Sastragathi Sept 2011 by Friends of KSSP UAE

2011 sk]vXw-_¿

hmeyw 47

tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØv

e°w 3

Ih¿tÃmdn:

Ata-cn° sR´p-tºmƒ P\-ßƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°≠Xv s{]m^. Sn.-]n.-Ip-™n-°Æ - ≥

17 [h-f] - {- X-hn-hm-ZØ - ns‚

s]mcpƒ F¥v? kn.-]n. \mcm-bW - ≥

A∂m amWnsb Hm¿°ptºmƒ

tUm. B¿.hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

P∏m≥ kp\man: A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]mT-am-°Ww tUm. Fkv. {ioIp-am¿

sP.-Un. _¿Wm-en-s\-∏-‰n... 51

tUm. kn.-Pn. cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿

ho≠pw Ão^≥ tlm°nMv

\K-c-h-XvI-cWw Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hnfn hn.-sI. Pbvtkm-a\ - m-Y≥

at\mPv Fw kzman

53 31

B{^n-°b - n¬\n∂v Xan-gv\m-´n-te°v?

]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw:

ZpjvI¬Zm-cn-bnse {KmaoW ]uc-k-aqlw

kn.-hn. N{μ≥ kXojv B¿. sF.-B¿.-Sn.-kn.

ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßfpw IpSpw-_-{iobpw

Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n:

lc-W-^ew B¿. Knco-jvIp-am¿ sI. kXojv

tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\w

imkv{X-hm¿Ø tUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\I - p-am¿

Atim-I≥ Rmd-bv°¬

FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : sI. cm[≥ FIvkn-Iyp´ohv FUn-‰¿: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: ]n. kptc-jv ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn: s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿Z\≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´n Sn. cm[m-a-Wn, kn.-hn. N{μ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. sI. cmPvtam-l≥, tUm. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬, B¿. KncojvvIp-am¿, AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn, hn.-ss_-Pp, ]n. {]Im-i≥ Nn{Xo-I-cWw: sI. kXojv Ih¿ & teHu´v: ]n. {]Zo]v ssS∏v sk‰nMv: hn[p. ]n.-Fkv hnemkw

FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KX - n, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw ˛ 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C sa-bn¬ sasthragathy@gmail.com amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673 002 t^m¨ : 2701919, C sa-bn¬ ksspmagazine@gmail.com H‰-{]Xn : 12 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 125 cq] teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. kμ¿in°pI: www.kssp.in

IØp-Iƒ

ag-s∏m∂v ]≤Xn (Rain Gold Project-RGP)

tUm. kn. _m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿ Fgp-Xnb "ag-sh≈ kw`-c-W-Øn\v ]pXnb amXrI' F∂ t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v hmb-\-°m¿°v ]pXnb kqtcym-Zbw Xs∂ kΩm-\n-®p. A`n-\-μ-\-ß-fpsS Bbn-c-am-bncw sNΩp-√-Iƒ. sh≈-Øns‚ ]cnip-≤nsb°pdn-®p≈ kwi-b-amWv ag-sh-≈-s°mbvØv ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Imc-Ww. C∂sØ `oI-c -Pohn knwlhpw ]pen-bp-a√; Fen-∏\n ]cØp∂ s]cp-®m-gn-bm-Wv. "ho¬kv' tcmKw _m[n-®m¬ \mev Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcmKn acn-°pw. NnIn-’n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A©pe£w cq] thWw. c£-s∏-Sm\p≈ km[yX hfsc Ipd-hpw. B[p-\nI c‡ c£- mb sXmc-∏≥ hnl-cn°p∂ sSd-knse hnjmw-ia - p≈ aq{Xw Ie¿∂ Pew IpSn-°p-∂X - n-t\mSv tbmPn°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]qt¥m-´hpw ASp-°f Irjnbpw Huj-t[m-Zym\hpw \\-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw _mØvdqw ^vfjn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Im¿ IgpIp-∂-Xn\pw Cu ªm°v hm´¿ aXn. Kƒ^v \mSp-Iƒ FÆ-s∏m∂v hn‰v kº-∂am-bX - p-t]mse sh≈hpw sshZyp-Xnbpw a‰v kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v hn¬°m≥ hsc km[n-°pw. k¿°m¿ k_vknUn \¬I-Ww. ]cn-ÿnXn {]ÿm\w hnI-k\ hr£sØ hogvØp∂ s\K-‰ohv aqhvsa‚ v BsW∂ lcnX t{Zmln-I-fpsS Bt£-]-Øn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn. s{]m^. A\n¬ ImS≥]-d-ºn¬, Ah-Wq¿. imkv{X-KXn Pqembv e°-Øn¬ _nt\mbv F a‰-a\ Fgp-Xnb "hmkvXpimkv{Xw' F∂ teJ\w amXr-`q-an, at\m-ca XpS-ßnb Zn\-]{- X-ßf - n¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn-®m¬ Iptd P\-ßƒ A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Spw. ImWn∏-øq¿ XpS-ßnb a\-I-fnse \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ P\-ßsf NqjWw sNøp-∂Xv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Cu teJ\w {]tbm-P\w sNøpw. kptcjv Ipam¿, ]me-°mSv

D]-cn-Xe Xm]-\nebn¬ hyXymkw! BKÃv amksØ imkv{X-KXn t]Pv 50 {io. kn.-hn.-N-{μs‚ "_p[s‚ cl-kyßƒ tXSn' F∂ teJ-\Øn¬ _p[s‚ {`a-Whpw ]cn-{I-aW - hpw kw_-‘n®v sImSpØ hnh-c-ßƒ icn-b-√. 176 `qZn-h-k-ßƒsIm≠v _p[≥ kzbw-{`-aWw sNøp-∂p. ]cn-{I-a-W-Øn\pw AtX-k-abw thWw F∂mWv teJ-I≥ Dt±-in°p-∂X - v. _p[≥ kzbw-{`-a-W-Øn\v 58.6 Znh-khpw kqcys\ ]cn-{I-aWw sNøm≥ 87.969 `qZn-hk - h - p-amWv th≠-X.v AXp-t]mse _p[≥ t\cn-Sp∂ Xm]-\ne 4500ºC BsW∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 4500ºC bn¬ _p[≥ _mjv]a - mbn ]cn-Wa - n-t®s\! _p[s‚ ]I¬ `mKsØ D]-cn-Xe - X - m-]\ - ne GXm≠v 370ºC am{X-am-W.v kqcys‚ D]-cn-Xew 5800ºC BWv. Ahn-sS-\n∂v 58 Zi-e£w In.-ao-‰¿ Zqc-Øn¬ 4500ºC Bhm≥ bmsXmcp km[y-X-bp-an-√. N{μ-tam-l≥, Iq¿°-t©cn

h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]iv\ß - fpw N¿®-sN-øs- ∏-SW - w k¿, 1952-˛se tZiob h\-\bw BZnhm-kn-Isf h\-kw-c-£W h\-]me\ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n¬ ]¶m-fn-If - m-°W-sa∂pw Ah-cpsS t£a-Øn-\-\ptbm-Py-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ h\-taJ- e - I - f n¬ \S- ∏ n- e m- ° - W - s a∂pw {]tXyIw \njvI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. BZnhm- k n- I sf AP≠Iƒ°p- ≈ n¬ Xf®v h≥InS Itø-‰° - m¿°v h\-`qan Itødn FtÃ-‰p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm\p≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ sNbvXp sImSp°p-I-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-b-Xv. BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°v G‰hpw A[nIw sXmgn¬ Zn\-ßƒ kw`m-h\ sNøp∂Xv h\w hIp- ∏ m- W v . k¿°m¿ AwKo-Ic - n® Iqen-t]mepw \¬ImsX e£-°W - ° - n\v cq] Hmtcm h¿jhpw h\w hIp∏v DtZym- K - ÿ - ∑ mcpw I¨ho-\¿amcpw AS-ßp∂ am^nb Cu ]mh- ß - f psS I™n- ° - e Øn¬\n∂pw sIm≈-bS- n-°p-Ib - m-Wv. imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv h¿jßƒ°p-apºv Ah-X-cn-∏n® "HØpIfn' F∂ sXcphv \mS-IØ - nse cwKßƒ Hcp am‰-hp-an-√msX C∂pw XpScp-∂p. ImSn-s\-°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-øptºmƒ h\-hm-kn-If - psS {]iv\ß - fpw Xo¿®-bmbpw N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-SW - w. sI.-]n. kptc-jvIp-am¿ sshKyw-`mKw sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

apJ-°p-dn∏v sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

tZh-{]-iv\hpw imkv{X-t_m-[hpw C

≥Uy≥ `c-WL - S- \ - b - psS \mev]Ø - n-c≠mw t`Z-KX - n-{]-Imcw \msa√mw imkv{X-t_m-[hpw (scientific temper F∂v BwK-ew) am\-hn-I-Xbpw (Humanism) At\z-j-W-Xz-cbpw (spirit of inquiry) \nXm-¥-amb ]cn-jvI-c-Whpw (Reform) ]pe¿Øm\pw hf¿Øm\pw _m≤y-Xs - ∏-´h - c - m-Wv. ]g-ab - psS amdmes°´pI-fn¬ Ipcp-ßn-°n-S∂ Hcp kaq-lsØ B[p-\oIcn-°pI F∂ kZp-t±-iyamWv B \n¿t±-i-Øn\p ]n∂n¬. ""]pcm-W-an-tXyh \ km[p k¿hw'' F∂p hmZn-®Xv km£m¬ Imfn-Zm-k≥ Bbn-cp-∂p; hna¿in®pw ]co-£n®pw am{Xw AwKo-I-cn-°pI F∂ coXn ]m›mXyimkv{Xw sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\p apºpXs∂ `mc-Xob ]mc-ºc - y-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ kz{]-Xyb ssÿcy-an-√m-sX, kz¥w Xocp-am-\ß - f - psS DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øt- a¬°msX, Hmtcmtcm \ng-ep-Iƒ°p ]n∂n¬ Hfn-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ Hfn-t®m-´-°mcpw ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\bp≈-h-cmWv bh-\-cn¬ \n∂p `mc-Xo-b¿ ]I¿Ønb tPymXn-jhpw ê{]h-N\ coXn-Ifpw s\©n-te-‰n-b-Xv. AXn-\papºv `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Øn¬ tPymXnjw F∂p ]d-™m¬ tPymXn»mkv{Xw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. thZmwK tPymXnjw {Kl- \-£{- Xm-Zn-If - psS ÿm\-sØbpw Ne-\-sØbpw ]‰n-b-√m-sX, Ahbv°v a\p-jy-cpsS `mK-t[bw \n¿W-bn-°p∂-Xn-ep≈ kzm[o-\-sØ-∏‰n H∂pw ]d-bp-∂n√ F∂Xv A¿∞-K¿`-am-Wv. a\pjycpsS `mhn {]h-Nn-°p∂p F∂-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Cu I]-S-im-kv{XØns‚ X\n-Ø´- n∏p cq]-amWv "tZh-{]iv\w' F∂ t]cn¬ Ac-tß-dp∂ Akw_-‘w. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If - p-sStbm ]ptcm-ln-Xc - p-sStbm D≈n-en-cn∏v ssZh-lnXw F∂ ań¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ KqV-X-{¥-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ CXv F∂Xv i_-cn-a-e-bnse (Ip)-{]-kn-≤-amb tZh-{]-iv\-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-b-Xm-W-s√m. t£{X-kw-_-‘-amtbm BNmc kw_-‘-amtbm Fs¥-¶nepw ]cn-jvImcw th≠n-hc - p-tºmƒ e`y-amb hnh-cß - f - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ bp‡n-bp-‡a - mb Xocp-am\w FSp-°pI F∂-XmWv imkv{X-t_m[w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂X - v. AXn-\p]-Icw ssZh-lnXw Adn-bm-s\-∂- t]-cn¬ tZh-{]iv\w hbv°p-∂Xv \mWbw tSm p sNbvXp Xocp-am\w FSp-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bm-Wv. Hcp hyXym-khp-an√ F∂p ]d-bm≥ ]‰n-√. tSm p sNbvXm¬ êw c≠n-sem∂v Dd-∏m-Wv. tZh-{]-iv\-Øn¬ e£Ww hymJym-\n®v Dt±-in® IS-hn-se-Øn-°m-\p≈ ]gpXp-Iƒ ]eXp ]ns∂-bp-ap≠v! Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse t£{Xm-Nm-cß - sf kw_-‘n® kp{]-[m-\ß - f - mb ]e Xocp-am-\ß - fpw apºpw cmP-ÿm\w FSp-Øn-´p-≠v. Ah¿W¿°p t£{X {]thi\w A\p-h-Zn-®-Xv, kv{XoIƒ°p- ta¬hkv{Xw [cn®v \me-º-e-Øn¬ Ibdm≥ A\p-hmZw sImSp-ØX - v, arK-_en \ntcm-[n-®X - v.... CsXm∂pw tZh-{]iv\w \S-Øn-b√ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv. Imcy-Im-cWkln-X-ap≈ bp‡n-bp‡ Xocp-am-\ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah-sb-√mw. A∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ imkv{X-t_m-[w- t]mepw \jvSa - m-hp-Ib - mtWm F∂v `bs∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

imkv{X-KXn

kmº-ØnIw s{]m^. Sn.-]n.-Ip-™n-°-Æ≥

Ata-cn° sR´p-tºmƒ P\-ßƒ Adn-™n-cn-t°≠Xv {]Xn-k‘nbpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-Øm¬ XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv, ]mh-s∏-´-h-cm-Wv, I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv, I¿j-I-cm-Wv. \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS sFIyw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈Xpw AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v th≠nbp-≈-Xpamb ka-c-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ahsc IqSp-X¬ sa®-s∏´ PohnX ]Ÿm-hn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cnIbpw sNøpI F∂ cmjv{So-b-ZuXyw Gs‰-Sp-t°≠p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-amWv C∂-tØXv

2011 BKÃv c≠mw-hm-cØ - n¬ Atacn-°° - p-≠mb Hcp sR´-temsS temIkm- º - Ø nI {]Xn- k ‘n ho≠pw kPoh N¿®-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ""hmbv]m \ne-hmcw'' IW-°m-°p∂ Hcp kzImcy ÿm]\w \S-Ønb sNdn-sbmcp ]cma¿iw temI-sØ-bmsI hnd-∏n-®p-sh∂Xv apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ßf - nse B¥cnI Zu¿_-ey-ß-fn-te-°mWv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv. CXv a‰p Nne kqN-\-Iƒ IqSn \¬Ip-∂p. H∂v, 2008-˛¬ Bcw`n® kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘n IqSp-X¬ cq£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂pam{X-

a√; AXn¬\n∂v Ic-I-b-dm≥ apX-emfnØ cmjv{S-ßƒ°v Ign-bp-∂n-√. c≠v, {]Xn-k‘n D≠mb 2008 teXn-t\-°mƒ hfsc Zp¿_-ea - mWv Cu cmPy-ßf - nse Ct∏m-gsØ kmº-Øn-Iÿ n-Xn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Ata-cn-°-bpsS Imcyw-Xs∂ t\m°mw. sXmgn¬, hcpam-\w, hyh-kmb DXv]m-Z-\w, samØw DXv]m-Z\w F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ Ata-cn°-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. sXmgn-en-√mbva 2007-˛¬ - 5% Bbn-cp-∂Xv 2011-˛¬ 9.1% Bbn-cn-°p-∂p. sXmgn-eh-k-c-ß-fn¬ 5% s‚ Ipd-hp-≠m-bn.

hy‡nKX hcp-am-\-Øn¬ 4% s‚ Ipdhp-≠m-bn. hyh-kmb DXv]m-Z\w 8%hpw samØw DXv]m-Z\w 7%hpw Ipd-™p. Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bnse hm¿jnI kmº-ØnI hf¿® GXm≠v Hcp iXam\w am{X- a m- s W∂v IW- ° p- I ƒ ImWn-°p-∂p. 2007-˛¬ Ch-cpsS s]mXpISw samØw tZiob hcp-am-\-Øns‚ 64.4% Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ 100% Bbn-cn-°p-∂p. CtX ÿnXn-X-s∂bmWv bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßf - nepw D≠mbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 2008-˛s\ At]£n®v C≥Uy-bpsS [\-ta-Je hfsc sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

Zp¿_-e-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p; ]W-s∏-cp-∏-\nc°v Db¿∂n-cn-°p∂p; F∂pw \b-]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Itºm-fØ - n\v A\p-Iq-ea - mbn-Øs∂ XpS-cp-∂p. AXv {]Xn-k‘n Bcw-`n® L´-tØ-°mƒ C≥Uy-bpsS ÿnXn ]cp-ß-en-em-°n-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv. Hcp sNdnb {]Xn- I - c Ww; Hcp A£-cØ - nse am‰w-sIm≠v Xms\ hndß-en®v XI-cp-∂X - mWv Dul-°® - h - S- m[n-jvTn-X-amb C∂sØ apX-em-fnØ temIhpw AXnse ]In- ´ p- I fpw F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. AtX-k-abw Ata- c n- ° - s b- t ∏m- e p≈ Hcp cmPyØns‚ samØw kmº-Øn-Iÿ - n-Xnsb as‰√m LS-I-ßfpw Ah-K-Wn®v Hcp kzImcy Iº-\n-bpsS {]Xn-Ic - W - sØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-am{Xw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂Xv icn-b√ - . F∂m¬, temIw s]mXphnepw Ata-cn° {]tXy-In®pw henb {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn-em-sW-∂Xv Hcp hkvXpX-bm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ {]Xn-I-cn® SAP (Standard & Poor) F∂ ÿm]\w t\csØ \S- Ø nb ]e ]cm- a ¿ißfpw icn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ata-cn-°bnse ""tesa≥ {_tZgv k v '' F∂ \nt£] _m¶v s]mfn-bp-∂X - n\v sXm´papºv B ÿm]- \ - Ø n\v ap¥nb ""td‰nMv'' SAP \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. 1991-˛¬ C≥Uy kz¿W-\n-t£]w ]Wbw hbv°p- I bpw ]m¿esa‚n¬t∏mepw N¿®-sN-ømsX GI]-£o-b-ambn \h-en-_-d¬ \b-ßƒ \S-∏m-°n-bXpw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ""td‰nMv ÿm]\''Øns‚ {]Xn-I-cWsØ XpS¿∂m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw ""td‰nMv '' N¿®- I - f n¬ t_m[-]q¿hw kv]¿in-°msX t]mIp∂Xv apX-em-fnØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS cmjv{So-b-am-Wv. {]iv\-ßsf AXoh kmt¶-Xn-I-h-XvI-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\p≈ {iaw \S-°p-∂p. AXv P\-ßfn¬ CXp-kw-_-‘n® Ah-t_m[w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-t\m, cmjv{So-ba - mb N¿®Iƒ \S-Ømt\m klm-bn-°p-∂n-√. P\-ß-ƒ ]e Imcy-ßfpw AdnbmsX t]mIp-∂p. F¥p-sIm≠v apXem-fnØ {]Xn-k‘n? {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn¬ kw`-hn-®-sX¥v? kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX¥v? {]Xn-k-‘nsb Fßs\ t\cn-SWw? F∂o Imcy-ßƒ kw_-‘n® N¿®Iƒ Kuc- h - a mbn \S- t °- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . AXn¬\n∂v P\-{i-≤sb am‰m-\mWv kmº-ØnI Imcy-ßf - n-te°v Du∂¬ hcp-∂-Xv. CXn∂v hyXykvXam-bn, {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS cmjv{Sobw N¿® sNøp-Ibpw {]Xn-tcm[ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. ImcWw apX- e m- f n- Ø - t em- I w, C¥y- b - S °w Ct∏mƒ AXoh Kpcp-X-c-amb {]Xn-kimkv{X-KXn

‘n-bn-te°v \oßp-I-bm-sW∂v hnZKv ≤ sc√mw A`n- { ]m- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. AXns‚ e£-Wß - ƒ hfsc {]I-Sa - mWv. CØcw N¿®-Iƒ°v klm-b-Iamb coXn-bn¬ apX-em-fnØ {]Xn-k‘n-If - psS {lkz-amb Ah-tem-I\ - h - pw, cmjv{Sob {]Xym-Lm-Xß - fpw Hm¿a-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Cu Ipdn-∏v.

P\-ß-ƒ ]e Imcyßfpw Adn-bmsX t]mIp-∂p. F¥p-sIm≠v apX-em-fnØ {]Xn-k‘n? {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ kw`-hn®-sX¥v? kw`-hn-°p-∂sX¥v? {]Xn-k-‘nsb Fßs\ t\cn-SWw? F∂o Imcy-ßƒ kw_‘n® N¿®-Iƒ Kuc-hambn \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn¬\n∂v P\-{i-≤sb am‰m-\mWv kmº-ØnI Imcy-ß-fn-te°v Du∂¬ hcp-∂-Xv. CXn∂v hyXykvXam-bn, {]Xn-k‘n-bpsS cmjv{Sobw N¿® sNøp-Ibpw {]Xntcm[ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw.

{]Xn-k‘n F¥p-sIm≠v? apX-em-fnØ {]Xn-k‘ - nIsf hnebn- c p- Ø p- ∂ Xv AXm- X - h - k - c - Ø n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Nne Xmf-∏n-g- F∂ \nebvt°m Nne kmt¶-XnI ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ hgntbm Bh-cpXv. apX-em-fnØ {]Xnk‘nIsf ]e-t∏mgpw Imen-I-amb Nne {]iv\ß - f - p-ambn am{Xw _‘-s∏SpØn hne-bn-cpØp∂ {]h-WX - b - p-≠v. AXv apX-em-fn-Øh - y-hÿ {]Xn-k‘ - nbn-te°v \bn-°-p∂-Xns‚ cmjv{Sob kml-Nc - y-ßsf-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®Isf ]cn-an-Xs - ∏SpØm-\p≈ km[y-Xb - p-≠v. 2008-˛se kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘ - n Atacn-°-bnse Nne _m¶p-Iƒ \¬Inb sI´n-S hmbv]b - nse t]mcm-ba v I - f - p-ambn am{Xw _‘-s∏-SpØn ]d-bp∂ coXn km¿h-{Xn-Ia - mWv. At∏mƒ AXv shdpsamcp “k_vss{]w ss{Iknkv” am{Xam-sW∂ {]XoXn D≠m-°p-∂p. ImenI-ambp≈ Xmf-∏n-g-I-f√ {]Xn-k-‘nbpsS Imc-Ws - a∂pw AXv apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿb - psS Xs∂ \nbm-aI coXnbmsW∂pw Xncn-®d - n-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. apX- e m- f n- Ø - h y- h ÿ AXn- s ‚ X\Xv coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°ptºmƒ \n›-b-ambpw cq]-s∏-Sp∂ sshcp-[yß- f mWv , {]iv \ - ß - f mWv , {]Xn- k ‘nIfmbn {]Xn-^-en°p-∂-Xv. AXp-

sIm≠p- X - s ∂ 2008teXv Hcp “k_vss{]w ss{Iknkv” As√-∂pw AXn-ep-]cn 1990 apX¬ temI-ØmsI \S-∏m-°p∂ \h-en-_-d¬ kmº-ØnI-]-cn-jvIm-c-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-am-b ]cn-Wm-aa- msW∂pw a\- n-emt°≠-Xp≠v. kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn¬ F¥v kw`-hn-°p-∂p? {]Xn-k-‘n-Im-eØv ]e-t∏mgpw {]N-cn-∏n-°-p∂Xpt]mse apX-em-fnØ hyhÿ ]mtS XI¿∂pt]m-Ip-∂n-√. XI-cp-∂ns√-∂v am{X-a√; AXv AXnPo-hn-°m-\p≈ ]pXnb {iaßƒ \S-Øns°m≠n-cn°pw. {]Xnk‘n apX- e m--f n- Ø - h y- h - ÿ - b psS B¥-cn-I- sshcp-[y-ß-fp-ambn At`Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-´ncn°p∂p F∂Xpt]m-se-Xs∂ AXn-Po-hn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw AXv ]pXnb cq]-Øn¬ Xs∂ Is≠- Ø n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p F∂p-≈Xpw Ncn-{X-amWv. Hcp taJ-ebn¬ Hcp apX-emfn XI¿t∂°mw; F∂m¬, AXnt\-°mƒ i‡-\m-bn-´p≈ as‰mcp apX-emfn thsdmcp taJe-bn¬ Db¿∂p-hcpw. -A-Xp-sIm≠v apX-em-fnØ hyhÿ AXn-Po-h\ - Ø - n\p≈ ]pXnb cq]-ßƒ Is≠Øn kzbw amdp--∂-Xn-\p-≈ {ia-ßƒ \nc-¥-cambn \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p. apX-emfnØw AXns‚ Ne- \ m- ﬂ - I - X sb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {iaw \S-Øp-∂p.

aqe-[-\- kaml-cWhpambn _‘-s∏´ em`h¿[\ F∂p-≈Xv Xs∂bmWv apX-em-fnØØns‚ F°m-esØbpw {]h¿Ø\ bp‡n. em`w aqe-[-\Øns‚ kzcq-]Whpambn At`-Zy-ambn _‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂, AXns‚ \nt£-]-co-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ an®aq-ey-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-hpambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p∂p. an®-aq-ey-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n-t£-]-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p.

AXv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Hcp B¥cnI i‡n Xs∂- b m- W v . B Xzc AXns‚ em`w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iaw IqSn-bm-Wv. aqe-[-\- kamlcWhp-ambn _‘-s∏´ em`-h¿[\ F∂p- ≈ Xv Xs∂- b mWv apX- e m- f nØØns‚ F°m- e - s Øbpw {]h¿Ø\ bp‡n. em`w aqe-[-\Øns‚ kzcq-]Whp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂, AXns‚ \nt£]-co-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ an®-aq-ey-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p∂p. an®-aq-ey-Øns‚ ]p\¿\n-t£-]hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. an®aqeyamIs´ em`- Ø ns‚ \nc- ¥ c h¿[\-Øn\v th≠n-bp≈ NqjW-hpambn _‘-s∏-´p-\n¬°p-∂p. AXn\m¬ hfsc Ne-\m-fl-I-am-bn-´p-≠mIp∂, hn]p-ea - mbn D≠m-Ip∂, hnhn[ Xe- ß fn- e p- ≠ m- I p∂ apX- e m- f n- ØØns‚ B¥-cnI Ne-\m-fl-I-Xsb ÿnc-ambn ]p\:-kr-jSv n-®p-sIm-≠mW,v ]q¿hm- [ nIw i‡n- s ∏- S p- Ø n- s °m≠mWv Hmtcm kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘ - nsbbpw apX-em-fnØw adn-I-S-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂X - v. apX-em-fnØw Hmtcm AXnPoh\ {ia-hpw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°ptºmƒ AYhm {]Xn-k-‘nsb apX-em-fnØw AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ, AXnPo-h-\-Øn\p th≠n- kzoI--cn-°p∂ Hmtcm am¿K-hpw AXmXv Im-esØ apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿsb IqSp-X¬ A{I- t am- ’ p- I - a m- ° p- I bpw H∏w Zcn{Zscbpw - Zcn{Z- c m- j v { S- ß sfbpw IqSp-X¬ X-I¿°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. CXp- h - s c- b p≈ Ncn{Xw AXmWv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\pth≠n kzoI- c n- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ am¿Kß-fn-tem-tcm-∂nepw Xs∂ Cu hkvXpX hfsc {]ISam-Wv. apX-emfnØw AXns‚ AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\pth≠n kzoI- c n- ° p∂ am¿K- ß ƒ apX-em-fn-ØsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥, apX- e m- f n- a msc i‡n- s ∏- S p- Ø m≥ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-´p≈-Xm-sW∂pw H∏w Zcn{Z P\-hn-`mK-ßsf XI¿°p-∂-Xn-te°v kzm`mhn-I-ambpw \bn-°p-∂h-bpamsW∂mWv temI-Øns‚ CXp-h-scbp≈ A\p-`hw.

{]Xn-k‘n; {lkz-N-cn{Xw

temI-Øp-≠mb apX-em-fnØ{]Xnk-‘nsb°pdn®v Hm¿a ]pXp-°p∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. CXns‚ `mK-ambn \me©v {][m- \ - s ∏´ GSp- I ƒ FSpØp]-db - m\mWv {ian-°p-∂Xv. 1873˛ ¬ bqtdm-∏n¬ Bcw-`n® {]Xn-k-‘nsk]vXw-_¿ 2011

sb-°p-dn-®mWv km[m-cW XpS-°a - m-bn ]d-bm-dp-≈-Xv. 1873- ˛ ¬ D≠mb {]Xnk-‘n-bpsS t]cv Xs∂ “Z ]m\nIv - mW v Hm^v 1873” F∂mWv. Ata-cn-°b Cßs\ ]d-™-Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ C∂sØ hnb∂bmbn Adn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ ÿeØv D≠m- b Hcp _m¶ns‚ XI¿®-tbm-Sp-IqSnbmWv {]Xn-k‘n cq]-s∏´-Xv. hnb∂ A∂v Hmkv{Sn-bb - psSbpw lwK-dn-bp-sSbpw Xe-ÿm-\-ambn- c p- ∂ p. Ahn- s S- b p- ≠ m- b _m¶v XI¿®-tbmsS {]Xn-k‘n i‡n-s∏´p. teml I®-h-S-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´psIm-≠p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]iv\w.- {]-Xnk‘n hfsc s]´∂v Xs∂ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ _m[n-°p-Ibpw Ata- c n- ° - b n- t e°v IS- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp. Ata-cn-°b - n¬ h¿j-ßt- fmfw \ne-\n∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah-cXns\ Hcp ‘]m\nIv ’ (]cn{`m¥n) Bbn´v hntijn-∏n°p∂p. bqtdm--∏n¬ Cu -{]-Xn-k‘n 20 h¿j-tØmfw \ne-\n-∂p. Ah-c-Xns\ ""temßv Un{]-j≥'' (long depression) AYhm Zo¿L amμyw F∂mWv ]d™Xv. C∂v \Ωƒ ""t{K‰v Un{]-js - \'' °p- d n®v ]d- b m- d p- ≠ v . ]s£ Hcp temßv Un{]-js\°pdn®v ]d-bm-dn-√. 1873 apX¬ 1890-I-fpsS ]Ip-Xn-hsc \ne-\n-∂Xpw bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßsf hym]-Ia - mbn _m[n-®X - pam-bn-cp∂p Cu {]Xn- k - ‘ n. CXns‚ ]cn- W nX ^etam? {_n´≥ F∂ hfsc i‡am-b Hcp kmº-Øn-It- I{μw {Ia-Øn¬ {Ia-Øn¬ Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]pXnb cq]-Øn-ep≈ apX-em-fnØ AXn-Po-h\ cq]-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ i‡-am-bn-´p≈ _lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-ØI Iº-\n-If - psS {]_-ea - mb apt∂-‰ß - ƒ cq]-s∏-SpIbpw sNbvXp. AXv ]pXn-b - c o- X n- b n- e p≈ Hcp “ kmº- Ø nI \nb{¥Ww ” temI- Ø ns‚ ]e `mKØpw i‡n-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bm°n. AXp-sIm≠v tIhew Hcp _m¶v XI¿® F∂ \ne°v am{Xw Imcy- ß sf I≠m¬ t]mc. AXp-hsc temI-kmº-ØnI A[o-i-Xz-Øn¬ bqtdm∏v hln-®n-cp∂ ]¶pw ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb am‰ß-tfbpw IqSn ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏SpØn ImWm≥ Ign-bWw. ""t{K‰v Un{]-j-s\''(great depression )- AYhm henb kmº- Ø nI amμysØIpdn®mWv {]Xn-k‘ - n-bpsS Ncn{XØn¬ km[m-cW G‰hpw {][m\-s∏-´X - mbn ]d-bm-dp-≈X - v. 1929 apX¬ 1933 hsc \o≠p-\n∂Xpw Ata-cn-°bn¬ XpSßn temI- Ø nse F√m cmPyßsfbpw _m[n-®Xpamb AXni-‡a- mb kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘ - n-bm-bnimkv{X-KXn

t{K‰v Un{]-j-s\ AYhm henb kmº-ØnI amμysØIpdn®mWv {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Ncn{XØn¬ km[m-cW G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´Xmbn ]d-bm-dp-≈-Xv. 1929 apX¬ 1933 hsc \o≠p\n∂Xpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ XpSßn temI-Ønse F√m cmPyßsfbpw _m[n-®Xpamb AXn-i‡-amb kmº-Øn-I-{]-Xnk-‘n-bm-bn-cp-∂p CXv. Ata-cn-°≥ Hmlcn hn]Wn-bnse XI¿®-bmWv CXn\v Imc-W-sa∂v ]dbm-dp-s≠-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ {]_-e-amb cmjv{Sob ]›m-Ø-e-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

cp-∂p CXv. Ata-cn-°≥ Hmlcn hn]Wn-bnse XI¿®-bmWv CXn\v Imc-Wsa∂v ]d-bm-dp-s≠-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ {]_-ea- mb cmjv{Sob ]›m-Øe - a- p-≠mbn- c p- ∂ p. apX- e m- f nØ kº- Z v h y- h ÿbv ° v ]pd- Ø p- \ n- ∂ v B hyhÿsb klm-bn-®ncp∂, AXn-\mbn i‡n-bmbn {]h¿Øn-®ncp-∂, Hcp sImtfm-Wn-b¬ am¿°-‰ns‚ ]n≥_-ew D≠mbn-cp-∂p. Cu ]n≥_-eØ - n-emWv temI-apX-em-fnØ cm-Py-ßƒ ]eXpw Xs∂ \ne-\n-∂Xv. F∂m¬, H∂mw temI-bp-≤t- Øm-Sp-IqSn B "sImtfm-Wnb¬ am¿°‰v' As√-¶n¬ sImtfm-Wnb¬ cmPy-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏-´p-h-∂n-cp∂ A∂sØ Itºm-fß - ƒ \¬In-bn-cp∂ ]n¥pW XI- c p- I bpw AØcw ]n¥pW XI¿∂tXmsS Db¿∂p-h∂, ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp kmlN-cy-ØnemWv 1929 ˛ 33 ImesØ kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘n D≠m-bX - .v ASnÿm-\- Im-cWw XmXvIm-en-I-amb kmº-ØnI {]iv\-a-s√∂pw IqSp-X¬ i‡-amb cmjv{Sob Imc-Wa - m-sW∂pw Xncn-®d - n-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p! H∂mw temI -bp≤tØm-Sp-Iq-SntemI-ØmsI Hcp B{inX kº-Zvhyhÿ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-

bmWv Ata-cn° {ian-®X - v. Ata-cn-°bmWv H∂pw c≠pw temI-bp-≤ß - ƒ°v F√m-Xc - Ø - n-ep≈ t\XrXzhpw \¬Inb-Xv.- F¶nepw, Ah-cpsS bp≤ kt¶X- ß ƒ°- I - Ø p- \ n- ∂ p- s Im- ≠ mWv , AYhm A‚m¿ńIvv kap-{Z-Øntem C¥y≥ k - a - p-{Z-Øntem \¶q-ca - n´ bp≤°-∏-ep-Iƒ°-I-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv Ata-cn° bp≤sØ \nb-{¥n-®X - v. Hcn°epw Ata-cn-°≥ aÆn¬ bp≤w \S∂n-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Ata-cn-°bpsS Irjnt°m Ata-cn-°b - psS hyhkm-b-Ønt\m bp≤w sIms≠m∂pw kw`-hn-®n-√. bp≤w sIm≠v XI¿∂Xv Gjy-bn-sebpw bqtdm-∏n-sebpw hyhkm-ba - m-Wv. Gjy-bn-sebpw bqtdm-∏nsebpw hoSp-I-fmWv, sIń-S-ß-fmWv, Irjn-bmWv, km[m-cW P\-ßf - m-Wv. Ata-cn° ssk\nI kt¶-X-ß-fn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v bp≤sØ \nb-{¥n-°pI-bmWv sNbvXX - v. H∂mw temI-bp-≤Øn-\p-tijw temI-Øn-ep≈ F√m cmPy-ßfpw Ata-cn-°≥ hyh-km-bß - fn¬ ]Ww \nt£-]n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ {iaamWv \S-Øn-bX - .v AXv hen-bt- Xm-Xn¬ DXv ] m- Z \ h¿[- \ - h p- ≠ m- ° n. H∏w NqjWhpw h¿[n-®p. A∂sØ IW°p-Iƒ -Im-Wn-°p-∂Xv Ata-cn-°≥ Iº-\n-If - n¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cp∂ sjbdp-If - psS em`-Øn¬ 62% h¿[\-hp-≠mb-t∏mƒ Ata-cn-°b - n¬ tPmen-sN-bX v ncp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS Iqen shdpw 10% Øn¬ Xmsg- am{X-amWv IqSn-bX - v F∂mWv. -h-fsc Ak-¥p-en-X-am-bhf¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ ê-am-bp≠m-bX - .v t\ctØ kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]mse

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ D≠m-bncp∂ 21000 _m¶p-I-fn¬ 11000 _m¶p-Iƒ XI¿∂p. aq∂p-tIm-Sn-tbmfw hcp∂ P\-ßƒ sXmgn-en√m-Ø-h-cmbn amdn. temIØmsI Xs∂ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-h-cpsS aq∂nsem∂v sXmgn-en-√mØ-h-cmbn amdnb-s{X. {]Xn-k‘n C¥ybn¬t]mepw {]Xym-Lm-Xßƒ D≠m-°n. {_´ojv Kh¨sa‚n\v Cu kmºØn-I-{]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS `mK-ambn Fs¥√mw \jvSw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠nh-∂pthm B \jvSw Ah¿ C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-bmbn CuSm-°n. Aßs\ {_´ojv tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂t∏mgpw C¥y°v kmº-Øn-I-{]-Xn-k-‘nbpsS {]iv\-ßƒ t\cntS≠n h∂p.

