Shastragathi April 2014

tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØv

kaqlw kn. \mcm-b-W≥ Ip´n ]Ww \nt›„am°p∂ P\m[n]Xyw .............................. 22 F.-sI. ]oXmw-_-c≥ htbm-P-\- \-bhpw t£a -]-≤-Xn-Ifpw.............................. 36

]cn-ÿnXn, kaqlw tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ]›n-a-L-´-sØ H‰ns°mSpØpw H‰-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw ........ 10 s{]m^.-Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥ {]Ir-Xn, A[zm-\w, PohnXw ................................................... 12 AUz. sI.-]n. chn-{]-Imiv ]®]nSn-°p∂ lcn-X-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ ........................................ 16 tUm. Fkv. {ioIp-am¿ se°pw seKm-\p-an-√mØ Icn-¶¬ J\\w: I¿i\ \nb-{¥Ww A\n-hmcyw ....................................... 31

kv{Xokaqlw sI.-]n.-F≥. AarX kv{XoIfpw A[n-Imc cmjv{So-bhpw ................................. 28

imkv{Xw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥ imkv{X kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw .......................... 41 km_p tPmkv BtKm-f- Xm]-\w A-kw-_-‘ \mS-I-tam? ...................... 52

ÿncw- ]w-‡n-Iƒ hy‡n-Iƒ, hm¿Ø-Iƒ s{]m^.-sI.-{io-[-c≥ 2014˛ km¿htZiob {InÃtem{K^n h¿jw ..................... 6 tUm.Fw. hnP-b≥, tUm. KoXm-\-μ≥ {InÃ-tem-{K^n h¿j-Øn¬ Pn.-F≥.-cm-a-N-{μ-s\ -kva-cn-°ptºmƒ... ......................................................................... 7 tUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\-Ip-am¿ imkv{X-hm¿Ø ........................................................................... 58

]pkvXI ]cn-Nbw tUm. Fw. PmX-th-Z≥ am¿Ivkns‚ KWn-X-im-kv{X Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ ....................... 46

Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n sI.-k-Xojv lc-W^ew ................................................................................... 57

IØp-Iƒ

IpØnhbv]pIƒ sshdkvP\yamb dq_√m tcmK _m[sb {]Xntcm[n°m≥ GI am¿ Kw IpØnhbv]pIfmsW∂mWv {io. ⁄m\Zmk≥ Ipamcnam¿°v dq_√m hmIvkn≥\evIp∂Xns‚ bp ‡n F∂ Ipdn∏n¬ (imkv{XKXn, am¿®v) Ah Imis∏Sp∂Xv. F∂m¬ dp_√m am {Xa√, C∂v IpØnhbv]pIƒ \¬I s∏Sp∂ F√m tcmKßsfbpw AXn Pohn°m≥ a‰p am¿K߃ C√mXn √. Nne ap≥[mcWIƒ XncpØnsb ¶n¬ am{Xta \ap°h Zr„ntKmNcam hpIbp≈q. sshdkv,_mŒocnb XpSßn AXn kq£vaPohnIfpsS kmKcØnemWv \mw Pohn°p∂Xv. e£°W°n\vh¿jßfmbp≈ ]ckv]c {]Xn{] h¿Ø\ßfpsS ^eambn Chbvs° Xntc P∑kn≤amb {]Xntcm[w B¿ ÷n®n√mbncp∂psh ¶n¬ `qapJØp \n∂v a\pjy≥ Ft∂ XpS®p\o° s∏Spambncp∂p. GItImiPohn ap X¬ _lp Ahbh LS\bp≈ P ¥p°fmbpw, P¥p°fn¬ \n∂v th dn´v- a\pjy\mbpw ]cnWan®Xpw, C ∂phscbp≈ a\p jy\ne\nev]ns‚ APøXbpw ]cn KWn®m¬ AXnPo h\Øn\p≈ a\pjys‚ tijnbnkwibØn∂hImian√. F∂mCubnsSbmbn CXns\mcp A]hmZw kw`hn®ncn°p∂p. Nne¿ {]Ncn∏n

°p∂Xp t]msebmsW¶n¬ Nne sshdkv PohnIƒ a\pjys\ kaq ew hngpßm\p≈ i‡n B¿÷n®n cn°pItbm AXs√¶n¬ a\pjys‚ P∑ kn≤amb {]Xntcm[Øn¬ hn ≈¬ hogpItbm kw`hn®ncn°p∂p. c≠mbmepw a\pjy\v Cu `q{]Ir Xnbn¬ BtcmKytØmsS Pohn°m \pw s]‰ps]cpIm\pap≈ A¿lX \„amIpw. AXn`oIcat{X AXns‚ ^ew. Aßs\ kw`hn°mXncn° Wsa¶n¬ k¿Δ tcmKmWp°ƒ°p saXntc k¿Δcpw IpØnsh∏pIƒ kzoIcnt®mfWw! CØcØn ep≈ {]NmcWßfpsS I®hS X{¥ßƒ F¥pXs∂bmIs´, Cu CS]mSn\v imkv{XØns‚ apJmhcWw Nm¿ Øp∂Xns‚ bp‡n tNmZyw sNø s∏tS≠XmWv. tcmKmWp°sf ico cØn¬ ISØnhn´v B tcmKmWphn s∂Xncmb {]Xntcm[w B¿Pn°p ∂Xns\b√ ChnsS hnh£n°p∂ Xv F∂v {]tXyIw ]d™psIm≈s´. tcmKmWp°sf {]Xntcm[n°m≥ Ip Ønhbv]pIfmWv GIam¿Kw F∂ XcØn¬ {]Ncn∏n°p∂Xnt\mSv tbmPn°m\mhn√. {]Xntcm[tijn Ipd™ Hcp sNdnb iXam\Øn\v am{Xta tcmKw _m[n°p∂p≈p F ∂XmWt√m hkvXpX. AXn\p≈ ASnÿm\ImcW߃ I≠p]nSn®p

]cnlcn°pIbmWv IcWobw. Ip Ønhbv]pacp∂pIfpsS ]m¿iz^e ߃ AhKWn®v tcmKw hcphm≥ km[yXbp≈hscbpw C√mØhsc bpw \n¿∫‘nXambn acp∂v Ign∏n °p∂ Cu coXn imkv{Xobsa∂v Aw KoIcn®m¬ t]mepw a\pjy\v A`n Imaytam F∂v \mw Nn¥n°Ww. Hm tcmtcm tcmKmWp°tfmSpw {]tXy Iw {]tXyIw {]Xntcm[w B¿Pn°p ∂Xn\√; adn®v, `qafieØnep≈ F√m tcmKmWp°tfmSpap≈ a\pjy icocØns‚ P∑\mep≈ {]Xn tcm[w ]cnt]mjn∏n°p∂Xn\mWv \mw ap∂n´ndtß≠Xv. Np‰p]mSpI tfmSp≈ a\pjyicocØns‚ {] XnIcWw Ahs‚ ]cnc£WØn\v DXIp∂ hn[ØnemWv a\pjy ico cØns‚ LS\mhntijw F∂Xn \memWv Ah\v ChnsS AXnPohn °phm\pw hwim`nhr≤n {]m]n°p hm\pw km≤yambXv. {]IrXymep≈ icocLS\°v tIm´w X´mØ Xc Ønep≈ PohnXssien kzoIcn ®m¬, {][m\ambpw ----\mw \ntXy\ Ign®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ hnjhk vXp°sf ]camh[n Hgnhm°phm\pw Nn´bmb hymbma߃ sNøphm\pw km[n ®m¬---- BtcmKyIcamb a\pjy PohnXØns‚ ]pjv°eImew A`wKpcw XpScpw. ˛AdpapJ≥ (FShÆ]n.H. t^m¨: 9495516536)

hne/hcn-kwJy Adn-bn∏v B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\-˛-hn-X-cW sNe-hp-I-fn¬ ASn-°Sn D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ h¿≤\hn\v ap∂n¬ imkv{X-KXn t]mep≈ sNdp {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpsS \ne-\nev]v Xo¿Øpw _p≤nap-´n-em-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ign™ A©v h¿j-°m-e-ambn bmsXmcp am‰hpan√msX XpS-cp∂ hne/ hcn-kwJym \nc-°p-Ifn¬ t\cnb h¿≤-\hv hcp-ØpI-b-√msX Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ ]nSn-®p\n¬°m≥ imkv{X-K-Xn- amkn-Ibv°v a‰v am¿K-ß-fn-√. Xmsg-°mWpw {]Im-cambn-cn°pw ]pXnb \nc-°p-Iƒ; 2014 G{]n¬ e°w apX¬°mWv Ah \ne-hn¬ hcnI. ae-bm-f-Ønse GI P\-Iob imkv{X-am-kn-I-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ imkv{X-K-Xnsb \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-´p≈ {]_p-≤-amb hmb-\m-k-aqlØns‚ klm-b-˛-k-lI-c-W-ßfpw ]n¥p-Wbpw Cu L´-Ønepw XpS¿∂pw R߃ {]Xo-£n-°p∂p; A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p.

H‰{]Xn hne: cq.15-˛00

4 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy: cq.150-˛00

amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿

apJ-°p-dn∏v G{]n¬ 2014

tImem-le߃ Aß-s\, ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kwc-£n-°m≥ XpS-ßn-h® Hcp {]{In-bsb sNm√n-bp≠mb tImem-l-e-߃, ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-am-°nb Ah-ÿsb kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ HØp-Xo¿∏p-I-fn¬ XmXvIm-en-I-ambn sI´-Sßn. A¥n-a-Xo¿∏p-Iƒ hcm-\ncn-°p-∂-tX-bp≈p. lcn-X-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpw kp\n-›nXw. ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww I¿j-I-t{Zm-l-]-c-am-sW∂pw kwc-£Ww \¬tI-≠Xv ]›n-a-L-´-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°m-sW∂pw Bbn-cp∂p Cu tImem-l-e-ß-sf Al-a-lan-Ibm DuXn-°-Øn-®-h-cpsS FXn¿hmZw. F∂m¬ ]›n-a-L´w kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂Xv Ahn-SpsØ I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂m-sW∂v Hcp dnt∏m¿´pw, Hcn-SØpw ]d-™n-cp-∂n-√.

AXm-bXv FXn¿hm-Z-߃ Imºpw Ig-ºp-an-√m-Ø-hbm-bn-cp-∂p. ˛Imºpw Ig-ºp-an-√mØ i_vZt£m-`-ß-sf-bm-Wt√m tImem-l-e-߃ F∂v ]d-bp-I. F∂m¬ ]›n-a-L´Øn\v kwc-£WwB-hiyam°p∂ Hcp kml-Ncyw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. AXp-t]mse ae-tbmc I¿j-I¿°v kwc-£WwB-hiyam°p∂ Hcp kml-Ncyhpw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. c≠pw c≠m-Wv. XnI®pw hyXy-kvXw. kwc-£W\S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v ta¬ XmXv°m-enI hnPbw t\Sn F∂v _‘-s∏-´-h¿°v kam-izkn-°mw. F∂m¬ {]Ir-Xn°v ta¬ a\p-jy≥ t\Sn-sb∂v A`n-am-\n-°p∂ hnP-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v GwK¬kv FgpXn-bn-´p-≈Xv ChnsS Hm¿°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn°pw: ""{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ta¬, \Ωƒ, a\p-jy¿ t\Snb hnP-b-ß-sf -sNm√n AXncpIS∂ Bfl-{]-iwk \S-tØ-≠-Xn-√. AØcw Hmtcm- hn-P-bØn\pw -{]-IrXn \tΩmSv ]I-hn-´p-∂p≠v. Hmtcm hnP-bhpw H∂maXv Df-hm-°p∂Xv \Ωƒ {]-Xo-£n® hnP-b-ß-fm-sW-∂Xv icn-X-s∂. F∂m¬, c≠m-aXpw aq∂m-a-Xp-ambn AXv Df-hm-°p-∂Xv XnI®pw hyXy-kvXhpw A{]-Xo-£n-Xhpw ]e-t∏mgpw BZy-tØ-Xns\ X´n-°n-gn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ^e-ß-fm-Wv.'' cmPyØv \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ s]mXp-sX-c-s™-Sp∏v {]{In-b-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-amWv CØc-samcp ]pI-ad krjvSn-®Xv F∂Xv ]®-bmb kXy-am-W-t√m. kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I¿°v cm jv{Sob hnZym-`ymkw ]I¿∂p\¬Im-\p≈ kμ¿`-ß-fm-tI≠ sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]NcWthf-Iƒ shdpw tImem-l-e-ß-fm-Im≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v \mtf-sd-bm-bn˛ssieo-]-c-ambn am{X-a-√, D ≈-S°w sIm≠pw. ap≥ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn\v Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øpw F-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw hy‡amb Znim-t_m-[-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp ]cn-]m-Snbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn kΩ-Xn-ZmbI¿°v A\p-`-h-an√ Xs∂. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Im-i-Øns‚ bm{¥n-I-amb hn\n-tbm-Kwam-{X-amWv kw`-hn-°p-I. sXc-s™-Sp∏v k¿Km-fl-I-am-Ip-∂-Xv, AXns‚ hmKvZm-\ßf-n¬ \mSns\, \mSns‚ \msfsb H∂mbn I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w Dƒt®-cp-tºm-gm-Wv. CsX-gp-Xp∂ ka-bØv {]I-S\ - ] - {- Xn-II - ƒ ]pd-Øp-h∂ - p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂t- X-bp-≈p. I - ≠n-St- Ømfw s]mXp-hn¬ Hcp \n›-e-X-bmWv Ah sb√mw {]k-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. tZiob P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-bn-te-°p≈ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ Xnan¿°p∂ ]W-Øns‚ tXmXv Aº-c-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp ÿm\m¿∞n°v \nb-a-]-c-ambn 70 e£w cq] hsc sNe-hm-°mw. apJy ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ sNeh-gn-°p-∂Xv CXns‚ F{Xtbm aS-ßmWv F∂Xv ]I¬sh-fn®w t]mse ]c-am¿∞w. Ign™ XhW a’-cn® ÿm\m¿∞n-I-fpsS A{Xbpw FÆw(8070) CØ-h-Wbpw a’-cn-®m¬(A-Xnepw IqSp-X-em-Im-\mWv km[y-X) samØw If-Ønen-d-ßp∂Xv ]Xn-\m-bncw tImSn-bn-tesd cq]-bm-bn-cn-°pw. CXv kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ krjvSn°p∂ ]pf-I-ßsf-°p-dn®v hmNm-e-cmIp∂p, kmº-ØnI hnZ-Kv[¿. ]W-sa-dn™v {]Xn-\n-[nk-`mw-KXzw t\Sp-∂-h¿ Ah-c-h-cpsS am{Xw {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂Xv C¥y≥ P\m[n-]-Xy-Ønse Hcp Zpc-¥-Zr-iy-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse BsI kΩ-Xn-Zm-b-I-cn¬ 47-˛48 iX-am\w t]cpw kv{XoI-fmWv. 2009se sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ BsI a’-cn® 8070 t]cn¬ 6.9 iX-am-\w-˛556 t]¿˛ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p kv{XoIƒ F∂Xn¬ \n∂pw CØ-hW F{X iX-am\w t]¿°mWv ÿm\m¿∞nXzw e`n-°p-I-sb-∂Xv Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈p. kwh-c-Wm-\p-Iq-ey-Øns‚ t]cn-e-√msX A¿l-X-bpsS t]cnkv{XoIƒ°v A[n-Imc cmjv{So-b-Øn¬ {]th-i\w C\nbpw AIse F∂Xv Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏n-t‚bpw Hcp \mW-t°-Smbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. imkv{X-KX - n-bpsS Cu e°-Ønse Btem-N\ - m-hn-jb - ß - f - n¬ NneXv am{X-amWv Ch. BtemN-\-Iƒ N¿®-Ifnte°pw N¿®-Iƒ I¿a-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifnte°pw hnI-kn-°s´!

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

5

hm¿Ø-Iƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ

2014˛ km¿htZiob {InÃtem{K^n h¿jw Iycmjv{S P\d¬ A w ªnbpsS Blzm\a\pk cn®v 2014 km¿htZiob {InÃtem {K^n h¿jambn BNcn°pI bmWv. B[p\nI imkv{X ]ptcmK Xnbn{InÃtem{K^n ]T\Øn\p≈ AXoh {]m[m\yw ]cnKWn ®mWv CØcsamcp Xocpam\w. C∂v F√m imkv { X taJeIfnepw {Inà tem{K^nbpsS i‡amb {]tbmKw ImWmw. `uXnIimkv{Xw, Jchkv Xp°fpsS LS\m]T\w, sIankv{Sn, _tbmfPn, X∑m{X _tbmfPn, P \nXIw, sshZy-imkv{Xw F∂nh ap X¬ KWnX imkv{XØns‚ hf¿ ®bn¬t]mepw {InÃtem{K^n {]tbmKn®p hcnIbmWv. Jc `u XnIw (Solid state physics) F∂ ]pXn b `uXnI imkv{XhnImkw Xs∂ {InÃtem{K^nbneqsSbmWv.

sF

6 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

AXns‚ k¥XnbmWt√m {Sm≥kn ÃdpIfpw XpS¿∂p≈ CeIvt{SmWn Iv hnπhhpw. DNA bpsS LS\m ]T \w, knent°mWns‚ hnIk\w, lyqa≥ Pnt\mw ]T\w, a\pjyicoc AhbhßfpsS cq] Iev]\w XpS ßn H´\h[n taJeIfnse ]ptcm KXn {InÃtem{K^nbnse apt∂‰ ßfpambn _‘s∏´XmWv. Izm≠w t{]m{KmanßneqsS X∑m{XIfpsS {Xnam\LS\ t\cn´v ImWm≥ {Inà tem{K^n°v Ct∏mƒ Ignbp∂p≠v.

X-td Un{^mIvj≥ XXzap]tbmKn ®p≈ kn¶vtdmt{Sm¨ (Synchrotron technology) BWv tk¨ (CERN) se em¿Pv lmt{Um¨ sImssfU¿ ]T \Øn¬ lnKvkv t_mtkm¨ I≠p ]nSpØØn\v klmbn®Xv. B[p \nIimkv{X apt∂‰Øn¬ {Inà tem{K^nbpsS Cu {]m[m\yw Hcp

]t£ ]ecpw Adn™n´p≠mhn√.

Cu AdnhpIƒ P\ßfnseØn°p IbmWv h¿jmNcWØns‚ e£yw.

F¥mWv {Inì? Nne hkvXp °fpsS B¥cnILS\bn¬ B‰ ߃ Nne \nbXamb PymanXob {I aoIcWØnembncn°pw hn\ykn° s∏´ncn°pI. CØcw PymanXob {IaoIcWßfpsS sNdp bq\n‰pI fpsS Bh¿Ø\ambncn°pw B hkvXphns‚ kºq¿W cq]w. Nne PymanXob ASnÿm\cq]ßfpsS Bh¿Ø\ambp≈ LS\bp≈ Jc hkvXp°sfbmWv {InÃepIƒ F ∂v hnfn°p∂Xv. DZmlcWw˛ sFkv {InÃepIƒ, Idnbp∏v, ]©kmc, knent°m¨, Izm¿Svkv XpSßnbh.

F∂m¬ AWphn\ymkØn\v \nbX amb {IaoIcW߃ C√mØ Xcw hkvXp°sf A{InÃeob hkvXp °ƒ AYhm Atam¿^kv hkvXp °ƒ F∂v ]dbp∂p. •mkv, acw F ∂nh DZmlcW߃. Ggv Xcw ASn ÿm\ bq\n‰pIfpsS Bh¿Ø\am bn´mWv Hmtcm Xcw {InÃepIfptS bpw LS\ cq]s∏Sp∂Xmbn a\ n em°nbncn°p∂Xv. Ah C{]Imc amWv. 1.Iyq_nIv (DZm. Idnbp∏v, lm sse‰v), 2. slIv‰mKW¬(DZm. Izm¿ Svkv), 3.sS{SmKW¬(DZm.kn¿ tIm¨), 4.Hm¿tØmtdmknIv v(DZm. kƒ^¿), 5.tamtWm¢n\nIv (DZm. sl¬kzm¿), 6.{XntImWw (DZm. Imssk‰v), 7.ss{S¢n\nIv (DZm. sdmtUm ssW‰v). AWphn\ymka\pkcn®v Chtbmtcm∂nepw hnhn[ hn`mK ߃ thsdbpap≠v.

B[p\nI {InÃtem{Km^n ]T \w Bcw`n®Xv X -td Un{^mIvj≥ F∂ {]Xn`mkw Is≠ØnbtXmsS bpw AXns‚ ssk≤m¥nI hniZo IcWw e`n®tXmsSbpamWv. 1914 amIvkv thm¨ emtΔbmWv {InÃLS\bv°p≈neqsSbp≈ X -td ]Yw

hniIe\w sNbvXt∏mƒ Un{^mIv j≥ F∂ {]Xn`mkw BZyambn I s≠ØnbXv. hneyw sl≥dn {_mKpw aI≥ WL {_mKpw CXn\p≈ ssk ≤m¥nI hniZoIcWw \¬In. {_m Kv \nbaw F∂v C∂dnbs∏Sp∂ {] kn≤ kahmIyw (2dsinθ = nλ) Ah¿ sa\s™SpØp. C∂v {InÃtem{K ^n ]T\Øns‚ ASnÿm\XXzw {_mKv \nbaamWv. \yqt{Sm¨ Un{^m Ivj≥, CeI vt{Sm¨ Un{^mIvj≥ F∂nh {InÃtem{K^n ]T\Øn se ]pXnb kt¶XßfmWv. X - td Un{^mIvj≥ Is≠ØnbXn\v em tΔbv°v t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬In bXns‚ \qdmw hm¿jnIsa∂ \nebn-emWv 2014 {InÃtem{K^n h¿ jambn BNcn°m≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°s∏-´X - v. tPml∂mkv sI]vf¿ sFkv {In ÃepIfpsS kaanXn BZyambn \nco£n®Xns‚ 400˛mw hm¿jnIw IqSnbmWv 2014. ˛s{]m^. sI. {io[c≥ ks_pulari@yahoo.com

{InÃ-tem-{K^n h¿j-ØnPn.-F≥.-cm-a-N-{μ-s\ -kva-cn-°ptºmƒ...

Iy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\bp sS Blzm- \ - { ]- I m- c w, A¥m- c mjv { S {InÃ- t em- { K^n h¿ j- a mWv 2014. [mXp°fpsS ]cep Isf kw_- ‘ n- ° p∂˛A- h - b psS cq]w, LS\, k-hn-ti-jX - I - ƒ,- h¿KoI-cWw CXym-Zn ]T\amWv {Inà tem{K^n ({Inì hn⁄m\obw). as‰√m imkv{X-im-J-Iƒ°pw ]n≥ _ew \¬Ip∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂n-´p-IqSn {InÃ-tem-{K^n kmam-\y-P\ - ß - ƒ°v Xmc-X-tay\ A]-cn-Nn-XamWv. Cu ]T-\t- a-Je - b - v°mbn A¥m-cm-jv{S-Xe-Øn¬ Hcp h¿jm-N-cWw F∂ Bibw sFIy- c m- j v { S- k w- L - S \ bpsS Btem- N - \ m- h n- j - b - ß - f nCSw ]nSn- ° p- ∂ - X n\p≈ Hcp Imc Ww CXm- W v . FIvkv IncW߃ (FIvkvtd) [mXp°sf Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂p F∂ At\z-jW˛ \n-Ka - \ - ß - f - n¬ \n∂v XpS°w Ipdn® ]camWp hn\ymk ]T\Øn\v 2014˛ ¬ 100 hbkv ]q¿Øn-bm-hp∂p F∂XmWv c≠m-asØ Imc-Ww. ]Zm¿∞-

sF

ß-fpsS X∑m-{X-If - p-tS-XS- °w B¥cn-IL - S- \ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂X - n\v {][m\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv FIvk˛-v td {InÃ-tem-{K-^n-bm-Wv. {InÃ-ep-Iƒ FIvkv-˛-tdsb hn`w-K\w (diffract) sNøp-sa∂v 1912˛¬ P¿a-\n-bnseamIvkv shm¨ emtΔ (Max Von Laue) I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn-\p-tijw Cu hnj-bØn¬ BZy- I m- e - k w- ` m- h - \ - I ƒ \¬In-bXv Cw•-≠n¬ {]h¿Øn-®ncp∂ hneyw {_mKpw At±-l-Øns‚ aI≥ temd≥kv {_mKpw (William Bragg, Lawrence Bragg) Bbn-cp-∂p.

BZy-ambn ˛1913 ¬˛ I≠p-]n-Sn-°s - ∏´ LS\ c≠v AWp am{X-ap≈ km[mcW D∏n-t‚Xm-Wv (Sodium Chloride). temd≥kv {_mKn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p I ≠p]n-Sp-Øw. AXn-\p-tijw temIsa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ ]Xn-\m-bn-c° - W - ° - n\v imkv{X-⁄¿ e£-°-W-°n\v ] Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS B¥-cn-I-L-S\ I ≠p-]nSn®n´p-≠.v Cu ]Zm¿∞-ßf - namwky-߃ t]mep≈ h≥ X∑m-{XIfpw (Macro molecules) Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

ASpØ ImeØv e£-°-W-°n\v AWp-°-fm¬ \n¿an-°-s∏´ ssd t_mtkmw (Ribosome) F∂ tImimw K-Øns‚ (Cellular Organelle) LS\ I≠p]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc FØnbncn°p∂p {InÃ-tem-{K-^n-bpsS ]n°m-e ]ptcm-K-Xn-.

Cu cw-KØv A¥m-cm-jv{S-X-eß-fn¬ Xs∂ AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´- kw `m-h-\-Iƒ A¿∏n® ae-bmfnbmb Hcp X∑m-{Xm-L-S\m imkv{X-⁄ \p≠v˛ {io. Pn.-F≥. cma-N-{μ≥. Pn.F≥.-cm-aN - {- μ-t\bpw At±-lØ - ns‚ kw`m-h\ - I - t- fbpw Ct∏mƒ A\p-ka v cn-°p-∂Xv ]e Imc-Wß - f - mepw DNnX-am-Wv. X∑m{X amXrI cq]-Iev]\ (Molecular Modelling) _tbm C≥ t^m¿am- ‰ nIv k v (Bioinfor matics), Iºyq-t´-jW - ¬ _tbm-fPn (Computational Biology) Fs∂√mw hnfn-°p∂ hn⁄m\ imJ-Iƒ - °v BtKm-fX - e - Øn¬ XpS°w Ipdn-®-h-cn¬ {]ap-J\m-W-t±-lw. FIvkv-˛td {InÃ-tem{Km-^n-bpsS ssk≤m-¥n-Ia - mb ASn G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

7

Ød ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ At±lw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. cma-N-{μs\ Gsd-°psd A\iz-c\ - m-°nb cma-N{- μ≥ am∏v cq]-Ie - v]\ sNø-s∏-´X - ns‚ AºXmw hm¿jnIw B tLm-jn-°s - ∏-´XmIs´ Ign™ h¿j-am-Wv. Iw]yq-t´-j-\¬ _tbm-f-Pnbpw _tbm-˛-C≥ ^¿am-‰nIvkpw Dƒs∏´ hn⁄m-\t- a-Je - b - n¬ cma-N{- μs‚ al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-I-fn¬ H∂mWv Cu am∏v. GXm\pw amk-߃°v apºv am¿´n≥ Im¿]vf-kv (Martin Karplus), ssa°nƒ sehn-‰ v (Michael Levitt), Fcnhm¿sj¬ (Arieh Warshel) F∂n-h¿°v ck-X{- ¥-Øn¬ \¬I-s∏´ t\m_kΩm\w Hc¿∞-Øn¬ Cu taJ-ebv-°p≈ AwKo-Imcw IqSn-bm-W.v Cu LS-Iß - fpw, G{]n¬ amk-Øn-emWv At±l-Øns‚ Nc-a-hm¿jnIZn-\w (G-{]n¬ Ggv) F∂Xpw, cma-N{- μs‚ kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ Ct∏mƒ N¿® sNøp-∂X - ns‚ kmwKXyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. tKm]m-ek - a - p{Zw \mcm-bW - ø - ¿ cma-N{- μ≥ F∂ GNR 1922-˛¬ Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv P\n-®p. A—≥ Pn.-B¿. \mcm-bW-ø¿ Fd-Wm-Ipfw alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pn¬ A≤ym-]I - \pw, ]n∂oSv {]n≥kn-∏m-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. alm-cm-Pmkv tImtfPn-emWv cma-N{- μ≥ C‚¿ aoUn-b‰v hsc ]Tn-®X - v. ]n∂oSv Xncp-®n-d-∏≈n sk‚ v tPmk^v tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v ^nknIvkn¬ HmtWgvkv _ncpZw t\Sn. A—s‚ \n¿t±-i-a-\p k-cn®v 1942-˛¬ C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥kn(IISC) Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ F≥Pn-\o-bd - nwKv Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ hn Zym¿∞n-bmbn tN¿∂p. F∂menXn-\nsS, ^nknIvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ns‚ Xe-h-\mbn AhnsS {]h¿Øn-®n-cp ∂ hniz-hn-Jym-X-\mb imkv{X-⁄≥ kn.-hn.cmas‚ kzm[o-\h - e - b - Ø - n¬s∏-´ At±lw Xma-kn-bmsX cmas‚ Kth-jW hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn {]kvXpX Un∏m¿´vsa‚n-te°v amdn. Fw.-F- v.- kn., Un.F v.-kn. Un{Kn-Iƒ t\Sn-b-Xn\p-tijw 1861˛¬, FIvkn-_n-j≥ kvtImf¿jn-t∏m-Sp-IqSn tIw{_n UvPv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ D∂X Kth-j-W-Øn\mbn tNcpIbpw AhnsS \n∂pw tUmIvS-td‰v _ncpZw t\SpIbpw sNbvXp. 1949-¬ _mw•q-cn¬ Xncn-s®Ønb cmaN-{μ≥ 1952 hsc Xs‚ ]gb ^nknIvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚nAkn- v s{]m^-k-dmbn XpS¿∂p. a{Zmkv bqWn-th-gk v n-‰n-bpsS A∂sØ sshkv Nm≥ke¿ {io. e£va-W-kzman apX-en-bm-cm-bn-cp-∂p. bqWn-thgvkn-‰n-bn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn XpS-ßp∂ ^nknIvkv Un∏m¿ ´vsa‚ns‚ ta[mhn-bm-Im≥ kn.-hn.-cm-as\ At±lw £Wn®p. F∂m¬ cm-a\mI-s´, cma-N-{μs‚ t]cv \n¿t±-in-°pIbmWv sNbvXX - .v Aßs\ 1952˛¬ cma-N{- μ≥ ^nknIvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ns‚ ta[m-hn-bmbn a{Zmkv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰nbn¬ \nb-an-X\ - mbn. At±-lØ - ns‚ imkv{X-Po-hn-XØ - nse kph¿Æ ImeL-´a - m-bn-cp-∂p XpS¿∂p≈ c≠v Zi-Iß - ƒ.

Cu Ime-L´- Ø - n-emWv At±-lØ - ns‚ temI-{]-kn-≤a - mb kw`mh-\-Iƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. apX-en-bmcpw cma-N-{μ\pw XΩn¬ A—\pw aI\pw t]mep≈ _‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. kb≥kv Kth-jWw ]cnt]m-jn-∏n-°p∂Xn\m-hi - y-amb HutZym-Kn-Ihpw kmº-ØnI-hp-amb F√m klm-bß - fpw apX-en-bm¿ sNbvXp sImSpØp. Cu klm-b-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v hnizhn-Jym-Xa - mb Hcp imkv{X-tI{μw ]Sp-Øp-b¿ØpI F∂Xm-bn-cp∂p cma-N{- μs‚ IS-a. AXv Xs∂-bmWv At±lw sNbvXX - pw.

Zo¿L-ImesØ tkh-\Ø - n-\vt- ijw apX-en-bm¿ hncan-®-tXmsS a{Zmkv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bpsS kz`m-h-ØnXs∂ am‰w hcm≥ XpS-ßn. Xan-gv \m-´nse cmjv{So-b-Øn-

8 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

Pn.-F≥.-cm-a-N-{μ-t\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-I-tfbpw Ct∏mƒ A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂Xv ]e Imc-W-ß-fmepw DNn-X-am-Wv. X∑m{XmamXrI cq]-Iev]\, _tbm C≥t^m¿am-‰nIvk,v Iºyq-t´-j-W¬ _tbm-fPn Fs∂√mw hnfn-°p∂ hn⁄m\ imJ-I-ƒ°v BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ XpS°w Ipdn-®-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-Wv A-t±-lw.

FIvkv-˛td {InÃ-tem-{Km-^n-bpsS ssk≤m-¥n-I-amb ASnØd ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ al-Ømb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ At±lw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. cma-N-{μs\ Gsd-°psd A\-iz-c-\m-°nb cma-N-{μ≥ am∏v cq]-I-ev]\ sNø-s∏-´-Xns‚ AºXmw hm¿jnIw BtLm-jn-°-s∏-´XmIs´ Ign™ h¿j-am-Wv. Cu LS-I-ßfpw, G{]n¬ amk-Øn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ Nc-a-hm¿jnIZn-\w (G-{]n¬ Ggv) F∂Xpw, cma-N-{μs‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xns‚ kmwKXyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

ep-≠mb h≥N-e-\-߃ Cu am‰Øn\v B°w Iq´n. ]pXnb ]cnXÿn-Xn-bp-ambn CW-ßn-t®-cm≥ cmaN-{μ\v Ign-™n-√. AXp-sIm≠v 1970˛¬ At±lw a{Zmkv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n hn´p. Hcp h¿jw jn°mtKm bqWnth- g v k n- ‰ n- b n¬ {]h¿Øn- ® - X n- \ ptijw 1971-˛¬ C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v kb≥kn¬ aSßn h∂v C∂v {]kn-≤a - mbn Ign-™n-cn-°p∂ tamfnIyp-em¿ _tbm-^n-knIv kv bqWn‰v (MBU) ÿm]n-®p. Fgp-]Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-tØmsS apJy-[mcm im kv{X-Kt- h-jWØn¬ \n∂pw ]n≥hmßp-hm≥ XpS-ßnb At±lw 2001-˛sNss∂-bn¬ h®mWv A¥-cn-®-Xv. 1952-˛¬ a{Zmkv bqWn-th-gvkn-‰nbn¬ tNcp-∂Xp hsc {][m-\-ambpw FIvkv˛- td {InÃtem{Km^n-bn¬ (Xray Crystallography) {InÃ-ep-Iƒ D]tbm-Kn®psIm≠p≈ ^nknIvkv ap Jy[mcm Kth-j-W-amWv cma-N-{μ≥ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. a{Zm-kn-te°p≈ am‰-Øn-\v t- ijw ]pXnb hgnØm-c-Iƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ At±-lØn\v Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B ka-b-ØmWv bpK-{]-`m-h-\mb sP.Un. _¿W¬ a{Zm-kn¬ FØp-∂X - v.

Aº- X p- I - f psS Bcw- ` - L - ´ - Ø nsse\kv t]mfnßv (Linus Carl Pauling) Bƒ^m slen-Ivkn-s‚bpw _o‰m jo‰n-s‚bpw (Alpha helix & Beta shee - ƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. ] ts) amXr-II t£, Xz°v, F√v, sS≥U¨ F∂nh-bpsS `mK-amb sImfm-P≥ F∂ X¥p-ab - a - mb amwkyØns‚ (Fibrous protein) LS\ AXp-hsc I≠p-]n-Sn°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. P¥p-°-fn¬ G‰-hpa-[nIw I≠p-hc - p∂ amwkyamWv sIm f-P≥. Cu amwky-Øns‚ LS\ I ≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bncn-°p-sa∂v _¿W¬ cma-N-{μ-t\mSv ]d-™p. Cu D]-tZ-isØ ]n¥p-S¿ ∂ cma-N-{μ≥, tKm]n-\mYv I¿Ø F∂ ae-bm-fnbmb Xs‚ kl-{]-h¿ Ø-It\msSm∏w B Znibn-ep≈ K th-j-W-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw 1955-˛¬, aq∂v Cg-Ifp≈ sImf-Ps‚ Npcp-fm°nb Npcpƒ (Coiled coil) {Xnam\ LS \ I≠p-]n-Sn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Un.-F≥.-F.-bn-eqsS {]kn-≤\ - mb {^m≥knkv {In°v (Francis H.C. Crick), At±-lØ - ns‚ kl-{]-h¿ØI-\m-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ dn®v (Ale xander Rich) F∂n-hcS°w ]ecpw sImf-Ps‚ {Xnam\ LS\ I≠p-]nSn-°m≥ {ian®p sIm≠n-cp∂ ka-b-

am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Ah-sc-sb√mw adnI-S-∂v, Xmc-X-tay\ Adn-b-s∏-SmØ Hcp aqe-bn-en-cp∂v cma-N-{μ\pw I¿ Øbpw Imcyw km[n-®Xv Ah-cn]e-tcbpw sNmSn-∏n-®p. \n m-c-amb hni-Zmw-iß - sf sNm√nbp≈ X¿°ßfpambn Nne¿ apt∂m-´p-h-∂p. A Xn¬ {][m-\s - ∏-´X - v, _‘-\Ø - n-te¿ s∏-SmØ (Non bonded) c≠v B‰-߃ °v XΩn¬ F{X-tØmfw ASpØp hcm≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]iv\-Øn\v kam-[m-\-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xn\v th≠n A∂-dn-bm-hp∂ {InÃLS-\I - s - f-sb√mw cma-N{- μ\pw At±l-Øns‚ kl-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw ]cntim-[n°pIbpw kpZo¿L-amb ]cn{ia߃s°m-Sp-hn¬, _‘-\-Ønte¿s∏- S mØ B‰- ß ƒ°v F{XtØmfw ASpØv hcm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Is≠-ØpIbpw sNbvXp. CXmWv {] kn-≤a - mb cma-N{- μ≥ am∏ns‚ Bhn¿ `m-hØ - n\v tlXp-hmbn Xo¿∂-Xv. am ∏v (map) F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ, Hcp amw ky X∑m-{X-bnse c≠v ASp-ØSpØ Aant\m Aavf-߃ (Amino acids) X Ωnep≈ s]]vss‰Uv (peptide) _‘Øns‚ tImWp-I-fmb Ψ(ssk), φ (-ss^) F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\am-°nbp≈ Zznam\ Nn{Xo-Ic - W - a - m-Wv AXv. B ka-bØv tIhew Hcp amwkyØns‚ {Xnam-\-L-S\ am{Xta Adnb-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬ AXn-\vti-jw- B-bn-c-°-W-°n\v amwky-ßfpsS {Xnam-\L - S- \ - I - ƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ah-sb√mw cma-N-{μ≥ am∏v A\p-kc - n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm amwkyØn-s‚bpw {Xnam-\ -L-S\ I≠p-]nSn-°p-tºmgpw AXv cma-N-{μ≥ am∏n\v A\p-kr-X-amtWm F∂v ]cn-tim[n-°-Ww. cma-N-{μ≥ am∏v Hc¿∞Øn¬ cma-N-{μs\ A\-iz-c-\m-°n. cma-N{- μ≥ am∏n\v ]pdta ssImfPs‚ {Xnam-\-L-S-\-b-S-°w, sPh X ∑m-{X-If - psS ssk≤m-¥nI ]T-\ß - fn¬ hfsc hn]p-ea - mb kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ cma-N-{μ≥ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. a{Zm-knseØn CØcw ]T-\-߃ XpS-ßp∂-Xn\p apºv Xs∂ At±lw Adnb-s∏-Sp∂ {InÃ-tem-{K-^¿ Bbn-cp∂p. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se, A°m-eØv ^nknIvkpambn _‘s∏´ {InÃ-tem-{K^n Kth-jW - a - mWv At±lw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. a{Zm-knFØnb tijw Aant\m Aavfß - ƒ XpS-ßnb sNdnb ssPh X∑m-{X-IfpsS LS\ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]

s¶-Sp-°p-I-bpw, AXn-tesd CØcw Kth-j-W-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v a‰p-≈-hsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu taJ-e-bnse At±-lØns‚ hy‡n-]c - a - mb kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ {][m-\-ambpw {InÃ-tem-{K-^n-bpsS ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ød ]Sp-Øp-b¿ Øp-∂X - n-em-bn-cp-∂p. ssk≤m-¥n-Ia - m bn FIvkvtd Un{^m-£≥ ]mt‰¨ (X-ray diffraction pattern), {InÃ-ens‚ ^qcntb {Sm≥kvt^mw (Fourier Trans form) BWv. Cu ZrjvSn-tIm-Wn-eqsS Un{^m-£≥ ]mt‰¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v L S\ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂X - n\p≈ am¿K-ßfn-te°v shfn®w hoim≥ At±-lØn\pw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw Ign™p. ^qcntb {Sm≥kvt^manse kw he\w (I¨h-eq-j≥˛Convolution) F∂ {]tbmKw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v {Xnam\ {]Xn-cq]w (Three-dimentional - n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ kmt¶Image) cq]o-Ic Xn-I-hn-Zybpw At±-l-Øns‚ t\XrXz-Øn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. CXv sshZy-im-kv{X-Øn¬ tcmK-\n¿W-bØn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Im‰vkvIm≥ D]Ic-W-Øn¬ (Catscan equipment) {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p. LS-\m- hn-ivtfj-WØ - n\v At\m-ae - kv kvIm‰-dnMv (Anomalous Scattering) F∂ {]Xn-`m kw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \qX\ am¿K-ßfpw cma-N-{μ\pw kl-{]-h¿ Ø-Icpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. temI-Nc - n-{X-Ønse G‰hpw {]K¤-cmb \qdv {InÃ-tem-{Km-^¿am-cnHcm-fmbmWv At±lw IW-°m-°s - ∏Sp-∂Xv. Rß-fpsS Xe-ap-d-I-fn-ep≈ ]e¿°pw cma- N - { μ≥ Hcp alm {]tNm-Z\ - a - mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. cmaN-{μ≥ sNø-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-®Xpw F∂m¬ sNøm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xpamb Hcp Imcyw amwky-ßf - psS {Xnam\-LS- \ {InÃ-tem-{Km^n ]co-£W - Øn-eqsS I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w C¥y-bn¬ sI´n-∏S- p-°p I F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. cma-N{- μs‚ ]n≥ Km-an-If - n-sem-cmƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu teJ-Icn-sem-cmƒ(Fw.-hn-Pb - ≥) AXn \v th≠n-bmWv Kth-jW Pohn-XØ - n s‚ hen-sbmcp `mKw \o°n h®-Xv. as‰-bmƒ (Ko-Xm-\μ - ≥) tIc-fØ - nCu hnj-bØ - n-ep≈ Kth-jW - Ø - n\v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]s¶Sp°p Ibpw sNbvXp. -˛tUm.-Fw. hnP-b≥ ˛tUm. KoXm-\-μ≥ (kgixora@gmail.com)

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

9

]cn-ÿn-Xn, kaqlw tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

]Ýn-a-L-«-s¯ Häns¡m-Sp-¯pw Hä-s¸-Sp-¯nbpw ›n-a-L-´-Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn teme taJ- e - I sf kw_‘n°p∂ tI{μ h\w-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ IcSv hn⁄m-]\w am¿®v 10 \v ]pd-Øp-h∂p. tIc-fØnse ]cn-ÿnXnteme {Kma-߃ F{X-sb t∂m GsX-√m-sat∂m Cu hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂n-√. ]cnÿn-Xn-teme {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS `q]Shpw C√. AtX-k-abw KpP-dm-Øv, alm-cm-jv{S, tKmh, I¿Æm-S-I, Xangv\mSv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]cnÿnXnteme {Kma-ßf - psS t]cp-Iƒ, Ah- b psS A £mwi tcJmwi ÿm\-߃ `q]-Sw, hnkvXo¿Ww F∂nh hni-Za - mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-ap-≠v. ]cn-ÿn Xnteme taJ-eIsf Ipdn®v G‰hpw henb hnhm-ZtIm- e m- l - e - ß ƒ D≠m- b tIc- f Ønse ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°pIƒ F¥p-sIm≠v hn⁄m-]\ - Ø - n¬ C√ F∂ tNmZyw tNmZn-°p tºmgm-Wv CØ-cs - amcp ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\sØ \ΩpsS cmjv{Sob I£n-Ifpw `c-WIq-Shpw tN¿∂v F{X-amew aeo-a-kam-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v \mw Xncn-®dn-bp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse ]cn-ÿn-Xnteme {]tZ-i-ßsf Ipdn ®v BsIbp≈ ]cm-a¿iw H∂p-am-{X-amWv. ""tIc-f-Ønse ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme {]tZiw BsI 9993.7 N.- I n.ao hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p.

CXn¬ 9107 N.-In.-ao. h\-taJebpw 886.7 N.-In.ao ht\-X-c-ta-J-ebpw BWv. a‰v A©v kwÿm-\ßfnse ]›n-a-L´ ]cn-ÿnXn teme taJe-Isf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ hn ⁄m-]\ - Ø - n¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠vXm-\pw.

DØcw Gh¿°pw ]nSn-In-´n-°-gn™-Xn-\m-em-hmw, F¥p-sIm≠v Cu Hfn-®p-Ifn F∂ tNmZyw Bcpw tNm Zn®v I≠n√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ IcSv hn⁄m-]\w sImt≠m A¥n-a-hn⁄m-]\w sIm≠v Xs∂tbm A - S- ®v

]

10 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

If-bm-hp∂ Hcp {]iv\a - √ tIc-fØ - n se ]›n-a-L´ kwc-£Ww kw_‘n-®p-≈X - v F∂mWv H∂m-aX - mbn a \- n-em-t°≠ ]mTw. c≠m-a-tØXv tIc-f-Øn¬ ]›n-a-L´w AS-°-ap ≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Poh¬{]-Xn-k ‘n°v ImcWw I¿j-Itcm ]cn-ÿnXntbm A√, \h DZm-c-h¬°-cW \b-ßfpw BtKm-fh - X - I v rXapX-em-fnØ-Øn\v Gsd {]nb-s∏´ hnI-k-\\b-ß-fp-amWv F∂Xpw. CXn¬ H ∂m-a-tØXv Im¿jnI sNe-hp-Iƒ h¿ ≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw DXv]∂ß-fpsS hnesb hn]-Wn-bpsS XmXv]c - y-߃ °-\p-k-cn®v Nm©m-´-Øn\v hnt[-bam-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu {]Xnk‘n krjvSn-°p∂ A\n-›n-Xm-hÿbpw AXp-≠m-Ip∂ Ac-£n-XX - z hpamWv I¿j-Isc `bm-i¶ - c - m-°p-∂Xv. Cu Bi-¶-Isf KmUvKn¬ dn t∏m¿´n-s\-Xn-cmbn hgn-Xn-cn®v hnSm≥ h\w-˛-Izmdn tem_n°v Ign-™p. C Xn\v ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - mcpw cmjv{Sob t\ Xr-Xzhpw Iq´p-\n¬°p-∂p. CXv F√mhcpw ad-°p∂p F∂-XmWv {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmsX A\-¥-ambn \o≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Imc-Ww. \ap-°n-hnsS c≠v tcJ-Iƒ ]cntim-[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. H∂m-a-tØXv tI{μ h\w˛]-cn-ÿnXn a{¥m-eb - Ø - n s‚ IcSv hn⁄m-]\w Xs∂. ]cnÿnXnteme taJ-eb - n¬ Fs¥√mw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Bhmw/A-cpXv F∂v Cu tcJ hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

F∂m¬ tIc-fØ - ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ ] cn-ÿn-Xn-teme taJ-eI - ƒ GsX√mw F∂ tNmZyw _m°n \n¬°p-∂-Xn\m¬ \ap°v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn® DΩ≥.hn.DΩ-≥ kan-XnbpsS ip]m¿i-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-t°≠-Xp-≠v. ImcWw IkvXqcn cwK≥ kan-Xnsb D]-tbm-Kn®v tI{μ-k¿ °m¿ KmUvKn¬ kan-Xn-bpsS ip]m¿ i-Isf A´n-a-dn-®-Xn\v kam-\-am-Wv

DΩ≥.hn.DΩ≥ kan-Xnsb D]-tbmKn®v kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ ]›n-a-L ´ kwc-£W - sØ Xs∂ A´n-ad - n-°p∂-X.v KmUvKn-¬ dnt∏m¿´ns‚ {]mtbmKnI {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-]mSn \n¿tZ-in°m-\mWv tI{μ-k¿°m¿ IkvXqcn cwK≥ kan-Xn-bnsb \ntbm-Kn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu kanXn KmUvKn¬ kanXnsb A{]-k-‡-cm°ns°m≠v ]p Xnb \n¿tZ-i߃ ka¿∏n-®p. CXv Xs∂ kwÿm-\Øpw Bh¿Øn-®p.

IkvXqcn cwK≥ kanXn ip]m¿i-Iƒ {]Im-c-ap≈ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme taJe-Iƒ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v {]mtbmKnI ]cn-]mSn \n¿tZ-in-°e - mbn-cp-∂p DΩ≥ hn. DΩ≥ kan-Xn°v Npa-Xe. Cu kan-Xn-bm-Is´ Cu \n¿ tZisØ adn-IS- ∂v C.-F^ - v.F - ¬. \n baw FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-I t]m-se-bp≈ ]pXnb \n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬In. hmsfSp-Ø-h-sc√mw shfn-®-∏mSv F∂-√m sX F¥p-]-d-bm≥.

IcSv hn⁄m-]\w ]d-bp-∂-sX¥v?

