - ƒ {]]©koa-If - n¬ Xncb-Sn®p \n¬°p-∂Xv Ch tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. "kzn^v‰n'se G‰hpw henb D]I- c Ww Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) BWv. BIm-i-Øns‚ Bdn-sem-∂p`mKw Htc-k-abw ho£n-°m≥ Ignbp∂ D]-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. am¿®v 28-˛mw XobXn BAT¬ ]Xn™ Xcw-K-߃ XpS¿∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂X - mbn°≠p.

CXv hni-Ie - \w sNbvX imkv{X-⁄¿ CsXmcp henb Iq´n-bn-Sn-bpsS ^e-amsW∂ \nK-a\ - Ø - n-em-sW-Øn-t®¿∂-X.v kqcys‚ Hcp Zi-e-£-Øn-te-sd-a-Sßv {Zhy-am-\a - p≈ `oam-Im-ca - mb Hcp XtamK¿Øw kqcy-t\mfwt]m∂ Hcp "]mhw'

39

\£-{XsØ ]nf¿∂-IØn AXns‚ Du¿Pw "`£n®p'sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂mWv C∏-d™ X - .v CXv AXn-i‡ - a- mb Hcp kvt^mS-\-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-Ibpw AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ AXv BAT- ]XnbpI-bp-am-Wp-≠m-bX - v.

Cu kvt^mS-\-Øn\v as‰m-c-]q¿hX-bp-ap-≠v. ImcWw CXn¬\n∂v ]pds∏-Sp∂ hnIn-cWw `qan-bpsS t\¿Zn-ibn-emWv hcp-∂-Xv. CØcw Xtam-K¿Ø-ßsf Ct∏mƒ imkv{X-⁄¿ Super Massive Black Hole (SMBH) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - v.

Dd-ßp-∂ `qXw BIm-iK - w-Kb - pƒs∏sS, Adn-bs - ∏Sp∂ Kme-Ivkn-I-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£hpw Ah-bpsS tI{μ-ÿm-\Øv `oam-Im-c-amb Xtam-K¿ØsØ hln°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch-sbms° kqcy-t\°mƒ e£°W-°n-t\m, tImSn-°-W°n-\p-Xs - ∂tbm {Zhy-am-\a - p≈hb-s{X. Ch-bpsS AXn-i-‡-amb Kpcp-XzmI¿jWw Kme-Ivkn-bpsS {Zhyw BIam-\w-Xs∂ hen-s®-Sp-°m≥ t]m∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ CXv kw`-hn-°m-ØXv Chsbm- s °bpw km[m- c - W - K - X n- b n¬

40

kpjp- ] v X n- b n- e m- s W∂XpX- s ∂, F∂m¬ Hcp hmX-I] - S- ew CXn\v kao]-sØ-Øn-bm¬ CXv {]h¿Ø-\-£-aam-Ipw. AXo-h-i-‡n-tbmsS AXns\ hen-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXn-eq-sS-bp-≠mIp∂ Du¿Pw {]k- c n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNøpw. Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ ]Øp-iX-am-\t- Ømfw `oa≥ Xtam-K¿Ø-߃ CØ- c - Ø n¬ hmX- I - ] - S - e - ß - f m{]h¿Ø-\£ - a - a - m-bh - b - m-Wv. hmX-I] - S-esØ Cßs\ "`£n®p'sIm≠n-cn°p∂ Kme-Ivkn-Isf Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) AYhm Izmkm- d p- I ƒ (Quasars) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

CØ- c - Ø n- s emcp Xtam- K ¿Øw (SMBH) Hcp \£- { XsØ "`£n°p∂'Xns‚ Du¿P- { ]- k - c - W - a mWv ChnsS kqNn-∏n® Kth-jW {]_-‘Ønse hnj-bw.

Iq´w sX‰p∂ \£-{X-߃ Kme-Ivkn-Ifpw Ah-bnse \£-{Xß-fp-sams° kz¥w Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-Wi-‡n-bpsS _e-Øn¬ \nb-X-amb ]mX-bn¬ Nen-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂h - b - mWv. kqcy-\p-Np‰pw \ΩpsS sIm®p kuc-bq-Y-Ønse {Kl-߃ Nen-°p-

∂-Xp-t]mse. Cu Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-WØn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-°m≥ CS-bmbm¬ Ah AI-se, taml-h-e-b-hpambn ImØp \n¬°p∂ kzh¿K-t`mPn-If - mb Kme-Ik v n-If - psS BI¿j-WØn¬ s]t´- ° mw. ]ns∂ Ahbvs°mcp Xncn-®p-t]m°v km[y-a√ - m-sXh-cp-∂p. B Kme-Ivkn-If - psS BI¿jW-Øn¬s]-´m¬ Cu \£{Xw (AYhm sNdp Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ Xs∂) AhbpsS "`£W'ambn-Øo-cp∂p. henb Xtam-K¿Ø-ßsf (SMBH) Bh-ln°p∂ Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ CØ-c-ØnIq´w sX‰nb \£-{X-ß-sfbpw KmeIv k n- I - s f- b p- s ams° BI¿jn®v Ahsb ]nf¿Øn Ah-bpsS Du¿Pw kzbw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. BIm-i-KwK Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ henb Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ ]e-Imeßfn-embn a‰p sNdp Kme-Ik v n-Isf "hngpßn' hf¿∂h- b m- s W∂ Bibw Ct∏mƒ hm\imkv{X-⁄¿°n-Sb - n¬ {]_-ea - mhp-I-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI _ln-cm-Imi t]S-I-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ ]pØ≥ D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ C°m-cy-Øn\v IqSp-XIqSp-X¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠ncn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

imkv{Xw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

{Ko°v ss]XrIw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\ms‚ "imkv{X-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw' F∂ ]pkvXIØnse A©mw A[ym-bØns‚ XpS¿® 5.5 AeIvkm{≠nbbpsS kph¿W kl{km–w ({In. ap. 332 {In. ]n. 642 ) Aev]w Ncn{Xw (Adnbmhp∂) temIw apgph≥ IogS°n F∂`nam\n® AeIvkm≠¿ Xs‚ hnPb kvamcIambn temIXeÿm\w Bbncn°m≥ tbmKyX-bp≈ Hcp \Kcw ]Wnbm≥ Xocpam\n®p.

AXn\t±lw Xncs™SpØ ÿew ss\¬ \ZoapJØp≈ \nc∏p`qan Bbncp∂p. \Kcw bmYm¿∞yw BIp∂Xn\p ap≥]v Xs∂ At±lw AXn\v kz¥w t]cpw C´p: AeIvkm-{≠nb.

AeIv k m≠¿ _n.kn 323˛- acn®p. AtXmsS At±lØns‚ km{amPyhpw On∂`n∂ambn. F∂mtemIXeÿm\w BIm≥ tbmKyamb Hcp \Kcw \n¿an°pI F∂ At±lØns‚ kz]v\w tSmsfan F∂ At±lØns‚ ssk\ym[n]\neqsS \ne\n∂p. (AeIvkm≠dpsS km{amPyw imkv{X-KXn

]ecpw ]IpsØSpØt∏mƒ CuPn]v‰-v Dƒs∏Sp∂ `mKw In´nbXv tSmsfan°v Bbncp∂p.) `cW]cambn temIØns‚ Xeÿm\w Bbns√¶nepw kmwkv I mcnIambpw s_u≤nIambpw AXns\ temIØns‚ tI{μw B°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p tSmsfan-bpsS eIvj - yw.

AXn\v th≠n At±- l w temtImØcamb Hcp ayqknbw AhnsS ÿm]n®p. ayqknbw F∂m¬ ]pcm-hkvXp°fpsS Hcp tiJcw A√, hnZymtZhXIfmb ayqkpIƒ°p≈ tZhmebw F∂mWv A∂p≠mbncp∂ A¿Yw. GXm≠v C∂sØ k¿h-Iem-imebpsS ÿm\w F∂p ]dbmw. Aßs\bmbncp∂p GItZiw Bbncw kwh’cßtfmfw hn⁄m- \ - Ø ns‚ Bÿm\w Bbn h¿Øn® Hcp almÿm]\Øns‚ XpS°w. _n kn 300 Bbt∏mtg°pw k¿hI-emime ]p„n{]m]n®p. k¿hIemimesb kº∂am°m≥ temIØns‚ F√m `mKØv \n∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂

]finXscb√mw tSmsfan £Wn®p. £bn®p XpSßnbncp∂ FsX≥kn\n∂v- ]ecpw hs∂Øn. Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ hntbmKtØmsS A\mYamb "s]cn∏ms‰‰nIv' kvIqfnse Ahkm\ IÆnbmb Xntbm{^mÃkns\ sIm≠phcm≥ tSmsfan {ians®¶nepw ^en®n√. ]t£ Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ {KŸtiJcØns‚ Hcp `mKw t\Sm≥ At±lØn\p Ign™p. bh\]mcºcyØnse A\izc cXv \ ßfmb kv { Smt_m, Acnkv t ‰ms^\okv , Cdms‰mkvX\okv, bq¢nUv, F¥n\v km£m¬ B¿°nanUokv t]mepw Hmtcmtcm ImeØv- AeIvkm{≠nbbnse ayqknbØns\ Ae¶cn®ncp∂p. _n kn 283 - tSmsfan acn®t∏mƒ ]n≥XpS¿∂ aI≥ tSmsfan c≠ma\pw A—s‚ kz]v\w km£mXvIcn°m≥ ap≥ssI FSpØp. At±lw Xs‚ ]nXmhv XpS°an´ncp∂ alm{KŸimesb ]pcmX\ temIsØ hnkvab-

41

tSmfan

ßfn¬ H∂v F∂p ]dbmhp∂ \nebnte°v Db¿Øn. shdpw \mev]Xv h¿j߃°p≈n¬ Xs∂ AhnSsØ tiJcw \mev e£w NpcpfpIƒ (scrolls) Ihn™p F∂v - ]dbs∏Sp∂p. {KŸimebnse tiJcw h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\v {KŸßƒ kw`m-h\ sNøm\mbn A`y¿Yn°pI, hnebv°v hmßpI, ]I¿Øm\mbn ISw hmßpI, F∂n´v tIm∏n am{Xw Xncn®p sImSpØp aqew kq£n°pI, XpdapJØv ASp°p∂ hntZi I∏epIfn¬ \n∂v- {KŸßƒ \n¿_‘ambn ]nSns®Sp°pI F∂nßs\ NXpcp]mbßfpw Ah¿ {]tbmKn®Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p.[9] hn⁄m\Øns‚ Cu ]pXnb Bÿm\sØ ku`mKyw CShn´v ISm£n°pIbpw ssIhnSpIbpw sNbvXp F∂v- ]dtb≠nbncn°p∂p. kuh¿WImew tSmsfan cmPhwiØnse Ahkm\ IÆnbmb ¢ntbm]m{SbpsS acWtØmsS Ahkm\n®p F∂v- ]dbmw. ]t£ AXn\v ap≥]v Xs∂ Pqenbkv kokdpsS B{IaWØn¬ sse{_dnbpsS Hcp `mKw IØnt∏mbXmbn IcptX≠n- b ncn°p∂p. XpS¿∂v AseIv k m{≠nbbpsS `cWw Gs‰SpØ tdmam°m¿°v imkv { XtØmSv - hntijn®p aaXsbm∂pw D≠mbncp∂ns√¶nepw {]mtZinI kwkvIrXnItfmSv Ah¿ ]Xnhmbn ImWn®ncp∂ klnjvWpXtbmsS Xs∂ AeIvkm{≠nbsb Ah¿ AXns‚ bh\ ]cnthjØn]pecm≥ A\phZn®p. Aßs\ Cu hn⁄m\tI{μw ho≠pw Poh≥ h®p. ]t£ AXnt\°mƒ `oIcamb `ojWn h∂Xv Xosc A{]Xo£nXamb Hcp Znibn¬\n∂mbncp∂p: {InkvXob auenIhmZnIfn¬ \n∂v.

AXoh hn\oXamb \nebn¬ Bcw`n® {InkvXob Iq´mbva sIm≥kvS‚bn≥ N{Ih¿ØnbpsS a\: ]cnh¿Ø\tØmsS ({In.h. 312 ) hfsc thK-

42

ln∏m¿°kv

Cdm- t Xm- k v X - \ okv

Øn¬ Hcp cm{„ob i‡nbmbn hfcpIbpw tdmam°m¿°v t]mepw kz]v\w ImWm≥ IgnbmØ hn[ØnP\PohnXsØbpw Nn¥mKXnsbbpw aqeyßsfbpw PohnX ho£W-sØØs∂bpw IogS°pIbpw sNbvXp. Ahsc kw_‘n®nStØmfw CltemI PohnXw Hcp ]co£Whpw bYm¿∞ eIv-jyw ]ctemI-{]m]vXnbpw Bbncp∂p. Aßs\bp- ≈ h¿°v seuInI hn⁄m\sØ-°pdn®p henb aXn∏v D≠mIm≥ CSbn√t√m. {In. ]n. \memw \q‰m≠v- Bbt∏mtg°pw {Inkv X ob k`bpsS FXn¿∏v lnwkmflIambn. Xntbm-tUmjykv N{Ih¿Øn (347 - 395) F√m t]K≥ BNmcßfpw \ntcm[n®p. 391 ˛¬ {KŸ tiJcØns‚ Hcp `mKw ÿnXn sNbvXncp∂ skdm∏nbw F∂ tZhmebw AKv\n°ncbm°s∏´p. CXv AeIv k m{≠nbbnse ]m{Xnbm- ¿ °okv Bbncp∂ B¿Nv _nj]v -

Acn-tÃm-´¬

Xntbm^nekns‚ sNbvXnbmbncp∂p.