_mly-am-bn-´p-≈- Imcy-ßfpw B`y-¥c-am-bn-´p-≈ Imcy-ßfpw tN¿∂v, temIØnse F√m cmPy-ßfpw \nt£]w \S-Ønb Ata-cn-°≥ hyh-km-bh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v Hcp {]Xn-k‘n D≠mb Ah-kc - Ø - n-em-Wv AXv temI kmºØn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘ - n-bmbn amdp-∂X - .v AXv tIhew Ata-cn-°≥ - Iº-\n-bpsS Hmlcn-Iƒ hn¬°p∂ {]tXyI Itºm-fØnse Hcp am‰w am{Xw Bbn-cp-∂n√ F∂¿∞w. AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-Xß - ƒ hfsc i‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ata-cn-°b - n¬ D≠mbn-cp∂ 21000 _m¶p-If - n¬ 11000 _m¶pIƒ XI-¿∂p. aq∂p-tIm-Sn-tbmfw hcp∂ P\-ßƒ sXmgn-en-√m-Øh - c - mbn amdn. temI-ØmsI Xs∂ sXmgn¬ sNøp∂-hc - psS aq∂nsem∂v sXmgn-en-√m-Øh-cmbn amdnb-s{X. {]Xn-k‘n C¥ybn¬t]mepw (C¥y {_n´s‚ tImf-\nbm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw) {]Xym-Lm-Xß - ƒ D≠m-°n. {_ójv Kh¨sa‚n\v Cu kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘ - n-bpsS `mK-ambn Fs¥√mw \jvSw A\p-`h - n-t°-≠n-h∂pthm B \jvSw Ah¿ C¥ybn¬\n∂pw ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-bmbn CuSm°n. Aßs\ {- _ójv tImf-\n-bm-bn-cp∂t∏mgpw C¥y°v kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xnk-‘n-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-tS≠n h∂p. ^mkn-k-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw c≠mw temI bp≤-hp-sams° Cu {]Xnk-‘n-bpsS A\-¥c - ^ - e - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1929-˛33 kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xnk-‘n-bpsS ImeØv temIØv hfsc i‡-am-b Hcp ap∂-dn-bn∏v D≠m-bn. AXv \ap- s °- √ mw {]Xo£ X∂ Hcp Imcyambn-cp∂p. apX-em-fnØ temIw henb XI¿®sb t\cn-´t∏mƒ Xs∂, tkmhn- b ‰v bqWnb≥ F∂ Hcp cmjv{SsØ am{Xw 1929-˛33 ImesØ kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘n- _m[n-®n-√. temIØv AXv hensbmcp kw`-hwXs∂bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-≠m-°n-b Hcp Bfl hnizm-kØ - nt‚-Xmb `mK-ap-≠v. A[zm\n-°p∂, kacw sNøp∂ temIØnse P\-hn-`m-Kß - ƒ°v tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ ]pXnsbmcp ]mTw \¬In. Bkq-{XnXhpw kwL-SnXhpamb- Hcp hyhÿ; kmaq-ly-\n-b{- ¥-Wt- Øm-Sp-IqSn-bn-´p-ff Hcp hyhÿ, F¥psIm≠v apX-em-fn-Ø-temIw A\p-`-hn-t°-≠nh∂ {]Xn-k‘nbn¬ \n∂pw thdn´v \n¬°p∂p F∂Xv AXn-i‡ - a- msbmcp kqN-\b - m-bn-cp-∂p. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\nse Cu {]tXyI-Xs - Im-≠pIq-Sn-bmhmw, 1929-˛33 ImesØ {]Xn-k‘ - nsb k¿°m-cns‚ klm-bt- Øm-Sp-Iq-SnbmWvapX- e m- f nØw t\cn- ´ Xv . AXmWv G‰hpw {it≤bamb Imcyw. sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

1929-˛33 ImesØ {]Xn-k‘ - n-s°-Xncmb sIbv \ o- j y≥ kn≤m- ¥ - ß ƒ Xs∂ k¿°m-cns‚ klm-bt- Øm-Sp-IqSn ]pXn-sbmcp {]Xn-k‘ - n adn-IS- ° - p∂Xn\p≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v hfsc i‡-amb coXn-bn¬ CS-s]Sp∂, kw-LS- nX ka-cß - ƒ hgn cq]-s∏´v h∂, Hcp \nb-{¥nb hyhÿbm-bn-cp∂p Db¿∂p h∂-X.v CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmWv c≠mw temI-al - m-bp-≤Ø - n\p-tijw cq]-s∏-´p-h∂ cmPy-ßƒ, Ah- c psS Bkq- { XW ˛ hnI- k \ {]{In-bI - ƒ°p-th≠n kzoI-cn® ]pXnb \S-]S- n-Iƒ, AXn¬ Kh¨sa‚n-\p-≠mbn-´p≈ kzm[o\w, temIØv i‡n-s∏´p-h-∂n-´p≈ tkmjy-enÃv tªm°v F∂n-hs - b√mw. CXn-s‚-sb√mw ^eambn 1950-Ifpw 1960-Ifpw temIØv B coXn-bn-ep≈ {]Xn-k‘n C√mØ Hcp Ime-L´- a- mbn amdp-∂Xv \ap°v ImWmw. F∂m¬, 1970 IfpsS ]Ip-Xn-bm-Iptºm-tg°pw sIbv\o-jy≥ kn≤m-¥w ]cm-Pb - s - ∏-´p. 1970 IfpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmSp-IqSn “FÆ{]-Xn-k‘nv” As√-¶n¬ FÆ- hne-h¿[-\hpw {]Xym-Lm-Xßfpw GsXms° coXn-bn¬ temIsØ kzm[o-\n®p F∂v ]d-bm\mIn-s√-¶nepw apX-em-fnØ temIsØ AsXmcp {]Xnk-‘n-bn-em-°n. AXpw hfsc i‡-amb Hcp {]Xn-k‘n Bbn-cp∂p. apX-em-fnØ-tem-IØv {]Xn-k‘n D≠mbn F∂v am{X-a√, k¿°m¿ CS-s]-Sep-Iƒ C√mXm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIbv\o-jy≥ kn≤m-¥ßƒ hgn ]cn-Nn-Xs - a-¶nepw Kh¨sa‚n\pw H∏w kwL-Sn-Xh - n`mKßƒ°pw D≠mb kzm[o\w \jvSs - ∏Sp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ i‡-ambn Xncn-®p-hcp- ∂ - X n- \ p- t h≠n, k¿°m- c ns‚ klmbw C√mØ coXn-bnep≈ apXem-fn-ØØ - ns‚ tXtcm-´a - mWv ]n∂oSv \Ωƒ ImWp-∂X - v. AXm-bXv 1930- Ifnse {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn¬ Ic-Ib - d- m≥ apXem-fnØw k¿°m-cns\ {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏Sp-Øn-sb-¶n¬ 1970- I-fpsS Ah-km-\tØmsS k¿°m-cns\ Isøm-gn-bp∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-®p. 1980 Ifnepw 1990- I-fnepw temIw km£yw hln-®Xv AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp am‰-am-Wv. B am‰-sØbmWv C∂v \h-en-_d - ¬h - y-hÿ, BtKm-fh - XvIcWw, DZm- c - h Xv I c- W w, kzIm- c yhXvIcWw Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-∂X.v CXph-gn- \mw ImWp-∂Xv sIbv\o-jy≥ kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ -X-I¿® am{X-a√, k¿°mcns‚ klm-ba - n-√m-Øc - o-Xn-bnep≈; Iq´m-bvaI - sf Hcp coXn-bnepw AwKo-I-cn-°mØ, Itºmfw F√mØn\pw ]cn- l m- c amWv , Itºmfw sIm≠v F¥pw sNøm≥ Ign-bpw F∂v imkv{X-KXn

]d- b p∂, Itºm- f - Ø ns‚ A[oiXzsØ ASn-®p-d-∏n-°p∂ coXnbnep≈ am‰-am-Wv. Cu \h-en-_-d¬ kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ ho≠pw kzX-{¥-It- ºmf-Øns‚ A[o-iXzw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn-sbSp-°m\mWv {ian-®X - v. 1990- I-fpsS Ah-km-\t- Øm-Sp-IqSn Gjy≥ cmPy-ßf - n¬ {]Xn-k‘n D≠mbn. “Gjy≥ andm-°nƒ” As√¶n¬ “Gjy≥ ISp-h-Iƒ” F∂v ]d-™psIm≠v Z£n- W - s Im- d n- b - s bbpw Xmbvhms\bpw t]mse-bp≈ cmPy-ßƒ, Ahsb, Ata-cn° Xs∂ tNmdp-sImSpØv hf¿Øn-sIm-≠p-h∂p. Ah¿°v ssk\n-Ia - m-bp-≈ e - £ - yßfmbn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v Xmbvhms‚ Id≥kn-bpambn _‘-s∏´v D≠mb {]Xn-k‘ - nbn¬ AØcw AXv`p-Xßƒ XI¿∂pt]mb ImgvN-bmWv ]n∂oSv \Ωƒ ImWp-∂X - v. AsXmcp kqN\ am{X-ambn-cp∂p F∂mWv ]n∂oSv Ãn•n-‰k v n-s\t∏m-ep≈ [\-im-k{v X-⁄¿ ]d-™X - .v

F∂m¬, 1970 IfpsS ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºm-tg°pw sIbv\o-jy≥ kn≤m-¥w ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. 1970 IfpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn "FÆ{]-Xn-k‘n' As√¶n¬ FÆ- hne-h¿[\hpw {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw GsXms° coXn-bn¬ temIsØ kzm[o-\n®p F∂v ]d-bm\mIn-s√¶nepw apX-em-fnØ temIsØ AsXmcp {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°n. AXpw hfsc i‡-amb Hcp {]Xn-k‘n Bbncp∂p. 2008˛se {]Xn-k-‘nbpw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw

C∂sØ {]Xn-k‘n 2008 Unkw_tdmsS Bcw-`n-®X - m-W.v AXns‚ hniZmw-iß - ƒ ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂n-√.

AXv \msa√mw ÿn-cambn hmbn-®p-sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Imcy-am-W.v ]s£, Ign™ aq∂v h¿j-Øn-\n-Sb - n¬ \S∂ hnhn-[Xcw hne- b n- c p- Ø - e p- I fpw t]mƒ {IqKvam≥ At±-l-Øns‚ ]pkvX-IØn¬ (The Return of the Depression Economics) ASn-h-cbn´v ]d-bp∂Xpamb Imcyw 1873 cq]-Øn-ep≈ as‰mcp {]Xnk-‘n-bn-te°v Hcp ‘temMv Un{]-j\ - nte’°v, temIw ho≠pw amdn-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂p F∂-Xm-W.v 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp sImtfm-Wnb¬ am¿°-‰ns‚ klm-bt- Øm-Sp-IqSn ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ klm-bt- Øm-Sp-Iq-SnbmWv apX- e m- f nØw hf¿∂p- h ∂sX¶n¬ ]n∂oSv tÃ‰ns‚ klm-btØm-Sp-Iq-SnbmWv apt∂-dnb-X.v C∂v B Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImf-\n-Iƒ C√. B XcØn¬ klm-bn-°m≥ Ignbp∂ k¿°mcp-Ifp-w C√. Cu c≠n-t‚bpw A`m-hØn¬ apX-em-fnØw IqSp-X¬ i‡amb {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn-te-°v Hcp c≠m-aXv “t{K‰v Un{]- j - \ n- t e°v ” \oßp∂ Ahÿ D≠m-Ip∂p F∂mWv {]`mXv ]Sv\m-bn-°n-s\-t∏m-ep-≈h - ¿ \nco-£n°p-∂Xv. hfsc IrXy-am-bn-´p≈ IW°p-Iƒ h®v Imcy-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-®psIm≠v hnZKv≤cmb ]e kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄cpw C°mcyw hy‡-am-°p∂p≠v. temIw c≠m-asXmcp t{K‰v Un{]-j\ - n-te-°v \oßn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-IbmWs{X. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXn-Pohn°p∂p F∂v ]d-bptºmgpw apX-emfn-Øw- Ah-sbms° AXns‚ Bﬂ kwXr-]vXn-°p-th≠n ]d-bp∂ coXn-bnep-≈h - bmbn amdp-I IqSn-bmWv. AXpw apX-em-fn-ØØ - ns‚ B¥-cnI khn-tij-Xb - m-W.v Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬, apX-em-fnØw AXns‚ {]N- c WcoXn am‰n- b n- c n°bmWv. 2009-˛H - msS F√m {]iv\ß - fpw Xo¿∂p-sh-∂mWv {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. “kS-Ip-Ss - ™-gp-t∂-‰n-cn-°p∂” apX-emfn-Øa - mWs{X C∂-tØ-Xv. F∂m¬ AXns‚ ÿnXn hfsc ck-Ic- a- m-sW∂v hni-Zmw-iß - f - n-te°v IS-°p-tºmƒ a\ n-em-Ipw. C∂v temI-Øv kmº-Øn-Ih-f¿® IqSn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F∂v ]dbp-tºmgpw AXns‚ kz`mhw Xs∂ hyXy-kX v a - m-W.v bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßƒ c≠v iX-am-\Ø - n¬ Xmsg-bm-Wv hf-cp∂Xv. G-jy≥ cmPy-ßfn¬ Ggv iX-am\-Øn¬ IqSp-Xe - mWv hf-¿®. C¥y hfcp-∂X - v, ssN\ hf-cp-∂X - v, Ggv iX-am\-Øn¬ IqSp-Xe - mbm-W.v At∏mƒ icmicn hf¿® IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. Cu hf¿®mcoXnsb ]pXnb t]cn¬ “Sq kv]oUv dn°-hdn” F∂m-Wv ]d-bp-∂Xv.

19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp sImtfm-Wn-b¬ am¿°‰ns‚ klm-b-tØm-SpIqSn ]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ klm-b-tØm-Sp-Iq-SnbmWv apX-em-fnØw hf¿∂p-h-∂sX¶n¬ ]n∂oSv tÃ‰ns‚ klmb-tØm-Sp-Iq-SnbmWv apt∂-dnb-Xv. C∂v B Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImf-\n-Iƒ C√. B Xc-Øn¬ klmbn-°m≥ Ignbp∂ k¿°m-cp-Ifp-w C√. Cu c≠n-t‚bpw A`m-hØn¬ apX-em-fnØw IqSp-X¬ i‡-amb {]Xnk-‘n-bn-te-°v Hcp c≠maXv t{K‰v Un{]-j-\nte°v \oßp∂ Ahÿ D≠m-Ip∂p

Ct∏mƒ Fs¥-¶nepw Imcyw \S°p-∂Xv Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-ßf - n-emWv. kº∂ cmPy-ßƒ C\nbpw c£-s∏-ń-ń-√. ""c≠v Iqćpw hf-cp-I-bm-Wv; thK-Xbn¬ AYhm hf¿®m- \ n- c - ° n¬ sNdnb hyXymkw Ds≠∂v am{Xw.'' ˛ F∂p≈ coXn-bn-emWv Itºm-fi - ‡ - n-Iƒ Imcyw Ah-Xc - n-∏n°p-∂X - v, AXm-bXv apX-emfnØ temIw {ian-°p-∂X - v, bm{¥n-Iamb Hcp Bfl-hn-izmkw D≠m-°n-sbSp-°p-∂X - n\v th≠n-bm-Wv CXv. kmºØnI {]Xn-k‘ - n-sb√mw ]cn-lc - n-®pI-gn-™p. \Ωƒ ]pXnb AXn-Po-h\ Xe-Øn-te°v h∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂o Imcy-ßfpw Ah¿ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv ]pXnb Imcy-ßf - mWv. XnI®pw P\-hn-cp-≤a - mb \S-]S- n-If - n-eq-sS-bmWv {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ D≠m-bX - v. ]t£, P\-ßf - psS \nIp-Xn∏WwsIm≠v {]Xn-k‘ - nsb ‘ss]k sImSpØv ’ Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- ° m\mWv k¿°m¿ {ian-°p-∂Xv. AXm-bX - v, P\ßƒ°v G‰hpw hncp-≤-amb \S-]-SnkzoI-cn-®X - n\memWv apX-em-fnØ{]Xnk-‘n- D≠m-bX - .v F∂m¬ AtX {]Xnk‘nsIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ {]Xym-Lm-Xßƒs°Xnsc apX-em-fn-am¿ P\-ßf - psS \nIp- X n- ∏ Ww - s Im- ≠ v ‘ ]cn- l mc ]mt°Pv’ krjvSn-°p-Ib - m-W.v AXm-bXv

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

kz¥w Xmt¥m- ∂ nØw sIm≠v XI¿∂ Iº-\n-Iƒ°v, k¿°m¿ sImSp°p-∂Xv km[mcW P\-ßf - n¬\n∂v ]ncn-°p∂ \nIpXn∏Wam-Wv. AXpw P\-ßf - psS GsX-¶nepw \nXy-\n-Zm\ Bh-iyw \nd-th-‰m\-√. apX-em-fn-amsc kwc-£n-°p-∂X - n-\p-th≠n, Ah-cpsS {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n; AShv injv S IΩn \nIØp∂Xn\pth≠n ˛- AØ-cØ - n-ep≈ coXnbn- e m- W v Imcy- ß ƒ t]mIp- ∂ - X v . F∂m¬, AXn-Po-h\ - Ø - n¬ G¿s∏´ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\v ]pXnb ]pXnb km[y-X-Iƒ ssI hcp-∂p. Ht´sd ]pXnb cq]-Øn-ep≈ apX-em-fn-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂p. temI-cm-Py-ß-ƒ XΩnep-≠mb kzX-{¥-hym-]m-cI - c - m-dpIƒ Bkn-bm≥ Icm-dn-s\-t∏mse - - [mcmfw C\nbpw H∏n-Sm≥ t]mIp-∂p. Cu Icm- d p- I sf√mw hym]m- c sØ HutZym-Kn-Ia- m-bn-Øs∂, Hu]-Nm-cn-Ia- mbn-Øs∂, IqSp-X¬ - IqSp-X¬ hn]p-es∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p-th≠n Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]n≥_-eØ - n¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂X - n\p-th≠nbn´p≈ {ia-ßfmWv AtXkabw, t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®Xp-t]mse AXn-Po-h\ - Ø - n\p th≠nbp≈ ]pXnb {ia-ßƒ, taJ-eI - ƒ Is≠-Øp-I-bm-Wv. ]gb cq]-Øn¬ Akw-kvIrX ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Ipgn-s®SpØv ^mIvSd - n-bn¬ \¬In DXv]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂ coXn-bn-¬- \n∂v temIw amdn°gn-™p. As√-¶n¬ amdn-s°m-≠ncn-°b - m-Wv. B[p-\n-I- DXv]m-Z\ - c - oXn ]g-bX - p-t]mse henb sat{Sm-s]m-fn-‰≥ kn‰n- I - f ntem h≥ hyh- k m- b imeIfntem A√ Ct∏mƒ D≠m-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X-¬ Adnhv km{μo-Ir-Xa - m-bn-´p≈ DXv]m-Z\ kwcw`-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bv°v F√m {]tZ-iß-fn-ep-am-Wv. B DXv]m-Z\ kwcw-`ßsf \ne-\n¿Ø-Ws - a-¶n¬ t\csØ D≈-Xp-t]mep≈ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-f√ th≠- X v . AXn\v t]‰‚ v \nb- a w t]mep≈ \nb-{¥Wß-fmWv Bh-iyam-bn-´p-≈X - .v CXn-\mbn ]pXnb t]‰‚ v \nbaw D≠m-°p-∂p. A - s - √-¶n¬ \nehn-ep≈ t]‰‚ v \nbaw _m[-I-a√ F∂v ]d-bp-∂p. -AXpw As√-¶n¬ B¿Ph-ap≈ t]‰‚ v \nbaw D≈ C¥ysb-t]m-ep≈ cmPy-ßf - n¬ \n¿_-‘ambpw Ah-sb-s°m≠v kz¥w t]‰‚ v \nb- a - ß - f n¬ am‰w hcp- Ø m- \ p≈ \S]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Adnhv B coXnbn¬ Hcp Nc°mbn amdp-∂p.- kwkvImcw AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Nc-°mbn amdp-∂p. imkv{X kmt¶-XnI I≠p-]nSp-Ø-ßƒ DXv]-∂-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p. Cu ]pXnb taJ-eI - f - n-se√mw Xs∂ imkv{X-KXn

D≠m-Ip∂ ]W-Øns‚ _ehpw AXni-‡a- m-W.v AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI taJ-eI - f - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-°p∂ Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ C∂v \ap°v Duln-°m≥ ]‰mØ coXn-bn-ep-≈Xmbn amdp-∂Xpw Cu Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ kz`mh-hn-ti-ja - m-bn ImWWw.

C≥Uybpw am‰-Øn¬ Cusbmcp ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ thWw C¥y-bn¬ kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ßsf t\m°n-°m-Wm≥. GXv coXnbn-em-sW-¶nepw ChnsS kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. B hf¿®-bmIs´ apsºßpw C√mØ coXn-bn-ep≈ Ak-¥penXm-hÿ krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠ncn-°p-∂p. [\nI ˛ Zcn{Z Ak-¥p-enXm-hÿ am{X-a√, hnI-kn-X-{]tZißfpw Ahn-Ik - n-X{- ]tZi-ßfpw XΩnep≈ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ - b - p-≠.v DXv]mZ-\t- a-Je - bpw tkh-\t- a-Je - bpw XΩnep≈ Ak- ¥ p- e n- X m- h - ÿ - b p- ≠ v . k¿°mcpw kzX-{¥-It- ºm-fhpw XΩnep≈ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ - b - p-≠.v kmºØnI hf¿® D≠m-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ i‡n-s∏Sp-Øp∂ am‰--ßfpw D≠mIp∂p. AXv Zmcn{Zyw, sXmgn-en-√mbva, hne-°b - ‰w F∂o {]iv\ß - sf ÿmbn-bmbn \ne\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ \S-ØnsIm- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂p. apX- e m- f nØw AXns‚ AXn-Po-h\ - {- ]-{In-bb - ° v I - Øv Zmcn{Zyw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠nbp≈; sXmgn-en-√mbva \ne\n\n¿Øp-

∂- X n- \ p- t h- ≠ n- b p- ≈ ; hne- ° - b ‰w \ne\n¿Øp-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈ {iaßƒ \S-Øp-∂p. Hmlcn kqNn-Ib - nse XI¿®, hntZi- I - º - \ n- I ƒ Ah- c psS \nt£]w ]n≥h-en°¬, tUmf-dn\v {]nbw h¿[n®Xv C¥y≥ Ddp-∏n-Ib - psS aqey-Øn¬ KWy-amb XI¿®-bp-≠m-bXv \ΩpsS Ib-‰p-aX - nsb KWy-ambn _m[n-®Xv, ]cº-cm-KX hyh-km-bc - w-Kß - ƒ XI¿∂Xv, Aßs\ D≠m-Ip∂ {]Xym-Lm-Xß - fmWv 2009s‚ ]Ip-Xn- hsc D≠m-bX -- v. F¶nepw {Ia-Øn¬ \ap°v am‰w hcpØm≥ km[n- ® p. am‰w h∂- X ns‚ ImcWw t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]m-se C¥y-bnse kmº-Øn-IcwKhpw ÿm]\-ßfpw Ipsd-sbms° kq£n®p \n∂Xp-sIm-≠m-W.v kmº-Øn-I-cwKØv C¥y Ipsdsbms° kpc- £ - t bmsS amdn \n∂ncp∂p. \ΩpsS C≥jp-d≥kv taJe-bm-sW-¶nepw [\-Imcy, _m¶nwMv taJ-eI - f - m-sW-¶nepw Ah-bn¬ \S-∂ncp∂ kacw {]tXy-In®v C≥jq-d≥kv taJ-eb - n¬ \S-∂ kacw B taJ-ebn¬ A]ISw C√msX (C≥kp-te-‰Uv) \n¬°p-∂X - n\v hfsc°qSp-X¬ klmbn-®p. AXp-sIm≠v a‰p cmPy-ßƒ°v {]bm-k-I-c-am-b cwK-ßƒ C¥ysb kw_-‘n®v Ipsd-sbms° kpc-£n-Xam-bn-cp-∂p. AXv am-{X-a√; t\ctØ \Ωƒ cq]bpsS kzX-{¥-hn-\n-abw F∂ coXn-bn¬ hntZi hym]m-chp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øm-\n-cp∂ {iaw Dt]-

£nt°≠nh∂p. C¥y-bnse kmaqly {]Xn-_≤ - X - b - p≈ kmº-ØnI imkv{X⁄¿ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v AXv XSbp-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. Ipsd s]mXp-ta-Je - m-ÿm-]\ - ß-ƒ ASs®-¶nepw, _m°nbp≈ {][m-\s∏-´-hsb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-™p. Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬ i‡-amb kacw \SØp- ∂ - X n\pw \b- ] - c - a mb ImcyØn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]n¥n-cn-∏n°p-∂X - n-\p-w km[n-®p. F∂m¬, tZiob hcp-am-\Ø - n¬ hf¿® D≠m-Iptºmƒ sXmgn-en-√mbva {][m-\s - ∏´ {]iv\a - mbn \ne\n¬°p-∂p.- A-Xns‚ A¿∞w C∂v ImWp∂ hf¿® F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv sXmgn-en-√mbva h¿[n-∏n-°p∂XmWv. Hcp `mKØv \ΩpsS kmº- Ø nI hf¿®m-\n-c°v h¿[n-°p-∂p. ] - s - £, AtX kabw kmaq-ly-\oXn t]mep≈ Imcy- ß ƒ ]q¿Wambn XI- c p- ∂ p. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse, ]e taJ-eI - ƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Ak-¥pen-Xa - mb hf¿® G‰hpw {]I-Sa - m-Ip∂Xv DXv]m-Z\taJ-ebpw tkh-\t- a-Jebpw XΩn-ep≈ hf¿®-bn¬ h∂p-sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ßf - nem-Wv. Ak-¥penX kmº-ØnI hf¿®°v Xs∂ {]tNm-Z\ - a - m-Ip-∂Xv IShpw kzImcy aqe-[\ - hpw BWv. AXv Xs∂ {]Xnk-‘nsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ch-

Ipsd s]mXp-ta-J-em-ÿm]-\ß-ƒ ASs®-¶nepw, _m°nbp≈ {][m-\-s∏-´hsb \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ign™p. Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬ i‡-amb kacw \SØp∂-Xn\pw \b-]-c-amb ImcyØn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]n¥n-cn∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-w km[n-®p. F∂m¬, tZiob hcp-am\-Øn¬ hf¿® D≠mIptºmƒ sXmgn-en-√mbva {][m-\-s∏´ {]iv\-am-bn \ne\n¬°p-∂p.- A-Xns‚ A¿∞w C∂v ImWp∂ hf¿® F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv sXmgn-en-√mbva h¿[n-∏n°p∂XmWv.

sb√mw tN¿∂p-sIm-≠p≈ \mW-bs - ∏cp-∏hpw hne-°b - ‰ - hpw as‰-√m-Xc - Ø - nep≈ IW-°p-Iq-´e - p-It- fbpw sX‰n-®psIm≠v Hcp ]pXnb {]iv\a - mbn amdp∂p. CXmWv C∂p-≠m-bn-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂Xv. AtX Ah-kc - w Itºm-fw XIcmXn-cn-°p-∂X - n-\p-th≠n, Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-´p≈ Bƒ°msc klm-bn-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠nbp≈ Nne ]≤XnIƒ sIm≠p-h-cp∂p≠v. sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em°p-∂X - v, kzbw klm-bk - w-Lß - sf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv Aßs\-bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ thsdm-cp-`m-KØv \S-°p-∂p-. AXp-hgn Zcn-{Z¿°v In´p∂ ]Whpw ]q¿Wambpw Itºm-f-Ønte°v Xs∂ Xncn-®p-hc - n-Ib - m-W.v AXpw apX-em-fn-am-cpsS ssII-fn-te°v Xs∂ FØpw. B coXn-bn-ep≈ Imcy-ßƒ BXy-¥n-Ia - mbn AXv apX-em-fnam¿°v KpWw sNøp∂ coXn-bn-te°v am‰nsIm≠n-cn-°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v kmº-ØnI hf¿®sb e£y-am°nsIm≠p≈Xp-am{X-a√; kmaq-ly-\oXn \ntj-[n-°p∂ ÿnXnsb e£y-am-°n sIm-≠p-≈X - mWv C∂sØ CS-s]-S¬. AXns‚ `mKambn Zmcn{Zyw, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Ak-aXzw, `£y-kp-c£ - b - n-√m-ba v , hne-°b - ‰w F∂o {]iv\ß - ƒ kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘n-bpsS `mK-ambn cq£-am-Ip-∂p. sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

tIc-f-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv Cusbmcp ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ tIc-fsØ-°p-dn®v H∂p c≠v Imcy-ßƒ IqSn kqNn-∏n-t°≠-Xp-≠v. tI-c-f-Ønepw CtX Ah-ÿX - s - ∂-bm-W.v kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘n XpS-ßnb Ah-kc - Ø - n¬ \Ωƒ IcpXn tIc-f-amsI Xf¿∂p t]mIm-\p≈ km[y-Xb - ps≠∂v. AXn\v CS- b m- ° p∂ ImcWßƒ tIc- f Ønep≠m-bn-cp∂p. am{X-a√, Gsd Ne-\m-flI - a- m-bn-´p≈ tIcf kaq-lØ - nemWv C¥y-bnse at‰-sXmcp kwÿm\-tØ-°mfpw kmº-Øn-I{- ]-Xn-k‘ - nbpsS cq£X IqSp-X¬ D≠m-hpI F∂v ]d-™n-cp-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse `£y-hn-fI-fn¬ IqSp-Xepw hntZi Itºm-fh - pambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-≈-h-bm-Wv. tIc-fØ - nse ]c-ºc - m-KX hyh-kmb DXv]∂ - ß - f - n¬ an°Xpw Ib-‰p-aX - n-bp∑p-Ja - m-Wv. tIc-fØ - ns‚ \ne-\n¬∏pXs∂ Kƒ^v cmPy-ßf - n¬ \n∂p≈ ]W- h p- a mbn tN¿∂p- s Im≠mWv . Cßs\ c≠p aq∂v {][m-\s - ∏´ ImcW-ßf - m¬ sshtZ-inI _‘-ßƒ°v hfsc kzm[o-\a - p≈ tIcf kº-Zvhyh-ÿb - ° v mWv C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬ {]Xym-Lm-Xß - sf t\cn-tS-≠n-hcpI F∂v \Ωƒ IW-°m-°n. ]t£, \Ωƒ ]cn-{`m-¥-cm-b-hn-[-Ønep≈ {]Xym-Lm-Xß - ƒ tIcfØn¬ D≠m-bnń√ F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. F¥psIm≠v? Hcp ImcWw [\-Im-cy-ta-Je - bnse {]Xn-k‘n Hcp DXv]m-Z\ {]Xnk-‘nbnte-t°m, kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘nbnte-t°m amdn-bn-√. am{X-a-√, BtKmf ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ D≠mb Nne am‰-ß-fpsS ê-ambn tIc-f-Ønse Nne DXv]∂ - ß - f - psS hne IqSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aß-s\bpw Nne KpW-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, d∫dns‚ hne tIc-fØ - nse d∫-dp-ambn am{Xw _‘-s∏-´X - √ - .- F-Æh - ne F{X IqSp-∂pthm AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v d∫-dnt‚bpw hne IqSpw. ImcWw Ir{Xna d∫-dns‚ hne IqSp-tºmƒ kzm`m-hnI d∫-dns‚ hne IqSpw.-kn-¥-‰nIv d∫dns‚ hne Ipd-bp-tºmƒ km[m-cW d∫-dns‚ hnebpw Ipd-bpw. Cßs\ temI-hn-]W - n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ Nne am‰-ßf - p-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm≠v Nne DXv]∂-ßf - psS hne h¿[n-°p-Ibpw Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. FÆ-bpsS hnebn¬ Xs∂ \Ωƒ Dt±-in-®X - p-t]m-se hensbmcp XI¿®- kw`-hn-®n-√.- Hcp _mc-en\v 167 tUmf¿ hsc FØnb FÆ-hne Xmgv∂p Xmgv∂p h∂v 50, 60 tUmf-dns‚ CS-bn-te°v h∂p F∂ps≠-¶nepw AXn-t\-°mƒ Xmtg°v t]mbn-ń-√.-Hcp ap∏-Ø-©n-s\ms° imkv{X-KXn

[\-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bnse {]Xn-k‘n Hcp DXv]mZ\ {]Xn-k-‘nbntet°m, kmº-ØnI {]Xnk-‘nbnte-t°m amdn-bn-√. am{X-a-√, BtKmf ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ D≠mb Nne am‰-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn tIc-f-Ønse Nne DXv]∂-ß-fpsS hne IqSpIbpw sNbvXp. Aß-s\bpw Nne KpW-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

Xmtgm´v t]mbm¬ {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn-emIpw. ]s£ Aßs\ t]mbn√, am{X-a√, Kƒ^n- e p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ]e- c p- t Sbpw tPmenbpw, Ah- c psS hcp- a m- \ hpw KWy-amb cq]Øn¬ sh´n-°p-d® - p- F∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah-cmcpw Xncn-®p-t]m--∂n√, ImcWw ChnsS h∂m¬ AhnSptØXn- t \- ° mƒ henb hnti- j sam∂pan√. AXp-sIm≠v Kƒ^p-If - n¬ \n∂p-≠mb hcp-am-\Ø - nepw KWy-amb XI¿®-sbm∂pw tIc-fØ - n¬ A\p-`h - s∏´n-√. CXn-s\√mw ]pdsa \ΩpsS am\kn-Im- h - ÿ Hcp apX-em-fnØ ss\XnI-Xb - vs°-Xn-cmWv. am\-kn-Ia - m-bn-´p≈ Hcp ka-c- hocyw \ap°nS-bn¬ D≠v. CXv s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\ß - sf kwc-£n°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bn-´p≈ am\-kn-Ia- mb Hc-h-ÿ krjvSn-°p-∂p. AXv Hcp cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m-[-Øns‚ IqSn {]iv \ - a m- W v . AXnepw {][m\w kmaqly kpc-£b - p-ambn _‘-s∏-´v {]Xn-k‘ - n-L´- Ø - nepw AXn\v ap≥]pw tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p≈ \bßfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-IfpamWv; AXv kmaqly kpc- £ - b psS Imcy- Ø n- e m- b mepw s]mXpkwhn-[m-\sØ i‡n-s∏-SpØp∂ coXn-bn-em-bmepw AXym-hiy

km[-\ß - ƒ s]mXp-hn-Xc - W kwhn-[m\-Øn-eqsS hnX-cWw sNøm-\p≈ ImcyØn-embmepw, IpSpw-_-{io-t]m-ep≈ kwhn- [ m- \ - ß ƒ ˛ sXmgn- e p- d ∏p t]mep≈ kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ, A[n-Im-chn-tI-{μo-Ic - W - h - p-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm≠p≈ am‰-ßƒ CsX√mw tIc-fØ - n¬ Hcp ]cn-{`m¥n C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\v, klm-bn-®n-´p≈ \S-]S- n-If - m-W.v AØcw \S-]-Sn-Ifnse Hcp IpXn∏v kaq-lØn¬ samØ-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ P\-ßfpsS {Ib-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v, ]nSn-®p-\n¬°p-∂X - n\v henb Hcp ]cn[n-hsc klm-bn-®n-´p-≠;v F¶nepw {]Xnk-‘n-If - p-≠.v ]pXnb {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ \Ωƒ t\cn´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn-te-Xn-t\°mƒ IqSp-Xe - mWv tIc-fØ - ns‚ kmºØnI hf¿®. ]s£, hcp-am-\h - nX-cW-Øn-ep≈ Ak-aXzw IqSn-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂ kwÿm-\ß - f - n-sem∂v tIc-fa - mWv. H - cp `mKØv kmº-ØnI hf¿® h¿[n-°p-∂p, kmaq-ly-\oXn XI¿∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Db-cp∂XmWv \ΩpsS hf¿®m-\n-c-°v F∂p-s≠-¶n¬ XIcp∂XmWv \ΩpsS kmaq-ln-I-\oXn. Irjn- b n- S - ß - f psS XI¿® {][m- \ {]iv\-am-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-fpsS taep≈ IS-∂m-{I-aWw ]cn[n Ihn-

™n-cn-°p-∂p. D-]t- `m-KØ - n-e[ - n-jvTn-Xam-bn-´p≈ Hcp hnI-k\ - k - a - o-]\amWv i‡n-s]-Sp-∂Xv. CXn-s\-sb√mw s]cp∏n-®p-sIm≠v hne-°b - ‰ - w thsdm-cp-`mK-Øp-IqsS i‡n-s]-Sp-∂p. Hcp `mKØv ]nSn-®p-\n¬°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {iaßƒ \S-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ Ht´sd {]Xnk-‘n-Isf, {]Xn-k‘ - n-If - m¬ i‡ns∏--Sm≥ CS-bp≈ {]iv\ß - sf A`n-apJo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kwÿm-\amWv tIcfw F∂p-≈Xpw {it≤bamWv. GX-h-k-c-Ønepw {]Xn-k-‘nh∂ps]Sm- \ p≈ km[yX tIcfw t]mep≈ kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ hfsc IqSpX-em-W.v

{]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ cmjv{Sobw Cu Ah-kc - Ø - n¬ ]ptcm-Ka - \hpw hnim-eh - p-amb Nn¥bnepw {]h¿Ø\ \ne-]m-Sp-If - nepw Dd-®p-\n¬t°-≠n-bncn-°p-∂p. CXv hfsc {][m-\s - ]´ Hcp Imcy-am-Wv. c≠v coXn-bn¬ {]iv\sØ A`n- a p- J o- I - c n- ° mw. H∂v am¿Iv k v Bh¿Øn®v ]d-™X - mWv apX-em-fnØ-tem-IØv {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠mIpw F∂ Imcyw. AXp-sIm≠v ho≠p-samcp apX-em-fnØ {]Xn-k‘ - n-bp-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ am¿Ivknkw AP-øa - mWv F∂v ]d™v ap{Zm-hmIytØmsS ]n¥pW {]Jym-]n°mw. ]s£, AXp-sIm≠v {]iv\w ]cn-

l-cn-°p-∂n-√. am¿Ivkv ]d™ Imcyßƒ AtX coXn-bn¬ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn°p- ∂ p. As√- ¶ n¬ At±- l - Ø n\v ]eXpw ap≥Iq-´n-]d- b - m-\p≈ B {Im¥Z¿in-XzsØ \Ωƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂p.AtX Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Xs∂ {]Xnk‘nbpsS {]Xym- L m- X - Ø m¬ XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv, ]mh-s∏-´h - c - m-W,v I¿j-Is - Xm-gn-em-fn-Ifm-Wv, I¿j-Ic - m-Wv. \ΩpsS ]c-ºc - mKX hyh-kmb sXmgn-em-fn-If - m-W.v AhcpsS sFIyw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah¿°v Ah-cpsS D]-Po-h-\-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈Xpw AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v th≠nbp-≈X - p-amb ka-cß - ƒ i‡ns∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ahsc IqSp-X¬ sa®s∏´ PohnX ]Ÿm-hn-te°v sIm≠p-hcnIbpw sNøpI F∂ cmjv{So-bZ- uXyw Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠p∂ Hcp Ime-L´- a - mWv C∂-tØXv F∂pw \sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-SpØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ {]iv\w Zcn-{Z-cpsSbpw Zmcn-{Z-Øns\-Xnsc Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw {]Xn-Ic - n-°pIbpw sNøp-∂h - c - psSbpw sFIyhpw ka-chpw Xs∂-bmWv; {]Xn-k-‘n°p≈ {]Xn-hn[n AXm-Wv. "td‰nMv GP≥kn-'I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-Øn¬ Biz-kn-°p-Ib - √ - , IqSp-X¬ i‡-amb {]Xn-tcm[ ka-cß - ƒ°v cq]w \¬IpI-bmWv C∂sØ Bhiyw. sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

Ih¿tÃmdn kn.-]n. \mcm-b-W≥

[h-f-]{X hnhm-Z-Øns‚

s]mcpƒ F¥v? B`y-¥-c-h-cp-am\w 10 iX-am\w tXmXn¬ h¿[n-®psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ thf-bn¬ Cu \nK-a\w ]mtS sX‰m-Wv. BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW \b-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≈t∏mƒ kº-∂¿°v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ \nIp-Xn-bnfhv \¬Ip∂ \b-amWv Ata-cn-°-bnepw ChnsS tI{μ- Øn-ep-sams° \S-∏m-°n-h-cp-∂-Xv. AXn\p≈ Acßv Hcp-°p-I-bmWv [h-f-]-{X-ØneqsS amWn- m¿ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv.

bp.-Un.-F^v A[n-Im-c-ta‰ DSs\ [\-a{¥n sI.-Fw.-amWn kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ [\-ÿnXn tami-am-sW∂pw AXpkw-_‘ - n®v [h-f-]{Xw Cd-°p-sa∂pw am[y-a-ß-tfmSv ]d-™n-cp-∂p. Pqssebn¬ \nb-ak - `mktΩ-f\w Xocp-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºmbn At±lw Aßs\-sbm∂v \nb-a-k-`-bpsS tai-∏p-dØv h®p. AXn-s\-°p-dn®v k`-bn¬ N¿®-sbm∂pw D≠m-bn-√. ap≥[-\a - {¥n tUm. tXmakv sFk°v AXn-s\mcp _Z¬]{Xw k`-bpsS tai-∏p-dØv hbv°m≥ {ian-s®-¶n-epw, kv]o°¿ AXv A\p-hZ- n-®n-√. Nne am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah-sb-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ h∂p. tUm. tXmakv sFk°v ""I≈w, ]®-°-≈w, ]ns∂ sI.-Fw.-amWn-bpsS IW-°p-Ifpw'' F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw FgpXn Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2001-˛se Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Im-eØv kwÿm\ [\ÿnXn ]cs° N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-sXm-´papºv Bcw- ` n® dnk¿hv _m¶n¬\n- ∂ p≈ Hmh¿{Um^vSpw {Sjdn ]e Znh-kß - f - n¬ AS-®n-Sepw 2001-˛06-˛¬ bp.-Un.-F-^v. `c-W-Im-eØv Hcp XpS¿ {]{In-b-bmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬, 2011-˛se Xnc-s™-Sp-∏p-Im-eØv AØ-cØ - n¬ hnhmZ-am-IØ - ° - h - n[w Hcp {]iv\hpw kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ [\-ÿnXn kw_-‘n®v D≠m-bn-√. ]ns∂, F¥p-sIm≠v amWn- m¿ Ct∏mƒ Hcp [h-f-]-{X-hp-ambn cwK-Øp-h∂p? AXn¬ [\-]ctam kmº-Øn-Itam Bb Imcy-ß-tf-°mƒ cmjv{So-b-amWv apg®p \n¬°p-∂-Xv. am{X-a-√, Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm [h-f-]-{X-Øn¬ amWn- m¿ (A-s√-¶n¬ AXv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-lsØ klm-bn® [\-h-Ip-∏v) Ah-X-cnimkv{X-KXn

∏n® IW-°p-I-fnepw hmZ-ß-fnepw NneXv sX‰n-≤m-cW Df-hm-°p∂Xn\pth≠n Ir{Xn-a-ambn D≠m-°n-b-XmWv; As√-¶n¬ [\-im-k{v X-Øns‚ lcn{io At±-lØ - n\pw klm-bn-Iƒ°pw Adnbn√ F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. tUm. tXmakv sFk°v amWn- m-dn\p adp]Sn ]d-bsh Cu hI Imcy-ßfpw Nq≠n-°m-´n-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-km\w AhcpsS X¿°- h n- X ¿°- ß - f n¬\n∂v B¿°pw sNs∂-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv, C∂sØ C¥y- b psS kmº- Ø nI Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ tIc-f-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m≥ sNtø-≠Xv F¥v F∂Xp kw_-‘n® Nne [mcW-If - n-em-Wv. [h-f-]-{X-Ønse hni-I-e\w XpSßp-∂Xv 2000-˛01 apX¬ 2009-˛10 hscbp≈ ]Øp-h¿j-°m-eØv kwÿm\-Øns‚ B`y-¥-tcm-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn¬ h∂ am-‰-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv. bp.-Un.-F-^v-˛-F¬.-Un.-F-^v. XmcX-ay-Øn-\mWv amWn- m¿ ChnsS {ian®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. 2000-˛01 F¬.-Un.-F-^v. Kh-◊‚ns‚ Ah-km-\ -h¿j-am-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂sØ bp.-Un.-F-^v. `cWw 2001-˛06 Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂p≈ F¬.-Un.-F^ - .v `- c - Ww 2006-˛11 Ime-Øpw. AXn-\p-]-Icw 2000-˛05 Dw 2005-˛10 Dw BWv amWn- m¿ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂Xv. CXv hkvXp-Xm-]-c-a-√. AXn-t\-°mƒ henb [\-]-c-amb sX‰v B Xmc-X-ay-Øn-ep-≠v. B`y-¥tcm-X] v m-Z\w IW-°m-°m-dp-≈Xv GsX¶nepw ASn-ÿm\ h¿jsØ hneIsf ]cn-K-Wn-®m-bn-cn-°pw. 1999-˛2000 hne-Isf ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°nb B`y-¥tcm-Xv]m-Z\ IW-°p-Ifpw 2004-˛05 hneIsf ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°nb IW-°p-Ifpw D≠v. Ch XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNø-Wsa-¶n¬ Htc ASn-ÿm-\-h¿j-Øn¬

tIc-f-Øns‚ B`y-¥tcm-Xv]m-Z\w {Ia-ambn h¿[n-°p-I-bmWv. Ct∏mƒ C¥y-bn¬ Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep≈ kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. 2007-˛08-˛¬ 40,287 cq]. lcn-bm-\, alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dmØv F∂n-h-bmWv ]n∂mse hcp-∂-Xv. 2004-˛05-˛se hne-\n-e-hm-ca-\p-k-cn®v 2009-˛10-˛se Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w GXm≠v 70,000 cq]-bmbn Db¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