-]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme taJ-e-bnse J\\w,aW¬ J\\w F∂nh ]q¿ Æ-ambpw \ntcm-[n-°Ww. \ne-hn-ep ≈ J\- \ m- \ p- a - X n- I ƒ A¥n- a - h n⁄m-]\w ]pd-Øp-h∂v A©v h¿ j-Øn-\p-≈ntem \ne-hnep≈ A\paXn Imem-h[n Ah-km-\n-°p-tºm tgm, CXn¬ GXmWv BZysa∂mA∂-tØtXm-Sp-IqSn d±v sNø-Ww. ˛]cn-ÿn-teme taJ-eb - n¬ Xm]\n-e-b-߃ ]mSn-√. ˛Nph∏v ]´n-Ib - n¬ s]´ hyh-kmb-߃ ]mSn√. ˛20,000 N.-ao‰dn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnkv Xr-Xn-bp≈ sI´n-S-߃ ]mSn-√. 50 slIvS-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnkvXr-Xn-bp ≈ Su¨jn-∏p-Ifpw H∂-ce - £w kv

Izb¿ ao‰-dn¬ A[nIw hnkvXr-Xnbp≈ \n¿ΩmW taJ-e-Ifpw ]mSn√. (Cu ip]m¿i-Iƒ Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®v hmbn-®m¬ CXnse A]-ISw t_m ≤ys∏-Spw. ]cnÿnXn teme taJebn¬ 20000 N.-ao. hnkvXrXnbp≈ sI´n-S-ßfpw 50 slIvS¿ hnkvXr-Xnbp≈ Su¨jn∏p-Ifpw H∂-c-e£w N.-ao. hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ \n¿ΩmW ta J-eI -- fpw Bhmw!)

Ch-sb√mw ]q¿W-ambpw \ntcm [nt°≠-h-bm-sW∂v ]d-bp∂ IcSv hn⁄m-]\w \nb-{¥n-t°≠ Imcyßfpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

1. th\¬ \oscm-gp-°ns‚ 30% F ¶nepw \ne\n¿Øp-∂ cq]-Øn-em-I Ww Pe sshZypX ]≤-Xn-Iƒ. Hm tcm ]≤XnbpsSbpw hni-Zmw-i-߃ \oscm-gp-°v, h\--Øns‚ kz`m-hw, ssPhssh-hn[yw F∂nhsb Ipdn®v ]Tn-°-Ww. AXns‚bSn-ÿm-\-Øn te \n¿anXn \S-Øm-hq. ASp-ØS- pØv c≠v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ aq∂v Intemao-‰-sd-¶nepw AIew D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. 2.Hmd©v Im‰-K-dn-bn-ep≈ hyhkm-b߃ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W t_m¿Uns‚ I¿i-\a - mb ta¬t\m-´Ønse \S-Øm-hq.

3.h\-`qan ht\-Xc Ah-iy-߃ °mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ]≤Xn-bpsS At]£ hcp-∂Xv apX\S-∏m-hp∂ L´w hscbp≈ {]h¿ Ø-\ß - ƒ kpXm-cy-ambncn°-Ww. (H cp Imc-W-Ømepw sNbvXpIqSmØ H∂mWv kpXm-cy-ambn sNøWw F ∂v hn⁄m-]\w ]d-bp-∂-Xv!) C{Xbp- s am- s °- b mWv {][m\ \n¿tZ-iß - ƒ. ]ns∂ ta¬t\m´ kw hn-[m-\-sØ-Ip-dn®pw hn⁄m-]\w Npcp-°n-∏-d-bp∂p-≠v. BsI Ht∂ ]d-bm-\p-≈q. ta¬∏-d-™-h-sb√mw IkvXq-cn-cw-K≥ - kan-Xn-bpsS ip]m¿ i-If - m-Wv. Ahsb√mw A∏Sn Xs∂ hn⁄m-]\ - Ø - n-ep-≠v. Ch-sIm≠v ] ›n-a-L-´sØ Fßs\ kwc-£n-°W-sa∂v tNmZn-°c - p-Xv. ImcWw tIcf-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme taJ-eI - ƒ GsX∂v ]d-bm≥ t]mepw hn⁄m]-\-Øn\v Bhp-∂n-√.

DΩ≥.-hn. DΩ≥ kanXn ]t£ hn⁄m-]\w F¥p-Xs∂ ]d-™n-cp-∂mepw tIc-fØ - n¬ DΩ≥. hn.DΩ≥ kan-Xn-bpsS ip]m¿i-Iƒ \S-∏m°n XpS-ßn-sb-∂p-≈-XmWv kXyw. ]cnÿnXnteme taJ-e-IfpsS AXn¿Øn ]p\¿\n¿W-b\w \S-Øm≥ Xt±i kzbw`c-W-ÿm-]\ßfpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ DtZym-Kÿ - -

∑m-cpsS kwLsØ \ntbm-Kn-°-Wsa∂Xv DΩ≥ kanXnbpsS \n¿tZ-iambncp∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn® {]mtZ-inI kan-Xn-Iƒ°v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-teme taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠Ømt\m Ah-bpsS AXn¿Øn ]p\\n¿W-bn-°mt\m D≈ sshZ-K≤yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. H cp X¿°-hn-jb - Ø - n¬ cmjv{Sob tass° t\Sm-\p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ X{¥ambn Cu {]mtZ-in-I-k-an-Xn-Iƒ kz bw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´p. ta¬ ]-d-™XS°w Ccp-]-Øn\mev ip]m¿i-If - mWv DΩ≥ kanXn AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ (kw-£n]vX cq ]w) hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈X - .v CXn¬ ]cn-ÿn Xn Zp¿_e {]tZiw Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ k¿°m-cns\ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \nbaw FSpØv If-bpI, ImSn\pw \mSn\pw CS-bn¬ v BIr-Xn-bn¬ 2 ao‰¿ Bgepw 4 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ s{U©p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®m¬ a\p-jy-˛h\y-arK kwL¿j-߃ Ah-km-\n∏n-°mw, kzImcy `qan-bn-ep≈ acw apdn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-aXn Bh-iy-an√, ESA bv°v 10 Intem-ao-‰¿ _^¿ tkm¨ \n¿W-bn-t°-≠Xn√ F∂n ß-s\-bp≈ ]cn-ÿnXn hncp-≤hpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-hp-amb \n¿tZi߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

ImSpw \mSpw XΩn-ep≈ AXn¿ Øn tcJ-sb¥v F∂-Xn-s\ ]‰n {]m Y-an-I-⁄m\w t]mep-an-√mØh¿ t° CØcw ip]m¿i-Iƒ \¬Im≥ Ign-bq. ImSn\pw \mSn\panS-bn¬ c ≠v cmPy-߃°n-S-bn¬ D≈-Xp-t]m se IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏´ A Xn¿Øn tcJ-Iƒ Cs√∂v B¿°m Wv Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-ØX - v.? km{μ-amb Im´n¬ \n∂v ]pd-tØbv°v hcp-t¥m dpw ImSv t\¿Øv hcpw. AXn¿Ønbn-te-s°-Øp-tºmƒ hr£-ß-fp-tS bpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw hnX-c-W-kz-`mh-Øn¬ am‰w hcpw. Hcp L´-Øn\mSpw ImSpw ktΩ-fn-°p∂ Hcp Xesa-Øpw. ]ns∂ \mSns‚ kzm`mhw h¿≤n-®p-hc - pw. Cßs\bmWv ImSpw \mSpw XΩn¬ AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂Xv. s{U©v \n¿Ωn®v AXn¿Øn \n¿ Æ-bn°mw F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Cu ]mckv]cyw ImWm-sX-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm ≠v Xs∂-bmWv _^¿ tkm¨ Ipd®p- aXn F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xpw ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tebv°v t\cn´v {] th-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v ]-Icw tI{μ-k¿ °m¿ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ KpUv A {Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ {]mIvSokv t{]m’m-ln∏n-°Ww F∂mWv Cu kan-Xn-bpsS as‰mcp \n¿tZ-iw. ]Øv h¿j-Øn-

\p≈n¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-te°v amd-Wsa∂pw A°m-eØv I¿j-I¿°p-≠mIp∂ \jvSw k¿°m¿ \nI-Øn-sImSp-°-W-sa∂pw ip]m¿i-I-fn¬ ]dbp-∂p. \ap°v tbmPn-°m-hp∂ a‰v Nne \n¿tZ-i-߃ dnt∏m¿´n-ep-≠v.

I¿j-Is‚ PohnXkpc£ Dd-∏m°m≥ kwtbm-PnX Irjn \S-∏n-em°pI, \mS≥ I∂p-Im-en-bn\-ßsf t{]m’ml∏n-°p-I, ]´n-I-h¿§-°mcpsS -]m¿∏nSw, Irjn, D]-Po-h\w F∂n-hbv°v XS- -ap-≠m-°-cpXv, kv t^mS-I-h-kvXp-°fpw cmk-]-Zm¿∞ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ a’y-_-‘ \w XS-bW - w, hnt\m-Zk - © - mc kwcw`-ßsf ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z] - c - a - mbn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°W - w, ChnsS \n¿Ωn°p∂ sI´n-Sß - ƒ°v 8 ao‰-dn¬ IqSpX¬ Dbcw D≠m-Im≥ ]mSn-√, J\ \w, IzmdnbnwKv F∂nh \n¿Ø-em°Ww XpS-ßnbh Cubn-\-ØnDƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ \n¿tZ-iß - f - m-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu dnt∏m¿´p-If - p-sS-sb √mw A¥n-a^ew F¥mWv? am[hv KmUvKn¬ IΩn-‰n-tbbpw AXn‚ ip ]m¿i-It- fbpw ImWm-ad - b - t- Øbv°v X≈m≥ Chbv°v Ign-bp-∂p. KmUv Kn¬ kanXn apt∂m´v h® ]›n-aL´w H-∂msI ]cn-ÿn-Xntem-eamWv F∂ Bibw ]pdØv! Hmtcm {]tZi-Øn-t‚bpw khn-ti-jX - I - ƒ a\-knem°n taJemh-XvIc - Ww \S-Øp-I, ]›n-aL - ´ kwc-£W - Ø - n-\p≈ P\Iob ]¶mfnØw Dd-∏p-hc - p-ØpI Xp Sßn KmUvKn¬ kanXn apt∂m´v hbv °p∂ ]cn-ÿn-X-n-]£ \b-߃ Xn cn®v hcm-Øh - n[w ad-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

CXv km[y-am-°m-\p≈ sFIy-ap-∂Wn-bmWv tI{μ-˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°mcp-Ifpw cmjv{SobI£n-Ifpw ]ptcm lnX-∑mcpw h\w-˛-J-\\ am^n-bm-bpsams° tN¿∂v D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. P\-hmk tI{μ-ßsf ]cn-ÿn-Xn-tem e taJ-eI - f - psS ]´n-Ib - n¬ \n∂v Hgnhm-°Ww F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ch-sc √mw H‰-s°-´pamWv. Hcp ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-iØv P\-km-{μX IqSptºm-gmWv ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v \miw h¿ ≤n-°p-∂-Xv F∂ Imcyw t_m[-]q¿ Δw ad-®p-hb - v°p-∂p. AXpsIm≠v P \-hmkw Ipd™ taJ-eb - n-e√ IqSn b taJ-eb - n-emWv IqSp-X¬ \nb-{¥ßƒ th≠-Xv. Cu efn-Xa - mb hkv Xp-Xsb t]mepw Xe-Io-gmbn Ah-Xcn-∏n-°m≥ `c-W° - m¿°v Hcp aSn bpw C√. KmUvKn¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´n-s‚ ASnÿm\-Øn¬ Hcp I¿Ω ] cn-]mSn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - √ - msX ]›n-aL - ´- k - wc-£W - Ø - n-\v a‰v am¿§ßfn-√. jojikoottummel@yahoo.com

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

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]cn-ÿnXn, kaqlw s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥

{]Ir-Xn, A[zm-\w, PohnXw GwKÂknsâ eLp-te-J-bpsS ]p\Àhm-b\ cn-ÿn-XnI am‰-ßsf bp‡n-kl - a-- mbn ]cn-tim-[n°p-∂-h-sc√mw Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø\-߃°v cm{„o-bhpw ssk≤m-¥nI-hp-amb ]n≥_-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°p∂, sNdp-sX-¶nepw B[n-Im-cn-Iamb Hcp ]T-\-amWv {^U-dnIv Gw K¬kns‚ ""A[zm-\-Øns‚ ]¶v'' F∂ eep-teJ. ""Ipc-ßn¬ \n∂pw a\pjy- \ n- t e- ° p≈ ]cn- h ¿Ø- \ Øn¬ A[zm-\-Øns‚ ]¶v'' F∂XmWv CXns‚ apgp-h≥ t]cv. a\pjy-˛-{]-IrXn _‘-߃ ]cn-tim-[n°p- t ºmƒ Xs∂ ]cn- ÿ n- X n- s b]mtS Ah-KW - n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ bm{¥nI- hn-Ik - \ - h - mZw Db¿Øp-∂h - ¿s°Xn-sc-bp≈ Hcp Xm°o-sX∂ \ne°mWv GwK¬kns‚ \nco-£-W߃ Ft∏mgpw {]k‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ bm{¥nI- h nIk\hmZw {]Ir-Xn°v Xmßm-\mhmØ B-Lm-X-ambn amdp∂ Ah

]m

12 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

ÿ XS-bpI F∂ \ne-bv°mWv am¿ Ivkpw GwK¬kpw Km‘n-Pn--bp-aS°ap≈-h-cpsS Cu cwKsØ \ne]m-Sp-If - n-te°v P\-a\ - - ns\ sIm≠ph-cm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv. C∂sØ ImeL´w CØcw ]p\¿hm- b - \ - I sf A\n-hm-cy-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXmWv GwK¬kns‚ Cu eLp-te-J-bp-sS ]p\¿hm-b-\sb {]k‡-am-°p-∂Xpw.

C∂sØ temIw ]cn-ÿnXn°v ta¬ temI-saßpw i‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ IS-∂m-{Ia-W-߃ a\p-jy-˛-{]-IrXn _‘߃°n- S - b nse k¥p- e - \ m- h ÿ XIn-Sw- a-dn-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Ønbn-cn-°b - m-Wv. temIw Cs∂mcp h≥ {]Xn-k‘ - n-bpsS h°n-em-Wv. 2008-˛Bcw-`n® kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘n, apt∂ Icp-Øm¿Pn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\aS-°-ap≈

]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xn-k-‘n-bp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂n-cn-°b - m-W.v CXns‚ ^eam-bn, am\-h-cmin Ct∂-hsc A\p-`hn-°m-Ø-hn[Ønep≈ Hcp alm{]Xnk‘n (Epochal Crisis) bnAI-s∏-´n-cn-°-bm-sW∂v {]kn≤ am¿Iv k n- b ≥ kmaq- l y- i m- k v { X⁄\mb tPm¨ _√man t^mÃsd t∏mep-≈-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p.

Ign™ c≠v ]Xn‰m-≠n-te-sd-°me-ambn - ASn-t®¬∏n-°s∏Sp∂ \hen-_-d¬ \b-ß-fpsS kr„n-bmWv kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k-‘nbpw ]mcnÿn-XnI {]Xn-k-‘nbpw tN¿∂ C∂sØ alm-{]-Xn-k-‘n. CXns‚ ]cn-WnX ^e-߃ {]IrXn hn`-hß-fpsS henb tXmXn-ep≈ XI¿®bn-te-°mWv \bn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\v klm-b-I-amw-hn[w cm{„o-b -t\-XrXzhpw D∂X DtZym-K-ÿcpw AXnk-º-∂-cp-am-bp≈ ]pXnb Nßm-Ø߃ temI-ØmsI i‡n-s∏-´p-h-cn-

I-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn{]Ir-Xn-hn-`h - ß - ƒ Ah-bpsS {]mIrXm-h-ÿ-bn¬Xs∂ Ib‰p-a-Xn- sNøs∏Sp-Ib - m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn- kw-c£ - W - Øns‚ F√m AXn¿Øn-It- fbpw adnI-S∂ - p-sIm-≠p≈ [\- aq-e[ - \ - Ø - ns‚ Cu IS-∂m-{I-aWw temI-ØmsI {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h Itø-‰Ø - ns‚ ]pØ≥ cq]-߃ kr„n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bmWv. AXym-[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-ZyCu {]{In-bsb Xzcn-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - pam-W.v Cusbmcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv am¿Ivkv, GwK¬kv, Km‘nPn F∂nh-cpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ {]k-‡-am-bnØo-cp-∂X - .v AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahsc-√mw ]p\¿hm-bn-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn°p-∂p. A°q-´Ø - n¬ GwK¬kns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw sNdn-sbmcp eLp-te-Js - b-∏‰ - n-bmWv ChnsS ]cma¿in-°p-∂X - v.

GwK¬kv Hm¿an-∏n-°p- ∂Xv Cu IrXn ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn A[zm-\-Øns‚ alXzw hni-Zo-I-cn°p∂ H∂mWv. am\hcmin-bpsS ]cnWm-a-L-´-Øn¬ A[zm\w Fs¥m s° \n¿Æm-bI ]¶v hln®p F∂XmWv CXnse {]Xn-]m-Zyw. a\p-jy≥ A[zm-\n-°p-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw a\p-jys‚ A[zm\-tØmSv AYhm {]h¿Ø-\-tØmSv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-hpap ≠m-bn-cn°pw. a\p-jy\pw a‰v PohPm-eßfpw kz¥w ico-cØ - ns‚ \ne\n-¬∏n\pw kz¥w hwi-Øns‚ \ne\n-¬∏n\pw th≠n \S-Øp∂ CS-s]S-ep-Isf (A-[zm-\-sØ) {]IrXn AwKo-Ic - n°pw; F∂m¬ \ne-\n-¬∏n∂-∏pdw B¿Øn- aq-Øp≈ AXn-em`m-[n-jvTnX AXn-{I-a-ßsf {]IrXn BZy-sams° sNdp-°pw, ]n∂oSv i ‡-ambn Xncn-®S- n-°pw. AØcw Xncn®-Sn-Iƒ am\-h-cm-insb Xs∂ Hcp ]t£ C√m-Xm-°n-tb-°pw. Cu ap∂dn-bn-∏mWv GwK¬kv Cu IrXn-bneqsS \¬Ip-∂-Xv. kmaqly Nbm-]Nbw F∂ \ne-]m-Sn-eqsS am¿Ivkpw, ""Cu `qan-bn¬ F√m-hc - p-tSbpw Bh iyØn\p≈ hn`-h-ß-fn-√m-sX, Hcmfp-sS t]mepw AXym¿Øn-°p≈ hn`hßfn-√'' F∂ {]kvXm-h\ - b - n-eqsS Km‘n-Pnbpw ]d-™p-sh® Imcy߃ Gw K¬kv apt∂m´phbv°p∂ kao- ] - \ - ß - f p- a mbn At`- Z y- a mbn _‘-s∏-´X - mbn ImWmw.

IrXn-bpsS kmcwiw {]Ir- X n- b n¬\n∂v e`n- ° p∂ kma{Kn- I sf/hn- ` - h ßsf kºØm°n am‰p∂ {]{In-bb - mWv A[zm\w. A[zm-\-amWv a\p-jys‚ \ne\n¬∏n-\p≈ auenI D]m-[n. a\ptjym¬∏-Øn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nmƒkv Um¿hns‚ \nco-£-W-߃ GwKkv Cu `mKØv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. \mev Imep-Iƒ \ne-Øq∂n \S-∂ncp∂ Pohn ]cn-Wma {]{In-bb - neqsS \nh¿∂v \n¬°p-∂t- Xm-sS, ssI-Iƒ c≠pw kzX-{¥-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. Cu ssIIƒ A[zm-\-Øn-\mbn D]-tbmKn-°m-hp∂ A¤p-X-I-c-amb am‰w At∏mƒ AhnsS kw`-hn-°p-Ib - m-W.v Cu am‰w Ipcßn¬\n-∂v a\p-jy-\nte-°p≈ \n¿Æm-bI Nph-Sphbv∏mbn-cp-∂p.

A[zm\w ssIap-X-em-°nb a\pjy≥ Ipc-ßn¬ \n∂v io{L-KX - n-bnFßns\ amdn- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂p F∂ Imcy-amWv XpS¿∂v hni-Zo-Ic - n°p-∂X - v. ""G‰hpw {]mIr-Xm-hÿ - b - nep≈ Hcp- a-\p-jys‚ ssIIƒ°v t]mepw Hcp Ipc-ßns‚ ssIIƒ°v A\p-Ic - n-°m≥ Ign-bmØ \qdv IW°n\v {]hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøm≥ Ignbpw.'' DZm: ""Hscm‰ Ipc-ßns‚ -ssI bpw G‰hpw {]mIr-X-amb Hcp I°-Øn- t]mepw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´n√'' b Ym¿Y-Øn¬, a\p-jys‚ ssIIƒ, A[zm-\n-°p∂ D]-I-cWw am{X-a-√, A[zm\Øns‚ kr„n IqSnbm-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v GwK¬kv Hm¿as∏-Sp-Øp∂p. F∂m¬, ssIIƒ X\n®v {]h¿ Øn°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp henb ssPh-LS\-bnse Hcp Ah-bhw am {X-amWv ssI. ico-c-L-S\ Fßs\

ssIIfp-ambpw, ssIIƒ Fßns\ ico-c-L-S-\-bp-ambpw _‘-s∏-´n-cn°p∂p F∂-Xns‚ hni-Zo-Ic - W - a - mWv GwK¬kv XpS¿∂v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. a\p-jy≥ {]Ir-Xnsb hcp-Xn-bnem°nØpS- ß n- b Xv ssIIfpsS tijohnIm-ktØm-sS-bm-W,v AYhm A[zm\w sNep-Øn-Øp-Sß - n-bt- Xm-sSbm-Wv. Hmtcm ]pXnb apt∂-‰Ø - nepw AXv a\p-jys‚ N{I-hm-fa - msI hnIkn- ∏ n- ® p. {ItaW A[zm\w Hcp kmaq-ly-{]-{In-bb - mbn ]cn-Wa - n-°p-Ibm- b n- c p∂p; Iq´mb {]h¿Ø- \ ØneqsS AXv IqSp-X¬ hn]p-eo-Icn-°-s∏-´p. `mj-bpsS ]¶v, hm°p-IfpsS {]tbm-Kw, Xe-t®m-dns‚ hnImkw, C{μn- b - ß - f psS D]- t bmKw, F∂o- Im-cy-ßfnse√mw A[zm-\-w hln® ]¶pw Chn-sS-sb√mw a‰v PohnI-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sNøptºmƒ, a\p-jys‚ C{μnb-߃°p≈ At\Ianc´n {]tbm-Kk - m-[y-XI - fpw DZm-lcW klnXw Cu eLp-te-J-bnGwK¬kv A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂p.

CtXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n-®mWv ]Wn-bm-bp-[hn-Im-khpw \S-°p-∂-sX∂pw ]Wnbm- b p- [ - ß - f psS \n¿am- W - t ØmsSbmWv A[zm\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-∂sX∂pw GwK¬kv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.

G‰hpw ]g-°w-sN∂ ]Wn-bm-bp[w ao≥]n-Sn-°m\pw th´-bm-Sm\pw th≠n D]- t bm- K n- ® - h - b m- W v . Ch- b psS Bhn¿`mhw Blm-cc - o-Xn-If - n¬ am‰w hcp-Øn. kkym-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v amwkm-lm-cØ - n-te-°p≈ am‰w CXns‚ ^e-ambn D≠m-bX - m-Wv. CXv a\p- j y- ] - c n- W m- a - Ø nas‰mcp \n¿Æm-b-I-L-´-am-sW∂pw GwK¬kv Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. amwkmlmcw \n¿Æm-bI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ ]pXnb c≠v apt∂-‰-ß-fn-te°v hgnsh-®p˛-Xo-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw, arK-ßsf -sa-cp-°epw. BZy-tØXv Zl-\ {]-{In-b-bpsS kabw Ipd®p. c≠m-atØXv ]men-s‚bpw ]mep-¬-∏-∂-ßfp-tSbpw D¬∏m-Z\Øn\nS-bm-°n. `£y-tbm-Ky-am-bs - X¥pw Xn∂m-\pw, GXv Imem-hÿ - b - nepw Pohn-°m\pw a\p-jy≥ ]Tn-®p. a\p-jy\v am{Xta -CXn\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂p≈p. hmktbm-Ky-amb ÿe-ßfnse√mw a\pjy-hmkw FØn-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. CXv adbpw XpWnbpw AXym-h-iy-am-°n.

Ah, ]pXn-bX - cw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v CS-bm-°p-I a - m-{X-a√ - , a\p-jysc arKß-fn¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ AI-‰m\pw CSbm-°n. Hmtcm Xe-ap-d-I-fp-tSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ H∂n-s\m∂v sa®s∏´p F∂v am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√; Ah sshhn-≤y-]q¿Æ-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

13

ChnsSbmWv GwK¬kv as‰mcp {][m\ Imcyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. \mbm-´,v Imen-hf - ¿Ø¬ F∂n-hb - n\n∂v Irjn, IpSn¬ hy-hk - m-bw, hm Wn-Pyw, Ie, imkv{Xw F∂nh hf¿ ∂p. tKm{Xw cm{„-ßf - m-bn- am-dn. H∏w aXhpw Bhn¿`-hn-®p. aXw a\p-jy s‚ a\- ns‚ Hcp A¤pX {]Xn^-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ ssII- f psS Xmc- X - t ay\ Ffnb kr„nIƒ ap¥n-b-sX∂v tXm∂p∂ a\- ns‚/Bi-bØ - ns‚ Bhn-jI v mcßsf At]- £ n®v ]n≥\ncbnte°v {ItaW- amdn-Xp-S-ßn. A[zm\sØ Bkq-{XWw sNbvX a - \ - - n\v kz¥w ssIIƒ sIm-≠-√m-sX, a‰v ssIIƒ sIm≠v A[zm\w sNøn°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂m-bn. ]n∂o-Sp≈ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v ImcWw A[zm-\-a-√-, Nn¥ (B-ib - )-bmWv F∂pw hyJym\n-°s - ∏-´p. AXm-bXv Imcy-߃°nSbm-°n-bXv ssIIƒ AYhm A[zm\w A√, adn®v Xe-t®m-dns‚ hf¿ ®bpw {]h¿Ø-\h - p-am-sW∂v Nn{XoI-cn-°s - ∏-´p. XpS¿∂v Bh-iy-ßf - n\n∂-√, Nn¥-I-fn¬ \n-∂mWv {]hrØn-Iƒ Df-hm-Ip∂-sX∂ hni-Zo-Ic-W-߃ km¿h-{Xn-I-am-bn. CXv Imem-¥c - Ø - n¬ Bi-bh - m-Z] - c - a - mb temI-ho-£-W-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p ˛GwK¬kv kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. a\p-jy≥, arK-ßf - n¬ \n∂v AIem-\n-S-bmb kml-Ncyw t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®t√m. F∂m¬, arK-ßf - n\n∂v A I∂pam-dpw tXmdpw {]IrXn-bpsS -taep≈ a\p-jys‚ kzm [o\w ap≥Iq´n \n›-bn-®Xpw IcpXn-°q-´n-bp≈Xpamb Bkq-{X-nX- {]h¿Ø- \ - a m- b n. GwK¬kv ]d- b p∂p.""Hcp arKw Hcp- {]-tZ-isØ k ky-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv, AsX¥v sNøp∂p F∂v a\- n-em-°m-sX-bmWv. a\p-jy≥ \in-∏n-°p-∂Xv A ßns\ Hgn- ™ p- In- ´ nb aÆnhnØn-d° - m-t\m, At\Ianc´n hnfhv In´mt\m th≠n-bm-Wv.'' as‰m-c¿∞Øn¬ ""arKw AXns‚ ]cn-k-csØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p, kz¥w km ∂n[yw sIm≠p-am{Xw AXn¬ am‰ßƒ hcp-Øp-∂p. a\p-jy-cm-I-s´, Ah-cpsS Dt±-ik - n-≤n-°v th≠n am‰ßƒ hcp-Øp∂p: AXns\ hcp-Xnbn-em-°p∂p.'' a\p-jycpw arK-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥n-a-amb ImX-emb hyXymkw CXm-Wv. Cu hyXym-kØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-am-Is´ A[zm-\am-Wv -Xm-\pw. kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-Ifn¬ hcp∂ am‰-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v CSs]-S-ens‚ ImTn\yw IqSn-hcp-∂Xmbpw ImWmw.

14 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

Ign-™ c≠v ]Xn-‰m-≠n-te-sd-bmbn \S-∏m-°ns°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \h- en-_-d¬ ]cn-jv°m-c-߃ hn`hw sIm≈-sNbvXv XSn-®p-sIm-gp-°p∂ iX-tIm-So-iz-c-∑m-sc-bmWv kr„n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu sIm≈-bn¬ ]mh-ß-fpsS `qanbpw Ccn-∏n-S-ß-fp-amWv C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xv. Aan-X-amb [mXp-J-\\w hgn DØ-cm-Jfiv, KpP-dm-Øv, HUnj, B{‘m {]tZ-iv, tKmh, Qm¿Jfiv, OØo-kvL´v F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-ƒ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ \mi-Øn\v Cc-bm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]›m-Øe kuIcy "hnI-k\'Øns‚-t]-cnkm[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-߃ Ah-cpsS Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ducp-I-fn¬\n∂pw B´n-bn-d-°s∏Sp-∂p.Cu coXn-bn-emWv GwK¬kv a\pjy-˛-{]-IrXn _‘-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿ Ø-\˛{]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hnhn [ hi-ß-tfbpw Xe-ß-tfbpw hniZo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, Zpc -aqØ a\p-jy¿ {]Ir-Xn-bnse IS-∂m-{IaWw XpS-cp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, AXns‚ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ hfsc hep-Xm-bncn- ° p- s a- ∂ mWv GwK¬kv khnkvXcw ]n∂oSv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw XpS-cp-∂p, ""{]Ir-Xn-bpsS ta¬, \Ωƒ, a\p-jy¿ t\Snb hnPb-ß-sf -sNm√n AXncpIS∂ Bfl{]-iwk \S-tØ-≠-Xn-√. AØcw Hmtcm- hn-Pb - Øn\pw {- ]-IrXn Xt∂mSv ]I-hn-´p-∂p≠v. Hmtcm hnP-bhpw H∂maXv Df-hm-°p-∂Xv \Ωƒ {]-Xo£n® hnP-b-ß-fm-sW-∂Xv icn-Xs∂. F∂m¬, c≠m-aXpw aq∂m-a-Xpambn AXv Df-hm-°p-∂Xv XnI®pw hyXy-ÿhpw A{]-Xo-£n-Xhpw ]et∏mgpw BZy-tØ-Xns\ X´n-°n-gn-°p∂-Xp-amb ^e-ßf - m-W.v sak-s∏m-t´man-b-bnepw, {Kokn-epw, Gjym-ssa\dnepw a‰pw Irjn`qan-°v th≠n h\w \in-∏n-®-h¿, h\-tØm-sSm∏w \\hns‚ (sh-≈-Øn-s‚) tiJ-c-W- {]{In-bI - t- fbpw kw`-cW - n-Is - fbpw IqSn C√m-Xm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.''

C\n-b-tßm´pw GwK¬kv ]dbp∂ Imcy-߃ {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠-Xp-≠.v AXn¬ \n∂m-W,v C∂sØ a\p-jy≥ ]mTw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. ""A\y-P\ - X - sb IogS-°nb tPXm-hn-s\-t∏m-se, {]Ir-XnbpsS shfn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Hcm-sft∏m-se, \Ωƒ {]Ir-Xnsb AS-°n`- c n- ° p- I b- s √- ∂ pw, amwkhpw c‡hpw Xe-t®m-dp-sa-√m-ambn \Ωƒ {]Ir- X n- b psS hI- b m- s W∂pw

AXns‚ HØ -\-Sp-hn¬ ÿnXn sN øp-∂-h-cm-sW∂pw AXns‚ \nb-a߃ ]Tn-°m\pw icn-bmbn {]tbmKn-°m\pw Ign-hp-s≠∂ sa®w as‰√m -P-¥p-°-sfbpw At]-£n®v \ap °p-s≠-∂X - n--emWv AXns‚ taep≈ \ΩpsS F√m A[o-iX - zhpw AS-ßnbn-cn-°p-∂s - X∂pw Hmtcm Im¬sh∏pw \sΩ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.'' HmtcmZn-hk - ws - N-√p-t¥mdpw C°mcyw IqSpX¬ IqSp-X¬ t_m≤y-s∏-´p-hc - n-Ib - mWv. AXns‚ ^e-am-bn, {]Ir-Xn-bpam-bp≈ XmZmflyw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm≥ am{X-a-√, Adn-bm\pw a\p-jy\v Ignbpw. AXn-\m¬ a\ pw ]Zm¿∞hpw XΩn¬, a\p- j y\pw {]Ir- X nbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn®p ImW-W-sa∂ Bibw A¿∞-iq-\y-am-Wv, AXv Akzm-`m-hn-Ih - p-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Akm-[y-hp-am-Wv. apX-em-fn-Ø -hy-hÿ i‡n-s∏´-tXm-sS, a\p-jy˛{]IrXn _‘-ßfn¬ h∂- am-‰-ß-sf-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-®psIm-≠mWv GwK¬kv At±-lØ - ns‚ eLp-teJ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ""D¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw hn\n-a-b-Ønepw B[n-]-Xyw -h-ln-°p∂ apX-em-fnam¿°v H‰-bs v °m-‰°v Xß-fpsS {]hrØn-Iƒ DS-\Sn Df-hm-°p∂ KpW-]c-amb ^e-Øn¬ am-{Xta {i≤-]-Xn∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p≈p. .......-hn¬°ptºmƒ In´p∂ BZm-ba- m-bn-cp∂p Htcsbmcp {]tNm-Z-\w. AXm-b-Xv, apXem-fnØw H‰-bvs°m-‰°v D¬∏m-Z-\˛hn-\n-a-b-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂Xv DS-\Sn-bp≈ em`sØ Dt±-in-®m- b - X - p-sIm≠v, DS-\-Sn-bp≈ ^e-ßsf am{Xta {i≤n-°p-∂p-≈q. em`w In´p-∂n-St- Ømfw -Imew Ah¿ kwXr-]vX-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ Nc-°n\pw AXv hmßn-®-

h¿°pw ]n∂o-sS¥v kw`h-n° - p-sa∂v Ah¿°v Adn-tb-≠X - n-√, As√-¶nAXn¬ Xm¬∏-cy-an-√.'' AXn-\m¬, Ah¿ {lkz-Im-e-em-`-Øn¬ Xs∂ Du∂p-∂p. apX-em-fnØw {]Ir-Xn-bnCS-s]-Sp-∂Xv Zqc-°m-gvN-tbm-sS-b-√.

Xm¬°m-en-I- em-`sØ ap≥\n¿ØnbmWv F∂¿∞w.

Cu eLp-teJ/teJ\w Fgp-XnbXv 1876˛emsW-∂mWv A\p-am-\n-°p∂-Xv ˛c≠mw hymh-km-bnI hnπ-hØn-\v-tijw Hcp \q‰m-≠v -]q¿Ønbmb Ah-kc - Ø - n¬, AXm-bXv apXem-fnØ hyhÿ bqtdm-∏n¬ B[n]-Xy-ap-d∏ - n® Ah-kc - Ø - n-¬. apX-emfnØ hyh-ÿb - n¬ {]Ir-Xn-°v taD≠m- t b- ° m- h p∂ IS- ∂ m- { I- a - W Ønt\bpw X¬^-ea- m-bp-≠m-Im-hp∂ XI¿®-tbbpw hfsc {lkz-ambn F∂m¬, hfsc Zo¿L-ho-£W - t- ØmsS, Imcy-Im-cW - _ - ‘ - Ø - n-e[ - n-jT v n-Xambn \nco-£n-°m≥ GwK¬kn\v Cu IrXn-bn¬ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. AXpsIm≠v CsXmcp hgn-Im-´n-bm-Wv. C∂sØ apX-em-fnØw IqSp-XXojvWamb Nqj-Wc - o-Xn-If - mWv D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. \h en_-d¬ ]cnjv°mcßfpsS `m-Ka - m-bp≈ [\-aq-e[-\Ø - ns‚ IS-∂m-{I-aW - Ø - ns‚ `mKsa-t∂mWw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h - ß - f - n¬ \SØp∂ ]I¬s°m≈-bpsS ]›m-Øe-Øn¬ GwK¬kns‚ Zo¿L-ho-£W-tØm-sS-bp≈ \nco-£W߃ (\mw N¿®sNøp∂ eLp-te-J-bnam{X-a-√) IqSp-X¬ {]k‡-am-hp-Ibm-Wv. AXn-\m¬, Cu \nco-£-Wßsf \ΩpsS \m´nse am‰-ßf - p-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠n-bncn-°p-∂p.

C∂sØ C¥y NßmØ apX- e m- f n- Ø - Ø nt‚bpw {]mIr-X-amb {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-hItø-‰Ø - n-t‚bpw hnf-\n-ea - mbn C¥y amdn-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv. CXns‚ hnlnXw ]¶v h- s ®- S p- ° p- ∂ coXn- b n- t e°v cmPysØ Nßm-Ø- ap-X-em-fnØ hyhÿ \nc-¥cw i‡ns∏-´ncn°pI-bm-Wv. kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn¬ h∂ ]pXnb am‰-ßfpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. Abn-cp-I-fpsS Awiw Ipd-™-tXmXneS-ßnb aÆv -t]mepw h≥tXmXn¬ Ipgn-s®-Sp-°m\pw th¿Xn-cn°m\pw Ign-bp∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-ZyIƒ {]tbm-KØ - n¬ h∂n-cn-°b - m-Wv. ]md -s]m-´n-°p-∂-Xn-∂m-I-s´, ap≥]sØ-°mƒ {]l-c-ti-jn-bp≈ coXnIƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXv

IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷w Bh-iy-am-°p-∂p.

H∏w AhinjvSß - fpw h¿≤n-°p-∂p.

AXpw {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ `oXnZ-amb am‰ßƒ°v C-Sb - m-°p-Ib - m-Wv. Ign-™ c≠v ]Xn-‰m-≠n-te-sdbmbn \S-∏m-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ \hen-_-d¬ ]cn-jv°m-c-߃ hn`hw sIm≈-sNbvXv XSn-®p-sIm-gp-°p∂ iX-tIm-So-iz-c∑ - m-sc-bmWv kr„n-°p∂-Xv. Cu sIm≈-bn¬ ]mh-ß-fpsS `qanbpw Ccn-∏n-S-ß-fp-amWv C√m-XmIp-∂X - .v Aan-Xa - mb [mXp-J\ - \w hgn DØ-cm-Jfiv, KpP-dm-Øv, HUnj, B{‘m {]tZ-iv, tKmh, Qm¿Jfiv, OØo-kvL´v F∂o kwÿm-\ß - ƒ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ \mi-Øn\v Cc-bmbn- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. ]›m- Ø e kuIcy "hnI-k\'Øns‚ -t]-cnkm[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-߃ AhcpsS Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw DucpI-fn¬\n∂pw B´n-bn-d-°s∏Sp-∂p.-

C∂sØ tIcfw tIc-f-Ønepw \h-en-_-d¬ \ne]m-Sn-ep≈ apX-em-fnØ hnI-k-\-coXn -X-s∂-bmWv Iptd-h¿j-ß-fmbn XpS¿∂pt]m-cp-∂X - .v `qan-tbbpw {]IrXn-hn-`h - ß - t- fbpw Dul-°® - h - S D]m[n-I-fm-°p-Ibpw a\p-jym-[zm-\sØ ]e- X cw ]cn- i o- e - \ - ß ƒ \¬In Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-Ibp-amWv ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw sNøp-∂-Xv. dnbFtÃ-‰,v kzm{i-bh - nZym-`ymkhy-hk - m bw F∂n-h AXns‚ ^e-ambn i‡ns∏´p-. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \S°p∂ Cu coXn XpS-cp-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew {] IrXnhn`-h- kw-c£ - W - hpw a\p-jym-≤zm-\- hn-I-k-\hpw Akm[y-ambnØocp-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬, a\p-jy˛{]Ir-Xn-_-‘-ß-fn¬ adn®p≈ Nn¥ A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Ahn-sS-bmWv GwK¬kv apt∂m-´p-hbv°p∂ \ne-]mSp-Iƒ {]k-‡a - m-Ip∂-X.v tIcfØns‚ hn`-hm-Sn-Ød - b - psS kz`mhw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºm-gmWv GwK¬kns‚ \ne-]m-SpIƒ Iqtd°qSn {it≤-ba- m-Ip-∂Xv. tIcfw [mXpk-º-∂-a√; F∂m¬, ssPh-ssh-hn≤y- k-º-∂-am-Wv. sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ ssPh- k - º - Ø ns‚ ASn- b n- e mWv Chn-SpsØ {][m\ \n¿ΩmW ]-Zm¿ ∞-ß-fmb ]md, I√v, aW¬ t]m ep≈ [mXphn-`-h-߃ ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn¬ D≈-Xv. Ah F{X-am{Xw Ipgn-s®-Sp-°p-∂pthm AXn-\-\p-kcn®pw AXn-t\m-sSm-∏hpw \ΩpsS ssPh-kº - Øpw XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn°pw. B \ne-bv°v, ssPh-k-º-Ønt\bpw `q{]-Ir-Xn-tbbpw kwc-£n-®p-

sIm-≠v, Adn-hns\ AXn-\-\p-kr-Xambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw h¿≤n-∏n-°m\p≈ \S- ] - S n- b mWv tIc- f - Ø nth≠-Xv. AtX-k-abw P\-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h\mhiyw IW-°n-se-Sp-ØpsIm-≠p≈ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h J\-\hpw D]-tbm-Khpw, J\t\m¬∏-∂ß - fpsS hnX-cWhpw kmaq-ly- \n-b-{¥-WtØmsS \S-Øm≥ kwhn-[m\w D≠mhp-Ib - pw- th-Ww. bmsXmcp imkv{Xo b am¿§hpw Ah- e w- _ n- ° msX, Dul-°® - S- h - sØ ap≥\n¿Øn a - m-{Xw \S-°p∂ {]IrXn hn`-h-J-\-\sØ XS-™p-sIm-≠p-am{Xta tIcfØn\v \ne- \ n¬°m≥ Ign- b q. Imc- W w, GwK¬kv kqNn-∏n-®X - p-t]m-se, icnbm-sW∂v BZy-sams° tXm∂m-sa¶nepw c≠m- a Xpw aq∂m- a Xpw Bh¿Øn-®m¬ AXv \aps°-Xnsc Xs∂ Xncn-bpw.

F∂m¬ `qanbnepw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h-ß-fnepw kmaqly \nb-{¥Ww F∂ \ne-]m-Sn\v IS-I-hn-cp-≤-amb {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - mWv C∂v tIc-fØ - n\S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v. KmUvKn¬, IkvXp-cn-cw-K≥ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ \S-∏m°p-∂-Xns\ Hcp ad-bmbn I≠psIm≠v ]e- X cw IS- ∂ m{IaWßfmWv tIc-fØ - n¬ Ac-tß-dp-∂X - .v CXns‚ `mK-ambn IrXy-amb \ne-]msS-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmØ tI{μ-˛-kwÿm\ k¿°m¿ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h - - I-tø‰sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ \S-]-SnIƒ kzoI-cn °p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AtX-k-abw Chn-sSbpw bYm¿ ∞ Irjn-°m¿ C∂sØ \h-en-_d¬ ]cn-j° v m-cØ - ns‚ `mK-ambn c≠v {]-[m\ {]iv\ßsf t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v.

H∂v kmº-Øn-Ihpw at‰Xv ]mcn-ÿnXn- I - h p- a m- W v . \mWy- h n- f - I - f psS hnebnse Nm©m-´hpw BtKm-f- Itºmfw kr„n-°p∂ AÿncX-bpamWv kmº-ØnI {]iv\w. c≠m-atØ-Xv, A\y- {]-tZ-i-Øp-Im¿ ]›na-L-´-Øn¬ Ib-dn-°qSn \S-Øp∂ ]md- J-\-\ßfpw em`-sØ- am{Xw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ ]m´/-I-cm¿ Irjn coXn-bp-am-W.v Ch c≠n\mepw s]mdpXn- a p- ´ p∂ Irjn- ° msc a‰v hnjb߃ ]d-™mWv t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. `q-an-bn¬ DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw \„s∏-Spw, EFL coXn \S-∏m-°pw, Icw-sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bn-√, hmbv]- In´n√ Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ {]N-c-W-߃ \S°p-∂p. F∂m¬, ]›n-a-L´ kwc£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-h∂ c≠v dnt∏m¿´p-If - nepw CØcw \n¿t±-iß - sfm∂pw Cs√-∂Xv Hcp- h-kvXp-Xb - mWv. C∂v Db¿Øs∏Sp∂ ]e {]iv\ßfpw kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

15

DØ-c-hn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. a‰p-≈h cm{„ob {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, k¿°m-cp-tZym-Kÿ - ¿, {]iv\_ - m-[nX P\-ßf - psS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂n-hsc Iq´n-bn-cpØn N¿®-sNbvXv Xo¿°mhp-∂-Xpam-Wv. F∂m¬ Bcp-tSbpw Dt±iw bYm¿∞ {]iv\ß - ƒ ]cn-lcn-°p-I-b-√, ]Icw ]pXnb {]iv\߃ D≠m°n ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ {iaw \S-ØpI am{X-am-W.v AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂ KmUvKn¬ ˛ IkvXqcn cwK≥ ip]m¿iI- f n¬ t\csØ ssIs°m≠ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂v k¿°m- c pw cm{„o- b - ] m¿´n- I fpw ]n≥hm-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°b - m-W.v CXn\v X°-Xmb hni-Zo-Ic - W - ß - ƒ \¬Im≥ CcpIq-´¿°pw Ign-bp-∂n-√.

cm{„o-b\ - n-e] - m-Sp-If - psS Bh-iy-IX C∂v tIc-f-Ønse A¥-co-£Øn¬ Hcp-Xcw `b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \n lm-bX i‡n-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. kaq-lØns‚ ]n≥\-S-∏n\pw Zp¿\-S-Øn∏n\pw th≠n-bp≈ ]utcm-ln-XyØns‚ \o°-߃°v B°w IqSns°m-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. Hcp ImeØv kaq-lsØ Xfw-sI´n \n¿Øn-bncp∂ ]utcm-ln-Xy-˛ ^yqU¬ k{ºZm-bß - t- fmSv kmaq-ly-]c - n-h¿Ø-\m-flI-amb FXn-¿Øp\n¬∏p-Iƒ \SØn tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-Øn\pw ]ptcm-K-a-\-Øn\pw Np°m≥ ]nSn® {]ÿm-\߃°pw {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw t]mepw AtX i‡n-Iƒ°v ap∂nASn-b-dhv ]d-tb-≠n- h-cn-I-bm-Wv. AØ-cam-ib - ß - ƒ°v {]Xy-£a - mbpw ]tcm-£-ambpw In´n-s°m-≠n-cp∂ kmaq-ly-˛-cm-{„ob ]n≥_ew Zp¿_e-s∏-Sp-∂p F∂-XmWv AXn\v ImcWw. tIcfw t\Sn-sb-SpØ Ht´sd kmaq-ly-t\-´ß - sf AXv C√m-Xm--°pw; kmaqlybp‡n°v \nc-°m-ØXpw Itºmf bp‡nsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp A¥-co-£-Øn\v AXp-hgn tIc-f-Øn¬ Ac-sßm-cpßp-I-bm-Wv. CØ-c-samcp Ag-sImg-º≥ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ghcpw s]mXphn¬ k¥p-„-cp-am-Wv. Cu Ahÿ kr„n-°p-∂-Xn]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S-°p∂ "{]t£m-`'߃ hen-sbmcp- ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. ]›n-a-L-´ -kwc-£W - Ø - n-\p≈ KmUvKn¬-˛I - k - vXpcn cw-K≥ dnt∏m¿´v \n¿tZ-i-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Xøm-d-√m-Ø-h¿, kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn thsd F¥v sNø-W-sa-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp \n¿t±ihpw apt∂m-´p-sh-b° v p-∂n√. X߃ ]Xn-‰m≠p-I-fmbn ]›n-a-L-´sØ kwc- £ n®p sIm≠n- c n- ° - b mWv ;

16 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

AtX \n-e- Xp-S-cm≥ C\nbpw A\ph-Zn-°Ww F∂v am{Xta Ah¿°v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p≈q. C°q-´¿ A\[n-IrX J\-\-Øn\v FXn-cm-sW∂v ]d- b p- t ºmgpw Hcmƒ t]mepw AXns\ t\cn-s´-Xn¿°m≥ Xøm-d√ - .

AØcw J\\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\mbn A[n-Ir-Xs - c Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n°p- ∂ n- √ . Ah- c psS kacß- f nAØcw Hscm‰ ap{Zm- h mIyhpw Db¿∂ptIƒ°p-∂n-√. Cu Ahÿ apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® C∂sØ AgsIm- g - º ≥ A¥- c o£ kr„n°v {]Xy-£a- m-bpw, ]tcm-£a- mbpw klmb-Ia - m-hp-Ib - m-Wv. cm{„o-b X - o-cp-am-\ßsfSp-°m\p≈ kaq-lØ - ns‚, P\ß-fpsS tijnsb AXv C√m-Xm°p∂p.

Chn-sS-bm-Wv, GwK¬kn-s\-t∏mse-bp≈h¿ \¬Inb ap∂-dn-bn-∏pIsf ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ cm{„ob \ne]m- S p- I ƒ AXym- h - i y- a m- I p- ∂ - X v .

