Sastragathi Nov 2011 by Friends of KSSP UAE

2011 \hw-_¿

hmeyw 47

tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØv

e°w 5

Ih¿tÃmdn:

tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\w -C-∂-se, C∂v, \msf tUm.- B¿. APbIpam¿ h¿a

16 ho-´p-am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcWhpwπm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\hpwtXm-akv- s]m-°m-a‰w

tIcfw amen-\y-ap-‡-am-Iptam?

26 tIc-f-Ønse \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ s{]m^. ]n.-sI. cho-{μ≥

ap√-t\gn A\p-kva-cWw

Sn. KwKm-[-c≥

bqtdm]y≥ kwkvIrXnbpsS thcpIƒ tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

t\m_¬ kΩm-\-ßƒ 2011

kn.-hn. N{μ≥

9/11 ¬ \n∂v 9/17- te°v hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬ kacw

tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

tUm. Fw. ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥

{]IrXn amXmbv˛hm¶mcn AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn

No¶-Æn-bpsS ]co-£-W-Øn\v 100 hb v

s{]m^. sI.-B¿. P\m¿±-\≥

\yq{Snt\m F∂ {]tl-fnI

ao\-®n¬ \Zo-X-S-]-≤Xn H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬

^n≥em‚nse kvIqfp-Iƒ Ubm≥ dmhn®v Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n:

lc-W-^ew

sI. kXojv

s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´n

imkv{X-hm¿Ø tUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\I - p-am¿

FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : sI. cm[≥ FIvkn-Iyp´ohv FUn-‰¿: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: ]n. kptc-jv ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn: s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿Z\≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´n Sn. cm[m-a-Wn, kn.-hn. N{μ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. sI. cmPvtam-l≥, tUm. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬, B¿. KncojvvIp-am¿, AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn, hn.-ss_-Pp, ]n. {]Im-i≥ Nn{Xo-I-cWw: sI. kXojv Ih¿ & teHu´v: ]n. {]Zo]v ssS∏v sk‰nMv: hn[p. ]n.-Fkv hnemkw

FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KX - n, Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw ˛ 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C sa-bn¬ sasthragathy@gmail.com amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673 002 t^m¨ : 2701919, C sa-bn¬ ksspmagazine@gmail.com H‰-{]Xn : 12 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 125 cq] teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√. kμ¿in°pI: www.kssp.in

A\p-kvacWw Sn. KwKm-[-c≥

ap√-t\gn ""t\c-sam´pw sshIn-bn√, Iq´p-Imsc t]mcq, Iq´p-Imsc t]mcq t]sc-gpXmw, hmbn-°mw, temI-hn-hcw t\Smw, temI-hn-hcw t\Smw'' F¨]-Xp-If - n¬ tIcfw apgp-h≥ Ae-bS- n® hcn-Iƒ, F{X-sb{X bphP-\-ßfpw hr≤-P-\-ß-fp-sams° ]mSn- ∏ mSn Xß- f psS {]h¿Ø- \ ßƒ°v {]tNm-Z\w t\Snb hcn-Iƒ! C¥y- b n¬ apgp- h ≥ Ae- b - S n® km£-cXm {]ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ hnP-bam-Xr-Ib - psS Iml-fK - m-\w. km£-cX- b psS A¿Yhpw cmjv { So- b - h psams° sN∏n-sem-Xp-°nb efn-Xamb Cu hcn-Iƒ ap√≥ amjv°√msX thsd-bm¿s°-gp-Xm≥ ]‰pw? AXmWv ap√-t\-gn-bpsS i‡nbpw kuμ-cy-hpw. cmjv{So-b-amb Dƒ°mgvN-bn¬ DuXn-°m-®nb Adn-hns‚ kØ apgp-h≥ efn-X-kp-μc ]Zm-hen-I-fn¬ Na-bn-s®m-cp-°p∂ Bg-tadnb Ihn- X - I ƒ, IhnX t]mse