IW-°m-°-Ww. F∂m¬, amWn- m¿ AXv sNømsX 2000-˛04 Ime-tØ°v BZysØ sk‰v IW-°p-Ifpw ]n∂oSp≈ Ime-tØ°v 2004-˛05s\ ASn-ÿm\- a m- ° nb IW- ° p- I fpw t\sc FSpØp tN¿Øn-cn-°-bm-Wv. [hf ]{X-Øn¬ sImSpØ ]ń-Ibpw 1999˛2000 ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb ]ń-Ibpw (]ńI 1) sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. bp.- U n.- F - ^ v . `c- W - I m- e - Ø n\v C√mØ anIhv D≠m°n ImWn-°m\mWv amWn- m¿ [\-im-kv{X-Øn\p \nc-°mØhn[w ]ńIT1 [h-f-]-{XØn¬ Xń-∏S- ® - Xv! kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ B`y-¥t- cm-X] v mZ\w Hmtcm Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ImeØv AXns‚ \S-]-Sn-I-f-\p-k-cn®pam{Xw Gdp-Itbm Ipd-bp-Itbm sNøp∂ H∂√. Zo¿L- I m- e m- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e mWv AXns‚ {]h-WX Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbp-I. 1972-˛86 ImeØv tIc-f-Øns‚ B`y-¥-tcm-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ hm¿jnI h¿[\ 1.63 iX-am\w hoX-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1987-˛96 ImeØv AXv 6.7 iX-am-\-ambn. 1997-˛03 ImeØv 5.6 iX-am-\hpw AXn-\p-tijw 10 iX-am-\-Øn¬ IqSpX-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, tIc-fØns‚ B`y-¥t- cm-Xv]m-Z\w {Ia-ambn h¿[n-°p-Ib - m-Wv. Ct∏mƒ C¥y-bn¬ Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w G‰hpw IqSp-Xep≈ kwÿm\w tIc-fa - m-Wv. 2007-˛08˛¬ 40,287 cq]. lcn-bm-\, alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dmØv F∂n-hb - mWv ]n∂mse hcp∂-Xv. 2004-˛05-˛se hne-\n-e-hm-c-a-\p-kcn®v 2009-˛10-˛se Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w GXm≠v 70,000 cq]-bmbn Db¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. kwÿm-\Øv B`y-¥t- cm-Xv]m-Z\ - Øn-te-°p≈ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS kw`m-h\ F¬.-Un.-F^ - .v `- c - W - I - m-eØv CSn™p F∂v [h-f-]{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse Irjn {][m-\a- mbn Zo¿LIme hnf-If - m-W.v AXn¬ h¿[\ D≠mIm≥ \o≠-Im-e-sa-Sp-°pw. F¬.-Un.F^v. `c-W-Im-eØv I≠ aμX 2001˛06 ImeØv bp.-Un.-F-^v.-Ir-jn-°p≈ hI-bn-cp-Øe - n¬ XpS¿®-bmbn shń-°pdhv hcp-Øn-b-Xns‚IqSn ê-am-Wv. 2006-˛11 ImeØv Irjn-°p≈ hI-bn-cpØ¬ F¬.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ h¿[n∏n®n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. AXns‚ kZv ^ ew ASpØ h¿j-ßf - n-emWv ImWm≥ Ignbp-I. [h-f-]-{X-Ønse Hcp s]mXp-\n-Ka\w tIc-fØ - nse kmº-ØnI hf¿® aμ-KX - n-bn-em-sW∂pw AXv s]mXp-˛k - zImcy \nt£]w Ipd- b m≥ CS- b m°p∂psh∂pw AXv hf¿®m-tXmXv ]ns∂bpw Ipd-bm≥ CS-bm-°p-sa-∂psk]vXw-_¿ 2011

B`y-¥-tcm-Xv]m-Z\w h¿jw

[h-f-]-{XØnse B`y¥ tcm-Xv]m-Z-\w

2000-˛01 2001-˛02 2002-˛03 2003-˛04 2004-˛05 2005-˛06 2006-˛07 2007-˛08 2008-˛09 2009-˛10 UDFIm-esØ

72659 77924 86895 90698 119264 136842 153785 175141 201020 230316

iX-am\ h¿[\ (tIm-Sn-cq-])

1999-˛00 h¿jw ASn-ÿm\-am°nb B`y¥tcm-Xv]m Z\w (tIm-Sn-cq-])

7.25 11.51 11.28 23.34 14.74 12.38 13.89 14.78 14.57

72659 77924 86895 96698 110200 126511 142175 161918 185844 212928

(2001-˛06)- h¿[\ icm-icn=11.8,

am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ k¿°m-cns‚ dh-\yph- c p- a m\w h¿[n- ∏ n- ° m≥ Ign- b n√ F∂v amWn- m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. B`y-¥-ch-cp-am\w 10 iX-am\w tXmXn¬ h¿[n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ thf-bn¬ Cu \nKa\w ]mtS sX‰m-W.v BtKm-fh - X - I v c - W \b-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≈-t∏mƒ kº∂¿°v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ \nIp-Xn-bnfhv \¬Ip∂ \b-amWv Ata-cn-°bnepw ChnsS tI{μ-Øn-ep-sams° \S∏m-°n-hc - p-∂X - .v AXn-\p≈ Acßv Hcp°p-I-bmWv [h-f-]-{X-Øn-eqsS amWn m¿ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sNøp-∂X - v. kwÿm-\Ø - ns‚ \nIp-Xn-˛\ - n-IpXn CX-c-h-cp-am\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ F¬.-Un.-F-^v. `c-W-Im-eØv Imcyamb t\´-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn s]mXpsh AwKo- I - c n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≠ v . AXns\ CSn®p Im´m≥ [h-f-]-{X-Øn¬ ]´nI 3s\ Bkv]Z- a - m°n hrYm-{iaw \S-Ønbn-´p-≠v. \nIp-Xn, \nIp-XnbnXc hcpam-\ß - fpw Ah-bpsS BsI-Øp-Ibpw tI{μ-hn-ln-Xhpw iX-am-\-°-W-°n¬ \¬In Ah-tbm-tcm∂pw G‰hpw IqSpX-em-bXv bp.-Un.-F-^v.-`-c-W-Im-e-ØmsW-∂mWv hmZn-°p-∂X - .v iX-am-\° - W - °n¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ Ch-bpsS BsIØpI 100 BhmsX Xc-an-√. H∂p IqSptºmƒ as‰m∂v Ipd-bpw. AXn-\m¬ B hmZ-Øn¬ IY-bn-√. F¬.- U n.- F - ^ v . `c- W - I m- e Øv \nIpXn hcp-am\w h¿[n-®Xv hm‰v k{º-Zm-bØ - ns‚ ta∑-sIm-≠m-sW∂v amWn- m¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. hm‰v k{ºZmbw D≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-{X-am-bn-√. AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp°m≥ Imcy-£a - a - mb k{º-Zmbw D≠m°- W w. AXmWv F¬.- U n.- F - ^ v . k¿°m¿ sNbvX-Xv. BZyw C˛-^-b-enMv, ]ns∂ C˛-t]-bvsa‚ v, hym]m-cnIƒ°v Ãm‰yq-´-dn- t^m-d-ßƒ kzbw imkv{X-KXn

LDF

iX-am\ h¿[\

7.25 11.51 11.28 13.96 14.80 12.38 13.89 14.78 14.57

Im-esØ (2006-˛10)-h¿[\ icm-icn=13.9

Aßs\ h∂m¬ F¬.Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ ]n¥pS¿∂ [\-\bw bp.-Un.-F^v.-k¿°mcpw ]n¥p-S-tc≠n-h-cpw. AXv Hgn-hm-°m\mWv [h-f-]-{X-Ønse hnX-WvU-hm-Z-ßƒ. F¥mWv B \bw? H∂v, k¿°m-cns‚ dh\yp hcp-am\w {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn 20 iX-am\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-I. c≠v, dh\yp sNehv h¿[n-∏n®v hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-ly-t£aw apX-embh sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. aq∂v, A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb tXmXn¬ s]mXp-°Sw hmßn aqe-[-\-s®-ehv h¿[n-∏n-°p-I. AXp-hgn Irjnbpw hyh-km-bßfpw ]›m-Øe kuIcy-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I. CXv BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW i‡n-I-fpsS XmXv]-cyßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-Wv.

Uu¨temUv sNbvsX-Sp-°mw. \nIpXn dnt´-Wp-I-fpsS ]cn-tim-[\ A∏msS ]cn-jvI-cn-®p. sN°vt]m-Ãp-Iƒ Agna-Xn-cl - n-Xa - m-°n. hm‰v \S-∏m-°n-bX - ns\ Ah- t em- I \w sNbv X p- s Im≠v kn B≥Uv F Pn Xbm-dm°n kwÿm-\ßƒ°v hnX-cWw sNbvX tcJ-bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´w FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-®n´p-≠.v amWn- m¿ F{X Xa-kI v c - n-®mepw F¬.Un.F^v k¿°m-cns‚ t\´w t\´a-√m-Xm-In-√. C\n \nIpXn kam-l-cWw h¿[n∏n-°m-\m-hn√ F∂ [h-f-]-{X-Ønse \nK- a \w [\- h - I p- ∏ ns‚ \nK- a - \ ßƒ°v hncp-≤a - m-Wv. \n¿am-Wk - m-a{- KnIƒ, d∫¿, kz¿Ww apX-emb ]e taJ- e - I - f nepw KWy- a mb \nIpXn tNm¿® Ct∏m-gp-ap-≠v F∂v [\-h-Ip∏ns‚ ]e ]T-\-ßfpw Nq≠n-°m-´n-bncns° amWn- m¿ \nIpXn hchv Iq´m≥ Ign-bn√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv B¿°pth≠n-bp≈ hnem-]-am-sW∂v hy‡w. dh-\yq-sN-ehv A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn XpS-cp∂p F∂pw AXns‚ tXmXv dh\yphcp-am-\s - Ø-°mfpw hne-°b - ‰ - sØ-°mfpw IqSp-X-em-sW∂pw [h-f]{Xw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. dh\ypsNehv

Ign™ 10 h¿j-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ B`y¥- c - h - c p- a m- \ - Ø ns‚ 16 iX- a m- \ Øn¬\n∂v 13.5 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-bpI-bmWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D≠m-bX - .v apIfn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®X - p-t]mse dh-\yph-cp-am\w C\nbpw KWy-ambn h¿[n∏n-°m≥ km[yXbp-≠v. dh-\yp-sN-ehv Ipd-bv°Ww F∂Xv BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW-Im-eØv k¿°m¿ ]e _m[y-X-Ifn¬\n∂pw Xe-bq-cm≥ {ian-°p∂p F∂ hmZ-Øns‚ as‰mcp cq]-am-Wv. tIcf Kh-s◊‚ v hnZym-`ym-kw, BtcmKyw, kmaq- l y- t £aw apX- e m- b - h bv°mbn KWy-amb XpI sNe-hn-´-XpsIm-≠mWv am\hhnI-k\ kqNnI ChnsS Db¿∂n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Cu cwKØv ssIh-cn® t\´-Øn\p Hcp ]cn-K-W-\bpw tIc-f-Øn\p e`n°m-dn-√. tI{μ [\-°-Ωo-j-\p-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ Ahm¿Un¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ hnlnXw Ggmw IΩo-j≥ 3.95 iX-am\-ambn \n›-bn-®Xv ]Xn-aq∂mw IΩoj≥ Bb-t∏m-tg°v 2.3 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-®p. 12-˛mw [\-°-Ωo-j≥ A\p-hZn® 2.66 iX-am\w \ne-\n¿Øn-bn-cps∂-¶n¬ tIc-f-Øn\v 5000 tImSn cq] IqSp-X¬ In´p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]gb 3.95 iX- a m- \ - a m- b n- c p- s ∂- ¶ n¬ AXns‚ A©n-c´n A[n-I-ambn e`n-t®-s\. amWn- m-dnt\m bp.-Un.-F^ - nt\m AXpkw-_-‘n®v Hcp {]Xn-I-c-W-hp-an√, ]cm-Xn-bp-an-√. IΩn- s b- ° p- d n- ® mWv [h- f - ] - { XØnse as‰mcp hna¿i-\w. dh-\yp-˛-[\-IΩ - n-Iƒ bp.-Un.-F^ - v. `c-WI - m-eØv \nb-{¥n-Xhpw F¬.-Un.-F^ - v. `c-WI - meØv A\n-b{- ¥n-Xh - p-ambn F∂v AXv

]d-bp-∂p. hkvXp-Xs - b-¥mWv? dh-\ypIΩn bp.-Un.-F-^v.-`-c-W-Im-eØv icmicn 3.45 iX-am-\a - m-bn-cp-∂Xv F¬.-Un.F-^v. `c-WI - m-eØv 1.86 iX-am-\a - mbn Ipd-™p. F∂m¬ bp.-Un.-F-^v.-K-hs◊‚ v \S-∏m-°nb iºf ]cn-jvIm-cØns‚ _m[yX F¬.- U n.- F - ^ v . k¿°m¿ Gs‰-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xp-aqew 2007-˛08epw BtKmf [\ {]Xn-k-‘naqew 2009-˛10-˛epw IΩn Db¿∂p. IΩn Ipd- b v ° m- \ mbn B h¿j- ß - f n¬ dh\yp sNehv Ipd-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AXv P\-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ henb {]Xym-LmXw Df-hm-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¬.-Un.-F-^v. AXn-t\mSv tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. [\-°Ωn bp.-Un.-F-^v. `c-W-ImeØv 4.49 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂Xv F¬.Un.-F-^v. `c-W-Im-eØv 3.09 iX-am-\ambn Ipd-™p. hnhn[ h¿j-ß-fn¬ [\-°-Ωn°v tI{μ-k¿°m¿ ]cn[n h®n-cp-∂p. AXnepw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p Hmtcm h¿jhpw tIc-f-Øns‚ [\-°Ωn. AXv \nb-{¥n®p \n¿Øm≥ Ign™n√ F∂v amWn- m¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥v ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e mWv F∂v hy‡-a-√. 2009-˛10-˛¬ dh-\yp-˛-[-\-°-Ωn-Iƒ tami- a mbn F∂ kn.B≥Uv . F PnbpsS \nco-£Ww icn-bm-W.v BtKmf- [ - \ - { ]- X n- k - ‘ n- b psS BLm- X - a p≠mb h¿j-am-WX - v. tI{μ-Øns‚ dh\yp-˛[ - \ - ° - Ω - n-Ifpw A\n-b{- ¥n-Xa - mbn Db¿∂ h¿j-am-W-Xv. tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \n›-bn-® ]cn-[n-°-I-ØmWv ChnsS Ah D≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. BtKmf {]Xn-k‘nbpsS ImeØv hmbv]-Isf IqSp-X¬ B{i-bn-°m≥

F¬.-Un.-F-^v. Kh-s◊‚ v \n¿_-‘nX-am-bn. F∂m¬ bp.-Un.-F^ - v.`c-WI - meØv hmbv]-bpsS 77 iX-am\w dh\yp-sN-e-hp-Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-®-t∏mƒ F¬.-Un.-F^ - v.`- c - W - I - m-eØv 60 iX-am\ta D]-tbm-Kn-®p-≈q. 2009-˛10-˛¬ tI{μ hmbv]m-]c - n[n 3 iX-am-\Ø - n¬\n∂v 4 Bbn Db¿Øn- b - t ∏mƒ, IqSp- X ¬ FSpØ hmbv]-bn¬ an°Xpw Xmc-Xtay\ ]eni Ipd- h p≈ Itºmf hmbv]-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv kwÿm-\Øn\p KpW-amWv sNbvX-Xv. F¬.-Un.-F^ - .v `- c - W - I - m-eØv tIcf k¿°m-cns‚ ISw `oaambn h¿[n®p F∂mWv amWn- m- d ns‚ as‰mcp Nm¿Pv. 2000-˛01-˛¬ 26,950 tImSn cq]-bmbn-cp∂ ISw 2010-˛¬ 78,673 tImSn-bmbn h¿[n-s®∂pw 2004-˛¬ 11,474 cq]-bm-bncp∂ {]Xn-io¿j ISw 2008-˛¬ 16,074 cq]-bmbn Db¿∂p F∂pw tZiob {]Xnio¿j ISw10,018 cq] am{X-am-sW∂pw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. tIc-fo-bc - msI IS-s°Wn-bn-embn F¬.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m-¿aqew F∂ {]XoXn [h-f] - {Xw krjvSn°p-∂p. F¥mWv bmYm¿∞yw? bp.-Un.-F^v. k¿°m¿ 2001-˛¬ \ne-hn¬h-∂t∏mƒ 23,919 tImSn-bm-bn-cp∂p s]mXp°-Sw. Ah¿ `cWw hnSp-tºmƒ 45,929 tImSn-bmbn Db¿∂p. 92 iX-am-\a - mWv h¿[-\. 45,929 tImSn-bn¬\n∂v 78,675 tImSn-bmbn F¬.-Un.-F-^v. `c-W-ImeØv ISw Db-cp-tºmƒ h¿[\ 70 iXam\w am{X-am-Wv. Cu IS-ßsf tIh-e-am-b√ XmcXayw sNtø-≠-Xv. Cu h¿j-ß-fnse kwÿm\ B`y-¥c hcp-am-\-hp-ambn

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]pØ-≥ taJ-e-I-f-dn-bm≥

imkv{X-tI-cfw sslkvIqƒ {]mb-°m-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw A[ym-]I - ¿°pw Adn-bm\pw kq£n-®p-hb - v°m-\p-ap-XI - p∂

imkv{X-am-knI

hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy 125 cq] hni-Zh - n-hc - ß - ƒ°v amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ imkv{X-tI-cfw ]cn-jZv `h≥, Nme-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv - 673002 t^m¨: 0495 2701919

imkv{X-KXn

Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 2001-˛¬ Ah XΩn-ep≈ A\p-]mXw 32.9 iX-am-\am-Wv. 2005-˛06-˛¬ AXv 33.56 iX-am-\ambn h¿[n-®p. 2010-˛11-˛¬ AXv 29.5 iX-am-\a - mbn CSn-™p. At∏mƒ ISw A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn IqSp∂p F∂p ]dbm≥ Ign-bptam? kwÿm\ Kh-s◊‚n\p tXm∂n-bt]mse ISw hmßm-\m-hn-√. Hmtcm h¿jhpw hmßm-hp∂ ISØn\p tI{μ k¿°m¿ ]cn[n \n›-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-t\-°mƒ Ipdhv ISw am{Xta F¬.-Un.-F-^v. `c-W-Im-eØv hmßnbn-´p-≈q. IS- _ m- [ yX Hcp Kh- s ◊‚n\p Xmßm-hp-∂X - mtWm F∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp∂Xv B`y-¥c hcp-am\w h¿[n-°p-∂Xv ]eni h¿[n-°p-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ thK-ØnemtWm F∂pw {]mY-anI IΩn Ipdbp-∂pt≠m F∂pw As√-¶n¬ [\-°Ωnbpw B`y-¥c - h - c - p-am-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ tXmXv Ipd-bp-∂p-t≠m, AXp-t]mse dh\yp-IΩ - nbpw [\-°Ω - nbpw XΩn-ep≈ tXmXv Ipd-bp-∂pt≠m F∂pw \nco-£n®m-Wv. AØcw kqN-I-ß-sfms° ImWn-°p-∂Xv tIcfw IS-s°-Wn-bn-e√, AXns‚ ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp∂p F∂m-W.v Aßs\ h∂m¬ F¬.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ ]n¥p-S¿∂ [\-\bw bp.-Un.F-^v.-k¿°mcpw ]n¥p-S-tc-≠n-h-cpw. AXv Hgn-hm-°m-\mWv [h-f] - {- X-Ønse hnX- W v U - h m- Z - ß ƒ. F¥mWv B \bw? H∂v, k¿°m-cns‚ dh\yp hcpam\w {]Xn-h¿jw icm-icn 20 iX-am\w h¿[n-∏n-°p-I. c≠v, dh\yp sNehv h¿[n-∏n®v hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-ly-t£aw apX-em-bh sa®-s∏Sp- Ø p- I . aq∂v , A\p- h - Z - \ o- b - a mb

tXmXn¬ s]mXp-°Sw hmßn aqe-[-\s®- e hv h¿[n- ∏ n- ° p- I . AXp- h gn Irjnbpw hyh-km-bß - fpw ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I. CXv BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW i‡n-IfpsS XmXv]-cy-ßƒ°v hncp-≤-am-Wv. Ah¿°p-th-≠Xv k¿°m¿ dh-\yp-hcp- a m\w h¿[n- ∏ n- ° m- X n- c n- ° - e m- W v . AXm-bXv \nIpXn IrXy-ambn ]ncn-°mXn-cn-°-em-Wv. AXn-\p-th≠n dh-\ypsN-ehv Ipd-bv°-Ww. hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, kmaq-ly-t£aw F∂n-hsbms° kzIm-cy-ta-Je - bv°p hnS-Ww. ]›m-Øe kuI-cy-ßfpw DXv]m-Z-\ta-Je - I - fpw Aß-s\-Øs - ∂. CXm-bn-cp∂p 2001-˛se bp.-Un.-F^ - v.K-h-s◊‚ns‚ e£yw A∂sØ [hf-]-{X-Øns‚ Du∂¬ AXm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv Bh¿Øn-°pIbmWv amWn- m¿ Xs‚ [h-f-]-{X-Øn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv. B \bw ]n¥p-S¿∂XpsIm≠v tIc-fØ - n\pw Chn-SsØ P\-km-am-\yØn\pw F¥p kw`-hn®p F∂v P\ß-fmcpw ad∂p ImWn-√. [h-f-]-{XØn¬ amWn- m¿ F¬.-Un.-F-^v. Khs◊‚ n- s \- ° p- d n®v D∂- b n- ° p∂ hna¿i\w XXvImew am‰n-h-bv°mw. _Z-embn At±lw \n¿t±-in-°p∂ \b]-cn-jvImcw \S-∏m-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°Wtam AtXm, Ign™ A©p-h¿jw F¬.-Un.-F-^v.k¿°m¿ ]n¥p-S¿∂ \b-ßf - mWv ]n¥p-St- c-≠Xv F∂v Bhiy-s∏-S-Wtam? C°mcyw P\-ßƒ°nS-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-SWw. GXv \b-amWv ]n¥p-S-tc-≠Xv F∂v P\-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-°W - w. A[nImc hn\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ kPoh-ambn CS-s]-Sm≥ XpS-ßnb Ime-amWt√m CXv.

A\p-kva-cWw tUm. B¿.hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

kn.hn cmas‚ a‰p {]K¤cmb hnZym¿∞nIƒt°m a‰p \nch[n ]pcpj imkv{X⁄¿t°m IpSpw_ PohnXw Hcp `mcamtbm XS amtbm A\p`hs∏´n´n√. t\sc adn®vAh-¿°v ]q¿W kabw imkv{X k]cy-bn¬ apgpIØ°hn[w euInI NpaX-eIfn¬ \n∂v- hnSpX¬ In´m\mWv- ]et∏mgpw IpSpw_w klmbn®n-´p≈Xv. Ah¿°v Hcp Xncs™Sp∏v th≠n hcp∂n√. F∂m¬, ka¿∏nX tNX pIfmb h\nXIƒ°v c≠n-sem∂v Xncs™Spt°≠Xmbn hcp∂p. Cu [¿a k¶SØn¬ \n∂v- Ahsc tamNn∏n®ns√¶n¬ \ΩpsS P\kwJybn¬ ]mXnhcp∂ h\nXI-fpsS {]Xn` cm{„Øn\p \„s∏SpIbmhpw kw`hn°pI.

A∂m amWnsb Hm¿°ptºmƒ Cu

BKÃp 16 tUm. A∂m amWnbpsS ]Ømw Nca hm¿jnIw Bbncp∂p. B Znhkw tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cnjØv BNcn®Xv- Xnc-ph-\¥]pcØv h\nXm imkv{X⁄cpsS Hcp Iq´mbva kwLSn∏n®p-sIm≠mWv. A∂m amWnbpsS kz`mhw h®pt\m°ptºmƒ AXn¬ sNdn-sbmcp sshcp[yw tXm∂n-tb°mw. "h\nXm imkv{X⁄' F∂ hnti-jWw H´pta C„s∏SmØ hy‡n Bbncp∂p Ah¿. Hcn°¬ Ahsc A`napJw sNøm\mbn h∂ Fw.sF.-Sn.bnse

s{]ms^ ¿ B`m kqdnt\mSv Ah¿ apJØSn®t]mse ]d™p: ""F¥p∂mWo h\nXm imkv{X⁄ Fs∂ms° ]d™p _lfw D≠m-°p∂Xv?Ct∏mgsØ kv{XoIƒ°v kb≥kv sNøm≥ _p≤nap´p≠m- b n- c n°pw. RßfpsS ImeØv - Aß- \ sØ {]iv \ ßsfm∂pw D≠mbncp- ∂ n√. Rm≥ F¥p sNøWw F∂v- Xocpam\n°p∂Xn¬ Rm≥ Hcp kv{Xo BWvF∂Xv Hcp LSIta Bbncp-∂n√.'' Ah¿ BZyw Aßs\ ]ds™¶nepw A`napJw ]ptcmKan®t∏mƒ

AhcpsS hnZym¿Yn PohnXØn¬ Ah¿ A\p`hn® _p≤nap´pIƒ ad \o°n ]pdØph∂p. Hcp ]t£ Ime∏g°w sIm≠v AkpJIcamb Hm¿ΩIƒ aßnbXmImw. As√¶n¬, Hcp imkv{X⁄ F∂ \nebn¬ Xm≥ ]mSp- s ]´p t\Snb t\´ßƒ "Hcp h\nX F∂ ]cnKW\ aqew e`n® t\´ßƒ' F∂ \nebn¬ "hne Ipd®v' IcpXs∏Sptam F∂ Bi¶ BImw, Ah-cpsS BZy {]Xn-Ic - W - Ø - n\p ImcWw. Fs¥∂m¬ "World Meteorological Organization" \v A\phZn® Hcp sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

A`n-- a p- J Øn¬ Ah¿ ]d™p: (imkv{X KthjWw an°hmdpw ]pcpj- ∑ mcpsS taJe BsW¶nepw) Fs∂ kw_‘n®nStØmfw Hcp kv{Xo F∂ \nebn¬ F\n°v Hcn°epw Fs¥¶nepw hnthN\w A\p`hnt°≠nh∂nń√. kv { Xo BbXpsIm≠v Hcp tZmjhpw D≠mbnń√, {]tXyI ]cnKW\bpw Inńbnń√."as‰mcp kμ¿`Øn¬ Ah¿ Iqń- t ®¿Øp: ""F\n°v Inńb A°mZanI AwKoImcw F√mw Rm≥ ITn\m[zm\w sIm≠v t\SnbhbmWv. Fs∂ G¬∏n® DØchmZnØßƒ F√mw Rm≥ Ah \n¿hln°m≥ tbmKy BsW∂v I≠Xv sIm≠v Gev ∏ n®hbmWv - . .. sF.sF.Fkv . knbnse kvtImf¿jnt∏m Cw•≠n¬ t]mIm\p≈ kvtImf¿jnt∏m H∂pw ]pcpjt\m kv{Xotbm F∂ ]cnKW\ h®p InńbX√.'' Cu at\m`mhw {]XnIqe kmlNcyßsf AXnPohn®p t\´ßƒ sImbvX ]ecnepw I≠n´p≠v. {]K¤\mb Hcp sF F Fkv Hmôk¿, At±-lw s]mXp hnZym`ymk UbdŒ¿ Bbncp∂t∏mƒ, ]gb ]mTy ]≤Xnsb∏‰n ]d™Xv, ""Cu ]mTy ]≤Xns°mcp Ipg∏hpan√; Rms\m- s ° AXneqsS ]Tn®v,- Ignhpw A[zm\hpw am{Xw sIm≠v Cu \nebn¬ FØnbnt√?'' Xm≥ {]iv\ßsf AXnPohn®Xv Xs‚ anSp°v sIm≠pw ITn\m[zm\w sIm≠pw BsW∂v ]dbptºmgp≈ hywKyw, Aßs\ c£s∏Sm≥ IgnbmØh¿ th≠{X A[zm\n°mØhtcm Ignhv C√mØhtcm BsW-∂t√? Ignhpw A[zm\hpw {][m-\w Xs∂, F∂ncp∂mepw, AXn\∏pdw {]XnIqe kmlNcy-ßfpw hnthN\ßfpw hln°p∂ ]¶v ImWmXncn°p∂Xv \oXnbp‡amb Hcp hyhÿnXn sIń∏Sp°p∂Xn\v XSkw Xs∂bmWv. tUm. A∂m amWn Xo¿®bmbpw kmlNcyßfnse hnthN\-sØ∏‰n t_m[hXn Bbncp∂p. Xm≥ P\n®Xpw hf¿∂Xpamb sa®s∏´ kmlNcyßfpw Db¿∂ IpSpw_ ]›mØehpw \¬Inb khntij ap≥Xq°w X\n°v- F{Xam{Xw KpWw sNbvXp F∂v- Ah¿°v \√ \n›bw D≠mbncp∂p. AXn-√m-Ø-h¿ A\p-`hn-°p∂ _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw Ah¿°-dnbm-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ AØcw D®\oNØßƒ Ahkm\n∏n-°Ww F∂ ]£°mcn Bbncp∂p Ah¿. Hcp "BŒnhnÃv' Bbncp∂ns√¶nepw tkmjyenÃv Nn¥mKXn-°mcpambn \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øpimkv{X-KXn

k¿ kn hn cma≥ hfsc henb Hcp a\p-jy\pw sIt¶a\mb imkv{X⁄\pw Hs° Bbncps∂¶nepw kv{XokaXz-sØ∏‰n At±lØns‚ ImgvN∏mSv XnI®pw ]n¥ncn∏≥ Bbncp∂p F∂v- ]dbmsX høm. 1933˛¬ BZyambn Hcp s]Ïpń At±lØns‚ Un∏m¿´v sa‚n¬ Fw.Fkvkn ^nknIvkv ]Tn°m≥ At]£n®t∏mƒ At±l-Øns‚ {]XnIcWw, ""Fs‚ Un∏m¿´v-sa‚n¬ Rm≥ H‰ s]Ïpńsbbpw ISØn√'' F∂mbncp∂p.

Ibpw AhcpsS BibßtfmSv A\p`mhw {]ISn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. ""As∂ms° Rßƒ°v CSXp]£°mtcmSv henb _lpam\w Bbncp∂p,'' Ah¿ B`m kqdnt\mSv ]d™p. kmaqlnI kmºØnI Ak-aXz-ßfpambn Xń®p t\m°ptºmƒ Hcp ]t£ kv { Xosb∂ \nebnep≈ ]cm[o\XIƒ A{X KpcpXca√ F∂vAh¿°v tXm∂n°mWWw. t\ctØ kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse CsXms°bmsW¶nepw sF.sF.Fkv.kn.- b nse Zn\ßƒ Hm¿°ptºmƒ AdnbmsX Xs∂ s]ÏpńIƒ A∂v A\p`hnt°≠nh∂ hnthN\ßƒ Ah¿ Abhnd°p∂p≠v. k¿ kn hn cma≥ hfsc henb Hcp a\pjy\pw sIt¶a\mb imkv{X-⁄\pw Hs° Bbncps∂¶nepw kv{XokaXzsØ∏‰n At±lØns‚ ImgvN∏mSv XnI®pw ]n¥ncn∏≥ Bbncp∂p F∂v]dbmsX høm. 1933˛¬ BZyambn Hcp s]Ïpń At±lØns‚ Un∏m¿´v sa‚ n¬ Fw.Fkv k n ^nknIv k v ]Tn°m≥ At]£n®t∏mƒ At±lØns‚ {]XnIcWw, ""Fs‚ Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ Rm≥ H‰ s]Ïpńsbbpw ISØn√'' F∂mbncp∂p. t_mws_ bqWnth-gk v n‰nbn¬ \n∂v- _n.Fkvkn H∂mw dm¶n¬ ]m mb Iaem tkmtlmWn Aßs\ hn´p sImSp°p∂ {]IrX°mcn Bbncp∂n√. Ah¿ _mw•qcnseØn cmas\°≠v F¥psIm≠v X\n°p {]thi\w \ntj[n°s∏´p F∂v- hniZoIcn°m≥ Bhiys∏´p. ^nknIvkv s]ÏpńIƒ°vhgßn√ F∂ ańep≈ DØcßsfm∂pw Ah¿ AwKoIcn®n√. Xs∂bpa√, X\n°v - Ahkcw X∂m¬ Unkv‰nMv£t\mSpIqSn Fw.Fkvkn ]m mIpw F∂v- sh√phn-fn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¥nt\sd ]dbp∂p, k¿ kn.hn cma\v hgtß≠nh∂p, Ah¿ hm°v ]men°pIbpw sNbvXp! AXns\XpS¿∂mWv A∂m amWn Dƒs∏sS aq∂v s]ÏpńIƒ cmas‚ IqsS ]n FOv Un sNøm≥ tNcp∂Xv: efnX, kp\μ F∂nhcmbncp∂p a‰p c≠pt]¿. Ahcn¬ efnX XmaknbmsX (]n∂oSv t\m_¬ tPXmhmb) Fkv. N{μtiJsd hnhmlw Ign®vKth-jWØn¬ \n∂v- ]n≥hmßn. kp\μm _mbn ]nFOv. Un {]_-‘w ka¿∏n®p Ign™v kzoU-\n-tebv°v Hcp kvtImf¿jn∏pw Inń Ccn°p∂ kabØv Zpcql ImcWßfm¬ BfllXy sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS Ahkm\ B{Klw ka¿∏n®p Ign™ {]_-‘-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ac-Wm-\-¥c

]n.-FO - .v U - n. Int´≠ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh¶nepw a{Zmkv bqWnthgvkn‰n _ncpZw \¬Im≥ hn[nssh]coXysa∂p ]dbs´, A∂m amWn°pw ]nFOv. Un _ncpZw \ntj[n°s∏´p. kz¥w t]cn¬ A©v KthjW {]_‘-ß ƒ {]kn≤oIcn® tijw BWv- Ah¿ Xoknkv ka¿∏n®sX¶nepw Ah¿°v _n Fkv kn HmtWgvkv _ncpZw BWvD≈Xv, Fw Fkv kn C√m, F∂ Ipcp´phmZw BWv- a{Zmkv bqWn-thgvkn‰n D∂bn®Xv . AXn¬ enwK]camb hnthN\w D≠mbncpt∂m F∂v- Xo¿® ]dbm≥ høm. ]t£ sF.sF.Fkv . kn.bnse hnZym¿Yn PohnXØn¬ AXv \∂mbn D≠mbncp∂p. Ct∏mgsØ Nne 'kZmNmct∏meokpImsc' t]mse Bbncp∂p cmas‚ kao]\w. s]ÏpńIfpw BÏpńIfpw Bbn kwkmcn°p∂Xv Xs∂ Ip‰w. (Cu "cma≥ F^vsÎv‰v-' \ΩpsS ]e A°mZanI Kpcp°≥am¿°nSbnepw hym]Iambn D≠v.) ssat{ImkvtIm∏neqsS {i≤m]q¿hw \nco£Ww \SØns°m≠ncn°bmsW¶n¬ t]mepw ASp-sØhnsSsb¶nepw Hcp s]Ïpń GsX¶nepw BÏpńbpambn kwkmcn°p∂Xv Xncn®dnbm≥ At±lØn\v Hcp Bdmw C{μnbw D≠mbncp∂p F∂v- hnZym¿YnIƒ Xami ]dbpambncp∂pht{X! BÏpńIfpw s]ÏpńIfpw H∂n®v- \S°p∂Xv I≠m¬ "e÷mhlw!' F∂mbncp∂p At±lØns‚ {]XnIcWw. Hcn°¬ Xs‚ kXo¿∞y\mb \mKaWnbpambn A∂ kwkmcn®p \n¬°ptºmgmWv Zqsc \n∂v- s{]m^. cma≥ ssk°nfn¬ hcp∂Xv Ah¿ I≠Xv. cmas\ "t\cnSm≥!' D≈ `mcw A∂bpsS Xebn¬

Cń´p \mKaWn HmSn c£s∏´Xv Ah¿ IuXpI]q¿Δw Hm¿°p∂p. CXn¬ enwK]camb hnthN\Øns‚ {]iv\w am{Xa√ D≈Xv. Htc taJebn¬ KthjWw sNøp∂ hnZym¿YnIsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw ]ckv]cap≈ kº¿°hpw Bib hn\nabhpw PohhmbphmWv. Aßs\bmWv Ah¿°v ]pXnb Bibßƒ In´p∂Xpw kwibßƒ Xocp∂Xpw. AXn\p≈ Ahkcw s]ÏpńIƒ°v \ntj[n°s∏Sp∂Xv Xpey Ahkcw \ntj[n°p∂Xv Xs∂bmWv. AXv AhcpsS A°mZanI hnImksØ Xo¿®bmbpw _m[n°pw.

"Ah¿ Hcp sSd¿ Bbncp∂p!' A∂m amWnbpsSbpw as‰mcp {]ikvX aebmfn h\nXm imkv{X⁄ Bb Cu sI Pm\In AΩmfns‚bpw PohnXØn¬ ImWp∂ Nne kam\- X Iƒ {it≤bw BWv- , F∂Xpw IuXpIw DW¿Øp∂p. c≠v t]cpw HutZymKnI temIØv hfsc IWni°mcnIƒ Bbncp∂p F∂mWv Ahsc t\cn´p ]cnNbw D≠mbncp∂h¿ ]dbp∂Xv. ""Ah¿ Hcp "sSd¿' Bbncp∂p'' F∂ {]tbmKw c≠v t]sc Ipdn®pw tI´n´p≠v. F∂m¬ {ioaXn A∂m amWnbpsS ImcyØnse¶nepw, ASpØdnbptºmƒ Ah¿ hfsc kvt\lhpw klm\p`qXnbpw D≈ Hcmƒ Bbncp∂p F∂vkz¥w A\p`hßfn¬ \n∂v- F\n°v ]dbphm≥ Ignbpw. As\¿´ns‚ UbcŒ¿ Bbn NpaXe G‰t∏mƒ tIcfØn¬ \S∂psIm≠ncp∂ hn≥Uv am∏nwKv ]cn]mSnbpsS dnhyqhn¬ ]s¶Sp°m≥ U¬lnbn¬ sN∂t∏mgmbncp∂p BZy IqSn°mgvN. ao‰nßn¬

h®pXs∂ ]ckyambn Ah¿ Fs∂ "NmSn®p.' AhcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ AJn- t e¥ym XeØn¬ \S∂p sIm≠n-cp∂ hn≥Uv am∏nwKv ]cn]mSnbn¬ \n∂v- hyXykvXambn tIcfw kz¥ambn Fs¥ms°tbm sNbvXpsIm≠ncp∂XmWv Ahsc sNmSn∏n®Xv. "Chcmc∏m!' F∂v- Rm≥ IcpXp- I bpw sNbv X p. ]t£ ao‰nwKv Ign™t∏mƒ Ah¿ Fs∂ {]tXyIw hnfn®v AJnte¥ym ]cn]mSntbmSv HØpt]mImsX thdn´v- Imcyßƒ sNøp∂Xns‚ A¿∞ iq\yX im¥ambn ]d™p t_m[ys∏SpØn. As\¿ńs‚ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v kIe klIcWhpw hmKvZm\w sNøpIbpw sNbvXp.* ]n∂oSv Rm≥ As\¿ń¬ \n∂v- t]m∂n´pw Ahcpambn hfsc ASpØv CSs]Sm≥ F\n°v Ahkcw D≠mbn. 1990-˛¬ Cw•≠nse sdUnßn¬ h®p \S∂ A¥mcm{„ kutcm¿P ktΩf\Øn¬ Ahscm-∂n®p ]s¶Sp°m\p≈ `mKyw F\n°p≠mbn. Ah¿ A∂v A¥mcm{„ kutcm¿P kaqlØns‚ sshkv {]knU‚ v- F∂ \nebn¬ HutZymKnI {]Xn\n[n BWv- -. Rm≥ k¿°m¿ klmbw H∂pw In´msX kz¥w ssIbn¬ \n∂v- ]Ww apS°n {]_‘w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ sN∂ Hcp "]mhw' KthjI\pw. sIm¨s^sd≥kns‚ `mKw Bbn Un∂dpw '_mfpw' Hs°bp≠v; F√mØn\pw {]tXyIw ]Ww sImSp°Ww F∂p≈Xv sIm≠v Atßm- s ´m∂pw FØn t\m°m≥ t]mepw Rm≥ sa\s°ń√. Fs‚ ÿnXn Adnbmhp∂ Ah¿ Fs∂ tXSn-∏nSn®p h∂p. Ah¿°v skuP\yambn Inńb ]mkpIƒ F\n°v X∂n´v ]d™p, ""\nßsft∏mep≈ sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

sNdp∏°mcmWv CXns\ms° t]mtI≠Xv. F\n°nsXms° F¥n\m?'' HutZymKnI NpaXeIfn¬ \n∂vhncan® tijw A\mtcmKyw \nanØw Ah¿ Xncph\¥]pcØp≈ ktlmZcs‚ ({io sI. ‰n. Nm≠nbpsS) hkXnbn¬ Bbncp∂p Ahkm\ \mfpIƒ sNehgn®Xv. A°meØv, ap≥]v As\¿´n¬ Ft∂msSm∏w D≠mbncp∂ {ioh’≥ AhcpsS Iogn¬ ]n FOv Un sNøm≥ B{Klw {]ISn∏n®p. {ioh¬k\v th≠n Rm≥ AhcpsS ho´n¬ t]mbn \∂mbn \n¿_‘n®v, HSphn¬ Ahscs°m≠p kΩXn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Iptd \mƒ Ign™t∏mƒ AhcpsS BtcmKyw tamiambn. ]ns∂ Fs∂ ImWptºmƒ, Ah¿ ]dbpw, ""Xs‚ {ioh’t\mSv ]dbp, thKw ]Wn Xo¿°m≥. F∂n´v thWw F\n°v acn°m≥!'' Ahkm\ ImeØv- InS°bn¬ InS∂p sIm≠mWv Ah¿ Xoknkv hmbn®ptI´p XncpØns°mSpØXpw GXm≠v A¥na I¿aw F∂ \nebn¬ ]n FOv Un ]co£bv°p≈ ISemkpIƒ H∏n´psImSpØXpw. kvt\labn Bb Hcp AΩpΩbpsS cq]hpw `mhhpw Bbncp∂p Ah¿°v. Aßs\bp≈ Hcmƒ "sSd¿!' Bbn Adnbs∏SWsa¶n¬ AXv Adn™psIm≠v AWn™ Hcp _mlyBhcWw BImt\ Xcap≈q. \ΩpsS imkv{X kmt¶XnI cwKw GXm≠v ]q¿Wambpw Hcp ]pcpj ta[mhnXz taJe BWt√m. hfsc a’cm[njvTnXhpw BWXv. AhnsS apIfn¬ FØWw F¶n¬ H∂pIn¬, ]pcpj ta[mhnØØn\p kzoImcy-amb Hcp A\p\b ssien kzmbØam°Ww. AXs√¶n¬ ]pcpj ta[mhnØtØmSv s]mcpXn, sIm≠pw imkv{X-KXn

sImSpØpw a’cn®pw apt∂dWw, AXn\v B{IatWm’pIX (agression), [m¿„yw XpSßn "]pcpj KpW-ßƒ' F∂v kaqlw hn[n®n´p≈ Nne kz`mh khntijXIƒ DƒsIm≠m¬ am{Xta ]‰q F∂pt≠m? Ah Dƒs°m≈m≥ IgnbmØ ]pcpj∑m¿ t]mepw ]n≥X≈s∏Sp∂pt≠m? AXpsIm≠pXs∂ AhnsS a’cn®p apIfn¬ FØp∂ h\nXIfnepw Cu kz`mh hntijßƒ D≠mImsX Xcan√. As√¶n¬, NpcpßnbXv AXns‚ Hcp BhcWw F¶nepw Ah¿ FSpØWnt™ ]‰q. AXp sIm≠mtWm Cu c≠v h\nXIfnepw "]cp°≥ a´v' Btcm]n°s∏´Xv- F∂vNn¥nt°≠XmWv.