GwK¬kns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Isf AwKoI-cn-°p-I- am-{X-a-√, \ne-hn-ep≈ {]iv \ - ß - f p- a mbn _‘- s ∏- S pØn Ahsb hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw i‡ns∏-Sp-Øm\pw {]N-cn-∏n-°m\pw AXphgn P\-ßf - n¬ cm{„ob ]cn-lm-cØ - nt‚- Xmb {]Xym-ibpw ip`m]vXn hnizm-khpw \nd-bv°m\pw Ign-tb≠-Xp-ap-≠v. am¿Ivkpw GwK¬kpw Km‘nPnbpw ]d™p sh®n-SØv \n∂v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS cm{„obw C\nbpw hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. ImcWw C∂v ]cn-ÿnXn˛hnIk-\- {]-i-\v߃ th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign- b mØ coXn- b n¬ ]c- k v ] cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°b - m-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ ]cn-lm-c- \n¿t±-i߃ IqSpX¬ ka-{KX ssIh-cn-t°-≠X - p-am-W.v GwK¬kpw a‰pw apt∂m-´p-sh® Znih-fsc ka-{Khpw B[n-Im-cn-I-hp-amWv, F°m-eØpw {]kIvX-hp-am-Wv. Cu Zni-bn¬ C∂sØ Bh-iy߃°\pk-cn®v a\p-jy-˛{- ]-Ir-Xn- _‘-ßsf hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™ns√- ¶ n¬ ]cn- ÿ nXn N¿®- I fn\n∂pw {]t£m`- ß - f n¬ \n∂pw AXns‚ P\-]-£- cm-{„obw tNm¿ ∂p-t]m-Im-\n-S-bp-≠v. AXv ]cn-ÿnXn-bpsS cm{„obw kw_-‘n®v `mhnX-ea - p-db - nte-s°-tØ≠p∂ icn-bmb Ah-t_m-[-Øn\v XS- -am-bXmbn Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°pw. H∂pIn¬ AXv bm{¥nI hnI-k-\-hmZsØ \ymbo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n-te-s°-Øn°pw. AX-s√-¶n¬ ]cn-ÿnXn auenI-hm-ZsØ ]n¥p-W-t®-°pw. c≠pw A]-I -S -I -c -am- s W- ∂ mWv GwKkns‚ eLp-te-Jb - psS ]p\¿hm-b\ \sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. kunhikannantp@gmail.com

teJI-tcmSv imkv{X-K-Xn-bn-te-°p≈ teJ-\ßfpw IØp-Ifpw Ab-btv °-≠Xv Xmsg ImWp∂ hnem-kØ - n-em-W.v FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KX - n ]cn-jXv `h≥, F.-sI.-Pn. tdmUv, CS-∏-≈n, sIm®n˛682024. e-mail: sasthragathy@gmail.com Mobile: 99958 20684, 9447793801

teJ- \ - ß ƒ F√m- a m- k hpw ]Ømw-Xo-b-Xn-°p-ap≥]p e`n-°Ø-°-hn[w Ab-bv°p-I. teJ-\ß - ƒ IS-em-kns‚ Hcp hiØp-am{Xw Fgp-XpI. 2500 hm°nIhn-bc - p-Xv. Nn{X-߃ Dƒs∏Sp∂ ]£w kn.-Un. Ab-bv°p-∂tXm C sabn¬ sNøp-∂tXm A`n-Imayw. DTP sNbvX-XmWv teJ-\-sa¶n¬ t]Pvta°-dn\v ]pdsa ]n.Un.-F-^v. th¿j≥ IqSn Abbv°m≥ {i≤n-°pI. teJ- \ - ß - f nse \ne- ] m- S p- I ƒ amkn- I - b ptS- X m- h - W - s a∂n- √ .

F¶nepw imkv{X-KXn Db¿Øn∏nSn-°p∂ imkv{X-Øns‚ kao]\tØmSv A\p-`m-hm-fl-Itam kwhmZm-flI - tam BIp-∂Xv \∂v. imkv{X-KX - nsb, AXns‚ ZuXy\n¿h-lW - Ø - n¬ k¿§m-flI - a - mbn ]n¥pWbv°pI- F-∂mWv R߃°v am\y-te-JI - t- cm-Sp≈ A`y¿∞\.

]cn-ÿn-Xn, kaqlw AUz. sI.-]n. chn-{]-Imiv

]¨]nSn-¡p¶ lcn-X-tIm-S-Xn-IÄ º-ØnI Xmev]c - y-߃ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pta¬ IpXnc Ib-dp-Ibpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn k¥p-e-\ sØ XInSw adn-°m-sX-bp≈ kpÿnch - n-Ik - \w F∂ k¶-e] v sØ A´na-dn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp Ime-L´-amWt√m CXv. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£ Ww F∂ BibtØbpw AXn\pth≠n-bp≈ hmZßtfbpw {]h¿ Ø-\ß - tfbpw Ah-⁄t- bmsS t\m °n-°m-Wp-Ibpw ]p—n-®p-X≈ - p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp s]mXp -t_m-[-Øn\mWv \ΩpsS \m´n¬ ap≥Xq°-ap≈-Xpw. ]cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c£WØn\p th≠n-bp≈ F√m apdhn-fn-Ifpw kaql-Øn-t‚bpw A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-tSbpw

km

_[n-c-I¿W-ß-fn¬ X´n hy¿∞-ambn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Hcp L´-Øn-emWv Hcp lcn-Xt- Im-SXn \nb-aw (Green Tribunal Act 2010) ChnsS ]mkm-°-s∏Sp-∂Xpw XpS¿∂v lcn-Xt- Im-SXnIƒ ÿm]n°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw. {`m¥-amb hnI-k\ kao-]-\-߃ I≠n-s√∂v \Sn-°p-∂ {]Ir-Xn-kw-c£ - W - w, h\kw-c-£Ww, h\y-Po-hn-kw-c-£Ww F∂o ASn-ÿm-\{- ]-am-Wß - ƒ Aßs\-bßv \n m-c-h-ev°-cn-°-s∏-Sm-\p≈-X√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ C Xn-\Iw km[n-®n-®n-´p≠v F∂v l cnXtImS-Xn-I-fpsS (National Green Tribunal) Ign™ 3 h¿jsØ {]h¿ Ø-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øn ]dbm≥ Ign-bpw.

1972se tÃm°vtlmw {]Jym-]\ hpw, 1992se dntbm {]Jym-]-\hpw {]IrXn kwc-£-W-Øn\pw D∂-a-\Øn\pw th≠n-bp≈ \S-]Sn{Ia-߃ ssIs°m-≈m≥ cmPyßtfmSv \n¿t±in-®n-cp-∂p- .- dntbm {]Jym-]\ - Ø - ns‚ 13˛mw A\p- _ - ‘ - Ø n¬ {]tXyIn®pw, “State shall develop the National law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damages” F∂v FSp

Øp ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ht´sd ]cn-ÿnXn-\n-ba - ß - ƒ \ΩpsS cmPyØps≠¶nepw \nba hnZ-Kv[cpw ]cn-ÿnXn hnZ-K[ v cpw H∂n®v tN¿∂v ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb X¿°-߃°v hn[n G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

17

\n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Xn\p≈ Ah-kcw h ∂ptN¿∂Xv {Ko≥ {Sn_yq-W-ep-Iƒ bmYm¿∞y-ambtXmSp-Iq-Sn- am{XamWv. \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Article 21˛ se, Pohn°m-\p≈ auen-Im-hI - miw F∂Xv Btcm-Ky-Ic - a - mb ]cn-ÿnXn °pth-≠n-°q-Sn-bp≈ Ah-Im-ia - mWv F∂v ]c-tam-∂X \oXn-]oTw hnhn[ hn[n-Xo¿∏pI-fn-eqsS A¿∞i-¶° - nS-bn-√mØhn[w hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p ap≠v. Cu kml-Ncy-Øn¬, ip≤-hmbphpw ip≤P-ehpw ip≤-amb aÆpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ PohnX kml-Ncyw D≠m-hpI F∂-Xv C¥y-bnse Hmtcm ]uct‚bpw P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv. F ∂m¬ Cu ]ucmh-Imiw \nc-¥cw [zwkn°s∏´psIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ImgvNbmWv Fßpw Fhn-tS-bpw. CØ-csamcp kμ¿`-Øn¬ {]kvXpX AhImiw, AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb tXmXne s√-¶n¬°qSn, kwc-£n®p In´p∂Xn \mbn Hcp {]tXyI tImS-Xnsb kao]n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂Xv Bizmk-Icw Xs∂-bm-Wv. 2011 sabv amk-tØm-sS-bmWv lcnX-tIm-SX - n-Iƒ {]h¿Øn®v XpS-ßn-bsX-¶nepw CXn-\-Iw-Xs∂ ap∂q-dn-e[nIw hn[n-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p-I-gn™p. "sshIn FØp∂\oXn \oXn \ntj-[-amWv' F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn\n∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ CXn-\Iw \Inb l¿Pn-Iƒs°√mw Bdp-am-kØn-\p-≈n¬ hn[n {]kvXm-hn-°m≥ lcn-Xt- Im-SX - n-°mbn F∂Xv PypUoj-dn-tbm-Sp≈ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ [mc-WI - ƒ am‰n-°p-dn-°m≥ DX-Ip-∂Xm-W.v tIm¿∏-td‰v aqe-[\ - i - ‡ - n-Isf

ssI sabv ad∂v klm-bn®v Ah-cneqsS C¥ysb hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ F√mh¿°pw AhIm-is - ∏´ \ΩpsS {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h - ß - ƒ samØ-ambpw Xp—-hn-e°v ssIamdp∂ ImgvN-bmWv \Ωƒ I≠p-sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂X - .v I¬°cn J\-\w-ap-XaW¬ J\\w hsc-bp≈ Ht´sd CS]m-Sp-Iƒ bmsXmcp ]mcn-ÿn-XnI \S]-Sn-{I-a-ßfpw ]men-°m-sX-bmWv \¬I-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xv F∂pw ]cn-ÿnXn h\w-h-Ip-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ hn`-h-hne-bn-cp-ج IΩ-‰n (Expert appraisal committee) BcpsS Z√m-fmWv F∂pw Alfa Infraprop pvt. ltd s‚ tIkv ]-cnK-Wn-°th NGT tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Bkvt{S-en-b-tbbpw kzn‰vk¿ e‚ n- t \bpw ]n≥Xp- S ¿∂p- s Im≠v Ah-sc-°mƒ i‡-amb Hcp ]cnÿnXn tImSXn kwhn-[m\w Bcw`n°m≥ Ign™p F∂Xv A`n-am-\I-ca - mb t\´w-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv.

\nb-aØ - ns‚ e£yhpw LS-\bpw -cm-PyØv \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]cnÿnXn \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw, `c-W-L-S \ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ \S-]Sn{Ia-ßfp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-ÿn Xn kw_-‘-amb ]cmXnIƒ tI´v, Xocp-am-\saSp-°p-Ibpw hn[n ]pd-s∏Sp-hn-°pIbpw sNøpI F∂XmWv \n b-a-Øn-eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. hy‡n Iƒ°pw, s]mXp-P-\-߃°pw t\cntS≠n h∂n-´p≈ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-amb IjvS-\-jvS-߃°v FXn¿I£n-Ifn¬ \n∂pw \jvS-]-cn-lmcw hmßn-

s°mSp°p-∂X - n\pw th≠n-h∂ - m¬ {] kvXpX ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kml-Ncyw ]gb ÿnXn-bn-te°v ]p\-ÿm-]n-®v \¬Ip-∂X - n\pw DØ-chnd-°m≥ tIm SXn°v Ign-bpw. Pe-\n-baw-˛1974(The Water [Prevention And Control Of Pollu tion] Act-1974), Pe sk v \ - n-baw˛1977 (The Water [Prevention And Control Of Pollution] Cess Act-1977), h\ \n-baw˛ 1980 (The Forest [conservation] Act˛ 1980), hmbp\n-baw˛1981 (The Air [Pre vention And Control Of Pollution] Act ˛1981), ]cn-ÿnXn \n-baw˛1986 (Envi ronment (Protection) Act ˛1986), ]ªnIv

eb-_n-en‰n C≥jp-d≥kv BIvSv˛1991 (The Public Liability Insurance Diversity Act˛1991), ssPh -sshhn[y \n-baw˛ 2002 (The Biological Diversity Act ˛

2002)F∂n-ßs\ C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\nev°p∂ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£t- Wm∑pJ- \nb-a-ß-fpsS {]mY-anI tImSXn F∂ \nebv°pw A∏o¬ tImSXn F∂ \nebv°pw {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ A[nImcw {Sn_yq-W-en-\p-≠v. {Ko≥ {Sn_yq-W-en-s‚ Xo¿∏p-Iƒ°v ta-A∏oepIƒ tIƒ°m-\p≈ A[nImcw kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbn¬ am{Xw \n£n-]vXa - m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tZiobhpw A¥¿tZ-iobhpamb ]cn-ÿnXn X Xz-ß-fp-sSbpw kpÿnchnI-k\w, amen-\y-Im-cn-If - psS _m[yX XpS-ßn b XXz-ßfptSbpw, k¿tΔm-]cn km am-\y-\o-Xn-bptSbpw ASn-ÿm-\Ø - nXocp-am-\-߃ ssIs°m-≈m\pw D Ø-c-hp-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m\pap≈ ]q¿Æ A[n-Imcw \nbaw {Sn_yq-Wen\v \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. -Npcp-°-Øn]cn-ÿnXn kwc£-W-Øns‚ cwK Øv hfsc henb A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[nbmWv {Ko≥ {Sn_yq-W-ep-Iƒ°v \n baw Iev]n®v \evIn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

{Sn_yq-W¬ AwK-߃ ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘n-®p≈ hyhlm-c-߃ tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ FØptºmƒ ]cn- ÿ n- X nsb°pdn- ® p≈ \ymbm[n]-∑m-cpsS Adn-hn-√mbva Xocp-am-\ß - sf ]e-t∏mgpw _m[n-°m dp-≠v F∂p-am-{X-a√ tIkv ]e-t∏m gpw h¿j-ß-tfmfw \o≠pt]mIp∂ Xn\v CS-bm-°m-dp-ap≠v. Cu {]iv\ sØ adn-I-S-°m≥ \ne-hn-ep≈ {Sn _yq-We - n\v Ign-bp-∂p-≠v F∂Xv F Sp-Øp-]d - t- b-≠X - t- {X. Ggv hnZ-Kv[mwK-ßfpw A[y-£\v ]pdta \mev Pp Uo-jy¬ AwK-ßfpw F∂- {]-Im-camWv AXns‚ ]{¥≠wK- apJy _©n s‚ LS\ F∂-XmWv AXn\v ImcWw. tIkv s]s´∂v a\- n-em-°m\pw

18 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

6 am-kØ - n-\Iw hn[n {- ]-kvXm-hn°m \pw hnZ-Kv[∑mcS-ßnb ]m\¬ F ∂ \nebv°v {Sn _yq-W-en\v Ign-bp∂p.

Sn_yq-W¬ sNb¿am≥ Bbn kp{]ow t- Im-SXn PUvPntbtbm ssl t°mSn No^v PÃn-kns‚ ]Z-hn-bnD≈-hsctbm am{Xta {\nb-an-°m≥ ]mSp-≈q. {Sn_yq-Wen¬ PypUo-jAwK-am-Ip∂-Xn-\p≈ G‰hpw Npcpßnb tbmKyX sslt°m-SXn PUvPnbp-tS-Xn\v kam-\a - m-Wv. CØ-cØ - n10 apX¬ 20 hsc PpUo-jy¬ AwKß-tfbpw, hyXykvX ]cn-ÿnXn ta Je-If - n¬ \n∂pap≈ hnZKv[mwK-ß -tf bpw tI{μ-k¿°m-cn\v \nb-an-°mhp-∂X - m-W.v hnZ-K[ v mw-Kß - ƒ, Kth-jW_ - ncp-Z[ - m-cn-Ifpw(tUm-ISv t- d-‰)v A hc-hc - psS hnj-bt- a-Je - I - f - n¬ 15 h¿ j-sØ-sb-¶nepw {]h¿Ø-\] - c - n-Nb - ap-≈-hcpw Npcp-ßn-bXv 5 h¿j-sa¶nepw h\w-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn cwKØv {] h¿Øn-®h - c - p-am-bn-cn-°Ww. \yq Uln-bn-ep≈ apJy- s_-©nepw b-Ym{Iaw sNss∂, t`m∏m¬, ]qs\ F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n-ep≈ Z£n-W˛- a - ≤ - y-˛]-›na taJ-em-Xe s_©p-I-fn-epambn B sI 8 PpUo-jy¬ AwKßfpw 10 hnZ-Kv[mw-K-ßfpw AS-ßp∂-XmWv Ct∏m-gsØ {Sn_yq-W¬.

A©v h¿j-amWv Imem-h-[n. \nb-a⁄m-\hpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn- ]-cn-⁄m \hpw HØv tN¿∂ hn[n-\ymb߃ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ {Sn _yq-Wen\v Ignbpw F∂p Npcp°w. tIkn-\mkv]Z- a - mb kw`hw \S∂v 6 amk-Øn\p-≈n¬ {Sn_yq-W-en¬ A \ymbw ^b¬ sNø-W-w. F∂m¬ C Xv 5 h¿j-w hsc \o´n°n-´m-hp∂-Xp-amWv. U¬ln-, ]qs\, t`m∏m¬, sN ss∂, sIm¬°Ø F∂n-hnS-ßf - n-em bmWv {Sn_yq-W-¬ kn‰nßv \n›-bn®n-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm tI{μ-Øn-t‚bpw A[n-Im-c] - c - n-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ kwÿm\-߃ GsXms° F∂Xpw \n›bn-°s - ∏-´n-´p-≠.v tIkp-If - psS FÆw h¿[n-®p-hc - p∂ kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ tIcf-aS- °w hnhn[ kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ {Sn _yq-W¬ kn‰nMv Btem-Nn-°p-∂p ≠v.

PypUo-j¬ hkvXp-X-I-tfbpw ]cn-ÿnXn kw_-‘-amb hkvXp-XI-tfbpw ka-{K-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v hn e-bn-cpØn hn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Ignbp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv lcn-X-tIm-SXn \nb-aØ - n-t‚bpw lcn-Xt- Im-SX - n-bp-tS bpw G‰hpw henb kmaqlnI hiw.

Imcy-߃ CXp-hscbpw Aßs\ sbm∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂v \ap-°-dnbmw. \oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn-Iƒ°v \nba-]c - a - mbn am {Xta ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\ßsf hni-Ie - \w sNøm≥ Ign-™ncp-∂p-≈q. ]cn-ÿn-Xn- {]-iv\ß - sf ] cn-tim-[n-®n-cp-∂Xv hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-a-߃ {]-Imcw cq]o-IrX-ambn cp∂ AtXm-dn-‰n-Ifpw A∏-te‰v A tXm-dn-‰n-Ifpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cm-Is´ k¿°m¿ DtZym-Kÿ - ∑ - m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

AXm-bXv Xmsg X´nep≈ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ∑mcpsS sX‰p-Isf ]cntim-[n®v hn[n Iev]n-®n-cp-∂Xv B hIp∏v Xs∂ apIƒØ-´n¬ cq]w sImSpØn-´p≈ DtZym-Kÿ - k - whn-[m\-am-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX DtZym-Kÿ Xe-Ønse Agn-a-Xn-Iƒ sX‰mb Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw Xocp-am-\-߃ sshIn-°p∂ kmlN-cy-Øn-te°pw \bn°m-dp-ap≠v. CXv icn-bmb hn[-Ønep≈ \ymbm-\ymb- hne-bn-cp-Øe - ns\ _m[n-®pw t]m

∂ncp∂p. AtXm-dn-‰n-bn-se D - Z- ym-Kÿ - cpsS kmaq-lnI ho£-W] - c-amb- A ]-cym-]vXX - Ifpw ]cn-ÿnXnhn⁄m\-]camb [mc-W-°p-dhpw sX‰mb Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ - °v CS-hcpØp-Ibpw ] Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew `qcn-]£w tI kp-If - pw A∏o¬ aptJ\ sslt°m S-Xn-bn¬ FØn sI´n-°n-S° - p∂ Hcp kml-Ncyw cq]-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Cu ]cnan-Xn-Isf adn-°S- ° - m≥ lcnX tImSXn-Iƒ°v Bhp-∂p≠v F∂ ImcyØn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

lcnX{Sn_yq-Wepw hn[n-Ifpw Ign™ 3 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ 1000 e[nIw tIkp-Iƒ {Sn_yq-W-en^b¬ sNbvXp Ign-™p. CXn¬ 300 e[nIw tIkp-Iƒ°v Xo¿∏m-°m\pw tImS-Xn°v Ign-™p. ]›n-aL - ´ ]cnÿnXn kwc-£-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏´XmWv CXn-sem-∂v. ]›n-a-L´ G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

19

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W \n¿t±-iß - ƒ ka¿∏n-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ hnZ Kv[ kanXn (WGEEP F∂ KmUvKnkanXn) AXns‚ dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]›na-L´Ønse ]cn-ÿnXn Zp¿_e ta J-e-I-sf tkm¨ I, II, III F∂v h¿KoI-cn-°p-Ibpw, AhnsS \S-Øm-hp-∂ Xpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v \n¿t±-i-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØpI-bpap-≠m-bt- √m. CXn-\\ - p-krXamb \b-˛\ - n-ba - ß - ƒ°v k¿°m¿ cq ]w \¬Ip-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-b-fhn¬ \ne-hnep≈ \nba߃ {]Im c-ap≈ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI A\p-aX - n-Is - fm ∂pw tkm¨ H∂v, c≠v {]tZ-i-ßfnte °v B¿°pw \¬I-cp-sX∂v B h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v ]cn-ÿnXn kwLS-\-Ifmb tKmh ^ut≠-j\pw ]o kv ^pƒ skmssk‰nbpw lcn-X- tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-®XmWv AXns‚ XpS°w. XpS¿∂v, KpP-dm-Øv, amlm-cm-jv {S, tKmh, I¿Wm-SI - , tIcf Khs◊ ‚p-IfptSbpw Ahn-Sß - f - nse amen\y \nb-{¥W t_m¿Up-Iƒ AS°w 19 FXn¿I£nIfptSbpw hmZw tImSXn hfsc hni-Z-ambn tIƒ°p-Ibpw l¿Pn-°m-cpsS Bhiyw \ne-\n°p∂-Xmbn Is≠-ØpIbpw sNbv Xp. KmUvKn¬ kan-Xn-bp-tSXv Hcp ip ]m¿i am{X-amsW∂pw Khs◊‚n\v AXv X≈p-Itbm sIm≈p-Itbm sN ømsa∂pw FXn¿I-£n-Iƒ hmZn-®p.

F∂m¬, {Ko≥ {So_yq-We - ns‚ ASnÿm\ XXz-ß-fn-sem-∂mb “precau tionary princple” ChnsS _m[-I-am sW∂pw, l¿Pn-°m¿ Nq≠n-°m-´nb hnhn[ sXfn-hp-Ifpw -hkvXp-X-Ifpw {]k-‡-am-sW∂pw -]›n-a-L-´ -{]tZi߃ kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp X s∂bm-sW∂pambn-cp∂p tImSXn bp sS \nco-£Ww. tIkv Ct∏mgpw tIm SXn-bn¬ \S-°p-Ib - m-Wv. CXp-t]mse Xs∂ OØn-kK v V - v kwÿm-\Øv Hcp sX¿Ω¬ ]h¿ πm‚ v \n¿Ωn-°p∂Xn\mbn [ocp ]h¿P≥ ss{]h‰v enan-‰Uv F∂ Iº-\n°v tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn h \w hIp∏v ]mcn- ÿ n- X nI A\p- a Xn \evIn-b-Xn-s\-Xnsc PnXv knMv I≥ hm¿, hnt\mZv Ipam¿ ]ms≠ F∂o {Kmao-W¿ \¬Inb A∏o-emWv {][m\-s∏´ as‰m∂v. A∏o¬ A\p-h-Zn-® tImS-Xn, kmº-ØnI Xm¬]-cy-ß tf°mƒ {]Y-aK - W - \ - o-ba - mb ÿm\w Xo¿®-bmbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn -kw-c-£ WØn\v Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°Ww F∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. HUnj-bn¬ 4000 G°¿ ÿew Gs‰SpØv 12 MTPA (million tonnes per annum) D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX-bp≈ Dcp-°pev]m-Z\ime- ÿm]n-°p∂Xn\v t]m

20 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

Ct∏mƒ {Ko≥ {Sn_yq-W-ens‚ sNss∂ _©nemWv tIcfØn¬ \n∂p≈ tIkp-Iƒ ^b¬ sNtø-≠-Xv. hfsc Ipd®v tIkp-Iƒ am{X-amWv tIc-f-Øn¬\n∂v ^bsNøs∏´n-´p≈Xv. tIkp-Iƒ tIc-f-ØnC√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠√ CXv F∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. tImS-Xnbpw P\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw IqSp-tºmgpw CXv kw`-hn-°pw. sNss∂bnt]mbn kp{]ow tImS-Xnbn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn cwKØv tIkv \S-Øp∂ h°o-ens\ I≠p-]n-Sn®v tIkv \S-ØpI A{X Ffp-∏-a-√. am{X-hp-a√ A\ym-hiy ]W-sN-ehpw hcpw. F√m P\-߃°pw \oXn e`y-am-°pI F∂Xv tÉns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v \oXn \ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXv e`y-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Pn√m Xe-ßfnse¶nepw tImS-Xn-Iƒ kvYm]n-°-s∏-S-Ww. kvtIm Iº-\n-°v ]mcn-ÿn-XnI A \paXn \¬InbXp kw_-‘n® Xm Wv lcnX-tImSXn ]cn-KW - n® as‰mcp ]cm-Xn-. ]cmXnbnse hkvXp-X-Iƒ AwKo-Ic - n® tImSXn A\p-aXn Xm°m- e n- I - a mbn XS- b pI- b p- ≠ mbn. tIkv Ct∏mgpw tImS-Xn-bn¬ XpS-cpI-bm-W.v \Kc {]tZ-i-ß-fnse amen\y kwkvIc - W - Ø - ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \Kc-k`- I - ƒ°p-≈ A-{X-Xs∂ DØ-ch - mZnØw kwÿm\ Kh-s◊‚n\pw D s≠∂pw B-h-iy-amb F√m-hn[ k lm-b-ßfpw \K-c-k-`-Iƒ°v \¬IW-sa∂pw Pbv]q¿ kn‰n-bnse Jcam-en\y kwkvI-c-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏´ tIkn¬ DØ-c-hp≠mbn. sIm ®n-bnse Im°-\ms´ s]mXp-Ip-fØnse sI´nS amen-\y-ßfpw a\p-jyam-en-\y-ßfpw \o°w sNbvXv Ipfw kwc-£n-°m\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ssI s°m-≈m≥ tImSXn \n¿t±-in-®p-. a[y{]-tZ-inse t`m∏m¬ XSmIw ip≤oI-cn-°p∂Xv tamWn-‰-¿ sNøm≥ Hcp hnZKv[ kan-Xnsb \n¿t±-in®p sIm≠pw tImSXn DØ-chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn °pI-bp-≠mbn. alm- c m- j v { S- b nse Bhmkv ^ut≠-j≥ \¬Inb l¿Pn-bnKpP-dm-Øv, alm-cm-jv{S, tKmh F∂o kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ CRZ¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ A\-[n-IrX aW¬ J\\w XSbp-∂X - n-\mbn t]m eo-kn\v \n¿t±iw \¬Ip-Ibpw C t∏m-gsØ Ah-ÿ-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. alm-cmjv{S-bnse 14 h°o¬am¿ \¬Inb l¿Pn-bn¬ s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ πm

Ãn-Iv, Sb¿ IØn-°p-∂Xv ]q¿W-am bpw \ntcm-[n-®p. DØ¿{]-tZ-inse KuXw-_p[ \K¿ Pn√-bnse If-ISv ¿ ]pg-bnse A\-[n-IrX aW¬ IS-Øns\-Xnsc \S-Ønb CS-s]-S-en¬ tcm jw ]q≠ aW¬ am^nb At±-lØn¬ Btcm-]W - ß - ƒ D∂-bn®v k¿ Δo-kn¬\n∂pw kkvs]‚ v sNøn-®n cp∂p. CXp kw_-‘n®v lcn-X-tImS-Xn-bn-se X - s∂ _m¿ Atkm-kn-tbj≥ \¬In-b l¿Pnbnt∑¬, tImSXn, C¥y-bn¬ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI A\paXn e`n-°msX \S-Øp∂ apgp-h≥ ]pg- a-W¬ J\\hpw XS™v DØc-hm-bn. C¥y-bn¬ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ A\p-aX - nbn-√msX CjvSnI \n¿am-WØn\pw tdmUv \n¿am-WØ - n\pw `qan Ipgn-°p-∂Xpw as‰mcp DØ-ch - n-eqsS NGT XS-™p.

C-ßs\ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n°m≥ \ΩƒXs∂ D≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ hnhn[ \nb-aß - f - psS ewL-\Ø - n-s\Xnsc sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hn[n-\ym-bß - fmWv {Sn_yq-W¬ Cu Ipd®v ka-bØn\p≈n¬ Xs∂ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≈-Xv. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw XΩn-ep-≈ _ - ‘ - sØ IqSp-X¬ BgØn¬ a\- n-em-°m\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw {Sn_yq-W-ense hnZKv[ ]m\-en\v Ign-bp-∂p≠v F∂mWv C Xn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv. \nc-h[n ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-aß - fpw N´-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmgpw AXns\-sbms° adn-IS- ∂v ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im\p-aXnIƒ hmßn ]≤-Xn-Iƒ apt∂m ´v sIm≠p-t]m-bh - ¿°v FXnsc i‡amb hn[n kºm-Zn-°m≥ l¿Pn°m¿°v {Ko≥ {So_yq-We - n-eqsS Ign-™n´p≈ Ht´sd DZm-lc - W - ß - ƒ C\nbpw Nq≠n-Im-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

{Sn_yq-W¬ hn[n ewLn-°-s∏´m¬ DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øs - ∏-´h - sc 3 h¿jw hsc XS-hn\v in£n-°m\pw 10-tIm-Snhsc ]ng- Np-aØ - m\pw tImS-Xn°v A [n-Im-c-ap-≠v. hn[n -ew--Ln-°-s∏-Sp-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ ]ng 25 -tImSn hsc-bmhpw. Iº-\n-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn-em-sW¶n¬ XpS¿ ewL-\-Øn\v ]ng Hcp Znk-h-Øn\v 1 e£w cq] F∂ \nc°n-emIpw. Cß-s\-sbms°bmsW-¶nepw {Sn_yq-W-ens‚ Nne ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm. {Sn_yqW¬ knhn¬ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ tImSXn-bm-Wv. tIm¿∏-td-‰p-Ifpw a‰pw \SØp∂ {Inan- \ ¬ \nba ewL- \ ߃°v \S-]S- n-sb-Sp-°m≥ tImS-Xn°v Ign-bn-√. {Inan-\¬ in£-Ifpw \Im≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn\v thsd tIkpIfpw XpS¿ \S-]S- n-Ifpw th≠n-hc - pw.

DZm-lc - W - a - mbn t`m∏m¬, Ft‚m-kƒ ^m≥, πm®n-aS t]mep≈ tIkp-Iƒ hcp-tºmƒ Ip‰-°msc {Inan-\¬ \S]-Sn-{I-a -{]-Imcw in£n-°m≥ tImSXn-°m-hn-√.

A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-°p-≈n¬ \n ∂psIm-≠mbmepw tImSXn i‡-amb \nco-£-W-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xpw hna¿ in°p-∂Xpw h\w ]cn-ÿnXn a{¥me-bØ - n\v(MOEF) A{X-I≠v cpNn-°p∂n√ F∂mWv Nne ka-Im-eo\ kw `h-߃ shfn-hm-°p-∂-Xv. {Sn_yqW¬ AXncp IS-°p∂p F∂pw ]m¿ e-sa‚ns\ ]cn-lm-ky-cm-°p∂p F ∂pw a‰pw Btcm-]n®v Hcp L-´Ø - nkp{]ow-tIm-SXnbn¬ A^n-U-hn‰v ^b¬ sNøs∏Sp-It- ]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn.

F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv Ah¿°v Xs∂ A Xv ]n≥h-en-t°≠n h∂p. hfscb[nIw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p ≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠mWv tImSXn C t∏mƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - v. Bh-iy-am b kuI-cy-߃ e`y-am-Ip-∂n√ F

∂-Xm-Wv AXn¬ {][m\w kp{]owtIm-SX - n-bnse apXn¿∂ PUvPnamcmbn-cp-∂n-´p-IqSn, Bh-iy-amb apdn-Ifpw a‰v kuI-cy-ßfpw X߃°v A\ph-Zn®p In´msXh∂ k - ml-Ncy-Ønc≠v sNb¿am-≥am¿ CXn-\Iw ÿm\sam-gnbp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. F∂n-cp-∂mepw, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°p-≈nepw, Imcy-£-aambn {]h¿Øn-°m\pw thK-ØnXs∂ hn[n \n¿Æ-bn-°m\pw tImSXn-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p F∂Xv Bizmk-Ic-am-Wv. a\p-jy\v am{X-a√ as‰ √m Poh-Pm-e-߃°v IqSnbpw AhIm-i-s∏´ {]Ir-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-k-º Øpw hn‰v Imim-°p∂ \h-en-_-dhnI-k\ - I - m-eL - ´- Ø - n¬ P\m-[n-]X - yØns‚ Imh-emƒ F∂ \nebv°v tNmZn-°m≥ Hcp \nb-ahpw tImS-Xn bpw D≠v F∂Xv {]Xo-£°v hI \¬Ip-∂Xv Xs∂-bm-Wv.

tIc-fhpw ]cn-ÿnXn tImS-Xnbpw PÃnkv hn.- B ¿.- I r- j v W - ø ¿ A≤y-£-\m-bn tIc-f-m Khs◊‚ v 2008˛¬ cq]o-I-cn® \nba ]cn-jvI-c W IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿i-I-fnse Hcp {][m\ \n¿t±iw tIcf ]cn-ÿnXn tImSXn _n¬ (Kerala Environment Court Bill) Bbn-cp∂p. AXoh ]cnÿnXn teme-{]-tZiw F∂ \ne°v tIcf kml-N-cyØn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn tImS-XnIƒ°v hfsc {][m\yw D≠v. kmº-ØnI Xmev]c - y-߃ tIc-fØ - n s‚ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI `qanIbv°v takΩ¿±w sNepØn \nb-a-ßsf sh √phn-fn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kml-Nc - yØn¬ tI{μ ]cn-ÿnXn \nb-a-߃ s°m∏w tIc-fØ - ns‚ s\¬h-b¬ X Æo¿ØS \nbaw 2006, tIcf \Zo-X S kwc-£-W aW¬hm-c¬ \nb-{¥W- \n-baw 2001 Dw tN¿ØpsIm≠v ]cn-ÿnXn tImS-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n-°s - ∏-

S-Ww F∂v IΩo-j≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibp-≠mbn.

Bh-em-Xn-Iƒ°v sslt°m S- X - nbn¬ t]mbn A\p-Iqe hn[n t\ SpIsb∂Xv km[m-cW - ° - msc kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A{]-m]y-am-bns°m ≠ncn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXpt]mse, Pp Uo-j¬ ]cn-lmcw ImtW-≠p∂ ]cnÿnXn {]iv\ß - fn√mØ Hcp ]©mb-Øp-t]mepw Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbm Ø kml-NcyamWv tIc-f-Øn¬ \n e-\n¬°p-∂-Xpw. P\-Io-b-{]-t£m-`߃sIm≠v am{Xw ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv \ßsf t\cn-Sm≥ Ign-bn-√. PypUoj¬ ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp ∂ hn[-Øn¬ tI{μ {Ko≥ {So_yqW¬ \nb-asØ ]n¥p-S¿∂v tIc-fØnse F√m Pn√-I-fnepw ]cn-ÿn Xn tImS-Xn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-°p∂ Imcyw Btem-Nn-°W - w.

Ct∏mƒ {Ko≥ {Sn_yq-W-ens‚ sNss∂ _©nemWv tIcfØn\n∂p≈ tIkp-Iƒ ^b¬ sNtø≠-Xv. hfsc Ipd®v tIkp-Iƒ am{XamWv tIc-fØ - n¬\n∂v ^b¬ sNø s∏´n-´p≈Xv. tIkp-Iƒ tIc-fØ - nC√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠√ CXv F∂v \ap°-dn-bmw. tImS-Xnbpw P\-ßfpw X Ωn-ep≈ Zqcw IqSp-tºmgpw CXv kw`hn-°pw. sNss∂bn¬ t]mbn kp{]ow tImS-Xnbn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn cwKØv tI kv \S-Øp∂ h°o-ens\ I≠p-]n-Sn ®v tIkv \S-ØpI A{X Ffp-∏-a-√. am{X-hp-a√ A\ym-hiy ]W-sN-ehpw hcpw. F√m P\-߃°pw \oXn e`yam-°pI F∂Xv tÉns‚ DØ-c-hmZn-Øa - m-W.v AXp-sIm≠v \oXn \ntj[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXv e`y-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ Pn√m Xe-ßfnse¶nepw tImS-Xn-Iƒ kvYm]n-°-s∏-S-Ww. kpraviprakash@gmail.com

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

21

kaqlw kn. \mcm-b-W≥ Ip´n

]Ww \ntÝãam¡p¶

P\m[n]Xyw iob \nb-a\ - n¿amW k`˛temIk`˛bn-te°p≈ P\{]Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS s]mXp sXc-s™Sp∏v \S-°p∂, P\m[n]Xy {]{In-bbnse G‰hpw kp{]-[m-\s - a∂v hntijn-∏n-°m-hp-∂, Hcp kμ¿`Øneq-sSbm-Wt√m \ΩpsS cmPyw Ct∏mƒ IS-∂p-t]m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C ¥y-bnse GItZiw 814.5 Zie£w kΩXnZmbIsc kw_- ‘ n- ® n- S tØmfw Xß-fpsS apJy ]ucmhIm iw hn\ntbmKn°p∂Xn\p≈ Ah kchpw ]uc∑msc∂ \nebn¬ X ß- f n¬ \n£n]v X amb A[nImc Øns‚ {]tbmKhpw IqSnbmWv sXcs™-Sp-∏v. `qcn]£ I£n k¿°m¿ cq]oIcn°pw, `cWw Iøm-fpw, F∂ Xn\m¬ `mhn PohnXØns‚ {]Xo £Ifpw Bi¶Ifpw {]Xn^en°p ∂ H∂mbncn°pw kΩXnZm\w tcJ s∏Spج.

tZ

22 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

tZiob \nb-a\ - n¿amW k`-bn-te °p≈ BZysØ sXc™Sp∏v 1952 ˛¬ \S∂t∏mƒ kz¥w C—mi‡n km¿∞IambXns‚ BÀmZw C¥y °mcs‚ a\ n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw Ipfn cp]I¿∂ncn°mw. 15 temIk`m sX cs™Sp∏pIƒ ]n∂oSv h∂pt]mbn. cmPy-Øns‚ am{X-a√ - , cmPy-hm-kn-Ifn¬ ]ecptSbpw kmaqly˛-kmº ØnI \ne amdnadn™p. Nnescm s° henb kº∂cmbn. AtXm-sSm ∏w, Zmcn{ZyØns‚ `qXw hns´mgn bmØ Hcp ]S ChnsS XpScpIbpw sNbvXp. temIcmPy߃°nSbnC¥y Ct∏mƒ G‰hpa[nIw iX tImSoizc∑mcp≈ \memasØ cmPyamWv. tIhe Zmcn{Zyw t\cn Sp∂ G‰hpa[nIw P\ßfp≈ cmPyhpw C¥y Xs∂. C¥y≥ P\m [n]Xy Øns‚ hnPbKmYIfnaXnad°p∂h¿ Cu bmYm¿∞yw

XakvIcn°pIbmWv. Htc P\m[n] Xy {]{InbbpsS N´°qSn\IØp Xs∂ Fßns\bmWv Cßs\sbmcp ssh cp≤yw cq]s∏Sp∂Xv? GXm-bmepw hf¿∂hcpw Xf¿∂h cpw Hcp- t ]m- s e, Adnhnt‚bpw Adnhn√mbv a bptSbpw sshcp≤y ߃ _m[n°msX, ]pXnsbmcp sXcs™Sp∏v {] {In-bb - n¬ ]¶m-fnI-fm-hp-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ B ]¶mfnØw Ah-cn¬ alm -`qcn-]-£-Ønt\bpw kw_‘n-®n-St- Ømfw ChnSw sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-°p∂p; CXn-\∏pdw shdpw ImgvN° - mtcm Cc-Itfm BWv Ah¿.

Hcp cm{„ob hyhÿ F∂ \ne bv°v P\m[n]Xyw AXns‚ hnizm kyX \ne\n¿Øp∂Xv P\]£ Xm¬∏cy߃ Db¿Øn∏nSn°p tºmgmWv. kmºØnIhpw kmaqln Ihpw enwK]chpamb \oXn km£m-

Xv I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ `cW]chpw {]mtbmKnIhpamb {IaoIcW߃ Ip‰a‰ coXn- b n¬ PohnXØnA\p`hthZyamIptºmgmWv P\ ]£ Xm¬]cy߃°v ap≥Xq°w e`n°p∂Xmbn \ap°v t_m[y s∏SpI. P\m[n]XyØns‚ Ahn`mPy LSIamWv cm{„ob]m¿´nIƒ. {_o ´ojv hmgvNbvs°Xncmb katcm’p IXbpsS D¬]∂ambmWv C¥y-bncm{„ob I£nIƒ DZbw sNbvXXv. AhbpsS ]ndhnXs∂ apXemfnØ sImtfmWnb¬ i‡nIsf \ncm Icn°pI F∂ e£ytØm sSbmWv. kzmX{¥ym\¥cw ÿnXn kaXz hyhÿbpsS kwÿm]\w F∂ e £yØn\v th≠nbmWv AhbpsS {]h¿Ø\w XpStc≠nbncp∂Xv. B \nebv°p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ {]ap J cm{„ob I£nbpw `c-WI - £ - n-bp amb C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{K v ]cnanXamb tXmXn¬ hn`mh\w sN bvXncps∂¶nepw apXemfnØ Xm∏cyßfpsS IS∂m{IaWw AØcw AP≠IfpsS Zp¿acWØn\v tlXp hmbn. C¥ybn¬ G‰hpa[nIw thm´v t\Sp∂ F√m cm{„ob I£nIfptS bpw (tZiobI£nIfpw {]mtZinI I £nIfpw) \nb{¥Ww Ct∏mƒ apX emfnØ Xm¬∏cy߃°mWv. tZio b ]m¿esa‚ntebpw kwÿm\ \n bak`Ifntebpw cm{„ob t\XrXz ßfntebpw AXn kº∂cpsS hn]p eamb km∂n≤yw CXns‚ Zr„m¥ amWv. \ΩpsS ]m¿esa‚n¬ AwK ßfmb NnecpsS, shfns∏SpØs∏ ´ kzØv hnhcw t\m°n-bm¬ CXv t_m[y-amIpw: k¿hhpw XyPn®v cm{„tkh\w Bthiam°n FSpØ \nch[n almcY∑mcpsS ]mcºcyap≠v C¥ybv°v. tkh\X¬∏ccmb ]uc∑mcpsS FÆØnse ssh]p eyamWv P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS DZmØamb hf¿®bv ° v Du¿÷w ]Icp∂Xv. \nba\n¿amWk` Ifnse kº∂h¿K km∂n≤yw tkh\ X¬∏cX sIm≠msW∂v [cn°p∂Xv Akw_‘amWv. Km‘nPn hn`mh\w sNbvX kzmX {¥ym\¥c C¥ybn¬ kzØns‚ DSaÿX {SÃpIƒ°mbncp∂p. ]mhßsf klmbn°m≥ kzØv hn\ntbmKn°Wsa∂pw Km‘nPn ]d™psh®p. ]t£ kzØns‚ kºmZ\Øn\pw Cc´n∏n\pw kwc £WØn\pw cm{„obm[nImcw

]´nI 1 ]m¿esa‚nse G‰hpw kº∂cmb 10 AwK߃ {I.\. t]¿

]m¿Sn

kzØ *v A`n-{]mbw

1.

2.

atl{μ {]kmZv hnPbv aey

sP.Un(bp) kzX{¥≥

692 615

3.

Pbm _®≥

kamPv hmZn

484

4.

5.

PK≥ taml≥ sdUvVn sF.F≥.kn kp∫cman sdUvVn sF.F≥.kn

446 258

6.

A`ntjIv knwKzn

226

7.

X°w XIm¿

sF.F≥.kn

8.

]o∏nƒkvv ]m¿´n kXy\mcmbW Nu[cn Sn.Un.]n

190

9.

A\n¬.FNv.emU

sF.F≥.kn

179

10.

\am \mtKizc dmhp

Sn.Un.]n

142

cmPyk`, _nlm¿ cmPyk`, aZy hyhkmbn cmPyk`, {]ikvX \Sn temIk`, B{‘ temIk`, B{‘m hyhkmbn temIk`, sF.F≥.kn ap≥ h‡mhv temIk`, AcpWmNcmPyk`, kpP\m{Kq∏v ÿm]I≥ cmPyk`, I¿WmSI kztZin temIk`, B{‘

209

(*kzØv tImSn cq]bn¬) ]´nI 2 2010˛12 ImeØv ]pdØv h∂ AgnaXnbpsS dnt∏m¿´pIƒ AgnaXn

h¿jw hym]vXn * Xew

apJy Xmc߃

I¬°cn∏mSw hn¬∏\

2012

185591.5

tZiobw

2 Pn kvs]{Œw teew

2010

176000

tZiobw

I¬°cn a{¥mebw kzImcy Iº\nIƒ, hnhn[ Ce. t_m¿UpIƒ \odm dmUnb, F.cmP, Fw.sI. I\nsamgn, sSen.Iayq. Iº\nIƒ

hJ^v t_m¿Uv `pan

2012

200000

I¿ÆmSI cm{„obt\Xm°ƒ, Z√mf∑m¿, am^nb kwL߃

F≥.B¿.FNv.Fw.

2012

10000

bp.]n.

ambmhXn (*hym]vXn tImSn cq]bn¬)

ssIbmfp∂ hy‡nIsfbmWv P\{]mXn\n[y k`Ifn¬ ImWp∂ Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ `cWm[nImcØn\v km[mcW°mcs‚ {]iv\߃ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ tijnbn√mXmbn. BtKmfoIcWhy- h - ÿ - b nP\m[n]Xy aqeyßf√, kmºØnI hf¿®bmWv G‰hpw {][m\s∏´ e£yw. s]mXpkºØn s‚ A[m¿anI hn\nabhpw X´n∏dn s®Sp°Xt∂bpw \ymbbp‡ambn amdp∂Xv Cu ]›mØeØnemWv. ÿm\samgnbp∂ k¿°m cns‚ ImeØv shfn®Øv h∂ Nne {][m\s∏´ AgnaXnbpsS hnhc߃ Xs∂bmWv CXn\v km£yw: kam\XIfn√mØ Cu Ipw`tImW߃, Hcp P\m[n]Xy hyhÿ bv ° IØv Bkq{XWw sNøs∏Sp∂ s]mXpapX¬ A]lcWØn\v C{Xam{Xw hym]vXnbps≠∂ hkvXpX A\mhcWw sNøp∂p. GsXmcp ]ucs‚ a\ nepw A¤pXapfhm°m≥ {]m]vXamWv Cu IW°pIƒ.

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

23

cm{„obw Hcp a’cmflI hyhlmcambn amdp∂Xpw AXn\v ]WØns‚ \n¿t√m`amb ]n¥pW A\nhmcyamIp∂Xpw \mw ImWpIbmWv. P\Iob {]iv\ßsf°mƒ AXnkº∂cpsS Xm¬∏cy߃°v hgßp∂ kwhn[m\ambn {]Xn\n[n k`Iƒ°v cq]am‰w h∂ncn°p∂p. 82 tImSntbmfw thm´¿amcpsS a\ ns\ thhemXns∏SptØ≠ G‰hpw ImenI {]k‡nbp≈ hnjbamWnXv. DØchmZnXzap≈ cm{„ob ]m¿´nIƒ {InbmflIamb P\]£ N¿®bv°v Xømdmhp∂ns√¶n¬ ]Ws°mgp∏ns‚ IcpØv Po¿Æn∏n®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ cm{„ob kwhn[m\Øn¬ ]uc∑mcpsS `mhn {]tlfnIbmbn XpScpI Xs∂ sNøpw. kºØns‚ Hgp°v, cm{„obt\Xm °fpw tIm¿∏td‰pIfpaSßp∂ Ip‰hmfnkwLØns‚ kzImcy DSaÿXbnte°v Xncn®phnSp ∂Xn\p≈ KqVmtemN\bmWv bYm¿∞Øn¬ \S∂n´p≈Xv. P\m bØ `cWkwhn[m\Ønse Cu km[yX Imeßfmbn D]tbmKs∏ SpØpIbmWv C¥ybnse kº∂ h¿Kw. IW°n¬ ImWn°m\mIm Ø 7280000 tImSn cq]bpsS \nt£ ]߃ Ch¿ kq£n°p∂Xv kznkv _m¶nemWv. ItºmfØns‚ km[y XIƒ°∏pdw, cm{„ob˛`cW Iq´p sI´pIƒ {]tbmP\s∏SpØn kº Øv B¿÷n°emWv C¥y≥ apX emfnØØns‚ ASnØdsb∂v \nco £n°p∂Xn¬ sX‰n√. Atkmkn tbj≥ t^m¿ sUtam{Im‰nIv dn t^mwkv F∂ kwLS\bv°v e`n® hnhca\pkcn®v \nehnep≈ 19 a{¥nam¿ AhcpsS kzØv hnhcw shfns∏SpØnbn´n√. cm{„obt\ Xm°fpsS BkvXn {]Jym]\ ]{XnIbn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-°m-Wp∂ hnhn[ C\- ß fptS- b pw, Bkv X nh¿≤\ptSbpw t{kmX pIƒ GsX ∂v s]mXpth At\zjW hnt[bam Ip∂pan√. Ign™ c≠ph¿j°me Øn\nsS (2010˛ 12) Nne tI{μa{¥n amcpsS kzØn¬ h∂ h¿≤\hv t\m°pI: a{¥n h¿[n® BkvXn (tImSn cq]bn¬) PK{Xm£I≥ (Un.Fw.sI) 64.5 {]^p¬ ]t´¬ (F≥.kn.]n) 42 Ia¬\mvYv (sF.F≥.kn) 26

24 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

sXc™Sp∏pIƒ henb Af hn¬ ]WsamgpIp∂ Ifn-°famsW ∂Xv \nkv X ¿°amb ImcyamWv . ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ \SØp ∂ Hcp \nt£] {]{Inbbmbn CXns\ Im Wp∂Xv AXnitbm‡nbpamhn√. cm{„ob ]m¿´nIƒ°v t]mepw hg ßmØ \nch[n kmYm\m¿ ∞nIƒ P\tkh\Øn\p≈ A`n\nthiw aqØv IfcnbnseØp∂p≠v. ]m¿´n bpsS kZvk-ΩXn BWv kmYm\m¿ ∞n°v hnPbn°m\p≈ am\Zfiw

F∂ hnizmkw Xoscbn√mØhcm Wh¿. ]Whpw ssIbq°pw am[ya kulrZhpw X{¥ßƒ sa\bm \p≈ tijnbpamWv Chsc kw_ ‘n®nStØmfw sXcs™Sp∏v hnPbØns‚ \n¿ÆmbI LSI ߃. kz¥w \nebv°v ]Ww Is≠ Øn (]Wand°n) sNehv \SØpI bmWv Chcp sS ]Xnhv. X߃°v ]m¿´nbpsS bmsXmcp [\klmb hpw e`n®n´n√ F∂mWv 2009 se temIk`m sXcs™Sp∏n¬ hnP bn® 317 t]¿ sXc™Sp∏v IΩoj≥ apºmsI \¬Inbn´p≈ hnhcw. 120 Fw.]n.am¿°v ]m¿´nbpsS `mKnI k lmbw e`n®p. 15 t]cpsS Imcy-Ønam{XamWt{X apgph≥ sNehpw ]m¿´n hln®Xv. ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°v sXcs™ Sp∏v {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v sNehgn °mhp∂ XpIbv°v \ne-hn¬ \n›bn-®n-´p≈ ]cn[n Xosc A]cym]vX amsW∂ apdhnfn hym]IamWv .