Bkz-Zn-°m-hp∂ \mS-I-ßƒ; ebn-®-`n\-bn-°p∂ A`n-t\-Xm-hv. imkv { X- k m- l n- X y- ] - c n- j - Ø ns‚ kPoh {]h¿Ø- I - \ pw, kplrØpw hna¿i-I\pw klm-bn-bp-sam-s°-bmbn Ign™ \mev ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ, _‘w-hnSmsX \nc-¥cw {]h¿Øn® a\p-jy≥. BZysØ Iem-Pm-Y-bnse ka-X-ew \mSIw XpSßn F{X-sb{X cN-\-Iƒ! G‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬, ]cn-j-Øns‚ Cu h¿jsØ Iem-Pm-Y-bv°p≈ kv{In]v‰v cN-\m-Iym-ºn¬ 22˛\v IÆq-cnse a´-∂qcn-se-Øm-\n-cp∂Xmbn-cp∂p ap√-t\gn. AhnsS Ip´n-I-fp-ambn Hcp s]mXp-kwhm-Zhpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-c-saØn-bXv Nc-ah - m¿Ø-bpw. cmjv{So-bt- _m-[hpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[hpw kmaq- l y- t _m- [ - h p- s ams° AXns‚ icn-bmb Kcn-a-bn¬ Xs∂ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ap√-t\-gn-bpsS cN-\-Iƒ F∂pw imkv{X-Ie - m-Pm-Yb - psS i‡n-bmbn-cp-∂p. "kuc-{]-]-©amw Xma-c-∏q-hnse kuc-`y-a-√tbm a¿Øy≥

a¿Øy-cmbv aÆn¬ ]nd-∂-h-scms°bpw a¿Øy-cm-Ip-∂n√ IjvSw'' Cu {]]-©-ho-£Ww ap√-t\-gnbpsS krjvSn-If - n¬ s]mXpsh ImWmw. ]p√n-t\mSpw ]pgp-hn-t\m-Sp-sams° kaXzw ]pe¿Øp∂ Hcp \√ {]Ir-Xnkvt\-ln. GXp {]Xn-k‘ - n-bnepw {]Xyb-im-k{v X-tØmSv hn´p-hogvN sNømØ Kuc-h° - m-c≥. Ip´n-It- fmSpw apXn¿∂h-tcmSpw Hcp-t]mse s]cp-am-dm-\d- n-bp∂ \njvIf - ¶ - ≥. ]eXpw I≠v kln-sI-Sptºmƒ CSbv°p Xr»q¿ ]cn-jZv `h-\nte-s°mcp hc-hp-≠v. H∂p NoØ-]d - bm\pw D≈p-Xp-d∂v h¿Ø-am\w ]d-bm\pw thsd- h nsSt∏mIpw Fs∂mcp tNmZy-hpw. ]cn-N-b-s∏´ B¿°pw shdp-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø, B ip≤-a\ - p-jy≥ hnS ]d™n-cn-°p-∂p; imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]c - n-jØns‚ Hcp \√ kplrØv \jvS-s∏´n-cn-°p-∂p; At±-lØ - ns‚ Hm¿a-bv°pap-∂n¬ Hcm-bncw Hm¿a-∏q-°ƒ ka¿∏n°p-∂p. \hw-_¿ 2011