Ahn-hm-ln-X-I-fmb imkv { X- ⁄ - I ƒ c≠v t]cpw AhnhmlnXIƒ Bbn Pohn®p F∂Xpw bmZrOnIw am{Xw BtWm? A∂m amWnbpw Pm\In AΩmfpw am{Xa√, C¥y≥ imkv{X cwKØv hy‡n ap{Z ]Xn∏n® {]K¤ h\nXIfpsS IY ]dbp∂ "eoemhXnbpsS s]¨a°ƒ' F∂ hnJymX {KŸØn¬ ]cma¿in°p∂ h\nXIfn¬ 27 % t]cpw AhnhmlnXIƒ Bbncp∂p F∂Xpw bmZrOnIw BtWm? F¥psIm≠v AhnhmlnX Bbn Pohn°m≥ Xocpam\n®p F∂ tNmZyØn\v IpkrXn Ie¿∂ DØcta A∂m amWn \¬Inbn´p≈q. s{]m^-. Pm\In AΩmfns‚ ImcyØnse∂ t]mse, ImcWw \ap°v Duln°mhp∂tX D≈q. ]q¿Wambpw imkv{Xk]cybn¬ apgpInb Hcp kv{Xobv°v IpSpw_ Pohn-Xw H∏w sIm≠pt]mIm≥ Ignbn√ F∂v- Ah¿°v tXm∂n°mWWw.

F∂m¬ kn.hn cmas‚ a‰p {]K¤cmb hnZym¿∞nIƒt°m a‰p \nch[n ]pcpj imkv{X⁄¿t°m IpSpw_ PohnXw Hcp `mcamtbm XS amtbm A\p`hs∏ńń√. t\sc adn®v- Ah¿°v ]q¿W kabw imkv{X k]cybn¬ apgpIØ°hn[w euInI NpaXeIfn¬ \n∂v- hnSpX¬ In´m\mWv]et∏mgpw IpSpw_w klmbn®n´p≈Xv. Ah¿°v Hcp Xncs™Sp∏v th≠n hcp∂n√. F∂m¬, ka¿∏nX tNX pIfmb h\nXIƒ°v c≠nsem∂v Xncs™Spt°≠Xmbn hcp∂p. Cu [¿a k¶SØn¬ \n∂vAhsc tamNn∏n®ns√¶n¬ \ΩpsS P\kwJybn¬ ]mXnhcp∂ h\nXIfpsS {]Xn` cm{„Øn\p \„s∏SpIbmhpw kw`hn°pI. imkv{X cwKtØbv°v IqSpX¬ s]ÏpńIƒ IS∂p hcWw F∂v\mw B{Kln°p∂ps≠¶n¬ CXpt]mep≈ {]iv\ßsf Kuch]q¿Δw ssI Imcyw sNtø≠Xp≠v. *CXn\v Hcp ]n≥ IYbp≠v. Rm≥ As\¿ń¬ NpaXe Gs‰SpØt∏mƒ BZyw sNbvX Imcyßfn¬ H∂v ]mcºtcyXc Du¿P cwKØv {]h¿Øn°p∂ C¥ybnse {]apJ imkv{X⁄-¿s°ms° klmbhpw D]tZihpw A`y¿Yn®p sIm≠p≈ Hcp IØv Ab°pIbmbncp∂p. AXnsem∂v A∂m amWn°pw. ]t£ B IØv Fs‚ kn.F. ssS∏p sNbvXp sIm≠ph∂t∏mƒ "distinguished scientist like you" F∂Xv "extinguished scientist like you" F∂mbnt∏mbncp∂p! `mKyØn\v A≤ym]I≥ F∂ \nebn¬ Rm≥ B¿Pn®ncp∂ A£csØ‰p Is≠Øm\p≈ hmk\ Fs∂ c£n®p. A√mbncps∂¶n¬...!

{]Xn-I-cWw tUm. kn.-Pn. cma-N-{μ≥\m-b¿

sP.-Un. _¿W-en-s\-∏-‰n... s{]m^-k¿ sP. Un. _¿W-en-s\-

(John Desmond Bernal,

1901-97) ∏‰n

imkv{X-KXnbn¬ {io. Fw.-kn. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ teJ\w ""\ΩpsS imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ s_¿W-ens‚ km∂n[yw, kzm[o\w''(im-kv{X-K-Xn, Pqë°w, hmbn-®p. s_¿Wens‚ 110˛mw P∑-hm¿jn-I-th-f-bn¬ Cu teJ\w Fgp-Xn-bXpw AXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xpw hfsc DNn-X-am-bn. ae-bmfØnse imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ Ipe-]X - nIfnsem-cm-fmb {io \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn\pw imkv{X-KXnbv°pw A`n-\-μ-\-ßƒ! teJ\w hmbn-®t- ∏m-ƒ s{]m^-k¿ _¿Wen-s\-∏‰n F\n°p Nne- A-dn-hp-Iƒ imkv{X-KXn hmb-\-°m-cp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°-Wsa∂ Dƒt{]-c-W-bpsS ê-amWv Cu Ipdn-∏v. e≠≥ k¿h- I - e m- i m- e - b psS Hcp {][m\ LS- I - a mb s_¿Ivs_Iv tImf-Pn-emWv (Birkbeck College) tUm. s_¿W¬ Zo¿L-Imew s{]m^-k-dmbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®-Xv. B tImfPn¬ Hcp h¿jw (1976˛77) Hcp hnkn-‰nMv imkv{X-⁄-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ F\n°v `mKy-ap-≠m-bn. Rm≥ AhnsS ck-X{¥-h-Ip-∏n¬ tNcp-∂-Xn\p aptº-Xs∂ s_¿W¬ \ncym-X-\mbn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw B A¥-co-£Ø - n-emsI s_¿Wm-ens‚ kvacW-Iƒ Xßn-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. tImf-Pnse sse{_-dd - n-bpsS Hcp hn`mK-am-bn-Øs∂ s_¿W-ens‚ {KŸ-ßfpw teJ-\ß - fpw {]`m-jW-ßfpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw kq£n-®p-h-®n-cp-∂p. "s_¿Wm-enb' (Bernalia) Fs∂mcp ssk≥t_m¿Upw AhnsS Xq°n-bn-ń-cp-∂p.˛-tj-Ivkv]n-b¿ IrXn-Iƒ kq£n-°p∂ hn`m-KØ - n\v "tjIvkv]nb-dm\' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse! B hn`m-K-Øn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw t]mbn s_¿W¬ IrXn-Iƒ ]eXpw hmbn-°m\pw Fs‚ Kthj-Wß - ƒ°n-Sb - n¬ em_-d´- d- n-bn¬ \n∂pw kuI-cyhpw ka-bhpw In´p-tºmƒ, H∂v amdn-\n∂v "s_¿Wm-en-b≥' Nn¥m-tem-Iß - f - n¬ apgp-Im\pw F\n°v 1976˛77 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ km[n-®n-cp-∂p.

alm-\mb imkv{X-⁄≥

AXn-{]-K-¤-\mb Hcp imkv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp∂p tPm¨ sUkva≠v s_¿W¬. {InÃ-tem-{Km^n {]nb Kth-j-W-hn-j-bam-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-Ime Kth-jW - ß - ƒ {Kmss^‰v, HmSv Ch-sb-∏‰n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv tImfsÃtdmƒ (cholesterol), hn‰m-an≥ _n˛1, s]]vkn≥ (pepsin), hn‰m-an≥ Un-˛2, Sp_mt°m samsk-bnIv sshdkv (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) apX-em-b-h-bpsS LS-\-sb-∏‰n sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

]T\w \S-Øn. ]ns∂-∏ns∂ IqSp-X¬ k¶o¿W-ß-fmb t{]m´o≥ X∑m-{X-Ifn-embn XmXv]c - yw. 1934˛¬ sUmtdmØn tlmUvPvIn\pw (Dorothy Hodgkin), 1936˛¬ amIvkv s]dqSvkpw (Max Perutz) Kth-j-W-hn-Zym¿∞n-I-fmbn s_¿Wens‚ injy- k w- L - Ø n- s e- Ø n. Ch¿°p c≠p-t]¿°pw ]nev°m-eØv t\ms_¬ kΩm- \ - ß ƒ e`n- ® p. 1937˛emWv s_¿W¬ e≠≥ k¿h-Iem-im-eb - psS Iogn-ep≈ s_¿Ivs_Iv tImf-Pn-se-Øn-bX - v. Un.-F≥.-F.-bpsS "clkyw' I≠p]n-Sn® {Xnaq¿Øn-I-fn¬ (hm-Svk¨, {InIv, hn¬In≥kv) Hcm-fmb tamdnkv hn¬°n≥kpw (Maurice Wilkins) s_¿W-ens‚ injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hn¬°n≥kn\pw t\m_¬ kΩm\w In´n-bt- √m.

{]Xn-`m-[-\-\mb {KŸ-Im-c≥ D÷ze Nn¥-Iƒ\n-d™ hne-s∏´ {KŸ-ßf - mWv s_¿W¬ imkv{X-kmln-Xy-Øn\p kw`m-h\ sNbvXX - .v Nne {][m\ {KŸ-ßƒ: 1. The Social Foundation of Science (1939) 2. Science in History (four volumes, 1954) 3. The Origin of Life (1967) 4. The freedom of necessity (1947) 5. The Word, the Flesh and the Devil (1929) 6. The Physical Basis of Life (1951) 7. Marx and Science (1952) 8. World without War (1958) 9. A Prospect of Peace (1960) 10. Emergence of Science (1971)

Cu {KŸ-ßf - n-se√mw Xs∂ {KŸIm-cs‚ imkv{Xm-hK - mlw, a\p-jy-ktv \lw, kam-[m-\-t{]-aw, tkmjy-enÃv Nn¥m-KX - n, kmaq-lnI imkv{X-]m-ﬁnXyw, bp‡n-Nn¥ apX-emb "s_¿Wmen-b≥' Nn¥-\-ßƒ \ap-°p-Im-Wmw. [mcmfw "ISp-I-´n-'bmb imkv{X-{KŸ-ßfpw (hard science) s_¿W¬ cNn®n-´p-≠v F∂p-a-d-t°-≠. Nne DZm-l-cW-ßƒ: 1. On the interpretation of X-ray, single crystal, rotation photographs (1926) 2. The relation of microscopic structure to molecular structure (1968) 3. The structure of water and its biological implications (1965) 4. The use of Fourier transforms in protein crystal analysis (1953)

cmjv{So-b-t_m[w sP.-Un. s_¿W¬ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Hcp tkmjy-enÃv Nn¥m-KXn imkv{X-KXn

]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ alm-im-k{v X-⁄\ - mWv. 1923˛¬Øs∂ At±lw {_n´ojv Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS (Communist Party of Great Britain) AwK- a mbn tN¿∂p. tkmhn-b‰v djy≥ imkv{X⁄-\mb _pJm-cn≥ (Nikolai Bukharin), kv]m\njv Nn{X-Im-c-\mb ]n°mtkm (Pablo Picasso), {^©v imkv{X-⁄\ - pw t\m_¬tPXm-hp-am-bn-cp∂ tgmfntbm Iyqdn (Frederic Joliot-Curie) apX-em-bh - ¿ s_¿W- e ns‚ kam- \ - a - \ - k v I - c mb kplr-Øp-°f - m-bn-cp-∂p.

bp≤-Im-e-tk-h\w kam-[m-\-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw kml- N - c y- ß ƒ s_¿W- e ns\ {_n´s‚ bp≤-Im-ek - w-cw-`ß - f - n¬ `mK`m-°m-°n. \mkn-k-tØmSpw (Nazism) ^mkn- k - t ØmSpw (Fascism) D≈ FXn¿∏pw kzcm- P y- k vt\- l hpw s_¿W-ens\ C°mcyØn¬ kzm[o\n-®n-cp-∂p. au≠v _m‰≥{]`phns‚ imkvt{Xm]-tZ-jSv m-hmbn bp≤-Im-eØv s_¿W¬ tkh\w A\p- j v T n- ® p. "s{]mPIv S v l_m- ° pIv ' (Project Habbakuk), t\m¿a≥Un em≥UnMv (Normandy Landing) apX-emb bp≤-Ime kml-k-ßfnepw s_¿W¬ D]-tZ-iI - \ - m-bn-cp-∂p. s_¿W¬ bp≤- I m- e - b - f - h n¬ {_n´s‚ imkvt{Xm-]t- Z-jSv m-hm-bX - ns‚ ]›m-Øew ck-Ic - a - m-Wv.

N¿®n-ens‚ cmPy-X-{¥-⁄Xbpw s_¿W-ens‚ {]Xn-_≤Xbpw c≠mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-eØv {_n´ojv k¿°m-cn\v Hcp imkv{X⁄s\ D]-tZ-i-I-\mbn th≠n-h-∂t∏mƒ {][m-\a - {¥n hn≥Ã¨ N¿®n¬ AXn-\mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv sP.-Un. _¿W-en-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. s_¿W¬

Iayq-Wn-Ãm-bX - n-\m¬ BZyw C°m-cyØn¬ N¿®-n¬ hnap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂-s{X. ]t£ Xs‚ hniz-kvX-cmb A\p-bmbn-Iƒ ˛c≠p kzX-{¥-kw-Lß - ƒ ]ckv]cw Adn-bm-sX˛ s_¿W¬ Xs∂bmWv ]‰nb Bƒ F∂v Bh¿Øn-®p]-d-™-t∏mƒ HSp-hn¬ N¿®n¬ Ab™p-sh-∂v, N¿®n-ens‚ Pmam-Xm-hm-bncp∂ U¶≥km≥Unkv (Duncan Sandys) {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Bƒ Hcp Nph-∏-\mWv F∂v Adn-bn-®-t∏m-ƒ ""Abmƒ sNIp- Ø ms\- t ∏mse Nph∏\m-bmepw icn; Abmƒ aXn'' F∂v N¿®n¬ ]d-™p-ht- {X. bp≤-Ime-L-´-Øn¬ XnI™ {]Xn-_-≤-XtbmSpw cmPy-kvt\-l-tØmSpw IqSn s_¿W¬ {]h¿Øn®p F∂Xv s_¿W-ens‚ alXzw!

s_¿W-ens‚ hy‡nXzw s_¿W-ens\ t\cn-´p-Im-Wmt\m kwh-Zn-°mt\m F\n°v `mKy-ap-≠m-bncp-∂n-s√-¶nepw At±-lsØ ASp-Ødn-bm-am-bn-cp∂ ]e-cp-ambpw kº¿°w ]pe¿Øm\pw kw`m-j-W-Øn-te¿s∏Sm\pw F\n°v Fs‚ s_¿Ivs_Iv tImfPv Ime- L - ´ - Ø n¬ km[n- ® p. ]ecpw At±-lsØ ‘Sage of Birkbeck’"s_¿Ivs_-°nse al¿jn' F∂mWv ]cm-a¿in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnJym-X-im-kv{X⁄bpw t\m_¬ kΩm- \ n- X bpw ssh‰-an≥ _n˛12, C≥kp-en≥ ChbpsS LS- \ - I - ≠ p- ] n- S n- ® - b m- f p- a mb tUmtdmØn slUvPvIn≥ Hcn-°¬ ]d™p: ""s{]m^-k¿ s_¿W-ens‚ tai-∏pdw hrØn-bm°n hrØn-bm-°nbmWv Rm≥ _tbm-^n-knIvkv ]Tn®Xv!'' BsI- ° qSn B[p- \ nI ImeL-´Ø - nse Hcp CXn-lmk ]pcp-j\ - mbn-cp∂p s{]m^-k¿ sP.- Un. s_¿W¬.

imkv{Xw at\mPv Fw kzman

ho≠pw Ão^≥ tlm°nMv ""ac-WsØ Rm≥ `b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ acn-°m-s\m´p [ndpXn-bp-an-√. A{]-Xo-£nX arXyp-hns‚ hc-hns\ ImØp-sIm-≠mWv Ign™ \m¬]-Øn-sbm-ºXp h¿jw Xm≠n-b-Xv. \nc-h[n Imcy-ß-fn¬ BZy-sØ-bm-fm-bn-Øo-cm≥ C\n-bp-tasd F\n°v sNbvXp Xo¿°m-\p≠v''

{]

]© cl-ky-ßƒ tXSp∂ AtX Bth-i-tØmsS ac-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw ac- W m- \ - ¥ c Pohn- X - s Ø- ° p- d n®pw hn{ipX ssk≤m-¥nI `uXn-Ii - m-k{v X⁄≥ Ão^≥ tlm°nMv Ft∏msgms° hmNm-e-\m-bn-´pt≠m At∏msgms° temI-{i≤ At±-lØ - n-te°v B\- b n- ° - s ∏- S m- d p- ≠ v . ASp- Ø nsS (sabv 16) Km¿Un-b≥ Zn\-]{X-Øn-\\p-h-Zn® A`n-ap-J-Øn-eqsS At±lw ho≠pw IYm-]p-cp-j-\mbn amdn. aXw \¬Ip∂ Ab-Ym¿∞ PohnX ho£W-sØbpw Im¬]-\nI kpJ-kp-jp]vXn-sb-bp-amWv tlm°nMv hna¿in-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. kz¿Khpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Pohn-Xh - p-sa√mw Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]d-™p-sImSp-°m≥ ]‰nb ckn-I≥ IY-I-fm-sW∂mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ A`n-{]m-bw. Xet®m-dns‚ kv]μ\w Ah-km-\-ambn

anSn-°p∂ B A¥y-\n-an-j-Øn-\∏pdw H∂p-an-s√∂v, aX-ßƒ ]mSn∏p-I-gvØp∂ _meni k¶-ev]-ßsf-sb√mw ]msS \ncm-Ic - n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p. Xs‚ Ccp-]Ø - n-sbm∂mw hbkn¬ A]q¿h- a mb tam´m¿ \yqtdm¨ tcmK-Øn-\-Sn-a-bm-bnØo¿∂ tlm°nMv ac-Ws - Ø-°pdn®pw a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØ - ns‚ {]tbmP-\s - Ø-°p-dn®pw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Xs∂ \ne-\n¬]v km[y-Xs - b-°pdn-®p-sa√mw hmNm-e\ - m-hp-Ib - p--≠m-bn. tcmK-e£ - W - ß - ƒ {]I-Sn-Xa - mb BZy-L´- Ø - n¬ Xs∂ ac-WØ - n\p Iog-S-tß-≠n-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂ tlm°nMv XnI®pw Ahn-iz-k-\ob-amb coXn-bn-emWv C∂p temIw apgp- h ≥ D‰p- t \m- ° n- s °m- ≠ n- c n-

°p∂ imkv{X-⁄-s\∂ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v hf¿∂-Xv. At∏mgpw Xs‚ `mhn-°p-ta¬ A\n-›n-XX - z-Øns‚ Im¿taLw Dcp≠pIqSp-∂Xv At±lw ImWm-Xn-cp-∂n-√. tcmKØns‚ tijn-∏mbn e`n® sshI-ey-ßfpw Ne-\-a‰ ico-chpw h®v Xt‚-Xmb \nch[n ]cn-an-Xn-°p-≈n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v PohnXsØ G‰hp-a[ - nIw BtLm-jn® hy‡nbmbn temI-a-t±-lsØ hmgvØpw. ""ac- W sØ Rm≥ `b- s ∏- S p- ∂ n- √ . F∂m¬ acn-°m-s\m´p [ndpXn-bp-an-√. A{]- X o- £ nX arXyp- h ns‚ hc- h ns\ ImØp-sIm-≠mWv Ign™ \m¬]-Øn-sbmºXp h¿jw Xm≠n-b-Xv. \nc-h[n Imcyß-fn¬ BZy-sØ-bm-fm-bn-Øo-cm≥ C\n-bptasd F\n°v sNbvXp Xo¿°m-\p≠v''˛At±lw ]d-™p. A\p-_-‘-L-S-I-ßƒ {]h¿Ø\w \n¿Øp-∂t- XmsS \ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂ Iºyqsk]vXw-_¿ 2011

´-dn-t\m-SmWv At±lw Xe-t®m-dns\ D]-an-°p-∂-Xv. AXn\p ]ns∂-sbmcp ]p\¿P-∑tam kz¿K-hm-ktam C√. acWw krjvSn-°p∂ Ccpƒ \nd™ iq\y-Xsb AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ a\p-jy-a\kv cq]w \¬Inb H∂m-¥cw t\ctºm°p IY-Iƒ am{X-am-Wh - s - b-√mw. 2010-˛¬ tlm°nMv Xs‚ ]pkvX-Iamb Zn {Km≥Uv Unssk≥ (The Grand Design) ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb thf-bn-emWv CXn-\p-apºv temIw At±-l-Øns‚ hm°p-Iƒ°mbn ImtXm¿Ø-Xv. {]]©-kr-jvSnsb hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Hcp {kjvSm-hns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-bn-s√∂v AXn-et- ±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-h[n aX-h‡ - m-°sf AXv sNmSn-∏n-°p-Ib - p≠m-bn. ssZhsØ temI-c£ - I - \ - mbn AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]]© {]Xn-`m-kß-fn¬ k¿h-i‡ - \ - mb {kjvSm-hns‚ Ic-ß-fpsS km∂n[yw tXSp-∂-Xn-\psa√mw tlm°nMv IrXy-amb AXn¿hc-ºn-´p. 1988-˛¬ At±lw cNn® s_Ãvsk√¿ ]pkvXI - a- mb ka-bØ - ns‚ kw£n]vX- N-cn{X (A Brief History of Time) ØneqsSbmWv At±lw sF≥ssÃ≥s‚bpw {]nb-hn-jb - a - m-bn-cp∂ ""Xnbdn Hm^v Fh-cn-XnMn''s\°p-dn®v (Theory of Everything) P\- k m- a m\yØn\pt]mepw a\-kn-em-Ipw-hn[w hni-Zo-Icn- ® - X v . {]]- © - Ø nse k¿h D] At‰m-anI IW-ß-sfbpw Ah XΩn-

imkv{X-KXn

ac-W-ti-j-ap≈ PohnXsØ ]q¿W-ambn \ntj-[n® At±lw `qanbn¬ Pohn-°m≥ e`n® Ah-k-csØ aqey-hØmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØp-I-bmWv th≠-sX∂v Blzm\w sNbvXp. Fßs\ Pohn-°-Wsa∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Hmtcm {]hrØn-bnepw [m¿anIX ap‰n\n¬°Wsa∂pw At±lw D]-tZ-in-®p.

ep≈ _em- _ - e - ß - s fbpw bp‡nbp‡w hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ GXm\pw KWn-X- k-a-hmIyk©-bsØ-bmWv AXp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂X - .v CXp km[y-am-bm¬ AXns\ a\p-jya-\- ns‚ A¥na hnP-b-ambn ImWmsa∂pw AXn-eqsS ssZh-Øns‚ a\ n-en-cn-∏ns\ Adn-bm-\m-Ip-sa∂pw At±-l-a-Xn-eqsS A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ GXm≠v 9 Zi-e£w tIm∏n-Iƒ hn‰-gn-°s - ∏-´t- XmsS-bmWv Cu `uXnI imkv{X-⁄≥ {]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSn-ap-Sn-bn-te°v ]d∂p-b¿∂-sX∂v thW-sa-¶n¬ ]d-bmw. Xtam-Zzm-c-ßƒ°-IØp (Black Hole) \n∂v hnIn-cW - a - p-≠m-Ip-∂s - X-ßs - \-sb∂-Xn\v ssk≤m-¥nI hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬In-bX - mWv At±-lØ - ns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-h-\. tlm°nMv \¬Inb G‰hpw ]pXnb A`napJØn¬, acW-ti-ja - p≈ Pohn-XsØ ]q¿W-ambn \ntj-[n® At±lw `qan-bn¬ Pohn°m≥ e`n® Ah-k-csØ aqey-hØmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠- s X∂v Blzm\w sNbv X p. Fßs\ Pohn-°W - s - a∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Hmtcm {]hrØn-bnepw [m¿an-IX ap‰n\n¬°Wsa∂pw At±lw D]-tZ-in-®p. {]IrXn {]Xn-`mkßtftbm hyXykvX \nco-£-W-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßtftbm efnX ka-hm-Iy-ß-fn-eqsS {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-XmWv imkv{X-Ønse G‰hpw kuμ-cy-ap≈

Imcyw. Poh-im-kv{X-Ønse Un.-F≥.F.-bpsS U_nƒ slenIvkv LS-\, `uXn-I-im-kv{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ka-hm-Iy-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw DZm-lc-W-ßƒ am{Xw. \Ω-sf¥p sIm≠nhnsS? F∂ tNmZy-Øn\pw At±lw DØcw \¬In. BZna {]]-©-Ønse t\cnb Izm≠w kv ] μ- \ - ß - f mWv ]n∂oSv \£{X Kme-Ivkn-If - psS cq]oI-cW - Ø - n\pw Ah-bpsS A{]-Xo-£nX ]cn-W-X-bmbn a\p-jy-Po-h≥ DS-se-Sp°m\pw Imc-Wa - m-bX - s - {X. hnhn[ XcØn-ep≈ CØcw {]]-©-cq-]-ßƒ CΔn[w X\nsb cq]w sIm≈p-sa∂mWv imkv{Xw {]h-Nn-°p-∂X - v. Npcp°n-∏-d-™m¬ XnI®pw bmZr-On-I-XbpsS B\p-Iq-ey-Øn-t∑-emWv \manhnsS \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. bqtdm-]y≥ kvt]kv GP≥kn-bpsS B[p-\nI _ln-cm-Imi \nco-£W - Z- uXy-amb πm¶v anj-\n-eqsS {]]-©-krjvSn-bpsS BZy-\n-an-j-ß-fn¬ DS-seSpØ {]Im-i-In-c-W-Øns‚ hnc-e-Sbmfw e`n-t®-°p-sa∂pw AXn-eqsS \msa-ßs\ Cu A\-¥{- ]-]© - Ø - n¬ \ΩpsS kv Y ew Is≠- Ø n- s b∂ k¶o¿Æ-amb tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw

e`n-t®-°p-sa∂pw At±lw ip`m]vXn hnizmkw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. Xnbdn Hm^v Fh-cn-Xn-Mn-\p-th-≠nbp≈ {]bm-W-Øn¬ {]Xym-i-bmbn \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p∂ kv { SnMv Xnb- d nsb (String Theory) adn-I-S∂v Fw. Xnb-dnsb∂ (M-Theory) \h ssk≤m-¥nI hgn-bn-emWv Ct∏mƒ tlm°n-Mns‚ {]bmWw. ]Xn-s\m∂v am\-ßƒ (Dimension) hsc IS∂p hcp∂ hfsc hnim-e-amb KWnX N´-°q-Sm-Wn-Xv. CXn¬ \ap°p kp]-cn-Nn-Xa - mb {Xnam\- ß fpw ka- b - s a∂ \memw am\ßƒ°-∏p-d-ap-≈-h-sb√mw Xncn-®-dnbm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w sNdpXpw sI´p]n-W™ h - b - p-am-sW-∂mWv Fw˛-Xn-bdn DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂X - .v Fw˛-Xn-b-dnsb km[q-I-cn-°p∂ sXfn-hn\pw imkv{X-temIw D‰p-t\m-°p∂Xv P\o-hb - n-ep≈ IW `uXnI ]co£-W-im-e-bmb em¿Pv lmt{Um¨ sImssf-U-dn-te-°m-Wv. kq∏¿ kΩnXn (Super Symmetry)˛F√m auenI IW-ßƒ°pw `mc-ap-≈Xpw Ct∂-hsc Is≠-Øn-bn-´n-√m-ØX - p-amb tPmSn-If - ps≠∂ hmZw-˛-F∂ km[y-Xbpw Fw.Xn-b-dn-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. CXns\

ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv ]nd-°mØ Ip™p-ßƒ°v t]cv Is≠Ønhbv°p∂-Xp-t]mse AØcw IW-ßƒ°v ske-Ivt{Sm¨ (selectron), kvIzm¿Ivkv (squarks) Fs∂ms° t]cn´p h®n-cn°p-∂-Xv. kq∏¿ kaanXn°v sXfnhv e`n-®m¬ AXv Fw˛-Xn-bd - n-bpsS km[qI-cWw kpK-a-am-°pw. am{X-a√ ka-bØns‚ Bcw-`-th-f-bn¬ C∂p ImWs∏-Sp∂ _e-ßs - f√mw Hcp-an®v Hscm‰ _e-ambn \n∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw a\kn-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw. t{]X-I-Wsa∂p hnfn-t∏-cp≈ ln§vkv t_mtkmWns‚ (Higgs Boson) sXc-®n-emWv em¿Pv lmt{Um¨ sImssf-U¿ G¿s∏´n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp `Ko-cY bXv\w. auenI IW-ßƒs°√mw ]nWvUw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂Xv Ch-bmWv F∂p Icp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p. ]t£ Cß-s\-sbmcp IWsØ AhnsS Is≠-Øm-\n-Sb - n-s√∂mWv tlm°n-Mns‚ A`n-{]m-bw. ]pXnb ]co-£W \nco-£W - ß - ƒ°\p-kc - n®v F∂pw \ho-Ic - n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn°p∂ ]mc-ºc - y-amWv imkv{X-Øn-\p-≈Xv. tlm°n-Mns‚ IW-°p-Iq-´e - p-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]ng-bv°ptam F∂p ImØn-cp∂p ImWmw. sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

IpXn-sIm-≈p∂ imkv{Xw kn.-hn. N{μ≥

1863-˛¬ {_n´ojv `ua-imkv{X-⁄-\mb tdm_¿´v {_qkv ^q´v Xncn-®-dn™v kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Inb {]tZ-iamWv AØncw ]m°w. Ct∏mƒ im¥n ]∏phpw kwLhpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v Is≠-Sp-ØXv 3500-˛-tesd D]-I-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ "Fjq-en-b≥' A√m-Ø-hbpw s]Spw. Is≠-Sp-Ø-h-bn¬ G‰hpw XmsgXeØn¬s]´h kqNn-∏n-°p∂Xv Ah as‰-hn-sS-tbm\n∂v sIm≠p-h-∂-Xm-sW∂m-Wv. AØncw ]m°-Øph®v Ahbv°v A¥n-a-cq]w \¬In-sb-∂pw. tlman-\n-Up-I-fpsS {]bm-WØnse hn`n∂ am¿K-ßƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v C\nbpw ]pXp-Xmbn hc-s®-Sp-t°-≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p

B{^n-°-bn¬\n∂v Xan-gv\m-´n-te°v? a\pjy]q¿hnI-cpsS BZna {]bm-W-sØ-°p-dn®v ]pØ≥ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Abm-sfmcp {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂p. icn°pw Hcp Po\n-b-kv. ]t£ a‰p-≈h - ¿ Abmsf aSn-bs - \t∂m Aek-s\t∂m Hs°bmhWw Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂-Xv. ]md-∏p-d-Øn-cp∂v Ae-k-ambn Hcp Is√-SpØv as‰mcp I√p-sIm≠v AXv X´n-an-\p-°p-∂Xv ]ecpw ImWmdp- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. a‰p- ≈ - h ¿ aSpØv imkv{X-KXn

\n¿Øm- \ n- S - b p≈ Zo¿L- a mb Hcp {]h¿Ø-\Ø - ns‚ Ah-km\w Abmƒ Hcp-]I - c - Ww cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. Hc‰w hoXn IqSn-bXpw at‰ A‰w t\¿Øv ap\-bmb-Xp-amb cq]w. ssIsIm-≠p-]-tbm-Kn°m-hp∂ Hcp agp. Imcyw \n mcw. ]t£ AXv `qan- b nse BZysØ ap¥nb sSIvt\m-fPn Bbn-cp-∂p. H∂c Zi-e£w h¿jw-apºv \S-∂ncn-°m-\n-S-bp≈ Hcp kw`-h-Øns‚ km¶-e] v n-Im-hX - c - W - a - m-Wn-X.v tlman-\n-

Up-Iƒ F∂v \mw hnfn-°p∂ BZna a\p-jy-Ip-e-Ønse Hcp ]q¿hn-I≥ Aßs\ sNbvXn-´p-≠m-hW - w. \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ I¬ D]-I-cW-ß-tf-°m-sfms° Gsd anI® Cu D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ a‰p-≈h¿ s]s´- ∂ p- Xs∂ Xncn- ® - d n- ™p. Ahcpw Cu D]-I-cWw \n¿an-°p-∂Xn¬ _≤-{i-≤-cm-bn. {Ia-Øn¬ kaqlw-Xs∂ Cu D]-Ic - Ww [mcm-fa - mbn \n¿an-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-sb-Øn ]n¬°m-

eØv ^mIvSd- n-If - n¬ \n¿amWw \S-°pwt]m-se. Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\v CØcw D]I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿an-°-s∏-´p. B{^n-°bn¬ Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ CØcw D]I-cW - ß - ƒ Nhn-´msX apt∂m-´p-t]m-Im\m-hn√ F∂v Kth-j-I¿ km£y-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p. ]ecpw CXv \n¿an-®p-sIm≠n-cp-∂Xv B {]hr-Øn-bn-ep≈ B\μtam \n¿hr-Xntbm Hs°-s°m-≠mhWw F∂p-hsc tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipw. Cu D]-I-c-W-ßƒ°v Kth-j-I¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t]cv ""Fjq-en-b≥ D]-I-W-ßƒ'' (Acheulian tools) F∂mWv. hS-°≥ {^m≥knse (Acheul) F∂ {]tZ-i-ØmWv CØcw D]-I-cW-ßƒ 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ BZy-ambn Is≠-Sp-Ø-Xv. AXp-hsc Kth-j-I¿ I≠p-t]m∂ D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ Iptd-°qSn efn- X - a mbhbm- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ahsb s]mXpsh "HmƒtZm-h≥' D]-I-c-W-ßsf-∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂X - v. Sm≥km-\n-bbnse HmƒZp-hmbv sIm√n- (Olduvai

Gorge)

bn-em-bn-cp-∂t√m BZna a\pjys‚ t^mkn-ep-If - pw Ah¿ D]-tbmKn-®n-cp∂ D]-Ic - W - ß - fpw kar-≤a - mbn Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. Dcp-≠, ap\-bn-√m-Ø, Iøn-sem-Xp-ßp∂ Hcp I¬Øp-≠mWo D]-Ic - W - w. hen-bI - √ - n¬\n∂v AS¿Ønsb-Sp-Ø, apdn-°m-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°m-hp-∂, Hcp sh´p-IØ - n-bm-bn-´mWv CXns\ \chw-ii - m-kv{X-⁄¿ Nn{Xo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v. ChnsS Hcp {]iv\a - p-≠v. B[p-\nI a\p-jys‚ ]q¿hoI¿, A¥n-a-ambn \mam-bn-Øo¿∂ tlman-\n-Uv, B{^n°- b n¬\n∂v \oßm≥ Bcw- ` n- ° ptºmƒ Fjq-en-b≥ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Ah¿°v {]nb-s∏-´X - m-bn-cp∂p. t]mbnS- ß - f n- s ems° Ah¿ AXv IqsS sIm≠pt]mbn. Nne-t∏m-sgms° Cu D]- I - c - W - ß ƒ D≠m- ° m≥ th≠n henb ]md-°j - W - ß - fpw t]dn Ah¿ \S-∂p. Cu \h kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ Ah-cpsS A¿∏Ww ]q¿W-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah¿ t]mb CS-

ß-fn-sem-s°-˛-B-{^n-°, bqtdm-∏v, ]›n-ta-jy, a[y-˛G - j - y-˛Cu D]-Ic - W - ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. {]iv\a - n-Xm-W.v hnZqc ]q¿h-tZ-iß - fn¬ F¥p-sIm≠v Cu D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ ImWm≥ Ign-™n-´n-√?

tamhn-bkv tcJ \mev ] - X p- I - f n¬ lm¿hmUnse ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I-\mb lmew tamhn- b kv CXn- s \mcp `q]Sw Xs∂bp≠m-°n. "tamhn-bkv tcJ' F∂n-X-dn-b-s∏-´p. Fjq-en-b≥ D]-I-cW-ß-fp-≈-Xpw Ah C√m-Ø-Xp-amb `q{]-tZ-i-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv tamhn- b kv tcJ. bqtdm- ∏ n- s \bpw a[y]q¿h-tZ-i-ß-sfbpw Iodn-ap-dn®v \oßp∂ Cu tcJ C∂sØ I¬°Ø-bnepw _w•m-tZ-in-ep-sams° FØn \n¬°p-∂p. ssN\-bpw, Z£nW ]q¿h Gjy apgp- h - \ mbpw Xs∂ Cu tcJbv ° p ]pd- Ø mWv . Ahn- s Ssbms° ]gb HmƒtZm-hn-b≥ D]-I-cW-ß-tf-bp-≈q. tlmtam-km-∏n-b≥kv C∏-d™ tZi-ß-sfms° adn-I-S-∂-hcm-sW∂p \ap-°d - n-bmw. At∏mƒ hne∏n-Sn-∏p≈ Cu \h-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy AhnsS FØn-°msX ]mXn-hg - n-bn-sedn-bm≥ Imc-Ws - a¥v? B[p-\nI \c-hw-ii - mkv{Xw sI´n∏-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ B{^n-°-bn¬\n∂v c≠p Xnc-I-fmbn Cdßn hym]n-®p-sh∂ Bi-b-Øn-emWv. BZy-tØXv tlmtam Cd-ISv k - .v CXv ]n∂oSv Pmhm a\p-jy\pw s]°nMv a\p-jy-\p-sam-s°-bmbn HSp-ßn. IqSpX¬ i‡-amb c≠m-asØ Xnc-bm-bncp∂p tlmtamkm∏n-b≥kn-t‚-Xv. CXv Zp¿_-e-amb BZysØ Xncsb hngpßn-sb∂pXs∂ ]d-bmw. ]t£ IqSpX¬ B[p-\n-I-amb Hcp kmt¶-Xn-Ihn- Z ybpw ssIh- i - a m°n ]pd- s ∏´ km∏nb≥kv Hc- X n¿Øn tcJ- b nseØn AX- h nsS Dt]- £ n®p apt∂m´p \oßn F∂Xv Ahn-iz-k-\ob-am-bn-Øs - ∂ \ne-s°m-≠p.