2009˛ se temIk`m sXc-s™-Sp∏n¬, sNdnb kwÿm\ßfn¬ 22 e£w cq]bpw a‰v kwÿm\ßfn40 e£w cq]bpw F∂nß-s\bm-bncp∂p {]kvXpX ]cn-[n. sXc-s™-Sp∏n\v tijw ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ Ce Ivj≥ IΩoj≥ apºmsI ka¿∏n® IW°pIƒ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv, 437

Fw.]n.am¿ A\phZn°-s∏-´X - ns‚ 59 iXam\w am{Xta sNe-h-gn-®p≈p F∂mWv. 2 Fw.]n.am¿ IW°ne[n Ihpw (230%hsc) Hcmƒ 100 iXam\ hpw sNehgn®p. _m°nbp≈ F√mhcpw 50 iXam\Øn¬ Xmsg am{Xw sNehgn®hcmWv t]mepw! AXnØs∂ 2t]¿ 10 % Øn¬ Xmsg am{Xhpw! H´pw hnizmktbmKya √mØ IW°pIfmWnh F∂v B¿°mWv AdnbmØXv? temIk`m ÿm\m¿∞nbpsS sNehv kw_ ‘n® hnhc߃ sXc™Sp∏v IΩo j≥ Xs∂ Nne apJmapJßfnhy‡am°nbn´p≠v. 1.53 tImSn cq] bpsS aXn∏v sNehv Ds≠∂mWv bp‡nklamb IW°v . 2009 almcm{„bnse _oUv afieØna’cn® _n.sP.]n. t\Xmhv tKm]n \mYv ap≠sb BZmb\nIpXn hIp∏v At\zjWhnt[b\m°nbXv X\n°v 8 tImSncq] sXcs™Sp∏v sNehp ≠mbn F∂ shfns∏SpØens\ XpS¿∂mWv. tIm¨{K v t\Xmhv a\ojv Xnhmcn Hcp skan\mdn¬ ]d ™Xv, ]©m_nse ep[nbm\ afieØn¬ a’cn® Hcp ÿm\m¿ ∞n 15˛20 tImSn cq] sNehn´p F∂mWv . Hmtcm afieØnepw icmicn aq∂v {]_e ÿm\m¿ ∞nIƒ hoXw CØcw henb XpI Iƒ sNehm°p∂p≠v . 2009˛se sXcs™Sp∏n¬ a’- c n® 1600 ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsS samØw sNehn s‚ aXn∏v 4800˛8000 tImSn cq] hcpw.

A©v h¿jØn\nsS \S∂ hnhn[ sXc™Sp∏pIƒ°v ÿm\m¿∞n Iƒ Cd°p∂ XpI Xmsg ]´nIbnt{ImUoIcn®ncn°p∂p : aXn∏v IW-°-\p-k-cn®v Xs∂, 35550˛81500 tImSn cq] ssh]pey ap≈ Hcp sNehnS¬ t{kmX mWv C¥ybnse sXc™Sp∏v cwKw. (s]mXpJPm\bnse sNehpIƒ CXn\v ]pdta). sXc-s™-Sp∏v IΩoj\v ka¿∏nt°≠ -IW°pI-fnbYm¿∞ sNe- h ns‚ 10 iXam\ Øn¬ Xmsg am{Xw tcJ-s∏-SpØp∂ Xp apX¬ Bcw`n°pIbmbn P\{] Xn\n[nIfpsS I≈w ]d®n¬. P\ ßtfmtSm A[nImc ÿm\ß tfmtSm \oXn]pe¿Øm≥ Ch¿°v k∂≤Xbn√ F∂mWt√m CXn\n∂v \mw a\ nemt°≠Xv? 2014˛¬ temIk`m ÿm\m¿∞nbpsS sNehv ]cn[n 70 e£w cq]bm°n Db¿ØnbXn¬ F¥v bp‡nbmWv D≈Xv? hmkvXh hncp≤amb hnhc

]´nI 3 5 h¿j °mesØ sXcs™Sp∏v sNehv (Ipd™Xpw IqSnbXpamb FÃnta‰v)

Xew

a’-cm¿∞nIfpsS FÆw

icm-icn aXn∏v sNehv/ ÿm\m¿∞n

BsI aXn∏v sNehv

ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ sX.I-Ωo-j\v \¬Inb IW°v

Ipd-™Xv IqSn-bXv Ipd-™Xv IqSn-bXv temIk`

1600

3 tImSn 5tImSn 4800 tImSn 8000 tImSn

Akwªn

12000

1 tImSn 3 tImSn 12000 tImSn 36000 tImSn 2950 tImSn

\Kck`

2500

5000000

]©mbØv

7108887

25000

50000

17500 tImSn 35000 tImSn

˛

BsI

˛

˛

˛

35550 tImSn 81500 tImSn

˛

1tImSn 1250 tImSn 2500 tImSn

358 tImSn

˛

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

25

]´nI 4 2004˛05 apX¬ 2011˛12 hsc cm{„ob ]m¿´nIƒ kzcq]n® ^≠pIƒ e`n® kw`mh\bpsS hnhcw (tImSn cq]bn¬) ]m¿´n

2004 05

2005 06

2006 07

2007 08

2008 09

2009 10

2010 11

2011 12

BsI

INC

222.07

124.93

169.37 220.83

496.88 467.58

307.09 356.28 2365.03

BJP

104.12

38.33

82.49 123.79

220.02 258.01

168.01 309.46 1304.23

BSP

5.19

11.74

45.89

70.92

182.02

56.98

115.70

9.01 497.45

NCP

12.10

7.37

15.79

17.39

40.01

44.85

23.31

40.82 201.64

CPI

0.66

11.23

0.75

1.24

1.17

1.29

2.12

CPM

39.88

41.60

63.40

59.70

62.83

73.28

BsI

384.02

225.19

377.69

493.87 1002.93

901.99

26 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

1.56

10.01

76.57 103.85

521.11

692.80

820.98 4899.46

߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ kwkvIm cw \nehmcap≈ ]uckaqlØn\v F¥psIm≠pw `qjWa√.

IW°nse CØcw I≈߃°v ]pdta I≈∏WØns‚ ]n≥_ehp ap≠v ÿm\m¿∞nIƒ°v . _‘s∏´ cmjv{Sob ]m¿´nbpsS klm ba√ 317 Fw.]n.amcpsS sXcs™ Sp∏v sNehpIfpsS t{kmXkv F∂ hkvXpX I≈∏Whpambp≈ Ah cpsS _‘sØ kwibn°m≥ \ymb ambpw CS\¬Ip∂p. apIfnse ]´nIbn¬ (3) Ahkm\\ncbnse Xp- I Iƒ°∏pdw ]e aSßmWv bYm¿∞ kwJyIƒ F∂v sXc s™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ Xs∂ ]T\ ߃ Is≠ØnbXns‚ shfn®Øn emWv sXcs™Sp∏v sNehv ]cn[n Ct∏mƒ Db¿Ønbncn°p∂Xv. Cu ]cn[n CXnepw Db¿ØpIbmbn cp∂p th≠nbncp∂Xv. BsI aXn∏v sNehv t\cnSp∂Xn\v ÿm\m¿∞n Iƒ Bsc kao]n°p∂p, Ah¿ F¥n\v C{X `oaamb kwJy ssI amdp∂p, A°u≠v sNøs∏SmØ XpIIƒ kq£n°p∂Xn\v \nehn ep≈ \nbaßsf Fßns\ Ah¿ adn IS°p∂p, {]Xyp]Imcambn \ΩpsS P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ Ah¿°v F¥p klmbw \¬Ip∂p XpSßnb A\h[n kakyIƒ°v DØcw e`nt°≠nbncn°p∂p. thm´sd kzm[o\n°phm\p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃ AXncpIS°p∂ kw`h߃ sIm≠v apJcnXamWv sXcs™Sp∏v {]NmcWthfIƒ. ]Whpw elcn hkvXp°fpw thm´¿ am¿°v t\cn´v e`yam°ns°m≠v thm´v A\pIqeam°pI F∂ X{¥w Nne {]tZißfn¬ ]cs° {]tbmKn °s∏Sp∂p≠v. U¬ln Bÿm\am bn {]h¿Øn°p∂ sk‚¿ t^m¿ aoUnb ÃUokv F∂ ÿm]\w 2008˛ 09 se sXcs™Sp∏v ImeØv \SØnb ]T\Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´nImWp∂Xv, Xangv\m´n¬ 33.6 iX am\w thm´¿am¿°pw tIcfØn13.4 iXam\w t]¿°pw ]›na _wKmfnse thm´¿am- c n¬ 4.9 iXam\Øn\pw ]Ww \¬In F∂m Wv. bp.]n.bn¬ 500, 1000 cq]m Id≥knIƒ ]{XØn\IØv sh®v hnXcWw sNbvXt{X! Xangv\m´nId≥kn IhdpIfnem°n cm{XnIme Øv ho´nseØn°p∂ coXn km¿h {XnIamsW∂v tIƒ°p∂p. sImdn b¿ hgnbp≈ hnXcWamWv a‰v Nne kwÿm\ßfn¬. kzbw klmb

kwL߃, k∂≤ kwLS\Iƒ F∂nhtbbpw CØcw tPmen°mbn D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂p. am[ya k lmbw sXcs™Sp∏nse as‰mcp kzm[ot\m]m[nbmWv. ]©m_nse Hcp Fw.F¬.F. H‰Øp≠v s]bvUv \yqkn\v sNehm°nbXv 35 e£w cq]bmbncp∂psh∂v shfns∏´n´p≠v. ap≥ ’m¿Jfiv apJya{¥n kz¥w {]NcWØn\mbn 2 tImSn cq] sNe hn´ncp∂pht{X. ]WanS]mSpIfnse kpXmcy Xbv°v ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsS _m¶v A°u≠v \n¿_‘am°m≥ sXc ™Sp∏v IΩojs‚ ]pXnb am\Z fi߃ hyhÿ sNøp∂p. tIm Sn°W°mb BkvXnbp≈ t\Xm °ƒ ]ecpw BZmb \nIpXn dnt´ WpIƒ \¬Ip∂hc√. ]m≥ Im¿Uv t]mepw FSp°mØ \qdp IW°n\v t]cpap≠v. hensbmcp `mKw ]m¿´n ^≠pIƒ h∂pt]mIp∂Xv _m¶v A°u≠pIƒ hgnbpa√. ]m¿´n ^≠nte°v Hcp h¿jw 20000˛ Øne [nIw cq] Hscm‰ t{kmX n¬ \n∂v e`n°ps∂¶n¬ am{Xta t{km Xt sX∂v shfns∏SptØ≠ Xp≈p F∂mWv \nehnep≈ \nbaw.

CXnse ]gpXv hnZKv≤ambn D]tbm Kn°p∂hcmWv C¥ybnse {]apJ cm{„ob I£nIsf√mw. BsI hchns‚ 75 iX- a m- \ hpw CØ- c Øn¬ 20000-˛Ø - n¬ Xmsg am{Xw hcp∂, t{kmX v shfns∏SptØ≠Xn √mØ, kw`m- h - \ - I fpsS cq]- Ø n emWv Ah¿ IW-°p-I-fn¬ ImWn°pI. At mkntbj≥ t^m¿ sUtam{Im‰nIv dnt^mwkv F∂ kwLS\ BZmb\nIpXn hIp ∏n\n∂v hnhcmhImi\nba {]Im cw hmßnb hnhc߃ Cu {]iv \ Øns‚ Kuchw hy‡am°p∂p.

2004˛- 0 5 apX¬ 2011˛12 hscbp≈ Imebfhn¬ C¥ybnse tZiob I£nIƒ kzoIcn® kw`mh\Iƒ 4899.46 tImSn cq]bmWv. CXn¬ 435.87 tImSn cq]bpsS t{kmX pIƒ am{Xta shfns∏SpØnbn´p≈p. (e`n® kw`mh\bpsS hniZmwi ߃ ]´nI 4 ¬) shfns∏SpØs∏´ t{kmXkp Iƒ {]Imcw kw`mh\bpsS 87 % XpIbpw \¬Inbn-cn°p∂Xv tIm¿ ∏td‰pIfmWv. tIm¨{K v, _n.sP. ]n F∂o I£nIƒ°mWv Ah henb tXmXn¬ e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

\nch[n t]cpIfn¬ sXcs™Sp∏v {SÃpIƒ cq]oIcn®v AhbpsS t]cnemWv XpI ssIam‰w.

C¥ybnse P\m[n]Xy {]{Inb bn¬ _n n\ v Xm¬]cyØns‚ \n¿ÆmbI kzm[o\w Cß- s \sbms° Dd∏n®ncn°p∂p. iXtImSo izc∑msc XzcnXKXnbn¬ D¬]mZn ∏n°p∂, kºØns‚ Hgp°v Hcp Znibnte°v am{Xambn \nb{¥n°p ∂, thm´nwKv b{¥ßsf Nn´bmbn {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂ Hcp sdmt_m´ns\ t∏mse P\m[n]Xyw ]cphs∏´ncn °p∂p! Hcp L´Øn¬ Gsd tLm jn°s∏´ h\nXmkwhcW \nb aØn\pw temIv]m¬ \nbaØn\pw k`bn¬ \n∂v \mWwsI´v Xncn t™mtS≠n h∂Xv bmZr—nIa√.

Cu k`bpsS Ahkm\ ]IpXn bn¬ Kuchmhlamb k`m hyh lmc߃ Npcp°ambncp∂p. 1952 apXep≈ k`mNcn{XØnse BZy ]IpXnbn¬ icmicn 3200 aWn°q¿ (5 h¿jw) k` tN¿∂ncp∂p. ]Xn \memw temIk` 1736 aWn°p¿ am{XamWv tN¿∂Xv. ]Xn\©maXv k`bv ° v AXnepw Xmsg kabw am{Xta tNtc≠n h∂p≈p. k` bpsS {]YanI NpaXebv ° p≈ {][m\yw {ItaW IpdbpIbmtWm F∂v `bt°≠nbncn°p∂p. 2011˛12 apX¬ 5 tImSn cq] Fw.]n.amcpsS {]mtZinI hnIk\Øn\v e`yamWv. \nba\n¿ΩmWØn¬ \n∂v t\cn ´p≈ hnIk\Imcyßfntebv°≈ hyXnNe\ambn CXns\ IW°m °mtam F∂v \n›ban√. cm{„obw Hcp a’cmflI hyhlmcambn amdp∂Xpw AXn\v ]WØns‚ \n¿t√m`amb ]n¥pW A\nhmcyamIp∂Xpw \mw ImWpI bmWv. P\Iob {]iv\ßsf°mƒ AXnkº∂cpsS Xm¬∏cy߃°v hgßp∂ kwhn[m\ambn {]Xn\n[n k`Iƒ°v cq]am‰w h∂ncn°p∂p.

82 tImSntbmfw thm´¿amcpsS a\ ns\ thhemXns∏SptØ≠ G‰hpw ImenI {]k‡nbp≈ hnjbamWnXv. DØchmZnXzap≈ cm{„ob ]m¿´nIƒ {InbmflIamb P\]£ N¿®bv ° v Xømdmhp∂n s√¶n¬ ]Ws°mgp∏ns‚ IcpØv Po¿Æn∏n®p sIm≠ncn°p∂ cm {„ob kwhn[m\Øn¬ ]uc∑mcpsS `mhn {]tlfnIbmbn XpScpI Xs∂ sNøpw. narayanankutty63@gmail.com

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

27

kv{Xo kaqlw sI.-]n.-F≥. AarX

kv{XoIfpw A[n-Imc cmjv{So-bhpw c-W-\n¿hlW {]h¿Ø-\ßfn-ep≈ kv{XoI-fpsS {]mXn\n[yw enwK-Xp-eyX ssIh-cn°p-∂Xn-\p≈ {][m\ Nph-Sp-h-bv]mbn C¥y-bn-epw temI-sØ-ºmSpw IcpXn-h-cp-∂p-≠v. kwh-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbmWv km[m-cW - b - mbn kv{XoIƒ°v cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw e`n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. GXv \ne-bn-emWv A[n-Imcw kv{Xo im‡o-Ic - W - sØ klm-bn-°p-∂s - X∂pw, cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw F{]-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-Sm-sa∂pw hni-Za - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠X - p-≠.v XmØzn-Ia- mb Cu ]T-\ß - f - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n-emIWw \ne-hn¬ C¥y-bn¬, {]tXyIn®v tIc-f-Øn¬ A[n-Imc cmjv{Sob-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥.

`

A[n-Imcw enwKXp-ey-Xbv°v A\n-hm-cyw A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-

28 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

∂n-´p≈ ]T-\-ß-fn¬ F¥n-s\m-s°bp≈ A[n-Im-cw(Power to), Bcp-sSsbms°taep≈ A[n-Imcw (Power over), A¥¿h¿Øn-bmb A[n-Imcw (Power within) F∂n-ßs\ ]e cq]Øn¬ A[n-Im-csØ hnh-£n-°p-∂p≠v. ta¬∏-d™ h - b - n¬ aq∂m-aXv ]cma¿in® A¥¿h¿Øn-bmb A[n-Imc-amWv Xocp-am-\ß - s - f-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ ˛“Rules of the game” \n›-bn-°p-∂X - n\p≈˛ A[n-Im-c-sa∂pw, AXmWv cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cØ - n-eqsS kv{XoIƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-sX∂pw B≥ ^nen∏v A`n{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. \b-]c - a - mb Xocpam-\ß - s - f-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ A[n-Imcw kv{XoIƒ°v \ntj-[n-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p.

AXv t\Sn- s b- S p- ° p- ∂ {]{Inb cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n-eq-sS-bp≈ CS-s]-Se - p-If - n-eqsS kw`-hn-t°-≠X - p≠v . ^qt°m, tdmem≥Uv F∂o kmaqly imkv{X-⁄c - psS ImgvN∏ - mSn¬ A[n-Im-c-sa-∂Xv Adn-hns‚

D¬]m-Z\ - a - m-W.v Adn-hn-\m¬ kRvPnX-am-Wv. FhnsS A[n-Im-c-ap-t≠m, AhnsS sNdp-Øp-\n¬]n\v Xo¿®bmbpw km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v thWw Icp-Xm≥.

Ime-ßf - mbn ioen-®p-t]m∂ a¿ZnXm-hÿ, A[n-Imc {]tbm-KØns‚ ImcyØ-n¬ kv{Xosb kw_-‘n®nStØmfw B¥-cn-I -X-S w krjvSn°p∂ H∂mWv. AXns‚ `mK-ambn kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ am‰-an-√msX XpS¿∂p-hc - n-Ibpw sNøp∂p. A[n-Im-c{- ]-tbm-KØ - n-ep≈ Cu PUXzw am‰p∂ {]h¿Ø-\a - mWv im ‡o-Ic - W - w. H‰bv°v Hmtcm kv{Xobpw A\p-`-hn-®p-t]m-cp∂ A[-a-XzsØ kwL-SnX sNdp-Øp-\n¬]ns‚ cq]Øn-te°v hf¿Øn-sb-SpØv {]iv\ßsf t\cn-Sp∂ {]{Inb im‡o-I-cW-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. AXn\v Xo¿®-bmbpw kv{XoI-fpsS {]mXn-\n [yw A[n-Im-c {- ]-tbmKtI{μ-ßf - nA\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv.

LS-\m-]c - a - mb am‰-Øn-te-°p≈ {]mY-anI Nph-Sp-hb - v]mWv cmjv{Sob LS-\b - n-te-°p≈ kv{XoI-fpsS cwK{]-th-i-hpw, CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw F∂v Fhven≥ lÃv ]d-bp-∂p. kv{Xo˛-]pcpj Xpey-Xb - n-√m-bva XI¿°p-hm≥ t_m[- ] q¿h- a mb CS- s ]- S - e p- I ƒ IqSntb Xocq. kv{XoIƒ temI-ØmsI, GXv taJ-e-bnepw {]mXn-\n[yw Ipd-™h - c - m-Wv. ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xyw \n e-\n¬°p∂ C¥y-bn¬ kv{Xo, ]pcpj\v ]ndsI \S-°p-∂-h-fm-Wv. Cu A[n-Im-cL - S- \ - bv°v F√m-bvt]mgpw sh√p-hn-fn-bm-bn-´p-≈Xv cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\a - m-Wv. A[n-ImcLS\ s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp∂Xv ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´-h-cpsS hnI-k\ - Ø - n\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. 1970 hsc ‘kv { XoI- f pw hnI- k \hpw’ (Women and Development) F∂Xmbn cp∂p ap{Zm-hm-Iy-sa-¶n¬ AXn\p tijw ‘kv{XoIƒ hnI-k\ {]{In-bbn¬’ (Women in Development) F∂mbn amdn-bn-´p-s≠∂v ImWmw. ]pcp-j\v ta¬ss° D≈ cmjv { So- b - Ø nkv{Xo{]iv\-߃ th≠ coXn-bnN¿®-sN-ø-s∏-Sm-dn-√. AXp-sIm-≠v Hcp ÿm]n-X- X-{¥-sa∂ \ne-bnXs∂ kv{Xo {]iv\ß - ƒ ]cn-lc - n-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿K-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn kv{XoIƒ hnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬, cmjv{So-bL - S- \ - b - n¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂X - ns\ ImtW- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . \ne- \ n¬°p∂ a¿ZI-˛-a¿ZnX hyh-ÿn-Xn -X-s∂bmWv kv{XobpsS A[-am-hÿ bv°v Imc-Ws - a∂ hmZw icn-hb - ° v p-tºmƒ Xs∂, A[n-Imc cmjv{So-bØ - n-ep≈ kv{XobpsS ]¶m-fnØw henb am‰Øn-te-°p≈ A\n-hmcy Nhn-´p-]-SnIƒ Xs∂- b m- W v . hnZym- ` ymkw \¬Ip-∂X - n-eqsS am{Xw kv{XobpsS

]Zhn ]q¿W-ambpw Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n√. `qan, hn`-h-߃, sXmgn¬, hcpam\w F∂n-h-bn-sems° CS-s]-Sm\pw, Xocp-am-\ß - s - f-Sp-°p-°p-∂X - n\pw P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Xpey-]¶m-fn-Øap≈ kv{XoIƒ°pw Ah-Im-ia - p-≠m-tI-≠Xp-≠v. kv{XoI-fpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I -{]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w X{¥-]-c-amb (strategic) {]iv\-߃ IqSn ]cn- l - c n- ° - s ∏- t S- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . ssk°nƒ HmSn-°p-hm≥ ]Tn® kv{Xo, {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - mbn ssk°nƒ HmSn-°phm≥ ]Tn-®t- Xm-sSm∏w t\Sn-sb-Sp-ØXv, k©m-cØ - n-\p≈ Ign-hpw, kzmX{¥y-hp-am-Wv. C∂v IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬/kaq- l Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ enwK-hn-thN\w \nb-a-\n¿am-W -{]-{In-b-bnse kv{XoI-fpsS i‡-amb {]mXn-\n-[yØneqsS Hcf-hp-hsc ]cn-lc - n-°m-\mIpw. Zmcn{Zyw, kv{XoIƒ°v t\scbp≈ B{I-aW - w, enwKm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - nep≈ sXmgn¬ hn`-P\w XpS-ßnb {]iv\ß - sf ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ Imcy-{]m]vXn CXn-eqsS kv{Xo-kaqlw ssIh-cn-°p-sa-∂Xv Xo¿®. ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-l-Ønse cmjv{So-b kaqlhpw ]pcp-j- tI-{μoIr- X - a m- I pw. AXp- s Im≠p- X s∂ kv{Xo {]mXn-\n[yw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ cmjv{So-b∏ - m¿Sn-Is - f√mw kzbw Xocpam-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ km[y-X-bn-√. Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn¬, AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\m-Ip-∂Xv \n¿_-‘nX `c-WL - S- \ - m]-cn-jvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS am{XamsW∂v hcp-∂p. cmjv{So-b∏ - m¿Sn-Iƒ°-IsØ kv{XoI-fpsS i_vZhpw s]mXp- ]ptcmK-a-\-{]-ÿm-\-ßfpsS \nc-¥-c-amb {ia-hpw, CØ-c-Øn¬ \nbaw ]cnjvI-cn-°p-hm≥ C¥y-bn¬ ap≥-ssI FSp-ØX - ns‚ `mK-am-bmWv 73, 74 `c-

s]mXp-k-a-c-ßfn¬ Ct∏mgpw (cm-jv{Sob/ ]cn-ÿnXn/ZfnXv ka-c-߃) henb kv{Xo ]¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≠v. Ahsc `c-W-cw-K-tØ°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ap≥-ssI-sb-Sp-°-Ww. s]mXp-cw-KØv \n¬°p∂ kv{XoI-sf-bmsI tbmPn-∏n®v kv{Xo{]-iv\-ßsf-°p-dn-®pw, cmjv{So-b -kw-L-S-\m-cw-KØv t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ A[n-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw N¿®-sN-ø-Ww. enwKm-h-t_m-[-ap-≠m-°m\p-XIp-∂ ]cn-io-e\ ¢mkv \¬I-Ww. Imcy-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. hnhmlw/IpSpw_w F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ _‘n-X-bm-bm¬ am{Xta kv{Xo°v kzXz-ap≈p F∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-\vFXnsc {]N-cWw \S-Ø-Ww. kv{XobpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXw GXp ka-bØpw N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-S-Ww.

W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eqsS ]©mbØv/\K-c] - m-enIm BIvSv \ne-hnh-∂Xpw, B ÿm]-\-ß-fnse `cW-Øn¬ 33.3% kwh-cWw kv{Xo°v {]m]y-am-b-Xpw. ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°s∏´ hn`m-K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kv{Xo Isf apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v Db¿Øns°m-≠p-hc - p-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p B \S-]Sn. tIc-f-Øn¬ AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v apgp-h≥ Xt±-i- kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]\ßfnepw BZy-]Snbmbn 33.3 iXam-\-w kwh-cWhpw ]n∂oSv 50 iXam-\w kwh-cWhpw \ne-hn¬ h-∂p. {]mtZ-inI hnI-k\ {]{In-b-bnXpey ]¶m-fnØw t\Sn-sb-Sp-sضnepw \b-]c - a - mb Xocp-am-\ß - s - f-Sp°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚ v/\nb-a-k`m cwKß- f n¬ {]kv X pX kwh- c - W - Ø n\p≈ _n¬ C\nbpw ]m m-°-s∏-´n´n√.

tIcf cmjv{So-bØ - nkv{XobpsS ]¶m-fnØw `mcym-Xz-hpw, amXr-Xzhpw ÿm]\-h¬°-cn-°s - ∏´ kaq-la - mWv tIcfw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ cmjv{So-b, kac Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kv{Xo\maw an°hmdpw A{]-Xy-£a - m-sW∂v ImWmw. kzmX-{¥y-ka - c - w, \thm-∞m\ t]mcm´-߃, Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\ß - f - psS {]t£m-`- k-a-c-߃ F∂n-h-bn-se √mw ]s¶-SpØ H´-\-h[n kv{XoI-fp≠v. hy‡n-]c - a - mb Du¿PsØ kmaqlnI Du¿P-am°n ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-®-hcp-≠v. t]cp-Iƒ Hmtcm-∂mbn ]cma¿in-°p-∂n-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnIk\/B[p-\o-I-cW {]{In-b-bnBWpw, s]Æpw tXmtfmSp tXmƒ tN¿∂v t]mcm-Sn-bn-´p-≠v. \ni-_vZ-ambpw, A√m-sXbpw A[n-Im-cL - S- \ - sb X®p-S® kv{XoI-fp-≠v. AXn¬ ]e cpw s]mXp CS-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hnhmlw, IpSpw_w F∂n-hb - psS `mK-ambn ]n∂oSv hn´p-\n-∂p. Iayq-WnÃv {] ÿm-\-Øn\v Iogn¬ \S∂ samdm-g, H©n-bw, Iøq¿, ]p∂{] ka-c-ß-fnsem-s°, ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS kpc-£bv°p≈ Imh-em-fp-I-fmbpw t\cn´v ka-ca - p-JØpw kv{XoIƒ t]mcm-Sn-bn´p-≠v. `oI-ca - ¿Z-\ß - ƒ G‰phmßn-bh-cp-≠v. Hfn-hp-Po-hn-Xw, an{i-hn-hmlw, Pbn¬ hmkw, Pbn-en¬ {]k hw˛ Ch-sb√mw kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈X - mWv. F∂m¬ A[n-Imc cmjv{Sob taJ-ebm-bt- ∏m-tg-°pw, Ch¿ BZr-iy-cm-bn. ]ecpw IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ HXp-ßn. “]pg-bn¬ Ipfn-°p-∂ Ip´n-I-fmWn-h¿, IS-en¬ Ipfn-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]mI- X bpw [oc- X bpw Ch¿°p ImWn-√” (s{]m-^. ]n.KoX-tbmSv ISG{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

29

∏m-Sv) F∂ \ne-]m-Sn-embn apgp-h≥ cmjv{So-b{- ]-ÿm-\ß - f - pw. aX-kw-LS-\I - ƒ Cu Akv]r-iy-Xbv°v B°w Iq´n. kl-[¿aw BN-cn-°¬ km[mc-Wb - mbn. a\p-jy- k-aX - z-sa-∂X - n¬, kv{Xo˛-]p-cp-j-k-aXzw LS-I-a-√m-Xmbn. hnhmlw/IpSpw_w/aXw F∂o ÿm]- \ - ß - f psS kv { Xohn- c p≤ \ne]mSp-Isf XI¿Øv ]pd-Øp-sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn¬ cmjv{Sob {]ÿm-\߃ ap≥ssI FSp-Øn-√. cmjv{So-b∏m¿´n-I-fn-epw, t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-Ifnepw t]mepw kaXzw \ne-hnh∂n-√. {]t£m-`-cw-K-ß-fn-se√mw kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ ITn\ {iaw \S-Øp∂ kwL-S\ - I - ƒ Xocp- a m- \ - s a- S p- ° p∂ thZn- I - f nAXn\v \n¿_‘w ]nSn-°p-∂n-√.

Cu `qan-Ib - n¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p-thWw `c-W-\n¿_Δ-l-W-Øn-ep≈ kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥.

\ne-hn-ep≈ ÿnXn 1995 se _oPnßv ktΩ-f\ - Ø - n\v tij-amWv `c-W-\n¿h-l-W-Ønkv{Xo i‡-amb ]¶m-fn-bm-tI-≠Xv kw_-‘n® Xocp-am-\-ß-fp-≠m-b-Xv. 10-˛mw ]©-h’ - c ]≤-Xn-bmWv kmaqlnI/kmº-ØnI/enwK-\oXn Bi-b߃°v {]mtbm-KnI cq]w \¬In-bsX∂v ImWmw. tIc-fØ - n¬ 1996˛se k¿°m¿ sIm≠p- h ∂ hnI- k \ ImgvN-∏mSv ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´hsc apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v sIm≠p-hcp∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXns\-Øp-S¿∂v Xt±-i- `-cW - I - q-Sß - f - nkv{XoIƒ°v kwh-c-W-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\Ø - n¬ {]mXn-\n[yw e`n-°p-Ibp-≠mbn. (1994se 73, 74 `c-W-LS\m t`Z-K-Xn) ]m¿e-sa‚ v/\nb-ak`m afi-e-ßfn¬ CXp-h-scbpw kwh-cWw \S-∏n-em-bn-´n-√. C¥y≥ ]m¿e- s a‚ n¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ kv{Xo ]¶mfn-Øa - mWv D≈Xv (10.8%). tIc-f\ - n-ba - k - `- b - n¬ BsI 7 h\nXm saº¿am-cm-Wp-≈X - v. hnI-k\ {]{In-bb - nse kv{Xo IfpsS {]mXn-\n-[yw, kv{XoIfpsS kmaq-lnIhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb {]iv\ß - f - n¬ CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ \S-Ønbn-´p-≠.v h\nXm hnI-k\ t{]mP-ISv pIƒ°v cq]w-\¬Ip-∂X - n\pw kv{XoIfpsS ]Zhn {]mtZ-in-IX - e - Ø - n¬ ]Tn°p-∂-Xn\pw {ia߃ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. enwK-]-Zhn, XpeyX F∂o Bi-b߃ tIc-fØ - n¬ N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿb - p-≠m-bn. kv{XobpsS PohnXm-hÿ kpc-£n-Xhpw sa®-s∏-´X - pam-°m≥ \ne-\n¬°p-∂ `c-WI - qS-km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpSßn. s]mXp- t h- Z n- I - f n¬ kv { Xo

30 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

km∂n[yw {]I-Sa - m-bn. {Kma-k`/I¿ak-an-Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ t{]mPIv‰p N¿®-If - n¬ kv{Xo km∂n-[y-ap-≠m-bn. ‘s]mXp-CSw’ Adn-bm-\p≈ kml-Ncy-ap-≠m-bn. hy‡n-]-chpw kmaqlnIhp-amb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]Sm≥ kv{XoIƒ ap≥ssI FSp-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

F∂m¬ C\nbpw ]cn-lc - n-°s - ∏tS-≠-Xmb \nc-h[n t]mcm-bva-Iƒ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-WØn-\v, ]©m-bØv/\K-c-k`m thZnI-fn¬ kwh-c-W-ap-s≠-¶nepw \b-]c-amb Xocp-am-\ß - s - f-Sp-°p∂ ]m¿esa-‚ v /\nb-ak - `- I - f - n¬ kwh-cWw \S∏n-em-°n-bn-´n-√m-ØX - n-\m¬ kv{XoIƒ C∂pw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc A[n-Im-c-LS-\bv°p ]pd-Øp-X-s∂-bm-Wv; enwK]-Zhn Ak-aXzw `c-W, -cm-jv{Sob cwKØpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. `c-W\n¿Δ-l-Ww, ]m¿´n-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnsem∂pw Xpey-]¶ - m-fn-Øa - n-√; t\XrXz-]-Z-hn-bps≠-¶nepw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp°p-∂-Xn¬ kv{XoIƒ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ am{X-am-bnt∏m-Ip-∂p; cmjv{Sobw \ne-hnepw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy -ta-J-e Xs∂-bmbn \ne-\n¬°p∂p; ]¶m-fnØsØ kv{XoI-fp sS ]cn-N-b-°p-dhv , ka- b - ° p- d hv F∂nhsb√mw _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. A[n-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Bfl-hn-izm-k°p-dhv {]I-S-am-Wv. kv{Xo{]-iv\ß - ƒ N¿®- sN-øm≥ am{XamWv kv{XoIƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hnfn-°s∏Sp-∂Xv. AØcw thZn-Ifn¬ ]pcp-j- ]-¶m-fnØw s]mXp-hnIpd-hmbn-cn-°pw. ho´-Ωh - ¬°-cWw/ aXw F∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o\w kv{Xo t\Xm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw C—m-i-‡nsb _m[n-°p-∂p. cmjv{SobsØ kuIcym-flI - a - m-°p-∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS {]mYanI taJe IpSpw_w Xs∂bmbn XpS-cp∂p; IpSpw-_-`m-cw, Ne-\m-flI-X-bn-√m-bva, B{I-a-W-߃, ssP hnI Imc-W-߃ Ch-sb√mw XS- amhp∂p; Zmcn-{Zyw, sXmgn-en-√mbva F∂nh cmjv{So-b{- ]-_p≤-Xb - p-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√; ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n kv{Xok-aq-lsØ AcßØv sIm≠p-hc - m-\p≈ t_m-[] - q¿ Δamb {ia-߃ cmjv{So-b∏ - m-¿´- n-If - nan°- h mdpw \S- ° msX hcn- I bpw sNøp-∂p.

]cn-lmc \n¿tZ-iß - ƒ \ne- h nepw `mhn- b nepw enwK\oXn \S-∏n-em-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n®v, \ne-\n¬°p-∂ ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn-Ø kaqlw apX-em-fn-ØØ - ns‚ Dt]m]-∂-amWv F∂ FwK¬kns‚ \nKa\w a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠p≈ \n¿tZ-

i-߃t° {]k‡n D≠m-Ip-∂p-≈p. ‘h¿Kw’ F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn se∂-Xp-t]mse ‘enwKw’ F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw, kv{XoIƒ kaql-Øn¬ a¿Z-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ enw-K-\o-Xn°m-bp≈ t]mcm-´ß - ƒ kv{XoIƒ°v cmjv{So-b -{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ {][m-\am-W.v cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cØ - n-ep-≈h - c - psS {]h¿Ø- \ ß- f n¬ s]mXp- { ]- i v \ ߃s°m∏w kv{XohmZ {]h¿Ø\ßfpw Dƒs∏- S p- t Ø- ≠ - X p- ≠ v. {]t£m-`ß - ƒ/ka-c߃ apX-em-bh Gender Sensitive BI-Ww. ]m¿esa‚ v / \nb- a - k `m thZn- I - f nepw h\nXm kwh- c Ww \S- ∏ n- e m- ° m\p≈ kΩ-¿Zw sNep-ØWw. {]mtZinI `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xp-≠v. h\n-Xm-LS- I - ] - ≤ - X - n, Pm{K-Xmkan-Xn, kzbw klm-b-kw-L-߃ F∂n-hs - b-√mw enwK-]Z- hn Db¿Øp ∂ coXn-bn-te°v t_m[-]q¿Δ-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ D≠m-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. h\n-Xm-P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpsS {Kq∏v cq]o-I-cn®v {]h¿Ø-\߃ Bkq{XWw sNøm- h p- ∂ - X m- W v . kv { Xo t]mcm-fn-I-fpsS sFIyw AXn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂X - m-Wv. s]mXp-ka - c - ß - fn¬ Ct∏mgpw (cmjv{Sob/]cn-ÿnXn/ZfnXv ka-cß - ƒ) henb kv{Xo ]¶m-fn-Øa - p-≠.v Ahsc `c-Wc - w-Kt- Ø°v sIm≠p-hc - m≥ ap≥ssI- s b- S p- ° - W w. s]mXp- c w- K Øv \n¬°p∂ kv{XoI-sf-bmsI tbmPn∏n®v kv{Xo{]-iv\-ßsf-°p-dn-®pw, cmjv{So-b k - w-LS- \ - m-cw-KØv t\Sn-sbSp-t°≠ A[n-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw N¿®-sN-øW - w. enwKm-ht- _m-[a - p-≠m°m\p- X Ip- ∂ ]cn- i o- e \ ¢mkv \¬I-Ww. Imcy-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°A\n-hm-cy-am-W.v hnhmlw/IpSpw_w F∂o ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ _‘n-X-bmbm¬ am{Xta kv{Xo°v kzXz-ap≈p F∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-s∂-Xnsc {]N- c Ww \S- Ø - W w.kv { XobpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXw GXp ka-bØpw N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-SW - w.

A[n-Im-cc - m-j{v So-bØ - nse Hmtcm kv{Xobp-sSbpw CS-s]-S¬ s]mXp-kaq-l-Øn¬ enwK-\oXn \S-∏n-em-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-I-fm-sW∂ Ah- t _m[w Hmtcm cmjv { Sob {]h¿Ø-Ibv°pw D≠m-tI-≠X - p-≠v.

Hgn-hm-°m-\m-Im-Ø-hÆw kv{Xo{]iv\-߃ N¿®-sN-øm-\p≈ thZn-Ifmbn AtXm-sSm∏w cmjv{-v Sob {]ÿm\-ßfpw amdp-∂X - m-Wv. (tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cnjXv kwL-Sn-∏n® tIcf hnI-k\ tIm¨ {K n¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n® {]_-‘w- )

]cn-ÿnXn, kaqlw tUm. Fkv. {ioIp-am¿

se¡pw seKm-\p-an-Ãm¯ Icn-¦Â J\\w :

IÀi\ \nb-{´Ww A\n-hmcyw cfw F{X sNdnb kwÿm\-amWv F∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ sXm´-b¬ kwÿm-\ß - f - psS hnkvXrXn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ aXnbm-Ipw. \ΩpsS kwÿm-\-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Gsd khn-ti-j-X-bp≈-Xm-Wv : 48 iX-am\w hcp∂ ae\mSpw , 42 iX-am\w hcp∂ CS-\mSpw, 10 iX-am\w am{Xw hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ Xoc-tZ-ih - pw. Ing-°p-\n∂pw ]Sn-™mtdm´v `qan°v \√ Ncn-hp≠v. AXpsIm-≠m-Wt√m, ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ \ndp-I-bn-¬ ]Xn-°p∂ ag GXm≠v 48 aWn-°qdpsIm≠v Atd-_y≥ ISen¬ HgpInsbØp-sa∂v ]T-\-߃ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. 2011 se sk≥kkv {]Imcw Hcp NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰-dnep≈ icm-icn P\-hm-kw 860 BWv.

tI

Atß- b ‰w P\- k m- { μhpw, {Kmahpw \K-chpw XΩn¬ th¿ Xncn®-dn-bm≥ ]‰msX hym]n®p InS-°p∂Xpw, Irjn- ° - \ p- t bm- P y- a mb {]tZiß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏´p InS-°p∂Xpw, KXm-K-X-tbm-Ky-amb tdmUpI-fpsS irwJ-eI - ƒ D≈-Xp-amb Cu sIm®p kwÿm\w C∂v t\cn-Sp∂ {]m[m-\-{]-iv\-ß-fn-sem∂v AanXhpw Aim- k v { Xo- b hp- a mb hn`h NqjWhpw Ah Dfhm-°p∂ kmaq-ln-Ihpw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ih - p-amb BLm-Xß - fpam-W.v Icn-¶¬ J\hpw, aW-eq-‰-epw, Ip∂n-Sn-°-epw, \nc-Øepw, F√mw tXm∂nbt]mse XIrXn-bmbn \S-∂p-hc - p-∂p. Icn-¶¬ Izm dn-I-fpsS B[nIyw, Ah {]h¿Øn°p∂ coXn, Ah- b psS ÿm\w

Hs° km[m-cW - ° - mcmb P\-ßf - psS Poh\pw kzØn\pw henb `oj-WnbmWv Db¿Øp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønssek≥kp≈ F{X ]md-a-S-Iƒ D≠v F∂v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-t\mSv kp{]ow tImSXn Bcm-™-t∏mƒ D Øcw \¬Im≥ A∂v Ah¿°v km [n-®n-cp-∂n-√. CtX XpS¿∂v ]pXnb aS-Iƒs°m∂pw ssek≥kv sImSp°-cp-sX∂pw D≈-hc - psS ssek≥kv ]pXp°n \¬I-cp-sX∂pw kp{]ow-tImSXn \n¿t±iw \evIp-I t- ]m-ep-ap-≠m-bn. ]Xn-aq∂mw tIcf \nb-ak - `- b - psS ]Ømw ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ D∂-bn-°s∏´ Hcp tNmZy-Øn\v ({ioa-Xn.-sI.F-kv.-k-eoJ Fw.-F¬.-F-/-\-£{X Nn”-an-SmØ tNmZyw \º¿ 2450) 23.01.2014-¬ hyh-km-ba - {¥n \¬Inb G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

31

adp- ] Sn {]Imcw tIc- f - Ø n{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv 4653 sh-´p-I¬/ Icn- ¶ ¬ Izmdn- I ƒ am{X- a mWv .

F∂m¬ \nb-am-\p-kr-Xa - √ - msXbp≈ Izmdn-Iƒ CXns‚ ]Xn-∑-Sßp hcpsa-∂XmWv hmkvXhw.

Izmdn-I-fpsS FÆw (sh-´pI¬/Icn¶¬ ) tIcf \nb-a-k-`bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ {]Imcw Pn√ FÆw Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 185 sIm√w 128 ]Ø-\w-Xn´ 167 tIm´bw 213 Be-∏pg 9 CSp°n 129 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 444 Xr»q¿ 343 ]me-°mSv 228 ae-∏pdw 874 tImgn-t°mSv 283 IÆq¿ 1100 hb-\mSv 69 Imk¿tImSv 481 ]›n-a-L-´-ta-Je AXoh ]cnÿn- X n- { ]m- [ m- \ y- a p- ≈ - X m- s W∂v KmUvKn¬ dnt∏m¿´n¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p-≠v. KmUvKn¬ dnt∏m¿´p {]Imcw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿ Ø-\ß - fpw ]mSn-√mØ tkm¨ H∂nemWv F∂m¬ an° Izmdn-Ifpw {] h¿Øn-®p-hc - p-∂X - .v KmUvKn¬ dnt∏m¿ ´n\v ]Icw tI{μ k¿°m¿ Ct∏mƒ \S-∏m-°m≥ \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ I kvXqcn cwK≥ dnt∏m¿´n-em-Is - ´, ]cnÿnXn Zp¿_e {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ Izmdn (a-W¬ hmc-epw) A\p-aXn \¬Im≥ ]mSn√ F∂v \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p-≠v. k¿°m¿ A\p-aX - n-bp≈ J\-\ß - ƒ am{X-amWv Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S°p-∂Xv F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp kmlk-am-bn-cn-°pw. tIc-f-Ønse ]›n-aL-´-ta-J-e-bn¬ 1700˛\SpØv IzmdnIƒ A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn {]h¿Øn-®ph-cp-∂p-s≠∂v s{]m^.-Km-UvKnXs∂ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn.

P\-kwJym h¿≤-\-hpw dnbFtÉv tem_n-I-fpsS hym]\hpw kwÿm-\Øv \n¿Ωm-WtaJ-eb - nh≥ IpXn-®p-Nm´w D≠m-°p-Ibpw AXv {]Ir-Xn-hn-`h߃ Aan-Xa - mbn NqjWw sNøs∏Sp∂ Ahÿ kwPmX-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C∂v tIcfw A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ s]m´n-®nX-dp∂ hen-sbmcp ]md-aS- b - m-bn X - o¿ ∂n-cn-°p-∂p. J\\w Fßns\ \SØ-Ws - a∂v \n¿t±-in-°p∂ N´-߃ \ne-hn-en√m-Ø-X-√, Ah-sbm∂pw ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂-XmWv h

32 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

kvXp-X. Cu at\m-`mhw H´-\-h[n Izmdn A]-IS-߃°pw AXneqsS kzØn-t‚bpw Pohs‚ Xs∂bpw \mi-Øn\pw hgn h®n-´p-≠v. ASp-ØnsS- \S∂ ]md-aS Zpc-¥-߃ ]´n-Ibn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

]cn-ÿn-XnI BLmX ]T\w Icn-¶¬ Izmdn-I-fpsS B[nIyw sIm≠v P\PohnXw Zp -la - mb Ing°-ºew (F-d-Wm-Ip-fw), Aø-ºpg (F-dW - m-Ip-fw), tZi-aw-Ke - w(-Xr-»q¿), Ie-™q¿ (]-Ø-\w-Xn-´), Iqcp-ae (tIm-´b - w), A-ØmWn (h-b\ - m-S)v , ]pfn°¬ (a-e-∏p-dw) F∂o {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ ]m-cn-ÿn-XnI BLmX ]T\w \S-Øm≥ teJ-I\v At\Iw Ahk-c-ap-≠m-bn-´p≠v. F√m {]tZ-i-ßfnepw s]mXp A\p-`hw GXm≠v Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv F¶nepw FSpØp ]d-b-Ø-°-Xmb Nne A\p-`-h-߃ Hmtcm {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw D≠v.

Ing-°º - ew, Fd-Wm-Ipfw ]T-\w- \S-°p∂ 2008 ¬ Ing-°ºew {Kma-]© - m-bØ - nse Duc-°mSv ae-bn¬ tIhew \qdp-ao-‰¿ Np‰-fhn¬ {]h¿Øn-®ncp-∂Xv ]Xn-s\m∂v Izmdn-I-fm-Wv. ssek≥kv C√msX {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-sb-°qSn Dƒs∏-SpØn-bp-≈- IW-°mWv CXv. IzmdnbpsS 250 ao‰-dn-\p-≈n¬ hoSp-Ifpw a‰p ]ªnIv ÿm]-\-ßfpw ÿnXnsN-øp-∂p. A]-IS- a - c - W - ß - ƒ ChnsS

]Xn-hmbn-cp-∂p. I√v I-b‰n Nodn-∏mbp∂ Sn∏-dp-I-fpsS B[nIyw ]©mb-Øv -tdm-Up-I-fpsS Ahÿ timN\o-ba - m-°n. D{K-ktv ^m-S\w aqew kao]- Ø p≈ sI´n- S - ß ƒ°v hn≈kw`-hn-®p.-No-fp-Iƒ sXdn-®p-]Xn®v sI´n-Sß - ƒ°v tISp-]mSp kw`-hn-®p. a\p-jy¿°v -Xs∂bpw apdn-hp-Iƒ kw`- h n®p. ap∂- d n- b n- ∏ n- √ msX ªmÃnwKv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ ]md®o-fp-Iƒ GXp-k-a-bØpw ]d∂p h ∂v k©m-c-tbm-Ky-amb ]©m-b-Øptdm-Un¬ ho-gp-ambn-cp-∂p. X∑qew P\-߃ tdmUp-]-tbmKw Xs∂ D t]-£n-°p∂ ÿnXn kwPm-X-am-bn.