At±lØns‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn h∂ A\¥nch≥ skbv‚ v- kndn¬ 425˛ayqknbØnse {]apJ ]finXbmbncp∂ sslt]jybpsS sIme]mXIØn\v P\ßsf Cf°nhn´p. hnizhnJymXamb AhcpsS ]ucmWnI hn⁄m\w {Inkv X obX°v Xs∂ `ojWn BIpw F∂mbncp∂p At±lØns‚ hmZw! [10] CtXØpS¿∂v AeIvkm-{≠nbbnse Nne ]finX∑m¿ FsX≥-knte°vt]mbn. a‰p Nne¿ ss_km-‚ nbw F∂ ]pXnb A`bÿm\sØ°v IS∂p. AhnsS Ing°≥ tdmam km{am- P yØnse N{Ih¿Ønam¿ ]pXnsbmcp hn⁄m\ tI{μw ]SpØpb¿Øm\p≈ {iaØnembncp∂p. sIm≥kvSs‚b≥ N{Ih¿ØnbpsS tamlw sIm≥kv S m‚ nt\m∏nfns\ (AXmbncp∂p ss_km‚nbØn\p At±lw sImSpØ ]pXnb t]cv )

CuPn-]vXnse Hcp ]pcm-h-kvXp- J-\-\-tI{μw

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

AeIvkm{≠nbsb sh√p∂ hn⁄m\\Kcw B°Ww F∂mbncp∂p. ]t£ BZyw apXte kpJt`mKßfn¬ apgpInb B \KcØnhn⁄m\ XrjvW Hcn°epw thtcmSnbn√. F¶nepw, \in®p-t]mIpambncp∂ bh\ hn⁄m\ ss]XrIsØ Iptd ImetØ°v, 1453˛¬ B \Kcw Xp¿°nIfpsS ssIøn¬s]Spwhsc, kq£n®v hbv°m≥ Cu XmXv I menI A`b tI{μØn\p Ign™p.

CXn\nsS G.Un. 642˛¬ Ad_nIƒ CuPn]v X v IogS- ° nbtXmsS AeIvkm{≠nbbpsS Ncn{XØn\p kam]vXnbmbn. AtXmsS AhnsS Ahtijn® ]SpXncnIfpw sI´p. [11] {KŸimebn¬ tiJcn®ncp∂ ]m∏ndkv NpcpfpIƒ AeIv k m{≠nbbnse kv\m\L´ßfn¬ Bdp amktØbv ° v sh≈w NqSm°m≥ DXIn F∂mWv IY.

AeIvkm{≠nb≥ KWnXw bq¢nUv ( {In. ap. D. 330 — 275) Bbncp∂p AeIv k m{≠nbbnse {]ikvXcmb KWnX⁄cn¬ BZysØ Bƒ. At±lw alm {KŸimebnse Iyqsc´dpw KWnX hn`mKw Xeh\pw k¿hIemimebnse A[ym]I\pw Bbncp∂p. At±lØns‚ ""PymanXnbpsS aqe XXz߃” (Elements of Geometry) F∂ {KŸw BWv- ASpØ Imew hsc ]m›mXy \mSpIfn¬ tPymsa{Sn ]Tn∏n°m≥ B[mcw B°nbncp∂Xv. GXm\pw kzbwkn≤ {]amWßfn¬ (Axioms) \n∂v- I¿i\amb bp‡n D]tbmKn®v {]tab߃ (propositions) \n¿[mcWw sNbvXv- FSp°pI F∂ coXnbmWv At±lw ]n≥ XpS¿∂Xv. Aß\sØ ]{¥≠v ]pkvXIßfpw ]ns∂ A\p_-‘ambn Iptd H‰s∏´ ^eßfpw BWv- Cu {KŸØn¬ D≈Xv. an° ]mT]pkvXIßsfbpw t]mse CXpw \nehnencp∂ AdnhpIfpsS kamlmcw BWv-. CXn¬ ImWp∂ ]e {]tabßfpw ap≥]v , Hcp ]t£ bq¢nUv Hcp _me≥ Bbncp∂ ImeØv,- CbpUnakv (Eudemus) FgpXnb KWnXØns‚ Ncn{Xw (History of Mathematics) F∂ {KŸØnImWmw. a‰p Nneh ss]XtKmdkns‚ Imew apX¬t° Adnbs∏Sp- ∂ hbt{X. At±lw \¬Ip∂ Nne sXfnhpIƒ Ivfn„w BsW¶nepw a‰p Nneh kpμcw Ft∂ ]dtb≠p.

A`mPykwJyIfpsS t{iWn A\¥w BsW∂v sXfnbn°m≥ At±lw kzoIcn°p∂ hmZw Xs∂ DZmlcWw. imkv{X-KXn

Fensa‚ v k n\p ]pdta bq¢nUv PymanXnsb°pdn®p Xs∂ a‰p \mev ]pkv X Ißfpw IqSmsX tPymXn»mkv { Xw, kwKoXw, {]mIminIw (Optics) F∂nhsb°pdn®pw {KŸßƒ cNn®Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p F¶nepw HSphnetØXv am{Xta e`yambp≈q.

AXn¬ {]Xn^e\ \nba߃ icnbm- b nØs∂ hnhcn®ncn°p∂p.

F∂m¬ Zr„nsb∏‰n bq¢nUv kzoIcn® \ne]mSv ]n≥Xncn∏≥ Bbnt∏mbn. ss]XtKmdnb≥am¿ {]Imiw hkv X p°fn¬ \n∂v - IÆnte°p IWnIIƒ Bbn k©cn°p∂p F∂v]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. Fw]ntUmIv f nkv {]Imiw F∂Xv Hcp am[yaØneqsS ¢n]v X thKXbn¬ k©cn°p∂ hnt£m`w BsW∂v kn≤m¥n®p.

F∂m¬ bq¢nUv BIs´, IÆn\n∂v- ]pds∏´v GsX¶nepw hkvXphn¬ Zr„n ]Xn°ptºmgmWv \mw AXv ImWp∂Xv F∂ Adp]g©≥ Bibw BWv- kzoIcn®Xv.

B¿°nanUokv ({In. ap. 287 Bbncn°mw Hcp ]t£ AeIvkm{≠nb≥ KWnX⁄cn¬ h®vG‰hpw apº≥. knknenbnse kndmIyqkn¬ P\n® At±lw ]Tn°m\mbn AeIvkm{≠nbbn¬ FØn. ss]XtKmdnb≥amsct∏mse At±lhpw hn⁄m\ kºmZ\w Adnhn\vth≠n Xs∂ Bbncn°Wsa∂pw {]mtbmKnI Imcykm[yØn\pth≠n BIcpsX∂pw hnizkn®p. ]t£ hn[nhnlnXsa∂ hÆw At±lØns‚ I≠p]nSnØßfn¬ \s√mcp `mKhpw ssk\nI Bhiy߃°mbn hn\ntbmKnt°≠Xmbn h∂p.

At±lw kndmIyqknse cmPmhns‚ ssk\nI D]tZ„mhv Bbncn°ptºmƒ ]e]e anen´dn D]IcWßfpw cq]I¬]\ sNtø≠nh∂p.[12] ]t£ At±lØns‚ A¥yhpw Hcp tdma≥ ]SbmfnbpsS hmƒ sIm≠v Bbncp∂p. tdma≥ P\d¬ Bb am¿sk√kv, kndmIyqkv ]nSn®S°n212)

43

bt∏mƒ {]ikvX KWnX⁄≥ Bb B¿°nanUokns\ lmPcm°m≥ Xs‚ ]SbmfnItfmSv B⁄m]n®p t]mepw. aWen¬ hrØ߃ hc®psIm-≠ncp∂ B¿°nanUokv ]SbmfnbpsS hm°v {i≤n°msX Xs‚ tPmen XpS¿∂t∏mƒ {Ip≤\mb `S≥ B¿°nanUokns‚ Xe sh´n lmPcm°n F∂mWv IY. GXmbmepw ]›mØm] hnhi\mb P\dam¿sk√kv B¿°nanUokn\v DNnXamb Hcp kvamcIw \n¿an®v {]mb›nØw sNbvXpht{X. Hcp ]t£ B¿°nanUokn-s\∏‰nbp≈ G‰hpw {]kn≤amb IY At±lØns‚ "kv{So°nwKv' Bbncn°pw. hnhn[ hkvXp°fpsS Bt]£nI km{μX Af°phm\p≈ At±lØns‚ X{¥w F°me-sØbpw henb I≠p]nSnØßfn¬ H∂v BWv-.[13] DtØmeIØns‚ XXzw BWv- At±lØns‚ as‰mcp {][m\ kw`mh\. sh≈w Db¿Øm\mbn At±lw cq]I¬]\ sNbvX B¿°nanUnb≥ kv{Iq ASpØ Imew hsc CuPn]vXn¬ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn°s∏´ncp∂p.

KWnXØnse At±lØns‚ kw`m-h\Iƒ hn]pehpw hnhn[hpw Bbncp∂p. hnhn[ L\ cq]ßfpsS hym]vXhpw hnkvXrXnbpw IW°m°m\mbn \man∂v D]tbmKn°p∂ ]e t^m¿apeIfpw I≠p]nSn®Xv B¿°nanUnkv BWv-. hrØØns‚ hnkvXo¿Ww, hrØ kvXw`Øns‚ (knen≠dns‚) {]Xe hnkvXo¿Whpw hym]vXhpw, tKmfØns‚ {]Xe hnkvXo¿Whpw hym]vXhpw, AXpt]mse Xs∂ tImWpIfpsSbpw ]ncanUpIfpsSbpw, CsX√mw \ap°v In´nbXv B¿°nanUokn¬ \n∂v - BWv - .

F∂m¬ Chbn¬ NnesX√mw X\n°p ap≥]v Xs∂ {]NmcØn¬ Ccp∂p F∂v- At±lw Xs∂ kΩXn°p-∂p≠v. "ss]'°v At±lw \¬Inb aqeyw

bq¢nUv

44

3

KWnXØnse At±lØns‚ kw`mh\Iƒ hn]pehpw hnhn[hpw Bbncp∂p. hnhn[ L\ cq]ßfpsS hym]vXhpw hnkvXrXnbpw IW°m°m\mbn \man∂v D]tbmKn°p∂ ]e t^m¿apeIfpw I≠p]nSn®Xv B¿°nanUnkv BWv-. hrØØns‚ hnkvXo¿Ww, hrØ kvXw`Øns‚ (knen≠dns‚) {]Xe hnkvXo¿Whpw hym]vXhpw, tKmfØns‚ {]Xe hnkvXo-¿Whpw hym]vXhpw, AXpt]mse Xs∂ tImWpIfpsSbpw ]ncanUpI-fpsSbpw, CsX√mw \ap°v In´nbXv B¿°nanUokn¬ \n∂vBWv-.

B¿°n-an-sUkv

10

/ 70 þ \pw

10

/ 71 ˛\pw CSbnBbncp∂p. AXmbXv- 3.1408 \pw 3.1429 \pw CSbn¬. DtØmeI XXzw, I∏nbpsS XXzw, B¿°nanUnb≥ Npcpƒ (spiral), ]mct_mf XpSßn a‰p ]e hnjbßsf°pdn®pw At±-lw eLpteJIƒ cNn°pI- b p≠mbn. bp≤w At±lØns‚ Hcp]mSv kabhpw HSphn¬ Poh≥ Xs∂bpw A]lcn®n√mbncp∂psh¶n¬ C\nbpw IqSpX¬ kw`mh\Iƒ At±lØn\n∂v- am\hcmin°v e`nt®s\.

As∏mtfmWnbkv ({In. ap. 250 - 200 ) : bq¢nUv hrØØns‚ ImcyØn¬ sNbvXXv t]mse As∏mtfmWnbkv hrØkvXq]nIIfpsS (Cones) ImcyØnepw \q‰m≠pItfmfw B[nImcnIX \ne\n¿Ønb Hcp ]mTw cNn®p. sat\Ivakv (Menaechmas 375 - 325 B.C.) BWv- hrØ kvXq]nIIƒ s\SpsIbpw IpdpsIbpw sNcn®pw apdn®m¬ In´p∂ h{I߃ BZyw {i≤n®Xv. Hscm‰ kvXq]nIsb ]e tImWpIfn¬ apdn®m¬ Cu h{Ißsf√mw In´pw F∂v- As∏m-tfmWnbkv sXfnbn®p. ]cmt_mf, F√n]v k v , ssls]¿t_mf F∂nßs\ \man∂v D]tbmKn°p∂ t]cpIfpw At±lamWv \n¿tZin®Xv. _oPKWnX (algebra) Ønse kt¶X߃ KWnXØn¬ sIm≠ph∂ Utbm^m‚kv (Diophantus, P\\w 200\pw 214\pw CSbv°p, acWw 284\pw 298\pw CSbv°v) AeIvkm{≠nb≥ BƒPn{_bpsS ]nXmhmbn hntijn∏n°s∏Smdp≠v . At±lw h¿Kßfpw LmXßfpw AXpt]mse \yq\kwJyIfpw Hs° kqNn∏n°m≥ Nn”߃ D]tbmKn®p. Cu kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®p Utbm^m‚kv H∂pw c≠pw Un{Knbnep≈ kahmIy߃ \n¿[mcWw sNbvXp. IqSmsX Nne eLpkaImekahmIyßfpw (Simultaneous equations) At±lØn\p \n¿[mcWw sNøm≥ Ign™p.

At∏m-tfm-Wn-bkv

3

lnt{∏m-{Im-‰kv

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

PtymXn»mkv{Xw AeIvkm{≠nbbnkmtamknse Acnkv‰m¿°kv {In. ap.) icn°pw Hcp A]q¿h imkv{X {]Xn` Bbncp∂p. kv{Sms‰mbpsS injy≥ Bbncp∂ At±lw BtcmKyIchpw bp‡nbp‡hpw ]co£Wßfn¬ A[njv T nXhpw Bb Hcp kao]\w tPymXn»mkv{X ]T\Ønte°v sIm≠ph∂Xn¬ A¤pXan√. "kqcyN{μ≥amcpsS hep∏hpw Zqchpw kw_‘n®v' (On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon) F∂ At±lØns‚ {KŸw C∂pw e`yamWv. AXn¬ \nco£W ]co£WßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Xnf°am¿∂ Nne \nKa\ßfn¬ At±lw FØp∂p≠v.