awtKm-bnse ImgvN-Iƒ Ahn- i z- k - \ o- b - a mb Imcy- ß ƒ thsd-bp-ap-≠.v 1968-˛¬ Pnw _uf¿ F∂ `ua-im-k{v X-⁄≥ Bkvt{S-en-bb - nse \yq kuØv shbn¬kn-ep≈ awtKm F∂ ÿeØv hc-≠p-W-ßnb Hcp XSm-I-Ø-´n¬ A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb Hcp hkvXp I≠p. Nne a\p-jym-ÿn-I-fmbn-cp∂p AXv. 8000 h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv Bkvt{S-en-bb - n¬ a\p-jyt\ D≠m-bncp-∂n√ F∂p-d®p hniz-kn-®n-cp∂ \chwi imkv{X-am-bn-cp∂p A∂-tØ-Xv. t]msc-¶n¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Adn-

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

hp-h®v awtKm Hcp 12,000 h¿jw apºph-sc-sb-¶nepw DW-ßn-h-c≠p InS-∂Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS Fßs\ a\pjy≥ Pohn°pw? F∂m¬ Im¿_¨ tU‰nwKv kt¶Xw B Aÿn-Iƒ°v 23,000 h¿jsØ ]g-°a - mWv Iev]n®p sImSpØ-Xv. awtKm A°m-eØv 20 In.-ao. hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ Pehpw a’y-ßfpw kar- ≤ - a mb Hcp XSm- I - a m- b n- c p- ∂ psh∂pw kqN\ \¬In. Np‰pw Im‰m-Sna-c-ßƒ Nqf-a-Sn-®n-cp∂ Hcp XSm-Iw. F¶nepw C∏- d - ™ - I m- e - s Øm∂pw Xs∂ Bkvt{S-enb Hcp Zzo]m-bn-cp∂n√ F∂p Icp-Xm≥ \ymb-ap-≠m-bncp-∂n-√. a\p-jy≥ AhnsS h≥I-cb - n¬ \ns∂-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ Npcp-ßn-bXv 100 In.-ao. IS¬ Xm≠-Ww. Aßs\ ISs∂-Øm≥ tbmPn® ÿe-sa∂v k¶ev]n® hS-°≥ Xoc-Øp-\n∂v awtKmbnseØm≥ ho≠pw 3000 In.-ao. Xm≠Ww. Ah- s c- ß s\ AhnsS FØnt®¿∂p, F¥n-\m-W-hnsS FØn-bXv, Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØc-an-√. an°-hmdpw \c-hw-ii - mkv{X ]mT]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-sem∂pw Xs∂ 60,000 h¿jw-apºv a\p-jy\v kwkm-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hn-√. kap{Z ewL\w \SØn hnZq-c-ß-fmb Zzo]v h≥I-cI - f - n¬ tImf-\n-hmkw XpSßm≥ hn[- a p≈ kap- { Z- b m- \ - ß ƒ \n¿an-°m≥ X° kl-Ic - W {]h¿Ø\- ß ƒ°v tbmPn® kmaq- l n- I m- h ÿbpw ssIh-∂X - mbn ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.

t^mkn-ep-Iƒ {]iv \ w t^mkn- e p- I ƒX- s ∂. Zo¿L- I mew t^mkn- e p- I ƒ \ne\n¿Øm≥ ]cym-]X v a - mb `q{]-tZ-iß - ƒ hfsc Npcp-°-am-Wv. Ing-°≥ B{^n°-bnse lZm¿, HmƒZp-hmbv F∂o ÿe-ßf - n¬ kwc-£n-°s - ∏´ t^mknep-I-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ BZna a\pjy-s\-°p-dn®v \ap-°p≈ Adnhv ]qPyØn-\-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-t∂-s\. a‰p ]e-bnSØpw t\m°p-tºmƒ CXv ]qPyw Xs∂. Gjy≥ `mK-ß-fn¬ hnc-en-seÆm-hp∂ t^mkn-ep-Itf Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≈q. B{^n-°≥ tZi-ßfpw Chn-Sß - fpw _‘n-∏n-°m≥ ]pcm-Pohn imkv{X-⁄¿°v henb _p≤n-ap-´p-≠.v

Xan-gv\m-´n-te°v \ne- h n- e p≈ \c- h wi imkv { XØn\v I\Ø BLm-X-ta¬∏n-°p-∂XmWv kao-]-Im-eØv Xan-gv\m-´n¬ Is≠-Ønb "Fjq-en-b≥ D]-I-c-Wßƒ.' Chbv°v 10 e£w apX¬ ]Xn\©pe£w hsc ]g°w KWn-°-s∏imkv{X-KXn

\ne-hn-ep≈ \c-hwi imkv{X-Øn\v I\Ø BLmX-ta¬∏n-°p-∂-XmWv kao-]-Im-eØv Xan-gv\m-´n¬ Is≠-Ønb "Fjq-en-b≥ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ.' Chbv°v 10 e£w apX¬ ]Xn-\©pe£w hsc ]g°w KWn°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a\pjy ]q¿hn-I¿ AYhm tlman-\n-UpIƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ Bdp-e£Øntesd h¿jw ]g°w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-s√-∂-XmWv \ne-hn-ep≈ Kth-j-I-a-Xw Sp- ∂ p. a\pjy ]q¿hn- I ¿ AYhm tlman-\n-Up-Iƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ Bdpe£Øntesd h¿jw ]g°w AhIm-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-s√-∂-XmWv \ne-hnep≈ Kth- j - I - a - X w. sNss∂bn¬\n∂v 60 In.-ao‰tdmfw hS°p ]Sn™m-dp≈ AØncw ]m°w F∂ {]tZi-Øm-Wnh Is≠-Sp-ØX - v. \ne-hn-ep≈ KW-\-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v C°m-eØv B{^n-°b - n¬\n∂v bqtdm∏n¬ tlman-\n-Up-Iƒ FØn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ G-jy-bn¬, {]tXy-In®v C¥ybn¬, FØm≥ ho≠pw A©p-e-£Øn-tesd h¿j-ßƒ th≠n-h-∂p. Xan-gv\m-´n¬ Is≠SpØ D]-Ic - W - ß-fpsS ]g°w (]Øpe£w h¿jw) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv bqtdm-∏n-se-Ønb AtX- I m- e - Ø p- X s∂ Gjy- b nepw tlman-\n-Up-Iƒ FØn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂psh-∂m-Wv. 2011 am¿®v 25-˛\v "kb≥kv' tPW-en¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb KthjW {]_-‘Ø - n¬ C°mcyw hni-ZoI-cn-®n-´p-≠.v Ime-KW - \ - bv°v c≠p am¿Kßƒ Kth-jI - ¿ Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. H∂v Cu D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ Is≠-SpØ {]tZ-isØ Ah-in-jSv ß - ƒ KWn-°m≥ palaco magnetism F∂ kt¶-Xw. c≠maXv Ahn-SsØ Nne hkvXp-°sf ]cntim-[n-°m≥ aluminium-beryllium isotope technique F∂ kt¶-Xw. Ch c≠pw Ime-KW - \ - bv°v Icp-Øp‰ ]n≥_-et- aIp-∂p.

im¥n ]∏p F∂ Kth-j-I-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ kwLw Ign™ ]Øp h¿j- t Ømfw \S- Ø nb ]T\ßfpsS ê-amWv "kb≥kv' hmcn-I-bn¬ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb {]_‘w. B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnI kz`m-hhpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®-ti-j-amWv D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS Ime-K-W-\-bn¬ Ah¿ {i≤n-®-Xp-Xs∂. F¶nepw BZn-aa - \ - p-jys‚ {]bmW- Ø ns‚ Nn{Xw a\- k n- e m- ° m≥ C\nbpw Ht´sd ]T-\-ßƒ th≠n-hcp-sa∂p Xs∂-bmWv Kth-j-I-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. 1863-˛¬ {_nójv ùa-im-kv{X-⁄\mb tdm_¿´v {_qkv ^q´v Xncn-®dn™v kqN-\-Iƒ \¬Inb {]tZ-iamWv AØncw ]m°w. Ct∏mƒ im¥n ]∏phpw kwLhpw Ahn- s S- \ n∂v Is≠-Sp-ØXv 3500-˛t- esd D]-Ic - W - ß - fm-W.v Ch-bn¬ "Fjq-en-b≥' A√m-Øhbpw s]Spw. Is≠- S p- Ø - h - b n¬ G‰hpw XmsgXe-Øn¬s]´h (C-Xn\¿∞w Ah IqSp-X¬ ]g-°-ta-dnbh F∂m-Wv) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ah as‰hn-sS-tbm-\n∂v sIm≠p-h∂ - X - m-sW-∂mWv. AØncw ]m°-Øp-h®v Ahbv°v A¥n-a-cq]w \¬In-sb-∂pw. tlman-\n-Up-If - psS {]bm-WØ - nse hn`n∂ am¿K-ßƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v C\nbpw ]pXp-Xmbn hc-s®-Sp-t°-≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p.

kv{Xo im‡o-I-cWw B¿. Knco-jvIp-am¿

ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßfpw

IpSpw-_-{iobpw Ign™ 10-˛15 h¿jsØ A\p-`hw Gsd KpW-]-chpw H∏w {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-hpamb A\p-`-h-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse IpSpw-_{io amXrI P\-Io-b-Xehpw HutZym-Kn-I-X-ehpw Iq´n-t®¿Øv hnI-k\ hIp-∏p-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w ZrV-am°n ka{K ]≤-Xn-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v, C∂p≈ {]iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv, BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW _Z¬ hnI-k\ amXrI-bmbn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-IbmWv \mw sNtø-≠-Xv.

kv{XoI-fpsS kmº-Øn-Ii- m-‡o-IcWw e£y-am°n Ah-cpsS kºm-Zy{Kq∏v cq]o-I-cn-°pI F∂ Bibw BtKm-fX - e - Ø - n¬ apt∂m-´p-h® - Xv 1995˛¬ _oPnw-Kn¬ tN¿∂ h\nXmim‡oI-cW D®-tIm-Sn-bn¬ temI-_m¶v {]knU‚ v sPbnwkv thmƒs^≥k¨ (James Wolfenson) Bbn-cp-∂p. AXn\v ap- º p- X s∂ 2006˛¬ t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Sn-b, ssat{Im-^n-\m≥knwKn-\mbn _w•m-tZiv {Kmao¨ _m¶v ÿm]n® apl-ΩZv bp\qkv kv{XoIfpsS Zmcn{Zy Zqco-Ic - W - Ø - n\pw kmºØnI e`y-Xb - v°p-ambn Ahsc kwLß-fmbn kwL-Sn-∏n®v \nt£] kaml-cW - hpw hmbv]m hnX-cW - hpw km[y-

am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 1997-˛¬ temI-_m¶v ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv coXn \S-∏m-°p-∂Xns‚ LS-\m-]c - a - mb Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøm-\mbn hmjnw-KvS-Wn¬ kn‰n-{Kq∏v , amÃ¿ Im¿Uv , Ata- c n- ° ≥ FIvk{v ]kv _m¶v F∂n-hb - psS ]n¥pW-tbmsS as‰mcp D®-tImSn hnfn®p tN¿°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. 2002-˛¬ tN¿∂ "C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ tIm¨^-d≥kv Hm¨ ^n\m≥knwKv t^m¿ Uh- e ]vsa‚n'emWv kq£va-Xe kºZvhnXc-Whpw (ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv) kq£vaXe hmbv]bpw (ssat{Im s{IUn-‰v) kmaqly kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øn\p≈ D]-Ic - W - s - a∂ \ne-bn¬ AwKoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. XpS¿∂v sFIy-cm-jv{S-

kw-L-S\ 2005 "ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv h¿j'ambn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw Cu cwKØv hnti-jn®pw Ahn-Ik - nX hnIkzc cmPy-ßf - n¬ Ht´sd apt∂-‰a - p-≠mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-bn¬ 1996-˛¬ Xs∂, dnk¿hv _m¶v {io. -F-kv.-sI. Imenb sNb¿am-\m-bp≈ h¿°nwKv {Kq∏ns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw kzbw-klmb kwL-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw, hmbv] \¬Ip-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ am¿KtcJ ]pd-Øn-d-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

hf¿®-bpsS ]S-hp-Iƒ kv{XoI-fpsS kzbwklmb kwLßsf Xß-fpsS _nkn-\kv hf¿®bv°p≈ Hcp am¿K- a m- b n- ° ≠v sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßƒ (Fw.-F-^v.-sF) BZyw apX¬ Xs∂ CXn¬ XXv]-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿°v 50 _ney¨ tUmf-dn-e-[nIw BkvXn C∂p- ≠ v. BtKmf kmº- Ø nI amμyhpw Chsc hep- X m- s bm∂pw _m[n- ® n- c p- ∂ n- √ . Cu taJ- e - b n¬ hmbv] \¬In hf-cp∂ ÿm]-\-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ aqhm-bn-c-tØmfw hcpw. BKÃv 2010- ˛ se IW- ° - \ p- k - c n®v Ch¿ 20,000 tImSnbne-[nIw cq] 28 Zi-e£w hmbv]° - m¿°mbn \¬In-bn´p-≠v. Ch-cpsS aqe-[\ - Ø - n¬\n-∂p≈ hcp-am\w 2008-˛¬ 5.1 iX-am-\-am-bn-cp∂Xv 2009-˛¬ 18.3% Bbn h¿[n-®p. 30 apX¬ 60 iX-am\w hsc-bmWv Ch¿ ]eni CuSm- ° n- b n- c p- ∂ - X v. 200 _ney¨ bp.-F-kv. tUmf-dn\p kam\-amb XpI Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ 2010˛¬ Xs∂ CIzn‰n-bmbn hntZ-i-cm-Pyß-fn¬\n∂v FØn-®n-´p-s≠-∂mWv IW-°v. kn¶-∏q-cnse Soweokv, temI_m-¶v, Ah-cp-sS-Xs∂ ssat{Im-^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\a - mb C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ ^n\m≥jy¬ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ hnI-knX- cmPyßfnse a‰pNne ÿm]-\ß - ƒ Ch-sbms° Fw.-F-^v.-sF. hgn apXen-d°n em`w sImøp-∂p.

Fkv.-sI.-Fkpw kv{XoI-fpsS Bﬂ-l-Xybpw ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßfn¬ C¥y- b nse Fkv.- s I.- F kv.^n\m≥kns‚ hf¿® A¤p-Xm-hl-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]ecpw BZyw IS-∂p-hcp-∂Xv Kh-◊‚n-Xc k∂-≤-kw-L-S-

imkv{X-KXn

ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ C¥ybnse Fkv.-sI.-Fkv.^n\m≥kns‚ hf¿® A¤p-Xm-h-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]ecpw BZyw IS-∂p-hcp-∂Xv Kh-◊‚n-Xc k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\ bm-bmWv. C¥y-bn¬ hnI-k-\Øns‚ Hcp-`mKw F≥.Pn.-H.-Isf G¬∏n-°pI k¿°m¿ \b-hp-am-Wv. \√ k∂≤ {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ Nne F≥.Pn.H.Isf hnkva-cn-°p -∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]ecpw tkh-\-Øns‚ apJm-h-cW-a-Wn™, ]t£ em`w am{Xw e£y-am-°p∂ ÿm]-\-am-bmWv Chsb sIm≠p \S-°p-∂-Xv.

\bm-bmWv. (F≥.-Pn.-H.) C¥y-bn¬ hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Hcp-`mKw F≥.-Pn.-H.Isf G¬∏n-°pI k¿°m¿ \b-hp-amWv. \√ k∂≤ {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp∂ Nne F≥.-Pn.H.Isf hnkvac - n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ ]ecpw tkh-\-Øns‚ apJmh-c-W-a-Wn™, ]t£ em`w am{Xw e£y- a m- ° p∂ ÿm]- \ - a m- b mWv Chsb sIm≠p \S-°p-∂-Xv. kzbw Irjn kwLw (F-kv.-sI.-F-kv.) F∂ t]cn-ep≈ F≥.-Pn.-H.-B-bmWv Cu ÿm]-\Ø - ns‚ XpS-°w. XpS¿∂v Npcpßn-b-Imew sIm≠v hf¿∂v t\m¨ _m¶nwKv [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ambn do cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp. HSp-hn¬ AsXmcp ss{]h‰v enan-‰Uv Iºn-\n-bmbn amdn. k¿°m- c pw, skIyq- c n‰n B‚ v FIvktv N©v t_m¿Uv Hm^v C¥ybpw (sk-_n) am¿°-‰n¬\n∂p aqe-[\w kzcq-]n-°m≥ sjb-dn-d-°m\pw A\p-h-Zn®p. henb Unam‚m-bn-cp∂p Fkv.-sI.F-kv.-sj-b-dn\v Ign™ h¿jw. HSphn¬ B{‘m-{]-tZ-in¬ 57 t]¿ BﬂlXy sNbvX hm¿Ø h∂-tXm-sSbmWv Cu ÿm]\w IqSp-X¬ {i≤mtI-{μ-am-bX - v. Ch-cn¬ 30 t]¿ kv{XoIfm-bn-cp-∂p. 17 t]¿ Fkv.-sI.-F-kn¬ \n∂p hmbv]-sb-Sp-Ø-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kzbwklmb kwL- ß ƒ°v ]e ÿm]-\-ßfpw hmbv] sImSp-°m≥ a’-cn-°p-Ibpw ]e kv{XoIfpw In´mhp-∂n-Ss - Øms° hmbv]sbSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xncn®Sbv°m≥ \nhr-Øn-bn√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ ÿm]-\-ßƒ Kp≠-Isfbpw a‰pw hn´p- hn-c´- m≥ XpS-ßn. ISs°-Wn-bn¬s]´v ]ecpw Bﬂ-lXy

sNbvX-tXmsS Cu ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Nqj-WØ - n\p aq°p-Ib - d - n-Sm≥ B{‘{]-tZiv Kh-s◊‚ v Hcp Hm¿Un-\≥kv sIm≠p- h - ∂ p. AXn\v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v A[n-Im-ca - n-s√∂v BZyw tI{μ [\-Im-cy-hI - p∏v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]d-™p. dnk¿hv _m¶v Hcp D]-ka - nXnsb \nb-an-°p-Ibpw, ssat{Im-^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]c-am-h[n ]eni \nc-°n\pw Xncn-®S- h - n\pw Nne \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Db¿∂p s]mßn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Fkv . - s I.- F - k ns‚ sjb¿ hnebnSn™p. Ah-cpsS em`w Ipd™p. hnc´n ]ncn-°¬ ]mSn-s√∂pw hmbv]I - ƒ do sjUyqƒ sNbvXv Imemh[n \o´n \¬In Xncn-®S- hv kpK-aa - m°-Ws - a∂pw \n¿t±iw h∂p. Hcp {Kq∏v/ AwKw ]e hmbv]I - ƒ FSp-°p-∂X - n\v Nne \nb-{¥-Wß - fpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibp-≠m-bn.

k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS HØmi hmkvXh - Ø - n¬ Cu ÿm]-\ß - sf Ib-dqcn hnSp-∂X - n\v F√m HØm-ibpw sNbvXp sImSp-ØXv amdn-amdn h∂ B{‘m k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. kzbwklmb kwL- ß ƒ°v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v tIc-f-sam-gn®p≈ aq∂p sXt° C≥Uy≥ kwÿm-\-ßfpw Gsd B{i-bn-°p∂Xv ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ß-

sf-bpw, F≥.-Pn.-H.-Is - f-bp-am-Wv. 1999-˛¬ N{μ-_m_p \mbn-Up, sXep-¶p-tZiw ]m¿´n-°-\p-Iq-e-amb hnIm-c-ap-≠m-°nb-Xpw, cmP-ti-Jc - s - dÕn A[n-Imcw ]nSn®Xpw, \ne- \ n- d p- Ø n- b Xpw h\nXm kwL-ßƒ°pw AwKßƒ°pw Chsc D]-tbm-Kn®v btYjvSw hmbv] e`y-am°n-s°m-≠m-sW∂v Nne ]T-\-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. 10000 tImSn-bn-e[ - nIw cq] \mepiX-am\w ]en-i-bp≈ Un.B¿.-sF.-hm-b] v b - mbn \¬Im≥ _m¶pI-fn¬ kΩ¿±-ap-≠m-°n-bXv cmP-ti-Jc sdÕn-bm-Wv. Aßs\ Nne \√ Imcyßfpw CXn-\n-Sb - n¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

Nne IW-°p-Iƒ \_m¿Uns‚ ssat{Im ^ - n-\m≥kv dnt∏m¿´v 2009 A\p-k-cn®v Ah¿ 581 ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv ÿm]- \ ßƒ°mbn 3732 tImSn cq] 2008-˛09-˛¬ am{Xw hmbv] \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 1915 Fw.F-^v.-sF.-Iƒ°mbn am¿®v 2009 hsc 5009 tImSn cq]- b mWv \_m¿Uv \¬Inb hmbv]. ]mh-s∏-´h - ¿°v {Kma˛-\-Kc {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hmbv] \¬Im\m-Wn-Xv. _m¶p-Iƒ°pw \_m¿Uv ]p\¿ hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßƒ AXv henb ]en-i-°mWv \¬In-bn-cp∂-sX∂p ImWmw. "kzbw klm-bk - wL-˛-_m¶v _‘nX ]cn-]m-Sn-'b-\p-kcn®v 2009 hsc C¥y- b n¬ 61.21

\_m¿Uns‚ ssat{Im ^n-\m≥kv dnt∏m¿´v 2009 A\p-k-cn®v Ah¿ 581 ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßƒ°mbn 3732 tImSn cq] 2008-˛09˛¬ am{Xw hmbv] \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. 1915 Fw.-F-^v.-sF.-Iƒ°mbn am¿®v 2009 hsc 5009 tImSn cq]-bmWv \_m¿Uv \¬Inb hmbv]

e£Øne- [ nIw \nt£]_- ‘ nX kzbw-kl - mb kwL-ßfpw 42.24 e£Øn-e[ - nIw hmbv]m-_‘ - nX kwL-ßfp-ap-≠v. Aßs\ 8.6 tImSn ]mh-s∏-´h¿ Cu ]≤-Xn-bn≥ Iogn¬ h∂n-´p≠v. Cu kwL-ß-fpsS \nt£]w 5545.62 tImSn-bpw, hmbv]m \o°n-bn-cn∏v 22679.85 tImSn cq]-bp-am-Wv.

tIcfw˛IpSpw-_{io tamU¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZyw Be-∏p-g, ae∏pdw Pn√- I - f n- e mWv Nne k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ kzbw-k-lmb kwLßƒ cq]o- I - c n®v _m¶p- I - f n- e qsS ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv e`y-am-°n-b-Xv. AXv kv{Xoim-‡o-I-c-W-Øn\p Ipsdsbms° D]-bp-‡-am-bn. kwÿm\ πm\nwKv t_m¿Uv A[n-Imc hntI-{μoI-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bp≈ {Kma-k`bv°p Xmsg Ab¬°q-´-ßƒ F∂ Bibw apt∂m-´p-h-®-p. ]cn-j-ØpXs∂ "kaX' Ab¬°q-´-ßƒ cq]oI-cn®v _m¶p-I-fn¬ _‘-s∏-SpØn kºm-Zy-˛B - `- y-¥c hmbv]m-Xp-II - f - psS 3˛4 Cc´n ent¶Pp hmbv] e`y-am°n, Cu {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS `mK- a m- b n. F∂m¬ temI-_m¶v Zmcn{Zy \n¿am¿P\-Øn-\mbn Is≠-Ønb ssat{Im-^n\m≥kv tamUepw, k∂≤ kwL-S\ - m˛-Fw.-F^ - v.s - F. coXn-bp-a√ ChnsS \S∏m-°n-b-Xv. IpSpw-_{io anjs‚ cq]oI-cWw kzbw klm-b-kw-L-ßsf ÿm]-\h - X - I v c - n-®p. ]©m-bØ - p-If - psS ta¬t\m´- Ø n- e p≈ kn.- U n.- F - k v . kwhn-[m-\w, Pn√m-an-j≥, kn.-Un.-Fk - v. ¢Ã¿, A°u-≠‚p-am-cpsS \nb-a-\w, ]©m-b-Øv-˛-Pn-√m-Xe tamWn-‰-dnw-Kv, Ipd™ ]en-i°p hmbv] e`y-am-°m\p≈ _m¶p-I-fp-am-bp≈ Fw.-H.-bp, kwL-ß-fnse AwK-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp°p∂ kzbw sXmgn¬ kwcw-`-ßƒ, AXn-\m-bp≈ kwcw` hmbv]-Iƒ, eoUv _m¶ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 3 amkØn-sem-cn-°¬ tNcp∂ tªm°veh - ¬ _mt¶gvkv IΩn-‰n-If - n¬ kn.-Un.-Fk - v.`m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ°v _m¶p-I-fp-am-bp≈ {]iv\ß - ƒ N¿®-sNbvXp ]cn-lc - n-°m\p≈ Ah-k-cw, \nc-¥c ]cn-io-e\w, kmº-ØnI A®-S°w ]men-°m-\p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw ]cn-{i-a-ßfpw Chsbms° \ΩpsS kzbw-kl - mb kwLßsf i‡-am-°n. ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°p-]I - cw hmWn-Py-˛k - l - I-c-W-_m-¶p-I-fmWv kwL-ßƒ°p hmbv] \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Xncn-®-Shv 95 iXam-\t- Øm-fa - m-W.v _m¶p-Ifpw Ah-cpsS {]apJ hmbv]m ÿm\-ambn kwLßsf ImWp-∂p. _m¶p-IƒIqSn ]s¶Sp-°p∂ t{KUnwKv kwhn-[m-\hpw Xncn®-S-hn-\p≈ {Kq∏v kΩ¿±-hp-sa√mw sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

ChnsS km¿∞-Ia - m-bn-´p-≠v.

k¿°m¿ klmbw k¿°m¿ Ign™ 5 h¿j-ambn \¬Inb ssIØm-ßmWv Gsd {it≤bw. a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ImWm-\mhmØ coXn- b n¬ ent¶Pv ˛ kwcw` hmbv]I - ƒ°v k_vkn-Un-bpw, am¿Pn≥ aWn {Km‚pw e`y-am°n kv{Xoim-‡oI- c - W - Ø n\v k¿°m¿ _UvP‰v hnlnXw \o°n-h-®p. {XnXe ]©m-bØp- I - f n¬ ]eXpw kwL- ß ƒ°v k_vknUn e`y-am-°n. ]e ]cm-[o-\X-Ifpw Nq≠n-°m-´m-sa-¶nepw ssat{Im^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Nqj-WØn\p hn´p-sIm-Sp-°msX tIc-fØ - nse "kzbwklmb kwL-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ kv{Xoim-‡o-Ic - W - ˛- Z- m-cn-{Zy-\n¿am¿P\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ' _m¶p-If - psS kl-Ic - W - tØmsS km¿∞-I-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™Xv a‰p kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw amXr-Ib - mth≠-Xm-Wv. hoSp \n¿an-°m\mbn kwLmw-K-ßƒ FSpØ "`h\{io' hmbv ] - I ƒ BsI IpSpw_{ioanj-s\-s°m≠v Gs‰-Sp-∏n®v CuSp-h® {]amWw Xncn®p \¬In-s°m≠mWv Ign™ k¿°m¿ kv{Xoim-‡oI-c-W-Øn¬ C—m-i‡n {]I-S-am-°nbXv.

Ah¿ Chn-sSbpw h(-f)-cp∂p? Cß- s \- s bms° IpSpw- _ {io {]h¿Ø\w apt∂m-´p- t]m-Ip-tºmgpw k∂-≤- kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ssat{Im-^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßfpw ChnsS kPoh-ambn hcp∂p F∂ hkvXpX hnkvacn-°m-\m-hn-√. ]t£ a‰p kwÿm-\ß-sf-t∏mse hym]-I-am-Im≥ Ign-bp∂n-√. AXn-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p≠v. PmXn-aX - m-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n-ep≈ kwLcq-]o-Ic - Ww, AØcw kwL-S\ - I - f - psS kzbw-k-lmbkwLhn`mK {]h¿Ø\w, P\{io AS-°-ap≈ a‰p k∂-≤k - w-LS- \ - I - f - psS kwÿm-\X - e kv{Xoim-‡o-Ic - W ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, A\ykw-ÿm-\-ß-fnepw tIc-f-Øn-ep-ap≈ ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]\ßfpsS Nph-Sp-d∏ - n-°m\pw, hmbv] hym]n-∏n-°m\p-ap≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Ch-sbms° IqSpX¬ i‡n- s ∏´p hcn- I - b m- W v. \_m¿Uns‚ "tPmbn‚ v eb-_n-en‰n {Kq∏v' kwhn-[m-\-Øn≥ Iogn¬ sNdpkw-Lß - fpw hym]-Ia - mbn cq]o-Ic - n-°s∏´p hcp-∂p. kmº-ØnI DƒtN¿°¬ ]cn-]m-Sn-If - psS `mK-ambn "]qPyw' _me≥kv A°u≠p XpS-ßm\pw, sNdp-hmbv] e`y-am-°m-\p-ap≈ ]cn-]mSn-Iƒ _m¶p-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n-hc - p-∂p-≠v. ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ßƒ°v I¿i\ \nb- { ¥- W - ß ƒ G¿s∏- S pØm≥ k¿°m¿ apt∂m´p htc-≠-Xpimkv{X-KXn

≠v. H∏w IpSpw-_-{io°p sh´n-°p-d® _UvP‰v hnlnXw Xncn-®p-\¬I-Ww. tIc-fØ - nse IpSpw-_{io amXrI CXc -kw-ÿm\ßfn-te°p ]I¿Øp-IbmWv Ahn-SsØ Fw.-F-^v.sF IS∂p- I - b - ‰ hpw, Bﬂ- l - X ybpw Ipdbv°m≥ sNtø-≠X - .v A√msX AhnsS Agn-™m-Sn-bh - ¿°v ChnsS btYjvSw hnl-cn-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-e-√.

a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ ImWm-\m-hmØ coXnbn¬ ent¶Pv˛kwcw` hmbv]-Iƒ°v k_vknUn-bpw, am¿Pn≥ aWn {Km‚pw e`y-am°n kv{Xoim-‡o-I-c-W-Øn\v \√ hmbv]-°m¿ k¿°m¿ _UvP‰v C∂v kzbw klmb-kw-Lß - ƒ°p hnlnXw \o°n-h-®p. hmbv] \¬In em`-ap-≠m-°m≥ _m¶nXc [\-Imcy ÿm]-\ß - ƒ a’-cn-°p{XnXe ]©m-b-Øp-IIb mW v . B{‘m{ ]t Zin-tebpw a‰pw fn¬ ]eXpw kwLZpc¥w \mw I≠p Ign-™p. kmºßƒ°v k_vknUn e`y- ØnI amμy-Øns‚ XpS¿®bmbn hoSnam-°n. ]e ]cm-[o-\-X\p≈ hmbv]bpw Ipd™ ]›m-Ø-eIfpw Nq≠n-°m-´m-saØn¬ ]©m-bØp ap\n-kn-∏¬ {]tZi-ß-fnse _m¶p-Iƒ ]eXpw ap≥K¶nepw ssat{Im-^n\m≥kv ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS W\m hmbv]m e£yw XnI-bv°p∂Xv _ - { io°pw, a‰p kzbw- kNqj-W-Øn\p hn´p-sIm- IpSpwlmbkwL-ßƒ°pw hmbv] \¬InSp-°msX tIc-f-Ønse s°m- ≠ m- W v . "In´m- ° S `ojWn' "kzbwklmb kwLIpd™ hmbv ] - b mWv kzbw - k Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ kv{Xoim- lmbkwL hmbv ] - I ƒ. k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v _m¶p-Iƒ t\cn´pw ‡o-I-c-W-˛-Zm-cn-{Zy] \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Ah¿ D≈Xpw \n¿am¿P\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ' hmbv C√m-Ø-Xp-amb kwL-ßƒ°p ]p\¿ _m¶p-I-fpsS kl-I-c-W- hmbv] \¬Ip-I-bpw, em`-ap-≠m-°ptØmsS km¿∞-I-ambn Ibpw sNøp-∂p. emt`— IqSmsX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ aX-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-™Xv a‰p kwÿm-\-ßƒ°pw D≠v. _lpkwLmw-KXzw amXr-I-bmth≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp kwL-Ønte AwK-am-Imhq F∂pw AXp-hg- ntb hmbv] FSp-°mhq F∂p-ap-s≠-¶nepw ]te-SØpw AXp ]men-°p-∂n-√. _m¶p-Iƒ°v Ch ]cn-

tim-[n-°m\pw Ign-bn-√. ssat{Im-tk‰v imJ-Iƒ ]e _m¶p-Ifpw XpS-ßn-bn´p-≠v. Ah¿ GXp {]tZ-iØpw hmbv] \¬Ipw. XZv^e - a - mbn _lp-hmbv]m {]iv\w D≠m-Im-\p≈ km[y-Xb - p-≠v. IpSpw-_{io AwK-Xzhpw, _m¶p ]mkp_p°pw ImWn-®m¬ hmbv] \¬Ip∂ Nne k∂-≤k - w-LS- \ - I - f - p-≠v. Hcmsf ]e kwL-ßf - n¬ AwK-am-°p-∂Xv apfbnte \p≈n-bn-s√-¶n¬ A]-IS- a - m-Wv. B{‘- b n¬ kw`- h n- ® Xv ChnsS Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Smw. ap≥ k¿°m¿ CXp \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - n\p Nne \S-]S- nIƒ Btem-Nn-®n-cp-∂p. AXv Iq´mbn N¿® sNbvXp \S-∏m°n "Hcmƒ°v Hcp kwLw-˛-AXv IpSpw-_{io', AXn¬ Xev]-c-c-√m-Ø-h ¿°p a‰p kwLw tXSmw F∂m-IWw. {XnXe ]©m-bØp sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw `cW kanXn amdn-bt- ∏mƒ P\{io t]mep≈hbnse AwK-ßsf "IpSw-_{io'bm°p∂ {]{Inbbpw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. ImcWw AhnsS k_v k n- U nbpw ]en- i - ° p- d - h p- a n- √ , ChnsS AXp-≠p-Xm-\pw.

hIp-∏p-Iƒ t\m°n \n¬°p-∂p? as‰mcp {][m-\{- ]iv\w "IpSw-_{io' {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn hnhn[ hIp-∏pI-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-ØXm-Wv. "ka{K' hmg-Irjn ]©m-bØn¬ \S-°p-tºmƒ imkv{Xob D]tZi \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬tI≠ Irjn Hm^o-k¿°v bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√. hnfn-°m-Ø-XmtWm ]pdw-Xn-cn™p \n¬°p-∂X - mtWm F∂-dn-bn-√. F¥m-

bmepw hnf h¿[-\-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ Irjn-hI - p-∏ns‚ Ãm‰n-Ãn-Ik v n¬ AXp t\´-am-sbÆpw F∂-Xn¬ X¿°-an-√. arK kwc-£W Ub-dn-˛-an¬am hIp∏p-I-fpsS Imcyw AXnepw ck-I-c-amWv. a{¥n H∂m-bmepw aq∂m-bmepw Chsc Hcp-an-®n-cpØn tIc-f-Ønse "[hf hnπhw' km[nX {]mb-am-°msa∂v Bcpw Nn¥n-t°≠. "£oc{io' ]≤Xn ^e-{]-Za- m-ImsX t]mbXpw Cu hn`m-Ko-bX - s - Im-≠p-Xs - ∂. sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn kl-Ic - n-°p∂ {][m\ hn`mKw "IpSpw-_{io'bmWv. ]e hIp∏p-I-sfbpw CXp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°m\mhpw. AXn-\p≈ km[yX Bcm-tb≠-Xm-W.v

Hcmsf ]e kwL-ß-fn¬ AwK-am-°p-∂Xv apfbnte \p≈n-bn-s√-¶n¬ A]-I-S-am-Wv. B{‘bn¬ kw`-hn-®Xv ChnsS Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Smw. ap≥ k¿°m¿ CXp \nb-{¥n°p-∂-Xn\p Nne \S-]-SnIƒ Btem-Nn-®n-cp-∂p. AXv Iq´mbn N¿® sNbvXp \S-∏m°n "Hcmƒ°v Hcp kwLw-˛AXv IpSpw-_{io', hmbv]-Iƒ ]e-Xcw AXn¬ Xev]-c-c-√m-Ø]e-Xcw temWp-I-fmWv kzbw h¿°p a‰p kwLw klm-b-kw-L-ßƒ°p \¬Ip-∂-Xv. tXSmw F∂m-IWw. {Kq∏v cq]o- I - c n®tijw _m¶v {XnXe ]©m-bØp sXc- A°u≠v XpS-ßp-I, Bdp-amkw Igns™-Sp-∏n-\p-tijw `cW bp-tºmƒ t{KUnwKv \S-Øp-I, ent¶Pv hmbv] FSp-°p-I, {Kq∏nse AwKkanXn amdn-b-t∏mƒ ßtfm, GXm\pw {Kq∏nIfnse AwKP\{io t]mep≈hbnse ßtfm (4 apX¬ 10 hsc) tN¿∂v Iq´pAwK-ßsf "IpSw_m-[yXm kwL-ßƒ (tPm-bn‚ v eb_n- e n‰n {Kq∏v ) XpSßn sXmgn¬ _{io'bm°p∂ {]{Inkwcw`w Xocp-am-\n®v AXn\v {]tXyI bbpw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. hmbv]-sb-SpØv kwcw-`-am-cw-`n®v hnPImcWw AhnsS b-I-c-ambn \S-Øp-I, hy‡n-Iƒ°v k_vkn-Unbpw ]en-iBh-iy-sa-¶n¬ kwcw-`-ßƒ°mbn °p-d-hp-an-√, ChnsS hmbv] FSp-°p-I Ch-sbm-s°-bmWv AXp-≠p-Xm-\pw. Ct∏mƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. CXp IqSp-X¬ ^e-{]Zhpw hcp-am\ h¿[-\-hn-\p-XIp-∂X - p-am-IW - w.

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

Fw.-H.-bp.-hns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ

taf-I-fpsS km[yX

_m¶p-Iƒ hgn ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏m°p-∂-Xn\v Ffp-∏-am¿Kw B ]≤Xn kwÿm-\X - e _mt¶gvkv kan-Xn-bn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n®v AwKo-Ic - n-∏n-°p-Ib - m-Wv. Aß- s \- b m- b m¬ Pn√m- X e eoUv _m¶p-Iƒ hgn hnhn[ _m¶p-Iƒ°p \n¿t±iw \¬In \S-∏m-°m-\m-hpw. F∂m¬ IpSpw- _ - { io- a n- j ≥ Hmtcmtcm _m¶p-I-fp-ambn Fw.-H.-bp. H∏n´v \S-∏m-°m-\mWp {ian-°p-∂-Xv. ]e _m¶n\pw kwÿm-\-Øn\p ]pdØp≈ tI{μ Hm^o-kp-I-fp-sS-bpw, Ub-d-IvS¿ t_m¿Un-t‚bpw AwKoImcw e`y-am°n Fw.-H.bp H∏n-Sm≥ ]e XS- ß - f - p-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. dnk¿hv _m¶v ]en-i-\n-c°p Iq´p-tºmgpw Ipd-bv°ptºmgpw D≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ß-fp-≠v. AXp-aqew Nne _m¶p-Iƒ AØcw ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°p-∂p. Nne¿°p Ign-bp-∂n-√. {Kq∏v A°u-≠p-Iƒ ]e _m¶n-em-Wv. Nne _m¶p-Iƒ am{Xw \S-∏m-°p∂Xv kwL-ßƒ°v {]iv\-am-Ip-∂p. am{X-a-√, amk-ßƒ°p-tijw Nm¿PpsN-øp∂ ]eni ap≥Iq´n Hcp XpIbmbn imJbv°p \¬Ip-∂Xv `mhn-bn¬ HmUn-‰nw-Kn-epw a‰pw {]iv\a - p-≠m-°pw. A\p-h-Zn® XpI apgp-h≥ FSp-°mØ kwL-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw. CsXms° ]cn-KWn®v _m¶v hmbv]m ]≤-Xn-I-fp-ambn _‘-ap≈ DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS klm-btØmsS "_m¶-_nƒ' Bb ]≤-Xn-Ifm-hn-jI v c - n-°m≥ IpSpw-_{io {i≤n-t°≠-Xp≠v. imkv{X-KXn

t{KUnwKv, ent¶-Pv, sP.-F¬.-Pn. hmbv] Ch bYm-ka - bw \S∏m-°m≥ Pn√m-an-j\ - pw, eoUv_m-¶pw, _m¶p-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ kl-Ic - Ww AXym-hi - y-amWv. tªm°v eh¬ _mt¶gvkv kan-Xntbm-Kw, Pn√m-Xe _m¶nwKv Ah-temI\ kan-Xn-tbmKw Ch-sbms° {]iv\ßƒ Nq≠n-°m-´m\pw ]cn-lc - n-°m-\pap≈ thZn- b m- ° Ww. CS- b v ° nsS t{KUnwKv amkm-Nc - W - w, ent¶-Pv˛- s - P.F¬.-Pn. hmbv]m-ta-f, dn°-hdn taf Chsbms° kwL-Sn-∏n-®m¬ Xma-ks - am-gnhm°n thK-Øn¬ hmbv] e`y-am-°m\pw Xncn-®S- hp kpK-aa - m-°m\pamIpw. kzbw klmb kwL-ß-fn-eqsS Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿am¿P\w F∂Xv temI-_m¶v ]≤-Xn-bm-sW∂pw AXp X≈n-°-f-bW-sa∂pw hmZn-°p-∂h - c - p≠v. F∂m¬ Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-bv°¬ KpW-t`m-‡m-hns\bpw k∂≤kw-LS- \I-sfbpw [\Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw G¬∏n®v k¿°m¿ ]nt∂m´p hen-bp∂ \bßfpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ign™ 10-˛15 h¿jsØ A\p-`hw Gsd KpW-]chpw H∏w {]Xn-tem-aI - c - h - p-amb A\p`-h-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse IpSpw-_{io amXrI P\-Io-b-X-ehpw HutZym-Kn-IX - e - hpw Iq´n-t®¿Øv hnIk\ hIp-∏p-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘w ZrVam°n ka{K ]≤-Xn-bmbn hnI-kn-∏n®p-sIm≠v, C∂p≈ {]iv\ß - ƒ N¿® sNbvX,v BtKm-fh - X - I v c - W _Z¬ hnIk\ amXrI-bmbn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pIbmWv \mw sNtø-≠X - v.