Ingp-°mw-Xq-°mbn \n¬°p ∂ ]mdaSs®cp-hn¬ \n∂v ]md CSn-™p-ho Wv Pe-tk-N\ - Ø - n-\p≈ I\m-ep-Iƒ XI¿∂-Sn-™p. Kpcp-Xc - a - mb A¥-co £ aen-\o-I-cWw kao-]-hm-kn-IfpsS Btcm-KysØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p. s]¿an‰v sImSp-Øn-cn-°p ∂ Af-hnepw F{Xtbm A[n-IambmWv ]md s]m´n®p am‰p-∂X - v. A ßns\ ]©m-b-Øn\v Int´-≠n-bn-cp ∂ tdmb-¬-‰n In´msXbpw t]mbncp∂p. J\-\-^-e-ambn D≠m-Ip∂ 30 apX¬ 40 ao‰¿ hsc Bg- a p≈ K¿Ø-߃ J\-\-tijw AtX-t]m se Dt]-£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibm-bncp∂p.

Np‰pw then-s°-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ag°m-eØv A]-IS- a- c - W - ß - ƒ [mcmfam bncp-∂p. Bgw IqSnb ]md-a-S-I-fnX´v X´mbn Xncn®p≈ J\\ta B Imhq F∂mWv hyh-ÿ. ]md s]m´n-

kwÿm-\Øv \S-∂n-´p≈ Nne Izmdn Zpc-¥ß - ƒ {]tZiw

\S∂ h¿jw

D≠mb \jvSw

IS-πm-a-‰w, tIm´bw

2012

3 acWw

Ip‰ym´q¿, IÆq¿

Pqsse 20, 2009

hym]-I-\miw

ap\n-∏m-d, Nme-°p-Sn

Pqsse 4, 2009

1 acWw

]c-∏, Imk¿tKmUv

s^{_p-h-cn 24, 2009

3 acWw

Ing-°-º-ew, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

P\p-h-cn 18, 2008

]me-∏-≈n, ]me, s\Spw-Ip∂w hnt√-Pv,

s^{_p-hcn 5, 2008

tIm´bw

s^{_p-hcn 20, 2008

Ing-°-º-ew, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

Pq¨ 17, 2008

Ipgq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

Unkw-_¿ 22, 2007

5 acWw

sImSp-a¨, ]Ø-\w-Xn´

P\p-hcn 30, 2014

2 acWw

1 acWw hym]-I-\miw

3 acWw t{]mPIv‰v I\mXI¿∂p

°p∂ ssk‰n- t \mSv tN¿∂mWv sXmgn-em-fnIfpsS Iymºv sjUv D≈Xv. ]md-aS- I - f - psS Nph-´n¬ ªmÃnwKv \SØn ]md \ - o°w sNøp-∂X - n-\mapIƒ`mKw D¥n-\n¬°p-∂- ImgvN ]e Izmdn-I-fnepw ImWmw. kpc-£nXXzw Xoscbn--√mØ CØcanS-ß fn¬ -\n-∂m-Wv sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ]Wnsb-Sp-Øncp-∂Xv. ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂ A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v {]mY-anI NnIn-’m -ku-I-cy-߃ H∂pw Xs∂- Hcp-°n-bn-´n√. am{X-a√ kvt^mS-I-hkvXp D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ssek≥kp≈ ªmÃtdm ]cn-Nb - k - º-∂tcm D≠m-bn-cp-∂pan√. Izmdn-IfpsS AXn¿Øn {]tXyIw thensI´n Xncn- ° - W - s a∂pw Xma- k ÿew, P\-hm-kt- I{μw F∂n-hn-Sß - fn¬ \n∂v 100 ao-‰-sd-¶nepw AIew ]men- ° - W - s a- ∂ p- a mWv hyh- ÿ .

F∂m¬ F√m \nb-a-ßfpw Im‰n]d-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp∂p Cu {]tZiØv Izmdn-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Aø-ºpg, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse Beph Xmeq-°n¬s]-Sp∂ Aø-ºpg hnt√Pnse ]md- s]m-´n® Izmdn-bn¬ D≠m b D{K-kvt^m-S\Øn¬ Izmdn-bpsS aq∂p-In-tem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ BLm Xw D≠m-bn. ]e hoSp-Iƒ°pw hn≈ep-Iƒ hoWp. πmÃ-dp-Iƒ AS¿∂pho-Wp. Hcp hoSns‚ P\¬ •mkpIƒ s]m´n-®n-Xd - n. Nne-sc-¶nepw AeamcnIfn¬\n∂pw ]m{X-߃ Xmsg hogp-∂X - mbpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. `nØn-bptSbpw ac-t{^-ap-I-fptSbpw CS-bn¬ \n∂pw πmÃ-dnwKv AS¿∂p- t]m-bX - mbn ImWmw. am{Xa√ 25 ASn XmgvN-bp≈ Hcp InWdn¬\n∂pw kvt^mS-\s - Ø-Øp-S¿∂v sh≈w hm¿∂p-t]m-bn. GXm≠v 4 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-fh - n-\p-≈n-¬ 20 Hmfw Izmdn-Iƒ A∂v {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p.

At\Iw Izmdn-I-fn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw Htc-ka - bw ªmÃnwKv \S-∂ncp-∂psh ∂pw - D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ kvt^mS-Ih - kvXp-hns‚ Afhv hfsc IqSp-X-embn-cp∂psh∂pw P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Adn-bm≥ km[n-®p. `qN-e-\-Øns‚ Xo{hX Adn-bm-\p≈ tamUn-ss^Uv sa¿°-enkv kvsIbn-en¬ ]d-bp∂ e£-Wß - s - f√mw sNdp `qN-e\ - Ø - n \p kam-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc sNdnb {]tZ-iØv ªmÃnwKv sIm≠p-≠m-bn´p≈ {]I-º\ambn-cp∂p CXv. Hcp sNdnb {Sa¿ ]o®n-bnse `qI-º -am]n-\n-bn¬ Cu kabw dnt°m¿Uv

sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Izmdn-If - mWv `qI-ºa - p≠m-°p-∂Xv F∂v CXn\¿∞-an-√. ]s£ Izmdn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp Aan-X-am-Ip-I-bmsW-¶n¬ ªmÃnw-Kn\v GXm\pw NXpc-{i- In-tem -ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ {]Iº\w krjvSn-°m≥ km[n-°pw F∂Xn\v X¿°-an-√. AXv sI´n-S-ßsf Aÿn-ca - m-°p-sa∂pw `qI-ºk - m-[y-Xbp≈ taJ-eb - n¬ CXv A]-IS- ß - ƒ £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ klm-bn-°psa∂v B¿°mWv a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-Xv? {]-I-º-\-Øns‚ i‡n, ine-bpsS kz`m-hw, ine-bpsS apI-fn-ep≈ I´n-bn-√mØ {Zhn® ]mdbp-sSbpw aÆn-t‚bpw Dd-∏v, kvt^mSI- h - k vXp- h ns‚ Afhv, Bgw F∂nhsb B{i-bn-®mWv BLm-XØns‚ Xo{hX. \ap°v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ `qIºw ]e-t∏mgpw ^e-I-ß-fpsS Ne\w aqew D≠m-Ip-∂X - m-W.v F{X Du¿÷amWv Hmtcm hym]vXn-bn-ep≈ `qN-e\Ønepw \n¿K-an-°p-∂Xv F∂v ]cntim-[n-°mw. `qN-e\w XØp-ey-amb Du¿ ÷-Øn-\mbn (hym]vXn) hnkvt^m S\w sNtø≠ T.N.T. bpsS Afhv 0.5 5.6 In.{Kmw 1.0 32 In.{Kmw 3.0 32 In.{Kmw 4.3 5000 S¨ 6.0 10 e£w S¨ 8.5 5600 e£w S¨ 9.0 50,000 e£w S¨ \ΩpsS Izmdn-I-fn¬ km[m-c-Wco- X n- b n¬ 5.6 In.{Kmw Sn.- F ≥.Sn ªmÃnwKv \S-Øn-bm¬ 0.5 hym]vXnbp≈ `qN-e-\-amWv D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Izmdn Bh-iy-߃°mbn 150 {Kmw kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp -1.5 ao‰¿ -BgØn¬ hnkv t ^m- S \w \S- Ø m- s a∂mWv \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xv. am{X- a √ Hcp- a n®v ªmÃnwKv \SØmsX Hmtcm ªmÃnw-Kn-\n-S-bnepw Ime-hn-fw_w D≠m-°m≥ {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠-Xpap≠v. ]o°v ]m¿´n-°nƒ shtem-kn‰n (PPV) Xd-bpsS {]I-º\ - a - mWv kqNn∏n-°p-∂-Xv. 2 mm /s hfsc kpc-£nX-amb ]cn-[n-bm-bn-´mWv IW-°m-°p∂Xv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Nm¿÷v s]¿ Unse \n›-bn-°p∂Xv. CXp- { ]- I mcw ªmÃnwKv ssk‰ns‚ F{X-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬

ªmÃnw-Kns‚ BLm-Xa - p-≠m-hp-sa∂v ImWn-°p∂ ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. kvt^mSI hkvXp-hns‚ kzm[o\taJebpsS Np‰-fhv Afhv (In.{Kmw) (ao-‰¿) 0 .2 60 0.4 85 0.6 105 0.8 125 1.0 150 1.4 165 1.8 185 2.0 195 C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xn¬ \n∂pw, 28 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ hnkvXr-Xn-bnsI´n-S-߃°v tISp-]m-Sp-≠m-°p∂ {]I-º\ - a - p-≠m-°W - s - a-¶n¬ Aø-ºpg-bn¬ A\p-hZ- ov b - a - m-bX - n¬ F{Xtbm Cc´n kvt^mS-Ih - kvXp D]tbm-Kn-®p ImWWw F∂p a\- n-em-°mw. Aøºp-gb - n¬ am{X-a√ tIc-fØ - n¬ an° ]md-aS- I - f - nepw CXp-Xs - ∂-bmWv kw`hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v.

Ie-™q¿, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bnse Ie-™q¿ GXm≠v ]q¿Æ- a mbpw IzmdnIƒsIm≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Izmdn-Iƒs°-Xnsc i‡-amb ka-c߃- Ac-tß-dnb ÿe-amWv Ie™q¿ ]©m-bØ - v. aq∂v Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ 48 e[nIw ]md-a-S-I-fmWv ChnsS {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. IqShnt√-Pn¬ am{Xw 36 Hmfw Izmdn-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. tIm∂n t^mdÃv Unhn-js‚ sXm´-cp-In-emWv Izmdn taJ-eb - p-≈X - v. kao-] {- ]-tZ-iØ - p≈ hoSp- I ƒ°v s]m´n- s Ø- d n- b psS BLm-XØ - n¬ hn≈-ep-Iƒ kw`-hn®n-´p-≠v. Cu {Kma-Ønse sNdnb tdmUp-If - n¬°qSn Nodn-∏m-bp∂ Sn∏dp-Iƒ sIm®p-Ip-´n-Iƒ°v sskzcyambn kvIqfn-tebv°v k©-cn-°p-∂Xn\v `oj-Wn-bp-b¿Øp-∂p. AXp-t]mse -Xs∂ Chn-sS-bp≈ Fw km‚ v πm‚ v (am\p ^mIvtN¿Uv km≥Uv) ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v AXoh BLm-Xa - mWv krjvSn-°p-∂X - .v t\ctØ ]d-™X - pt]m-se, ]md-aS- I - fpsS Bgw 20 ASnbn¬ IqSn-bm¬ X´v X´v Bbn thWw J\\w \S-Øm≥ F∂mWv \nb-aw.

F∂m¬ BgØns‚ Cu AXn¿h-cºp-Iƒ ]e-bn-SØpw ewLn-°s∏´ncn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. {Ij¿ bqWn-‰p-If - psS GXm\pw Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ A ¥-co-£-Øn¬ s]mSn-]-S-e-߃ \nd™n-cn-°pw. Ch kao-]Ø - p≈ PemG{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

33

i-bß - f - n-eqsS hr£-eX - m-Zn-It- fbpw aqSpw. CtXmsS IpSn-sh≈ t{kmX p-Iƒ aen-\o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p. kky߃ Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUv hen-s®-SpØv HmIvkn-Ps\ ]pd-tØ bv°v X≈p-∂X - v Ce-If - n-eq-sS-bmt√m.

Ce-I-fn¬ hogp∂ s]mSn HmIvko-Ic-WsØ XS- s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. AtXm sS ip≤-hm-bp-hns‚ e`y-Xbpw Ipdbp∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-amb ]e \o¿®mep-Ifpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. Htc-°¿ ÿ ew hmßnbm¬ `qan°v apI-fn-ep≈ ]md-Iƒ am{X-a√, `qan-°-Sn-bn¬ A t\Iw ao‰-tdmfw Bg-Ønep≈ ]md bpw J\\w sNømw F∂-Xm-Wt√m AXns‚ kmºØn-Ii - mkv{Xw! tImSn°-W° - n\v cq]-bpsS em`-amWv Izmdn DS-aI - ƒ°v CXn-eqsS e`n-°p-I. k¿ °m-cn¬ \n∂pw eokn-s\-SpØ `qanbn¬ \nc-h-[n -t]¿ ]md- s]m-´n-°sNøp-∂p-≠.v eokn-s\-SpØ `qan-bnbmsXmcp am‰hpw hcp-Øm≥ ]mSn√ F∂mWv \nb-aw. F∂m¬ Htc-°¿ eokn-s\-SpØv At\Iw G°-dn\n∂v ]md-s]m-´n-°p-I-bmWv am^nb sNøp-∂Xv.

]pfn-°¬ ˛ sNdp-Imhv taJe, ae-∏pdw ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse ]pfn-°¬˛ sNdp-Imhv taJ-eb - n¬ bmsXm-cp-hn[ kpc£m kwhn- [ m- \ - h p- a n- √ msX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ At\Iw Izmdn-Ifp≠v. A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX {]h¿Øn-

34 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

°p-∂-h-bmWv AXn¬ `qcn-`m-K-hpw. kvt^mS-\-sØ- Xp-S¿∂p≈ {]Iº\w aqew kao-]sØ \qtdmfw hoSp-Iƒ°v tISp-]m-Sv h-∂p. ]md-®ofp-Iƒ hoWv Npa-cp-Ifpw HmSp-Ifpw Igp-t°mepw XI¿∂p-t]mb \nc-h[n tI p-Iƒ D≠v.

]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´pw `qI-º-N-cn-{Xhpw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. 1994˛¬ `qN-e\w \S∂ tZi-aw-Ke - Ø - n-\v k - a - o]w `mcX-∏pg-bpsS KXnbn¬ 90 Un{Kn hfhv ImWm≥ Ignbpw (In-g°p ]Sn-™mdv Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bpsS KXn ]Sn-™mdv hS°v ˛]-Sn-™m-tdm´v Hcp sNdnb sks‹‚mbn HgpIn ho≠pw Ing °p ]Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip-∂p. `ua-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Hcp {`wi\w (faulting) \S-∂Xns‚ kqN\-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu `mKØv a¿±w kzcq]n-°p-∂X - m-bn´mWv ]T-\ß - ƒ kqNn ∏n-°p-∂Xv. 4 ¬ IqSp-X¬ hym]vXn bp≈ `qN-e\w ChnsS D≠m-In-s√∂mWv sskkvtam-fPn ]T-\-ß-fnImWp- ∂ - X v . F¶nepw `qN- e \w Bh¿Øn-°p-∂ t- aJ-eb - mbXn-\mChnsS ªmÃnw-Kn\v \nb-{¥Ww B hiyw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Hcp ]s£ 4˛5 hym]vXn-bp≈ `qN-e\w D≠m-bmt\c-sØ -Xs∂ ªmÃnwKv sIm≠v _e-£b - a - p≈ hoSp-Iƒ A]-IS- Ø - nem-hm\p≈ km[yX IqSp-XemWv. ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-Iƒ FSp-°pI F∂-Xm Wv Unkm-ÿ amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ ASnÿm\ XXzw.

Imtem-Nn-Xa - mb am‰w J\\ \nb-a-Ønssa\nwKv B‚ v Pntbm-fPn, (Mining

hf¿Øp-ImSv FtÃ-‰v, Xr»q¿ as‰√m Izmdn-I-tfbpw t]mse Xs∂ F√m-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ BLmXßfpw D≠m-°p-∂-h-bmWv Xr»q¿ Pn√-bnse tZi-aw-Kew {Kma-]-©m-bØnse hf- Ø p- I mSv FtÃ- ‰ nse Izmdnbpw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®p≈ {Ij¿ bqWn‰pw. ªmÃnwKn-¬ hoSpI-ƒ°v tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ ]‰n-b A\p`hw D≠mbn-´p-≈ ÿeamWnXv. Aan-X-ambn kvt^mS-I-hkvXp D]-tbmKn-®v \n›nX Bg-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-XªmÃnwKv \S-Øn-bm¬ hoSp-I-ƒ°v Xo¿®-bmbpw tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ D≠m-hpw. sNdp-`q-Ne\-߃ Bh¿Øn®v A-\p-`-hn-®ph-cp∂ Hcp {]tZ-iw IqSnbmWnXv. 1989, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2012 F∂o h¿jß-fn¬ hym]vXn 3 \v Xmsg-bp≈ sN dp-`q-Ne - \ - ß - ƒ hS-°m-t©cn, hc-hq¿ taJ-e-bn¬ D≠m-b-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-SpØs∏´n-´p-≠v. henb `qI-º-Øn\v km[y-X-bn-s√-¶nepw sNdnb `qN-e\-߃ ChnsSbp≠mIpw F∂mWv

and

Geology

Department),

FIvkvtπm-kohv (Explosives Department), dh\yq (Revenue Department), ]©m-bØv, A·n-ia - \ - t- k\, BtcmKyw XpS-ßnb k¿°m¿ hIp-∏p-Iƒ - , aen-\o-I-c-W- \n-b-{¥-W- t_m¿Uv (Pollution Control Board), XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\ß - ƒ F∂n-hnS-ßf - n¬ \n-∂pap≈ kΩ- X - ] {Xw Ds≠- ¶ nam{Xta Izmdn-Iƒ°v {]h¿Ø-\a - m-cw`n-°-m\mhq. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Ønse Izmdn-Iƒ Gsdbpw {]h¿Ø-n° - q- ∂Xv \nb-ah - p-cp-≤a - m-bm-Wv. taP¿ an\-d¬kv hn`m-K-Øns]Sp∂ I¬°-cn, Ccp-ºv, Icn-aW - XpS-ßn-bh - b - psS Imcy-Øn¬ \ap°v hy‡-amb \nb-a-ß-fp-≠v. C≥Uybnse a‰p kwÿm-\ß - sf At]-£n ®v h≥InS J\n-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂ tIc-fØ - n-en-√. No\ Ifn-aÆ - ,v t_mIv ssk-‰v, NpÆm-ºp-I-√v, I°, •mkv aW¬, Icn-aW - ¬ F∂n-hb - mWv tIcf-Ønse h≥In-S-[m-Xp-°ƒ F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ \n¿ΩmW ] Zm¿∞-ßf - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Icn¶√v t]mep-≈h ssa\¿ an\-d¬kv hn`m-K-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kw

ÿm-\-߃°v taP¿ an\-d¬kns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \nb-aß - ƒ D≠m-°p-hm≥ Hc-[n-Im-ch - p-an-√. ]s£ eLp [mXp°ƒ°p≈ J\\ \nb-aß - ƒ Hmtcm kwÿm-\Ø - n-s‚bpw A[n-Im-c- ]-cn[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-XmWv .1967 ¬ tIcf Kh¨sa‚ v cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXXmWv tIcf an\-d¬ I¨k¿thj≥ dqƒkv t^m¿ ssa\¿ an\-dAUv a n- \ n- k v t {S- j ≥. A°m- e Øv D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]md-s]m-´n-°¬ coXn-b√ C∂p-≈X - .v kvt^mS-Ih - k - X v p-°f - psS AanX D]-tbmKw, P\-km-{μ-Xb - psS h¿≤-\-hv, sI´n-S-ß-fpsS B[nIyw, kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp-°-fpsS kpc-£nXXz-an-√m-sX-bp≈ kw`-cWw, CsXm s° dqƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂ 1967 ˛t\ °mƒ XnI®pw hyXy- k v X - a m- W v .

CtXm-sSm∏w Sn∏-dp-Iƒ t]mep≈ `mc-ta-dnb hml-\ß - f - psS s]cp-Iepw ]c°w ]m®nepw CXns‚ Zqjy-^-eßsf h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

Icn-¶¬ Izmdn-If - pw {Ij¿ bq-Wn‰p- I - f p- w ]cn- ÿ n- X n- ° p- ≠ m- ° p∂ BLm-X-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠p≈ ]e dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw hnZKv≤ kan-Xn-Iƒ k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n-®n-´p≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-Øn¬ t`Z-KXn-If - mWv DS≥ th≠-Xv. ]s£ J\\-ta-Je - b - nse {]_-ea - mb Hcp hn`mKw sNep-Øp∂ - kΩ¿±-w AXn-i‡-amb-Xn-\m¬ s]s´-s∂mcp am‰w sIm≠p-h-cm≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v km[n-°p-∂n√; Ah¿ Xev]-ccp-√.

]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xym-LmX-߃ : \nb-{¥W \n¿t±-iß - ƒ `ua ]cn-ÿnXn ]T-\-Øn-\v ti jw Fhn-sS-sbms° Izmdn-Iƒ B hmw F∂v ]Tn®v Hcp FIvkv¢q-kohv Izmdn Hm∏-td-‰nßv tkm¨ D≠m-hp∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. Hcp NXp-c{i Intemao-‰-dn¬ Htc-k-abw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Izmdn-IfpsS FÆw \nP-s∏-Sp-tØ ≠Xv AXym-h-iyhp-am-Wv. Izmdn-Iƒ XΩn¬ 300 ao‰¿ F¶nepw - AIew thWw. hoSp-Iƒ, a‰v ]ªn°v ÿm]\-߃ 200 ao‰-dn-\p-≈n¬ ]mSn-√. Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw J\\w ]mSn-s√∂v Xn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]cn-ÿnXn Zq¿∫-eta-Je - I - f - n¬ ]md-aS-Iƒ°v A\p-aXn \¬I- c p- X v . hnkv t ^m- S - \ - c oXn˛ kvt^mS-Ih - k - X v p-hns‚ tXmXv, F{X Bg-Øn¬ Bhmw F∂nh-sb√mw ssek≥kv \ev I p- ∂ - X n- \ p- a p- º v \n›-bn-°W - w. Dcpƒs]m-´¬ t]m-sebp≈ {]IrXn Zpc-¥ß - ƒ D≠m-hm≥

km≤y-X-bp≈ Ncn-hv -Iq-Snb {]tZi ßfn¬ J\\w A\p-h-Zn-®p-Iq-Sm. ]md s]m´n®v am‰p-∂Xv F{X B-g Ønepw, hnkvXr-Xnbnep-am-hmsa∂v IrXy-ambn \njvI¿jn-°Ww; AXv XpS¿®-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\hpw thWw. J\\w \SØp-∂Xm-hs´ X´v˛ X´v Bbn´mhWw. ine-Iƒ˛Hmh¿ _¿U≥ (ta¬aÆpw {Zhn® ]mdbpw ASßnb apIƒ`mKw) F∂n-hb - psS Pntbm-sS-I\ v n-°kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v X´ns‚ hoXnbpw Db-chpw ssa≥ πm\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn, AXn\-\p-kr-X-ambn´mhWw J\\ {]h¿Ø\w. ªmÃnwKv \S-Øp-∂Xv ssek≥kv e`n® ]cn-N-b-k-º-∂¿ Xs∂ Bh-Ww. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v th≠ kpc-£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Dd-∏m-°Ww. J\-\Ø - n\v apºmbn A]-£bw kw`-hn® ine-Ifpw ta¬aÆpw B {]tZ- i - Ø v \n∂pw amdn AIse \nt£-]n-°pI-sb-∂Xv {][m-\a - m-Wv. ªmÃnwKv Bcw-`n-°p-∂X - n\v apºmbn Xo¿®-bmbpw sskd¨ apg-°ntbm Nph∂ sImSn-Iƒ ÿm]nt®m ap∂dn-bn∏v \evInbn-cn-°-Ww. s]mSn-]-Se-߃ A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-°p-∂Xv XS-bm≥ th≠ Hcp°- ß ƒ thWw. Izmdn- ° v Np‰pw kkym-h-cWw h®p-]n-Sn-∏n°p∂-Xv, ªmÃnw-Kns\ XpS¿∂v ]d-∂p-bc - p∂ ]md-°jWßfpw Nofp-Ifpw kao-]Øp≈ sI´n-S-Øn\pw kao-]-hm-knIƒ°pw D]-{Zhw krjvSn-°mXncn-°m\p≈ Hcp IcpX¬ \S-]-S-bm-bncn°pw. `mhn-bn¬ ip≤-Pe - k - w-`c - Wn B°m≥ ]‰p∂ hn[amhWw ]mds]m-´n-°e - ns\ {Iao-Ic - n-t°≠-Xv. A\-[n-IrX J\\w \S-Øp∂ ÿe-߃ ]nSn-s®-SpØv \S-Øn-∏pIm¿°v BPo-h\ - m¥ hne°v G¿s∏Sp-Ø-Ww. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI BLm-X-]T\w \n¿_-‘a - m-°W - w. Izmdn-tbm-Sv tN¿∂ `qhp-S-a-I-fpsS F≥.-H.-kn. e`n-°m-Øn-SØv Izmdn°v A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-°-Ww. ssa-\nwKv & PntbmfPn hIp-∏n\v th≠{X Ãm^pw, hml-\-ßfpw \evI-Ww. CS-hn´v Pntbm- f - P nÃv kwLw t]meokv tk\-bpsS AI-ºS- n-tbm-Sp-IqSn IzmdnI-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øw. Ipd™ Afhv ImWn®v ssek≥kv kºm-Zn® tijw hf-sc-tbsd hnkvXo¿WØn¬ Izmdn {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂Xv \nb-a-ew-L\w am{X-a-√, k¿°m¿ JP-\m-hn-tebv°v FtØ≠ tdmben‰n XpI sh´n®v h©\ \S-ØpI IqSn-bmWv F∂v Hm¿Ω thWw.

F∂m¬ ]md-aS- I - ƒs°-Xnsc \S]Sn ssIs°m-≈m≥ ChnsS Hcp k¿°m-cn\pw Xmev]c - y-an-√. h≥InS \n¿ΩmW Iº-\n-Ifpw˛am^nb kw L-ßfpw B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-sebmWv Imcy-߃ \S-°p-∂X - v. IzmdnIƒs°-Xnsc i_vZa - p-b¿Øn-bh - sc ]Xn-hn≥]Sn hnI-k\ - h - n-tcm-[n-Ifmbn-´mWv ap{Z-IpØp∂Xv. Aim-k{v Xob-ambn \S-Øs∏Sp∂hsb∂v ]c s° t_m[y-ap≈ ]md-a-S-Iƒs°Xnsc AWn-\n-c-∂m¬ t]mepw \n¿ Ωm-W -ta-J-esb kvXw`n-∏n-°p∂p F∂mWv Bt£-]w. ChnsS N¿® sNtø≠ {]k-‡-amb Hcp Imcyw sI´nS \n¿Ωm-Wt- a-Je - b - psS hf¿® Xs∂-bm-Wv. GXm≠v ]Øp-e£w hoSp-Iƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ C∂v Bƒ]m¿ ∏n-√msX ]q´n-°n-S-°p∂p F∂mWv IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Xmakn-°m-\√ hnev∏-\-bv°v -th-≠n-bm Wv kwÿm-\Øv \s√mcp hn`mKw P\-߃ ^vfm‰pw hoSpw ]Wn-Xn-Sp∂-Xv. sI´n-S ta-Je - b - psS AXn-{]-kcamWv tIc-f-Ønse `qhn-\n-tbm-KØn¬ C∂-sØ sX‰mb ]e {]hW-XI - ƒ°pw Imc-Ww. F√m ]cn-jI v rX kaq-lØ - nepw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Øn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw N´-ßfpw \ne-hnep- ≠ v . \ap- ° p≈ \nb- a - ß - f nImtem-Nn-Xa - mb am‰w hcpØpIbpw AXv {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-I-bp-amWv \mSn-t\mSpw P\-X-tbmSpw DØ-c-hmZn-Ø-ap≈ P\-Iob `c-W-IqS߃ sNtø-≠X - .v AXn-\p-th≠n B-flm¿ ∞-Xt- bmsS Ah¿ apt∂m´v hcptam, AtXm, {lkz-Im-e-t\-´-߃°mbn `qan-bpsS Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb ]cnh¿Ø-\Ø - n\v HØmi sNbvXp-sImSp-°ptam F∂-XmWv tNmZyw.

Ah-ew_w Sankar.G, Ajayakumarvarma R., Mohanan.C.N (2008) Environmental Impacts of hard rock quarry and crusher unit at Athani, Narippara in Wayanad District, Kerala. Report, CESS. Sreekumar.S (2004) Geo Environmental Impact of proposed quarry at Koorumala, Elanji Gramapanchayat, Ernakulam District. Report submitted to Gramapanchayath KSSP, Ernakulam (Dt) (2008) A case Study of quarries in Kizhakkambalam Gramapanchayath.

sreeavani1961@gmail.com

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

35

kaqlw F.-sI. ]oXmw-_-c≥

htbm-P-\ -\-bhpw t£a- ]-²-Xn-Ifpw

36 imkv{X-KXn

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bphm-°ƒ°mWv A[n-I-`mcw

"

Npa-°m-\m-hpI ]t£, AZr-iy-amb `mc-߃ hr≤tcmfw Npa-°m≥ Ah¿°v Bhn-√. bphm-°ƒ°mWv thKw \S-°m-\m-hpI ]t£, hr≤-sc-Øp∂ Zn°n-se-Øm≥ Ah¿ hf-sc-°m-e-sa-Sp°pw' hm¿≤Iy-Øns‚ h¿≤n-X-tim`sb- ° p- d n®v Iev ] ‰ \mcm- b - W ≥ Ipdn® efn-X-amb Cu hcn-I-fpsS Bgw A{X efn-X-am-sW∂v ]d-bm\m-hn-√. Ah-KW - \ F∂ efn-Xh - °-c-W-Øn-emWv ]pXp-Ime hm¿≤ Iyw AI-s∏-´n-´p-≈s - X∂v kmam-t\y \ ]d-bmw. F∂m¬ sX√pw Ah-KWn-°s - ∏-tS-≠X - √ hm¿≤Iyw F∂XmWv Ncn-{X-]m-Tw. sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ - b - psS a\pjym-h-Im-i- tcJ (Charter of Huma n Rights) {]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂n´v h¿j߃ Gsd-bm-bn. Cu tcJ-bnse 3˛mw hIp∏v, Pohn-°m\pw kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m\pw kpc-£n-X-cm-bn-cn°m-\p-ap≈ Hmtcm a\p-jy-s‚bpw Ah-Im-i-Øn-\mWv Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂-Xv. Du¿÷-Zm-b-I-amb Akp-e` bu-Δ-\-Øns‚ A¥y-Øn-se-Øp-∂tXmsS Cu Ah-Im-i-߃ Adn-bm sX Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-Im-\p≈ km≤yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. Cu Xncn-®-dn-hmWv F√m h¿jhpw HIv tSm-_¿ 1˛mw XoøXn htbm-P\Zn-\ambn BN-cn-°Ww F∂ sFIy-cmjv{S- kw-L-S-\-bpsS Blzm-\-Øn\v ]n∂nse t{]c-Wm-L-S-Iw. A¥m-cmjv{S- Zn-\ß - ƒ BN-cW - Ø - n¬ am{Xw HXp-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂p F∂ ]cn-anXn adnI-S-°m-\mWv htbm-P-\- \bw F√m cmPy-ßfpw Bhn-jvIc - n®v \S-∏m°n hcp-∂Xv. C¥ym- K-hs◊‚pw tIcfm -K-hs◊‚pw AXm-Xv X-e-Ønh tbm-P-\- \bw {]Jym-]n®p Ign™n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ {Kma-˛-tªm°v ]©mbØv {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pohn°p∂ _lp `q-cn-]£w htbm-P-\߃°pw CXns‚ KpW- ^ - e - ß sfm∂pw A\p`-hs - ∏-´p-Xp-Sß - n-bn-´n√

tI{μ--˛kwÿm\ Khs◊‚pIfpsS htbmP\ \bØns‚ NphSp]nSn®v sIm≠p≈˛F∂m¬ {]mtZinI kzbw `cW km≤yX IqSn ]cnKWn®p sIm≠p≈Xpam-b˛ kzX{¥amb \bambncn°Ww Xt±iÿm]\w {]Jym]nt°≠Xv. Cu \b {]Jym]\Øns‚ ASnÿm\Ønepw {Kmak`m \n¿t±i߃ ]cnKWn®psIm≠pw thWw htbmP\kwLS\m kwhn[m\hpw {Kma-]-©m-bØpw hnhn[ t£a taJeIfn¬ I¿Ω]cn]mSnIƒ°pw t{]mPIvSpIƒ°pw cq]w \¬Im≥.

F∂-XmWv kXyw. sl¬t∏Pv C¥y F∂ {] ikvX ÿm]\w C¥y-bnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\ß - f - nse 5600 apXn¿∂ hy ‡n-Isf ]s¶-Sp-∏n®v \S-Ønb km ºnƒ k¿sΔ-bnse Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Gsd sR´-ep-f-hm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. `mcX-Ønse aq∂n-sem∂v hn`mKw htbmP-\ß - fpw kaq-lØ - ns‚ hnhn-[- Xcw ]oU-\-߃°v hnt[-b-cm-hp-∂p≠v F∂-XmWv k¿sΔ-bpsS Hcp -ap-JyI-s≠-ج, `qcn-`mKw htbm-P-\ßfpw Cu ]oU\w \n»-_vZ-ambn kln-°p-I-bm-Wt{X!! ]oUn-X-cn75% hpw IpSpw-_-tØm-sSm-∏-amWv Xma-ksa∂pw, 69% htbm-P-\-ßfpw kz¥w ho´n¬ \n∂v Xs∂-bmWv Cu Zpÿn- X n°v hnt[- b - c m- b n- Ø o- c p∂sX∂pw k¿tΔ- dn-t∏m¿´v ]d-bp∂p. ]oUn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cn¬ 56%hpw kz¥w a°fpw 23% acp-a-°-fp-am-Wv. 56% t]¿ X߃ t\cn-Sp∂ ]oU\w dnt∏m¿´v s - N-øm≥ X s∂ aSn-°p-∂p.

G‰hpw IqSnb ]oU\w t`m∏m-enepw (77.12%) G‰hpw Ipdhv Pbv]q-cn-epam-Ws{X (16%) \ΩpsS tIcfw C°mcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Xmsgtbm Gsd tatetbm A√msX a≤y -\n-e]mSp kzoI-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv k¿tΔhn-e-bn-cp-ج.

P\-\-˛a-cW \nc-°p-Iƒ Xmc-Xtay\ Ipd-hmb tIc-f-Øn¬ htbmP-\ß - f - psS FÆw io{L-KX - n-bn¬ h f¿∂p- h-cnI Xs∂-bm-Wv. 1961 ¬ B sI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 5.83% ambn-cp∂p htbm-P\ - ß - ƒ. 1991 ¬ AXv 8.82 iXam-\a - mbpw 2001 ¬ 9.79 iX-am-\a - mbpw Db¿∂p. 2011 ¬ AXv 12.83 ¬ FØn.

2021 ¬ AXv 20 iX-am-\a - mbn Dbcpsa ∂v IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.

"BtKmf iX- t Im- S o- i zc B I¿jW ]cn-[n'-bv°p-≈n-tebv°v {` aW ] - Yw am‰m≥ B[p-\nI bphXzw

\n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]pXnb ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬, em`w apgph≥ hen-®q-‰n-sb-Sp-°s - ∏´v N≠n-bmbn amdnb Nc-°p-If - psS ]´n-Ib - n¬ a\pjy h - m¿≤-Iyhpw Dƒs∏-´p-t]m-Iptam F∂ D¬°WvT P\n-∏n-°p∂ Np‰p]m-Sp-Iƒ \ap-°p-Np‰pw Bi-¶m-P-\I-ambn hf¿∂p XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]g°w aW-°p∂ tÃm¿ dqan¬ ]n Sn-®p-sI-´n-bn-Ss - ∏´ 85 hb- p-Ig - n™ Zcn{Z apØ-»nbpw, "kp\n-{Z'--bpsS k º-∂X \nd™ InS-°-bn¬ Hcn-° epapW-cmØ \n{Z-bn¬ Hcp amk-Øn -te-sd-°n-S∂v AgpIn ]pgp-h-cn® hn Zym- k-º∂ - bpw Ipeo-\b - p-amb 74 Im cn AΩ-bpsS PUhpw, sR´n-°p∂ AS-bm-f-߃ \ap-°v -Im-´n-Ø-cp-∂p≠v. acn-°mØ a°-fpsS acn-®p-t]mb Zpcm-flm-°f - mbn Cu {]Xo-Iß - ƒ\ ΩpsS kº∂ hm¿≤-Iyßsf th´bm-Sn-Øp-Sß - n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. htbm-P\ - ß - f - psS PohnX \ne-hmc-Øn¬ C¥y Gsd ]n∂n-em-sW∂mWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ - b - psS G‰hpw ]pXnb dnt∏m¿´v kqNn-∏n°p-∂X - .v htbm-P\ ]nt∂m-°m-h ÿ Gsd-bp≈ 91 temI-cm-jv{S-ß-fnC¥y-bpsS ÿm\w 73˛ma-tØ-Xm-W.v "t•m_¬ GPv hm®nwKv C≥ UIvkv 2013'˛emWv Cu ]´nI {]kn-≤o-I-cn®n-´p-≈X - v. {]mb-ta-dn-bh - c - psS hcp-am\w, Btcm- K yw, hnZym- ` ym- k w, sXmgn¬ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-hb - mWv dnt∏m¿´n\v ]cn-KW - n-®n-cp-∂X - .v htbmP-\-߃°v Gsd ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip∂-Xn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w kzoU\pw c ≠mw ÿm\w t\m¿th-b° v p-amWv F ∂v dnt∏m¿´v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. kzoU-s‚tbm t\m¿sh-bp-sS tbm ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db-cm≥ Ign-bmØ XcØn-ep≈ cmjv{So-b ] - › - m-Øe - a - mWv C¥ybv°v \ne-hn-ep-≈-Xv. kmaq-ly-

t£-a -ta-J-e-bn¬ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø\-߃°v C¥y°v amXr-I-bmbn H∂mw ÿm\Øv \ne-sIm-≈p ∂ tIc-f-Øn\v htbm-P-\- t£a taJe-bn¬ IÆp-sh®v Hcp CS-s]-S¬ \SØn-bm¬ ]pXnb tIc-fm- tam-U¬ kr jvSn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. inip hnI-k-\-Øn\v \¬Ip∂ AtX- {]m-[m\yw \¬In htbm-P\ ]cn- c - £ bpw Dd- ∏ m- ° p- s a∂v kw ÿm\ Khs◊‚ns‚ G‰hpw ]pXn b htbm-P\ \b-tc-Jb - nepw {]kvXmhn-®n-´p-≠v. (Pn.-H.(-Fw.-F-kv) \w 37/ 2013, XnøXn 06.05.2013) \b-tc-J-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw G´nse ]ip-°-sf- t]mse-bm-Wv. 23 \b-{]-kvXm-h-\bpw 15 C\ I¿a]≤-Xnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≈ Cu tcJ htbm-P\t£a -{] h¿Ø-\-ßsf ka-{K-X-tbmsS kao]n-®n-´p-≠v. 2006˛¬ tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-Øn-d-°nb \b-tc-J-bn¬ GXm \pw Nne Iq´n-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-Ønbn-cn°p∂p F∂-Xn-\∏ - pdw Cu tcJbnepw Gsd ]pXpa Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm\n-√. tcJ-bn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p≈ {] kvXm-h-\-Ifpw I¿a]≤-Xnbpw ^e{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-°m≥ Fßs\ I gnbpw F∂n-S-ØmWv Chn-SpsØ {] iv\w. A[n-Imcw P\-ß-ƒ°v F∂ at\m-lc ap{Zm-hmIyw tIc-fØ - n¬ ap g-ßm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v H∂c ]Xn-‰m-≠n tesd-bmbn. A[n-Imcw P\-ß-fn-seØnb Nne hnI-k-\-Øp-cp-Øp-Iƒ Aßnßv Nq≠n-°m-´m-\p-≠mhpw F ∂-Xn-\-∏pdw, A[n-Im-c- tI-{μo--I-c-WØns‚ ImgvN-°m¿ am{X-amWv P\߃ Ct∏m-gpw. P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw DtZym-Kÿ - cpw Iq´mbn \S-Øp∂ hn I-k-\-Øns‚ hntI-{μo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Nne- sIm-≈-s°m-Sp-°-ep-Iƒ°-∏p-dtØbv°v P\-Io-bm-kq-{X-WØ - n\v hfcm≥ Ign-™n-´n√ F∂ A{]nb k Xy-Øn\v ap∂n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v th Ww htbm-P\ - t- £aw kw_-‘n® hn I-k\ - m-kq-{X-WØ - n\v cq]w \¬Im≥. kwÿm-\˛{]mtZ-inI Xe-ßfn¬ {] h¿Øn®p-t]m-cp∂ apXn¿∂ hy‡nIfptS-Xmb \nc-h[n kwL-S-\-Iƒ Ct∏mgpap-≠.v F∂m¬ sXmen-∏p-dt- abp≈ Nne km¥z\ ]cn-N-c-W-߃ °-∏p-d-tØbv°v Cu kwL-S-\-bn]e-Xn\pw amXr-Im-]c - a - mb {]h¿Ø \w ImgvNs - h-°m≥ C\nbpw Ign-™n´n-√. Xt±-i- kz-bw-`c - W - - ÿm-]\ - ß fpw ASn-ÿm\ KpW-t`m‡r hn`mKhpw Iq´mbn \S-Øp∂ hnI-k\ G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

37

kwcw-`-߃°v am{Xta hnPbw I s≠-Øm≥ Ign-bq. ]©mbØv cmPv ÿm]\߃ ap Xn¿∂h¿°v th≠n sNtø≠ ASn b¥nc Imcyßsf°pdn®v k¿°m¿ htbmP\ \btcJbpsS I¿Ω]≤ Xnbnse 11˛mw C\Øn¬ hniZambn {]Xn]mZn®n´p≠v. "{Kmak`IfnapXn¿∂ hy‡n-IfpsS km∂n≤yw Dd∏v hcpØp∂Xpw, AhcpsS {] tbmP\Icamb \n¿t±i߃°v A¿lamb ]cnKW\ \¬Ip∂Xp amWv' F∂ ]cma¿iw CXn¬ Gsd {it≤bamWv. htbmP\߃°v th ≠n {]tXyI {Kmak`Iƒ IqSp∂Xn s\°pdn®pw \n¿t±iap≠v . {Kma˛ tªm°v˛ ap≥kn∏¬˛ tIm¿∏tdj≥ taJeIfn¬ Xt±i CSs]SepIfn eqsS \S∏m°m≥ Ignbp∂ htbmP \ t£a {]h¿Ø\ßsf Fßs\ P\Iobam°m≥ I gnbpw F∂v t\m °mw.

1. P\Iob kwLS\m kwhn[m\߃: {Kma˛ap≥kn∏¬˛tIm¿∏tdj≥ Xeßfn¬ A¶hmSnIƒ hsc tI{μoIcn®v htbmP\ ¢∫pIƒ cq]oIcn°pI F∂XmWv H∂ma Xmbn sNtø≠Xv. AXmXv Xeßfn se P\{]Xn\n[nIƒ CXn\v t\ XrXzw \¬IWw. htbmP\ßfnt\Xrtijnbpw BtcmKyap≈hsc CXns‚ `mchmlnIfmbn sXcs™ Sp °Ww. Cu kwLS\m kwhn[m \w Ab¬°q´w, hm¿Uv, ]©mbØv Xeßfn¬ hsc irwJem_≤ amIWw. Cu kwLS\m kwhn[m\ hpw Xt±i`cW ÿm]\hpw kwbp ‡ambn thWw htbmP\ t£ahp ambn _‘s∏´ ]cn]mSnIƒ Bkq {XWw sNøm≥. \n¿ΔlW L´Øn epw Cu kao]\w IrXyambn XpSc Ww. CXn\mbn tªm°v˛{Kma˛ ap≥ kn∏¬˛ tIm¿∏tdj≥ `cWkanXn Iƒ, htbmP\ kwLS\m {]Xn\n [nIsf Dƒs∏SpØn htbmP\ k lmb kanXnIƒ°v cq]w \¬I Ww.

2. {]mtZinI htbmP\ \b {]Jym]\w: Hmtcm Xt±i kzbw`cW ÿm ]\hpw, htbmP\ kwLS\IfpsS \n¿t±i߃ IqSn ]cnKWn®v h tbmP\ \bw {]Jym]n°pIbpw A Xv A®Sn®v htbmP\߃°nSbnhnXcWw sNøpIbpw thWw. tI{μ-

38 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

"BtKmf iX-tIm-So-izc BI¿jW ]cn-[n'-bn-tebv°v {`aW -]Yw am‰m≥ B[p-\nI bphXzw \n¿_-‘n-XamIp∂ ]pXnb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, em`w apgp-h≥ hen-®q-‰n-sb-Sp-°-s∏´v N≠n-bmbn amdnb Nc-°p-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bn¬ a\p-jy -hm¿≤-Iyhpw Dƒs∏-´p-t]m-Iptam F∂ D¬°WvT \ap-°p-Np‰pw hf¿∂p XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tÃm¿ dqan¬ ]nSn-®psI-´n-bn-S-s∏´ 85 hb- p-I-gn™ apØ-»nbpw, Hcn-°epapW-cmØ \n{Z-bn¬ Hcp amk-Øn-tesd In-S∂v ]pgp-h-cn® 74 Imcn AΩ-bpsS PUhpw, sR´n-°p∂ AS-bm-f-߃ \ap-°v Im-´n-Ø-cp-∂p-≠v. acn-°mØ a°-fpsS acn-®p-t]mb Zpcm-flm-°-fmbn Cu {]Xo-I-߃ \ΩpsS hm¿≤-Iyßsf th´-bm-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ˛- kwÿm\ Khs◊‚pIfpsS htbm P\ \bØns‚ NphSp]nSn®psIm ≠p≈˛F∂m¬ {]mtZinI kzbw ` cW km≤yX IqSn ]cnKWn®p sIm ≠p≈Xpam-b˛ kzX{¥amb \bam bncn°Ww Xt±iÿm]\w {]Jym ]nt°≠Xv. Cu \b {]Jym]\Øn s‚ ASnÿm\Ønepw {Kmak`m \n¿t±i߃ ]cnKWn®psIm≠pw thWw htbmP\kwLS\m kwhn [m\hpw {Kma-]-©m-bØpw hnhn[ t£a taJeIfn¬ I¿Ω]cn]mSn Iƒ°pw t{]mPIvSpIƒ°pw cq]w \¬Im≥. htbmP\߃°pth≠n hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ cq]w \¬Im≥ Ignbp ∂ Nne I¿Ω ]cn]mSnIƒ Fs¥m s° F∂v ]cntim[n°mw.

3. BtcmKytaJe hm¿≤Iyw t\cnSp∂ G‰hpw h enb `ojWnbmWv A\mtcmKyw. A \mtcmKyw hnfn®phcpØp∂ PohnX ssienbpw kzm`mhnIambp≠mhp∂ imcocnI AhiXbpw CXns‚ Xo{h X h¿≤n∏n°p∂p. s]mXpth hne bncpØptºmƒ hr≤P\ßfn¬ 12˛13 iXam\tØmfw 80 hb n\v tate {]mbap≈hcmWv. {]mbØns‚ Im cy-Øn¬ 60˛79 / 80˛\v ta¬ F∂ X cwXncnhv BtcmKy]cnc£m Imcy Øn¬ kzoIcnt°≠Xp≠v. Btcm Ky kw_‘amb AhiX A\p`hn °p∂ htbmP\߃°v XpS¿®bmb NnIn’ Bhiyambn hcpw. AXn \m¬ \n¿±njvS CSthfItfmSpIqSnb tcmK ]cntim[\bpw BhiyamWv. hm¿≤IyklPamb tcmK߃°v

IqSpX¬ km¥z\taIp∂ Bbp¿ tΔZ NnIn’ Dƒs∏SpØns°m≠p ≈ Atem∏Xn, tlmantbm NnIn’ Ifmhpw IqSpX¬ A`nImayw. amcI tcmKw _m[n®v InS∏nembnt∏mb tcmKnIfpsS ]cnNcWw Hcp {][m\ hnjbamWv. t]mjImlmcw htbm P\߃°v Gsd {][m\amWv. C °mcyßsfms° ]cnKWn®v Xmsg ]dbp∂ I¿Ω]cn]mSnIƒ Xt±i ÿm]\߃°v P\Iob CSs]S temsS \S∏m°mhp∂XmWv. ˛htbmP\ BtcmKyhpambn _‘s∏´ Aht_m[w Ahcnepw kaqlØnepw D≠m°p∂ t_m[\ ]cn]mSnIƒ ˛- - 60 hb v Ign™ apgph≥ t]¿°pw sl¬Øv Im¿Uv kwhn[m \w. ˛aq∂pamkØnsemcn°se ¶nepw hnZKv≤ tUmIvS¿amcpsS t\ XrXzØnep≈ BtcmKy]cntim[ \. \nehnep≈ _n.Fw.sF ]cntim [\tbmsSm∏w bqdn≥, jpK¿, ªUv {]j¿, ªUvjpK¿ F∂nhbpw ]cn tim[n°s∏SWw. ˛]©mbØv tI{μoIcn®v h¿ jØnsemcn°¬ {]tXyI tcmK \n¿ Æb IymºpIƒ NnIn’m kuIcy tØmSpIqSn G¿s∏SpØpI. ˛eLphymbma߃°pw tbm K]cnioe\Øn\pw {]mtZinI tI{μ ߃. ˛kaoIrX Blmc coXn Dƒ s°m≈n-°p-∂Xv kw_-‘n-®p≈ {] NcWhpw \yq{Sojy≥ Iu¨knen ßpw. ˛A¿lcmbh¿°v AwK\ hmSn/ ]I¬hoSpIƒ tI{μoIcn®v

t]mjImlmcw \¬I¬. ˛apXn¿∂hcpsS BtcmKyw kw_‘n® ]T\˛KthjW߃ (kwÿm\ XeØnepw Pn√m Xe Ønepw) ˛apXn¿∂h¿°v amkØnsem cn°¬ {]mYanImtcmKy tI{μØnPdnbm{SnIv ¢n\nIv. ˛hm¿≤IyIme ]cnNcWØn\v 25 t]sc¶nepaSßp∂ tªm°v Xe \gvknßv kt∏m¿´v Soan\v ]cnio e\hpw XpS¿∂p≈ ]I¬ ]cnNc Whpw.