N{μ_nw_Øns‚ IrXyw ]mXn am{Xw Xnfßp∂ kabØv kqcy\pw N{μ\pw `qanbpw Hcp a´ {XntImWØns‚ aq∂v ap\Ifn¬ Bbn´mbncn°pw \nesIm≈pI (EMS - Earth Moon - Sun) F∂v - AcnÃm¿°kv IW°p Iq´n. N{μ\n¬ BWt√m a´w (90 Un{Kn) htc≠Xv. `qanbnse tIm¨ IqSn (angle MES) Af∂m¬ Cu {XntImWw IrXyambpw \n¿hNn°s∏Spw. AXv IrXyambn Af∂m_m°nsb√mw tPymsa{SnbneqsS IW°pIq´nsbSp°mw. AXv Xs∂bmWv At±lw sNbvXXpw. ]t£ kn≤m¥sØ°mƒ ITn\w BWt√m {]tbmKw. IrXyambn tImWpIƒ Af°m\p≈ D]IcWßsfm∂pw A∂v e`yambncp∂n√. hfsc {i≤tbmsS AcnÃm¿°kv Af∂p Xocpam\n®Xv 87 Un{Kn F∂mWv. AX\pkcn®v kqcy≥ N{μs\ At]£n®v 19 Cc´n ZqscbmsW∂pw, F∂mAh c≠pw GItZiw Htc hep∏Øn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂XpsIm≠v kqcy\v N{μs‚ 19 Cc´n hep∏w Ds≠∂pw At±lw IW°m°n.

F∂m¬ B[p\nI imkv{X⁄¿ AXv IW°m°nbn´p≈Xv 89 Un{Kn 51 an\n´v F∂mWv. B ]niIv aqew At±lw IW°m°nbXv t]mse kqcy≥ N{μt\°mƒ 19 Cc´nb√, AXns‚ 20 aSßv- ZqscbmWv, AXmbXv GItZiw 380 Cc´n Zqsc. am{Xa√ AXn\\pkcn®v kqcy\v hen∏hpw IqSpXemWv. ]t£ AXn¬ Imcyan√. kqcy\mtWm N{μ\mtWm hepXv, GXmWv IqSpX¬ Zqsc, F{X ZqcØv-, F∂Xns\∏‰nsbms° {KŸßƒ t\m°n X¿°n°p∂Xn\p ]Icw C{X efnXimkv{X-KXn (Aristarchus of Samos, 310 - 230

ambXpw B¿°pw \SØmhp∂Xpw Bb Hcp ]co£Ww \n¿tZin®p F∂XnemWv AcnÃm¿°kns‚ alXzw. Xo¿∂n√, N{μ{KlW kabØv N{μ\n¬ ]Xn°p∂ `qanbpsS \ngens‚ h{IX t\m°n N{μs‚bpw `qanbpsSbpw Bt]£nI hen∏w I≠p]nSn°mw F∂pw AcnÃm-¿°kv hmZn®p. Aßs\ `qanbpsS hymkw N{μs‚Xns‚ Cc´n BsW∂v At±lw \n¿Wbn®p.

AhnsSbpw bYm¿∞ Afhv CXns‚ Cc´n hcpw. F¶nepw Cu IW°p Iq´epIƒ t]mepw kqcy≥ `qansb°mƒ F{Xtbm aSßv- hepXv BsW∂v t_m[ys∏Sm≥ klmbn®p. kqcy\pw N{μ\pw `qtemI hmknIƒ°v ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw shfn®w \¬Im\mbn ssZhw Xq°nb, GXm\pw Intemao‰¿ Zqsc am{Xw ÿnXn sNøp∂, sNdnb {]ImitKmf߃ BsW∂ Nn¥ temIw h®p]pe¿Ønbncp∂ ImeØv- CXv hnπhIcamb apt∂‰w Xs∂bmbncp∂p.

]t£ ]d™ns´¥p Imcyw? Bcpw AcnÃm¿°kns‚ Is≠ØepIƒ KuchamsbSpØn√. Ah¿°v Acnkvs‰m´nens‚bpw CbptUmIvkkns‚bpw A_≤∏©mwKw Xs∂bmbncp∂p kzoImcyw . [14] Aßs\ Ah¿ AcnÃm¿°kns\Xnsc ssZhtZmjw Btcm]n®v At±lsØ th´bmSn. F{X XhWbmWv Cu Ncn{Xw Bh¿Øn°p∂Xv! Cdms‰mkvsX\nkv (Eratosthenes, 276 - 195, {In. ap.) AeIvkm-{≠nbbnse alm {KŸimebnse Iyqsc´¿ (Bÿm\ ]finX≥) Bbncp∂p. ]pcm-X-\ -tem-IsØ G‰hpw Adnhp≈bmƒ F∂ JymXn At±l-Øn\v D≠mbncp∂p. At±lw ]e {KŸßfpw cNn®n´ps≠¶nepw hfsc efnXamb Hcp ]co£WØneqsS `qanbpsS Np‰fhv- \n¿Wbn®XmWv At±lsØ A\izc≥ B°p∂Xv. DØcmbWØns‚ A¥yw Ipdn°p∂ I¿°SI kw{Ia Znhkw \´p®bv°v kqcy≥ Z£nW CuPn]vXnse

45

knsb≥ F∂ \KcØn¬ (B[p\nI Bkzm≥) Xebv°p aosX ImW-s∏Sp∂p F∂ hkvXpX Cdms‰mkvsX\nkn\p Adnbmambncp∂p. F∂mAt∂ Znhkw AtX kabØv , knsb\n¬ \n∂v t\sc hS°p ÿnXn sNøp∂ AeIvkm{≠nbbn¬ kqcy≥ Xebv°p t\¿apIfn¬ \n∂v- 7 Un{Kn 12 an\n´v (AXmbXv Hcp ]q¿W hrØØns‚ A≥]Xnsemcp `mKw) sX°v amdnbmWv ImWs∏Sp∂Xv F∂vAt±lw \nco£n®p. CXv km[y-amIWw F¶n¬ `qan knsb\n¬ \n∂vAeIvkm{≠nbbnte°v sNcn™v Ccp∂m¬ am{Xta ]‰q F∂v- Cdms‰mkv s X\nkv Duln®p. Cu hmZw AXns‚ bp‡n]camb ]cnk- a m]v X nbn¬ FØn®m¬ `qan F√m Znibntebv°pw sNcn™v Ccn°ps∂∂pw AXn\m¬ Dcp≠Xm-sW-∂pw In´pat√m. ASpØXmbn At±-lw AeIvkm{≠nbbn¬ \n∂v- knsb\nse°p≈ Zqcw IrXyambn Af∂p Xn´s∏SpØn. 5000 kvt‰Unb F∂mWv At±lØn\v In´nb DØcw. At∏mƒ samØw `qanbpsS Np‰fhv- AXns‚ A≥]Xv Cc´n, AXmbXv 250000 kvt‰Unb. ]n∂oSv At±lw CXns\ Ipd®pIqSn ]cnjvIcn®v 252000 kvt‰Unb F∂m°n. A∂sØ kv t ‰Unbw F∂Xv F¥mWv F∂Xn-s\-∏‰n Ipd®v Bib°pg∏w D≠v. 157.5 ao‰¿ F∂XmWv s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw. Aßs\bmsW¶n¬ `qanbpsS Np‰fhv- 39690 In.ao. BIpw. AXmIs´ `qanbpsS Np‰fhns\ kw_‘n® B[p\nI IW°pIq´-en¬ \n∂v- shdpw 2% am{Xw AIse-bmWv. AXv`pXIcamb Cu IrXyX, tIm¨ Af°p∂Xnepw Zqcw Af°p-∂Xnepw At±lw hcpØnb sNdnb ]niIpIƒ ]ckv]cw Iym≥k¬ sNbvXp t]mbXv sIm≠mWv F∂vthWsa¶n¬ Btcm]n°mw. ]t£ ho≠pw ]dbs´, \mw {i≤nt°≠Xv DØcØns‚ IrXyX A√, ]Icw

Acn-tÃm-s^-\nkv

46

AXv Is≠Øp∂Xn\mbn At±lw kzoIcn® coXnbpsS imkv{XobXbpw emfnXyhpw BWv. `qan Dcp≠XmtWm ]c∂XmtWm F∂Xns\∏‰n Hcn-°epw Ahkm\n°mØ hmZ{]Xnhm-Z߃ \SØp∂Xn\p ]Icw B¿°pw FhnsS h®pw \SØmhp∂ eLphmb Cu ]co£Ww Bkq{XWw sNbvX Cdms‰mkvsXs\kns‚ {]Xn`sb IpºnSpI Xs∂ thWw. temIØnse G‰hpwkpμcamb ]Øp ]co£W-ßfnH∂mbn CXv IW°m°-s]Sp∂p. [15] CXv IqSmsX Cdms‰mkvsXs\kv `qanbpsS A®pX≠ns‚ sNcnhpw Af°pIbp≠mbn. Cu sNcnhv BWt√m EXpt`Z߃°v ImcWw BIp∂Xv - . At±lØn\p In´nb aqeyw Hcp ]q¿W hrØØns‚ 11/ 166 `mKw F∂mbncp∂p. AXmbXv 23 Un{Kn 51 an\n´v. (B[p\nI IW°v Iq´¬ 23 Un{Kn 46 an\n´v.) \ns°bbnse ln∏m¿°k v (Hipparchus of Nicaea, 190 120 {In. ap.)

BWv- ]et∏mgpw ]pcmX\ ImesØ G‰hpw {]apJ\mb tPymXnimkv{X⁄≥ Bbn IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. AXn\v ImcWw At±lw \Kv\t\{Xw sIm≠v ImWmhp∂ BbnctØmfw \£{XßfpsS Hcp BImi Nn{Xw Xbmdm°nbXmWv. ln∏m¿°kns\ CXn\v t{]cn∏n®Xv NnØnc \£{Xw (Spica) ]ga°m¿ tcJs∏SpØnbXn¬ \n∂pw GItZiw c≠v Un{Kn amdnbXmbn Is≠ØnbXmWv. Zpcqlamb Cu {]Xn`mkØn¬ IuXpIw ]q≠ At±lw tdmUv-kv (Rhodes) F∂ ÿe-Øv Hcp hm\\nco£W \nebw ÿm]n®v- Ignbp∂{X \£{X-ßfpsS ÿm\w IrXyambn ]p\¿ \n¿Wbn®p. IqSpX¬ ]Tn®t∏mƒ At±lØn\p t_m[yw BbXv - NnØnc \£{XØnt‚Xv Hcp H‰s∏´ ]niIv As√∂pw, F√m \£{Xßfpw AcnÃm¿°kpw AXn\v ap≥]v _m_ntemWnb°mcpw tcJs∏SpØn-bXn¬

Acn- Ã m¿°kv

Kmse≥

\n∂pw Hcp {]tXyI {IaØn¬ amdnbn´p≠v F∂pamWv . AXn\v Hcp hniZo-IcWta \¬Im≥ BIpambncp∂p≈q: `qanbpsS A®pX≠v ]gb Znibn¬ \n∂pw amdnbncn°p∂p! thsdmcp hn[Øn¬ ]d™m]≠sØ {[ph\£{Xw A√ Ct∏mgsØ {[ph \£{Xw. Hcp ]ºcw Idßn°dßn AXns‚ thKX Ipdbptºmƒ AXns‚ A®pX≠v BSp∂Xpt]mse, `qanbpsS A®p-X≠v {ItaW h´Øn¬ BSpIbmWv. Hmtcm h¿jhpw 45 sk°≠v F∂ tXmXnBWv- Cu B´w F∂mWv At±lw IW°m°nbXv. B[p\nI IW°p Iq´¬ A\pkcn®v CXv 50.2 sk°≠v hcpw. AXmbXv 25800 h¿jwsIm≠v Hcp N{Iw ]q¿Øn-bm°n ]gb-ÿm\Øv hcpw. Cu Ne-\-Øn\v hnjph{`wiw AYhm precession of the equinox F∂v- ]dbp-∂p.(16) ln∏m¿°kv kqcyN{μ≥ amcpsS {`aWhpw \njvIr„ambn ]Tn°p-Ibpw Nm{μamkØns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Hcp sk°≠n\p IrXyambpw h¿j-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Bdp an\n´n\p IrXyambpw IW°m°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXns\ms° ]pdta {SnKtWm-sa{SnbpsS ]nXmsh∂pw ln∏m¿°kns\ hntijn∏n°mdp≠v. At±lØn-s‚ IrXnIsfm∂pw In´nbn´n-s√¶nepw At±lw kbn\pIfpsS (Sines) Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm°nbXmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. kbn≥ (A+B) bv°mbn \mw D]tbmKn°p∂ tSmsfanbpsS Xodw bYm¿YØn¬ ln∏m¿°kns‚ I≠p]nSnØw BWt{X. tKmf{XntImW߃ (spherical triangles) \n¿[mcWw sNøm\pw At±lØn\v Adnbm-ambncp∂p.

Iq´Øn¬ ]dbs´, `q]SØnA£mwiØns‚bpw tcJmwi-Øns‚bpw klmbtØmsS ÿe߃ ASbmfs∏SpØp∂ coXn \S∏m°nbXv Cdms‰mkvsX\nkv Bbncps∂-

kok¿

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

¶n¬, AtX coXnbn¬ \£{XßfpsSbpw {KlßfpsSbpw ÿm\w ASbm-fs∏SpØnØpSßnbXv ln∏m¿°kv Bbncp∂p.