Ip™p-a-\- p-Iƒs°mcp Nßm-Xn...

bpdo° ssZzhm-cnI hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy

200 cq] hni-Zh - n-hc - ß - ƒ°v amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ bpdo° ]cn-jZv `h≥, Nme-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv - 673002 t^m¨: 0495 2701919

kwhmZw Atim-I≥ Rmd-bv°¬

tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\w Agn-aXn XpS-®p-\o-°-epw, hn⁄m-\-k-aq-l-ÿm-]-\hpw, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS im‡o-I-c-W-hpw, AXp-h-gn-bp≈ tIc-f-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\hpw Bbn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS kwhm-Z-hn-jbw. imkv{X-KXn Pq¨ e°-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® kwhm-Z-Øns‚ c≠mw `mKw

Cu kwhm-ZØ - ns‚ BZy-`m-KØv apt∂m-´p-h® hnhn[ Bi-bß - t- fm-Sp≈ Nne {]Xn-Ic - W - ß - f - pw, Ah-bv°p≈ adp-]S- n-bp-amWv Cu `mK-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. kwhmZw \ap°p XpS-tc-≠X - p-≠.v AXn\mbn IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-Ic - W - ß - ƒ {]Xo£n-°p-∂p. 1. ""Iºyq-´¿ h∂m¬ F√mw icnbmIpw'' F∂ Iºyq-´¿ auen-Ih - m-Za- mWv CXv F∂m-bn-cp∂p Hcp {]Xn-Ic - W - w. teJ-I≥ h¿K-k-a-c-Øns‚ {]m[m\ysØ Ah-KW - n-°p∂p F∂pw Nne¿ Iq´n-t®¿Øp.

Xo¿®- b mbpw Kpcp--X - c - a mb Hcp Btcm-]W - a - m-Wn-X.v F∂m¬ hkvXp-XIƒ Cu Btcm-]W - sØ icn-hb - v°p∂n-√. Nne DZm-lc - W - ß - ƒ hgn CXv hy‡-am-°mw. ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc tIc-f-Ønse [\-hI - p∏v t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp apJy-{]-iv\a - m-bn-cp∂p Hmh¿{Um^v‰pw [\-{]-Xn-k‘ - n-bpw. BtKm-fh - X - I v c - W - , DZm-ch - X - vIc - W - \ - b - ß - ƒ ASn-t®¬∏n°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ G‰hpw {][m\ DtØm-eI - a- mbn [\-{]-Xn-k‘n D]-tbmKn-°s - ∏-´p. t£a-\n-[n-bpw, s]≥j\pw

]pXnb ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Hs°-bmbn hmcnt°mcn ]Ww sNe-hm-°p∂ [\-a{¥n tUm. tXmakv sFk-°ns‚ {Sjdn Ft∏mƒ ]q´pw F∂p IÆn-se-Æs - bmgn®v t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p ]e hna¿i-Ic - pw. F∂m¬ {Sjdn ]q´n-bn√. ]Icw Ct∏mƒ tIƒ°p-∂Xv ""[\a{¥n Ft¥m a{¥-hmZw \SØn'' F∂mWv. [\-{]-Xn-k‘n adn-IS- ° - m-\mbn [\a-{¥n-bmbn A[n-Im-c-ta‰v A[nIw sshImsX tUm. tXmakv sFk°v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Bi-ba - m-bn-cp∂p \nIpsk]vXw-_¿ 2011

Xn-sh-ń-∏n-s\-Xnsc P\-Iob {]ÿm\w F∂ ]≤-Xn. ""Hmh¿{Um^v‰pw [\-{]Xn-k‘ - nbpw'' F∂ Xe-s°-ń¬ tZim`n-am\n Zn\-]{- X-Øn¬ 2007 P\p-hcn 16 apX¬ 22 hsc-bp≈ Znh-kß - f - n-embn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® teJ\ ]c-ºc hgn tUm. sFkIv C°mcyw hni-Zo-Ic - n-®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ Xs∂ hm°p-Iƒ D≤cn- ° - s ´˛""kwÿm\ k¿°m- c ns‚ G‰hpw henb hcp-am\w \nIp-Xn-bmWv.....-\S- ∏ - p-h¿jw 4500 tImSn ]ncn-°m\m-hptam F∂mWv {ian-°p-∂X - v. Cu e£yw t\Sn-bm¬t∏mepw bYm¿∞Øn¬ ]ncn-°m-hp∂ \nIp-Xn-bpsS ]IpXntb CXv hcq. \nIp-Xn-sh-ń∏p XS-bp∂- X n\v Hcp _lp- P \ {]ÿm\w {]mtbm- K nI AP- ≠ - b n¬ ÿm\w ]nSnt® Xocq. {]Xn-]£ - hpw hna¿iIcpw a‰p ka-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sfms° \n¿Øn-h®v [\-a{- ¥n-bpsS \nIp-Xn-]ncn-hp{]-ÿm\w Npcpƒ \nh-cp-∂Xv {]Xo-£n®v Ccp-∂p. kwL-Sn-X-cmb tIc-f-Ønse hym]m-c-k-aq-l-hp-ambn G‰p-apń [\-a{- ¥n-bp-sSbpw a{¥n-k` - bp-sSbpw Imen-Sdpw F∂v {]Xn-]£w a\-∏m-bkw D≠p. hna¿i-I¿ ]ecpw {]Xo-£n-®-Xpt]m-se-b√ ]t£ Imcy-ßƒ \S-∂X - .v [\-a{¥n \∂mbn Krl-]mTw sNbvXp. 2008 Ah-km-\t- ØmsS tIc-fØ - nse [\- h - I p- ∏ ns\ C˛- K - t h- W ≥kns‚ km[y-XI - f - p-]t- bm-Kn®v ASn-apSn ]cn-jI v cn-°p-Ib - √ - msX as‰mcp am¿K-an-√ F∂ \nK- a - \ - Ø n¬ At±lw FØn. Aßs\ 2007 P\p-hc - n-bn¬ apt∂m-´ph-bv°-s∏´ \nIp-Xn-sh-ń-∏n-s\-Xn-scbp≈ P\-Iob {]ÿm\w 2009 Bbt∏m-tg°pw C˛-^b - e - nwKv Bbn cq]w amdn. ]t£, C˛-^b - e - n-ßn-te-°p≈ am‰w tIc-f-Ønse [\-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Ncn-{XwXs∂ Xncp-Øn-°p-dn-®p. C˛-^b - e - nw-Kn\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ k¿hdn\p thK-Xt- ]mcm, tkm^v‰v shb-dnse t]mcm-bvaI - ƒ XpSßn \nc-h[n {]iv\ß - ƒ C\nbpap≠v. F¶nepw Hmh¿{Um^v‰pw [\-{]Xn-k‘ - nbpw Hm¿a-Iƒ am{X-am-bn. am{Xa√ [\-a{- ¥n-amsc s]mXp-hn¬ i{X-p]£Øv I≠n-cp∂ hym]m-cn-Iƒ tUm. sFk-°ns‚ ]pXnb ]cn-jvIm-cß - sf aSn-®p-a-Sn-®m-sW-¶nepw AwKo-I-cn-®p. tIcf hym]m-cn-hy-hk - mbn kan-Xn-bpsS tÃ‰v {]kn-U‚ v {io.-_n∂n CΩń ]d™Xv ""C˛-^b - e - nMv \nIpXn Hgn-hm-°nbn-s√-¶nepw \nIp-Xn-]n-cn-hp-ambn _‘s∏´p \S-∂n-cp-∂ ]oU\w Ipd®p'' F∂m-Wv. a‰v hym]m-cn-t\-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-{]m-bhpw hyXy-kvXa - m-bn-cn-°n-√. CXn-\¿∞w Iºyq-´d - mWv [\-hI - pimkv{X-KXn

hna¿i-I¿ ]ecpw {]Xo£n-®-Xp-t]m-se-b√ ]t£ Imcy-ßƒ \S-∂Xv. [\-a{¥n \∂mbn Krl-]mTw sNbvXp. 2008 Ah-km-\-tØmsS tIc-fØnse [\-h-Ip-∏ns\ C˛-K-th-W≥kns‚ km[y-X-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v ASn-apSn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-Ib-√msX as‰mcp am¿K-an√ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ At±lw FØn. Aßs\ 2007 P\p-h-cnbn¬ apt∂m-´p-h-bv°s∏´ \nIp-Xn-sh-´n-∏n-s\Xn-sc-bp≈ P\-Iob {]ÿm\w 2009 Bb-t∏mtg°pw C˛-^-b-enwKv Bbn cq]w amdn.

∏ns\ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv F∂mtWm? [\-a-{¥n°pw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw CXn¬ bmsXmcp ]¶p-an√ F∂mtWm? kwKXn adn-®m-W.v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ C—mi-‡n-bp≈ Hcp a{¥n°v AXy-[nIw {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-amb Hcp ASn-Ød Iºyq-´¿h-XvIc - Ww (lm¿Uvshbdpw tkm^v‰vshbdpw F√mw tN¿∂v) Hcp°n- s °m- S p- Ø p. AXp- ] - t bm- K n®v At±lw \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhpw [\-Im-cy-amt\-Ps v a‚pw Imcy-£a- a- m-°n. hym]m-chpw \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhpw h¿[n-°m≥ hym]m-tcm’-hß - ƒ \S-Øn. ASn-Ød - b - n-ep≈ apt∂-‰ß - f - mWv sa®-s∏´ ta¬°qc ]Wn-bm≥ kmlN-cy-sam-cp-°p-∂Xv F∂Xv sshcp-[y-imkv{X-Øns‚ {]mY-anI \nb-a-am-Wv. F∂p- h ®v ASn- Ø d sa®- s ∏- ´ m¬ ta¬°qc kzta-[bm sa®-s∏-SWw F∂p-an-√. Cu Ah-km\w ]d™ Imcy-Øn\p-Zm-lc- W - ß - ƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ Xs∂ \nch-[n-bm-W.v \ΩpsS tIm¿∏-td-j\ - p-If - nepw \K-c-k-`-I-fn-epw ]©m-b-Øp-Ifnepw Hs°-bmbn \qdp IW-°n\p tImSn-cq-]b - psS Iºyq-´d - p-Ifpw A\p_‘ kma-{Kn-Ifpw tkm^v‰vshbdpIfp-amWv hmßn-°q-´n-bX - .v A[n-Im-ch - ntI-{μo-Ic - Ww aqew ]e Imcy-ßfpw Xt±-ik - z-bw-`c - W ÿm]-\X - e - Ø - n¬-

\ΩpsS tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-I-fn-epw \K-c-k-`-I-fn-epw ]©m-b-Øp-I-fnepw Hs°-bmbn \qdp IW-°n\p tImSn-cq-]-bpsS Iºyq-´-dp-Ifpw A\p-_‘ kma-{KnIfpw tkm^v‰vshbdp-Ifp-amWv hmßn-°q-ń-b-Xv. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cWw aqew ]e Imcy-ßfpw Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-X-e-Øn¬-Xs∂ Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØp sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ kml-N-cyhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs∂ Xocp-am-\s - a-SpØp sNøm≥ Ignbp∂ kml-N-cyhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂n´pw Xt±-ik - z-bw-`c - W ÿm]-\ßsf ASn-apSn am‰p-sa∂v sImń-tLmjn-°s - ∏´ Xt±-iÿ m-]\ Iºyq-´¿hXvI-cWw ]cm-P-b-amWv F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. P\-ß-fpsS \nXy-Po-hn-XØn¬ hºn® ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-am-bn-cp∂ Xt±-iÿ m-]\ Iºyq-´¿h-XvI-cWw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´Xv Iºyq-´d - ns‚ Ipg∏w sIm≠√ F∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv. CtX Xc-Øn-ep≈ kma{Kn-Iƒ sIm≠p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wt√m [\-hIp-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ ASn-apSn am‰ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv. [\-a-{¥ntbm At±-lØns‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Itcm a{¥-hm-ZnI-f√ - X - m-\pw. am{X-a√ Nne Xt±-ik - zbw-`c - W ÿm]-\ß - f - n-se-¶nepw amXrIm-]c - a - mbn Imcy-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p-ap-≠v. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ Iºyq-´¿ h∂-Xp-sIm-≠pam{Xw kzta-[bm Hcp hnπhw D≠m-IpI-bn-√. hnπ-hØ - n-\m-hi - y-amb ùXn-Ikm-lN - c - y-amWv Ah Hcp-°p-∂X - .v A[nImcw ssIbm-fp-∂h - ¿°v AXp-]t- bmKn®v am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm-\p≈ a\- p-thWw, AXp-]t- bm-Kn-°m≥ Ah¿ ]Tn-°pI-bpw Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. XnI®pw kuP-\y-ambn em]vtSm∏v Inńbn´pw AXv Ct∏mgpw ê-{]-Za - mbn D]tbm-Kn-°m≥ Adn-bmØ ]e Fw.-F¬.F.-amcpw D≠-t√m. ASn- Ø - d - b n- e p≈ ]ptcm- K Xn ta¬°q-cb - nepw ]ptcm-KXn D≠m-°m\p≈ ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-sam-cp°pw

F∂ sshcp-≤y-im-kv{X-X-Xz-Øn\v Iºyq-´¿ am{X-a√ DZm-lc- W - w. C∂v tIcf-Ønse hoSp-If - n-¬ hym]-Ia - mbn D≈ kuI-cy-ß-fmWv sshZyp-Xn, Kymkv ASp-∏v, anIvkn, ss{K‚¿, ss]∏psh≈w/]ºv, Ae-°p-b{¥w F∂n-h. {XnXe ]©m-bØ - p-If - nse 50% h\nXm- k w- h - c Ww s]mXp- t h- Z n- I - f n¬ FØp∂, As√-¶n¬ Zqc-ÿe - ß - f - n¬ t]mbn tPmen sNøp∂, kv{XoI-fpsS A[zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, AXp-hgn Ah-cpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ sXfnbn-°p-∂X - n\pw BZyw ]d™ kuIcy-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ sNdpX-√. sshZyp-Xn-t]mepw FØmØ DØtc-¥y≥{Km-aß - f - n¬ kv{XoIƒ s]mXpth-Zn-If - n¬ FØp-∂Xn-t\m-Spw, Zqc-ÿe-ßf - n¬ tPmen-°p-t]m-Ip-∂X - n-t\m-Spap≈ ]c-ºc - m-KX kaq-lØ - ns‚ at\m`mhw ""At∏mƒ Rßƒ°p N∏mØn Bcp-≠m-°n-Øcpw?'' F∂Xv Bbn XpScp-∂Xv ta¬hn-h-cn® ASn-Ø-d-bpsS A]-cym-]vXX F∂ hkvXp-Xb - p-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-sa∂p tXm∂p- ∂ p. [“Who will make us chapathis?” F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]T\w alm-cm-j{v S-bnse Nne kv{Xo {]h¿ØI¿ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂p.] tIc-f-Ønse s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ h¿[n® tXmXn¬ tImtf-Pn¬ FØm\pw Cu D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hym]\w Hcp°nb ASn-Ød klm-bn-°p-∂p-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂p. AX-s√-¶n¬ sh≈w tImcpI, Acn-s]m-Sn-°p-I, tZmi-amhv Ac-b° v p-

I, ASp-∏n¬ Xo Fcn-°p-I, Ae-°pI, XpS-ßnb `mcn® ho´p-tPm-en-If - n¬ AΩ°v Hcp Iq´m-bn-t°ms´ F∂ ]cnK-W\ - b - n¬ `qcn-`mKw {KmaoW s]Ïpń-If - p-sSbpw hnZym-`ymkw ]c-am-h[n kvIqƒ ss^\-temsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xo¿®-bmbpw sshZypXnbpw D]-Ic - W - ßfpw hoń-ep-≈X - p-sIm≠p-am{Xw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ D∂X hnZym`ymk ÿm]-\ß - f - n¬ FØn-t°m-fWw F∂n-√. AXn\v kvtImf¿jn∏v apXemb t{]c-WI - f - pw sSen-hn-j≥ apX-embh hgn-bp≈ {]Nm-cW - ß - fpw th≠nh-cpw. Npcp-°-Øn¬ sshZyp-Xn-bpw ss]∏p- s h- ≈ - h pw Kymkv ASp- ∏ pw ss{K‚-dpw Ae-°p-b-{¥-hpw sSen-hnj\pw (C-t∏mƒ C‚¿s\-‰pw em]vtSm∏v Iºyq-´d- pw) hsc-bp≈ D]-Ic - W - ß - f - psS hym]\w h\n-Xm-hn-tam-N-\-Øn-\p≈ i‡-amb Hc-Sn-Ød- b - m-W.v kv{Xohm-Z{- ]ÿm-\ß - ƒ H‰-bS- n°p CXv kΩ-Xn®p Xt∂-°n-√. Ah-km-\a - mbn Hcp Imcyw IqSn samss_¬t^m-Wpw ssk°nƒ, kvIq´¿ t]mep≈ Ccp-N-{I-hm-l-\ßfpw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v \¬Ip∂ kzmX-{¥yhpw sNdp-X√ - . Npcp-°-Øn¬ Iºyq-´¿ h∂m¬ F√mw kzta-[bm icn-bm-Ip-sa-∂-√, icn-bm-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb ASn-Ød Hcpßpw F∂p-am-{X-am-W,v Cu kwhm-ZØns‚ BZy-`m-KØ - n¬ ka¿∞n-°m≥ {ian-®X - .v Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jT v n-Xa - mb Cu ASn-Ød Hcp-t°-≠X - ns‚ {]m[m\yw hni-Zo-Ic - n-®Xv hmb-\° - m¿°v adn-s®mcp [mcW D≠m-°m-\n-Sb - m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp XnI®pw bmZr-OnIw am{X-am-Wv. ASn-Ød {][m-\a - mWv; AXp-t]mse ta¬°q-cb - pw. Hs∂m-gn-hm-°n-s°m≠v at‰-Xn\p am{Xw GI-]-£o-b-ambn {]m[m\yw \¬Im-\m-In-√. 2. as‰mcp {]Xn-Ic - Ww sF.-Sn.-bpsS hym]\w IqSp-X¬ sshZypXn D]-tbmK-Øn-\pw, AXp-hgn BtKm-f-Xm-]-\Øn\pw Imc-Wa - m-Ip∂p F∂-Xm-W.v Xo¿®-bmbpw CXpw Kuc-ha- p≈ Hcmtcm-]W - a- m-W.v {]apJ A¥m-cmjv{S ]cnÿnXn kwL-S\ - b - mb {Ko≥]okv ASpØ-bnsS ]pd-Øp-hn´ IW-°p-Iƒ ]dbp-∂Xv temI-am-Ia - m-\a - p≈ Iºyq-´¿ k¿h¿ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS samØw sshZypXn D]- t `mKw C¥y- b psS samØw sshZypXn D]-t`m-Kt- Ø-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - mWv F∂m-W.v CsXm-s°-bm-W¶ - nepw {Ko≥]okv kwL-S\ Bh-iy-s∏-´Xv Iºyq-´¿ k¿h¿ kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ AS-®p-]q-´Ww F∂-√, adn®v F√m kwhn-[m-\ß - f - psSbpw Du¿P-£-aX h¿[n-∏n-°m≥ sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

th≠ \nt£-]ß - f - pw Kth-jW - ß - fpw \S-ØW - s - a∂pw AXp-hgn D≠m-Ip∂ t\´-ßƒ Imem-Im-eß - f - n¬ s]mXp-P\-ßsf Adn-bn-°Ww F∂pw BWv. am{X-a-√, kuc-ssh-Zyp-Xn, Im‰n¬\n∂p≈ sshZypXn F∂n-{]-Im-c-ap≈ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-I-ssh-ZypXn kwhn-[m-\ßƒ hym]-Ia - mbn D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øns°m≠v BtKm-fX - m-]\w Ipd-bv°m≥ {ian-°W - s - a∂pw {Ko≥]okv t]mep≈ ]cn-ÿnXn kwL-S\ - I - ƒ ]d-bp-∂p-≠.v B[p-\n-I- kp-Jk - u-Ic - y-ßƒ F√mw Dt]-£n®v {]Ir-Xnsb kwc-£n-°Ww F∂p ]d-bp∂ Nne KmV ]cn-ÿn-hmZ-°m¿ {Ko≥]o-kp-Im-tcm-Sp-t]mepw tbmPn-°W - s - a-∂n-√. Ah-cpsS Dt´m-]ybn¬ IS-em-kp-≠m-°m≥ acw apdn-t°≠n-hcpw F∂-Xp-sIm≠v FgpØpw ]{X{]-h¿Ø-\hpw \n¿tØ-≠n-hc - pw. ]mT]p-kvX-I-ßƒ A®-Sn-°m-\p-am-hn-√. sshZyp-Xnbpw tIm¨{Io‰v hoSp-If - pw DSp-Xp-Wnbpw hml-\-ßfpw F√mw {]Ir-Xn°v ]cn-t°¬∏n-°p-∂h - X - s - ∂. tijw Nn¥yw. KmV ]cn-ÿn-Xn-hm-ZnI-fpsS \ymb-ßƒ AwKo-Ic - n-°m-\m-hn√. AtX kabw, Du¿P-D] - t- `m-KØ - ns‚ Imcy-£-aX \nc-¥cw h¿[n-∏n-°m\p≈ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw \S]-Sn-Ifpw XpS-cp-Ibpw thWw. 3. thsdmcp {]Xn-Ic - Ww km¿h-tZiob hn⁄m\ kaq-lhpw D∂-Xh - nZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ km¿h-{Xn-I-h-XvI-cWhpw F√mw Dt´m-]y≥ Bi-bß - f - mWv, \S-∏nem-°m≥ Ign-bm-Øh - b - mWv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. D∂-X-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw a‰pw ]m›m-Xy¿°v hn´p-sIm-SpØv Gjy-°mcpw, B{^n-°-°m-cpw, Ad-_n-I-fpw, em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-°mcpw Ah¿°p tNcp∂ sXmgn¬ (Ip-e-sØm-gn¬?) FSpØv Pohn-°Ww F∂mWv CØ-c°m¿ ^e-Øn¬ hmZn-°p-∂X - .v sXmgn¬ hn`-P\ - sØ imiz-Xo-Ic - n-°W - s - a-∂p≈ CØcw hmZ-ap-J-ßsf JWvUn-®psIm≠v {io\m-cm-bW - K - p-cp-hn-s\-t∏m-ep≈-h¿ ]t≠ Dcp-fb - ° v p-t∏cn t]mep≈ adp- ] Sn \¬In- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . F¶nepw CØcw kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n°¬ _n¬tK‰v-kn-s\-t∏m-ep≈ \h{_m-“W - ¿°p-am{Xw Ah-Im-is - ∏-´X - msW∂pw kzX- { ¥tkm^v‰vshbdns‚bpw a‰pw t]cp-]d™v _n¬tK-‰vkn\pw a‰pw FXnsc ]S- h m- f p- b ¿Øm≥ {ian- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ A¿∞-an-s√-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-ßƒ tIc-fapƒs∏sS ]e-bn-SØpw apg-ßn. ""(Io-gS- ß - p-Ib - √ - m-sX) as‰mcp _Zen√'' F∂ \h-sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬ hmZØns‚ as‰mcp cq]-amWv Cu \h-{_mimkv{X-KXn

“-Wy-hm-Z-hpw. P\-ß-fpsS t]mcm-´tijn tNm¿Øn-°f - b - p-∂, A]-IS- I - c - amb Cu hmZsØ Xpd-∂p-Im´n sNdpØp-tXm¬∏n-°p-Ib - √ - msX bYm¿∞ km{am-PyXz BtKm-fh - X - I v c - W hncp-≤t∏m-cm-fn-Iƒ°p as‰mcp am¿K-hp-an-√. 4. C\n-bp-samcp {]Xn-Ic- Ww CsXmcp tIm¿∏-td‰v am¿°-‰nwKv KqV-X{- ¥-amWv F∂- X m- W v . Iºyq- ´ - d p- I ƒ°pw, samss_¬t^m-Wp-Iƒ°pw sNehv h¿[n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv CXns‚ e£yw F∂mWv Ah-cpsS Btcm-]W - w. C∂sØ B[p-\nI apX-em-fnØ kaq-lØ - n¬ Pohn-°p∂ \mw F¥p sNbvXmepw tIm¿∏-td‰v ÿm]-\ß - ƒ em`-ap-≠m°pw F∂ kXy-Øns‚ {]Xn^-e\w am{X-amWv Cu Btcm-]W - w. \nßƒ cmhnse Fgp-t∂‰v ]√p-tX-°ptºmgpw (t]Ãv, SqØv{_-jv), Ipfn-°ptºmgpw (tkm-∏v, jmºq), {]mX¬ Ign°p-tºmgpw (]m-°‰v hn`-hß - ƒ), Nmb IpSn-°p-tºmgpw ({_q-°vt_m-≠v, Sm‰m So), hkv{Xw [cn-°p-tºmgpw (sd-Un-sabvUv ]m‚ ,v j¿´v, Npcn-Zm¿, ASn-hk - {v X-

ßƒ) tPmen-ÿ-e-tØ°p t]mIptºmgpw (hm-l\ - w, s]t{Smƒ), kwkmcn-°p-tºmgpw (sam-ss_¬t^m¨) Sn.hn. ImWp-tºm-gpw, s\‰v t\m°p-tºmgpw, Xß-fpsS tPmen sNøp-tºm-gpw, F.-Sn.-Fw. hgntbm s\‰v hgntbm _m¶nS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øp-tºm-gpw, Npcp-°Øn¬ GXm-s≠√m {]hrØn-Iƒ sNøptºmgpw \nßƒ {]Xy-£Ø - n-es - √-¶n¬ ]tcm- £ - a m- s b- ¶ nepw tIm¿∏- t d- ‰ pIƒ°p em`w D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂p≠v. 2003-˛¬ _pjns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ata-cn° Cdm-°n¬ \S-Ønb A[n\n-th-iØ - n-s\-Xnsc Db¿∂p-h∂ km{amPyXz DXv]∂ - _ - l - n-jI v c - W {]ÿm\w hgn-ap-ń-bXv Cu bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ Xńbm-bn-cp-∂p. Ad-_\ v m-Sp-If - n-epw \ΩpsS tIc-fØ - nepw Cu {]ÿm\w Bth-iap-W¿Øn. Cdm-°nse Ata-cn-°≥ A[n-\n-thiw ê-Øn¬ C∂pw XpScp-∂p. ]t£, 2003-˛2004 ImeØv hºn® ]n¥pW t\Snb DXv]∂ _ln-jvIcW {]ÿm-\s - Ø-°p-dn®v C∂v Bcpw Hm¿°p-∂p-t]m-ep-an-√.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ B _ln-jI v c - W ka-cØ - ns‚ Xo C∂pw AW-bmsX kq£n-°p-∂Xv kzX-{¥-tkm^v‰s v hb¿ {]ÿm-\a - mWv F∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. km{am-PyXz XmXv]c - y-ßƒ°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ apdn-th¬∏n-°m≥ Ign-™Xv Cu {]ÿm-\Ø - n-\m-W.v Cu {]ÿm\w i‡n- b m¿Pn- ® - X p- s Im- ≠ mWv C∂v Iºyq-´dpw samss_¬t^mWpw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Zi-t°m-Sn-°W - ° - n\v hy‡n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øs - cbpw ]nSn-®p\n¿Øn òj-Wn-s∏-SpØn Ah¿ Hmtcmcp-Øc - n¬\n∂pw ]Xn-\m-bn-c° - W - ° - n\v cq] I∏w ]nSn-®p-hm-ßm≥ IpØI tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Im¿°v Ign-bm-Ø-Xv. AØ-c-Øn¬ I∏w ]ncn-°pI F∂ Dt±-i-hp-ambn ""F√m hońepw Hcp Iºyq-´¿'' F∂ BI¿j-Ia - mb ap{Zmhm- I y- h p- a mbn ]≠p cwK- Ø p- h ∂ _n¬tK‰vkpw kplr-Øp-°fpw C∂v AØ-cs - amcp ap{Zm-hm-Iy-sØ-°p-dn®p N¿® sNøm≥ t]mepw CjvSs - ∏-Sm-ØXn\p ImcWw kzX-{¥-tkm^v‰s v hb¿ {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ hf¿® Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v tIm¿∏-td-‰p-Isf tXm¬∏n°-Ws - a∂v B{K-ln-°p-∂h - ¿ \ne-sImt≈-≠Xv C˛`-cW - Ø - n\v FXn-cm-b√ - , adn®v C˛`-cW - Ø - n¬ C∂pw D]-tbm-Kn°p∂ IpØ-It- km^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ°v FXn-cm-bm-Wv. C˛`-cWw ]q¿W-ambpw kzX-{¥-tkm^v‰vshb¿ A[n-jvTn-Xa - mIWw F∂v Ah¿ Bh-iy-s∏-SW - w. GXm-bmepw XXvImew B[p-\n-Ihy-hk - m-bØ - ns‚ DXv]∂ - ß - sf ]cn]q¿W-ambpw Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v {]mNo\-a\ - p-jys‚ Kplm-Po-hn-XØ - n-te°v aSßn-t∏m-Im≥ Bhn-√. tkm∏pw t]Ãpw A≠¿sh-b-dp-Ifpw j¿´pw ]m‚pw ap≠pw kmcn-bpw Npcn-Zm-dpw Nmbbpw Im∏nbpw ]e-lm-cß - fpw samss_¬t^m-Wpw Sn.-hn.bpw Dt]-£n-°m≥ C∂v \ap°p Ign-bn√! G‰hpw ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ t]mepw AXn\v Xbm-dm-hn-√. Id‚pw sSen-hnj-\pw samss_¬t^m-Wpw tamt´m¿ss_°pw F√mw tIm¿∏-td‰v sIWn-Ifm-Wv, AXp-sIm≠p \Ωƒ AsX√mw Dt]-£n-°Ww F∂v Ah-tcmSv H∂p ]d™p t\m°q. ]≠v Ip©≥ \ºym¿ cmPm-hn-t\mSv ]d™ ""ASn-b\v ]m¬]mb-kØ - ns‚ Ibv]v CjvSa - m-Wv,'' F∂ ioen-em-bn-cn°pw Ah-cpsS DØ-cw. F¥n\v C∂v G‰-hp-a[ - nIw IpØ-Ih - ntcm[w ]d-bp∂ OØn-kvKV - n-tebpw Qm¿J- W v U n- t ebpw amthm- b n- Ã pIƒ°pt]mepw IpØ-II - ƒ Cd-°p∂ G‰hpw ap¥nb tamt´m¿ss_-°p-It- fmSpw em]vtSm-∏p-It- fm-Spw P\-td-‰¿ sk‰pI-tfmSpw D≈ {àw ad-®p-hb - ° v m≥ Ign-

bp-∂n-√. ]pXnb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-Iƒ D]-tbmKn-°p-∂h - ¿ AXp-hgn tIm¿∏-td-‰p-Isf klm-bn-°p-Ib - mWv F∂ Btcm-]W - Øn\v G‰hpw \√ adp-]Sn \¬In-bXv 1917-˛¬ djy-bn¬ \S∂ HIvtSm-_¿ hnπh-Øns‚ \mb-I\pw tkmhn-b‰v bqWnbs‚ cmjv{S-in-ev]nbpw Bbn-cp∂ se\n≥ BsW∂p tXm∂p- ∂ p. ""tkmjy-enkw=tkmhn-b‰v `cWw+djybpsS kºq¿W sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw'' F∂ ka-hm-IysØ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-ambn kzoI-cn®v tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ Hmtcm ap°nepw aqe-bnepw sshZypXn FØn°m-\p≈ ]cn-]mSn At±lw Bhn-jI v cn-®t- ∏mƒ BZyw hna¿i-I¿ ""Id‚pw Iayq-Wn-khpw XΩn¬ F¥p _‘w?'' F∂ tNmZy-hp-am-bmWv se\ns\ FXncn-´X - .v am¿Ivkv Fgp-Xnb aqe-[\ - Ø - n¬ Id‚ns‚ Imcyw H∂pw ]d-™n-´n-√t√m F∂v hna¿i-I¿ ]dt™m F∂v Adn™p-Iq-Sm. GXm-bmepw hna¿i-\ß - s - fsb√mw adn-IS- ∂v kºq¿W sshZyp-XoI-cW ]cn-]mSn \S-∏m-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

At∏mƒ Ata-cn-°b - n-epw P¿a-\n-bn-epw Cw•-≠nepw D≈ sshZypX P\-td-‰¿ Iº-\n-Iƒ°v h≥ Hm¿U-dp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂Xp hgn hntZ-iI - p-ØI - I - sf klmbn-°p-Ib - mWv se\n≥ F∂mbn hna¿i\w. Cu hna¿i-\t- ØmSv se\n≥ {]XnI-cn-®Xv djy-bn¬ sshZyp-Xn-hy-hk - mbw C√m-ØX - p-sIm≠v XXvImew hntZi Iº- \ n- I ƒ°v Hm¿U¿ \¬ImsX as‰mcp am¿K-an√ F∂m-Wv. Cd-°p-aXn°v sImSp-t°-≠n-hc - p∂ hne Syqj≥ ô Bbn ]cn-KW - n-®m¬ aXn. Syqj≥ ô sImSp-°p-∂Xv ]Tn®v anSp-°c - m-Im\m-W.v AXp-sIm≠v tkmhn-b‰- \ v m-ńse sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw F©n-\o-b¿amcpw hntZi-hn-Z-Kv≤¿°v H∏w ]Wn-sb-SpØv ]Wn \∂mbn ]Tn-°-Ww, AXp-hgn Ata- c n- ° - s bbpw P¿a- \ n- s bbpw sh√p∂ Hcp tkmhn-b‰v sshZypX hyh-kmbw sIń-∏-Sp-°Ww F∂pw At±lw D]-tZ-in-®p. GXm-bmepw djy Fensb t]Sn®v C√w Npń-√. adn®v hntZi hnZ-K≤ v c - n¬\n∂v kmt¶-Xn-Ih - nZy-Iƒ \√-hÆw ]Tn®v AXn-_r-lØmb Hcp F©n-\o-bd - nwKv hyh-kmb irwJe sIń-∏S- p-Øp. ]n¬°m-eØv \mkn-∏S- b - psS B{I-aW - sØ sNdpØp tXm¬∏n-°m≥ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\v Ign-™Xv B hyh-kmb ASn-Ø-dsIm≠p IqSn-bm-W.v 5. km¿h-tZ-iob hn⁄m-\k - a - q-lsa∂v Xnc-kvI-cn-®p-sIm≠v am{X-a-√, ]n¥p-W® - p-sIm≠pw {]Xn-Ic - W - ß - f - p≠m-bn. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. km¿h-tZ-iob hn⁄m-\-k-aqlw h∂m¬ kznkv_m-¶n¬ ]Ww Hfn∏n-®p-hb - v°¬ \S-°n-√. bp≤w C√m-Xm-hpw, ]´m-f-s®-ehp Ipd-bpw. a‰p cmPy-ßf - n¬ tPmen-°p-t]m-Ip-∂Xn\v ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°p ]mkvt]m¿´pw, hnkbpw th≠n-hc - n-√. hnhn[ cmPy-ßƒ XΩn¬ sdbn¬ _‘w hym]-I-am-Ipw. \mSp-Np-‰m\p≈ sNehp Ipd-bpw. ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w \mSp ImWm≥ [mcm-f-am-fp-Iƒ FØpw. SmIvkn°m¿°v \√ Hm´w In´pw. cmPym- ¥ c kulr- Z - _ - ‘ - ß ƒ hym]-Ia - m-Ipw. hyXykvX cmPy-°m-cmb Ian-Xm°ƒ°v hnhm-ln-Xc - m-Im≥ C∂p≈ ]e XS- ß - fpw C√m-Xm-Ipw. F∂nßs\ ]e-Xpw. Cu kwhmZw ChnsS Ah-km-\n-°p∂n-√. IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-Ic - W - ß - ƒ kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

`ua-imkv{Xw tUm. Fkv. {ioIp-am¿

P∏m≥ kp\man: A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]mT-am-°Ww P∏m≥ Zpc-¥-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ BW-h-\n-e-b-ßƒ L´w L´-ambn Bcw`n®v 2022 BIp-tºmtg°pw BWh Du¿P-tØmSv hnS-]-d-bm≥ P¿Ω\n Xocp-am\n-®p. BW-thm¿Pa-√msX thsd hgn-bn-s√∂p ]d™v aq∂mw-tem-I-cmPy-ßƒt]mepw BW-h-\n-e-b-ßƒ°v ]n∂mse t]mIp-tºm-gm-Wv 25 iX-am\w Ct∏mƒ BWh Du¿Pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ P¿Ω\n-bpsS Cu Xocp-am-\-sa∂v Hm¿°p-I. Aev]w N - c - n{Xw ]q¿h Gjy≥ Xoc-Øp≈ At\Iw Zzo]k-aq-lß - ƒ Dƒs∏´ cmPy-amWv P∏m≥. C≥Uy-bnse G‰hpw henb kwÿm-\-amb cmP-ÿms‚ IqsS aWn∏qcpw IqSn tN¿Øm¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ hnkvXo¿Wta Cu cmPy-Øn-\p-≈q. Zzo]m-sW-¶nepw cmPy-Øns‚ 80 iXam\w `mK-ßfpw ]¿hX \n_n-Uam-W.v Ccp-∂q-tdmfw kPo-ha - mb A·n-]¿hXßƒ Chn-sS-bp-≠v. {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`ß - fmb `qI-ºß - f - p-sSbpw, kp\m-an-If - psSbpw Npg-en-sImSp¶m-‰p-I-fp-sSbpw, imkv{X-KXn

Dcpƒs]m-é - p-If - p-sSbpw a‰pw Ifn-sØmń-emWv Cu Zzo]k-aq-lw. temI-al - mbp-≤Ø - ns‚ G‰hpw XojvWa - mb ZpcnX-ßƒ A\p-`h - n-t°≠n h∂ cmPy-amWn-Xv. lntcm-jn- a-bnepw, \mK-km-°nbnepw Ata-cn° t_mw_v h¿jn-®p. 1945¬ bp.Fkns‚ ssIbn-em-sb-¶nepw km≥ {^m≥-knkvtIm kJy-a\ - p-kc - n®v 1951˛¬ kzmX-{¥yhpw ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw Xncn-®p-Inń. XpS¿∂p≈ Ime-L´- ß - fn¬ hymh-km-bnI imkv{X-˛k - m-t¶-XnI cwK-ßf - n¬ ASn-sh-®S- n-h®v Db¿∂ph∂ P∏m≥ a‰p cmPy-ßƒ°v amXr-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. ITn-\m-[zm-\hpw A¿∏-Wt_m-[hpw P∏m≥ P\-Xb - psS khntij-XI - f - m-Wv. CXv Cu cmPy-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw.