4. kmaqlnItaJe hm¿≤Iyw t\cnSp∂ as‰mcp h enb sh√phnfnbmWv kmaqly kpc £nXXzan√mbva. htbmP\ kpc £bv°v `ojWnbmhp∂ {]iv\ß sf ]pXnb ImeL´Øn¬ Xmsg ]d bpw {]Imcw \n¿ΔNn°mw.

1. H‰s∏S¬ 2. h¿≤n®phcp∂ am\knI kwL¿j߃ 3. ]pXp X eapdbpsS D]t`mK kwkv°mchp ambn _‘s∏´v t\cntS≠n hcp∂ {]iv\߃ 4. Zm¿i\nI˛aqey t_m [ßfn¬ h∂ am‰hpambn _‘ s∏´ {]iv\߃ 5. IpSpw_\mY t\m \mYtbm A√mXmbnØocpI hgn t\cnSp∂ AkzmX{¥yw. 6. Xo cpam\߃ FSp°p∂Xn¬ t\cnSp ∂ ]¶mfnØ°pdhv. 7. krlrØp °ƒ Ipdbp∂Xpambn _‘s∏´v cq]s∏Sp∂ am\knI{]iv\߃ 8. hn`mcy˛ssh[hy {]iv\߃ 9. Im bnIambpw am\knIambpw t\cntS ≠n hcp∂ AXn{Ia߃ 10. hn ⁄m\˛hnt\mZ D]m[nIfn¬ t\cn Sp∂ ]cnanXn. 11. \nba]camb Ah Imißsf kw_‘n® Adnhn√m bva.

Cu {]iv\ßfpsS Xo{hX h¿

≤n®psIm≠ncn°p∂ Np‰p]mSn¬ C hbvs°ms° ]cnlmcw ImWpI F ∂Xv tIhew `uXnI kuIcy߃ sa®s∏SpØp∂XneqsS am{Xw Akm≤yamWv. GsX¶nepw t{]mP IvSpIƒ hgn \¬Ip∂ kmºØn I˛`uXnI kuIcyh¿≤\hn\v D ]cnbmb Hcp am\amWv CXn\p≈Xv. {]iv\߃ a\ nem°p∂Xn¬ Kh s◊‚pw Xt±i kzbw`cW ÿm] \ßfpw \¬Ip∂ Iehdbn√mØ ]n≥XpWbpw kwLS\m kwhn[m\ Øns‚ kPohamb CSs]Sepw sIm ≠v {]iv\]cnlmcw km[y-am-°mw. ˛Ab¬°q´˛hm¿Uv˛{Kma]©mb Øv Xeßfnep≈ htbmP\ kw Ka߃ (Hu]NmcnItbmKßfpsS \S]Sn{Iaw ]camh[n Hgnhm°Ww) ˛]gabpsS A\p`h kºØpw ]pXpIme AdnhpIfpw ]¶phbv °p ∂ Hu]NmcnI˛A\u]NmcnI bph ˛hr≤ kwKa߃ (Cu IqSnt®cep Iƒ A¶WhmSn, kvIqfpIƒ, s]m Xp kwhn[m\߃ hgn \S∏m°m hp∂XmWv) ˛htbmP\߃°v am{Xambp≈ Iem˛ImbnI a’c߃, apXn¿∂ hy‡n-Isf BZcn°¬ (bph kw LS\IfpsStbm ¢∫pIfptStbm B`napJyØn¬ \SØp∂Xv A`n Imayw), htbmP\ Zn\mNcWw F ∂nh \SØpI. ˛H‰bv°v Xmakn°p∂ apXn¿∂ hy‡n-IfpsS kpc£ t]meokv sl ¬∏v UkvIns‚ klmbtØmsS \S∏m°pI. ˛apXn¿∂ hy‡n-IfpsS AhIm iw kw_‘n® t_m[hev°cWw. amXm]nXm°fptSbpw apXn¿∂ hy ‡n-IfptSbpw kwc£Whpw t£a hpw BIvSv˛2007 (Maintance and wel fare of parents and senior citizens Act 2007) tIcf amXm ]nXm°fpsSbpw

apXn¿∂ hy‡n-IfpsSbpw kwc£ Whpw t£ahpw N´ßƒ ˛2009 (Kera la maintanance and welfare of parents and senior citizens rules 2009) F∂o

\nbaßsf CXns‚ B[n-Im-cn-IXbv°v Ahew_am°mhp-∂X - m-Wv. ˛IpSpw__‘߃ kpZrVam °m\p≈ kwLS\m a≤yÿ CS s]SepIfpw Iu¨knenßpw. ˛a‰mcpw kwc£n°m\n√mØ A KXnIfpsS kwc£W®paXe Gs‰ Sp°¬. ˛]©m-bØv- X-eØ - nepw XpS¿∂v G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

39

hm¿Uv -X-e-Øn-epap≈ ]I¬ho-SpI-fpsS ÿm]-\hpw \ne-\n¿Ø-epw. ˛]©m-bØ - ns‚ ]-≤Xn Bkq-{XW-˛-\n¿Δ-l-W-L-´-ß-fn¬ A\p`-hk-ºØpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-⁄m-\hp-ap≈ htbm-P\ - ß - sf R.P.amcmbpw tkmjy¬ HmUn-‰¿am-cmbpw a‰pw \ntbm-Kn-°¬.

5. kmº-ØnI kpc£ Ak-¥p-en-X-am-sbmcp hnI-k-\co-Xn-bmWv C¥y- s]m-Xpsh Ah-ew_n-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv. tIcfw AXns‚ `mK-am-bX - p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ htbm-P\ - km-ºØ - n-Ik - p-c£ - m] - ≤ - X - n-Iƒ°pw ]cn-anXn Gsd-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠m Wv, apXn¿∂ hy‡n-Ifn¬ 26.33 iXam\w t]cpw Ct∏mgpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øm Wv -Po-hn-°p∂Xv F∂v sk≥kkv dnt∏m¿´p-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. sXmgnseSp°mØ htbm-P\ - ß - f - n¬ 11 iXam-\Ø - n-\v a - m-{X-amWv Poh-k‘ - m-cW - Øn\v kztbm]m-[n-I-fp-≈-Xv. 55.14 iX-am\w t]cpw a‰p-≈-hsc B{ibn-®m-Wv Po-hn-Xw Ign®pIq´p-∂Xv. _m°n htbm-P\ - ß - f - psS Imcyw ZpcnX-]q¿Æ-am-Wv. ISpØ sXmgn-en-√mbvabpw In´p∂ sXmgn-ense tkh-\˛-th-X-\-]-c-amb hyh-ÿm-cm-ln-Xy hpw A\n-›n-Xm-hÿ - I - fpw a‰pw kq Nn-∏n-°p-∂Xv C∂sØ bphm-°f - nhen-sbm-cp-hn`mKw hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-seØp-∂Xv bmsXmcp kmº-ØnI kpc£n-XX - zhpw C√m-sX-bmIpw F∂m-W.v tIcf k¿°mcpw Xt±-i- kzbw`cW ÿm]-\-ßfpw Gsd Pm{K-X-tbm-SpIqSn {]h¿Øn-s®-¶n¬ am{Xta {]iv \-]-cn-lmcw Ipsd-sb-¶nepw km≤yam-Ip-Ib - p-≈p. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw Iq Sp-X¬ s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-If - p≈ tIcf-Ønepw hm¿≤-Iy-Ime s]≥j≥ I S-en¬ Imbw Ie-°n-bt- ]m-ep≈ ^e ta sNøp-∂p-≈p. Khs◊‚ v Ct∏mƒ ]pXp-Xmbn {]Jym-]n® s]≥j≥ ] ≤-Xnbpw {]iv\] - c - n-lm-cØ - n\v ]cym]vXa - √ - . Cu ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ Iptd°qSn {Inbm-flI - \ - S- ] - S- n-Iƒ Cu cw KØv ASn-b¥ - n-ca - mbn ssIs°mt≈≠-Xp-≠v. ˛s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]h¿ Ø-\c - o-Xn- Im-cy-£a - a - m-°p-I, kwtbmPn-∏n-°p-I. CXn-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ N´-߃ eLq-Ic - n-°p- I. B\p-Iq-eyØn-\p≈ A¿lX \n›-bn-°p-∂Xpw At]-£-Iƒ thK-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn°p-∂X - n\pw {Inbm-flI - a - mb \S-]S- nIƒ kzoI-cn°pIbpw Xt±-i- kz-bw`-

40 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ CXn-\mbn {] tXyI k - w-hn-[m-\Ø - n\v cq]w \¬Ip Ibpw sNøp-I. ˛htbm-P\ - ß - f - psS sshZKv[yw {] Xn-^e - ktaXw {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Øm\p≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v {]tXyI Du ∂¬ \¬IpI.˛Btcm-Ky-ap≈ htbm-P\ - ß - ƒ°v sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\pw, BZm-b-Ic-amb {]hr-Øn-If - n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂X - n \pw klm-bn-°pI. sXmgn¬ kw_‘-amb am¿K -Z¿i-\-hpw, ]cn-io-e\-hpw, ]pXn-b -sXm-gn¬kwcw`- ]-cnN-bhpw kuP-\y-ambn \¬IpI; C Xn\v t- \-XrXzw \¬Ip∂ k∂-≤k - wL-߃°v Xt±-i -ÿm-]-\-ß-fpsS ip]m¿itbmsS kmº-ØnI klm bhpw \¬IpI. ˛apXn¿∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°v {]tXyI-ambn _nkn-\-kn\pw a‰v sXmgnkwcw`-߃°pw hmbv]m-ku-I-cyhpw, dnthmƒhnßv ^≠pw, k_vknUnbpw \¬IpI; hmbv]- \¬Ip-∂Xn-\pw, Btcm-Ky- C≥jq-d≥kv G¿ s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ct∏mƒ \ne-hnep≈ I¿i-\- \n-_‘ - \ - I - f - n¬ Imcyamb Cf-hpIƒ -\¬Ip-I. ˛htbm-P\ - ß - ƒ°v {]tXy-Ia - mbn C≥jq-d≥kv ]≤-XnIƒ°pw Xt±-iÿm-]\ - X - e - Ø - n¬ htbm-P\ - Z- p-cn-Xmizm-k-\n-[n°pw cq]w \¬IpI; dn´b¿ sNbvXm¬ s]≥j≥, t{]mhn-U ≠v ^≠v, a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-߃ DS-\Sn e`y-am-°pI.

6. `uXnI kml-N-cy-߃ htbm-P\ - k - u-lr-Z] - c - a - mb `uXnIk - m-lN - c - y-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂X - nsshap- J y- a p≈ Np‰p- ] m- S mWv s]mXpsh I≠p-h-cp-∂Xv. \ne-hnA\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ B\p-Iq-ey߃ t]mepw \ncm-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ A h-ÿ-bp-ap≠v. 40 ko‰p-I-fp≈ Hcp _ n¬ 8 ko‰p-Iƒ htbm-P-\-߃ °mbn \o°n-sh-°Ww F∂v \nb-aap-s≠-¶nepw AsXm∂pw ]men-°s - ∏Sm-dn-√. Bip-]{- Xn-If - nepw a‰p s]mXpÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw Atß-b‰w AhK-W-\-bmWv Cu hn`m-K-Øn\v t\cntS-≠n-hc - p-∂X - .v ]Sn-s°-´p-Ifpw {]thi-\-I-hm-S-ß-fp-sam∂pw htbm-P\ kulr-Z-]-c-a√ F∂pXs∂ ]d-tb≠n- h-cp-∂p. H∂n®ptNcm≥ ]Iho-Sp-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n epw AXn-\p≈ {Inbm-flI CS-s]-Sep-I-fp-≠m-hp-∂n-√. Ch IrXy-amb e£y-t_m-[-tØmsS ÿm]n-°p-∂

Xn\pw ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂Xn\pw ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\v ]p-d-ta, F√m htbm-P-\-߃°pw AwKo-IrX sFU‚n‰n Im¿Up-Iƒ \¬Ip-I, H‰°v Xma-kn-°p∂ htbmP-\-߃°v hmk-tbm-Ky-amb hoSp Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw \n¿Ωn®p \Ip-I, F√m s]mXp-ÿm-]\ - ß - f - nepw dmºv, ssI∏n-Sn, {]tXyI Ccn-∏nSw F∂nh \n¿Ωn®p \¬Ip-I, bqtdm]y≥ t¢mk‰v Dƒs∏sS tSmbve‰- p-Iƒ htbm-P\ kulr-Z] - c - a - m-°pI, Bhiy-am-bn h - c - p∂ F√m s]mXp-ÿm-]\ßfnepw htbm-P\ - ß - ƒ°v {]tXy I Iyq kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿≤\-cmb htbm-P\ - ß - ƒ°v Bhiy-ap-≈- ]£w ho¬sN-b¿, hm°¿, Iºn-fn, IÆS XpS-ßnbh kuP\y ambn \¬Ip-I, _ p-I-fn¬ htbmP-\ß - ƒ°mbn \nb-a{- ]-Imcw 8 ko‰pIƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw Ccn-∏n-S-Øn\v -ap-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ ap Xn¿∂ ]uc-∑m¿ F∂v s]s´∂v {i≤bn¬ s]-Sp∂ hen-∏-Øn¬ Fgp-Xnhbv-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v Cu ko‰p-IfpsS e`yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sN øp-I, {]mY-anI Btcm-Ky-tI-{μ-ßfn¬ ^nkn-tbmsX-dm∏n/am\-knIm tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\ kuI-cy-߃ G¿ s∏-Sp-Øp-I, samss_¬ saUn-°bqWn-‰p-Iƒ ]©m-b-Øv X-e-ØnG¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I XpS-ßn-bh - bpw ASnb-¥nc {]m[m-\y-tØmsS Gs‰-Sp-°s∏-tS-≠X - m-bn-´p-≠v. kmº-ØnI kpc-£, BtcmKy tkh-\w, ]m¿∏n-Sw, tkh-\- hn-\ntbm-Kw, Xe-ap-dI - f - psS kwtbm-P\ - w, IpSpw-_w, ÿm]-\] - c - a - mb kwc-£Ww, ]©m-bØv cmPv ÿm]-\ß - ƒ \n¿Δ-ln-t°≠ ]¶v, \nb-a- ]-cn-c£ - , XpSßn htbm-P-\-t£-a-Øn-\mbn \nc-h[ - n- I¿Ω-]c - n-]m-Sn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in®n-´p-≠v. k¿°m¿ CXc kwL-S\ - I - fpsS CS-s]-S¬ kqNn-°p∂ `mKØv {]I-S-ambn IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn-´p≈ Nne A]-IS kqN-\I - sfmgn-®m¬ Cu tc J- km-am\yw sa®-s∏-´X - vX - s∂ F∂p hne-bn-cp-Ømw. F∂m¬ htbm-P\ \ b-Øn\v cq]w \¬In--bn´v Hcp h¿jw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂psh-¶nepw \b-Øn-\\p-kr-Xa - mbn Bhn-jvIc - n-t°≠ N´ßƒ°v kwÿm-\k - ¿°m¿ C\nbpw cq]w \¬In-bn-´n-√ F∂-XmWv tJZI-cw.

(tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cn jØv IÆqcn¬ kwLSn∏n® tIcf hnIk\ kwKaØn¬ AhXcn∏n® {]_‘w; teJ-Is‚ t^m¨ \º¿:

imkv{Xw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

imkv{X kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw A²ymbw 11 imkv{Xw: _u≤nIhpw hymhkmbnIhpamb ]cnh¿Ø\Øns‚ NmeIw 11.3 ]cnWma kn≤m¥hpw Um¿hn\pw

hsshhn[ysØ c≠v coXnbn¬ ImWmw. H∂pIn¬, BZyw apX¬°v Xs∂ Ct∏mgsØ PohPmXnIsf√mw CtX coXnbn¬ D≠mbncp∂p F∂v IcpXmw. As√¶n¬, Npcp°w Nne PohnIfn¬ \n∂v ]cnWan®v Ah C∂sØ sshhn[yØn¬ FØn t®¿∂p F∂v hmZn°mw. ssZhw B Zyta Xs∂ hnhn[ PohnIsf C∂sØ coXnbn¬ kr„n®p F∂v hmZn°p∂hbmWv an° aXßfpw. c≠masØ {]{InbbnemIs´ Pohn Iƒ ]cnWan®v cq]w amdp∂p F ∂p≈ k¶¬]ap≠v. ]ecpw IcpXp ∂Xpt]mse ]cnWmaw F∂Xv Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ I≠p]nSn® Bi bsam∂pa√. ]pcmX\ {Ko°v ]fin X∑m¿ apX¬ ]ecpw PohPmXnIƒ

ssP

]cnWmaØneqsS cq]w amdp∂p F∂ Bibw apt∂m´ph®ncp∂p. \ho\ imkv{X bpKØn¬ t]mepw {^m≥knkv t_°Wpw hn√yw sse _v \ n‰v k pw _pt^m¨ {]`phpw hnhn[ PmXnIfn¬s]´ PohnIfpsS kmayw hniZoIcn°phm≥ ]cnWm aw F∂ {]{Inb klmbn®ncn°m sa∂v ]d™n´p≠v. ]t£ Ahsc √mw ]mcºcyw F∂ kmam\y {]Xn `mksØ Aßs\Xs∂ B{ibn °pIbmbncp∂p. AXn¬Øs∂ Hcp Ipg∏w Hfn™pInS∂p. \√ s]m° ap≈ A—\ΩamcpsS a°ƒ°pw \√ s]m°ap≠mImw. ]t£, hym bmaw sNbv X v \√ t]mse aknhf¿Ønb Hcp ^b¬ams‚ ]p{X\v P∑\mXs∂ AXpt]mesØ aknD≠mIptam? AXpt]mse, khnti

j Bhiy߃°mbn hf¿ØnsbSp Ø icochntij߃ Ip´nIfnte °v ]mcºcyambnØs∂ ssIamdpw F∂mbncp∂p NnecpsS hmZw. kzm `mhnIambpw CXn\v I\Ø FXn¿ ∏ns\ t\cntS≠nh∂p. ckIcamb kwKXn, Nmƒkv Um¿hns‚ apØ—≥ Cdmkv a kv Um¿hn≥ (Erasmus Darwin, 17311802) Hcp ]cnWmahmZn Bbncp∂p F∂XmWv. am{Xhpa√, Cu hmZw Dƒs∏Sp∂ AXn_rlØmb Hcp {KŸhpw (Zoonomia) At±lw cNn®n cp∂p. \yq´s‚ kaImenI\mbncp ∂ Cdmkvakv sXmgnepsIm≠v ssh Zy\mbncp∂p F¶nepw tdmb¬ skm ssk‰nbn¬ AwKhpw imkv{XIpXp Inbpw Bbncp∂p. ]t£, At±l Øns‚ ]cnWmahmZhpw, t\ctØ G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

41

kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse, hf¿ØnsbSp Ø khntijXIƒ ssIamds∏Spw F∂ XcØnep≈Xmbncp∂p. FXm ≠tX ImeØv Pohn® {^©pImc \mb emam¿Iv BWv Cu kn≤m¥ sØ i‡ambn {]Ncn∏n®Xv. (AXp sIm≠v emam¿°nkw F∂ t]cn emWv Cu kn≤m¥w Adnbs∏Sp ∂Xv.) {^m≥knse Hcp A{]apJ {]`p IpSpw_Øn¬ P\n® em am¿Iv (Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck, 1744-1829) sshZn

I\mIm\mWv ]Tn®sX¶nepw ]´mf °mc\pw imkv{X⁄\pw BbnØo cpIbmWv D≠mbXv. bp≤mhiy߃ °mbn s\sX¿em‚ k v n¬ hym]Iam bn k©cn® At±lw AhnSsØ hn]peamb kkykºØn¬ BIr „\mIpIbpw kkyimkv{Xw ]Tn °pIbpw sNbvXp. 1768¬ Hcp ]cn°v ]‰n ]´mfØn¬ \n∂v hncan® emam¿Iv ]mcoknse Hcp _m¶ntPmen t\SpIbpw kky imkv{X] T\w XpScpIbpw sNbvXp. ]Øph¿ j߃°v tijw {^©v kkyßsf ∏‰n Hcp {KŸw cNn®v (Flore francaise) kkyimkv{X⁄≥ F ∂ t]cpw At±lw kºmZn®p. Cu {KŸw {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn\v At±lØn\v _qt^m¨ {]`phns‚ klmbw In´n. AXn\v ]Icsat∂m Ww At±lw _qt^mWns‚ aIs‚ Syq´¿ BIpIbpw B _me\psam ∂n®v Hcp bqtdm]y≥ ]cyS\Øn\v ]pds∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu bm{X emam¿°n\v bqtdm∏nse hnhn[ ßfpw hnNn{Xßfpamb `ua Zriy ߃ t\cn´pImWm\p≈ Ahkc samcp°n. AXv kky imkv{XØn \pw `uaimkv { XØn\pw ]pdta ^nknIvkv, sIankv{Sn, Imemhÿm imkv{Xw apXemb a‰p hn⁄m\ taJeIfnepw At±lØn\v XmXv] cyw hf¿Øn. XncnsI ]mcoknse Ønb emam¿°n\v cmPIob DZym\w (Jardin du Roi) kw_‘n® ]e Npa XeIfpw Gs‰Spt°≠nh∂p. {^©v hnπhw h∂t∏mgpw emam¿°n\v A \ptbmPyamb AwKoImchpw _lp aXnbpw e`n®p. {^m≥kns‚ {]IrXn imkv{X ayqknbØnse P¥phn`m Kw kwLSn∏n°m\p≈ NpaXe At±lØn\v \¬Is∏´p. jUv]Z ßfpw ]pgp°fpw ASßnb Cu hn`mKØn\v \s´√n√mØ PohnIƒ (Inverti brates) F∂ t]cv \¬InbXpw em am¿°v BWv . ayqknbØnssPh imkv{X kw_‘amb {]`m

42 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

jW߃ sNøpI F∂Xpw At±l Øns‚ tPmenbpsS `mKambncp∂p.

Cu {]`mjWßfn¬ ]cnWmaw kw_‘n® At±lØns‚ ImgvN ∏mSv hnIkn°p∂Xv hy‡ambn ]n¥pScm≥ Ignbpw. AXnZo¿Lamb Imebfhn¬ eLphmb PohnIƒ hf¿ØnsbSpØ imcocnI khnti jXIƒ ]mcºcyØneqsS ssIamdn s°m≠v IqSpX¬ k¶o¿Wambh bmbn ]cnWan°psa∂v At±lw kn ≤m¥n®p. Cu Bib߃ Dƒ s°m ≈n®psIm≠v - Ggv hmeyßfp≈ Hcp alm{KŸhpw At±lw cNn®p. ]cnWmaw F∂ XXzw apt∂m´v hbv ° ptºmgpw hf¿ØnsbSpØ ssPhkhntijXIƒ ASpØ Xe apdbnte°v ssIamdpsa∂ kn≤m¥ ambncp∂p AXns‚ apJ ap{Z. ssPh ]cnWmaØn¬ a\pjysc°qSn Dƒs∏SpØnb emam¿°ns\ kwen sb¬, Iqhnb¿ XpSßnb {]apJ ssPhimkv{X⁄sc√mw X≈n°f ™p. F∂m¬ Cu hmZsØ ]n¥p W® sP{^n kmßv lnt√b¿ (Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1772-1844)

ssPh khntijXm ssIam‰XXz sØ Ipd®pIqSn apt∂m´v sIm≠p t]mbn, "A\ptbmPycpsS AXnPoh \w' F∂ kp{][m\XXzØns‚ h°Øphsc FØnt®¿∂p. emam¿ °ns‚ {]_‘߃ Cw•ojnte °pw `mjm¥cs∏SpØnbncp∂p F¶nepw ]cnWmahmZØn\v AhnsS bpw Imcyamb ]n¥pW e`n®n√. G Xmbmepw 1820 Bbt∏mtg°pw ]cnWmahmZØns‚ ]pXpabpw ]ptcmKmanXbpw £Xs∏´v ]pXn

sbmcp CSs]Sen\p≈ kabw kam KXambncp∂p. ]t£ AXn\p≈ hy‡n Nmƒkv Um¿hn≥ BbXn]e bmZr›nIXIfpw D≠mbncp∂p.

Nmƒkv Um¿hns‚ (Charles Robert Darwin, 1809 - 1882) ]nXma l≥ ]cnWmahmZn Bbncps∂¶n epw ]cºcbmbn `njKzc∑mcpsS Hcp IpSpw_ambncp∂p AhcptSXv. ]nXmal≥ am{Xa√ ]nXmhpw tPy jvT ktlmZc\pw tUmŒ¿am¿ Bbn cp∂p. Nmƒkns\bpw sshZyimkv {Xw ]Tn°m≥ hnSWsa∂mbncp∂p A—s‚ XmXv]cyw. Nmƒkn\msW ¶n¬ {]IrXn]T\Ønembncp∂p IuXpIw. F¶nepw ]nXmhns‚ XmXv ]cyØn\v hgßn sshZyimkv { X ]T\Øns‚ NmeneqsS Xs∂bmWv Nmƒkpw \oßnbXv. ]t£, Hm∏td j≥ ImWptºmƒ Xe IdßpIbpw c‡w ImWptºmƒ a\wadnbpI bpw sNøp∂ Nmƒkn\v sshZyim kv{X ]T\w apt∂m´p sIm≠pt]m Im≥ Ign™n√. AXn\v ]Icw `uaimkv{Xhpw {]IrXn ]T\hpam Wv At±lw \SØnbXv. Aßs\ `uaimkv{X hnZKv≤\mb tdm_¿´v {Km‚ns‚ kzm[o\Øn¬ At±lw s]´p. {Km‚ v BIs´ emam¿°ns‚ bpw kmßv lnsebdns‚bpw kn≤m¥ßfn¬ BIr„ \pambncp ∂p. Hcp]s£ Cu A\p`hamImw k¿hIemimem hnZym`ymkØnNmƒkns\ G‰hpw kzm[o\n®Xv. ]t£ CXpsIms≠m∂pw Nmƒkn\v FUn≥_tdm k¿hIemimebn\n∂v Hcp _ncpZw t\Sm≥ Ign™n √. HSphn¬, A—t\mSv hnhcßsf √mw Xpd∂p]d™v At±lw F Un≥_tdmtbmSv hnSsNm√n. ]n∂oSv tIw{_nPn¬ \ns∂mcp sshZnI_n cpZsaSpØmWv At±lw Xs‚ Hu tZymKnIhnZym`ymkw Ahkm \n∏n®Xv. Aßs\ Hcp km[mcW {Kmao W sshZnI\mIms\mcpßnb Nmƒ kv Um¿hns\bmWv _oKnƒ bm{X bv°p≈ £Ww tXSnsbØnbXv. AXns‚ ]n∂nepw Hcp]mSv bmZr ›nIXIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. Cw•ojv t\hnbpsS kt¿h I∏emb FNv. Fw. Fk.v _oKnfns‚ Im]v ‰ ≥ tdm_¿´v ^n‰v s {kmbn°v (Robert FitzRoy) Nmƒkns\ "]nSn®p" F∂ Xmbncp∂p {][m\ ImcWw. IpSpw _alnabpw _‘ßfpw HutZymKn I ImcW߃. (bm{X°mc≥ kzbw sNehp hlnt°≠ Hcp "s]bvsa‚ v ko‰v' Bbncp∂p CsX ∂Xv as‰mcp

Imcyw!) GXmbmepw bm{X XpSßp tºmƒ Um¿hn≥ Hcp ssPh imkv {X⁄t\ Bbncp∂n√ F∂XmWv kXyw. ]cnWmasØ°p dn®msW ¶n¬, ^n‰vs{kmbn°v ]ca hntcm[ hpw. hmkvXhØn¬, ^n‰vs{kmbv F∂ Cu Im]v‰≥ ]cºcmKX ssh ZnI hnizmkØns‚ h‡mhpw {]Nm cI\pambncp∂p. Xs‚ bm{Xbn\n∂v AXn\v A\pIqeamb sXfn hpIƒ In´pw F∂mbncp∂p At±l Øns‚ {]Xo£. At±lØn\v th≠nbncp∂Xv \s√mcp klbm {XnIs\bmbncp∂p. Aßs\bmWv 1831 Unkw_¿ 27 \v FN.v Fw. Fk.v _oKnfns‚ Ncn{Xbm{X Bcw`n °p∂Xv . sXt° Atacn°bpsS ]Sn™mdphiØv- ]kn^nIv kap{Z Øn¬ GXm≠v 900 In.ao. Zqsc `qa≤ytcJ°v kao]w InS°p∂ Kme∏tKmkv Zzo]pIfnepw Np‰p ap≈ kap{ZØnepw sXt° Atacn °bpsS ]Sn™mtd XocØpw Zo¿ L\mƒ \o≠p\n∂ k¿thbpw \S Øn, XpS¿∂v ]Sn™m´p k©cn®v \yqknem‚ v, Bkvt{Senb, ]ns∂ ho≠pw sXt° Atacn° hscbpw t]mbn, A©p h¿jØn\v tijam Wv _oKnƒ Cw•≠n¬ aSßnsb ØnbXv. I∏epw \mhnIcpw kap{Z k¿tΔ \SØptºmgpw Hgnhpka bØpw Um¿hn≥ Icbnepw ISen epap≈ PohnIsfbpw `uacq]ß sfbpw ]Tn°m≥ kabw I≠p. A Xn\v DXIp∂ {KŸßfpw At±lw sIm≠pt]mbncp∂p. ensbens‚ `uaimkv{X ]mT]pkvXIw (Principles of Geology) Bbncp∂p Ahbn{]apJw. (ssPh ]cnWmasØ∏‰n

bp≈ Xs‚ ImgvN∏mSv cq]oIcn°p ∂Xn¬ ensbens‚ ]pkvXIw hln® ]¶ns\°pdn®v Um¿hn≥ F °mehpw FSpØp]d™n´p≠v . ) bm{XbnepS\ofw At±lw PohnIsf bpw `uacq]ßsfbpw \nco£n°p Ibpw t^mknepIfpw {]Z¿i\ hkvXp°fpw tiJcn°pIbpw Ah sb°pdn®p≈ ]T\teJ\߃ Cw•≠nse imkv{X amknIIƒ°v Ab®psImSp°pIbpw sNbvXpsIm ≠ncp∂p. A]q¿hamsbmcp {]Z¿i\ tiJchpw At±lw sIm≠ph∂p.

X∑qew ]T\bm{X Ign™v Xncns® Ønbt∏mtg°pw Um¿hn≥ Hcp AwKoIrX `uaimkv{X⁄≥ F∂ t]scSpØncp∂p. apt∂ kqNn∏n®Xpt]mse, _o Knƒ bm{X°v apXncptºmƒ Um¿ hn≥ Hcp AwKoIrX ssPhimkv{X ⁄t\ Bbncp∂n√. ]cnWma hmZØn\v sXfnhp≠m°¬ At± lØns‚ e£yhpa√mbncp∂p.

F∂ncp∂mepw bm{Xbnse At± lØns‚ A\p`hßfpw \nco£W ßfpw ]cnXÿnXnItfmSv {]XnIcn ®psIm≠v PohnIfn¬ hcp∂ am‰ ߃ Fßs\ XeapdIfnte°v ssIam‰w sNøs∏SpIbpw Ahsb am‰n adn°pIbpw sNøp∂p F∂v At±lsØ t_m≤ys∏SpØn. t\csØ ]d™Xpt]mse, CsXm cp ]pXnb kwKXnb√mbncp∂p.

F∂m¬, kzm`mhnI ImcWßfmPohnIfn¬ hcp∂ imcocnIam‰ß fn¬ A\pIqeambh ]n≥Xeap dIƒ°v klmbIamhpIbpw i‡n s∏SpIbpw {ItaW ]pXnb Pohnh¿ KßfpsS DZbØnte°v \bn°pI

bpw sNøpw F∂Xmbncp∂p Um¿ hns‚ X\Xv kw`mh\. AXpXs∂ bmWv ]cnWmahmZØns‚ ImX epw. P\kwJym hnkvt^mS\sØ °pdn®v {]ikv X kmºØnI im kv { X⁄≥ am¬Xqkv (Thomas Malthus, 1766-1834) \SØnb {]h N\w [12] Cu BibØnseØp∂ Xn¬ Xs∂ kzm[o\n®Xmbn Um¿ hn≥ tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. F∂m¬, ]cnWmaw kw_‘n®p≈ Xs‚ IW°pIq´¬ icnbmIWsa¶n`qan°v At\Ie£w h¿jßfpsS Ncn{Xw th≠nhcpsa∂p≈Xv Um¿hn\v Adnbmambncp∂p. am{Xhp a√, Xs‚ hmZ߃ hen®p \o´n bm¬ AXv a\pjycpsS Bhn¿`mh sØbpw _m[n°pw F∂pw At±lw a\ nem°n. AØcsamcp kn≤m ¥w BI¿jnt®°mhp∂ FXn¿∏pw i{XpXbpw At±lsØ NInX \m°n. Xs∂bpa√, ISpØ aXhn izmknbpw `‡bpamb Xs‚ `mcy sb AsXßs\ _m[n°psa∂Xpw At±lsØ `bs∏SpØn. Cu Imc Wßfmembncn°mw, Xs‚ \nco£ Wßfpw sXfnhpIfpw t{ImUoIcn®v h¿KoIcn®v A]{KYn®v \nKa\ßfn seØn®v {]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn\v At±lw Hcp]mSv Imew Xmakn®p. ]cnWmaw kw_‘n® [mcWbn1939¬ Xs∂ At±lw FØpIbpw Nne teJ\ßfn¬ AXv hy‡am °pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. kplrØp °fpambn Cu Nn¥Iƒ ]¶phbv°p Ibpw sNbv X p. ]s£ 1855 hsc At±lw CtX∏‰n imkv{XteJ\ tam {KŸtam {]kn≤oIcn®n√.

Cßs\ t]mbm¬ a‰v h√hcpw Cu

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

43

Bibw apt∂m´ph®v DSaÿX AhImis∏ Spsa∂v kplrØp°ƒ At±lsØ Hm¿an∏n®psIm≠n cp∂p. HSphn¬ AXpXs∂ kw`hn °psa∂ `ojWn Db¿∂ph∂p. a‰mcpa√, Zo¿LImeambn Um¿hn\p ambn Bib߃ ]¶ph®ncp∂ B¬s{^Uv- hmekv Bbncp∂p B "FXncmfn'. hmkvXhØn¬ hmekpw Um¿ hn\pw hfsc \√ kplrØp°fm bncp∂p. ckIcamb kwKXn hmekns‚ (Alfred Russel Wallace, 1823-1913) PohnXw Um¿hnt‚Xn\v ISIhncp≤hpambncp∂p F∂XmWv. shbn¬knse Dkv I v \KcØn\v kao]ap≈ Hcp sNdp{KmaØnse k[mcW IpSpw_Øn¬, HºXv a°fn¬ Ggma\mbn´mWv Bs{^Uv- P\n®Xv. kmºØnI _p≤n ap´pIfm¬ Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw ]cnanXs∏´p. ]n∂oSv aqØ tPyjvT t\msSm∏w e≠\n¬ Xmakn®mWv k¿tΔbnßn¬ tbmKyX t\SnbXv. AXnt\msSm∏w Xs∂ tXmakv s]bn≥, tdm_¿´v Hmh≥ XpSßnb hn{ipX ]ptcmKa\ Nn¥IcpsS Bibßfpambpw At±lw ]cnNb s∏´p. k¿tΔbnßns‚ `mKambn t\cn¬ ImWm\nSbmb `qhn`mK ßfpw AhbpsS LS\bpw {]IrXn Zriyßfpw At±lØn¬ {]IrXnim kv{XØnepw ssPh imkv{XØnepw AXnbmb IuXpIapW¿Øn. 1843 Bbt∏mtg°pw k¿tΔbnwKv ]Wn s]mfn™p. ]ns∂ Ipd®p\mƒ hme kv Hcp s{s]adn kvIqfn¬ ]Tn∏n®p.

C°meØv At±lhpw am¬Xqkns‚ P\kwJym {]_‘w hmbn®p F ∂Xv Hcp bmZr›nIXbmhmw. 1845 ˛¬ tPyjvT≥ acn®t∏mƒ B¬s{^ Uv- At±lØns‚ k¿sh _nkn\ kv Gs‰SpØp. `mKyhim¬ CØh W sdbn¬ hnIk\Øns‚ `mKam bn [mcmfw ]Wn In´n. k¿sh ]Wn \∂mbn \S°pIbpw IqSpX¬ {]Ir Xn ]T\߃°v Ahkcw In´pIbpw sNbv X p. _nkn\ neqsS Ipd®p [\w kamlcn°m≥ Igns™¶n epw AXns‚ kmºØnI hi߃ At±lsØ hnjan∏n®p. AXn\nsS ]mcokn¬ t]mbn cmPIob DZym\w ImWm\nSbmbXpw At±lsØ {]tNmZn∏n®p. HSphn¬, t\Snb ]Ww D]tbmKn®v {]IrXn \nco£W Øn\mbn Hcp sXt° Atacn°≥ bm{X kwLSn∏n°m\mWv hmekn\v

44 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

tXm∂nbXv. ssIbnep≈ ImipsIm ≠v Fßs\sb¶nepw AhnsS F Øns∏´m¬, ]ns∂ AhnsS \n∂v tiJcn°p∂ {]Z¿i\ hkvXp°ƒ Cw•≠nte°b®v sNehn\p≈ ]Ww Is≠Ømsa∂mbncp∂p ]≤ Xn. hmekpw kplrØp°fpw GXm ≠v \meph¿jw {_koense ImSpI fn¬ ssPh \nco£Whpw {]Z¿i\ hkvXp tiJcWhpambn sNehgn ®p. At\Iw ]fintXmNnX teJ\ ßfpw Ipdn∏pIfpw Cw•≠nse im kv{X {]kn≤oIcW߃°v Ab®p sImSpØv Hcp DØa {]IrXnim kv{X⁄s\∂ t]¿ hmekv kºm Zn°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]s£ kmº ØnIambn B bm{X henb hnPb sam∂pambn√. am{Xhpa√, B¬s{^ Uns\ XocmZp:JØnemgvØns°m ≠v At±lØns‚ ktlmZ≥ A hnsS h®v sIm√s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Xncn®p≈ bm{Xbn¬ hmekv Ib dnb I∏epw apßn. `mKyw sIm≠v am{XamWv At±lw c£s∏´Xv. F ¶nepw imkv{Xobambn B bm{Xm\p `hw hºn® IpXn®pNm´ambncp∂p. ssPh ]cnWmasØ∏‰n hmekn\p ≠mbncp∂ Dul߃ Cu bm{X tbmsS Dd®p.

Cw•≠n¬ Xncns®Ønb hmekv {]IrXnimkv{X⁄\mbn ]cs° AwKoIcn°s∏´p. imkv{X ktΩ f\ßfn¬ {]`mjWw \SØn.

Iq´Øn¬ (1854 ¬) Um¿hn\pambpw At±lw ]cnNbs∏´p. AtX

ØpS¿∂v Ah¿ XΩn¬ XpS¿®bmb IØnS]mSpw D≠mbn. ssPh]cnWm asØ∏‰nbp≈ Xs‚ ImgvN∏mSn\v ]‰nb sXfnhv In´m≥ CXphsc A[nIw \nco£n°s∏SmØ taJe Ifnse DZmlcW߃ Bhiyam sW∂ Nn¥bmWv hmekns\ aembv D]Zzo]nte°p≈ bm{Xbnte °v \bn®Xv. 1854˛¬ B bm{X Bcw`n®p. F´ph¿jtØmfw \o≠ Cu kwcw`w F√m A¿∞Ønepw h≥ hnPbambncp∂p. \m¬]tXmfw imkv{X teJ\ßfmWv hmekv Cu bm{Xbnse A\p`hßfn¬ \n∂v {]kn≤oIcn®Xv. At\Iw Zzo]pIfn embn ]c∂pInS°p∂ ssPh ssh Nn{XyßfpsS kz`mhsØ ∏‰nbpw ]cnWmasØ∏‰nbpw icnbmb \nKa\ßfnseØm≥ CXv hmekn s\ i‡\m°n. 1855˛¬ Xs∂ ]cn WmasØ∏‰n kqNn∏n®p sIm≠p≈ hmekns‚ teJ\߃ h∂pXpS ßn. CXv ensbens\t∏mep≈ (Charles Lyell) Um¿hn≥ kplrØp °sfbpw A`ypZbIw£nIsfbpw IqSpX¬ Bi¶bnemgvØn. Xs‚ \nKa\ßsf F{Xbpw thKw ]pkvX IØnem°m\mbn Um¿hns\ Ahcm Wv \n¿_‘n®Xv. Aßs\ Um¿hn s‚ {KŸcN\ Du¿PnXs∏´p. kwK XnIƒ ]mcayØnseØnbXv 1858˛ ¬ "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type'

F∂ t]∏¿ hmekv Xømdm°n A`n{]mbØn\pw XpS¿{]h¿Ø \Øn\pambn Um¿hn\v Ab®psIm SpØtXmsSbmWv. ssPh]cnWma sØ∏‰n Um¿hn≥ cq]s∏SpØnbn cp∂ AtX Bib߃ Xs∂bmbn cp∂p hmekns‚ t]∏dnepw! Um¿ hn\msW¶n¬ iniphmb aIs‚ BIkvanI \ncymWØn¬ Zp:JnX \pambncp∂p. "1842˛se Fs‚ Ipdn∏v hmekv hmbn®v t]∏¿ FgpXnbm epw Cßs\Xs\ hcpambncp∂p!'

F∂v Um¿hn≥ ensbens\gpXn. "F∂ncp∂mepw Rm\pSs\Xs∂ hmekns‚ Cu t]∏¿ bp‡amb amknIIƒ° Abbv°m≥ t]mIp IbmWv' ]t£ entb¬, lq°¿(Joseph Hooker) XpSßnb Um¿hn≥ kplr Øp°ƒ Iptd°qSn \oXnaØmb Hcp am¿Kw \n¿tZin®p. Ah¿ Um¿ hns‚ 1844˛se imkv{X°pdn∏pw hm ekns‚ t]∏dpw H∂n®v ens∂b≥ skmssk‰n°v ( Linnean Society of

London) Ab®psImSpØp.

AXv AhcpsS kwbp‡ {]kn≤oI cW ambn Pqembv - H∂n\v skmssk ‰nbn¬ AhXcn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu Ncn{X{]m[m\yap≈ t]∏¿ skmssk‰nbn¬ henb Ne\sam ∂pw kr„n®n√ F∂XmWv- kXyw. hmekn\pw CXv kwbp‡ {]kn≤o IcWw BbXn¬ COm`wKtam FXn¿t∏m D≠mbXmbn kqN\sbm ∂pan√. t\tc adn®v- AsXmcp henb AwKoImcambn´mWv At±lØn\v tXm∂nbXv. am{Xhpa√, Xs‚ t]∏¿ Um¿hns‚ _p°ns‚ {]kn≤oIc Ww t\csØbm°phm≥ DXInsb ¶n¬ A{Xbpw \∂mbn Ft∂ At± lw IcpXnbp≈q. icnbmWv, "On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured races in the Struggle for Life'

ASpØ h¿jw (1859 ¬) {]kn≤oI cn°s∏´p. hmekv XpS¿∂pw imkv{X {]h¿ Ø\ßfn¬ apgpIpIbpw ]ns∂bpw {]_‘߃ {]kn≤oIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw At±lsØ ]nSnIqSnbncp∂ BflobNn¥Ifpw (spiritualism) XZ\p_‘ {]h¿Ø\ ßfpamWv ]n∂oSt±lsØ \bn® Xv . ]cnWmaØns‚ ImcyØnt]mepw a\pjycpsS ]cnWmasØ kzm[o\n°p∂Xv ssZhnI i‡nbm Wv F∂mbncp∂p hmekns‚ aXw.

]cnWma hnhmZ߃ Um¿hns‚ {KŸw At±lw `bs∏´ncp∂Xpt]mse DS\Sn Xs∂ sImSp¶ms‰m∂pw Db¿Ønhn´n√. ]pkvXIw thKw hn‰pt]mbn F∂Xv icnXs∂. ]t£ B[p\nI imkv{X Ønse G‰hpw hnπhIcambXv F∂v hntijn∏n®n´p≈ ]cnWmasa ∂ Cu Bibw imkv { XcwKØv DS\Sn A{X°v kzoImcyambn√.

H∂maXv, ]cnWmaØneqsS ssPh sshhn≤yw hf¿∂phcm\mbn `qanbpsS Bbp v hfscb[nIw \ofp∂Xmbn k¶¬∏nt°≠nh∂p.

A°mesØ ]finXm t{Kkc\mbn

cp∂ sI¬hn≥ {]`p Xocpam\n®ncp ∂Xnt\°mfpw hfsc hfsc A[nI ambncp∂p CXv. adn®p≈ sXfnhp Isfm∂pw A∂v e`yhpambncp∂n√. c≠maXmbn, Hcp Pohnh¿Kw ]cn WmaØneqsS as‰m∂mbn amdp tºmƒ c≠n\pw CSbv°p≈ Ipsd CSØ´pIƒ ImWWat√m. ]s£ At\Imbncw t^mknepIƒ Is≠ Ønsb¶nepw CØcw CSØ´pI sfm∂pw Xs∂ ImWs∏´ncp∂n√.

CXpw kwibmep°sf h¿≤n∏n®p.

AXpt]mse Xs∂, ]cnWmaw sIm≠v IÆv hf¿∂phcmsa¶nepw ]q¿Whf¿®sbØnb IÆn\√msX IÆns‚ XpS°w am{Xw sIm≠v Pohn°v {]tbmP\sam∂pan√t√m?

At∏mƒ AsXßs\ AXns\ IqSpX¬ PohtbmKyam°pw? CXpw ]cnWmahmZnIsf hnjan∏n®p.