apJ-°p-dn∏v \hw_¿ 2011

amen-\y-ap‡ tIcfw \

ΩpsS kaq-lØ - n¬ kI-eh - n[ amen-\y-ßf - pw-˛k - mw-kvIm-cnI amen-\y-ßf - pƒs∏sS-˛-h¿[n®p hcn-I-bm-sW-¶nepw Ct∏mƒ ]cm-a¿in-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv \K-c-ßfnse N∏p-N-h-dp-I-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ \m´n≥]p-d-ß-sf√mw \K-cß-fmbn amdn-s°m-≠p-an-cn-°p-∂p (]n.-sI. cho-{μs‚ teJ\w {i≤n-°p-I). ]≠sØ-t∏mse ASp-°f amen-\y-ßƒ hf-ambn CSm≥ sXßn≥ XS-ßƒ C√m-Xm-bns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]e-bn-SØpw N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ tdmUn-tebv°p XqØp-hm-cn-bn-Sp∂ ]Xnhp XpS-cp-∂p. Aev]-samcp ]cn-jvImcw h∂n-´p-≈Xv Ah πmÃnIv _mKnem°n Bsfm-gn™ hgn-tbm-cß - f - n¬ sIm≠nSpw F∂-Xn-em-Wv. an° \K-cß - ƒ°pw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. CXn-s‚-sbms° ^e-amWv \man-∂\ - p-`h - n-°p∂ Zpcn-Xß - f - n¬ ]eXpw: sXcp-hp-\m-b° v ƒ s]cp-Ip-∂p, sImXpIpw Cu®bpw s]cp-Ip-∂p, Ch-aqew ]c-°p∂ tcmK-ßfpw s]cp-Ip-∂p. k¿thm-]-cn, \K-c-ßƒ Zp¿K-‘-]q-cn-X-am-Ip-∂p. ]e \K-cm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw Fs¥-¶nepw sNø-W-sa-∂p≠v; ]W-hp-ap-≠v. hneIq-Snb b{¥-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw hn¬°m≥ GP≥kn FSp-Øn-´p≈-h¿°v NmI-c-bmWv Hcp-ßp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu "AXy-¥m-[p-\nI' kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy-Iƒ an°Xpw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hyh-km-bh - X - vIr-X, anX-io-tXm-jvWt- a-Jem cmPy-ßf - mWv F∂Xv Hm¿t°-≠X - p-≠v. Ah-cpsS \K-ca - m-en-\y-ßf - psS tNcph \ΩptS-Xn¬ \n∂p hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. AhnsS t]∏dpw πmÃn°pw ]m°nMv km[\-ßfpw IqSpw. ChnsS IqSp-Xepw `£ym-h-in-jvS-ßfpw ssPh-h-kvXp-°-fp-am-Wv. \Ωfpw Ah-cpsS amXr-I-bn-tebv°v ASp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv F∂Xp ad-°p∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ c≠pw hfsc hyXykvXw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xmc-X-tay\ C‘\-aqeyw Ipd-™, \\hp IqSp-X-ep≈ \ΩpsS amen-\y-ßƒ°v Iwt]m-ÃnMv Xs∂bmWv A\p-tbmPy kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy. ]t£ AXn\p "•ma¿' C√. am{X-hp-a-√, kq£va-amb ]cn-N-cWw Bh-iy-hp-am-Wv. F¶nepw AXp-t]mepw t\cmw-hÆw sNøm≥ Ign-hn-√m-Øh - ¿ Fß-s\-bmWv k¶o¿W kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-Iƒ Xr]vXn-Ic - ambn \S-∏m-°pI? kz¥-ambn Ipgn Itºm-Ãnw-tKm, aÆnc ItºmÃnwtKm, _tbm-Kym-kvπmt‚m ÿm]n®p \S-Øm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h¿ Xo¿®-bmbpw AXp sNø-Ww. Xosc \nhr-Ønbn-√m-Øh - c - p-sSbpw s]mXp-ÿe - ß - f - n-sebpw amen-\y-ßƒ am{Xta s]mXp kwkvIc-W-Øn\p hnSm-hq. Itºm-ÃnwKv \SØn-bmepw πmÃn-Iv, Sb¿ apX-em-bh {]iv\-ambn Ah-ti-jn°pw. Ahbv°v ss]tdm-en-knkv t]mep≈ D∂X kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ A\p-tbmPyhpw BWv. ]t£ ssPh ]mgvhkvXp-°sf _tbm-Kymkv πm‚p-I-fntem ItºmÃnwKv aptJ-\tbm kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]I-c-am-hn√ Ah-sbm-∂pw. as‰mcp Imcyw Hm¿°m-\p≈Xv, XpS-°Ø - nte Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬, Btcm-Ky-Ic - a - mbn ssIImcyw sNø¬, h≠n-I-fn¬ kwkvI-cWime-bn¬ FØn-°¬, kwkvI-cn-°¬, Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ kpc-£n-Xa - mbn adhp sNø¬ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn-[L - ´- ß - ƒ imkv{Xo-ba - mbn GtIm]n-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta \K-c-ßƒ amen-\y-ap-‡-am-Iq. AXn\p Ipdp-°p-h-gn-Iƒ C√!