AcnÃm¿°kns\ \mw Hm¿°p∂Xv, P\߃ AwKoIcn-®ns√¶nepw skucbqYØns‚ GItZiw icnbmb Hcp Nn{Xw apt∂m´p h®p - F∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ BsW¶n¬ tSmsfansb \mw Hm¿°p∂Xv P\߃ kt¥mjtØmsS s\©nte‰nb, F∂mXnI®pw sX‰mb, Hcp {]]© amXrI kΩm\n®Xns‚ t]cn¬ BWv - ! ¢mUnbkv tSmsfan (Claudius Ptolemy, {In. ]n. 85 165) AeIvkm{≠nbbpsS ÿm]Icmb tSmsfan cmPhwi-hpambn _‘ap≈ Hcmfmbncp∂n√. bYm¿∞Øn¬ Ct±lw Hcp tdma≥ ]uc≥ Bbncp∂p. {In. ]n. 127 apX¬ 151 hsc Ct±lw AeIvkm- { ≠nbbnXmakn®v hm\ \nco£- W ߃ \SØpIbpw tPymXn- » mkv{X ]T\ßfn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw sNbvXXmbn tcJIfp≠v. tPymsa-{Snbnbq¢nUns‚ Fsesa‚ vkv t]mse tPymXn»mkv{XØn¬ Ct±lØns‚ A¬asPÃv (Almagest) BbncØn A™qtdmfw h¿jw ]Tn°s∏´ Hcp B[nImcnI {KŸw Bbn \ne\n∂p.

AXn¬ tPymXn-»mkv{XØn\p ]pdta KWnXhpw ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂p. ]e sSIvÃ_ -v p°pIsfbpw t]mse AXnIpd®v `mKw auenIamb kn≤m¥ßfpw F∂m¬ \s√mcp `mKw ap≥]v Xs∂ Adnbs∏´ncp∂ ({][m\ambpw ln∏m¿°kv ]Tn∏n®) XXzßfpsS t{ImUoIcWhpw BWv.KWnXØns‚ Iq´Øn¬ kbn\pIfpsS Hcp ]´nIbpw ss]bpsS aqeyw 3.14167 Bbn´p≈ \n¿hN\hpw ImWmw. thsdmcp `mKØv 1022 \£{XßfpsS ÿm\ \n¿Wbw \SØnbncn°p∂p. _m°n `mK߃ {KlNe\w kw_‘n® tSmsfanbpsS kn≤m¥w AhXcn∏n°p∂p. CXv hy‡ambpw `qansb {]]©Øns‚ a[yØn¬ {]XnjvTn®p. `qan tI{μØnepw N{μ≥, _p[≥, ip{I≥, kqcy≥, sNmΔ, hymgw, i\n F∂nh AtX {IaØn¬ `qanbn¬ \n∂v Zqscbmbn `qansb Np‰p∂Xmbpw D≈ {]]© amXrI BWv - tSmsfan apt∂m´p h®Xv. N{μs‚ {`aW ]Yw am{Xta IrXyambpw hrØmIrXnbnD≈q. a‰p≈ {KlßfpsS Ne\߃ hniZoIcn°p∂Xn\p N{IßfpsS ]pdØv Np‰p∂ A[nN{I߃ (epicycles) F∂ \n¿anXnsb B{ibnt°≠n h∂p. F∂m¬ A¤pXimkv{X-KXn

Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ Imew apX¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂ `qtI{μnX kn≤m¥Øns\ KWnXØns‚ hnizmkyX AWnbn®p.

C°mWp∂ {]]©Øns‚sb√mw tI{μØn¬ a\pjys‚ Bhmkÿm\amb `qan {]XnjvTn°s∏SpI, AXns\ {]Z-£nWw h®psIm≠v as‰√m {Klßfpw kqcyN{μmZnIfpw \nesIm-≈pI: CXnt\°mƒ kw{Xp]vXnIcambn F¥p≈q?

Aß\sØ anYym kwXr]vXn-bpsS XWentPymXn»mkv{Xw Dd°Ønem≠p. AXn\n∂pWcm≥ GXm≠v BbncØn A™qdv h¿j߃ th≠n h∂p.

Icamb hkv X pX, AØcw \qdp IW°n\v A[nN{IßfpsS klmbtØmsS F√m {KlßfpsSbpw ÿm\hpw KXnbpw GXm≠v IrXyXtbmsS {]hNn°m≥ tSmsfan°v Ign™p F∂XmWv. CXmbncp∂p bYm¿∞Øn¬ tSmsfanbpsS kw`mh\. Hcphn[Øn¬ ]d™m¬ XnI®pw imkv{Xobamb ]≤Xn Bbncp∂p tSmsfanbptSXv. {]]©Øns‚ Hcp KWnX amXrI D≠m°pI; AXns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ {KlNe\sØ]‰n {]hN\w \SØm≥ IgnbpI; AXv \nco£WßfneqsS icnhbv°pI. Hcp imkv{X kn≤m¥Øns‚ km[pXbv°v CXnev]cw F¥mWv th≠Xv? ]t£ bYm¿YØn¬ D≈ Ahÿ CXn¬\n∂v- hfsc hn`n∂w Bbncp∂p F∂v - \ap°dnbmw. tSmsfanbpsS {]hN\Ønse ]niIpIƒ Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\p th≠ IrXyX A∂v e`yamb \nco£W߃°v D≠mbncp∂n√ F∂XmWv hmkvXhw. AsX¥mbmepw, tSmsfan apt∂m´p h® amXrI Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ Imew apX¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂ `qtI{μnX kn≤m¥Øns\ KWnXØns‚ hnizmkyX AWnbn®p. C°mWp∂ {]]©Øns‚sb√mw tI{μØna\pjys‚ Bhmkÿm\amb `qan {]Xnjv T n°s∏SpI, AXns\ {]Z-

47

£nWw h®psIm≠v as‰√m {Klßfpw kqcyN{μmZnIfpw \nesIm≈pI: CXnt\°mƒ kw{Xp]v X nIcambn F¥p≈q?

Aß\sØ anYym kwXr]v X nbpsS XWen¬ tPymXn»mkv { Xw Dd°Ønem≠p. AXn¬ \n∂pWcm≥ GXm≠v BbncØn A™qdv h¿j߃ th≠n h∂p.

sshZy imkv{Xw sshZyimkv{XØnse C°mesØ alm{]Xn` Kmse≥ Bbncp∂p.

Kmse≥ (Galen {In.]n. 129 - 199 ) ]ucmWnI ImeL´Ønse HSphnesØ {][m\ {KŸImc≥ Bbncps∂∂p ]dbmw. C∂sØ S¿°n-bnep≈ s]¿Kma¨ (]gb t]cv s]¿Kmaw) Bbncp∂p Kmses‚ P∑ÿew. AhnsS A∂v AeIvkm-{≠nbbnse alm {KŸimetbmSv InS]nSn°p∂ as‰mcp {KŸimebpw hn⁄m\-tI{μhpw D≠mbncp∂p. AhnSsØ hnZym`ymkØn\v tijw Kmse≥ AeIvkm{≠nb Dƒs∏sS-bp≈ a‰p hn⁄m\ tI{μ߃ kμ¿in°pIbpw ]n∂oSv tdma≥ N{Ih¿Øn am¿°kv Hmdoenbpkns‚ sIm´mcw sshZy\mbn ÿm\w Fev°pIbpw sNbvXp. Kmse≥ a\pjy arXtZl߃ Iodnapdn®p ]Tn®ns√¶nepw arK-ßfnhn]peamb ]T\߃ \SØn. Aßs\ icoc imkv{XØn¬ B[nImcnIamb {KŸw cNn°m≥ At±lØn\v Ign™p. c‡ Nw{Ia-WØ - ns‚ BZy ]mT߃ Is≠-ØnbXmWv At±lØns‚ G‰hpw {][m\amb kw`mh\. [a\nI- f psSbpw kncIfpsSbpw [¿a߃ th¿Xncn®dnbm≥ At±lØn\v Ign™p. lrZbØnse hm¬hpIfpsS {]h¿Ø\hpw At±lw a\ nem°n. c‡w ip≤oIcn°p-∂Xn¬ izmtkm-Ozm-k-Øn\p≈ {]m[m\yhpw At±lw Duln®p. F∂mizmtkm-OzmksØ \nb{¥n°p∂XvlrZb anSn∏v BsW∂mWv- At±lw [cn®Xv. Pohs\ kw_‘n® At±lØns‚ kn≤m¥Øn¬ hmbphn\p (pneuma) {]tXyI ÿm\w D≠mbncp∂p. Hcp ]t£ shdpw hmbp F∂Xn-t\°mƒ `mcXob k¶¬]w Bb "{]mW≥' Bbncn°mw AXnt\mSv Ipd®pIqsS ASpØp hcp∂Xv. lnt∏m{Ims‰kns‚ "\mev lyqa¿' kn≤m¥hpw Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ a\pjy-s\-°pdn-®p≈ k¶ev]hpw Kmse\pw AwKo-Icn®p.

CXnsems° ]e ]niIpIfpw ImWmw F¶nepw GXm≠v B[p\nI Imew FØpw hsc hfsc kzm[o\w

48

sNepØnb hy‡nXzw Bbncp∂p Kmset‚Xv. AXns‚ Hcp ImcWw At±lØns‚ kn≤m¥hpw a\pjy k¶ev ] hpw ssZh hnizmkØnA[njvTnXhpw aX s]utcmlnXy i‡nIƒ°p XnI®pw kzoImcyhpw Bbncp∂p F∂XmImw. {InkvXob k`bv ° pw C…man\pw AXnt\mSv Ieln-t°≠ Bhiyw D≠mbn√.

sh≈w \nd® Hcp tKmfw CcphiØpap≈ s_bdnßp IfnkzX{¥ambn IdßØ°hn[w Xmßn \n¿Ønbncn°p∂p.

5.6 AeIvkm{≠nb≥ Xmsg \n∂v- Xo ImeL´Ønse sImSp°ptºmƒ sh≈w kmt¶XnIhnZyIƒ NqSmbn Xnf®v, sls√\nÃnIv kaqlw ]e cmPytKmfØns‚ ]≈-Ifn¬ °mcpsSbpw aX°mcpsSbpw `mj°mcpsSbpw hwi°mcpsSbpw kwLmXw \n∂v- X≈n \n¬°p∂ Bbncp∂p. hym]mc hmWnPy _‘\mev ss]∏pIfneqsS ßfpw \Kc tI{μoIrXamb DXv]mZ\ \ocmhn ]pdtØbv°v k{ºZmbßfpw CS]mSpIfpw BWvNo‰pw. AXns‚ X≈Ahsc H∂n∏n®ncp∂Xv . F∂ncpsIm≠v tKmfw hn]coX ∂mepw Cu hºn® kºØpXv]mZnibn¬ Idßpw.

Z\sØ kamlcn°m≥ t]m∂ tI{μob `cW hyhÿtbm NqjWw GXm≠v C°meØv sNøm≥ t]m∂ ]utcmlnXytam tXm´w \\bv°m≥ D≠mbncp∂n√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ D]tbmKn°p∂ kv{]nh≥tXmXnep≈ \n¿amW kwcw`-߃ ¶vf¿ t]mse. icn°v A°meØp≠mbn√. Cu ]cnanXn]d™m¬ \yq´s‚ Iƒ-°p≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠pXs∂ B aq∂mw \nbaØns‚ kaqlw kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS ]ptcmKXn°p \n¿WmbIamb kw`m{]tbm-Kw BWnhnsS h\Iƒ \¬In. AhcpsS F≥Pn\o\S°p∂Xv, Ah¿ AXv b¿am¿ sNdp sNdp b{¥ßƒ BWvAßs\ \n¿Ωn®Xv, ]t£ ap≥Ime bh\a\ nem°nbns√¶nF≥Pn\ob¿am¿ hf¿Øn FSpØ t]mepw. b{¥X{¥ hn⁄m\Øns‚ (Theory of Machines)

A\p`h]mT߃ Ah¿°v klmbØn\p≠mbncp∂p.

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

DtØmeIw AXns‚ G‰hpw {]mYanI cq]Øn¬ CuPn]vXpImcpw _m_ntemWnb°mcpw D]tbm- K n®ncp∂p. ]t£ I∏nbpw dm´pw (windlass) AeIvkm-{≠nb°mcpsS I≠p]nSnØw Xs∂bmWv. Ah D]tbmKn®p≈ s{Ibn\pIfpw Ah¿ \n¿an®p. ChbpsS cq]Iev]\bv°pw sa°m\n°¬ AUzms‚Pv IW°m°m\pw D≈ ssI∏pkvXI - ߃ I≠pIn´nbn´p≠v. [17] B∏pw (wedge) sNcnhp]eIIfpw (inclined planes) Ah¿°p ap≥]pw D≠mbncp∂p; ]t£ ]ncn-bmWn (screw) ]pXpabm-bncp∂p.

AXp-]tbmKn®v Ah¿ Heohpw ap¥ncnbpw ]ngnbm\p≈ s{] pIƒ D≠m°n.

{]K¤cmb F≥Pn\ob¿am¿ Hcp ]t£ \ap°v t]cdnbmhp∂ BZysØ F≥Pn\ob¿am¿ Cu ImeL´Øn¬ \n∂p≈h¿ Bbn-cn°mw. {In. ap. aq∂mw iXIØn\pw {In. ]n.