G‰hpw {][m\ {]iv\w, "kv]ojo kpIfpsS D¤hw' F∂mbncp∂p {KŸØns‚ t]sc¶nepw PohnIfp sS ]cnWmasØ∏‰nb√msX kv]o jokpIfpsS D¤hsØ∏‰n AXn sem∂pw ]d™ncp∂n√ F∂XmWv. CsXms° Um¿hn≥ Xs∂ AwKo Icn® {]Xnk‘nIfmsW¶nepw L´w L´ambp≈, A\p{Iaambp≈, ]cnWmaw F∂ k¶¬∏Øn¬ A t±lw Dd®p\n∂p. hniZmwißfnkwibw D≠mImsa¶nepw ASn ÿm\ BibØns‚ Kmw`ocyw At±lØn\v i‡cmb A\pIqenI tfbpw t\Sns°mSpØp. lIvkven (Thomas Henry Huxley ) bpw lq°dpw Bbncp∂p Ahcne {]apJ¿. ensb en\v s]mXpth ]cnWmaw kzoImcy ambncps∂¶nepw, "Um¿hn≥ Hcp]mSv IS∂v Nn¥n°p∂p' F∂ ]cmXn D≠mbncp∂p At±lØn\v. AKm nkv (Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz), skSv K znIv ( Adam Sedgwick), sl¿ ti¬ (John Herschel), tPm¨ kvSp hm¿´v an¬ (John Stuart Mill ), dn®m¿Uv Hmh≥ (Richard Owen)XpSßnb im kv{X⁄cpw Nn¥Icpw aX]c a√mØ ImcWßfm¬ Um¿hn\nk

sØ FXn¿Øncp∂p. ]cn\mahmZØns‚ ssk≤m¥n Iamb XpS¿® a\ptjym¤hØnte °pw FØpsa∂v Um¿hn\v BZyta Xs∂ Adnbmambncp∂p F¶nepw HdnPn≥ Hm^v kv]ojokns‚ BZy ]Xn∏pIfn¬ B Bibw At±lw IrXyambn D∂bn®ncp∂n√. 1871 {]kn≤oIcn® "Descent of Man' F∂ {KŸØnemWv Um¿hn≥ Cu B ibw IrXyambn AhXcn∏n®Xv. [13] ]t£, ]cnWmaw F∂ Bibw {I taW "Ipcß\n¬ \n∂v a\pjycn te°v ' Xs∂bmWv \bn°p∂Xv F∂v BZyta Xs∂ Gh¿°pw hy ‡ambncp∂p. AXp sIm≠p Xs∂ ISpØ aXhnizmknIfpsS FXn¿ ∏n\v i‡n IqSpXembncp∂p. Um¿ hns\ A]lkn®psIm≠p≈ teJ \ßfpw {KŸßfpw Im¿SqWpIfpw {]Ncn®p. 1860 ¬ HIvkv t^mUnh®v \S∂ N¿®bmWv Ahbn¬ G‰ hpw {]kn≤w. ]Xnhp t]mse Um¿ hn≥ k∂nlnX\mbncp∂n√. hniz kvX kplrØpw Um¿hns‚ _pƒ ∏´n( "Darwin's Bulldog') F∂v {]kn ≤\pamb tXmakv sl≥dn lIvkv en Bbncp∂p ]cnWmaØns‚ {]tbm‡mhv. tbmKØn¬ BZyw {]kwKn® HmIvkvt^mUv _nj]vkmaph¬ hn¬_¿t^mkv ]p— tØmsS lIv k v e ntbmSv Xncn™v tNmZn®p "k¿, Aßv AΩbpsS `mK Øv \n∂mtWm AOs‚ `mKØv \n ∂mtWm Ipcßs‚ ss]XrIw kzo Icn®Xv ' F∂v . Xs‚ Dugw h∂ t∏mƒ \n¿`b\mb lIvkven Xncn ®Sn®p " X\n°dnbmØ Imcy ßsf ∏‰n hnUv V nØw ]peºp∂ Hcp _nj∏ns\°mfpw Hcp Ipcßs‚ ss]XrIamWv X\n°v A`nImayw' F∂v! ]t£ ]cnWmaØns\Xncmb hmZ߃ Ahkm\n®n√. Ct∏mgpw Ah XpScp∂p !

rvgmenon@gmail.com

[12] "An Essay on the Principle of Population' F∂ Xs‚ kp{]kn≤ IrXnbn¬ am¬Øqkv hn]vfhIcamb Hcp IW°pIq´¬ \SØn. P\kwJy PymanXob KpWIØn¬ s]cpIp∂p. F∂m¬, `t£ymXv]mZ\w AcnXvs - a‰n°v KpWIØnte h¿≤n°q. CXv A\nhmcyambpw `£y£maw kr„n°pIbpw P\kwJym \nb{¥WØn\v ImcWamIpIbpw sNøpw F∂mbncp∂p At±lØns‚ aXw. [13] "survival of the fittest' F∂ kp{]kn≤ ssien t]mepw At±la√ BZyw AhXcn∏n®Xv . sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿ F∂ {]ikvX Nn¥I\mWv B {]tbmKØns‚ I¿Ømhv

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

45

]pkvXI ]cn-Nbw

tUm. Fw. PmX-th-Z≥

am¿Ivkns‚ KWn-X-im-kv{X- Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ KWn-Xi - mkv{X-Øn¬ apf-s]m-´nb Hcp imJbmWv "KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\-in-e-Iƒ'(Foundation of mathe matics). CXns‚ `mK-ambn Db¿∂ph∂ {][m-\s - ∏´ Z¿i-\i - m-JI - f - mWv dnb- e n- k w, I¨sk- ] v ® z- e n- k w, t^m¿a-en-kw, C‚yq-j\ - e - nkw F∂nh. Zm¿i-\n-I-\mb ssat°ƒ UΩ‰v

]

(Michael Anthony Eardley Dummett; 1925˛2011 ) CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Ign™

\q‰m- ≠ ns‚ A h- k m- \ - Ø n¬ ]d™-Xv, KWn-X -imkv{Xw F¥n-s\°p- d n- ® p≈ imkv { XamWv F∂ Imcyw Is≠-Øp-∂X - n¬ Ch-sb√mw ]cm-Pb - s - ∏´p F∂m-W.v 1 ImcW-ambn aq∂v I - m-cy-ßf - mWv At± lw Nq≠nIm-´n-bX - .v 1. a‰v imkv { X- ß - f psS Hcp A\p_‘w F∂- X n¬ \n∂v hyXykvXa - mbn KWn-XsØ Hcp X\Xv imkv{X-ambn ImWp-I. 2. A\p- ` - s shI ⁄m\hpambn _‘-s∏-SpØn AXns\ "Aip-≤am-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.' 3. km{º- Z m- b nI X¿°- i m- k v { XØns‚ {]tbm-Kw. CsX√mw I≠mWv _¿{Sm‚ v d ¬ hne-]n-®-Xv, "F¥n-s\-°p-dn®mWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂s - X∂v \ap-s°mcn-°epw a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°m-

46 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

Ø- X pw, ]d- b p- ∂ - s X√mw kXy- a m tWm F∂v \ap-s°m-cn-°epw t_m [yam-hm-ØX - p-amb Hcp imkv{X-im-JbmWv KWn-Xi - m-k{v Xw' F∂v!

Cu Hcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv K Wn-X-imkv{X cwKØn\pw kmam-\yk- ¶ ¬]- Ø n- e p≈ Z¿i- \ - a - fi eØn\pw shfn-bn¬ -\n¬°p∂ Hcp {]Xn-`m-im-en-bp-tS-sX∂ \ne-bnImd¬ am¿Ivkns‚ KWn-X-im-kv{Xkw-_‘ - a - mb Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ {]k-‡a - mIp-∂X - v.

Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ `mK- a mbn A¶- K - W n- X w, Pyman- X n, _oP-KW - nXw F∂n-hb - psS {]mYan-I]m-T-߃ ]Tn-®n-cp∂p F∂-sXm-gn®m¬, FwK¬kp-samØv Xs‚ Z¿ i\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ Bbn-cØn FÆq‰n \m¬]-Xp-If - n-epw, Aº-Xp-Ifnepw am¿Ivkv KWn-X i - m-k{v X-ØnXm¬]-cy-sa-Sp-Øn-cp-∂X - mbn kqN-\I - sfm-∂p-an-√. e≠-\n¬ Xma-k-am°n "aqe-[\'Øns‚ cN-\b - ° v m-hi - y-amb Kth-jW - ß - ƒ Bcw-`n-®X - v ap-Xe - mWv At±lw KWn-Xi - m-k{v X- ]-T\ - Ø - n-te °v Xncn-™X - mbn ImWp-∂X - .v 1858FwK¬kn-\-b® Hcp IØn¬ Xs‚ hni-I\ - ß - ƒ°m-hi - y-amb A¶-KW - nX-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Xm≥ hfsc ]p d-In-em-sW-∂pw, _oP-K-Wn-X-amWv IqSp-X¬ hg-ßp-∂s - X∂pw ]d-™n-cp∂p. {ItaW At±lw Ie-\-Øn-te

°pw (Im¬°p-ek - v) BIr-jvS\ - m-bn.

amØ-am-‰n-°am\p-kv{In]v‰vkv 2 am¿Ivkv 1883¬ A¥-cn-®p. At±l-Øn\v KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-Øn-ep-≠m-bncp∂ {]tXyI Xm¬]-cy-tØbpw, ]m fin-Xy-tØbpw Ipdn®v ]pdw-tem-Iw A-dn-bp-∂Xv FwK¬kv sNbvX A\ptim-N\ - {- ]-kw-KØ - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. am¿ Ivkns‚ KWn-Xk - w-_‘ - n-bmb Ipdn∏p-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn°m≥ X\n°v Dt±-ia - p-≈X - mbpw Gw K¬kv ]d-bp-Ib - p-≠mbn. F∂m¬ a‰v Xnc-°p-I-fm¬ At±-l-Øn\v AXv km[n-®n-√. am¿Ivkv acn®v Ac \q‰m≠v I-gn-tb-≠n-h∂ - p, Hcp A]q¿Æ cq ]-Øn¬ t]mepw Cu Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ sh fn®w ImWp-hm≥! 1933¬, djy≥ `mjbn¬ Bbn-cp∂p B {]Y-a -{]-Im-i\w. F∂m¬ {KŸ-cq-]Ø - n¬ CXv {] kn-≤o-Ir-Xa - m-bXv ]ns∂bpw ap∏-Ø ©v h¿j-߃°v ti-ja - m-W.v P¿a≥, {^©v, Cw•ojv XpSßn ]e `mj-Ifn-ep≈ am¿Ivkns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw A h-bpsS djy≥ X¿÷-ab - p-am-Wv 1968]pd-Øn-d-ßnb Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ Dƒ s°m-≈p-∂Xv. Cw•o-jn¬ CXns‚ ] cn-`mj BZy-ambn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv \yq]m¿°v {]km-[I - c - m-Wv, 1983¬. djy≥ `mj-bnepw Z¿i-\-ß-fn epw Hcp-t]mse Ah-Km-l-ap≈ {io. {]Zo]v _£n- B `mj-bn¬ \n∂v

t\cn´v X¿÷a sNbvX,v I¬°-Øb - n se "hniz-tImiv ]cn-jØv' apJm-¥cw {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® ({]tXyI A\p-_‘ - tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b) ]Xn-∏mWv Cu Ipdn-∏n \v B[m-cw. IΩyq-Wn-Ãv ]m¿´n-(am¿Iv knÃv )s‚ sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ {io. l¿In-j≥ knßv kp¿Pn-Ønt‚Xm Wv Ah-Xm-cn-I. I¬°´ bqWn-th-gv kn-‰n-bn¬ KWn-Xi - mkv{X s{]m^-kdm-bn-cp∂ tUm. Zneo]vIpam¿ kn≥lXøm-dm-°nb "am¿Ivkpw temI K - W - nX-im-k{v X- h¿jhpw' (am¿Ivkv B‚ v Z thƒUv amØ-am-‰n-°¬ Cb¿ 2000) F∂ sNdp-sX-¶nepw {]uV-amb Hcp teJ-\w Cu ]Xn-∏ns‚ khn-ti-jX - bm-Wv. Hcp-]t£ CXm-bn-cn°mw C ¥y≥ KWn-X-im-kv{X-cw-K-Øp-\n∂v am¿Ivkns\°pdn-®p≈ BZy-cN\. aqe{KŸ-Øns‚ apJ-hp-cb - pw, hn i-Zo-Ic - W - ß - f - pw, A\p-_‘ - h - pw, Ip dn-∏p-Ifpw Xøm-dm-°n-bXv tamkvtImk¿Δ-Ie - m-im-eb - n¬ KWn-Xi - mkv{X s{]m^-kd - m-bn-cp∂ tkm^y Ae-Iv km≥t{Umhv\ bmt\m-kvImb (Sofia Aleksandrovna Yanovskaya;1896˛1966) BWv. {KŸØns‚ {]kn-≤o-Ic - Ww Xs‚ Pohn-X {- h-Xa - mbn Xs∂ Icp-Xnbn-cp-∂ Ch¿ F∂m¬ ZuXyw apgpan ° - m-\m-hmsX {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - Ø - n\v c ≠v h¿jw apºv A¥-cn-®p. am¿Ivkns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Isf Cu ]p kvX-I-Øn¬ c≠v `mK-ß-fmbn Xncn®n-cn-°p-∂p. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Ie-\Øns‚ Hcp imJ-bmb Ah-I-e-\w (Un-^d - ≥jy¬ Im¬°p-ek - v)kw_ ‘n-® Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, Ah-Ie - P - Ø - ns‚ (Un-^-d≥jy¬ tImbn-^n-jy‚ v A s√-¶n¬ sUdn-th-‰o-hv) Ncn-{Xw, sSbv e¿ (Brook Taylor;1685˛-1731), sat¢m-dn≥ (Colin Maclaurin;1698˛1746), e{KmMvsj (Joseph-Louis Lagrange; 1736˛1813) F ∂n-hc - psS hnt«jI GIZ-ßsf (A\-en-‰n-°¬ ^ßvj≥kv) Ipdn-®p≈ {]ta-bß - f - psS hni-Ie - \ - ß - ƒ F∂n h Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. tjm¨ ZvBew-t_ dns‚(Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert, 1717˛-1783) Ah-Ie - \ - - co-Xnsb kw_‘n® Hcp A\p-_-‘hpw Cu `mKØv ImWmw. c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ teJ-\-ßsf 1870\v apºv Fgp-Xn-bh - , Fgp-]X - p-If - nte-Xv, F¨]-Xp-I-fn-teXv F∂v aq ∂mbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. bmt\mkvImb Xøm-dm-°nb Bdv A\p-_ ‘ teJ-\-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-c-W -Ip-dn∏p-Ifpw Cu `mK-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-≠v. "am¿Ivkpw KWnX-im-kv{Xhpw' F∂ {]tXyI A\p-_‘ - Ø - n¬ A h-Xm-cnI IqSmsX aq∂v `mK-ßf - p-≠v.

\yq´s‚ Ie-\Ø - ns‚ BZysØ hna¿i-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p _nj∏v _¿°nen F∂ Zm¿i-\n-I≥. BZyw Δx, Δy F∂o sNdnb kwJy-Isf cwK-Øp-sIm-≠p-hc - n-I, F∂ `n∂nXw ImWp-I, ]n∂oSv Cu sNdnb kwJy-Iƒ ]qPy-am-°p-I, AYhm Ahsb sIm∂p-If - b - p-I: Cßs\ e`n-°p∂ Ah-Ie - P - Ø - n-ep≈ hnizmkw Cuiz-ch - n-izm-kØ - nepw Ihn™ Hcp (A-‘) hnizm-ka - m-sW-∂mWv At±lw IW-°m-°n-bX - .v "KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-afi e - a - msI Cu AXn-kq£va kwJy-If - psS ]tcXmflm°-sf-s°m≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p∂p' F∂mWv _¿°nen hne-]n-®Xv! H∂mw `mKw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂X - v am¿Iv kns‚ Ipdn-∏p-I-fpsS Ncn{Xw Xs∂bmWv. am¿Ivkns‚ teJ-\-ß-fm{]tNm-ZnX-ambn \ - S- ∂ \mev ]-T\ - ß - fmWv c≠mw `mK-Øn¬. am¿Ivkn-s‚ bpw {^©v KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-⁄\ - m-bncp∂ lUm- am¿Un-s‚bpw (Jacques Salomon Hadamard; 1865˛1963) Ah-I e (Un-^-d¬jy¬)-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ k¶¬∏-ßf - psS kmayX FSp-Øp-ImWn-°p∂ -teJ-\hpw(cN\: hn.-sF. •nsh≥sIm), KWn-Xi - m-kv{X- N-cn-{XØn¬ am¿Ivkns‚ CSw tXSp∂ te J-\hpw(cN\:{]Zo]v _£n-) FSpØv -]-d-tb-≠p-∂-h-bm-Wv. "KWnXw C∂-se, C∂v, \msf' F∂ aq∂mw `m K-Øn¬ A©v te-J\ - ß - f - p-≠v. {]km-[-I-¿ ]d-bpw -t]mse, am¿ Ivkv hnh-cn-°p-∂Xv {][m-\a - mbpw I e-\-Øns‚ Hcp imJ-bmb Ah-I-e\hpw AXns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hnImk-hp-am-W.v _oP-KW - n-Xw, GI-Zß - ƒ, t{iWn-Iƒ, km¥-Xyw, Ah-Ie - \ - o-bX, A`n-kc - Ww, A]-kc - W - w XpSßn hnt«j-WØ - ns‚ F√m LS-Ißfpw CXns‚ `mK-ambn N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂p. Ie-\Ø - ns‚ as‰mcp imJ-bmb kam-Ie - \w (C‚-t{K-j≥) Cu {KŸØn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂n-√.

Ie\w ]Tn-°p-hm≥ am¿Ivkv {] [m\-ambpw Ah-ew-_n-®Xv AXns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-°f - psS IrXn-Is - f Xs∂bm-Wv. IqSmsX A∂v e`y-am-bn-cp∂ Nne ]mT-]p-kvI-X-ßfpw s]Spw.

AhIe\w Ie- \ - Ø ns‚ ]nXr- X z- s Ø- ° pdn®v Zo¿L-Imew X¿°-߃ \ne-\n∂n- c p- ∂ p. k¿ sFk- I v \yq- ´ ¨, P¿Ω≥ Zm¿i-\n-I\ - m-bn-cp∂ tKmØv {^oUv hn√yw- e-b-_v\okv (Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. 1646˛1716) F∂n-h¿ XΩn-em-bn-cp∂p X¿°w. Ch¿ c≠pt]cpw kzX-{¥-am-bmWv {]kvXpX

I≠p-]n-Sn-ØØn¬ FØn-t®¿∂sX∂mWv s]mXpth AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´n´p-≈X - v. imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ C∂p-hsc Fgp-Xs - ∏´hbn¬ Xs∂bpw G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏-´s - X∂v IW-°m-°s - ∏-Sp∂ "{]n≥kn-]nb' BWv \yq´s‚ G‰ hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ IrXn. "{]IrXn Z¿i\-Øns‚ KWn-Xi - mkv{X XXz-߃' F∂mWv At±lw AXns\ hnti-jn∏n-®X - .v F∂m¬ Ie-\Ø - ns‚ cq]o-IcWw Cu {KŸ- Ø ns‚ `mK- a - √ . "{]hm-l-hn-[nbpw A\-¥- t{i-WnIfpw' (sa-tØUvkv Hm^v ^vf£≥ kv B‚ v C≥^n-\n-‰v ko-co-kv) F∂ as‰mcp {KŸ-Øn-emWv Ie\w A t±lw hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈X - v. "{]hm-l-hn[n' F∂v Rm≥ sIm Sp-Øn-´p≈ X¿÷a Aev]w hni-Zo-IcWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. A\p-kyqXw IqSp-Itbm Ipd-bp-Itbm sNøp∂ H∂ns\ \yq´¨ {Zh-sa∂v hnfn-®p.

CXns‚ G‰- ° p- d - ® n- e ns\bmWv At±lw ]cn- K - W n- ® - X v . {]hm- l Øns‚ \nc-°n-s\-bmWv At±lw ^vf£≥ F∂v hnfn-®X - v. AXn-\m{]hm-lw- F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ChnsS Dt±in-°p-∂Xv B `uXnI {]Xn-`m-ksØ-b√, AXns‚ \nc-°n-s\-bm-Wv. Cu hymJym-\- {]-Imcw, 1,2,3 F∂nßs\ \mw FÆp-tºmƒ Ah thdn´ kwJy-If - √, kwJy F∂ Aaq¿Øamb {Zh-Øns‚ Hgp-°ns‚ hnhn[ L´-߃ am{X-am-W.v _e-{]-tbm-K-Øn\v hnt[-b-amb hkvXp-°-fpsS Ne-\-tØbpw \n›em-h-ÿ-tbbpw ]Tn-°p∂ imkv{Xim-J-bm-Wt√m _e-X-{¥w. Ne-\Øns‚ ]Ÿm- h v , Imew, thK- X , {]th- K w, XzcWw F∂nhsb√mw CXn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. k©cn® ZqcsØ AXn- s \- S p- ° p∂ kabw sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ B Ime-bG{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

47

f-hn-se-˛B Zqc-Øn-\n-Sb - n-te-bpw˛icmicn thKX e`n-°p-∂p. Cu ka-bØn-\n-S-bnse Hmtcm kμ¿`-Øn-epap≈ thKX Cu icm-ic - n-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXa - m-Im-at√m? \yq´s‚ _e-X{- ¥-Øn¬ hkvXphns\ AXns‚ Kpcp- X zm- I ¿j- W tI{μwsIm≠v , Hcp _nμp- h m- b n, ]Icwhbv°mw. AXn-\m¬ \ap°v _nμp-hns‚ Ne\w ]cn-K-Wn-®maXn. Ne-\-Øn\nS-bnse A F∂ Hcp _nμp-hnse thK-X-bmWv ImtW-≠sX-∂n-cn-°s - ´. AXns‚ ]Ÿm-hn¬ ˛ A∏p-dtam C∏p-dtam˛ sXm´-SpØp InS-°p∂ B F∂ Hcp _nμp ]cn-KWn- ° p- I . s, t F∂n- h - b mWv Zqcw, kabw F∂n-hb - psS \n¿t±-im-¶ß - ƒ F∂pw Icp- X p- I . T F∂ ka- b ØmWv (t=T) _nμp A bn¬ FØp-∂sX∂pw A bpsS \n¿t±- i m¶w S BsW-∂p-an-cn-°s´ (s=S). B F∂ _nμp A bn¬\n∂v Ne-\Ø - ns‚ Znibn-ep≈ Hcp _nμp-hm-sW∂pw kuIcym¿∞w Icp-Xp-I. thK-Xb - n¬ Imcyamb G‰-°p-d® - n-ep-Is - fm-∂p-an-s√∂pw Icp-Xp-I. At∏mƒ A bn¬ \n∂v B bnse-Øm-\p≈ Ime-bf - hpw sNdp-Xmbn-cn-°pw. Cu Ime-bf - h - ns\ \ap°v Δ t F∂p hnfn-°mw.(Δ=sU¬‰). A bn¬ \n∂v B bnte-°p≈ ZqcsØ Δs F∂pw hnfn-°mw. At∏mƒ A bv°pw B bv°pw CS-bnse, Δ t F∂ Ime-bf - hnse, icm-icn thKX Δs/Δt F∂p e`n-°p-∂p. CXv Abnse thK-Xb - m-hW-sa-¶n¬ A bn¬ \n∂v Nen® kabhpw Zqchpw ]qPy-am-hWw. (k-a-bsa- S p- Ø n- ´ p- a n√, Nen- ® n- ´ p- a n√!)

At∏mƒ \ap°v e`n°p-∂tXm, 0/0 F∂ Hcp Akw-_-‘-hpw. \ap°v CXn-te°v Xncn-®p-hc - mw. AXn-\p-apºv A¬]w KWn-Xi - m-kv{Xw. k©-cn® Zqc-Øn¬ ka-b-Øn-\\p-k-cn®v hyXymkw hcp-∂p. AXn\m¬ ka-bs - ØI - p-dn-°p∂ t sb Hcp kzX-{¥- N-ca - mbpw s s\ Hcp B{inX Nc-ambpw IW-°m-°mw. AXn-\m¬ s, t bpsS Hcp GI- Z - a m- W v , s(t) . Hcp sk°‚n¬ k©-cn-°p∂ Zqcw Hcp ao‰- d m- s W∂v Icp- X p- I . thKX sk°‚ n¬ Hcp ao‰¿. AXn- \ mChnsS s= t. AXp- s Im- ≠ p- X s∂ Δs=Δt bpw Δs/Δt = 1 Dw. Δ t ]qPy-am-Iptºmƒ Δ sDw ]qPy-am-Ip-sa-¶nepw 0/0 F∂ "`n∂n- X - Ø n\v ' 1 F∂ hne In´p-∂p. H∂p-IqSn kmam-\y-h¬°-cn®m¬ kzX- { ¥- Ncw x F∂pw, B{inX Ncw y F∂pw Ahsb

48 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

_‘n-∏n-°p∂ GIZw ƒ (x ) F∂pw Icp-Xp-I. Hcp {]tXyI DZm-l-c-Wambn ƒ (x ) = x 2 F∂pw Icp- X p- I .

ChnsS x = x 2. x Hcp Nc- s a- ∂ p- ] - d - ™ mAXn\v Hcp afi-e-Ønse hne-Iƒ \¬Im-\m-hp-sa-∂¿∞w. x s‚ hne amdp-tºmƒ ybpsS hnebpw amdpw.

Cu am‰- Ø ns‚ \nc- ° mWv \mw ImWp-∂X - .v x F∂ Nc-Øn\v x1 F∂ hne I¬∏n-°p-tºmƒ AXn-\\ - p-kr-Xa - mbn ybpsS hne y1 BsW∂v Icp-Xp-I. ChnsS \n∂p- s Im≠v x s‚ hnebnep≈ am‰-Øn-\\ - p-kr-Xa - mbn y -D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-Øns‚ \nc°v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. AXn-\mbn \mw x -Δ x F∂ Hcp sNdnb am‰w k¶¬∏n°p-I. AX-\p-k-cn®v y¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w Δ y BsW∂pw Icp-Xp-I. AXmbXv y1 + Δ y = (x 1 + Δ x)2; =x12 + 2x1 . Δx + Δ x2 AXn-\m¬ Δ y = 2x 1 . Δx+ Δx2 Δx sIm≠v c≠p `mKØpw lcn-®mΔy /Δx = 2 x 1 + Δx F∂v e`n-°p-∂p.

C\n Δx, AtXmsS Δy ]qPy-am-Iptºmƒ he-Xp-hi - Øv 2 x 1 F∂p e`n°p- ∂ p. CS- X p- h - i Øv 0 /0 F∂pw.

AXm-bXv Δy/Δx F∂Xv 0/0 F∂ Hcp Akw- _ ‘as√∂v am{X- a √ 2 x 1 F∂ IrXy-amb Hcp hnebpw e`n-°p∂p. CXns\ x2 F∂ GI-ZØ - ns‚ x1 se Ah-Ie - Pw (sU-dn-th-‰ohv As√¶n¬ Un^-d≥jy¬ tImbn-^n-jnb‚ v) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. apI-fn¬ ]d™ Imcy-ßf - n¬ x1 F∂-Xn\v x s‚ afi-e-Ønse Hcp hne F∂-Xn¬ I-hn™ {]tXy-I-Xsbm-∂p-an-√. AXm-bXv x F∂ NcwXs∂ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ x2 F∂ GI-Z-Øns‚ Ah-I-ePw 2 x F∂ as‰mcp GI-Za - m-sW∂v hcp-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ kmam-\y-h¬°-cn-®m¬ y = f (x) F∂ Hcp GIZw. AXns‚ AhI-ePw as‰mcp GIZ-am-Wv. CXns\ \ap°v f 1(x) F∂p hnfn- ° mw. Δ x ]qPy- a m- I p- t ºmƒ Δ y / Δ x F∂ `n∂sØ \mw F∂v dy/dx Fgp-Xp-∂p.

Npcp-°Ø - n¬ y = f (x) F¶n¬,dy/dx = 1 f (x) F∂Xv f (x) s‚ AhI- e Pw F∂p ]d-bp∂ as‰mcp GI-Za - m-Wv. apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p≈ Imcy-ßsf√mw lb¿ sk°‚dnbn¬ KWn-Ximkv{Xw ]Tn-®n-´p-≈-h¿°v Adn-bmhp∂hbm-W.v C∂v Ie\w ]Tn°p-∂h¿°v ta¬]- d - ™ - h - b n- s e√mw Fs¥-¶nepw {]iv\-ß-fp-≈-Xmbpw

tXm∂m-\n-S-bn-√. F∂m¬ \yq´≥, eb- _ v \ okv F∂n- h ¿ Xs∂ Ch bn¬ Nne {]iv\-߃ I≠n-cp∂p F∂pam{X- a √ Ie- \ - Ø ns‚ ASnØd _e-s∏-´X - mbn AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏´Xv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØcm¿≤-Øn¬ am{X-am-bncp∂p Xm\pw.

Ie-\Ø - ns‚ Z¿i-\X - ew \thm-∞m-\I - m-esØ KWn-Xi - mkv{X-Øn\v XpS¿®bmbn A`n-ap-Jo-Icn-t°-≠n-h∂ Hcp {]iv\-am-bn-cp∂p Ne-\m-h-ÿ-bp-tS-Xv. CXns‚ ^eambn Db¿∂p-h∂ - h - b - mWv sZ°m-sØ( René Descartes,1596–1650 )bpsS hnt«-jI Pyman-Xnbpw (A-\e - ‰- n-°tPyma- { Sn) Ie- \ hpw. sZ°msØ km[n-Xa - m-°n-bXv Pyman-Xn-bn¬ _oPK-WnX-Øn- s‚ {]tbm-Ks - Ø-bm-Wv. Ne- \ - Ø n¬ hkv X p- h n\v AXn s‚ hgn-bn-ep≈ Hmtcm _nμp-hn-eqsSbpw "CS'-Øn-eq-sSbpw IS-∂p-t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v. _e-X-{¥-Øn-em-Is´ Hcp \n›nX CS-Ønse, \nan-j-Ønse, {]th-Kw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠n-h-∂p.

CXm-Is´ \mw I≠-t]m-se AXnkq£va (C≥^n- s s\- ‰ - k n- a ¬˛Infinitesimal) ZqcsØ AXn-kq£va ka-bw-sIm≠v lcn-°pI F∂ {]iv \w apt∂m-´p-h®p ˛ an∂n-ad - b - p∂ (hm\n-jn-ßv) kwJy-If - psS `n∂nXw! kl-{km-_vZ-߃ \o≠ Ncn-{XØn¬ KWn-Xi - mkv{Xw [mcmfw {]Xnk-‘n-Iƒ t\cn-´n-´p-≠v. Ah-bp-sSsb√mw aqe-Im-cW - ß - f - n-sem∂v A\¥X F∂ Iodm- a p´n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. {Ko°v i - m-k{v X-⁄¿ c≠v Zni-If - n\n∂v Cu {]Xn- k ‘nIfnse- Ø n.

Hcp Zni-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w skt\mbpsS t]cn-ed - n-bs - ∏-Sp∂ hntcm-[m-`mk- ß - f m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ch- b n- e qsS At±lw Du∂n ] - d- ™ Xv Ne-\ß - ƒ Akm- ≤ y- a mWv , bp‡n- k - l- a √ F∂m-Wv. At±-lØ - ns‚ Kpcp-hm-bncp∂ ]m¿a-ss\-Uvkns‚ Z¿i-\-{]Imcw ]c- a - k Xyw AYhm kØ \nXy- h pw GI- h p- a m- W v . Ne- \ - c lnXas√- ¶ n¬ AXns‚ \nXyX \jvS-s∏-Spw. AXn-\m¬ Ne-\-߃ Akm-≤y-am-Wv. as‰mcp `mj-bnC{μn-bt- Km-Nc - a- mb Ne-\ß - ƒ amb-bmWv. skt\m-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ hntcm[m-`m-k-ß-sf√mw A\-¥w, A\-¥kq£vaw (A-\¥ - a - mb hn`-P\w F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬) F∂n-hsb ]cm-a¿in°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ne\w Akm-≤y-as√∂t]mse, ÿIm-e-ßsf A\-

¥- a mbn hn`Pn°m- \ m- h n- s √∂pw At±lw kn≤m-¥n-®p. c≠m-asØ Zni ss]Ø-tKm-dn-b∑m-cpsS A]-cn-tab kwJy-I-fpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-ØØ - ns‚ ^e-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu {]Xn-k‘ - n-Isf adn-IS- ° - m-\p≈ {Ko°v- X-{¥-ambncp∂p F∂p-]d - bmw, Pyman-Xn-bn-ep≈ Du∂¬. kw-Jy-Isf-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-WI - ƒ hnI-kn-∏n°p-∂X - n-\v ]-Icw Ah¿ {i≤- PymanXn-bn¬ tI-{μo-Ic - n-®p.

Keo-en-tbm-bpsS injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Ihm-en-tb-cnsb t]mse-bp-≈h - ¿ Hcp hmZ-KXn apt∂m-´v h®p: A\¥kq £vaI - W - ß - ƒ A\-¥a - mbn ASp-°nbm¬ Hcp ]cn-anX \ofw As√-¶nkabw e`n-°pw. F∂m¬ \yq´¨ Cu A`n-{]mbw AwKo-Ic - n-®n-√. At±l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-bØ - n¬, Ah-Ie - P-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ lc-W-^ew ]cn- K - W n- ° p- ∂ Xv Δx, Δy F∂nh am™p-t]m-Ip-∂X - n\v aptºm ]ntºm A√, Ah ]qPy-am-Ip∂ B \nan-jØn¬X-s∂-bm-Wv. \yq´¨ CXns\ Hcp hnizm-k-Øn-eqsS am{Xw hni-ZoI-cn-®p. Ne-\-Øn¬ Hmtcm CSØpw {]th-K-ap-s≠-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv c≠v am™p-t]m-Ip∂ kwJy-If - psS (Zq-cw, ka-bw) Awi-_-‘-amWv (Fs∂ hnizm-k-ap-s≠-¶n¬ hniz-kn-®p-sIm≈p-I). eb-_\ v o-km-Is´ C∂v AwKoI-cn-°s - ∏-´t- ]mse dy/dx F∂-Xns\ dx, dy F∂o Ah- I e (Un- ^ d≥jy¬kv ) ßfpsS Awi- _ - ‘ ambn \n¿Δ-Nn-®p. F∂m¬ Cu AhI-e߃ Fs¥∂v hni-Zo-Icn°m≥ At±-lØ - n-\p-am-bn√ Δ x , Δy F∂n-hbpsS AXn-kq-£a v c - q-]ß - ƒ F∂-√msX.

Ah-Ie - P - s - Ø Ipdn®v am¿Ivkv Awi- t O- Z - ß ƒ ]qPy- ß - f mb "`n∂-kwJy' A∂p-h-sc-bp≈ KWnX-im-kv{X-Øn\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ignbp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ ˛ C∂p-an√. AcntÃm-´n-ens‚ X¿°-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ASn- Ø - d - t a¬ ]Sp- Ø p- b ¿Ønb KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øn\v Cu Ah-I-ePsØ Xmßm-\p≈ sI¬∏n-√m-bn-cp∂p. CXm-Is´ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ coXn-I-fn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb kt¶- X - ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ® p≈ Hcp ]pXnb KWn-X-im-kv{X-im-J-bpsS ˛ hnt«-jW (A\men-kn-k)v Øns‚ ˛ Bcw-`hpw Ipdn-®p.

FwK¬kns‚ `mj-bn¬, "AXphsc kZm-Nm-c\ - n-jT v s - a∂v Icp-Xs - ∏-´ncp∂ KWn-X-imkv{Xw ssZh-tIm-]Øn-\v -]m-{X-ambn. AXv Adn-hns‚

I\n- Xn-∂p. AtXm-Sp-IqSn t\´-ßfpsS Hcp \o≠- hoYn AXn- \ v - a p∂n¬ Xpd-°-s∏-´p. F¶nepw AXv sX‰p-Iƒ \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. \nXyk-Xy-sa∂ AXns‚ ]cn-ip≤n, KWnX-im-kv{X-k-Xy-sa-∂m¬ AXv A{]Xn-tcm-[y-am-sW∂ hnizm-kw, Fs∂t∂-°p-ambn \jvS-s∏-´p.'3 (Uq-dn-ßns\-Xn-sc) FwK¬kns‚ kplrØv am¿Ivkv Xs‚ ASn-ÿm\ Z¿i-\Ø - ns‚ \ne]m-Sn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂mWv Ie-\s - Øbpw kao- ] n- ® - X v . \yq´¨, eb- _ v \ okv XpS-ßn-bh - c - psS ASn-ÿm\ {KŸ-ßfn¬ \n-∂mWv At±lw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. F∂m¬ \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ 1813¬ Cdßnb e{Kmw-sj-bpsS {KŸ-Øns‚ ]Xn-∏n-\p-tijw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠n¬ Cu hnj-b-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]T- \ - ß - s fm- ∂ pw - X s∂ At±- l Øns‚ {i≤- b n¬s]´n- c p- ∂ n- √ . C Xn\v Hcp {][m-\ -Im-cWw am¿Ivkn s‚ {_n´ojv hmkw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ie- \ - Ø ns‚ ]nXr- X zsØ kw_‘n® X¿°sØ XpS¿∂v s]m≈bmb tZio-b- hn-Im-c-Øns‚ t]cnCw•ojv KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-⁄∑ - m¿ a‰v bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßf - n¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ Kth-jW - ß - t- fm-Sv ]n≥Xn-cn-™p-\n-∂ncp-∂p. Cw•-≠nse k¿Δ-I-em-im-eIƒ hnt«-jW - sØ Kuc-hØ - n-se-SpØXv 20- ˛ mw \q‰m- ≠ ns‚ Bcw- ` tØmsS am{X- a m- W v . Aß- s \- b ncns° am¿Ivkns\ C°m-cy-ØnIp‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. ]pkvI-Ønse BZysØ teJ \w (A-hI - e - Pw F∂ GI-Zs - Ø-°pdn-®)v am¿Ivkv Fgp-Xn-bXv ac-WØ - n\v c≠v h¿jw- apºv 1881˛¬ BWv .

Pyman-Xnsb ]mtS Hgn-hm°n, _oP-KWn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ie-\sØ ChnsS At±lw kao-]n°p-∂X - .v a x F∂ GI-ZØ - ns‚ AhI-e-PsØ 0/0 = a F∂v Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\p-tijw At±lw XpS-cp∂p: "0/0 F∂ hyRvPI - Ø - n¬ \n∂v AXns‚ F√m A¿∞hpw tNm¿∂p- t]m-bn-cn°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ \mw AXns\ dy/dx sIm≠v ]Icw hbv ° p- ∂ p. d x, d y F∂nh bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ hfsc sNdnb kwJy- I - f m- s W∂pw ChbpsS A\p-]mXw 0/0 F∂ koa-bnte°v FØn- t ®cp∂p F∂p- a p≈ Nne-cpsS hnizmkw shdpw hnNn{X `mh-\a - m-{X-am-Wv.' 0/ F∂v Fgp-Xm≥ C∂v Bcpw 0 ss[cy- s ∏- S n- s √- ¶ nepw Cu Akw_‘ Nn”w sIm≠v Xm≥ F¥mWv A¿∞- a m- ° p- ∂ - s X∂v IrXy- a mb [mcW am¿Ivkn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v "Ah-Ie - sØ Ipdn®v' F∂ ASpØ teJ- \ - Ø n¬ \n∂v hy‡- a m- W v .

CXns‚ aq∂v IcSv cq]- ß ƒ IqSn {KŸ-Øn-ep-s≠-∂X - n-\m¬ am¿Ivkv F{X- I ≠v {i≤- t bm- s S- b mWv Cu teJ\w Xøm-dm-°n-bs - X∂v a\- n-em°mw. f (x) F∂ GI-ZØ - ns‚ Ah-Ie - PsØ dy /dx = f 1(x) Fs∂- g p- X ptºmƒ CS-Xp-h-i-Øp≈ dy/dx s\ am¿Ivkv "{]Xo-Im-flI' (knw-t_m-fnIv) Ah-Ie - P - s - a-∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂X - .v he-Xp-hi - Ø - p≈ f 1(x) s\ bYm¿∞ Ah-I-e-P-sa∂pw. CXns\ \ap°v Iºyq-´¿ t{]m{Km-ap-I-fnse x : = 10 F∂ t]mse-bp≈ {]tbm-K-tØmSv D]-an-°mw. (10 F∂ hne x F∂ NcØn\p ]Icw hbv°p∂p F∂mWv : = F∂ Nn”wsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p∂-X)v Ie-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{XsØ hni-Ie\w sNbv X v am¿Iv k v ]d- b p- ∂ Xv \yq´¨, eb-_v\okv F∂n-h-cpsS coXn- I - f n¬ ASn- ÿ m- \ - ] - c - a mbn hyXym-k-ß-fn-s√-∂m-Wv. Ch-cpsS coXnsb anÃnIv F∂mWv At±lw hnfn- ® - X v . entbm- W m¿Uv Hmbv e ¿ ( Leonhard Euler,1707-1783), Zv'Bewt_¿ F∂n-h-cpsS ASpØ Ime-L´sØ tdj-\¬ F∂pw, e{KmwsjbpsS kao-]-\sØ XnI®pw _oPo bw (]yq¿en BƒPn{_-bnIv) F∂pambncp∂p At±- l - Ø ns‚ \ma- I cWw. Ie-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Ønse Zm¿ i-\n-Ia - mb Hcp {][m-\- Im¬sh-∏m-bncp∂p hnt«- j - W - Ø ns‚ afi- e Øn¬ d x , d y F∂o Ah-Ie (Un-^d≥jy¬)߃°v ]-Icw dy/dx F∂ Ah- I - e - P sØ (Un- ^ - d ≥jytImbn-^n-jy‚ )v am‰n {]XnjvTn-°pI F∂-Xv. CXns‚ Bcw`w Ipdn-®Xv Hmbve¿ Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw {]mh¿ØnI-am-°n-bXv e{Kmwsj, AK-Ãy≥ eqbnkv tImjn(Augustin Louis Baron Cauchy,1789-1857), Imƒ shbv k v {Smkv ( Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weiers trass, 1815 -1897) F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-Iew F∂m¬ Fs¥∂ ASnÿm- \ - { ]iv \ w Xs∂- b m- b n- c p∂p {][m\ {]Xn-_-‘w. Cu Cf-°n-{]XnjvT IqSmsX auen-I-{]iv\w ]cnl- c n- ° m≥ Ign- b p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ .

F∂m¬ AXn\ptijhpw Ah-Iew Fs¥∂ ASn-ÿm-\ -{]-iv\-Øn\v Hcp DØcw \¬Im≥ KWn-Xi - m-k{v X⁄- ∑ m¿ ]cm- P - b - s ∏- ´ n- S - Ø mWv am¿Ivkv hnPbw hcn-®X - v.

Chn-sS-bmWv am¿Ivkns‚ ]T-\ß-fpsS {]k‡n hy‡-am-hp-∂-Xv. am¿Ivkv am{X-a-√, KWn-X-im-kv{X⁄¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-\mb dn®m¿Uv sUsU-In‚ v (Julius Wilhelm Richard G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

49

Dedekind,1831-1916)t]mepw

tImjnbp-sSbpw a‰pw ]cs° AwKo-I-cn-°s∏-´n-cp∂ hni-Zo-Ic - W - ß - f - n¬ AkwXr-]vX\ - m-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v At±lw kzoI-cn® {]am-Wm-[n-jT v nX (A-Ik v ntbm-am-‰nIv) ]T-\-ß-fmWv km¥-XysØ-°p-dn®pw A]-cn-ta-b kwJy-Isf°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Ncn{Xw krjvSn® I≠p-]n-Sp-Øß - f - n-te°v \bn-®X - v. am¿Ivkv 1882˛¬ FwK¬kn-\b - ® Hcp IØn¬ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv \yq´¨ apX¬ e{Kmwsj hsc-bp-≈-h-cpsS hni-Zo-Ic - W - ß - ƒ Ie-\Ø - ns‚ Ncn{X- ] - c - a mb hnIm- k - Ø n¬ Hcp kw`mh-\bpw \¬In-bn-´n-s√-∂m-Wv. ChnsS sUsU-In-s‚bpw am¿Ivkns‚bpw kao-]-\-ß-fnse kmZriyw ImWm-sa∂v KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb kv{SqbnIv (Dirk Jan 4 Struik;1894-˛2000)]d-bp-∂p. At±lw XpS-cp∂p: "am¿Ivkns‚ hni-I-e-\Ønse Cu Hcp {]tXy-IX - sb B[p\nI KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-Ønt‚Xn\v kam\- a mbn \ap°v ImWmw. as‰mcp {]tXyIX Ah-I-e-Øns‚ Hm∏-tdj- \ ¬ F∂ {]Ir- X - Ø n- e p≈ Du∂epw, _oP-K-Wn-X-Øns‚ ASnØ-db - n¬ \n∂v hnL-Sn®v Ie\w Hcp kz-X-{¥-im-J-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ B {]tXyI aplq¿Ø-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At±lØns‚ At\z-jW - h - p-am-Wv.5 (dx, dy t]mse-bp-≈) AXn-kq-£va kwJy- I ƒ At±- l - Ø ns‚ `mjyØn¬ ImWmt\ km[n-°b - n-√.

Hcp bYm¿∞ Ne\ {]{In-b-bneq-sS-bmWv Ah-I-ePw P∑-sa-Sp-°p∂-sX∂v Dd-∏n®v ]d-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS skt\m-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ hntcm-[m-`mk-ßsf adn-I-S-°m-\p≈ Hcp IpXn®p-Nm´w Xs∂-bmWv am¿Ivkv \S-Ønb-Xv. {]Xy-£- {]-]-©-Øn¬ sshcp≤y- ß ƒ A]hmZ- ß - f - √ , adn®v bmYm¿∞y-ßf - m-sW∂v a\- n-em°n Ahbv°v Fß-s\-bmWv, H∂v as‰m∂ns\ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Iog-S-°m-sX, Htc kabw \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bp-∂sX∂v hni- Z o- I - c n- ° - e mWv Hcp bYm¿∞ imkv { X- ⁄ s‚ ISa. ("Hcp hkvXp Ft∏mgpw as‰m-∂n-te °v hogp-Ib - m-sW-∂pw, AtX kabw Xs∂ AXn¬\n∂v AI∂pt]mhp-Ibp-am-sW∂v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp sshcp-≤y-am-W.v D]-hrØw ˛lm¿tamWnIv˛ F∂ Ne-\-cq]w Cu sshcp ≤yw XpS¿∂p-t]m-Im≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p∂-tXm-sSm∏w AXns\ s]mcp-Øs - ∏Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p' ˛aqe-[\w H ∂mw hmfyw.6) ChnsS At±-lØ - ns‚ \ne-]mSv dx, dy F∂n-hsb ÿnc-kwJy- I - f mbn IW- ° m- ° - W - s a∂ Zp

50 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

t_mbv sdbva-≠n-s‚-bpw(Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymond,1831–1889), Nc-߃ Fs∂m-∂n-s√∂ B[q-\nI KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-Nn-¥I - ≥ SmkvIn-bp-sSXn\pw( Alfred Tarski,1901–1983)) t\sc hn]-co-X-am-Wv. am¿Ivkns‚ Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ B[p\nI KWn-Xim-kv{X-⁄¿°v AwKo-Ic - n-°m-Xn-cn°m-\m-hn-√.'

Akm-[m-cW hnt«-jWw Ah- k m- \ - a mbn, am¿Iv k ns‚ Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw Ie-\-sØ-°pdn®p≈ Ahy-‡-X-I-sf√mw \oßnbn-cp-s∂∂pw (A-t±lw AXn-s\-Ipdn®v A⁄-\m-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw) AXn\m¬ Xs∂ At±- l - Ø ns‚ ]T- \ Øn\v {]k-‡n-bn-s√-∂p-ap≈ NnecpsS hna¿i-\-ß-sf- ]‰n Ipd-®p-hm°p-Iƒ IqSn. am¿Ivkn-Ãm-bn-cp∂ kvSqbnIv am¿Ivkn\v KWn-Xi - m-kv{XN-cn-{X-Øn¬ A\¿l-amb ÿm\w \¬Im≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂X - mbn°qSn Chcn¬ Nne¿°v ]cm- X n- b p- ≠ v . Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kvSqbnIv HcnSØv am{X- a mWv am¿Iv k n- s \- H∂v ]cma¿in-®n-´p≈-sX-¶n¬ t]mepw7! \yq´s‚ Ie-\Ø - ns‚ BZysØ hna¿i- I - \ m- b n- c p∂p _nj∏v _¿ °nen F∂ Zm¿i-\n-I≥. BZyw Δ x, Δy F∂o sNdnb kwJy-Isf cwKØp- s Im- ≠ p- h - c n- I , F∂ `n∂nXw ImWp-I, ]n∂oSv Cu sNdnb kwJyIƒ ]qPy-am-°p-I, AYhm Ahsb sIm∂p-I-f-bp-I: Cßs\ e`n-°p∂ Ah-Ie - P - Ø - n-ep≈ hnizmkw Cuizc-hn-izm-k-Ønepw Ihn™ Hcp (A‘) hnizm-ka - m-sW-∂mWv At±lw IW-°m-°n-bX - .v "KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-afi e-amsI Cu AXn-kq£va kwJy-IfpsS ]tcXmflm°-sf-s°m≠v \nd™n-cn-°p∂p' F∂mWv _¿°nen hne-]n-®Xv! Ie-\Ø - n\v c≠p D]-⁄m-Xm-°fp- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ t√m? Nn”- Ø ns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ eb-_\ v o-kn-\mWv AwKoImcw e`n-®-sX-¶n-epw, coXn-im-kv{XØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ \yq´-t‚-XmWv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. \yq´s‚ coXnbn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ {]iv\ß - ƒ°mWv tImjn XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ ]cn-lmcw I≠Xv. eb-_\ v o-kns‚ coXn-bnse {]iv\߃ Ah- K - W n- ° - s ∏- ´ p. F∂mAh- s b- ° p- d n- ® p≈ ]T- \ - ß ƒ ho≠pw Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Ie-\t- ØmsS Bcw-`n- ®-sX∂v ]dbm-hp∂ KWn-Xi - m-k{v X- hn-t«-jWw AXn-kq-£a v k - w-Jy-If - psS {]tbmKw G‰hpw A[nIw \S-°p∂ Hcp afie-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Chsb bYm¿∞-˛A-bYm¿∞ kwJy-Iƒ, kwbp‡

kwJy-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb- t]mse Hcp kwJymhy-hÿ - b - n¬ sIm≠p-hc - m≥ km[n- ® n- c p- ∂ n- √ . CXn- \ p≈ {iaw Xs∂ Bcw- ` n- ® Xv Ign™ \q‰m≠ns‚ Adp-]X - p-If - n-em-W.v Akm-[mcW hnt«jWw(non standard anaysis ˛X¿÷a teJ-I-t‚-Xv) F∂ Cu imJ-bn¬ 2010¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb Hcp Kth-jW {]_-‘-amWv "acn® kwJyI-fpsS t{]Xm-flm-°ƒ' 8(The ghosts of departed quantities) ! Cu imkv { X- i m- J - s b- ° p- d n- ® p≈ Hcp teJ\w am¿Ivkns‚ {KŸ-Ønepw A\p- _ - ‘ - a mbn tN¿Øn- ´ p- ≠ v .

F∂m¬ am¿Ivkns‚ KWn-Xi - m-k{v Xa-fie - Ø - n¬ Cu t{]Xm-flm-°ƒ°v CS-an√!