`ua-imkv{X]c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ `ua-im-kv{X-]c - a - mbn A·n-]¿h-Xirw-Je - I - fpw h≥ `qI-ºß - fpw tI{μoI-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ k¿°w ]k-^n°v _¬‰v AYhm "" A·n hfbw'' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ im¥ kap-{Z-Øns‚ Np‰p- a p≈ taJ- e - b n- e mWv P∏m≥

ÿnXn sNøp-∂X - .v C≥tUmt\jy Cu taJ-eb - n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Nnen-bn¬ \n∂v \yqkn-em‚ v hsc \ofp-∂X - mWv Cu taJ-e. \yqKn-\n-bm, P∏m≥, Aemkv°, hSt° Ata-cn-°-bp-tS-bpw, sXt° Ata-cn-°b - p-tSbpw ]Sn-™md≥{]-tZ-iß - ƒ, ^nen-ss∏≥kv F∂nh A·n-hf - b - Ø - n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. temIØnse 80 iX-am\w `qI-ºß - fpw Cu taJ-eb - n-emWv D≠m-Ip-∂X - v. kp\manbpw im¥-ka - p-{Z-Øn-emWv IqSp-X¬ A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-∂X - .v icm-icn c≠v AXni-‡-amb kp\man {]Xn-h¿jw Cu taJ-eb - n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C≥Uymkap-{Z-Ønepw AXvem‚n-°nepw saUn‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-enepw hn\m-iI - m-cn-bmb kp\man D≠m-bn-´p≠v. CXp-hsc tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn¬ Hcp iX-am-\-Øn¬Xmsg am{Xta kp\man _wKmƒ Dƒ°S-en¬ D≠m-bn-´p-≈p. IS-ens‚ ASnØ-ń-ep-≠m-Ip∂ `qIºw am{X-a√ kp\man krjvSn-°p-∂X - .v Dcpƒs]m´¬ A·n-]¿hX kvt^mS-\w, D¬°-If - psS ]X-\w, òam-Im-camb lnam-\n-If - psS ISen-te-°p≈ ]X\w F∂nh òam-Im-camb Xnc-am-eI - sf krjvSn-°p-∂p. Pm∏\okv `mj-bn¬ \n∂mWv Cu coXn-bnep≈ Iq‰≥ IS¬ Xnc-Iƒ°v kp\man F∂ t]cp e`n-®X - v. ""kp'' F∂m¬ Xpd-apJw F∂pw ""\man'' F∂m¬ \o≠Xnc-ame F∂pamWv A¿∞w. `qcn- ] £w kp\m- a n- I - f p- s Sbpw ImcWw IS-en-\S- n-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ `qIº-ßf - m-Wv. ùa-ê - I - ß - ƒ Iqń-apń `qI-º-ap-≠mbn `qhXv°-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw Db¿∂p s]mßp-tºmƒ F√m-`mK-tØ°pw X≈p∂ sh≈-amWv Iq‰≥ Xnc-am-ebv°p Imc-Ww. kap-{Z-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-ń¬ \S-°p∂ F√m `qI-ºßfpw kp\man D≠m-°m≥ {]m]vXn D≈X-√. `qI-º-Xo-{hX 7.5 \v apI-fnepw ew_-ambn s]mń-am-dp--tºmgpw am{X-amWv kp\man D≠m-Ip-∂X - v. Hcp P‰v sπbn\ns‚ thK-X-bn-emWv kap-{Z-Øn¬ kp\man k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXm-bXv aWn-°q-dn¬ 600 apX¬ 800 Intem-ao‰¿ hsc thK-Xb - n¬. Xcw-Ks - sZ¿Lyw 500 Intem-ao-‰dne[nIw D≠m-Ipw. Dƒ°S-en¬ Ch-bpsS Dbcw Ipd-hm-bX - n-\m¬ I∏-enepw a‰pw k©-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v kp\m-an D - ≠m-bm¬t∏mepw A\p-`h - s - ∏Sm-dn-√. Im‰-Sn®v km[m-cW - b - mbn kap{Z-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Xnc-am-e-Iƒ°v ssZ¿Lyw 100 apX¬ 200 ao‰¿ hsc am{Xta D≠m-Iq. Ch an\n-‰p-Iƒ°Iw H∂n\p ]ndsI H∂mbn Ic-bn-se-Øpw. 5 apX¬ 20 sk°‚ v hsc am{Xta ASpØ-SpØ Xcw-Kß - ƒ XΩn¬ ka-bh - yXymkw D≠m-Iq. ]s£ kp\man Xnc-

am-eI - ƒ Hcp Xnc-ame h∂v ]tØm, \mev]tXm an\n‰v Ignt™ ASpØ Xnc-ame Ic-bn-se-Øq. Xoc-tØ°v B™-Sn-°p∂ Xnc-am-e-Iƒ Bgw Ipd™ IS¬ Xoc-tØmSv ASp-°ptºmƒ Xnc-am-eb - psS Dbcw Ipd™ `mKw ""{S^v'' IS¬Ø´n¬ Dc-kp-Ib - pw, thKX s]mSp-∂s\ Ipd-bp-Ibpw XcwK-ssZ¿Lyw Ipd™v Du¿÷w D≈ Db¿∂ Iq‰≥ Xnc-am-eI - ƒ Db¿∂p s]mßn Xoc-tZ-iØv sh≈-s∏m-°a - p≠m-°p-∂p. kp\m-an-bpsS Dbcw Xoc{]-tZ-iØ - ns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn, IS¬Ø-´ns‚ Bgw F∂n-hsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°pw.

kp\m-an-bpsS Ncn{Xw im¥-ka - p-{Z-Øn¬ am{X-a√ FhnsSbpw kp\man D≠mIpw F∂mWv kp\m-an-bpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-°ptºmƒ ImWp-∂X - .v hn\m-iI - m-cn-If - mb Nne kp\m-an-If - mWv ]-´n-I 1-˛¬ Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.

P∏m\pw kp\m-anbpw `qI-ºhpw kp\m-anbpw CS-bv°nSbv°v P∏m-\n¬ D≠m-Ip-∂X - p-sIm≠v AXns\ t\cn- S m≥ {]m]v X n- b p≈ UnkmÃ¿ amt\-Ps v a‚ v kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ Ah¿°p-≠v. Bh¿Øn®v {]Ir-Xnt£m-`ß - ƒ D≠-mb-t∏m-sg√mw AXns‚ BLmXw Ipd-bv°m≥ P∏m≥ P\Xbv°v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. ]s£, 2011 am¿®v 11\v D≠mb kp\m-an-bn¬\n∂v A{]-Xo-£n-Xa - mb {]l-ca - mWv P∏m≥ P\- X bv ° v G‰p- h m- t ß- ≠ n- h - ∂ - X v . AXns‚ BLmXw h¿≤n-®-Xns‚ ImcWw BW-h\ - n-eb - Ø - ns‚ km∂n≤y-am-Wv. 1900 \p tijw `qap-JØ - p≠b D{K-`q-Iº - Ø - n-sem-∂mWv am¿®v 11˛\v D≠m-bX - v. temI alm-bp-≤Ø - n\p-ti-j-ap≈ 65 h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ P∏m≥ P\X A\p-`h - n-°p∂ alm-hn]-Øm-sW-∂mWv P∏m≥ {][m-\a - {¥n Xs∂ CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n®-Xv.

2011 am¿®v 11\v D≠mb kp\m-an-bn¬\n∂v A{]-Xo£n-X-amb {]l-c-amWv P∏m≥ P\-Xbv°v G‰p-hmtß-≠n-h-∂-Xv. AXns‚ BLmXw h¿≤n-®-Xns‚ ImcWw BW-h-\n-e-b-Øns‚ km∂n-≤y-am-Wv. 1900 \p tijw `qap-J-Øp-≠b D{K-`q-I-º-Øn-sem-∂mWv am¿®v 11˛\v D≠m-b-Xv. temI alm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-ti-jap≈ 65 h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ P∏m≥ P\X A\p-`-hn°p∂ alm-hn-]-Øm-sW-∂mWv P∏m≥ {][m-\-a{¥n Xs∂ CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n®-Xv. ]´nI 1 h¿jw 6100 _n.-kn.

ÿew t\m¿Øv A‰vem‚nIv

bv°p ap≥]v 1650 _n.-kn.-bn¬

kap{Zw kt¥m-dn\n ({Ko°v Zzo]v)

1755 1883

enkv_¨, t]m¿´p-K¬ {Im°-tSmh

1946 1960 1964 2004 1868 1896 1946 1958

]k-^nIv kap{Zw Nnen Aem-kv°m, Imen-t^m¿Wnb kpam{X Nnen, lhmbn P∏m≥ Aemkv° Aemkv°

1976 1998 1952 1983

^nen-ss∏≥kv ]∏ph \ypKn-\nb ImavNXvI s]\n≥kp-e, djy P∏m≥

{][m\ImcWw IS-en-ep≈ Dcpƒs]m-´¬ A·n-]¿ΔX kvt^mS\w `qIºw A·n-]¿ΔX kvt^mS\w `qIºw `qIºw `qIºw `qIºw `qIºw `qI-ºw IS¬Ø-db - nse Dcpƒs]m-´¬ `qIºw `qIºw `qIºw `qIºw sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

11 sh≈n, am¿®v 2011 am¿®v 11˛\p-≠mb `qI-º-Øns‚ Xo{hX dnIvS¿ kvsIbn-en¬ 8.9 Bbncp-∂p. `qI-º-Øns‚ t^m° v 32 Intem-ao-‰¿ Bg-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. {]`h-tI{μw hS-°p-Ing-°≥ P∏m-\nse sk¥mbn Xoc-Øp-\n∂pw 130 Intemao-‰¿ Ing-t°m-´p-amdn kap-{Zm-Sn-Ø´- n-embn-cp-∂p. ]k-^nIv êIw GI-tZiw 8 apX¬ 9 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ BWv {]Xnh¿jw k©-cn-°p-∂X - v. Cu êIw tlm¨jp ê-IØ - n-\S- n-bn-te°v X≈n°-b-dnb tSm°ntbm Xoc-ß-fn-emWv P∏m≥ Zpc-¥Ø - ns‚ {]`-hÿ - m-\s - a∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. CXp-aqew ê-IØ - ns‚ ]cn[n {]tZiw Db¿∂p-s]mßn. CXv kp\m-an-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-Wa - m-bn. CtX- X p- S ¿∂v P∏ms‚ hS- ° p- I ng°p`mKw hSt° Ata-cn-°t- bmSv 2.4 ao‰¿ ASp- Ø p. 297.6 Intem- a o- ‰ ¿ \ofhpw 148.8 Intem-ao-‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ hn≈-ep-I-fmWv `qI-ºsØ XpS¿∂v XpS¿∂p-≠mb `qan-bpsS A®p-X≠ - n\v 10 sk‚o-ao-‰¿am‰w h∂-Xmbn {]mYanI]T\w Nq≠n-Im-Wn-°p-∂p. 869 ¬ 8.6 hym]vXn-bp≈ h≥`q-Iºw D≠mb AtX coXn-bn-emWv Cu kp\m-anbv°pw Imc-W-sa∂v Pntbm-f-Pn-°¬ ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ Nq≠n--°m-Wn-°p-∂p. `qIº- a p- ≠ m- b - X n\v GXm\pw an\n- ‰ pIƒ°Iw 10 ao‰¿ hsc Db-ca- p≈ sNfn Ie¿∂ Ccp≠Xnc-am-eI - ƒ Xoc-{]-tZ-iß-fn¬ B™-Sn-®p. Nne {]tZ-iß - fn¬ 10 Intem-ao-‰¿hsc Xoc-tZ-it- a-Je - bn-te°v Xnc-am-eI - ƒ FØn. hS-°p-Ing-°≥ taJ-e-bn¬ ]e {]tZ-iØpw hyXy-kX v k - a- b - Ø - mWv Xnc-ame FØnb-X.v `qI-ºa - p-≠mbn 30 an\n-ń-\p-ti-jamWv BZy BLmXw A\p-`h - s - ∏-´X - .v sk¥mbn Fb¿t]m¿ń¬ 60 an\n-ń-\pti-ja - mWv Xnc-bpsS XmWvUh - \ - rØw Ac-tß-dn-bX - v. Xnc-am-eb - psS Dbcw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv Xoc-Øns‚ BIr-Xn, Bgw F∂o- L-SI - ß - f - m-W.v aq∂p \nesI-ń-SØ - ns‚ apIƒ`m-Kw-hsc Nne-bn-Sß-fn¬ Xnc Cc-®p-I-b-dn. anbm-Kn, ^pIpjna Pn√-If - n¬ GXm≠v 5 an\n‰p t\cw Pe-hn-Xm\w Db¿∂p-Xs - ∂\ - n-∂p. k¿hXpw sh≈-Øn-\S- n-bn-em-°n. 17,000 Intem-ao-‰¿ AIse ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Nnen-bpsS Xoc-Øp-t]mepw 2 ao‰¿ Dbc-Øn¬ Xnc-am-eI - ƒ krjvSn®p F∂Xv kp\m-an-bpsS Du¿P-sØ-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. GXm≠v 20 cmPy-ßƒ°v ap∂-dn-bn∏p \¬In-bX - p-sIm≠v henb \mi-\j - Sv ßfn¬ \n∂pw Ah H-gn-hm-bn. am¿®v 9˛\v 7.2 Xo{h-Xb - p≈ `qIºw Ct∏m-gsØ {]`-ht- I-{μ-Øn¬ \n∂pw 40 Intem-ao-‰¿ AI-se-bmbn IS-en¬ imkv{X-KXn

D≠m-bn. h≥`q-Iº - Ø - n\p apt∂m-Snbmbn hym]vXn 6 D≈ aq∂p Ne-\ß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbncp-∂p. ]c-k] v cw _‘s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ 1000 sskkvanIv tÃj\p-Iƒ cmPy-Øn-ep-≠v. IS-en¬ `qI-ºap-≠m-bm¬ P\-ßsf Adn-bn-°m≥ kpi-‡a - mb ap∂-dn-bn∏p kwhn-[m-\ßƒ \ne-hn-ep-≈X - n-\m¬ F√m-Xe - ß - fn-te°pw IrXy-Xt- bmsS ktμ-is - a-Øn°m\pw ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-Iƒ FSp-°m\pw Ah¿°p-km-[n-®p. CØcw Hcp h≥ `qIºw ap≥Iq´n I≠v {]nXn-tcm[ \S]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®-Xn-\m-emImw P∏m\n¬ C∂-\p-`h - s - ∏-´X - n-t\-°mƒ h≥ \mi-\j - vSß - ƒ D≠m-Im-™Xv F∂pthWw Icp-Xm≥.

hS-°p-In-g-°≥ taJ-ebn¬ ]e {]tZ-iØpw hyXy-kvX-k-a-b-ØmWv Xnc-ame FØn-b-Xv. `qIº-ap-≠mbn 30 an\n-ń-\pti-j-amWv BZy BLmXw A\p-`-h-s∏-´Xv. sk¥mbn Fb¿t]m¿ń¬ 60 an\n-ń\p-ti-j-amWv Xnc-bpsS XmWvU-h-\rØw Actß-dn-b-Xv. Xnc-am-e-bpsS BW-h-dn-bm-IvS-dp-Iƒ _m≤y-XDbcw \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv bmbn `qI-ºsØ XpS¿∂v H\m-Khm BWXoc-Øns‚ BIr-Xn, h\ neb - Ø - n¬ h≥ Xo]n-Sp-Øa - p-≠m-bn. Bgw F∂o- L-S-I-ß-fm`qIº Ø n¬ ^p Ipjnabn¬ H∂mWv. aq∂p \ne-sI-ń-SasØ BW-h\ - n-eb - Ø - nse sshZypXn Øns‚ apIƒ`m-Kw-hsc _‘w XI¿°-s∏-´p. dnbm-IvSd- ns‚ Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xnc Cc- tI{μ-`mKw Aan-Xa- mbn NqSm-Ip-∂X - p-X®p-I-b-dn. anbm-Kn, S- b m≥ sh≈w ]ºp sNøp- ∂ Xpw AtXmsS \ne-®p. Fa¿P≥kn P\-td^pIpjna Pn√-I-fn¬ ‰-dp-Iƒ {]h¿-Øn®p Ipd®p kabw GXm≠v 5 an\n‰p t\cw sh≈w ]ºp-sN-bvsX-¶nepw ]n∂mse Pe-hn-Xm\w Db¿∂p-Xh∂ kp\m-an-Iƒ Ah-bpsS {]h¿s∂ -\n-∂p. k¿hXpw Ø\hpw kvXw`n∏n®p. ioXo-Ic - W - k - wsh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-°n. hn-[m-\a- p-]t- bm-Kn®v 270 C emWv ioXn0

I-cW - b - q--Wn-‰ns‚ Xm]-\ne \n¿Øn-bn-

cp-∂X - .v ]s£ ]ng-hp-Im-cWw Xm]-\ne 12000C Bbn. CXv C‘-\sØ Dcp°m≥ klm-bn-®p. \mep dnbm-IvSd - p-IfpsS apI-fn-ep≈ IhNw Xs∂ s]m´nsØdn®p ]pd-tØ°v han® ssl{U-P≥ XpS¿ kvt^mS-\ß - ƒ D≠m-°n AhnsS Xo ]S¿∂p-s]mßn. kpc£m ap≥I-cpX¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ AWp-hn-In-cW - t- ijn-bp≈ aqe-Iß - f - mb koknbw ˛ 137, Ab-Un≥ 131 sFtkm-tSm-∏p-If - S- ß - nb \ocmhn Xpd∂p hn´p-. P\-ßƒ as‰mcp Zpc¥ `oj-Wnsb t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pI- b m- W v . BWh \ne- b - Ø n- \ p 20 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰≈hnep≈ P\-ßsf am‰n-∏m¿∏n-®Xpw Zpc-¥Ø - ns‚ hym]vXn Ipd-bv°m≥ klm-bn-®p.. C∂v cmPy- ß ƒ BWh \ne- b ßƒ°mbn s\tSm-´t- am-Sp-tºmƒ kpc-£sb-∏‰n IqSn Nn¥n®p thWw \S-]S- n-Iƒ XpS-cm≥ F∂ i‡-amb Xm°o-Xp-Iq-SnbmWv Cu kw`hw \¬Ip-∂X - v.

Zpc-¥-\n-hm-cW ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]k‡n imkv{Xob ]T\w \SØn Zpc¥ km[y-X-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Xn´-s∏-SpØ¬, Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ, ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-Iƒ, {]mY-anI ip{iqj \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-ioe-\ß - ƒ, tam°v {Un√p-Iƒ, ap∂-dn-bn∏p kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ k÷o-Ic - n-°¬ F∂nh Zpc-¥e - L - q-Ic - W - ] - ≤ - X - n-bpsS `mK-am-W.v Zpc-¥a - p-≠m-bm¬ Fßs\ {]Xn-Ic - n-°Ww, A]-IS- Ø - n¬s]´hsc c£n-°-

Ww, Zpcn-Xm-izm-k{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \SØWw, F∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw P\ßfpw Adn-™n-cn-°W - w. Zpc-¥Ø - n\p-ti-j-ap≈ Hcp aWn°-°q-dns\ ""tKmƒU≥ lh¿'' F∂mWv hntijn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. kabw H´pw ]mgm°msX Zpcn-Xm-izmk {]h¿-Ø\w \SØ-Ws - a-¶n¬ hnhn[ GP≥kn-If - mb saUn-°¬, t]meo-k,v ^b¿ t^mgvk,v k∂- ≤ - k w- L - S - \ - I ƒ F∂n- h sb GtIm-]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp {]h¿-Ø\- c o- X n- b mWv Bh- i yw. P∏m≥ t]mep≈ cmPy-ßƒ°v AXn¬ \√ sshZ-K≤ v yap≠v. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ BLmXw Ipd-b° v m≥ Ah¿°m-bn-´pap-≠.v Xoc-tZi-Øn-t\mSv hfsc ASpØp≈ Hcp {]tZ-i-ØmWv {]`-htI{μw F∂p-≈X - p-sIm≠v th≠{X kabw Xbm-sd-Sp-∏p-Iƒ°v e`n-®n-´n-√. 34751 Intem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ XoctZ-it- a-Je - b - m-Wv P∏m\p-≈X - .v 12 ao‰¿ Db-cØ - n-ep≈ IS¬ `nØn-Iƒ (B‚n kp\man hmƒ) GXm≠v 40 iX-am\w XocØpw \n¿Ωn®n´p≠v . ]s£ kp\man Xnc-am-eI - f - psS Dbcw AXnepw IqSp-Xe - m-bn-cp-∂X -- p-sIm≠v aXn¬ NmSn FØp∂ {]Xo-Xn-bmWv an° ÿeß-fnepw I≠-X.v IW-°p-Iq-´e - p-Iƒ°v A∏pdw Imcy-ßƒ \S∂p F∂pthWw Icp-Xm≥. `qI-ºß - fpw kp\man-bpw \nXy-kw-`h - a - mb Cu cmPyØv BW-h\ - n-eb - ß - ƒ A[n-I] - ‰ - mtbm F∂pw tNmZy-ap-bc - p-∂p.

Zpc-¥-\n-hm-c-W-]-≤-Xn-bpsS {]k‡n tIc-f-Øn¬ `qI-º-km--[yX A\p-k-cn®v tIcfsØ tkm¨ aq∂n¬ BWv Dƒs∏-SpØn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - .v dnIvS¿ kvsIbn-en¬ 6.9 hsc Xo{h-Xb - p≈ `qIºw hsc Chn-sS-bp-≠mImw F∂mWv CXns‚ A¿∞w. _yqtdm Hm^v C≥Uy≥ Ãmt‚¿Uv ]ń-I{- ]-Imcw C≥Uy-bnse 38 \K-c{- ]-tZ-iß - sf (A-ºX - p-e£ - Ø -- ne-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp-≈) kokvanIv taJe III, IV, V F∂n-h-bn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈X - v. tIc-fØ - nse aq∂v {][m-\s - ∏´ \K-cß - f - mb Xncp-h\-¥] - pcw, sIm®n, tImgn-t°mSv F∂nh tkm¨ III ¬ hcp∂p F∂Xp {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠-Im-cy-am-Wv. tIcfw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ C≥Uy≥ ê- I Øns‚ a≤y-`m-KØv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂X - n\m¬ P∏m-\n-ep-≈-Xp-t]me òjWn \ap-°n√ F∂p Xd-∏n®p]d-bmw. êI-ßƒ IqSnt®cp∂ `mK-ßf - n¬ BWv IqSp-X¬ km[y-X. `qI-ºk - m-[y-Xb - p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ CS-°nsS Ne-\-ßƒ {]Xo-jn-°m-sa-¶nepw CsXmcp ÿncamb {]Xn-`m-ka - √ - . Ipan-™p-Iq-Sp∂ a¿±w \n¿K-an-°p-tºmƒ Ne-\ß - f - psS FÆhpw i‡nbpw Ipdbpw. F¶nepw Hmtcm {]tZ-is - Øbpw `qI-ºß - ƒ°v Hcp Bh¿Ø-\{- I-aa - p-≠m-Ipw. hfsc kPo-ha - mb `qJ-WvUß - fpsS AXn-cpI-fn¬ Bh¿Ø\ kabw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

°pw. (ln-am-eb ]¿h-Xß - f - S- ß - p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \qdp h¿j-Øn-sem-cn°¬ Hcp h≥ `qI-ºa - p-≠m-Im≥ km≤y-Xb - p-s≠∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.) `qJ-WvUßƒ°p-≈n¬ IqSp-X¬ ZrV-Xb - p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Bh¿Ø-\-k-abw Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\p h¿j-ßf - m-bn-cn-°pw. tIc-fa- pƒs∏Sp∂ s]\n≥kpe {]tZiw Xmc-Xt- ay\ ZrV-Xb - p≈ ]cn-N{- ]-tZiØmWv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂X - v. alm-cmjv{S-bnse em-Øq¿ {]tZ-iØ - p-≠mb h≥ `qIºw CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-am-Wv. ]t£ tIc-fØ - n¬ \nc-h[n ssZ¿Lyap≈ hn≈-ep-Iƒ D≠v. tIc-fØ - nse an° \Zn-If - p-sSbpw KXn \nb-{¥n-°p∂Xv eo\n-bs - a‚ v F∂p hnfn-°p∂ Cu \o≠ `qK¿`-hn-≈e - p-If - m-Wv. tIc-fØn¬ \S∂ {]I- º - \ - ß ƒ Cu Zp¿_e taJ-eI - sf tI{μo-Ic - n-®m-Wv. hfsc kPo-ha- mb Hcp {`wi-ta-Je - b - mWv s]cn-bm¿. Hcp iXm-_Zv Ø - n-e[ - nIw ]g°- a p≈ ap√- s ∏- c n- b m¿ AW- s °´v ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv Cu hn≈-en\p IpdpsI-bmWv. henb `qIºw D≠m-In√ F∂p A\p-am-\n-°m-sa-¶nepw \mw ap≥I- c p- X - e p- I ƒ FSp- t °- ≠ - X v Bhiyw Xs∂-bm-W.v _wKmƒ Dƒ°S-en¬ Hcp iX-am\w kp\m-ansb kw`hn-®n-´p≈q F∂Xv hmkvXh - a- m-W.v tIcf-Xo-cß - fn¬ kp\m-ansb kw`-hn-®n-´p≈q F∂Xv hmkvXh - a - m-W.v tIc-fX - o-cßfn¬ kp\man D≠m-Im-\p≈ km≤yX t\cn-bX - p-am-Wv. ]s£ 570 Intemao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ \ΩpsS Xoc-tZ-ita-Je - b - n¬ P\-km-{μX hfsc IqSp-Xem-W.v AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ Zpc¥w hcp∂Xv ImØn-cn-°msX \nco-£W - h - pw ap≥ Icp-Xe - p-If - pw ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-°m\p≈ kwhn- [ m- \ hpw, {]mY- a nI ip{iqj \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\hpw {]mtZ-in-IX - e - Ø - n¬ AXy¥m-t]£n-Xa - m-Wv. Zpc-¥k - m-≤yX Ipd®pw Imcy-tijn h¿≤n-∏n®pw Zpc-¥-ßƒ sIm≠p D≠m-Im-hp∂ \mi-\j - Sv ß - ƒ Ipd-b° v pI GsXmcp \mSn-t‚bpw hnIk-\s - Ø klm-bn-°pw.

]≤-Xn-Iƒ Zpc-¥-hym]vXn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. kmt¶- X n- I - a mbn t\m°n- b m¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ A]-ISw hcpØn hbv°m≥ t]mcp-∂X - mWv BWh dnbmIvSd- p-Iƒ F∂v ^p°pjna Zpc¥w Xpd∂p-Im-´p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ BW-h\ - n-eb - ß - f - psS kpc£ hfsc {]m[m\ya¿ln-°p∂p. BWh {]kcWw aqew C∂p≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-^e - ßfpw AXn-t\-°mƒ hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°v D≠m-Im-hp∂ {]Xym-Lm-Xß - s - f-°qSn IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-thWw CØcw BWimkv{X-KXn

h-\n-eb - ß - ƒ ÿm]n-t°-≠X - .v ]pXnb \ne-bß - ƒ°v Hcp ]t£ anI® kpc£m-{I-ao-Ic - W - ß - ƒ D≠m-Imw. ]t£ am\p-jn-I-amb ]ng-hpw, cq]-I-ev]\ sNøp-∂X - n-\∏ - p-da - p≈ {]Ir-Xym-bp≈ LS-I-ßfpw GXp ka-bØpw kpc£bv°v `oj-Wn-bm-Imw. C∂p `qtemI-Øp≈ \m∂qdv BWh \ne-bß - fpsS Real life frequency ]cn-tim-[n°p-tºmƒ A]-ISw F´p h¿j-Øn-semcn-°¬ Bh¿-Øn°mw F∂p-≈X - mWv a\- n-em-t°-≠X - v. BWh Du¿Pw BWv G‰hpw em`-Icw F∂p ÿm]n°m≥ 60 h¿jsØ {]h¿Ø\-X-eØn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v ]d-bpI Akm[yam-W.v

tIc-f-Ønse an° \Zn-Ifp-sSbpw KXn \nb-{¥n°p-∂Xv eo\n-b-sa‚ v F∂p hnfn-°p∂ Cu \o≠ `qK¿`-hn-≈-ep-I-fmWv. tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ {]I-º-\-ßƒ Cu _Z¬ t{kmX- p-I-fpsS Zp¿_e taJ-e-Isf tI{μo-I-cn-®m-Wv. hfsc {]k‡n \ap°v A`n-Imayw _Z¬ Du¿PkPo-h-amb Hcp {`wi-tat{km-X p-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. kutcmJ-e-bmWv s]cn-bm¿. Hcp ¿PsØ- Xs∂bm-bn-cn°pw IqSp-Xe - mbn iXm-_vZ-Øn-e-[nIw ]g\mw B{i-bn-t°-≠n-hc - n-I. C∂p \ne°-ap≈ ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ hn-ep≈ kmt¶-XnIhnZy-I-tf-°mƒ AW-s°´v ÿnXn-sN-øp- sNe-hp-Ip-d™ coXn-I-fn¬ kutcm¿Pw e`y-am-°m-\p≈ hnZy-Iƒ hnI-kn∂Xv Cu hn≈-en\p ∏n- s ®- S p- ° pI F∂- X m- b n- c n- ° Ww Ipdp-sI-bmWv. henb {X-⁄∑mcpsS ZuXyw. ta∑ `qIºw D≠m-In√ F∂p imkv Gsd-bp-s≠∂v sIm´n-tLm-jn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ A\p-am-\n-°m-sa-¶nepw BW-h\ - n-eb - ß - f - psS as‰mcp tZmjw \mw ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ IqSn ^p°p-jnam Zpc¥w \sΩ ]Tn-∏n°p-∂p. BW-h\ - n-eb - ß - f - psS kpc£ FSp-t°-≠-Xv Bhiyw h¿≤n∏ n° m\ mbn Xs∂ hº≥ apX¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv. apS°v Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. ^p°p-jna Zpc¥w D≠m-°nb \jvSw 130 _n√y¨ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-dmWv F∂v IW°m°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. C≥Uy-bpsS (Atomic liability law) B-Wh _m≤y-Xm-\n-ba{]Imcw 330 an√y¨ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf¿ hsc-bp≈ _m[yX am{Xta

CsX√mw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv C≥UybpsS BWhDu¿P- \ n- e - b - ß - f psS kpc£ IqS-p-X¬ Imcy--£-a-am-°W-sa∂pw ]pXnb \ne-bß - ƒ Bcw-`n-°p∂Xv cmPy-Øn\v KpWw sNøn-√ F∂pam-W.v

C≥Uy ]mT-am-t°-≠Xv

]cn-KW - n°p. ^p°pjna A]-IS- sØ XpS¿∂v dnbm-IvSd - ns‚ 30 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-≈h - n-ep≈ 20,000 P\-ßs - f-bmWv am‰n ]m¿∏n-®X - v Ft∂m¿°p-I. Cu Np‰-≈h - n¬ temIsØ 21 πm‚p-If - pambn _‘-s∏´pXs∂ Hcp Zi-e£w P\-ßfpw 3 πm‚p-If - p-ambn _‘-s∏´v 6 Zi-e£w P\-ßf - pw ]m¿°p-∂p. P\km-{μX A[n-I-ap≈ C≥Uy-bpsS ÿnXn F¥mIpw F∂p Nn¥n-°m-hp∂tX D≈q. ^p°pjna Zpc¥w Hcp ]p\¿ Nn¥-\Ø - n\v hgn-sbm-cp-t°-≠X - m-W.v \ap°v ]g-ab - n-te°v Hcp Xncn-®p-t]m°v km[y-a√ - . AXp-sIm≠v _Z¬ Du¿P t{kmX- p-Isf B[m-c-am-t°-≠Xpw {]k-cW \jvSw Ipdbv° - p-hm-\p≈ ]≤Xn-Iƒ°v ap≥Xq°w sImSp-°p-Ibpw C≥Uy sNtø-≠X - p-≠v. 2008 se Hcp IW-°p-{]-Imcw P¿Ω-\n, ssN\ apXemb cmPy-ßf - psS sshZypXn {]k-cW-tØm--S\ - p-_‘ - n-®p≈ \jvSw 5 apX¬ 6 hsc iX-am-\a- m-sW-¶n¬ C≥Uy-bn¬ 23iX-am-\a - mWvv. P∏m≥ Zpc-¥Ø - ns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ BW-h\ - n-eb - ß - ƒ L´w L´-ambn Bcw`n®v 2022 BIptºmtg°pw BWh Du¿P-tØmSv hnS]-db - m≥ P¿Ω\n Xocp-am\n-®p. BWthm¿Pa-√msX thsd hgn-bn-s√∂p ]d™v aq∂mw-tem-Ic - m-Py-ßƒt]mepw BW-h\ - n-eb - ß - ƒ°v ]n∂mse t]mIptºm-gm-Wv 25 iX-am\w Ct∏mƒ BWh Du¿Pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ P¿Ω\nbpsS Cu Xocp-am-\-sa∂v Hm¿°p-I.

2000-˛2010 Ime-b-f-hn¬ AXv ]mc-ay-X-bn¬ FØn. am{X-a√ `qN-e-\ap-≠m-In√ F∂v ]≠v hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cp∂ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse emØq¿ t]mse-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]I-º-\ap-≠m-Ip-I-bpw, kp\m-ankm-[yX Xosc-bn-√mØ C¥y≥ kap-{Z-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb kp\m-an-I-fn¬ HscÆw Unkw-_¿ 2004¬ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX kml-N-cy-Øn¬ temI cmjv{S-ßƒ CØcw {]IrXn Zpc-¥ßsf \n m-c-ambn X≈n°-f-b-cpXv F∂ kqN-\bmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

`qN- e - \ - ß fpw kp\m- a n- I fpw temIØv h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xmbpw AXp-≠m-°p∂ \mi-\j - Sv ß - ƒ s]cp-Ip∂p F∂p-amWv 1700 apX¬ \S∂ Zpc-¥ß - f - psS FÆw hne-bn-cpØp-tºmƒ ImWp-∂X - .v 2000-˛2010 Imeb-f-hn¬ AXv ]mc-ay-X-bn¬ FØn. am{X-a√ `qN-e\ - a - p-≠m-In√ F∂v ]≠v hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cp∂ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse emØq¿ t]mse-bp≈ {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ {]I-º-\-ap-≠m-Ip-I-bpw, kp\m-an-km[yX Xosc-bn-√mØ C¥y≥ kap-{ZØn¬ Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb kp\m-an-I-fn¬ HscÆw Unkw-_¿ 2004¬ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX kml-Ncy-Øn¬ temI cmjv{S-ßƒ CØcw {]IrXn Zpc-¥ß - sf \n m-cambn X≈n°-fb - c - pXv F∂ kqN-\b - mWv \¬Ip∂-Xv. `qI-ºw, Npg-en-°m-‰v, kp\man F∂o {]IrXnt£m`-ßƒ Bh¿Øn®p-≠m-Ip∂ P∏m-\n¬ C∂sØ Xeap-db - psS kpJ-tem-ep-]X e£yw h®v \n¿an® BW-hd - n-bm-IvSd - p-Iƒ t]mse A]-IS- k - m-[y-Xb - p≈ h≥In-S] - ≤ - X - nIƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv \ymb-amtWm F∂ tNmZyw temI-P\ - X N¿®-sN-tø-≠X - mWv. kp\m-an-Zp-c¥waqew D≠m-b \ - jvS-Øns‚ hym]vXn P∏m-\n¬ Ipdbv°m-\m-sb--¶nepw a\pjy \n¿an-Xa - mb Zpc-¥sØ ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ tijn tNm¿∂p-t]m-bn. CXns‚ ]-›mØ-e-Øn¬ temI-cm-jv{S-ß-sf√mw BW-hd - n-bm-IvS¿t]mse A]-IS- I - m-cnbmb h≥ ]≤-Xn-Isf C\nbpw IqSp-X¬ Ah-ew-_n-°msXbpw C∂v D≈hbv°v kpc-£m-{I-ao-Ic - W - ß - ƒ i‡am-°Ww F∂ ]mT-amWv \mw Dƒs°mt≈-≠X - .v kqN\: Atul H.Chokshi (2011) Fukushima: India at cross roads, current science, Vol. 100, No.11, pp 1603. http://www.nature.com/news/2011/ 110421/full/472400a.htm http: //www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/ 31/ us-tepco-compensationid USTRE 72U069-20110331

teJ- I ≥ Ccn- ß m- e - ° pS ss{IÃv tImtf-Pnse Atkm. s{]m^- ¿ & tIm. Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿ (Un-km-Ã¿ amt\Pvsa‚ v t{]m{Kmw) BWv.

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

hnI-k\w hn.-sI. Pbvtkm-a-\m-Y≥

\K-c-h-XvI-cWw Db¿Øp∂ sh√p-hnfn tIc-f-Ønse \KchXvI-cWw C≥Uy-bnse s]mXp-\n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv. P\-kwJy h¿[n®p hcn-I-bm-Wv. {KmaoW P\-kwJym hf¿®m \nc-°v- 26 iX-am-\-am-sW-¶n¬ \K-c-Øn-t‚Xv 93 BWv. 2001-˛¬ tIc-f-Ønse \Kc P\-kwJy 25 iX-am-\-ambncp∂Xv 2011-˛¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ 48 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂p.

c-XØ - nse h¿[n®p hcp∂ \K-ch-XvI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v 2011-˛se P\kwJym IW-°p-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p-∂Xmbn Pqsse 21-˛s‚ F°-tWm-anIv ssSwkv dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. Ign™ 10 h¿jw- sIm≠v \Kc P\kwJy 32 iX-am\w IqSn. F∂m¬ {KmaoW P\-kw-Jy-bpsS h¿[-\hv 12

imkv{X-KXn

iX- a m\w am{X- a m- W v . C¥y- b psS sX°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ambn 35 iX-am\w `mKhpw \K-ch - X - I v c - n-°s - ∏´p Ign-™p. 4 kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ {KmaoW P\-kwJy Ipd-™p. 2001-˛se P\-kwJy IW-s°Sp-∏n-\p-tijw Xs∂ cmPyØv ]pXnb {Kma-ßt- f-°mƒ ]pXnb \K-cß - f - psS FÆw IqSn-bn-cp-∂p. 2279 {Kma-ßsf

At]-£n®v 2774 \K-c-ßƒ. 2001˛\ptijw P\-kwJy 18.14 tImSn h¿[n®p. CXn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e[ - nIw AXm-bXv 9.1 tImSn \Kc P\-kw-Jy-bm-Wv. samØw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ \Kc P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]¶v 28.81 iX-am-\Ø - n¬ \n∂pw 31.16 iX-am-\-ambn h¿[n-®p. kmº-ØnI cwK-Øp-≠mb am‰-ßf - m-Wn-Xn\v Imc-Wsa∂v F°-tWm-anIv ssSwkv ]d-bp-∂p. 3 iX-am-\Ø - nepw Ipd-hmWv Im¿jnI taJ-eb - nse hf¿®m-\n-c° - v. F∂m¬ hymh-km-bn-I-˛-tk-h\ taJ-e-bnse hf¿®m \nc°v CXns‚ aq∂v Cc-´nbnepw A[n-Ia - m-Wv. hyh-km-bß - f - pw, tkh-\t- a-Je - b - psam- s °- Ø s∂ Im¿jn- I - ta- J - e bn¬\n∂mWv ]ndhn FSp-°p-∂X - .v \Kc-ßf - n-en-Xn\v cq]-am‰w kw`-hn-°p-∂p. kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿb - n¬ Im¿jn-tI-Xc-ta-Je - b - psS ]¶v IqSp-t¥mdpw Cu taJ-eb - n¬ tPmen sNøp-∂h - c - p-sSbpw \K-c-ß-fn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw FÆhpw h¿[n-°p-∂p. `mcXw 9 iXam\w hf¿®m-\n-c°v ssIh-cn®p F∂p]-db - p-∂Xv hymh-km-bn-I˛- t- k-h\ - t- a-Je - I-fpsS _e-Øn-em-W.v k¿°m¿ {KmaoW kºZv hyh-ÿsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \b kao-]\ - ß - ƒ ssIs°m-≈m-ØXv as‰mcp Imc-Wa - m-Wv. CXns‚sbms° ^e-ambn kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbpw \K-ch - X - I v c-WØ - ns‚ tXmXv IqSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. \K-c-Øn¬ P\n-°p∂ inip-°-fpsS FÆw IqSp-∂X - p-sIm-≠√ \Kc P\kwJy h¿[n-°p-∂X - v. IpSn-tb-‰amWv Imc-Ww. {KmaoW taJ-eb - n¬ hne-°b-‰h - pw sXmgn-en-√m-ba v bpw cq£-am-hp-Ibpw, Im¿jn-It- a-Je XI-cp-Ibpw sNøptºmƒ \n¬°-°≈ - n-bn-√msX sXmgn¬ tXSn {Kmao-W¿ \K-cß - f - n-te°v tNt°dp-∂p. Aßs\ \K-c-Øn-se-Øp∂

hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]pØ-≥ taJ-e-I-f-dn-bm≥

imkv{X-tI-cfw tImSn-°W - ° - mb P\-ßƒ°mh-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßs - fm-cp-°m≥ IgnbmsX \Kcw ho¿∏p-ap-´p-∂p. aeo-ak - amb tNcn-Iƒ s]cp-Ip-∂p. ]cn-kc aen\o-Ic- Ww henb {]iv\a- m-hp-Ibpw tcmKßƒ \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-hmsX hcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ip‰-hm-fn-If - psS FÆw IqSp∂p. Zmcn-{Zyw, sXmgn-en-√m-ba v , \nc-£c - X, _me-the XpS-ßnb kmaqly {]iv\ßƒ thsd-bpw. tIc- f - Ø nse \KchXv I - c Ww C≥Uy-bnse s]mXp-\n-c° - n-t\-°mƒ IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. P\-kwJy h¿[n®p hcnI-bm-Wv. {KmaoW P\-kwJym hf¿®m \nc-°-v 26 iX-am-\a - m-sW-¶n¬ \K-cØ - nt‚Xv 93 BWv. 2001-˛¬ tIc-fØ - nse \Kc P\-kwJy 25 iX-am-\a - mbncp∂Xv 2011-˛¬ FØn-bt- ∏mƒ 48 iX-am-\a - mbn Db¿∂p. a‰p ]e- X n- s ‚bpw t]cn- s e- ∂ t∏mse \K-ch - X - vIc - W - hpw cmPysØ D≈ Irjn-`qan IqSn Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v Imcy-ßƒ sNs∂Øn°p-∂p. kzm`m-hn-Ia - m-bpw, {]t£m`-ßf - pw tIkpw tImSXn CS-s]-Se - p-sams°-bp-≠m-hpw. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ tNmZyw {KmaoW kºZv hyh-ÿsb sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-XI - p∂ \b kao-]\ - -

ßƒ tI{μ kwÿm\ Kh-s◊‚p-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈ptam F∂-Xm-W.v {KmaoW hnI-k\ - Ø - n¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤n-°m-\pw, F√m-h¿°pw, {]tXy-In®v ]m¿iz-hX - ° v cn-°-s∏-´-h¿°v A¿l-am-bXv th≠ ka-bØpXs∂ e`n-°p∂p F∂p-d∏ - ph-cp-Øm\pw Kh-s◊‚pw cmjv{Sob ]m¿ń-Ifpw ap≥KW \¬Ip-Ibpw GtIm-]n-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠m-°pIbpw thWw. Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ^≠pw A[nIm-cß - fpw \¬Im≥ tI{μ k¿°mcpw _lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp∂ kwÿm\ Khs◊‚p-Ifpw Ct∏mgpw Xbm-dm-bn-ń-√. {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v kXzc-amb {i≤ sNep-tØ-≠X - p-≠v. A[nImc hntI-{μo-I-cWw Bflm¿∞-XtbmsS \S-∏n-em-°m\pw P\-ßs - f-°qSn AXn¬ ]¶m-fn-If - m-°m\pw km[n-°Ww. hnI-k\ - t- \-´ß - ƒ PmXn-˛a - X ]cnK-W\ - I - ƒ°-Xo-Xa - mbn P\-]¶ - m-fn-ØtØm- s Sbpw kpXm- c y- X - t bm- s Sbpw IogvØ´- n-se-Øp∂p F∂p-d∏ - p-hc - p-ØWw. F¶nte \K-cß - f - n-te-°p≈ IpSntb-‰h - pw \K-ch - X - vIc - W - h - pw tNcn-Iƒ h¿[n-°p-∂X - p-sams° Hcp ]cn-[n-hs - csb-¶nepw XS-bm-\m-Iq.

sslkvIqƒ {]mb-°m-cmb Ip´n-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw A[ym-]I - ¿°pw Adn-bm\pw kq£n-®p-hb - v°m-\p-ap-XI - p∂

imkv{X-am-knI

hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy 125 cq] hni-Zh - n-hc - ß - ƒ°v amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿ imkv{X-tI-cfw ]cn-jZv `h≥, Nme-∏pdw tImgn-t°mSv - 673002 t^m¨: 0495 2701919

sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw kXojv B¿. sF.-B¿.-Sn.-kn.