BZy iXIØn\pw CSbv°v Pohn®ncp∂ AeIvkm{≠nbbnse lotdm (10-70 {In.]n.), ss_km-‚ nbØnse ^ntem ({In.ap. 20˛{In.]n. 50 ), sŒko_nbkv ({In.ap. 285 - 225 ), hn{Sqhnbkv ({In.ap. 80 / 70 - 10 ) XpSßnbh¿ ]ehn[ eLpb{¥-߃°pw D]IcW-߃°pw cq]w \¬In. B¿°nanUokpw ({In.ap. 287 - 212) {]K¤\mb Hcp F≥Pn\ob¿ Bbncp∂pht√m. {In.]n. H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn®ncp∂ AeIvkm{≠nbbnse lotdm (Heron Alexandrinus F∂v- icnbmb t]cv) \ΩpsS s]cp¥®s\t∏mse ]e IpkrXn°≠p]nSnØ߃°pw {]kn≤\mbncp∂p. Hcp ]t£ BZysØ \ocmhn F©n≥ F∂v hnfn°mhp∂ Hcp b{¥w At±lw kr„n®p. sh≈w \nd® Hcp tKmfw CcphiØpap≈ s_bdnßp IfnkzX{¥ambn IdßØ°hn[w Xmßn \n¿Ønbncn°p∂p. Xmsg \n∂v- Xo sImSp°ptºmƒ sh≈w NqSmbn Xnf®v, tKmfØns‚ ]≈Ifn¬ \n∂v- X≈n \n¬°p∂ \mev ss]∏pIfneqsS (nozzles) \ocmhn ]pdtØbv°v No‰pw. AXns‚ X≈sIm≠v tKmfw hn]coX ZnibnIdßpw. GXm≠v C°meØv tXm´w \\bv°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ kv{]n¶v f ¿ t]mse. icn°v ]d™m\yq´s‚ aq∂mw \nbaØns‚ {]tbmKw BWnhnsS \S°p∂Xv, Ah¿ AXv Aßs\ a\ nem°nbns√¶nt]mepw. B[p\nI dnbm£≥ S¿_bn\pIfn¬ CtX XXzw Xs∂bmWv {]tbmKn°p∂Xv. imkv{X-KXn

CXv IqSmsX NqSmb hmbp sIm≠v Nen°p∂ ]e b{¥ ]mhIfpw At±lw \n¿an®p. \mWbw C´m\n›nX Afhv Xo¿∞w Xcp∂ Hcp sh≥UnwKv sajo≥, {ZmhIßfpsS Hgp°v \nb{¥n°p∂ Hcp kndn©v, an\n´pIƒ \ofp∂ ]mhIfn {]Z¿in∏n°p∂ b{¥ Xntb‰¿, kzbw Xncn sXfn°p∂ Hcp dm¥¬ hnf°v XpSßnbh At±lØns‚ kr„nIfn¬-s]Sp∂p. as‰mcp I≠p]nSnØw bm{¥nI tlmaIpfiw Bbncp∂p.

AXn¬ I¿∏qcw IØn°ptºmƒ CcphiØpw \n¬°p∂ Bƒcq]߃ tlmaIpfiØnte°v ]qPm{Zhy-߃ A¿∏n°pw. as‰mcp tZhmebØn¬ ÿm]n®ncp∂ AƒØmcbn¬ I¿∏qcw IØn®m¬ AXn\IsØ hmbp NqSmbn hnIkn®v Nne DtØmeIßsf Nen∏n°pIbpw AhtbmSv LSn∏n® {iotImhnens‚ hmXnepIƒ Xmt\ Xpd°pIbpw sNøpambncp∂p. "^oUv _m°v' D]tbmKn®v kzbw \nb{¥n°p∂ Cu b{¥ßƒ ssks_¿s\´nIvkv F∂ imkv{X imJbpsS DZbw Ipdn°p∂p. shdpsXb√ At±lØn\v "b{¥ a\pjy≥' (Michanikos ) F∂v- t]cv hoWXv-! [18] ]t£ IuXpIIcamb Ifn∏m´ßƒ F∂ \nebn¬ am{Xta CsX√mw AeIvkm{≠nb°m¿ I≠p≈q. AXpsIms≠¥p ]‰n? kuh¿W Imew AkvXan®t∏mƒ Chsb√mw hnkvarXambn.

sh≈w Db¿Øm\p≈ b{¥ßƒ (]ºpIƒ) hnπhIcamb Hcp am‰w Ipdn®p. hm´¿ kv{Iq (B¿°nanUokns‚ ]ncn D]tbmKn®p≈Xv) Im¿jnI PetkN\ cwKØp am{Xa√ IpSnsh≈w FØn°p-∂Xnepw henb ]¶v hln®p. AXn\v ]pdta J\nIƒ Pehnap‡am°p∂Xnepw I∏epIfn¬ \n∂v- sh≈w tImcn°-fbp-∂Xn\pw Ah D]tbmKn®ncp-∂Xmbn hn{Sqhnbkv ]dbp∂p. CXv IqSmsX ]Øp ]{¥≠p ao‰¿ hymkap≈ hensbmcp N{IØns‚ Bc°mepIfpsS A‰Øp LSn∏n® Ncph߃ D]tbmKn®v sh≈w Db¿Ønbncp∂ t\mdnb (Noria ) F∂ PeN{Ihpw (hm´¿ho¬) A∂v D]tbmK-Ønep≠m-bncp∂p. N{IØntebv°v sh≈w hogvØp-∂ coXn A\pkcn®v ta¬ N{Ißfpw IogvN - {Ißfpw ew_ N{Ißfpw (Overshot, Undershot and Breast water wheels) hnIkn∏n°s∏´p.

Xo sISpØm\pw IpSnsh≈w Db¿Øm\pw D]tbmKn®ncp∂ t^mgvkv ]ºns\∏‰n sŒko_n-bkpw ^ntembpw hnhcn°p∂p≠v. sh≈w am{Xa√ hmbphpw Ah¿°v ]ºv sNøm≥ Adnbmambncp∂p. hmbp {]hmlw sIm≠v kwKoXw kr„n°p∂ D]IcW߃ (Organs) A∂v km[mcWambncp∂p. Ch s]mXpth C∂sØ lm¿tamWnbw t]mse ssI sIm≠v sRcp°p∂ DeIƒ (bellows) D≈hbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬ {In. ap. c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ HgpIp∂

49

sh≈Øns‚ i‡n D]tbmKn®v {]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcp kwKoX D]IcWsØ∏‰n (Water organ) ]cma¿iw D≠v. kam\amb as‰mcp kwKoX D]IcWØn\p≈ NmeI i‡n Hcp Im‰mSnbn¬ \n∂mWv In´nbncp∂sX∂pw IcpXs∏Sp∂p. CXv icnsb¶n¬ Xo¿®bmbpw hensbmcp t\´w Xs∂bmWv. Fs¥∂m¬, Im‰ns‚ i‡n hnPbIcambn Ids∂Sp°p∂Xns‚ BZyDZmlcWw Bbn-cn°pw AXv. AeIvkm{≠nb≥ F≥Pn\ob¿amcpsS as‰mcp t\´w Imcy£aamb Pe LSnImc߃ hnIkn∏ns®SpØXmWv. s¢]vkn{Um (Clepsidra) F∂mbncp∂p AXns‚ t]cv. sh≈Øns‚ Hgp°v ÿncambn \ne\n¿ØpI F∂ {]iv\hpw Pe LSnImcØnse kabsØ kqcy LSnImcØnse kabhpambn CW°pI F∂ {]iv\hpw Fßs\ ]cnlcn®p F∂v- hn{Sqhnbkv hnhcn®n´p≠v. k¿thbv°p≈ D]IcW߃: Ch IqSmsX IrXyamb coXnbnk¿th \SØm≥ D]Icn°p∂ ]e Afhv D]IcWßfpw hn{Sqhnbkv [19] hnhcn®n´p≠v. Zqchpw tImWpIfpw IrXyambn Af°m\p≈ D]IcW߃ Ah¿°p≠mbncp∂p.

Zqcw Af°p∂ sskt¢mao‰¿, KnbdpIƒ LSn∏n® Hcp b{¥w Bbncp∂p. Zqcÿamb hkvXp°fpsS Zni IrXyambn Nq≠n°mWn-

50

°p∂ Utbm]v{S (Diotpra) {In. ap. aq∂mw iXIØn¬ Xs∂ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂p≠v . AXns\ ap≥t]m´pw ]nt∂m´pw adn®v- Hcp "{Sm≥kn‰v' Bbn D]tbmKn°p∂ hnZy lotdm BWvI≠p]nSn®Xv. Ipcnins‚ BIrXnbnep≈ Hcp D]IcWw Bbncp∂p Kvt\ma (tdmam°m¿ CXns\ t{Kma B°n am‰n). CXp]tbmKn®v a´ tImWpIƒ IrXyambn ASbmfs∏SpØm≥ Ah¿°v Ign™ncp∂p. sNcn- h pIƒ Af°m≥ Ah¿°v sImtdm-t_‰vkv (Chorobates) Fs∂mcpD]IcWw D≠mbncp∂p. GXm≠v 6 ao‰¿ \ofap≈ Hcp Z≠ns‚ c≠‰Øpw Hmtcm πw_v t_m_v Xq°n-bn´p hm´¿ seshens‚ klmbtØmsS IrXyamb \nc∏v \n¿Wbn°p∂ D]IcWw Bbncp∂p AXv. Cu D]IcWßsf√mw D]tbmKn®v Ah¿ 500 ao‰¿ \ofap≈ Hcp Xpc¶w c≠‰Øp \n∂pw H∂n®v - Xpc∂v , IrXyambn Iq´nap´n®p F∂Xv FSpØp ]dtb≠XmWv. [m\yw s]mSn°¬: [m\yw s]mSn°pI F∂Xv F√m kaql-ßfnepw hfsc A[zm\w Bhiyap≈ Hcp ]Wn Bbncp∂pht√m. BZnImew apX¬ Xs∂ Cu ]Wn°mbn ASnaIsf D]tbmKn°p∂ [20] ]Xnhv D≠mbncp∂p. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ b{¥hXvIcWw BZyw IS∂ph∂ taJe CXmbXn¬ A¤pXan√.

Dcepw De°bpw sIm≠v [m\yw

s]mSn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw XncnI√v {]tbmKØn¬ h∂t∏mgmWv AXn\p≈ hgn sXfn™Xv. [m\yw s]mSn°p∂ an√v Id°m\mbn IpXncIsfbpw IgpXIsfbpw D]tbmKn®Xmbncn°mw Hcp ]t£ hyhkmb taJebnse BZysØ arKi‡n-{]tbmKw. PeN{I߃ I≠p]nSn®tXmsS Ahsb an√pambn Iq´nbnW°pI F∂Xv kzm`mhnIamb Hcp Nhn´p]Sn Bbn. KnbdpItfmSv IqSnb PeN{Ißsf∏‰n ^ntem BWv BZyambn ]dbp∂Xv. {Koknse s]cmt°mdm (Perachora) F∂ ÿesØ PeN{IamWv Ncn{XØn¬ CSw ]nSn® BZysØ Peb{¥w. jm^v‰vIfpsSbpw KnbdpIfpsSbpw klmbtØmsS N{IØns‚ Id°w an√nse XncnI√ns‚ Id°w B°n am‰p∂Xv Xo¿®bmbpw kmt¶XnI hnZybnse Hcp IpXn®p Nm´w Bbncp∂p. Hc¿YØn¬ ]m›mXy temIsØ b{¥ kwkvImcØns‚ BZysØ NphSphbv∏v CXn¬ Z¿in°mw.

5.7 D]kwlmcw ]m›mXy imkv { XØns‚bpw kmt¶XnI kwkv I rXnbpsSbpw ASnØd C´Xv {Kokn¬ BsW∂Xn\v kwibw H∂pan√. hnizmkßfpambn s]mcpØs∏SmsX hcptºmƒ AhnShnsS Nne th´bmSepIƒ D≠mIp∂ps≠¶nepw s]mXpth kzX{¥ Nn¥bptSXmb Hcp A¥HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

co£w BWv- {Koknepw AeIvkm{≠nbbnepw \ne\n∂Xv. Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ temI ho£Whpw AXns\ B[mcam°n tSmsfan hnIkn∏ns®SpØ KWnX amXrIbpw P\{]nbw Bbncps∂¶nepw AXns\Xncmb Imgv N ∏mSpIfpw hyXykv X amb {]]© amXrIIfpw {]NmcØnep≠mbncp∂p. \nco£W ]co£WßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ IrXyamb, Afhp]camb, ^eßfn¬ FØp∂ coXn°pXpS°w Ipdn°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign™p. kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS cwKØpw ]m›mXy temIØv ]n∂oSp≠mb ]ptcmKXnbpsS ASnÿm\ambn h¿Øn® b{¥ LSI߃ ChnsS hnIkn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xmbn \mw I≠p.

Ahbv°m[mcamb XXzßfpw kn≤m-

¥ßfpw DcpØncns®Sp°m\pw Ch¿°v Ign™p. A©v ASnÿm\ b{¥ LSI߃ Bb DtØmeIw (lever), N{Ihpw A®pX≠pw (wheel and axle), I∏n (pulley), B∏v (wedge), ]ncn (screw) F∂nhbpw {]mYanI Ne\ cq]ßfmb ]ncn (screw), Iymw (cam), dm®‰v (ratchet), I∏n (pulley), Knb¿ (gear) F∂nhbpw Ah¿ hnIkn∏ns®SpØncp∂p. h´Ønep≈ Id°sØ \ofØnep≈ Ne\w B°p∂ {Im¶v (crank) Ah¿°dnbmambncps∂¶nepw C∂sØ Xp∂b{¥Ønep≈ t]mep≈ Nhn´pN{Iw AYhm s{SUn¬ (treadle) Ah¿ D]tbmKn®ncp∂n√. ckIcamb kwKXn, IuXpIIcamb At\Iw IpkrXn b{¥ßƒ Ah¿ hnIkn∏ns®¶nepw Ahsb-

√mwXs∂ Ime{]hmlØnhnkvarXambn F∂XmWv. \ocmhn b{¥w t]mse AXy¥w km[yXIƒ D≈ H∂n\pt]mepw XpS¿® D≠mbn√. AXn\v ImcWw Ahbvs - °m∂pw kaqlØnse ssZ\wZn\ DXv]mZ\ {]h¿Ø\ßtfmSv _‘-ap≠mbn√ F∂XmWv . AtX kabw, Irjn, PetkN\w, `£W kwkvIcWw apXemb ASnÿm\ {]h¿Ø\ßfpambn _‘s∏´ ]ºv, PeN{Iw, an√v , XpSßnbh AeIv k m{≠nbbpsS ]X\Øn\p tijhpw \ne\n¬°pIbpw bqtdm∏pIm¿ ]I¿Øn hf¿Øn P\PohnXØns‚ `mKw B°pIbpw sNbvXp. imkv{X Ncn{XØnse Hcp kp{][m\ ]mTw BWv- ChnsS \mw ImWp∂Xv.

kqN\Iƒ [9]

[10]

Staikos, K. (2000). The Great Libraries: From Antiqutiy to the Renaissance. Newcastle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Press.

ssls]jybpsS sIme]mXIØn\v aX]cw F∂Xv IqSmsX cm{„obamb ImcWßfpw D≠mIm\p≈ km[yX D≠v . http://womenshistory.about.com/ od/hypati1/a/hypatia.htm

[11]

CuPn]v ‰ v - B{IaWØn\mbn \ntbmKn°s∏´ Aao¿ C_v≥ Aem°n\v Imen^v Ham¿ C{]Imcw Hcp ktμiw Ab®p F∂mWv ]dbs∏Sp∂Xv: ""Cu {Ko°pImcpsS {KŸßƒ ssZh hN\hpambn s]mcpØs∏Sp∂p F¶n¬ Ah kq£n®v hbv°p∂Xn¬ A¿∞an√. s]mcpØs∏Sp∂ns√¶n¬ Ah kq£n®v hbv°mt\ ]mSn√. \in∏nt® aXnbmhq!'' ]t£ CXv shdpw IY BIms\ km[yXbp≈q. {][m\ ImcWw, Cu hnhcWw BZyambn shfn®w ImWp∂Xv kw`hw \S∂p A™qtdmfw sIm√w - Ign™v- ]XnΩq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ am{Xw BsW∂p≈XmWv. A°meØv BIs´, Ipcnip bp≤߃°v km[pX \¬Im\mbn ap…nw hntcm[w Bfn°Øn°m≥ aXnbmb t{]cW D≠mbncp∂p Xm\pw.