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ssat°¬ UΩ‰v: hm´v Cukv amØam-‰nIvkv F_u´v? (am-Ø-am-‰nIvkv B≥Uv ssa≥Uv , HmIv k v t ^m¿ Uv,1994) Imd¬ am¿Ivk:v amØ-am-‰n-°¬ am\pkv{In-]v‰vkv (-hn-iz-tImiv ]cnjXv, I¬°-´,1994) s{^U- d nIv G≥K¬kv: B‚ n Uqdnßv (-t{]m{Kkv ]_vfn-tjgvkv, tamkvtIm,1978, t]Pv 110) Un¿Iv . sP.kv { SqbnIv v : am¿Iv k v B≥Uv amØ- a m- ‰ nIvkv (t]Pv 181˛196, -kb≥kv B≥Uv skmssk‰n, hmeyw12;\º¿1;1948) d/ dx F∂Xv Ah- I - e \w F∂ {Inbsb kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-am-Wv. AXm- b Xv Hcp Hm∏- t d- ‰ ¿. Nnk {]tXyI KpW-ß-fp≈ GXv GI-ZØn-t∑epw {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Hcp KWn-X{Inb. Δ x , Δy F∂nh kwJy- I sf Ipdn°p∂ _oPob Nn”- ß - f m- W v. Δy / Δ x F∂ `n∂n- X - Ø n¬ \mw lcWw F∂ _oPo-b-{Inb Xs∂bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂mΔ x , Δy F∂nh ]qPy- a m- I p- t ºmƒ Δy /Δ x F∂-Xn\v _oP-K-Wn-X-Øns‚ afi-eØ - n¬ A¿∞w Iev]n-°m-\zn√. Chn-sS-bm-Wv dy/dx F∂ Ie-\Øns‚ taJ-e-bn¬ am{Xw A¿∞ap≈ ]pXnb Nn”w P∑-sa-Sp-°p-∂Xv. CtXmsS KWn- X - i mkv{Xw _oPKWn- X Øns‚ taJ- e - b n\n∂v ]pXn-sbmcp taJ-e-bn¬ {]thin-°p∂p Imd¬ am¿Ivk:v aqe-[\w (kmln-Xy{]- h ¿ØI kl- I - c W kwLw˛ 1968; hmeyw1;t]Pv 61) Un¿Iv.sP.kv{SqbnIv: F I¨ssk kv lnÃdn Hm^v amØ- a m- ‰ nIv k v (tUmh¿;1948. t]Pv 126) en≥Uv s k IoK≥x - Z n tKmÃv k v Hm^v Un∏m¿´Uv Izm≠n- ‰ okv

(KqKnƒ kvtImf¿ 2010) mjvedan@gmail.com

G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

51

imkv{Xw km_p- tPmkv - am-¥c - o-£Ø - n-s‚bpw k-ap{Z-ß-fp-sSbpw i-cmi-cn Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ I-gn-™ G-Xm\pw \q‰m-≠p-If - m-bn D-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ {I-aam-b h¿≤\-hn-s\ kq-Nn-∏n°p-∂X - n-\m-Wv B-tKm-fX - m-]\ - s - a-∂ hm-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. F-∂m¬, Xm-]\ - n-eb - n¬ {- ]m-tZ-in-Ia - m-bp-≠m-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ G-‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ B-tKm-f-hym-]-Iam-b {]-Xn-`m-k-amsW-∂v ]-ecpw sX-‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠v Cu {]-Xn-`mk-sØ Im-emhÿm hy-Xn-bm-\w F∂v hn-fn-°m-\mWv im-k{-v X-⁄¿ C-„s - ∏-Sp-∂X - .v 1906 ap-X¬ 2005 h-sc-bp-≈ Im-e-L-´Øn¬ `q-an-bp-sS i-cmi-cn D-]-cn-X-e Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ 0.74 Un{Kn sk¬-jykn-s‚ h¿-≤-\-hp-≠m-bn-´p≠v. CXn¬ aq-∂n¬ c-≠p-`m-Kw h¿-≤-\-hp≠m-b-Xpw 1980˛\v ti-j-ap-≈ Im-eØmWv. Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvs - sk-Uv t]m-se-bp-≈ l-cn-XKr-l hm-X-I߃ `u-am-¥c - o-£Ø - n-se-Øp-∂X - mWv B-tKm-f-hym-]-I-am-bn Xm-]\n-e h¿-≤n-°m≥ Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂Xv. t^m-

`u

52 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

BtKm-f- Xm]-\w A-kw-_‘ - \mS-It- am? kn¬ C-‘-\-ß-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Khpw h-\\ - i - o-Ic - W - hpw ssP-ha - m-en-\y-ßfp-sa√m-am-Wv CØ-cw l-cn-XKr-l hmX-Iß - f - p-sS D¬-∏m-Z\ - Ø - n-\v Im-cW - am- I p- ∂ Xv . Im¿- _ ¨- U - t bmIv sskUv, ao-tY-bv≥, \o-cm-hn Xp-Sßnb hm-X-I-߃-s°√mw l-cn-XKr-l kz-`m-h-ap-s≠-¶nepw B-tKm-f -Xm-]\-Øn-s‚ {][m-\ Imc-Ww Im¿-_¨U-tbmIvs - sk-Uv hm-XI - a - m-sW-∂m-Wv Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-{X-⁄cpw ]-cnÿn-Xn {]-h¿-Ø-Icpw ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. C‚¿- K-h¨-sa‚¬ ]m\¬ Hm¨ ss¢a-‰v tN-bv©v (IPCC), 2007˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d°nb t^m¿-Øv A-k-kv-sa‚ v dn-t∏m¿-´n¬ 21˛mw \q-‰m-≠n¬ B-tKmf-Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ 1.1 apX¬ 2.9 Un{Kn sk¬-jy-kv h-sc h¿-≤-\-hp-≠m-Ipsa-∂v kq-Nn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. CXv 2.4 apX6.4 Un{Kn sk¬-jy-kv h-sc h¿-≤n°m\pw km-[y-X-bp≠v. l-cn-XKr-l hm-XI - ß - f - p-sS km-{μo-Ic - W - a - m-Wv BtKm-f- Xm-]\n-e K-Wy-am-bn h¿-≤n°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-W-ambn sF.]n.

kn.kn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv. k-ap{Z-\n-c∏ - v Db-cp-∂Xpw Im-ew-sX‰n-b Imem-hÿ - bpw ln-am-\n-If - p-sS \m-ihpw {[p-h-ß-fn-sebpw ]¿-h-X {]-tZ-i-ßfn-sebpw a-™p-cp-°hpw sh-≈-s∏m°hpw sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-Ifpw F¬˛\nt\ym, em˛\o-\y {]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw acp-`q-an-Iƒ hnkvXr-Xam-Ip-∂Xpw hcƒ-®bpw P-e- Zu¿-e-`y-hp-sa√mw BtKm-f X - m-]\ - Ø - n-s‚ {]-Xym-Lm-Xß - fmWv. {]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈ a-\p-jy-s‚ A-\n-b-{¥n-Xam-b I-S-∂p-I-b-‰hpw D]-t`m-Km-k-‡nbpw t^m-kn¬ C-‘\-ß-fp-sS Aan-tXm-]-tbm-Khpw P-\s∏-cp-∏-hp-am-Wv B-tKm-f -Xm-]-\n-ebn¬ h¿-≤\ - h - p-≠m-°p-∂X - n¬ {][m\ ]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂Xv. sF.]n.kn.knbv-°p ]pd-sa \m-k-bp-sS tKm-Zm¿-Zv C≥-k‰ -v n-‰yq´v Hm-^v kvt- ]-kv Ã-Uokv, thƒ-Uv ao-‰n-b-tdm-f-Pn°¬ Hm¿-Kss\-tk-j≥ XpS-ßn \n-ch-[n imkv-{X˛km-t¶Xn-I ÿm-]-\-߃ BtKm-f- Xm-]-\-sØ°Ip-dn-®v ]Tn-°pIbpw tem-I-cm-{„-߃-°v ap-∂-dn-bn∏v \¬-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-´p≠v. Im¿_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Uv hm-X-I-Øns‚ D-’¿-P-\-am-Wv B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\Øn-s‚ ap-Jy Im-c-W-ambn Cu ]T\-ß-sf√mw Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. B-tKm-f- Xm]-\w shdp-sam-cp sI´p-I-Y-bm-sW∂pw `q-an-bn-se Xm-]h¿-≤\-hv H-cp Xm-Xv-Imen-I {]-Xn-`mkw am-{X-am-sW∂pw hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cpap≠v. {]m-]©n-I {]-Xn-`m-kß - f - m-Wv B-tKm-f- Xm-]\ - Ø - n\pw A-Xp-hg - n-bp≠m-Ip-∂ Im-emh-ÿm hy-Xn-bm-\Øn\pw Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂s - X-∂m-Wv Ah-cp-sS hmZw. `q-an-bp-sS N-cn-{X-ØnCØ-cw \n-ch-[n kw-`-h-߃ D-≠mbn-´p-s≠∂pw a-\p-jy-cp-sSbpw a-‰p P¥p-°f - p-sSbpw C-Ss - ]-Se - pIƒ-sIm-≠v CØ-cw {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sS Xo{h-X h¿-≤n-∏n-°m≥ I-gn-bn-s√∂pw ]-d-bp∂ hn-a¿-i-I-cn¬ Nn-e im-kv-{X-⁄cp-ap-s≠-∂p-≈ Imcyw {i-t≤-ba - mWv. B-tKm-f- Xm-]\ - Ø - n¬ a-\p-jy-s‚ ]¶n-s\-Xn-sc hn-a¿-i-I¿ D-∂-bn-°p∂

tNm-Zy-ßfpw A-hb - v° - v Im-em-hÿ m im-kv-{X-⁄¿ \¬-Ip-∂ hn-i-Zo-I-cW-ßfpw F-¥m-sW-∂v t\m-°mw. ]ecpw ]-e-h-´w N¿-® sNbv-X hn-j-bam-sW-¶nepw A-Xn-s‚ {]m-[m\yw Ct∏mgpw s]m-Xp-ka - q-lØ - n-\v Dƒ-s°m≈m≥ I-gn-™n-´n-s√-∂X - m-Wv bm-Ym¿Yyw. hmZw: t^m-kn¬ C-‘-\-ß-fp-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw hy-h-km-bß-fp-sS h-f¿-®s - Im-≠p-sa√mw kr-„n°-s∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-_¨ U - t- bmIvs - skUv hm-X-I-Øn-\v B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\ \n-eb - n¬ h¿-≤\-hp-≠m-°p-∂X - n\pw A-Xph-gn Im-emh-ÿm hy-Xn-bm-\Øn-\v Np-°m≥ -]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ign-bn√. Im-´pXo, A-·n-]¿-h-X kvt^m-S\ - ß - ƒ XpS-ßn kzm-`mhn-I am¿K-ßf - n¬ kr-„n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-_¨U-tbmIvs - sk-Up-am-bn Xm-cX - ayw sNøp-tºmƒ a-\p-jy-cp-sS C-S-s]-S¬ hgn ]p-d-¥-≈-s∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-_¨ -UtbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ Af-hv hf-sc Ipd-hmWv. A-Xp-am-{X-hpa√, Im¿-_¨U-tbmIvs - sk-Un-t\-°mƒ l-cn-XK - rl kz-`m-hw {]-I-Sn-∏n-°p∂-Xv \o-cmhnbpw ao-tY-bv-\p-amWv. AXp-sIm≠pX-s∂ Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-sskUv t^m_n-b Xn-I®pw A-\m-h-iyam-W.v hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-w: `u-am-¥-co-£Øn¬ 0.04 i-X-am-\w am-{X-ta Im¿_¨ U - t- bmIvs - sk-Uv hm-XI - a - p≈q.

C-{X Ip-d-™ A-\p-]m-X-am-sW-¶nX-s∂bpw Cu hmX-Iw Xm-]- hn-In-cWß-sf sI-Wn-bn¬- s]-Sp-Øn AXn-s‚ l-cn-XKr-l kz-`m-hw hy-‡am-°p-∂p-≠v. 1859-˛¬ X-s∂ tPm¨ Sn≥-U¬ F-∂ `uXn-I im-kv-{X⁄≥ C-Xp sX-fn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ]n-∂oSv 1896˛¬ kzm-t¥ A-td-\nb-kv F∂ c-k-X-{¥-⁄≥ Im¿-_¨ -UtbmIv-ssk-Uv B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\n-ebn¬ h¿-≤\-hp-≠m-°p-∂X - n-s‚ tXmXv I-W-°p-Iq-´n I-≠p-]n-Sn®p. B[p\n-I Ime-Øv Iw-]yq-´¿ kn-ap-tej-\n-eq-sS X-øm-dm-°n-b F-Ãn-ta-‰pambn Cu IW-°v h-fs - cb-SpØv \n° - p-∂p-s≠-∂X - m-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. 2008˛se bp.Fkv. Pn-tbm-f-Pn°¬ k¿-th dn-t∏m¿-´n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm\-Øn¬ t^m-kn¬ C-‘-\-߃ Pzen-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw a-\p-jy-s‚ a‰v C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kr-„n-°s∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-_¨ U - t- bmIvs - sk-Uns‚ Af-hv h¿jw- tXmdpw i-cm-i-cn 30 _n-ey¨ S¨ ho-X-amWv. C-Xv A·n-]¿-h-X-߃ ]p-d-¥-≈p-∂ Im¿_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ 130 a-Sß-n¬ A-[n-I-amWv. F-∂n-cp-∂mepw

`u- a m- ¥ - c o- £ - Ø n- s e- Ø n- t ®- c p- ∂ Im¿-_¨ -U-tbmIv-ssk-Un¬ 95 iX-am-\hpw kzm-`m-hn-Ia - m-bn kr-„n-°s∏-Sp-∂Xp X-s∂-bm-Wv. F-∂mkzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ hnL-S-\hpw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bnØ-s∂ kw-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v. k-ky-ß-fp-sS hf¿-®-bnepw {]-Im-i -kw-t«-j-W ka-bØpw Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvs - sk-Uv hn-L-Sn-°pw. C-Xn-\v ]p-d-tabm-Wv kap-{Z-P-e-Øn¬ e-bn-®p-tN-cp∂ Im¿_¨- U-tbmIvs - sk-Uv hm-XIw. AYhm kzm-`m-hn-I am¿-K-ß-fn-eq-sS D-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu l-cn-XKr-l hmX-Iw {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS kzm-`mhn-I N-{I-Øn-\v hn-≈-ep-I-fp-≠m-°m-sX kzm-`m-hn-Ia - m-bnØ-s∂ hn-LS- n-°pw.

F-∂m¬ {]-Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu kz-m-`mhn-I -N{Iw X-I¿-°m≥ a-\p-jy -\n¿an-Xam-b A-©p i-Xa - m-\w Im¿-_¨U-tbmIvs - sk-Uv [m-cm-fw a-Xn-bm-Ipw. `u-am-¥-co-£-Øn-se Im¿_¨ sF-tkm-tSm-∏p-I-fp-sS jn-^v-‰nw-Kv tdtjym A-\m-en-kn-kv Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ \n-ch-[n ]-co-£-W-߃ hn-e-bn-cpØp-tºmƒ t^m-kn¬ C-‘-\-ß-fpsS Pz-e-\hpw h-\ -\-io-I-c-W-hp-amWv A-¥-co-£-Øn-se Im¿-_¨-UtbmIv - s sk- U n- s ‚ Af- h v h¿- ≤ n°m≥ Im-cW - s - a-∂v hy-‡a - m-Wv. 1832 ap-X-ep-≈ I-W-°p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-¥-co-£-ØnCu hm-X-I-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xv 35 i-X-am\w h¿-[n-®-Xm-bn Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.

284 ]n.]n.Fw˛¬ \n-∂v 388 ]n.]n.Fw. hsc (ppm- parts per million). e-£°-W-°n-\v h¿-j-ß-fn-se `q-an-bp-sS N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-®mepw C-{X Np-

cpßn-b Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ C-{X hensbm-cp Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´w \-S-Øm≥ I-gnbn√. Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvs - sk-Un-t\°mƒ l-cn-XKr-l kz-`m-hw Iq-Sp-Xep≈-Xv \o-cm-hn-bv °pw ao-tY-bv≥ hmX-I-Øn-\p-am-sW-∂ hm-Zw Aw-Ko-Icn-°p-tºmgpw, Cu c-≠p hm-X-I-ßtfbpw At]-£n®v Im¿-_¨ UtbmIvs - sk-Un-\m-Wv hy-XykvX - X-cwK- ssZ¿-Ly-Øn-ep-≈ Xm-]- hn-In-cWß-sf B-Knc-Ww sN-øm-\p-≈ Ign-hv Iq-SpXep≈Xv. A-Xp-am-{Xa√, Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Uv h¿-≤n°p-∂X - n-\\ - p-kc - n-®v \o-cm-hn-bp-sS D¬∏m-Z-\hpw h¿-≤n-°pw. A-¥-co-£Øn-se-Øp-∂ \o-cmhn, Im¿-_¨ UtbmIv-ssk-Up-am-bn tN¿-∂v C-h-bpsS l-cn-X-Kr-l- kz-`m-hw ]-e-a-S-ßmbn D-b¿-Øpw. Im¿-_¨ U-tbmIvssk-Un-\v a-s‰m-cp {]-tXy-I-X Iq-Snbp≠v. `u-am-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈ \o-cmhn hn-L-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-t\-°m-tf-sd ka-bw B-h-iy-am-Wv Im¿-_¨- UtbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ hn-L-S-\-Øn\v.

AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\Øns‚ 't^m-gv-knw-Kv ^mŒ¿' B-bn I-W° - m-°t- ≠-Xv Im¿-_¨-Ut- bmIvssk-Uv hm-X-I-amWv, \o-cm-hn-b-s√∂m-Wv \m-k-bn-se Im-emh-ÿm imkv-{X-⁄\m-b Km-hn≥ kv-an-Uv-‰v ]d-bp-∂Xv. sF.]n.kn.kn-bp-sS ]T-\Øn-epw, P-e-_m-jv-]hpw Im¿-_¨ -U-tbmIv-sskUpw H-cp-an-®p tN¿∂m¬ A-Xv kr-„n-°p-∂ l-cn-XKrl {]-`m-hw Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvs - skUv am-{X-ap-≠m-°p-∂ Xm-] -h¿≤-\hn-s‚ c-≠v a-S-ßn-e-[n-I-am-bn-cn-°psa-∂m-Wv I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv. `u-am¥-co-£Ø - n-s‚ B-t] £n-I B¿{ZG{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

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X ÿn-c-am-bn \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xpw Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Un-s‚ {]h¿Ø-\w X-s∂-bmWv. A Xp-sIm≠pX-s∂ \o-cm-hn-tb-°mfpw ao-tYbv≥ hm-XI - t- Ø-°mfpw A-]I - S- I - mcn Im¿-_¨ -U-tbmIv-ssk-Um-sW-∂v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. hmZw: B-tKm-f- Xm-]- h¿-≤\-hv A-Sb - m-fs - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ "tlm-°n-kv‰ - n°v' am-Xr-Ib - n-ep-≈, I-gn-™ 1600 h¿j-sØ {Km-^v hniz-k-\o-ba√. A-Xp-am-{Xa√, F.Un. B-bn-cm-am-≠nepw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_‘n-®p-≈ G-Xm\pw Z-im-–-ß-fnepw B-tKm-f X - m-]\n-e C-t∏m-gp-≈X - nepw A-[n-Ia - m-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠vXs - ∂ B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\-sa∂-Xv H-cp an-Øv am-{X-amWv: hn-iZ- o-Ic - W - w- : 1998˛¬ ssa°¬.

C. am≥ G-Xm\pw ]-cn-ÿn-Xn {]-h¿Ø-I-cp-sS k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sS \SØn-b ]T-\-Øn-em-Wv ap-I-fn¬ ]-d™ ]-cm-a¿-ia - p-≠m-bXv. F-∂m¬ Hcp hm-ZØ - n-ep-]c - n-bm-bn im-k{-v Xo-bamb sX-fn-hp-Iƒ \n-c-Øm≥ A-t±-lØn\pw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-I¿°pw I-gn™n-´n√. A-Xp-am-{X-a√ I-gn-™ G-

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G{]n¬ 2014

Xm-\pw \q-‰m-≠p-If - m-bn B-tKm-f X - m]-\n-e-bn¬ {I-aam-b h¿-≤\-hp-≠mIp-∂p-s≠-∂v ln-a] - m-fn-If - nepw hr-£ß-fp-sS hm¿jn-I h-e-b-ß-fnepw \SØn-b ]T-\ß - ƒ sX-fn-bn-°p-∂p≠v.

A-ta-cn-°-bn-se \m-j-W¬ dn-k¿-®v Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ 2006se dn-hyq-hnepw I-gn-™ G-Xm\pw Z-im-–ß - f - m-bn Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ {I-a-am-bp-≠m-Ip-∂ h¿[\-hv sX-fn-hp-k-ln-Xw A-h-X-cn-∏n®n-´p≠v. at‰-sXm-cp \q-‰m-≠nepw Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ C-ß-s\-bp-≈ {I-aam-b h¿-≤\-hv Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ I-gnbn√. H-‰-s∏-´ Nn-e {]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw Nn-e Im-e-ß-fn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≈ Xm]-\n-e-bn-se G-‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂-Xv im-kv-{Xo-ba√.

F.Un. 1000 Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ bq-tdm∏nepw G-jy-bn-ep-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≈ Xm]-\n-e- h¿-≤\-hv C-cp-]Xv, C-cp-]sØm-∂v \q-‰m-≠p-I-fn-se Xm-] -h¿≤-\h - p-am-bn Xm-cX - a - yw sN-øp∂-Xv icnb√. a-[y -Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ D-≠m-bn´p-≈ Xm-]h - ¿-≤\ - h - n-\v Imc-Ww kuc- {]-Xn-`m-kß - f - p-sS Xo-{h-Xb - n-ep≠mb h¿-≤\-hm-sW-∂v im-kv-{X-⁄¿

sX-fn-bn-®n-´p≠v. \m-j-W¬ dn-k¿-®v Iu¨-kn-en-s‚ ]T-\-Øn-\v ti-jw bp.F-kn-se Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-{X⁄¿ tN¿-∂v X-øm-dm°n-b ÿn-Xnhn- h - c - ° - W - ° p- I - f n- e pw ( Wegman Report) B-tKm-f Xm-]- h¿-≤-\-hns‚ "tlm-°n-kv-‰n°v' {Km-^n¬ hy-Xymkw h-cp-Øn-bn-´n√ F-∂ Im-cyhpw {i-t≤-ba - m-Wv. hmZw: B-tKm-f- Xm]-\w A-hk - m\n-®n-´v H-cp Z-im-–Ø - n-te-sd-bmbn. `qan X-Wp-°m-\m-cw-`n-®p-I-gn™p. A ‚m¿-´n-°-bn-tebpw ln-am-e-b-Øn-te bpw a-™p-cp-°hpw \n-e®p. bq-tdm∏v ssi-Xy-Øn-s‚ ]n-Sn-bn-ea - c - p-Ib - m Wv. B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\w F-∂v ]d-™v A-e-ap-d-bn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ C-\nbpw henb Imcy-sam-∂p-an√: hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-w: {_n-´-\n-se sa‰v Hm-^n-kv lm-Uv-en sk‚-dn-s‚ sdt°m¿-Up-If - \ - p-kc - n-®v I-gn-™ c-≠p Z-im-–-߃-°n-S-bnse G-‰hpw Nq-Sp]n-Sn-® Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p 1998. B-tKmf- Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ s]-s´-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ CØ-cw G-‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ kzm-`m-hnI-amWv. A-Xn-\¿-Yw 1998˛Hm-Sp-Iq-Sn Xm]-h¿-[\-hv A-h-km-\n-®p-sh∂pw `qan X-Wp-°m-\m-cw-`n-®p-Ig- n-™p F-∂p a√. A-tkm-kn-tb‰-Uv {]-kv dn-t∏m¿´dm-b tk-Øv t_m-sd-kv-ss‰\pw \mev kzX-{¥ im-kv-{X-⁄cpw tN¿-∂v X-øm-dm°n-b ÿn-Xn-hn-hc - ° - W - ° - \ - pk-cn-®v, h-cp-∂ G-Xm-\pw Z-im-–ß - ƒ°p-≈n¬ B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\n-e-bnt\cn-b Ip-dhp-t]m-ep-ap-≠m-In√ F∂v I-s≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. hf-sc k¶o¿-Wam-b H-cp {]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv Imemh-ÿ. `q-an-sb-t∏m-se 70 i-X-am\-Øn-\v ta¬ P-e-Øm¬ Np-‰-s∏-´ H-cp J-tKm-f -]n-fi-Øn¬, ^-e-I- Ne-\-ß-fpw k-ap-{Z-P-e {]-hm-l-ßfpw F¬˛\n-t\ym, em˛\o-\y {]-Xn-`m-kßfpw h-sc `u-am-¥-co-£-tØbpw Im-em-h-ÿ-tbbpw kzm-[o-\n-°m-dp ≠v. B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ s]-s´∂p-≠m-Ip-∂ G-‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ°v Cu {]-Xn-`m-kß - ƒ Im-cW - a - m-Ipw. F∂m¬ C-sXm∂pw {I-a-am-bn D-b¿∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Xm-]-\n-e-bv-°v IrXyam-b \n¿-hN-\w \¬-Im≥ ]-cym]v-Xa√. P¿-a-\n-bn-se se-_v-\n-kv C≥-Ãn-‰yq´v Hm-^v a-ssd≥ k-b≥-knse s{]m-^-kdm-b ap-Po-_v e-Øo ^pw k-l-{]-h¿-Ø-Icpw tN¿-∂v \SØn-b ]-co-£-W-ß-fn¬, hn-a¿-i-Icp-sS hm-Zß - fpsS ap-\s - bm-Sn-®p-If - b - p∂ a-dp-]S- n-If - p≠v. hn-a¿-iI - c - p-sS hmZ߃ Hm-tcm-∂m-bn Xn-c-™p-]n-Sn-®v A-hb - p-sS A-im-k{-v Xo-bX - Nq-≠n-°mWn-°p-∂X - n\v Ah ]-cym-]X -v hp-am-W.v

hmZw: `q-an-bp-sS am-{Xa√, at‰sXm- c p {K- l - Ø n- s ‚bpw Im- e m- h ÿbpw A-¥c - o-£L - S- \ - bpw \n¿-Wbn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {]m-]©n-I {]-Xn-`m-k߃-°v \n¿-Wm-bI - ]-¶p≠v. H-cp {Klw hm-kt- bm-Kyam-tWm A√tbm F∂v \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂Xpw CØ-cw \nch-[n {]-Xn-`m-kß - f - p-sS {]-h¿Ø-\w h-gn-bmWv. `q-an-bp-sSbpw a-‰v ku-cIp- S pw- _ mw- K - ß - f p- s Sbpw A- ¥ - c o£hpw Im-em-hÿ - bpw \n¿-Wb - n-°p∂-Xn¬ ku-c-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃°pw tIm-ka v- n-Iv In-cW - ß - ƒ°pw ]-¶p≠v.

A-Xp-am-{Xa√, {K-l-Øn-s‚ ]nfiw, [m-Xp-LS-\, am-Xr-\-£-{X-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap-≈ Zqcw, B-¥-c kwh-l-\ {]h¿-Ø-\߃, Im-¥n-I-t£-{X-Øns‚ Xo-{h-X, Kp-cp-Xz_-ew F-∂n-hsb√mw Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂m-Wv {K-lØ - n-s‚ A-¥-co-£w \n¿-an-°p-∂Xv. A-Xn-\v `q-an-sbt∂m sNm-Δs - bt∂m D-≈ hyXym-k-sam-∂p-an√. F-∂m¬, B-tKmf Xm-]- h¿-≤\-hn¬ ku-c-{]-Xn-`mk-߃ h-ln-°p-∂ ]-¶v s]m-Xp-sh im-¥am-b, C-°-gn-™ \m-ev ku-cN-{I-ß-fn¬ hf-sc \n- m-c-am-sW-∂Xm-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. ln-a-bp-K-Øns‚bpw A-tX-Øp-S¿-∂p≠m-b Xm-]h¿-≤\-hn-s‚bpw ]-gb - I-W° - p-Iƒ \nc-Øn bm-Ym¿-Yy-Øn¬ \n-∂v apJw-Xn-cn-®v \n¬-°m-\p-≈ {i-aa - m-Wv Chn-sS B-tKm-f- Xm-]\ - {]-Xn-`m-kØ - ns‚ hn-a¿-i-I¿ \-S-Øp-∂Xv. kq-cyI-f¶ - ß - s - f-°p-dn®pw ku-cN - {- I-ßs - f°p-dn®pw im-k{-v Xo-ba - m-bn ]Tn-°m-\mcw-`n-® 1755 ap-X-ep-≈ N-cn{Xw ]cn-

tim-[n-®m¬ ku-c-hn-In-c-W-ß-fp-sS Xo-{h-X-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p-≈ h¿-[-\hv 0.12 hm-´v-kv/kv-Iz-b¿ ao-‰¿ B-sW∂v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. C-XpIm-c-W-ap≠m-Ip-∂ B-tKm-f Xm-]- h¿-≤\-hv a-\p-jy-cp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ h-gn-bp≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ ]-Øn¬ H-cp-`m-KØnepw Ip-d-hm-Wv. A-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≈ Fbv-tdmtkm-fp-I-fp-sS tXm-Xn-s\ A-Sn-ÿm\-am-°n-bm-Wv Xm-] -h¿-≤-\-hv \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv: a-\p-jy-s‚ C-Ss - ]-Sh-gn A-¥-co-£-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-∂ Fbv-tdm-tkm-fp-I-fp-sS A-Sp-sØ-ßpsa-Øn√ kzm-`mhn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßfneq-sS kr-„n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂h. Fbvt- dmtkm-fp-Iƒ-°v ]pd-ta Im¿-_¨- UtbmIv-sskUpw a-‰v l-cn-XKr-l hmX-Iß - fpw B-tKm-f X - m-]\ - Ø - n-s‚ Xo {h-X h¿-≤∏n-°p-∂p≠v. sU≥-am¿-°v sS-I\ v- n-°¬ bq-Wn-th-gk v- n-‰n-bn-se Kth-jI - \m-b sl≥dn-Iv skz≥-ka v- m¿°v B-tKm-f X - m]-\w an-Yy-bm-sW-∂v hm-Zn-°p-∂-h-cn¬{]-ap-J-\mWv. B tKm-f -Xm]-\w H-cp sI-´p-I-Y-bm-sW ∂ - v ÿm-]n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn H-cp kn-≤m¥w X-s∂ \n¿-an-®n-´p-≠v A-t±lw. kvsh≥-kv-am¿-°v Xn-b-dn-b-\p-k-cn-®v ku-c{- ]-Xn-`m-kß - fpw tIm-kva - n-Iv Inc-W-ßfpw am-{X-am-Wv Im-emh-ÿm hy-Xn-bm-\-Øn\pw B-tKm-f Xm-]-\ne-bn-ep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂ G-‰° - p-d® - n-ep-Iƒ °pw Im-cWw. `u-am-¥-co-£-Øn-seØp∂ tIm-kv-an-Iv In-c-W-߃ Fbvtdm-tkm-fp-If - p-sSbpw kq-cy-{]-Im-iw {]-Xn-^e - n-∏n-°p-∂ ta-Lß - f - p-sSbpw

kr-„n-°v Im-c-W-am-Ipw. ku-c-{]-Xn`m-k-߃ Xo-{h-am-Ip-tºmƒ Nm¿PnX I-W-߃ `q-Im¥n-I t£-{X-Øn\v £-b-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw `u-am-¥-co£w Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sN-øpw. F∂m¬ G-Xm\pw ku-c-N-{I-ß-fm-bn kq-cy≥ im-¥-\m-bm-Wv Im-W-s∏-Sp∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ ku-c-hmX-ß-fn-se Nm¿Pn-X I-W-߃ `q-anbp-sS Im-¥n-It- £-{X-Øn¬ hn-≈e - p≠m-°p-∂n√. AXp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ Ct∏mƒ "t•m-_¬ hm-anMv' A√ \-S°p-∂Xv, A-Xn-s‚ hn-]co-X {]-Xn-`mkam-b "t•m-_¬ Iq-fnMv' B-sW-∂mWv skz≥- k v - a m¿- ° v ]- d - b p- ∂ Xv . skz≥-kv-am¿-°v Xn-b-dn-b-\p-k-cn-®v a\p-jy-cp-sS H-cp-X-c-Øn-ep--≈ C-S-s]S-ep-Ifpw B-tKm-fX - m-]\ - Ø - n\pw Imemh-ÿm hy-Xn-bm-\Ø - n\pw Im-cW - am-Ip-∂n√. l-cn-X-Krl -hm-X-I-ß-fpsS D-’¿P-\w Xm-]- h¿≤-\-hp-≠m°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ A-Xv \m-a-am-{Xhpw Xm-Xv-°m-en-I-hp-am-sW-∂m-Wv A-t±lw hm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-w:Zp¿-_-eam-b sX f - n-hp-Iƒ am{Xw \n-cØ - p-∂ skz≥kvam¿-°n-sâ Xnb-dn ]-s£ Im-emhÿm im-k{-v X-⁄¿ Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-∂n √. ku-c-hn-In-c-W-ßfpw tIm-kv-an-Iv In-cW - ß - fpw B-tKm-f X - m-]\ - n-eb - nam- ‰ w- h - c p- Ø p- ∂ p- s ≠- ∂ v hm- Z n- ° ptºmgpw X-s‚ hm-Zw K-Wn-X-]-c-am-bn sX-fn-bn-°m≥ skz≥-kv-am¿-°n-\v Ign-bp-∂n√. l-cn-X-Kr-l -hm-X-I-ß-fpsS {]-`m-hw Im-em-hÿ b - n-ep-≠m-°p∂ am-‰w Ir-Xy-am-bn A-hX - c - n-∏n-°m≥ Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-{X-⁄¿-°v I-gnbp-∂p-≠v -Xm-\pw. tIm-kv-an-Iv In-c-W߃ Im-emh-ÿm am-‰-ap-≠m-°p-sa∂ ]-cn-I-ev-]-\-bv-°v D-d-® im-kv-{Xob ]n-¥p-W-bn√. `q-an-°-∏p-dw a-t‰sX-¶nep-sam-cp {K-lØn-s‚ A-¥-co£w Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-°p-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn-®v hy‡-am-b H-cp Nn{Xw C-∂v e-`ya√. sNm-Δb - p-sS A-¥c - o-£s - Ø-°p-dn-®p t]mepw C-Xph-sc Im-cyam-b ]T\ß-sfm∂pw \-S-∂n´n√. sNm-Δ-bp-sS C-t∏mgpw A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂, hf-sc tem-eam-b A-¥c - o-£Ø - n¬ 2014 sk -]v-Xw-_-dn¬ {]-th-in-°p-∂ \m-k-bpsS am-sh≥ kv-t]-kv- {Im-^v-‰m-bn-cn °pw B {K-lØ - n-s‚ A-¥c - o-£ LS-\ hn-i-Z-am-bn A-]-{K-Yn-°p-∂ BZy Ir-{Xn-a D-]-{Klw. Zp¿-_-eam-b Kp-cp-Xz-_-ehpw tem-eam-b A-¥-co£-hp-ap-≈, Im-¥n-It- £{Xw \-„s - ∏´p-Ig - n™ sNm-Δbpw `q-an-bp-am-bp-≈ Xm-c-Xayw B-tKm-f -Xm-]-\-sa-∂ Xe-s°-´n-\v A\p-tbm-Py-as - √-∂X - m-Wv bm-Ym¿-Yyw. G{]n¬ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

55

hmZw: Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-{X⁄¿ P- \ ß- s f `- b - s ∏- S p- Ø p- I bmWv. H-∂p-In¬ A-h¿ kXyw a-\ n-em-°p-∂n√, A-s√-¶n¬ A-Xn-\pt\-sc I-Æ-S-bv-°p-I-bmWv. B-tKm-fXm-]-\-sa-∂ {]-Xn-`m-kw im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn sX-fn-bn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-ØXpw Bƒ-°q-´-Øn-s‚ a-\-»m-kv{Xw ap-Xse-Sp-°p-∂ shdp-sam-cp tIm-eml-ew am-{X-hp-am-Wv. hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-w: ssk-≤m-¥n-I-ambn \n-e-\n¬-°p-tºmgpw A-\y-{K-lPo-hn-I-fp-sS km-∂n[yw im-kv-{Xo-bam-bn sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-´n-´n√ F-∂v ]-dbp-∂Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv Nn-e hn-a¿-iI¿ B-tKm-f- Xm-]\ - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv. tem-I-sa-ºm-Sp-ap-≈ \n-ch-[n im-k{-v X-⁄c - pw im-k{-v X-kwL-S-\-Ifpw \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ ]-co-£W - ß - f - m-Wv B-tKm-f- Xm]-\w bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-sW-∂ Xn-cn-®d - n-hn-te-°v F-Øn-t®-cm≥ Im-c-W-am-bXv. hn-`-hNq-j-W-Øn-\v \n-b-{¥-W-ta¿-s∏-SpØm≥ a-Sn-Im-Wn-°p-∂ bp.F-kn-se \m-j-W¬ A-°mZ-an Hm-^v k-b≥kkv, A-ta-cn-°≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ t^m¿ Zv A-Uzm≥-kv-sa‚ v Hm-^v kb≥kv, A-ta-cn-°≥ Pn-tbm-{K-^n°¬ bq-Wnb≥, A-ta-cn-°≥ C≥-kv‰n-‰yq´v Hm-^v ^n-kn-Ivkv, A-ta-cn-°≥ Im-emh-ÿm ]T-\-tI{μw F-∂o ÿm-]-\-ßfpw Im-em-h-ÿm-]T-\w \S-Øn B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w bm-Ym¿-Yyam-sW-∂v Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®n-´p≠v. im-k{-v Xob ]T-\ß - ƒ A-hK - W - n®p-sIm-≠v hnjb-sØ ssh-Im-cn-I-am-bn k-ao-]n°p-Ibpw s]m-Xp-P-\ß-sf B-i-¶mIp-e-cm-°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂-Xv hn-a¿-iI-cmWv; B-tKm-fX - m]-\w bm-Ym¿-Yya-s√-∂v hm-Zn-°p-∂h - c - mWv. G-Xm\pw h¿-j-ß-fn-se C-S-th-f-I-fn¬ GXm\pw {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Nq-Sv Iq-Snbpw Ip-d™pw A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Nne {]-tZ-iß - f - n-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ AXn-ssiXysØ "t•m-_¬ Iq-fnMv' F-∂p-]d™v sX-‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw hn-a¿-iI¿ X-s∂-bm-Wv. 2004¬ {]-kn-≤o-Icn-® \-thm-an H-sd-Ivk - ns‚ "Zv k-b‚n^n-Iv I¨-sk≥kv Hm¨ ss¢a-‰v tN-bv©v' F-∂ im-kv-{X-{K-Ÿ-ØnB-tKm-fX - m-]\ - Ø - n-\v Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂ {]-Xn-`m-k-ß-fn¬ 75 i-X-am-\hpw a\p-jy-cp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-sW-∂v hy-‡a - m-°n-bn-´p≠v. {]-kvXp-X hn-jb-Øn-ep-≈ 928 K-th-j-W {]-_-‘ß-fp-sS kw-£n]v-X dn-t∏m¿´pw Xs‚ hm-Z-߃-°p ]n≥-_-e-am-bn \thman Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

56 imkv{X-KXn

G{]n¬ 2014

hmZw: Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-sskUv D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-Ø Du¿-P D-d-hn-S߃ hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂-Xv C∂sØ km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn¬ A-\m-bmkhpw sN-e-hp-Ip-d-™-Xp-amWv. am{X-hpa√, "Im¿-_¨ ^p´v {]n‚ v' Ipd-b° -v p-∂X - n-s\∏-‰n hm-tXm-cm-sX kwkm-cn-°p-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ \√-Xv km-t¶Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS Imemh-ÿm hy-Xn-bm\-sØ t\-cn-Sp-IbmWv: hn-iZ - o-Ic - W - w- : Im-emh-ÿm imkv{- X-⁄¿ km-t¶-Xn-Ih - nZy-tbm-Sv ]pdw- X n- c n- ™ v \n¬- ° p- ∂ - h c√. IqSpX¬ "F-\¿-Pn F-^n-jy≥kn' D-≈ b-{¥-߃ \n¿-an-°p-∂Xpw "Ct°m {^-≠ven' hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - f - p-sa√mw \√-Xp-Xs∂.

F-∂m¬ km-t¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-bp-sS k-lmb-tØm-sS Im¿-_¨ -U-tbmIv-sskUv D-’¿P-\w Ipd-™tXm C√mØtXm B-b b-{¥-ß-fp-sS \n¿-amW-am-cw-`n-®v A-h-bp-sS hn-I-k-\-{]h¿- Ø - \ - ß ƒ \- S - ∂ p- I - g n- b p- t ºmtg°pw C-t∏m-gp≈ tXm-Xn¬ A-¥co-£-Øn-te-°v Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvssk-Uv _-ln¿-Ka-\w Xp-S¿∂p-sIm≠n-cp-∂m¬ ]n-∂o-Sv A-Xv \n-b{- ¥-Whn-t[-ba - m-°m≥ km-t¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-b° -v v I-gn-bm-sX- h-cpw. \m-kb - p-sS ]-cn-ÿnXn im- k v - { X- ⁄ \m- b sP- b nw- k v lm≥k-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ tem-Icm-{„-߃ F√mw tN¿-∂p-ev-]m-Zn-∏n°p-∂ Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Uns‚ D-’¿P-\w C-∂-h-km-\n-∏n-®mX-s∂ A-Sp-Ø G-Xm\pw Z-im-–ß - ƒ B-tKm-f- Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ 0.5 Un{Kn sk¬-jy-kn-s‚ h¿-≤-\-hp-≠m-Ipw. k-ap-{ZP-ew B-Knc-Ww sNbv-X Xm]w ]p-d-Øp-hn-Sp-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-WnXv. km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy hn-I-kn-°p-∂-Xphsc Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIv-ssk-Uv ]p-d¥-≈p∂-Xv \n¿-_m-[w Xp-S-cp-I-bmsW-¶n¬ hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-t°≠-Xv Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvs - sk-Uv D-ev] - m-Zn∏n-°m-Ø b-{¥-ßf√, a-dn-®v A-¥co-£-Øn-se Im¿-_¨- U-tbmIvssk-Uv h-en-s®-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-hp-≈ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv. A-Xn-\v I-gn-™ns√-¶n¬ A-t∏m-tg-bv°pw `q-an h-d-N´n-°v k-a-am-bn I-gn-™n-cn-°pw. AXn-\p-sa{Xtbm ap-ºv A-æ-X h¿-≤n®p-hc - p-∂ k-ap{Zw P-eP - o-hn-If - p-tSbpw ]-hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fp-sSbpw i-h-∏-d-ºm-bn am-dn-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. hmZw: Im-emh-ÿm im-kv-{X⁄¿ P-\ß-sf B-i-¶m-Ip-e-cm-°pIbpw hn-I-k-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v

Xp-c¶ - w- h-b° -v p-Ib - p-am-Wv sN-øp-∂Xv. C-Xn-\v {]-Xn-^-e-am-bn A-h¿-°v Xev-]-c- I-£n-I-fn¬ \n-∂v henb tXmXn-ep-≈ henb tXm-Xn-ep-≈ [-\- klm-bhpw e-`n-°p-∂p≠v. hn-`-h- Nqj-Whpw hym-h-kmbn-I h-f¿-®bpw cm-{„-Øn-s‚ k-º-Zv-L-S-\bpw ]u-c∑m-cp-sS Po-hn-X -\n-e-hm-chpw sa-®s∏-Sp-Øp-sa-∂ Imcyw hn-kv-a-cn-°cpXv. hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-w: _m-en-iam-b Hcp hm-Za - m-WnXv: A-ta-cn-°bpw a-‰v hnIkn-X cm-{„-ßfpw ssk-\n-Im-h-iy߃°pw bp-≤k - m-a{- Kn-Iƒ \n¿-an-°p∂-Xn\pw bp-≤-hn-am-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw anssk-ep-I-fp-sS-bp-sa√mw \-hoI-c-W {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ-°p-am-bn h¿jw-tXm dpw sN-e-hm-°p-∂ Xp-I-bp-sS hf-sc sNdn-sbm-cp i-X-am-\w am-{X-ta ]-cnÿn-Xn kwc-£-W {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃°v B-tKm-f hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbmKn-°p-∂p≈q˛Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-d™ m10 i-X-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg. am-{X-hpa√, ]-cn-ÿn-Xn {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ-°m-bn Ct∏mƒ sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂ XpI sXm-´pap-ºp-≈ Z-im-–Ø - n¬ sN-eh - g- n-® XpI-bp-sS 61 i-X-am-\w am-{X-ta D-≈q F-∂Xpw sR-´n-∏n-°p-∂ h-kv-Xp-XbmWv. C-Xv hn-Ikn-X cm-{„-ß-fn-se A-hÿ b - m-sW-¶n¬ hn-Ikz-c cm-Pyß-fn-se A-h-ÿ A-Xn-ep-ta-sd Z-b\o-ba - mWv. Z-cn-{Z-cm-Py-ßf - n¬ ]-cn-ÿnXn kw-c£ - W - Ø - n-s‚ {]m-[m-\y-sØ ∏-‰n t_m-[-h¬-°c-Ww t]mepw \S-°p-∂n√. a-Xh - pw, I-£n-cm-{„o-bhpw h-f¿-Øp-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n X-t±-io-bhpw hn-tZ-io-b-hpam-b kw-L-S-\-Iƒ sNe-hm-°p-∂ Xp-Ib - p-sS sNdn-sbm-cp ]¶v ]-cn-ÿn-Xn kwc-£-W {]-h¿-Ø\-߃-°m-bn sN-e-h-gn-°m≥ I-gn™m¬ `m-hn X-e-ap-d-tbm-Sp sN-øp∂ G-‰hpw hen-b ]p-Wy-am-bn-cn-°pw A-X.v Imc-Ww a-Xhpw cm-{„o-bhp-sam∂p-an-s√-¶nepw a-\p-jy-\v Po-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. `q-an-bn-se at‰-sXm-cp Po-hntbbpw t]mse. F-∂m¬ {]-Ir-Xn-bns√-¶n¬, B-tcm-Ky-I-cam-b ]-cn-ÿnXn-bn-s√-¶n¬, H-cp Zp-c-¥-]-cy-h-km\-am-bn-cn°pw a-\p-jy-hwi-sØ ImØn-cn-°p-∂Xv. a-\p-jy-s‚ D-]t- `m-Kmk-‡nbpw A-Xym-{K-lhpw Ah-\v am{Xa√, `q-an-bn-se k¿-h Po-h-Pm-e߃°pw A-¥y-Iq-Zm-ib - m-Wv \¬-Ins°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-sX-∂v a-d-°-cp-Xv.

(te-J-Is‚ t^m¨ \º¿:9656363145 Csa-bn¬ : sabu9656@gmail.com)

lc-W-^ew

sI. kXojv sitakrishnaa@gmail.com

G{]nÂŹ 2014 imkv{X-KXn

57

imkv{Xhm¿Ø-

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

H‰ ssPh tImisØ ImWmw! H‰ ssPh tImisØ AXns‚ tImi-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p Xs∂ imkv{X-⁄∑m¿°p ImWm-\m-Ipw, ssPh tXmi-Ønse aßnb tImi-Øns‚ Xo{hX h¿≤n∏n-°p∂ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bmWv imkv{X-⁄¿°nXp klm-bI - c - a - m-bX - v. CXp-hgn-bmWv tImisØ ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv. sSen-hn-j\ - n¬ Xnf-°a - p≈ hy‡amb Nn{Xw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v kam-\-am-Wn-Xv. {]Im-i-Øns‚ Xo{hX ]Xn-\-\©v e£-tØmfw aSßn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ CXp-aqew km[n-°pw. {Kn≥kvS¨ k¿ΔI-em-im-e-bnse George T Reynilds CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v IS-ense kq£-a-Po-hn-bmb Noctiluca milaris s‚ Nn{X-sa-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. hn]p-e-ambn Cu Pohnbp≈-t∏mgmWv kap-{Z-Øn¬ tImi-{]-`-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. imkv{X-⁄¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ {]Imi Xo{hX Iq´p∂ D]-Ic - W - Ø - n¬ {]Imi kwth-Zn-bmb {]X-ehpw ImWm\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-hp-a-p≠v. (www.sciencenews.orglarticlel cell visible-own-light)

_mIvSo-cn-bsb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm≥ tX≥! kmw{I-anI tcmK-߃s°-Xnsc s]mcp-Xp-hm≥ tX\n\v Ignbp-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ {]h-Nn-®p. _mIvSo-cn-b-bpsS B‚n _tbm-SnIv {]Xn-tcm-[sØ Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ tX\n-\v Ign-hp≠v. ]e-X-c-Øn¬ _mIvSo-cn-bmsb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahbv°v {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Salve Regina University se Susan M Meschwita bpw kwL-hp-amWnXv Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. _mIvSo-cn-bmsb Iogvs∏-Sp-Øm≥ \nc-h[n Bbp-[-ß-fmWv tX\n-\p-≈-Xv. ssl{U-P≥ s]tdm-Ivssk-Uv, Aæ-X, Hmkvtam-´nIv {]`m-hw, ]©-km-c-bpsS Db¿∂ Af-hv. t]mfn ^nt\mƒ F∂n-hs - bms° _mIvSo-cn-bsb sIm√m-≥ Ignhp-≈h - b - m-Wv. _mIvSo-cn-bb - psS hn\m-ik - z-`mhw Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ tX\ns‚ Ignhv aqew ]c-º-cm-KX B‚n-_-tbm-´n-°p-Ifpw ^e{]-Z-sa∂v Meschwitz Nq≠n-Im-´n. CXp-Iq-SmsX ssPh-]mfn cq]oI-c-WsØ XS-bp-∂-Xn\pw tX\n\v Ign-hp-≠v. _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v ssPh-]mfn cq]oI-c-W-Øn\v ]¶p-≠v. Cu Bib hn\n-a-b-amWv tcmK-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\pw tcmK-Ir-Ømb hnjw han-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv. tX\n-e-S-ßn-bn-´p≈ Bs‚ HmIvkn-U‚p-I-fmb t]mfn ]nt\m-Pp-Ifpw tX\ns‚ Huj[ hocyØn\v ImcW-am-Wv. E.coli, S.anrens, P.aernginosa XpS-ßnb _mIvSo-cn-b-Iƒ°-Xn-sc-bmWv imkv{X-kwLw KthjWw \S-Øn-b-Xv. American Chemical Society bpsS 24710 tZiob tbmK-Øn-emWv Cu Kth-j-W-^ew Ah-X-cn-∏n®Xv. ( www.sciencedaily.com)

aq∂v Znh-kw s - Im≠v ho™v Xøm¿! ho™p-ev]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ C\n \oWv ImØn-cn-∏m-h-iy-an-√. InWz\ (fermentation) Ad-bn¬ sh≈w, ap¥n-cn-®m-dv, boÃv F∂nh FSpØv Cu A¤pX b{¥w aq∂v Znh-kw-sIm≠v ho™p≠m°pw. Ch IqSmsX tN¿°p∂ "an\p-°p-s]m-Sn-'bmWv amk-߬ sIm≠v ho™n\v e`n-°p∂ cpNn \¬Ip-∂-Xv. BZy L´-Øn-tebpw c≠mw L´-Øn-tebpw InWz\ {]{In-b-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb sk≥-k-dm-Ifpw {Sm≥ yp-tkdpw lo‰-dp-Ifw ]ºpw b{¥-Øn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. (www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-flm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥.

Email: sudarsanmr@gmail.com Printed & Published by V.V. Sreenivasan on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1 and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-Prof M.K. Prasad. Approved by CSIR for financial support Volume 49 No.10, Sasthragathy 2014 April, 60 Pages