ZpjvI¬Zm-cn-bnse {KmaoW ]uc-k-aqlw alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Al-Ω-Zv\-K¿ Pn√-bnse ZpjvI¬Zmcn {Kma-Øn¬ C≥tUm P¿Ω≥ t{]mP-IvSmbpw ]n∂oSv \_m¿Uns‚ [\-k-lm-b-tØmsSbpw \S-Ønb hm´¿sjUv hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-bpsS hna¿i-\m-ﬂI ]T-\-amWv "hm´¿ B≥Uv sUh-e-∏vsa‚ v, {Intb-‰nwKv {Ko≥ IΩyq-Wn-‰okv'F∂ ]pkvXIw.

hm´¿ B≥Uv sUh-e∏- sv a‚ ,v {Intb‰nwKv {Ko≥ IΩyq-Wn-‰okv (Water and Development, Creating Green Communities) F∂ Acp¨ Unkq-k-bpsS ]pkvXIw Hcp ]pXnb hmb-\m-\p-`h - am-Wv {]Zm\w sNøp-∂X - v. alm-cm-jv{Sbnse Al- Ω - Z v \ - K ¿ Pn√- b n¬ ZpjvI¬Zmcn F∂ {Kma-Øn¬ C≥tUm P¿Ω≥ t{]mP- I v S mbpw ]n∂oSv \_m¿Uns‚ [\-kl - m-bt- ØmsSbpw \S-Ønb hm´¿sjUv hnI-k\ ]≤Xn-bpsS hna¿i-\m-ﬂI ]T-\-amWv ]pkvXI - Ø - ns‚ {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bw. ZpjvI¬Zm-cn-bnse {KmaoW ]uc-kaqlw BZ¿im-ﬂ-I-amb coXn-bn¬ {]IrXn hn`h kwc-£W - Ø - n\v {]Ya ]cn- K - W \ \¬Ip∂, hnI- k - \ Øn\pth≠n \ne-sIm-≈p∂ lcnX ]uc-k-aq-l-am-sW∂ ]cn-Iev]-\sb Xs‚ ]T-\-Øn-eqsS X≈n-°-f-bp-IbmWv {KŸ-I¿Ømhv {io. Acp¨ Unkq- k . \K- c - h m- k n- I - s f- t ]mse kz¥w XmXv]cy-ßf - psS kwc-£W - amWv {KmaoW ]uc-ka- q-lhpw AXnse AwK-ßfpw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv F∂v CXn-eqsS ÿm]n-°p∂p. ZpjvI¬Zm-cn-bnse hm´¿sjUv t{]mPIvSv \n¿h-lW - Ø - n\v klm-bI GP≥kn Bbn {]h¿Øn-®Xv sPkyq´v ]mXn- c n- a m¿ \S- Ø p∂ tkmjy¬ sk‚¿ F∂ F≥.-Pn.H Bbn-cp-∂p. ]≤Xn \n¿h-lW - Ø - ns‚ apJy Npaimkv{X-KXn

Xe, \o¿ØS {Kma-k-`-bn¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØ hnt√Pv hm´¿sjUv IΩ-‰n°v (hn.-Uª - yq.kn) B - b - n-cp-∂p. 12 AwK-ß-fp≈ hn.-U-ªyq.knbv°v {]kn-U‚pw sk{I-´d- nbpw JPm≥Pnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hn.-Uª - yq.kn icn-bmb P\-Iob {]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈Xpw \o¿ØS hnI-k\ Bi-bß - t- fmSv ]q¿W {]Xn_-≤X ]pe¿Øp∂Xpamb ÿm]\w BtWm-sb-∂mWv c≠mw A[ym-bØn¬ hni-Ie - \w sNøp-∂X - v.

ZpjvI¬Zmcn ˛ Hcp tcJm Ncn{Xw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 83.2% adm-Øm hn`mK-°m¿ BWv. 4.4% Fkv.Sn hn`m-KØn¬s∏´ Xm°¿amcpw _m°n ]´n-IPm-Xn-°m-cmb al¿Ifpw BWv. 578.8 an.ao BWv hm¿jnI ag, InW¿ P-etk-N\w am{Xta D≈q. _Pvd, tNmfw, D≈n F∂n-hbmWv hnf-Iƒ. ZpjvIm¬Zmcn hUvKm-hn¬ F∂o c≠p {Kma-ßfmWv ]©m- b - Ø n¬ hcp- ∂ - X v . ZpjvI¬Zm-cn-bn¬ icm-icn IpSpw-_Øns‚ `qhn-kvXrXn 1.04 slIvS¿ BWv. 60% P\-ßƒ 1 slIvSdn¬ Xmsg `qan-bp-≈h - c - m-W.v hUvKm-hn¬ icm-icn `qhn-kvXrXn 0.75 slIvS¿ BWv. 74.4% 0˛1 slIv S ¿ `qan- b p- ≈ - h - c m- W v . ZpjvI¬Zmcn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]m¿W¿ Xmeq°v 1962 hsc Iayq-WnÃv Fw.F¬.F D≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿe-am-W.v klI-cW kwL-ßfn-eqsS tIm¨{K- nse hnhn[ {Kq∏p-Iƒ ]n∂o-St- ßm´v ChnSsØ cmjv{So-bØ - n¬ A[o-iXzw t\Sn. an°- h mdpw F√m IpSpw- _ - Ø nepw Xmgv∂ X´n-ep≈ Hcp k¿°m¿ DtZymK-ÿ≥ D≠v. Ch-cn¬ \s√mcp ]¶v ]qs\ t]mep≈ ASp-Øp≈ \K-cß - fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw {Kma-Øn-ep≈ Xß-fpsS `qan-bn¬ B[p-\nI kuIcy-ßƒ (In-Wd - p-Iƒ, tIm¨{Io‰v hoSpIƒ apX- e m- b - h ) D≠m°p- I bpw sNøp∂p. \K-cØ - ns‚ AtX Zni-bn¬

Xs∂-bmWv {Kmahpw hnI-kn-°p-∂sX∂v CXn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw.

C¥y≥ {KmaoW kaqlw Ncn{X-]-c-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\w ""C¥y≥ {KmaoW ]uc-ka - q-lß - ƒ \ncp-]{- Z-ha - mbn tXm∂p-sa-¶nepw Ah Ing-°ns‚ GIm-[n-]X - y-Øns‚ `mK-amWv. AXv a\p-jy-a-\- ns\ G‰hpw sNdnb tImº- n-te°v Npcp-°n-bn-cn°p-∂p. CXp-hgn Ncn-{X-]c - a - mb Du¿PØns‚ F√m km[y-XI - t- fbpw \ntj[n-°p-∂p. B {Kma-ka - q-lß - ƒ PmXnhy-Xym-kh - pw ASn-aØ - hpw sIm≠v aen\o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p'' ˛ Imd¬ am¿Ivkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ C¥ybnse kzbw- ] cym]vX {Kma-ßƒ°v sImtfm-Wn-be - n-kØns\ {]Xn-tcm[n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Km‘nPn Icp-Xn. sImtfm-Wn-be - nkw kzbw-]-cym]vX {Kma-ß-sfbpw AhnSpsØ kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bn-e[ - n-jT v n-Xa - mb kºZv hyh-ÿs - bbpw XI¿Øp-sh-∂v At±lw hniz- k n- ® p. _olm- d nse Nºm-c≥ Dƒs∏sS {KmaoW I¿j-Isc tI{μo-IrX A[n-Imc hyh-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ ka-cß - ƒ°v At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. ]t£, Awt_-Zv°¿ {KmaoW kaq-lsØ A‘X-bpsS Xmh-fa - m-bmWv IcpXn-bXv. {Kmao-Ws‚ Nn¥-Isf \ho-I-cn°m\pw Abm-fpsS kmt¶-XnI hnZyIsf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p-am-bmWv IayqWn‰n sUh-e∏ - vsa‚ v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hgn s\lvdp {ian®-Xv. hy‡n-Iƒ B[p-\nI-cm-h-W-sa-¶n¬ ]gb IΩyq-Wn‰n kv]ncn‰v If™v ]c-am-h[n em`-ap-≠m°p- ∂ - h - c mbn amd- W w. Cu B[p\nIhXv I - c W Bibw C¥y≥ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {Kma-hn-Ik - \ {]h¿Ø\-ßf - psS {][m\ [mc-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1995 ¬ {Kma-hn-Ik - \ ]cn-]mSn DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v {Kma-hn-Ik - \ a{¥n.Fkv.s - I.tU ]d™p {Kmao-W¿ A‘Im-cØ - n-epw, Ae-kX - b - nepw NSp-eX C√m-bvab - nepw 1000 h¿j-ambn B≠ncn-°b - m-W.v {Kma-hn-Ik - \ ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS e£yw Ahsc \ap°v e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ kzmX-{¥yØns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ßsfbpw km[y-XI - s - fbpw t_m[y-s∏-SpØp-∂X - n-\mbn 5,56,000 {Kma-ßsf ]p\¿ \n¿an-°p-Ib - m-Wv. Cu ]≤Xnbn-eqsS P\m-[n-]Xy cmPysØ Hcp amXrIm a\pjys\ ˛ ITn-\m-[zm-\nbpw hniz-kX v \pw B[p-\nI\pambn krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ {]IrXn hn`-h\ - miw, Nph∏p-\m-S, Agn-a-Xn, {KmaoW Zmcn{Zyw h¿[n-°p-∂-Xv, 100 cq] sNe-h-gn-°ptºmƒ 16 cq] am{Xw KpW-t`m-‡m-hn-

se-Øp-∂Xv XpS-ßn-bh s\{lp-hn-b≥ tamU¬ hnI-k\ - Ø - ns‚ t]mcm-ba v b - mbn. kzm¿∞ em`-t{]-cn-X-amb, ]WØn\pw kpJ-Øn\pw th≠n-bp-ff A‘-amb ]m®n¬ {Kmao-Wsc kw_‘n-®n-St- Ømfw IqSp-X¬ A]-IS- I - c - ambn. cPv\n-tIm-Øm-cn, Ajnjv \μn XpS-ßnb Nn¥-I¿ al-Xz-]q¿W-amb kzbw-`c - W - Ø - ns‚ ]mc-ºcyw {KmaoW C¥y-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂psh∂v IcpXp-∂p.

hnI-k\ {]Xn-k-‘nbpw {KmaoW kaq-lhpw hnI-knX cmPy-ßƒ hnI-kn-®Xv Ah hnI-k\ - Ø - ns‚ tI{μ-ßƒ Bbn amdn-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv kao-]-Øp≈ Ahn-Ik - nX {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ \n∂p≈ hn`-hß - ƒ NqjWw sNbvXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah hnI-kn-®X - v. ]©m-_nse lcnX hnπ-hsØ∏‰n hμ-\i - nh Cßs\ ]dbp-∂p. ""sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿ t\cn´v Kh¨sa‚pw hn]-Wn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏Sp-∂p. adp-hi - Øv A{I-ahpw a’-chpw aq¿®n-∏n-°p-∂p. lcnX hnπ-hØ - ns‚ ]mcn-ÿnXnI {]Xn-k‘n sshhn-[yßsf C√m-Xm-°n. {]mtZ-inI `cW hyh-ÿsb Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXv I¿j- I s‚ ssZ\w- Z n\ Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apI-fn¬\n-∂p≈ tI{μo-IrX \nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-h∂ - p. F∂m¬ ]uc-ka - q-lØ - ns‚ t\Xr-XzØn-ep≈ hn`h ]cn-]m-e\w k¿°mcn-t‚Xnt\°mƒ sa®-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v I≠p. F≥.-Pn.-H.-Iƒ°v {]mapJyw e`n®Xv Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n-em-Wv.''

hcƒ®bpw hnI-k-\hpw Zpjv I ¬Zm- c n- b n¬ CS- b v ° nsS ISpØ hcƒ® A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-∂p. 1995 ¬ shdpw 155 an.ao BWv (tI-cf - Ø - nte-Xns‚ GXm≠v 20 ¬ H∂v) a - gbmWv e`n- ® - X v . kzmX- { ¥y- Ø n\pap≥]v hcƒ® ISpØ Zmcn{Zyw D≠m-°nbn-cp∂p. samØ- Ø n- e p≈ hnI- k \w ImcWw Ct∏mƒ Zmcn-{Zy-an-√. 20˛mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyw k¿ hntiz-iz-cø - b - psS \n¿_-‘Ø - n¬ {_n´o-jv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn-Iƒ Irjn-°m¿°v Icn-ºp-Ir-jn°v Hcp {]tXyI Af-hn¬ sh≈w \¬Ip∂-Xn\v Xocp-am-\n-®p. CXmWv Al-ΩZv\K - ¿ Pn√sb henb ]©-kmc DXv]mZ\ tI{μ-am°n hf¿Ønb-Xv.

imkv{X-KX - nsb kw_-‘n® A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw

FUn-‰¿ imkv{X-K-Xn, ]cn-jZv`h≥, IpXn-c-h´w sebv≥, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ 695 001 Csa-bn¬ : kssptvpm@yahoo.com F∂ hnem-k-Ønepw hcn-kwJy, ]cm-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ ]cn-j-Zv`-h≥, Nme-∏pdw ]n.-H., tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 2 Csa-bn¬ : ksspmagazine@gmail.com F∂ hnem-k-Ønepw Ab-b° v pI

kl-I-cW {]ÿm\w 1949¬ BZysØ ]©- k mc ^mIvSdn ÿm]n-X-am-bn. kl-I-cW ]©-kmc ^mIvSd - n-IfpsS FÆ-Øn¬ alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ c≠mw ÿm\-amWv Al-ΩZv \K¿ Pn√-b° v .v \ma-am-{X-amb Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m\w ImcWw Icnsk]vXw-_¿ 2011

ºns‚ DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-hmWv. CXpImcWw an° ^mIvSd - n-If - pw \∂mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-√. hnP-bI - c - a- mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]©-kmc ^mIvSd - nbpw Petk-N\ kuI-cy-hp-ambn t\cn´v _‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-an√m-Ø-h¿ ISpØ \ncm-i-bn-embn. sh≈w e`y-am-°n-bm¬ F{X Icn-ºpth-Ws - a-¶nepw DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v Xß-fpsS ^mIv S - d nsb em`- Ø n- s eØn°mw F∂mWv I¿j-I¿ ]d-bp-∂X - .v

lcn-X-k-aqlw anYybpw bmYm¿∞yhpw lcnX hnI- k \ ]cn- I - e v ] \ apt∂m´p hbv ° p- ∂ Xv Hcp lcnX kaqlw {]IrXn hn`-hß - f - psS kwc£-W-Øn\pw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-ambn ap≥ssI FSp°psa-∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ ta¬∏-d™ kaq-lØ - ns‚ \ne-\nev]ns\-∏‰n hnI-k\ hnZ-Kv[¿ kwi-bm-ep°fm-Wv. GsX√mw hn[-Øn-emWv Hcp kwLw Bfp-Iƒ Xß-fpsS hn`h kwc£-W-Øn-\mbn apt∂m´p hcp-∂Xv? Zu¿e`yw am{X-amtWm CXn\v Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? Zu¿e`yw XßfpsS a‰v hyXym-kß - ƒ adn-IS- ∂v {]IrXn hn`h kwc-£Ww apt∂m´p sIm≠pt]m-Im≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°ptam? s]mXp hn`h kwc-£W - Ø - n-\mbn P\ßƒ Fßs\ {]h¿Øn-°p-sa∂v a\ n-em-°m-\mbn ÿm]\ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ ]cn-tim[n-°m≥ ChnsS {KŸ-Imc≥ apXn-cp∂p. ]pdsa \n∂p≈ kΩ¿±w D≠mbn-s√-¶n¬ bp‡nt_m[ap≈ kzm¿∞ XXv]c-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ s]mXp Xmev]cyw kwc£n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn {]h¿Øn°n-√. lm¿Un≥ ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp kwLw CS-b-∑m¿ ]cn-an-X-amb Hcp s]mXp ta®n¬ ÿew Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNøp-sa∂pw lm¿Un≥ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p. HmtcmcpØcpw Xß-fpsS BSp-IfpsS FÆw h¿≤n-∏n®v ]c-am-h[n em`w t\Sm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. CXv Ah-km\w B s]mXp-ta-®n¬ ÿe-Øns‚ \miØn¬ Iemin-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ t\m_¬ tPXm-hmb Fen\¿ Hkvt{Smw AS-°a - p≈h¿ Cu \ncmim-hmZw F√m Imcy-Ønepw icn-bs - √∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. Hcp s]mXp-hn-`hw ]¶p-hbv°p∂ hy‡n-Iƒ AXp \in∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp ZqjnX hrØ-Øn¬ IpSp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂Xn-\p-]I - c - w, hy‡n-Iƒ°v Xßƒ AIs∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ta¬∏-d™ A¶-em-∏p≠m- ° p∂ kml- N - c y- ß - f n¬\n∂v ]pdØp IS-°m-\p-≈ Ignhv kml-Ncy-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v amdp--∂p-sh∂pw Hkvt{Smw hmZn-°p-∂p. hn`h timj-Wimkv{X-KXn

\ma-am-{X-amb Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m\w ImcWw Icnºns‚ DXv]m-Z\w Ipd-hmWv. CXp-ImcWw an° ^mIvS-dn-I-fpw \∂mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-√. hnP-b-I-cambn {]h¿-Øn-°p∂ ]©-kmc ^mIvS-dnbpw Petk-N\ kuI-cy-hp-ambn t\cn´v _‘-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. sh≈w e`y-am-°n-bm¬ F{X Icn-ºp-th-W-sa-¶nepw DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v Xß-fpsS ^mIvS-dnsb em`-ØnseØn°mw F∂mWv I¿j-I¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ hy‡-ambn \n›-bn-°s - ∏-Sp-tºmgpw CXp-hgn D≠mIp∂ lo\-êßƒ F√m-h¿°pw t_m[y-am-Ip-tºmgpw Ah¿ hn`h D]tbm-KØ - ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \nb-aß - f - nte°pw \n_-‘\ - I - f - n-te°pw amdm≥ Xbm-dm-hp-∂p. hy‡n-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n em`-ap-≠m°m≥ {ian°p∂hcm-sW∂ \nco-£W - tØmSv _me‚ ,v πmt‰¨ F∂n-hcpw tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. hy‡n-Iƒ Imcy-ßƒ ]q¿Wambn Adn-bm-Øh - c- pw, sX‰p-]‰- m≥ km[y-Xb - p-≈hcpw, kmw-kI v m-cn-Ia - mbn \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw {lkz-Ime Xmev]c - yhpw Zo¿L-Ime Xmev]c - yhpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n®v ap≥K-W\ \n›-bn°m≥ Ign-bp-∂h - c - p-am-sW∂v Ch¿ hmZn°p-∂p. \o¿ØS hnIk\w P\-ßf - psS Pohn-Xs- Ø kzm[o-\n-°p-∂X - mWv Cu hn`-hØ - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ ]uc-kaqlw krjvSn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - n\v Imc-Ww. lcn-Xk - a- ql krjvSn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ aq∂p-Im-cy-ßf - m-Wv ChnsS ]T-\h - n-t[b-am-°n-bXv. 1) lcnX ]uc-k-aqlw anØp-If - n-eqsS Bhn-jI v c - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - ,v 2) ô¬Uv kμ¿i-\ß - fpw Zriy-hX - I v c-Whpw Fßs\ Hcp amXr-Im- ]uc-kaq-lsØ {]Xy-£-s∏-SpØp-∂p, 3) cmjv{Sob _‘-ßƒ Fßs\ kmaqly _‘-ßf - psS {]Xy-£- `mKam-Ip∂p, F∂nh. ]uc-ka - q-lw anØp-If - n-eqsS Fßs\ Bhn-jI v c - n-°s - ∏-Sp∂p F∂v

Is≠-Øm-\mbn C≥tUm P¿-Ω≥ hm´¿sjUv ]≤Xn Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - n\v apºv {Kma-Øn¬ \S∂ Hcp s]¿-sImte-j≥ Sm¶ns‚ \n¿am-Wh - p-ambn _‘s∏´Xpw CS-b° v nsS {Kmao-W¿ Ab-hnd°p∂Xpamb Hcp kw`h IY ]cn-tim[n-°p-Ib - mWv Chn-sS. Sm¶v \n¿am-WØ - n\mbn P\- ß ƒ Xß- f psS a‰v hyXymkß-sf√mw am‰n-h®v H‰-s°-´mbn AWn-\n-c∂ - p-sh∂mWv IY. ZpjvI¬Zmcn-bnse lcnX kaql \n¿anXnbv°v DZml- c - W - a mbn Cu IY CS- b v ° nsS Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p≠v. CXns\ Cg-Iodn ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ {KŸ-Im-c≥ {ian-°p∂p. 1973-˛74 Ime-Øv {Km-aØn¬ sshZypXnFØn- s b-- ¶ nepw ]ºp- I ƒ°v sshZypXn e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]ºpIƒ°v sshZypXn e`n® ASpØ {Kma-Ønse P\-ßf - p-am-bp≈ kº¿°-Øn¬ CeIv{Sn-kn‰n FIvkn- Iyq-´ohv F©n-\o-b¿°v ssI°qen \¬In-bm¬ sshZypXn e`n°psa∂v a\ nem-bn. Fw.-F¬.-Fb - n¬ kΩ¿±w IqSn sNep- Ø nb- t ∏mƒ sshZypXn e`n-®p. CXp ImcWw Petk-N\w A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p. Imfbpw sXm´nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Znhkw Ac G°¿ \\-®n-cp-∂ ÿm\Øv 2.5 G°¿ \\-bv°m≥ km[n-®p. CXv DXv]m-Z\w henb tXmXn¬ h¿[n-∏n-®p. {Kma]©mb-Ønse kvIqƒ So®-dpsS A`n{]m-bØ - n¬ ASpØ {Kma-Øn¬ CeIv{Sn-kn‰n h∂Xv hgn-bp-≠m-b A`n-hr-

≤n- I≠Xm-Wv Aßs\ kº-Øn-\p≈ hni∏v P\-ßf - n¬ D≠m-°n-bX - v. CeIv{Sn-kn‰n D]-tbm-Kn®v InW-dp-Ifn¬ \n∂v Pe-tk-N\w hym]-Ia - m-bt∏mƒ InW-dp-Iƒ s]s´∂v h‰p∂ Ahÿ D≠m-bn. s]m¿s°m-te-j≥ Sm¶v \n¿anXn-bn¬ InW-dp-Iƒ doNm¿÷v sNøpIbpw IqSp-X¬ \mƒ Pe-tk-N\ - Ø - n\v sh≈w e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu B{Kl-amWv Sm¶v \n¿am-WØ - n\v AWn-tNcm≥ ZpjvI¬Zm-cnbnse `qhp-Sa-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. CXv ÿew Fw.-F¬.F.sbbpw a‰pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ Sm¶v \n¿amW km[yX sXfn-™p. F∂m¬ Sm¶v \n¿an-°p-∂Xphgn ÿew \jvSs - ∏-Sp∂ {Kmam-Xn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ `qhpS-aI - ƒ ÿew Fw.-]n-bn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øn Sm¶v \n¿amWw \n¿Øn-hb - ∏ v n°m≥ {ian-®p. F∂m¬ ASpØ sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ Sm¶v A\p-Iq-en-bmb Fw.F¬.F ÿew Fw.-]n.-Bb - n. ho≠pw Sm¶v \n¿ΩmW km[yX sXfn-™p. FXn¿°p-∂h - ¿ tImS-Xnsb kao-]n®v \n¿amWw \n¿Øn hbv∏n-®p. Sm¶n-\\ - pIq-eambn kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp∂Xn\mbn ZpjvI¬Zm-cn-bnse apgp-h≥ P\-ßfpw tN¿∂v Al- Ω Zv \K¿ t_mws_ sslth XS-™p-sIm≠v kacw sNbvXp. Cu kw`hw lcn-Xh - n-Ik - \ - Ø - n-\p≈ P\-ßf - psS Iq´m-ba v b - mbn hymJym-\n-°s∏-Sp-∂p. IY-bn¬ ]dbp-∂X - p-t]mse F√m-hcpw Sm¶n-\\ - p-Iq-ea - mbn AWn\nc°p-∂n-√. Xm°¿am-cpw, al¿ hn`mK-°mcpw kPo-ha - mbn ka-cØ - n¬ ]s¶Sp-°p-∂n√. `qhp-Sa - I - f - psS kzm[o-\Ø - nemWv Ah¿ kacw \S-°p∂ ÿesØ-Øp-∂X - .v

cmjv{Sob _‘-ßƒ kmaq-ly_-‘ß - f - psS, {]Xy£ apJw \o¿ØS {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - nse Xocpam-\-ß-sf√mw hnt√Pv hm´¿sjUv (IΩn‰n hn.-Uª - yq.kn) BWv FSp-°p∂-Xv. hn.-Uª - yq.kn bpw {]mtZ-inI cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xzhpw i‡-ambn _‘s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v Acp¨ Unkqk ]d-bp-∂p- . CXv Is≠-Øm-\mbn Xmsg]- d - b p∂ tNmZy- ß ƒ°v DØcw tXSp∂p. Fß- s \- b mWv hn.- U ªyq.knbnte°v Bfp-Iƒ sXc-™S- p°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? hn.-Uª - yq.kn Fs¥√mw Xmev]-cy-ß-sfbmWv {]Xn-\n[m\w sNøp--∂Xv? XpS-ßnb tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw tXSp-∂p. hn.-Uª - yq.kn ]m\-ens\ {Kma-k` - bmWv AwKo-I-cn-®-sX-¶nepw hn.-Uªyq.knsb sXc-s™-Sp°p∂-Xn¬ henb cmjv{Sob Nc-Sp-he - n-Iƒ D≠mbn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS kzm[o-\-h-ebw h¿[n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ÿm]-\a - m-bmWv hn.-

U-ªyq.knsb {]mtZ-inI cm{„o-b° - m¿ Icp-Xnb-Xv. hn.-Uª - yq.kn A[y-£\ - mhm≥ {Kma-Ønse {]apJ cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°ƒ°v Xmev]cyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. NGO ta¬t\m´w IqSn \S-tØ-≠X - psIm≠v bphm- h mb {]Xm- ] v d mhp tamsdsb A[y-£\ - mbn sXc-s™-SpØp. hn.-Uª - yq.kn sk{I-´d - nbpw {Sjddpw Bbn sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´Xv almtZhv dmhv F∂ tIm¨{K v t\Xmhns‚ A\p-bm-bnIfm-bn-cp∂p. c≠v {]apJ admØ hn`m-Kß - f - n¬ \n∂p-≈h-cmbn-cp∂p c≠v h\nXm {]Xn-\n-[nIƒ. hn.-Uª - yq.kn ao‰nwKn¬ an≠m-Xncn-°p-Ib - p-am-bn-cp-∂p Ch-cpsS tPmen. hn.-U-ªyq.kn sNb¿am≥ Xs‚ cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w h¿[n-°p∂ coXnbn¬ Xs‚ A\p- b m- b n- s b kq∏¿ sshk-dmbn \nb-an-®p. Fkv.S- n.-hn-`m-Kamb Xm°¿am-cn¬ kzm[o\w D≠m-IØ° coXn-bn¬ Xm-°¿ hn`m-KØ - nse Hcmsf \gvkdn Imh¬°m-c\ - m-°n. {KmaØnse kl-Ic - W kwL-Ønepw At±l-w \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w D≠m-°n. hm´¿sjUv {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n\v {SmIvS¿ DS-aI - ƒ°v \¬tI≠ {]Xn-^ew klI-cW _m¶nse Abm-fpsS ISw Xo¿°p∂-Xn-te°v AS-b° v m-\mbn sNb¿am≥ kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-∂p. {SmIvS-dn\v tem¨ e`y-am-°m-\pw, th≠ ]Wn \¬Im\pw ]Ww Xncn-®-S-∏n-°m\pw X\n°v Ign-bp-∂p-sh∂v At±lw A`nam-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. {SmIvS¿ DS-asb Xs‚ Dd® A\p-`m-hn-bmbn am‰m\pw CXp-hgn km[n-°p-∂p. {]Xm]v dmhp tamsd BZy-sams° {][m\ Xocp-am-\ß - s - fms° {]mtZ-inI t\Xmhv aml-tZ-hd v m-hp-ambn Btem-Nn-®mWv FSp-Øn-cp-∂X - .v Xs‚ kzm[o\w IqSp-X¬ ZrVam-bt- ∏mƒ CXh-km-\n-∏n-®p. alm-tZhv dmhphn\v- Xs‚ kzm[o\w \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv a\- n-em-bt∏mƒ {]Xm-]dv m-hp- hn.Uªyq.-kn. kzØv Zp¿hn\n-tbmKw sNøp-∂p-sh∂ Btcm]Ww Db¿Øp-∂p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ hn.U-ªyq.kn kzX-{¥hpw lcnX hnI-k\ k¶-ev]-Øns‚ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ Dd®v {]h¿Øn°p-∂X - p-amb ÿm]-\a - m-b√ adn®v kwÿm\Øns‚ cmjv{Sob hyhÿ-bn-te°v DƒtN¿Ø-Xm-bmWv ]T-\Øn¬ \n∂psXfn-bp∂-X.v

Zriy-h-XvIcWw ^o¬Uv kμ¿i-\hpw Zriy-hX - vIc-Whpw Fßs\ Hcp amXrIm \o¿ØS kaq-ls - Ø {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-Øp∂psh∂mWv ASp-ØX - mbn At\z-jn-°p-∂X - .v [mcmfw kμ¿i-I¿, A\y kwÿm-\ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ Db¿∂ DtZym-Kÿ - c - S°w ZpjvI¬Zmcn kμ¿i\w \S-Øp∂p-≠.v Ah-cpsS apºn¬ hn.-Uª - yq.kn

sNb¿am≥ {][-m\-ambpw aq∂v- t\´ßfmWv hnh-cn°p∂-Xv. 1. IpSn-sh≈ {]iv\Øn\p ]cnlmcw 2. kv{Xo im‡o-I-cWw. 3. Xm°¿, al¿ hn`m-Kß - fpsS ]ptcm-KXn. kμ¿i-I¿ hn.-Uª - yq.kn sNb¿amt\mSv t{]mP-ISv ns‚ ÿmbn-XzsØ∏‰n tNmZn- ° p- t ºmƒ P\- ß ƒ hfsc \∂mbn kl- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X p- s Im≠v t{]mPIvSns‚ Nnc-ÿm-bn-Xz-Øn\v kwib-an-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠.v F∂m¬ AtX kabw acw \´ ÿeØv ]iphns\ hn´v tabv°p-∂X - n\v as‰mcp I¿j-Is\ imkn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ^≠v \¬Ip∂-h¿°pw kμ¿i-I¿°pw th≠n kXyw ad®v amXr-Im-]c - a- mb Imcyßƒ am{Xw ]d-bp∂ {]hW-Xb - mWp-≈X - .v Kh¿W¿ ZpjvI¬Zmcn kμ¿in-°p∂Xv Zriy-hX - I v c - W - Ø - ns‚ Hcp DØa DZm-lc - W - a - mbmWv {KŸ-Im-c≥ Nq≠n°m-´p-∂Xvv. \S-∂p-I≠v Ah-km\w \o¿Ø- S - Ø ns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ `mKØv hml-\Ø - n¬ Kh¿W¿ FØpIbpw \o¿ØSw samØ-Øn¬ I≠pa\ n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp ImcWw Xm°¿am-cpsS tImf\n apºp≠m-bncp∂Xpw Ah-cpsS DS-aÿ - X - b - nep≈Xpamb Xm°¿a®n F∂ B ÿew Ct∏mƒ Kh¿W¿ t]mbn‚ v F∂v Adnbs∏Sp-∂p. Cßs\ amdn-bXpImcWw Xm°¿am¿°v B ÿe-Øn-ep≈ AhImiw \jvSs∏-´p. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse sde-K¨ kn±n, lnshcn _km¿ XpS-ßnb amXrIm \o¿ØS hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ t\cn¬ I≠v a\ nem- ° n- b - X n¬ \n∂pw F\n°v tXm∂p-∂Xv lcnX kaq-lØns‚ Hcp {][m\ khn-ti-jX - b - mb hn`h hn\n-tbm-KØ - nse kmaqly \nb{¥Ww Chn-Sß - f - n¬ km[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂mWv. A[nIw sh≈w Bh-iy-ap≈ Icnºv, hmg XpS-ßnb hnf-Iƒ Chn-Sß-fn¬ Bcpw Irjn sNøp-∂n-√. Agn®p-hn´p tabv°¬, acw sh´¬, Ipg¬ InW¿ Ipgn- ° ¬, aZy- ] m\w XpSßnbhbv°pw ISpØ \nb-{¥Wap≠v. [m¿anI Db¿® \o¿ØS hnI-k\ - t- ØmsSm∏w Cu kaq-lß - ƒ°v t\Sm≥ Ign™p. AÆm-l-km-sc, ]∏Sv dmhp ]hm¿ F∂o hy‡n-Iƒ Cu c≠p ÿe-ßf - nepw lcnX kaqlw \n¿amW-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w sNepØn-bn-´p-≠v. Acp¨ Unkqk ]T\ hnt[- b - a m- ° nb Zpjv I ¬Zmcn- b n¬ ta¬]-d™ X - p-t]mse {]`mhw sNepØp∂ \o¿Ø-Sw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu ]pkvXIw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn°p∂Xv Hmdn- b ‚ v ªmIv k v h m≥ BWv. sk]vXw-_¿ 2011

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imkv{Xhm¿Ø-

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

Bfl-lXym t_mw_mb Ir{Xna E.coli _mIvSo-cnb _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ tk\m-hyqlw t]mse-bm-Wv. \miw hnX-bv°m-\p≈ sIev]pw Imcy-£a - a - mb Bib hn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\h - p-ah - b - ° v p-≠.v F∂me-hbv°pw "Bfl-l-Xym-t_mw-_p-I-fmb' a‰p _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf t\cn-Sm\m-hn√! Xo{h-hm-Zn-If - psS a\p-jy-t_mw-_n¬ \n∂mWv imkv{X-⁄c - nXv ISw sIm≠-Xv. tcmK-\n-Zm-\-amb _mIvSo-cn-bsb \in-∏n®v kzbw \in- b-bmWv imkv{X-⁄¿ Ir{Xn-aa - mbn krjvSn-®°p∂ E.coli _mIvSo-cn-bs Xv. izmk-tImi tcmK-ßƒ°pw a‰pw Imc-W-amb P.aeruginosa _mIvSo-cnb-I-sf-bmWv Ir{Xna E.coli _mIvSo-cnb Cßs\ \in-∏n-®-Xv. {]IrXn Xs∂-bmWv imkv{X-⁄¿°n-Xn\p t{]c-W-bm-b-Xv. kao-]Øp≈ a‰p kq£vaP - o-hn-Isf Is≠-Øp-∂X - n\v Nne kq£vaP - o-hn-Iƒ°v - f - psS kao]w a‰p kq£va{]tXyI Ign-hp≠v. P.aeruginosa _mIvSo-cn-bI Po-hn-I-sf-Øp-tºmƒ Ah ]c-kv]cw Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-Ibpw ‘pyocin’ F∂ hnj-hkvXp ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®v Ahsb \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu hnZy P.aeruginosa _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒs°Xnsc {]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bmWv knwK-∏q-cnse Nayang Technological University bnse Chueh Loo Poh bpw Mathew Wook Chang Dw sNbvX-Xv. P.aeruginosa _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ kz¥w kv]ojn-kns\ Is≠-Øp∂ Po≥ imkv{X-⁄¿ E.coli _mIvSo-cn-b-bn¬ k∂n-th-in-∏n-®p. P.aeruginosa sb \in-∏n-°p∂ ]cn-jvI-cn® ‘pyocin’ DXv]mZn-∏n-°p∂ Po\pw E.coli bn¬ LSn-∏n-®p. Hcp "Bfl-lXym Po≥' IqSn LSn-∏n-®t∏mƒ "_mIvSo-cnb t_mw_v' Xbm-dmbn! kao-]Øv P.aeruginosa sb I≠m¬ E.coli bn¬ hnj-amb ]cn-jvI-cn® ‘pyocin’ \nd-bp-Ibpw, Bfl-lXym Po\ns‚ t{]cW-aqew tImiw XI-cp-I-bpw, hnjw han-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Aßs\ kzbw \in®v a‰v tcmK-\n-Zm\ _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf \in-∏n-°p∂ E.coli _mIvSo-cn-b-sb-bmWv imkv{X-⁄¿ Ir{Xn-a-ambn krjvSn-®-Xv. ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ 99% P.aeruginosa tImi-ßt- fbpw Cßs\ \in-∏n-°m≥ Ign-s™∂v ‘Molecular System Biology’ tP¿W-en¬ imkv{X-⁄¿ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp. (www.news.sciencemag.org.)

HmIvkn-P≥ \ocp-d-h-Iƒ

`qK¿` Pe D]-tbmKw kap{Z \nc∏v Db¿Øpw IpSn-sh-≈Ø - n\pw Pe-tk-N\ - Ø - n\pw a‰pambn `qK¿`- Peaq‰p-∂Xv kap-{Z-\n-c-∏p-b-cm≥ Imc-W-am-b-Xmbn imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn. 1900 \ptijw kap{Z\nc-∏p-b¿∂-Xns‚ Bdp iX-am\w kw`m-h\ CXp-aq-e-am-sW∂v imkv{X-⁄≥ IW-°p-Iq-´p-∂p. U.S.Geological Survey bnse Leonard Konikow temIsaºm-Spap≈ tU‰ hni-I-e\w sNbvXmWv Cu \nKa-\Ø - n-se-Øn-t®¿∂-Xv. 1950 \ptijw `qK¿` Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw aqew kap{Z \nc-∏p-b-cp-∂Xns‚ \nc°v h¿[n-®-Xmbpw IW-°m-°-s∏Sp-∂p. 2000-˛-\p-tijw CXp-aqew kap-{Z-\n-c∏v {]Xn-h¿jw 0.4 an.-ao. Db-cm≥ Imc-W-am-bXmbpw ]T\w Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.

C∂v A¥-co-£-Ønse Hcp {][m\ -L-S-I-amWv HmIvkn-P≥. hmbphnse 21 iX-am-\hpw HmIvkn-P-\mWv. F∂m¬ `qan-bpsS Bcw-`-ImeØv HmIvkn-P≥ A]q¿h-am-bn-cp∂p. an°- h mdpw C√m- b n- c p∂p F∂p Xs∂ ]dbmw! 230 tImSn h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºp \S∂ ""alØmb HmIvko-I-cW kw`hw'' (Great Oxidation Event) Øn\ptij-amWv A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Af-°m-hp∂ tXmXn¬ HmIvkn-P-\p-≠m-b-Xv. AXn-\pti-j-amWv hmbp izkn-°p∂ kq£va Pohn-Iƒ `qan-bn-ep-cp-Øn-cn-™Xv. ]n∂oSv k¶o¿W Pohn-Ifpw {]Xy-£s - ∏-´p. A¥-co-£Ø - n¬ HmIvknP≥ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-∂X - n\v Zi-e£ - ° - W - ° - n\p h¿j-ßƒ°papºv kap{Z-Øn¬ sNdnb Af-hn¬ HmIvkn-Ps‚ \ocp-d-h-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Fw.-sF.-Sn.-bnse imkv{X-⁄¿ \S-Ønb ]pXnb Kth-jW ]T\w kqNn∏n-°p-∂p. “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” emWv Kthj-W^ - ew {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. (www.esciencenews.com)

A¥-co-£Ø - nse aossYs‚ Afhv ÿnc-ambn h¿j-ß-fm-bp≈ h¿[-\-bv°p-tijw A¥-co£-Ønse aossYs‚ Afhv Ign™ 30 h¿jambn ÿnc-am-b-Xmbn imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠Øn. Hcp lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-amWv aossY≥. BKÃv 11-˛se ‘Nature’ tP¿W-en-emWv imkv{X⁄¿ CXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

(www.sciencenews.org)

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-ﬂm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥ Printed & Published by T.P. Sreesankar on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1 and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon. Approved by CSIR for financial support Volume 47 No.3, Sasthragathy 2011 September, 60 Pages