Heather Phillips: “The Great Library of Alexandria?” http://unllib.unl.edu/ LPP/phillips.htm

[12]

B¿°nanUnkns‚ G‰hpw {]kn≤amb ssk\nI hocIrimkv{X-KXn

[13]

Xyw tdma≥ I∏¬ ]Ssb XpcØnb IYbmWv-. tdma≥ I∏epIƒ B{Ian®t∏mƒ kndIyqknse ]SbmfnItfmSv XßfpsS sh¶e ]cnNIƒ IÆmSn t]mse an\p°ns°m≠p XpdapJsØØm≥ B¿°nanUnkv Bhiys∏´pht{X. tdma≥ I∏¬]S AWn\ncs∂- Ø nbt∏mƒ ]SbmfnIfpsS an∂p∂ ]cnNIƒ {]`mX kqcys‚ IncW߃ H∂n®v- BZy I∏ens‚ ]mbbn¬ tI{μoIcn®p. \qdpIW°n\v aSßv- s]cp°nb kqcy Xm]w G‰p ]mb Xo]nSn®p; ]ns∂ ASpØXv-, AXns‚ ASpØXv-... ]cn{`m¥cmb tdma≥ I∏¬∏S Nn”`n∂ambn NnXdn ]n≥hmßn. CXmWv IY. ]t£ ]e Ncn{XImc≥amcpw CXv Ahnizkn°p∂p. kmt¶Xn-Iambn CXv km[yw BWv- F∂vXs∂ ]dbWw. F¶nepw hmkv X - h Øn¬ CXv \St∂m F∂v- kwibw BWv-. F¶nepw ]e IÆmSnIfn¬ \n∂pw kqcyciv a nIsf H∂n®v - Htc tI{μØnte°v {]Xn^en∏n®p D∂X Dujvamhv kr„n°p∂ kwhn[m\Øn\v B¿°nanUnb≥ kwhn[m\w F∂mWv ]dbp∂Xv. kndIyqknse cmPmhmb lotdm c≠ma\v th≠n B¿°nanUokv \SØnb Cu ]co£WØns‚ IY hn{{Sqhnbkv BWv- BZyw tcJs∏SpØnbXv. http://math.nyu.edu/~crorres/

Archimedes/Crown/CrownItnro.hml [14] http://www.varchive.org/ce/orbit/ arisam.ldw [15] [16]

[17]

[18]

tPm¿Pv tPm¨k¨, \yq tbm¿°vssSwkv, sk]v. 24 , 2002 CXns‚ ^ew BbmWv ]cºcmKX C¥y≥ Ie≠dnse hnjp Bb taSw H∂n\p ]Icw C°meØv am¿®v 20 t\mSSpØv (ao\w 6) kqcy≥ `qa[y tcJbv°v apIfn¬ FØp∂Xv. “ Hcp DtØmeIhpw F\n°v \n¬°m≥ Hcp ÿehpw Xcq; Rm≥ `qansb adn®nSmw'' F∂vB¿°nanUokn\p ]dbm≥ Ign™Xv Cu Adnhns‚ ss[cyØn¬ Bbncp∂ncn°Ww. lotdm I≠p]nSn®Xv F∂v hnizkn°s∏Sp∂ 78 b{¥ßfpsS hnhcWw Cu ssk‰nhmbn°mw: http://www.history. rochester.edu/steam/hero/

[19]

[20]

hn{Sqhnbkv (Marcus Vtiruvius Pollio) Hcp anen´dn F≥Pn\ob¿ Bbncp∂p. At±lØns‚ De Architectura F∂ {KŸamWv AeIvkm{≠nb≥ ImeL´Ønse bm{¥nI kwkvImcsØ∏‰n \ap°v B[nImcnI hnhc߃ \¬Ip∂Xv. ss__nƒ IYbnse inwtims\ (Samson) ^nenkvXo≥Im¿ XShpImc\m°nbt∏mƒ At±lØns‚ Aam\pj i‡n apXem°m\mbn Ah¿ sNbvXXv [m\yw s]mSn°p∂ an√v Id-°m≥ G¬∏n°pI Bbncp∂-t√m.

51

KXm-KXw AUz. sI.-]n. chn-{]-Imiv

th≠Xv Hcp KXm-KX \bw tIc-f-Øns‚ kpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿hhp-amb hnI-k-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Hcp KXm-KX \bw AXm-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS e£yw. Hmt´m samss_¬ hnI-k-\Øn¬ e£y-an-´p≈ hnI-k\w sNe-th-dn-b-Xpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-√m-ØXpw, \oXn-bp-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xpw, kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-c-a-√m-ØXpw BWv. AXp-sIm≠v sNehv Ipd™, kpÿn-c-Xmbp≈, s]mXp-kw-hn-[m\Øn¬ Du∂nb KXm-KX\b-amWv \ap°v Bhiyw.

tI c-f-Øn-eqsSbp≈

bm{X- I ƒ {]tXy-In®v tdmUv bm{X-Iƒ Zp -lambnsIm≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. icm-icn 10 % hml-\ß - ƒ Hmtcm h¿jhpw tIc-fØnse \nc-Øn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn Cd-ßp∂p-≠v. tIc-fØ - n¬ cPn-ÿ sNø-s∏´n-´p≈ 55 e£w hml-\ßfpw a‰v kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn´pff 12 e£w hml-\-ßfpw AS°w 67 e£w hml-\ß - ƒ 1200 In.ao. hcp∂ tZiob ]mX-If - n-eqsSbpw 21,000 In.ao. hcp∂ PWD ]mX-If - n-eq-sSbpw Hcp e£w Intem-ao-‰dn-e[ - nIw hcp∂ a‰p ]mX-If - n-eq-sSbpw HmSn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibm-W.v CXn¬ hml-\ß - f - psS kΩ¿±w G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Df-fXv tZiob ]mX-

52

I-fnepw PWD tdmUp-If - n-ep-amWv F∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠X - n-√t- √m. C{X-b[nIw hml-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-f-fm≥ \ΩpsS tZiob ]mX-Iƒ°pw PWD tdmUp-Iƒ°pw Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v tIc-fØ - n-eqsS bm{X sNøp-∂h - ¿°v e`n-°p∂ icm-icn thKX 30 In.an/ aWn-°qdn¬ Xmsg-bmWv. CXv ag°meamIp-∂t- XmsS 20 In.an/aWn-°q¿ Bbn amdp-∂p. C\n tdmUp-I-fpsS ÿnXn ]d-tb-≠-Xp-an-√. s]m´n-s]mfn™ tdmUp-If - n-eq-sS-bp≈ bm{XIƒ, bm{X sNøp-∂-h-scbpw hml-\-ßsfbpw Htc t]mse Zpcn-XØ - n-em-°p-Ibm-W.v Hcp hiØv P\-ßf - p-sSbpw AhcpsS Pohn-XØ - n-\m-hi - y-amb Nc-°p-I-

fp-sSbpw aqhvsa‚ v h¿[n-°pIbpw AtXm-sSm∏w hml\ km{μ-Xbpw h¿[n-°p-tºmƒ adp-hi - Øv tdmUpIfpsS \ofhpw KpW-\n-eh - m-chpw h¿[n°p-∂n-√ F∂v am{X-a√ a‰p am¿K-ßfn-eqsSbp≈ k©m-ck - u-Icyw hnI-kn°p-∂p-an-√. tdmUp KXm-KX - Ø - ns‚ ]qcI-ßf - mWv sdbn¬ KXm-KXw, Pe KXmK-Xw, thyma-KX - m-KXw F∂n-h. sdbn¬ KXm-KXØn\v {]mY-anI \nt£]w IqSp- X ¬ Bh- i y- a mWv F¶n¬ IqSn G‰hpw Bh¿Ø\ sNehv Ipd-™Xpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI \miw Ipd-™Xpw G‰hpw Ipdhv ÿeam-hi - y-am-bX - pw, G‰hpw IqSp-XP\-ßs - f-bpw Nc°nt\bpw Dƒs°mHIvtSm-_¿ 2011

tdmU-]I - S- ß - ƒ

A]-ISw acWw ]cn-°p-]-‰n-b-h¿

2006 41647 3589 44881

2007 39971 3778 48246

≈m≥ Ignbp∂-Xp-amb bm{Xm-kw-hn-[m\-am-Wv. Ign™ A©v h¿j-Øn-\p≈n¬ tdmUv KXm-KX Nm¿Pv Cc-´n-bmb-t∏mƒ sdbn¬ KXm-KX Nm¿Pv Hcp ss]k-t]mepw Db¿∂n-´n√ F∂Xv {]tXyIw Nn¥n-t°-≠X - m-Wv. 1947 \v tijw sdbn¬ KXm-KX cwKØv Imcyamb hnI-k\ - s - am∂pw \ΩpsS kwÿm\Øv D≠m-bn-´n-√. BsI 10000 In.an am{X-amWv cmPy-ØmsI kzmX{¥y e_v[n°p tijw D≠mb ]pXnb ]mX. Nne sdbn¬ sse\p-If - psS Cc´n-∏n-°epw Ce-Iv{Sn-^n-t°-j\ - pw am{XamWv tIc-fØ - n¬ sdbn¬th hnI-k\ cwKØv D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv. Ct∏mgpw 1148 In.ao. am{X-amWv \ΩpsS sdbnsse\ns‚ \ofw. 100e[nIw Hmh¿ {_nUvPp-Iƒ C\nbpw ]Wn-tb-≠n-bncn-°p-∂p. Bfn-√mØ sdbn¬ t{Imkneq-sS-bp≈ A]-ISw \ap°v C√m-Xm°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kn·¬ knÃw F∂ kwhn-[m\w D]tbm-Ks - ∏-SpØn ]c-am-h[n Xoh-≠n-Iƒ HmSn- b v ° m≥ Bhp- ∂ n- √ . F∂msdbn¬sh bm{X sNehp Ipd-™Xpw kuIcy{]Z-hp-am-Ib - m¬ bm{X-°m-cpsS FÆw Zn\w {]Xn h¿[n®psIm≠n-cn°p-Ib - pam-Wv. sIm®n≥ C‚¿ \mjW¬ sS¿an-\e - ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Wam-Ip-∂-tXmsS Hcp Znhkw G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv 18 Nc°p s{Sbn-\p-Iƒ ChnsS \n∂p Nc-°p-ambn \otß≠n hcpw F∂mWv IW-°m-°p-∂X - .v tIcfw Pe kar-≤a - m-Wv, 41 \ZnIfpw ]›n-a-L-´hpw Ad-_n-°-Sepw AS-ßnb AXn-hn-]p-e-amb, hn`h kar≤amb Bhmk hyhÿ \ap°v kz¥-ambn D≠v. F∂m¬ CXv D]tbmKs∏Sp-Øn-s°m≠p≈ Pe KXmKX hnI-k\ - Ø - n¬ \Ωƒ Gsd ]ndIn-emWv F∂ Imcyw ]d-bmsX hø. ap≥]v sdbn¬sh hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Imcy- Ø n¬ kqNn- ∏ n- ® Xpt]mse G‰hpw Npcp-ßnb sNe-hn¬, ]mcn-ÿnXnI BLm-Xß - ƒ C√m-sX, Npcp-ßnb C‘-\s - ®ethm-sSbpw ÿew Gs‰-Sp°¬ C√m-sXbpw IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-XXz-tØm-sSbpw Hcp°m≥ Ign-bp∂ bm{Xm-kw-hn-[m-\a - mWv Pe-KX - m-KX - w. {][m-\a - mbpw c≠v Un∏m¿´vsa‚p-Iƒ BWv \ΩpsS Pe-KX - m-KXw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xv. H∂v P\-ß-fpsS bm{X imkv{X-KXn

2008 37263 3901 43857

2009 35433 3831 41401

2010 35046 3922 41207

ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p. State Water Transport Department. as‰m∂v Nc°v KXm-KXw \S-Øp-∂p.Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation Ltd. CXn¬ SWTD Ah- c psS 47 t_m´pI-fn-eq-sS-bmbn 877 {Sn∏p-If - mWv \S-Øp-∂X - v. 6733 km Pe-]mX Ch¿ D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. C\n sI. Fkv. sF.- F≥. kn bpsS Imcyw t\m°p-IbmWv F¶n¬ Ah¿ 20,000 Intem ao‰¿ Pe-]mX D]-tbm-Kn®v 2 P¶m-dn-eqsSbpff Nc°v KXm-KXw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. kzImcy taJ-e-bn¬ Ipd®v Sqdnkw t_m´p-Iƒ BWv \ap°v Df-fXv. 10 km/ hr BWv \ΩpsS Pe-KX - m-KX - Ø - ns‚ ]c-am-h[n thKX. \ΩpsS {]Jym-]nX Pe-]m-Xb - psS \ofw 1895 km BWv. C∂v Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw apXImk¿tKmUv hsc Pe-]m-X-bn-eqsS am{Xw bm{X-sN-øm≥ DX-Ip∂ ]mX

\ap°v D≠v. ]s£ D]-tbmKs∏Sp-Øp∂n√ F∂v am{Xw. th≠{X {i≤bpw Zo¿L-ho-£-Whpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m\ΩpsS Pe-]m-XI - sf D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-SpØn-s°m-≠p≈ KXm-KX - Ø - ns‚ hf¿® apc-Sn-®n-cn-°p-Ib - m-W.v thyma-KX - m-KX - Ø - ns‚ Imcy-ØnBWv \ap°v Ipd®v hf¿® t\Sm-\mbn- ´ p- ≈ - X v . AXv A¥m- c mjv { S sk¿hokns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ BWv. tIcf-Øns‚ Dffn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ hnam-\Ø - mh-fßsf _‘n-∏n®psIm≠p≈ sUmaÃnIv B`y-¥c KXm-KX kwhn-[m\w \ma-am-{X-am-W.v tIc-fØ - nse kº-Øp≈ BfpI-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-®n-´p≠v Ah-cpsS ssI]n-Sn-bn¬ HXp-ßm-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ D≈ Xt±-iob thyma-KX - mKXw C\nbpw D≠mbn htc-≠X - p-≠v.

Npcp-°Ø - n¬ tIc-fØ - nse KXmKX {]iv\ß - sf \ap°v Cßs\ hnebn-cp-Ømw.

1. P\-ßf - psS bm{X Bh-iy-߃ A\p-Zn\w h¿[n-°p-tºmgpw ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k\w AX-\p-kc - n®v h¿[n-°p-∂n√.

2. 1970 ¬ 78000 hml-\ß - ƒ D≠mbn-cp-∂n-SØv 2010 ¬ 53-.98 e£w hml-

Hcp S¨˛ Intem-ao-‰¿ Nc°v sIm≠p-t]mIp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ aen-\o-I-c-Ww ({Km-an¬) aen-\o-Ic - Ww Im¿_¨ tamtWm-IvsskUv kƒ^¿ U-tbm-IvsskUv ss\{S-P≥ HmIvsskUv Im¿_¨ ssU-tbm-IvsskUv NATPAC

tdmUv .92 .32 2.84 2.23

Pew .25 0.06 .27 0.45

]T\w

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\- ß ƒ Bbnh¿[n- ® p. F∂mtdmUns‚ BsI\ofw 73,000 In.an‰dn\n∂v 151,000-In.an Bbn am{X-amWv h¿[n®Xv. 3. ]©m-bØv tdmUp-Iƒ°v 8 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw Pn√m tdmUp-Iƒ°v 12 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw kwÿm\ ]mX-Iƒ°v 15 apX¬ 20 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw tZiob ]mXIƒ°v 30 ao‰¿ apX¬ 45 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw thW-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-tºmƒ tZiob-]m-XI - ƒ t]mepw Cu \ne-hm-cØ - n]Wn-bm≥ \ap-°m-bn-´n√.

4. tdmU-]I - S- ß - f - n¬ Hcp Znhkw 10 t]¿ acn-°p-Ibpw 100 t]¿°v ]cn°p-]‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

5. tdmUv kpc-£bv°v (Road Safety) Hcp AtXm-dn‰n Xs∂ \ΩpsS kwÿm\Øv D≠v. ]s£ tdmUv kpc£ Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂X - n¬ \Ωƒ Gsd ]ndIn¬ BWv. 6. tdmUp-If - nse kn·¬ kwhn-[m\-߃ Ip‰-a-‰Xm°p∂ Imcy-ØnbmsXmcp {i≤bpw ImWn-°p-∂n-√.

7. ]m¿iz-ßf - nse ]c-ky-t_m¿UpIƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - n\v bmsXmcp kwhn[m-\hpw C√.

8. Im¬ \S-°m¿°pw, ssk°nƒ bm{X-°m¿°pw F¥n\v Ccp-N{- I-hm-l\-°m¿°pw tdmUv kpc-£n-Xta A√.

9. tdmUnse bm{Xm hml-\ß - f - psSbpw Nc°v hml- \ - ß - f p- s Sbpw FÆhpw hÆ-hpw(100 MT hln-°p∂ Nc°v hml- \ - ß ƒ hsc Ct∏mƒ tdmUn-eqsS t]mIp-∂p-≠v) h¿[n-°ptºmgpw tdmUns‚ ASn- ÿ m\w ]pXp°n KpW-\n-eh - mcw h¿[n-∏n-°p∂-Xn\v ]Icw Hm´-bS-°¬ ]cn-]m-SnbmWv A[n-Ihpw \S-°p-∂-Xv. CXv

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{]iv\w IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°p-∂p.

10. ]n.-Uªnbp Un Icm¿ coXn Ct∏mgpw ]gb ]Sn Xs∂ \n¬°p∂p. kmaqly BUn‰v C√. CXv AgnaXn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p. F∂p am{X-a√ - . tdmUns‚ KpW-\n-eh - mcw Db¿Øp-∂Xn\v klm-bI - c - a- m-Ipt∂ C√. kvs]kn^n-t°-j≥ Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mbn ]pXp°n-bn-´n-√.

11. kzImcy hml-\ß - ƒ h¿[n-°pIbpw s]mXp-bm{Xm kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp--Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXv {]iv\ß - sf IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°p-∂p.

12. 1680 In.ao Pe-]mX \ap°v D≠v.

CXv tZiob Pe-]m-Xb - psS 12% hcpw ]s£ Pe-]m-Xb - n¬ \Ωƒ D]-tbm-Ks∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv 20% am{Xw. 13. tdmUn¬ 150 In.{Kmw Nc°v \o°p∂-Xns‚ sNe-hn\v Xpey-amWv sdbn-eneqsS 500 In.{Kmw sIm≠p t]mIp-∂Xpw Pe-Øn-eqsS 4000 In.{Kmw sIm≠p t]mIp-∂X - pw. F∂n´pw Pe-]m-Xb - n-eq-sSbp≈ Nc°v KXm-KXw tdmUv KXm-KX - Øns‚ Hcp iX-am\w am{Xw. 14. tdmUv hgn-bp≈ KXm-KX - Ø - ns‚ 40% am{X-amWv Pe-]m-Xh - g- n-bp≈ KXmK-XØ - n\v sNehv hcp-∂X - v.

15. aen-\o-Ic - W - Ø - ns‚ Imcy-Øns‚ Bbmepw sNe- h ns‚ Imcy- Ø nBbm-epw, A]-IS- Ø - ns‚ Imcy-ØnBbm-epw, tijn-bpsS Imcy-ØnBbmeqw tdmUv KXm-KXØnt\-°mƒ sdbn- e n\pw Pe- ] m- X - b v ° p- a mWv ap≥Xq°w sImSp-t°-≠X - .v 16. sdbn¬ KXm- K X hnI- k - \ Øn\pw Pe-KX - m-KX hnI-k\ - Ø - n\pw Imcy-amb Hcp {i≤bpw `cW IqSw \¬Ip-∂n-√.

17. Hmt´m- s am- s s_¬ cwKsØ kzImcy aqe- [ \ Xmev ] - c y- ß sf t{]m’m-ln-∏n®psIm≠p≈ KXm-KX hnI-k\ - \ - bw km[m-cW P\-ßf - psS PohnX sNehv h¿[n-∏n°p∂Xpw, A]ISw \nd™Xpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Za-√m-ØXpw, kpÿncX C√m-ØXpw, Agn-aXn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw BWv F∂ Xncn-®d - nhv C√.

18. tdmUpIsf kzImcyhXvI-cn°p∂ KXm-KX \bw {]iv\sØ IqSpX¬ h-jf - m-°p-Ib - mWv sNøp-I. 19. 60 iX-am\w t]cpw Im¬ \S°m-cpw, ssk°nƒ bm{X-°mcpw Ccp-N{I- h m- l - \ - ° mcpw BWv F∂ bmYm¿∞yw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ AhcpsS kpc-£n-Xa - mb bm{X Dd-∏m-°p∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp {i≤bpw C√.

20. hml-\ß - f - psS FÆw s]cp-∏n°msX P\-ßf - psS KXm-KX - m-hi - y-߃ Dd-∏m-°p-∂ \bw \ap°v C√.

C\nbpw {]iv - \ - ß - f psS FÆw \ap°v A°-an´v \nc-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

Cu {]iv\ß - ƒ°v ]cn-lmcw Is≠Øn \S-∏n-em°m\p≈ C—m-i-‡n-bmWv {][m-\w. s]t{Smƒ, Uo- k ¬ t]mep≈ t^mkn¬ C‘-\ß - sf B{i-bn-®p-sIm≠p≈ KXm-KX \bw Zo¿L-Im-etØ°v A`n-Im-ay-a√ F∂ Imcyw Gh¿°pw t_m[y-am-bn-´p-≠v. UokD]-t`m-K-Øns‚ 80% hpw s]t{Smƒ D]t`mKØns‚ 98% hpw Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ tdmUv KXm-KX - Ø - n\v BWv D]-tbm-Kn°p- ∂ - X v . Imem- h ÿm hyXn- b m- \ Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ Imc-Ww tdmUv KXm-KXw hgn-bp≈ aen-\o-Ic - W - a - mWv. Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ tIc-fØ - n\v HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp KXm-KX \bw D≠mhpI F∂-XmWv {][m-\w. tIc-f-Øn\v Iptd ]mcn-ÿn-XnI khn-ti-jX - I - ƒ D≠v. ae-\mS,v CS-\mSv, Xoc-{]-tZiw F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂XmWv \ΩpsS \mSv. 6 amkw ag s]øp∂ {]tZ-ia - m-Wv. 60%˛70% t]¿ a[y-h¿K PohnX kuIcyw Df- f hcm- W v . sXmgn¬]c-ambpw A√m-sXbpw Ne-\mfl-IX (Mobility) IqSp-X¬ BWv. hoXn-Ip-d™Xpw \of-Øn¬ InS-°p∂Xpw P\- k m- { μXtbdn- b - X p- a m- W v tIcfw. CXn-s\ms° ]qc-Ia - m-bn-´p-≈Xm-hWw tIc-fØ - ns‚ KXm-KX - \ - b - w.

Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ, sdbn¬ KXm-KXw tdmUv KXm-KX - w, Pe-KX - m-KXw, thymaK-Xm-KXw F∂n-hsb ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p≈ Hcp KXm-KX - \ - bw BWv \ap°v A`n-Im-ayw. Npcp-ßn-bXv ]Øp h¿jtØ-°p≈ Hcp KXm-KX - \ - bw Bhnjv°c - n®v \S-∏n-em-°W - w. AXn\v Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]e LS-Iß - ƒ D≠m-IW - w.

1. tdmUv KXm-KX - hpw sdbn¬ KXmK-Xhpw ka-\z-bn-∏n®v ao≥ap≈v coXnbn¬ D≈ Hcp hnI-k\ - X - {¥w \S-∏m°p-I. s{Sbn≥ Cd-ßn-bm¬ sXm´-SpØ tI{μ-Øn-te°v _ n¬ t]mIm-\p≈ kuI-cy-߃ Dd-∏m-°p-I. sdbn¬th tÃj-\p-I-fn¬ kzIm-cy-hm-l-\-߃ ]m¿°p sNøm-\p≈ kuIcyw h¿[n∏n-°p-I. 2. \ne-hn-ep≈ seh¬ t{Imkp-Iƒ apgp-h≥ ta¬]mew \n¿an®v Automatic - n-eqsS s{Sbn-\p-ISignal kwhn-[m-\Ø fpsS thKXbpw Imcy-£a - X - bpw h¿[n∏n-°p-I. 3. Ct∏mƒ Df- f U_nƒ sebnt\msSm∏w Hcp sebn\pw IqSn\n¿an®v MEMU kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS k_¿_≥ ss{Sbn-\p-Iƒ HmSn-°p-I. ]me-°m-S˛v- t- Im-gn-t°m-Sv, Xriq¿-˛t- Im-gnt°m-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv˛ IÆq¿, IÆq¿˛ Imk¿tKm-U,v Xriq¿-˛F - d- W - m-Ipfw, FdWm-Ip-fw˛ Be-∏p-g, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw-˛t- Im´-bw, tIm´-bw˛ Imbw-Ip-fw, Imbw-Ip-fw˛-Xn-cp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw, Be-∏p-g˛ sIm√w, sIm√w˛ Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ]p-cw-˛\ - m-K¿tIm-hn¬. CØ-cØ - n¬ D≈ k_¿_≥ s{Sbn-\p-Iƒ°v e£-°W - °n\v Imdp-Isf tdmUn¬ \n∂pw C√mXm-°m≥ Ignbpw. 5000 tImSn-tb-°mƒ aXn∏v sNehv hcp∂ sIm®n≥ sat{Smtb-°mƒ Ipd™ sNeth CXn\v hcq.

CXv Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v Bfp-Iƒ°v kpc-£nX bm{X-mkw-hn-[m\w Dd∏v hcpØpw. ]s£ k¿°m-dn\v kzImcy ]¶mfn-Øt- ØmsS ]Wn-bm≥ BWv Xmev]cyw. thWw F∂v hnNm-cn-®m¬ 5˛6 h¿jw sIm≠v ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°m≥ Ignimkv{X-KXn

k_¿_≥ s{Sbn-\pIƒ°v e£-°-W-°n\v Imdp-Isf tdmUn\n∂pw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ignbpw. 5000 tImSn-tb°mƒ aXn∏v sNehv hcp∂ sIm®n≥ sat{Smtb-°mƒ Ipd™ sNeth CXn\v hcq. CXv Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v BfpIƒ°v kpc-£nX bm{Xmkw-hn-[m\w Dd∏v hcpØpw. ]s£ k¿°m-dn\v kzImcy ]¶m-fn-ØtØmsS ]Wn-bm≥ BWv Xmev]-cyw. thWw F∂v hnNm-cn-®m¬ 5˛6 h¿jw sIm≠v ]q¿ØoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ]≤Xn-bmWv CXv. 48 amkw sIm≠v sIm¶¨ ]≤-Xnbm-Ym¿∞-am-°nb \ap°v CXv \n m-c-amWv F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

bp∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv CXv. 48 amkw sIm≠v sIm¶¨ ]≤-Xn- bm-Ym¿∞-am°nb \ap°v CXv \n m-ca - mWv F∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

4. Fd- W m- I pfw sslt°mSXn PMvj\n¬ D≈ sdbn¬sh-bpsS hI ÿeØv sdbn¬th tÃ-j≥ \n¿an®v k_¿_≥ s{Sbn\ns‚ tÃj≥ AhntS°v B°n-bm¬ Iptd-tbsd {]iv\߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

5. L´w-L´- a - mbn AXn-thK s{Sbn\p-Iƒ sIm≠p hcnI F∂-Xm-bn-cn°Ww e£yw.

6. hml-\ß - f - psS s]cp∏w Ipdt® Xocq. kzImcy hml-\ß - ƒ°v `oa-amb \nIpXn Npa-Ømw. Uok¬ Imdp-Iƒ°v \nIpXn Iq´-Ww. SmIvkn hml-\ß - f - psS \nIp-Xnbpw Ah-bpsS C‘\ hnebnepw Ipdhv hcp-ØW - w.

7. amkv {Sm≥t]m¿t´-j≥ knÃw F∂- X m- b n- c n- ° Ww \bw. sjb¿ Hmt´m, sjb¿ SmIvkn, sjb¿ sStºm F∂n-hbv°v ssek≥kv \evIW - w.

8. Zo¿L Zqc hml-\ß - ƒ {][m\ SuWn-te°v Ib-dmsX ss_]mkv kwhn-[m\w D≠m-°W - w.

9. tZio-b] - m-XI - f - psS hoXn 30 ao‰¿ apX¬ 45 ao‰¿ F∂pw kwÿm\ ]mXI-fpsS hoXn 15 ao‰¿ apX¬ 20 ao‰¿ F∂pw Pn√m-]m-XI - f - psS hoXn 12 ao‰¿ F∂pw ]©m-bØv tdmUp-If - psS hoXn 8 ao‰¿ F∂p-ap≈ C¥y≥ tdmUvkv tIm¨{K v ip]m¿i \n¿_‘am°Ww. 10. {Sm^n°v kn·-ep-Iƒ F√mh¿°pw ImWm-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ {]Z¿in∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. ssk≥t_m¿Up-Iƒ bmsXmcp Imc-Wh - i - mepw ad-b° v s - ∏-Scp-Xv.

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11. B[p- \ nI kwhn- [ m- \ - ß ƒ D]tbm-Kn®v {Sm^n°v \nb-ae - w-L\w Is≠-Øm\pw \nba ewL\w \S-Øp∂-h¿°v FXnsc I¿i-\a - mb \S-]S- nIfpw I\Ø ]ngbpw Npa-Øm\pw Ignb-Ww. 12. {Sm^nIv \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn-s\Xnsc {]tXyI tImS-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n®v DS≥ Xo¿∏m-°¬ ]≤Xn D≠m-IW - w.

13. Ip‰w sNbvX-h¿°v FXnsc ssek≥kv d±m-°¬ XpS-ßnb \S-]S- nIƒ D≠m-IW - w.

14. tdmU-cn-In¬ henb ]c-kyt_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n°-Ww. 15. Im¬ \S-°m¿°pw, ssk°nƒ bm{X-°m¿°pw {]tXyI ]mX F√m tdmUnepw Dd∏p hcp-ØW - w.

16. tdmUn¬ Bh-iy-amb shfn-®w, kv]oUv enan-‰v, {]mY-anI Bh-iy߃°v Df-f kuI-cy-߃ F∂nh D≠m-°W - w.

17. Hmtcm ]mXbpw Zo¿L-I-metØ°v Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw AXn\-\p-kc - n-®p≈ ÿnc-amb LS\ D≠mhp-Ibpw thWw. 18. ]pXnb C‘-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ At\z-jW - Ø - n\pw ]co-£W - Ø - n\pw ap≥K-W\ \¬IWw. kutcm¿P-hm-l\-߃°v k_vknUn \¬I-Ww. 19. Pe-KX - m-KX - Ø - ns‚ 1% km[yX am{X-amWv Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - v.

1998se NAT PAC ]T-\-{]-Imcw tIc-fØnse Nc°v \o°Øns‚ 24% hsc Pe-]m-Xb - n-te°v am‰m≥ Ignbpw F∂XmWv Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - .v

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ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy--hn-Ik\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xs∂ BhWw. AXn-\m-h-iyamb kºØv hnhn[ \nIpXnIƒ cqt]W CuSm-°m-\p≈ \S-]-SnIƒ BWv th≠-Xv. k¿°m-cns‚ ssIønBh-iy-Øn\v ss]k C√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw P\ß-fpsS ssIøn¬ ]Ww D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv Hcp \b sshIey-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmWv F∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. P\-ß-fpsS ssIønse ss]k-bpsS \s√mcp iX-am\w k¿°m-cnh∂p tN¿∂mte kpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿hhp-amb hnI-k\w km[yam-Iq.

20. Ct∏mƒ D≈ Pe-]m-XI - ƒ D]tbm-Ks - ∏-SpØn Hcp amÿ πm≥ D≠m°-Ww. 21. IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬ bm{X sNøm≥ Ignbpw hn[w D≈ t_m´pIƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hm´¿ {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°W - w.

22. Be∏p-g, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-Ifn¬ City Water Transport XpSßm≥ Ignb-Ww. 23. Ic-KX - m-KX - t- ØmSv _‘-s∏-SpØn-bp≈ hm´¿ {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v \ΩpsS ASn-b¥ - nc e£y-am-°W - w.

24. PWD t]mse Water Transport \pw Hcp kmt¶-XnI hn`mKw D≠m-°W - w.

25. thyma-KX - m-KXw D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-SpØm≥ tijn-bp≈ Ip-td-t]¿ D≈ kwÿm-\-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv. sNehp Ipd™ {]mtZ-inI thyma-KX - m-KXw ]co-£n-°Ww. 26. Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw ˛ sIm®n, sIm®n ˛ tImgn-t°mSv, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ IÆq¿ dq´p-If - n¬ Fb¿ _kv kwhn[m\w D]-tbmKs∏-Sp-ØW - w.

27. a‰p Pn√- I - f nepw Domestic Terminant Iƒ ÿm]n®v i‡-amb Hcp Domestic Air Transport System D≠m°n FSp-°W - w.

28. {]iv\ ]cn-lm-cØ - n\v Ffp-∏hgn kzIm-cy-hXvIc - Ww F∂ Nn¥-bnte°mWv k¿°mcpIƒ t]mbns°m-≠ncn-°p-∂X - ,v CXv A]-IS- I - c - a - mWv. adn®v ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy--hn-Ik - \w \n¿_‘-ambpw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xs∂ BhWw. AXn-\m-hi - y-amb kºØv hnhn[ \nIpXnIƒ cqt]W CuSm-°m\p≈ \S- ] - S n- I ƒ BWv th≠- X v . k¿°m-cns‚ ssIøn¬ Bh-iy-Øn\v ss]k C√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw P\-ßf - psS ssIøn¬ ]Ww D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂Xv Hcp \b sshI-ey-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmWv F∂v a\- n-em-°W - w. P\ß- f psS ssIønse ss]k- b psS \s√mcp iX-am\w k¿°m-cn¬ h∂p tN¿∂mte kpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿h-hpamb hnI-k\w km[y-am-Iq. tIc-fØ - ns‚ kpÿn-chpw \oXn]q¿hhp-amb hnI-k\ - Ø - n\v Bh-iyamb Hcp KXm-KX \bw AXm-bn-cn°Ww \ΩpsS e£yw. Hmt´m samss_¬ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ e£y-an´p≈ hnI-k\w sNe-th-dn-bX - pw, ]cnÿnXn kulr-Za - √ - m-ØX - pw, \oXn-bp‡-a-√m-Ø-Xpw, kpÿnc hnI-k-\Øn\v klm-bI - c - a - √ - m-ØXpw BWv. AXp-sIm≠v sNehv Ipd™, kpÿnc-Xmbp≈, s]mXp-kw-hn-[m\-ØnDu∂nb KXm-KX\b-amWv \ap°v Bhiyw.

HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

lc-W-^ew

imkv{X-KXn

sI. kXojv

57

imkv{Xhm¿Ø-

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

hr°-tcmKw t\c-sØ-b-dn-bm≥ ]pXnb am¿Kw

Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\v h¿j-߃°p-apºv `qanbn¬ ]Xn® D¬°m- i n- e - I - f mWv sh≈n, ]vfm‰n\w F∂o Aaqey teml-ßf - psS t{kmXsk∂v {_nà k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - nse imkv{X⁄¿ sk]vXw-_¿ 8˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse ‘Nature’ tP¿W-en¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp.

sImf- t dmtUm k¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b nse imkv { X- ⁄ ¿ hr°- t cm- K - a p- ≈ - h sc t\csØ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ tlm¿tam-Wns\ Xncn-®d- n-™p. tcmKn-If - psS c‡ πmkva-bn-e-S-ßnb tlm¿am-Wmb Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23) InUv\nbpsS {]h¿Ø\w Ipd-bp-tºmƒ IqSp-∂Xmbn imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn. ico-cØnse t^mkv^-d-kns‚ Afhv \nb-{¥n°p- ∂ Xv FSG-23 bmWv . c‡- Ø nse t^mkv^d - k - ns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂X - n\pap-ºpXs∂ FSG-23 bpsS Afhv IqSp-∂X - n-\mt\csØ Xs∂ hr°-bpsS XI-cmdv a\kn-em-°p-∂X - n\pw \nb-{¥W hnt[-ba - m-°p∂-Xn\pw ]pXnb am¿K-Øn-eqsS Ign-bpsa∂v imkv{X⁄¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology bnemWv Cu Kth-j-W-^ew {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

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Aaqey teml-ßf- psS t{kmXkv

AZriy {KlsØ Is≠Øn

Pe-Øn¬\n∂pw amen-\yßsf BKn-cWw sNøm≥ Ign-hp≈ ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞w

A©v an\n´p Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv \ap°v Nne-t∏mƒ ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-Sm\n-S-bm-°pw. ]t£ Hcp {Klw {`a-W-k-a-b-Øn¬ A©p-an-\n´p Xmakn-®m¬ tPymXn imkv{X-⁄¿°Xv kt¥m-j-I-c-amb Imcy-am-Wv. as‰mcp {Klw ASp-Øp-≈-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-W-Xv. \mk-bpsS sI]vf¿ _ln-cm-Imi t]SIw H∂n-S-hn´v t\c-sØbpw Xma-kn®pw k©-cn°p∂ {KlsØ Is≠-Øn-bXv Cu {Kl-Øns‚ ]pd-In¬ as‰mcp AZr-iy-{K-l-ap-≈-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-sW∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Hc-Zr-iy-{K-lsØ Cu coXn-bn¬ Is≠-Øp∂XnXm-Zy-am-bn-´m-Wv. `qan-bn¬\n∂pw 650 {]Im-i-h¿j-a-I-se-bp≈ Lyra \£-{X-hyq-lØn-ep≈ Kepler-19 F∂ kqcy-k-am-\-amb \£-{XsØ Kepler-19b F∂ {Klw 9 Znh-khpw 7 aWn-°qdpw sIm≠mWv {`aWw sNøp-∂Xv. \£-{X-hp-ambn 8.4 Zi-e£w ssa¬ Zqc-ØmWv {Klw. `qan-bpsS Cc´n hen∏w Cu {Kl-Øn-\p-≠v. Kepler-19b H‰-bv°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nAXv IrXy-amb ka-b-\njvT ]men-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Kepler19b Nne-t∏mƒ A©p an\n-´p, t\c-sØbpw Nne-t∏mƒ A©p-an-\n´v Xma-kn®pw k©-cn-°mw. as‰mcp {Kl-Øns‚ BI¿jW he-b-Ønem-Ip-∂-XmWv thKX IqSm\pw Ipd-bm\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-sX∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. kuc-bq-Y-Ønse s\]vSyqsW Is≠-ØnbXpw CtX coXn-bn-em-W.v bpdm\-kns‚ {`aW ka-bØ - n-ep-≠mIp∂ am‰w ]T\ hnt[-b-am°nb imkv{X-⁄¿ s\]vSyqsW Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb {Kl-ßsf Is≠-Øphm≥ Cu am¿Kw klm-b-I-cam-Ip-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ A`n{]m-b-s∏-´p. Ct∏mƒ AZr-iyamb “Kepler-19c” °mbn \ap°p ImØn-cn°mw!

Pe-Øn¬\n∂pw s\K-‰ohv Nm¿-Pp≈ amen-\yßsf BKn- c Ww sNøm≥ Ign- h p≈ ]pXnbXcw ]Zm¿∞sØ Imen-t^m¿Wnb k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - nse imkv{X-⁄¿ hnI-kn-∏ns®-Sp-Øp. ‘SLUG-26’ F∂mWv Cu ]Zm¿∞sØ imkv{X-⁄¿ \ma-Ic - Ww sNbvXX - v. tIm∏¿ sslt{Um-Is v skUv CussY≥ ssU kƒs^mtW‰v F∂mWv SLUG-26 s‚ cmk- \ m- a w.

Angewandte Chemie F∂ tP¿W-en¬ Scott oliver Dw Honghen Fei bpw Kth-jW - ^ - ew Hm¨sse\mbn {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p. ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞sØ tdUntbm BIvSohv amen-\y-amb sSIv\o-jysØ \n¿am¿P\w sNøp-hm-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°m-\m Ip-tamsb∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ ]cn-tim-[n®p hcn-Ib - m-W.v

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Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-flm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥ Printed & Published by T.P. Sreesankar on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1 and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon. Approved by CSIR for financial support Volume 47 No.4, Sasthragathy 2011 October, 60 Pages