imkv{X-KXn

imkv{Xw kn.-hn. N{μ≥

t\m_¬ kΩm-\-ßƒ 2011 \ap-°-⁄m-X-amb Hcp {]]-©sØ \ap-°p-ap-ºn¬ A\m-h-cWw sNbvX `uXnI-im-kv{X-Øns‚ t\m_¬ tPXm-°fpw \ne-hn-ep≈ bp‡n°pw \nb-aßƒ°pw \nc-°mØ imkv{X-\n-b-a-ßƒ°v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp kaanXnbneqsS imkv{X-tem-I-Øn\v hyXn-cn-‡-amb \nK-a\w kΩm-\n® sjSvam\pw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ∏‰n IqSp-X¬ Adn-hp-≠m°n tcmK-Nn-In-’bv°v ]pØ≥ km[y-X-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb tlm^vam\pw _Svedpw sÃbv≥am\psa√mw imkv{X-Øns‚ apt∂m-´p≈ k©m-c-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-Iamb hgn-Øn-cn-hp-IfmWv krjvSn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v \n¿Wm-bI-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hp-≠m-°p∂ hnkvab- I - c - a mb Is≠- Ø - e p- I ƒ°mWv C°pdn t\m_¬ kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬Is∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. `uXn-I-˛-c-k-X{¥ imkv { X- ß - f n¬ CXv Is≠- Ø nb imkv{X-⁄¿Xs∂ Xßƒ Is≠-Ønb-sX-¥m-sW∂v hni-Za - m-°m-\m-hm-Øhn[w A¤p-X] - c - X - {- ¥-cm-hp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p. h¿j-ß-tfmfw Ah-cnXv ]co-£W- ß - f m- b n- Ø s∂ sIm≠p- \ - S - ∂ p. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[t- ijn a\- n-em-°m\pw AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m\pw \q‰m-≠p-If - mbn a\p-jy≥ \S-Ønbn´p≈ {ia-ßƒ°v AXy¥w \n¿Wm-b-I-amb hgn-Øn-cnhmWv sshZy-im-kv{X-t\m-_¬ tPXm°-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ sIm≠p≠mbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-tijn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂Xpw {]h¿Ø-\£ - a - a - mIp-∂Xpw Fß-s\-sb∂ ]pXp-]p-Ø≥ Adn-hp-I-fmWv Ah¿ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂-X.v sshZy-im-k{v X-cw-KØv CXv sNep-

Øm-\n-S-bp≈ kzm[o\w F{X-sb∂v IrXy-ambn {]h-Nn-°m≥ Ct∏m-gm-hn-√.

`uXnIw ""Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p temIw IØn-Pzen®v Ah-km-\n-°p-sa-∂v. a‰p Nne-cmIs´ CXv XWp-Øp-d™p a™p-I-´t]mse HSp-ßp-sa∂v.'' {]]©-Øns‚ A¥y-sa-ßs\? Cu h¿jsØ t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv icn-sb-¶n¬ c≠m-aXv ]d™-Xp-t]mse {]]©w XWp-Øp-d™v Ah-km-\n-°m≥ Xs∂-bmWv km[y-X. Ct∏mƒ t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb imkv{X-⁄¿ Ah¿°p-Xs∂ hnizkn-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp Is≠-Ø-emWv \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v. AXv GXm-≠n-{]Im-c-am-Wv. \nßƒ Hcp ]¥v apI-fn¬ hmbp-hn-te-s°dnbpI. CXv Xmtg-°ph-cm-sX, h¿[n-X-th-K-Øn¬ Db¿∂pb¿∂v A{]-Xy-£a - m-Ip-∂p F∂p IcpXp-I. Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-i‡n ChnsS

\njv{]-`-am-hp-Ibpw AXn\v ]¥ns‚ {]bm-WsØ `qan-bn-tebv°v Xncn-®p-hnSm≥ Ign-bmsX hcn-Ibpw sNbvXpsh∂p Icp-tX-≠n-h-cpw. CØ-c-Øn-set¥m H∂v {]]-©Øn¬ samØ-ambn kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂mWv t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ°v ]d-bm\p-≈-Xv. tkmƒ t]ƒta-‰¿, {_bm≥ jvanUv‰v, BUw dokv F∂n-h-cmWv Cu h¿jsØ `uXnI t\m_¬ ]pckvImcw ]¶p-hb - ° v p-∂X - .v aqhcpw Atacn-°≥ ]uc-∑m¿. Ct∏mƒ Bkvt{Sen-b-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {_bm≥ jvanUv‰n\v Bkvt{S-en-b≥ ]uc-Xzap≠v. {]]-©-hn-Im-k-am-Wn-h-cpsS KthjW hnjbw. "kq∏¿ t\mh' F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp∂ \£{X kvt^mS-\ß - f - mWv ]T-\h - n-t[-ba - m-°p-∂X - v. "kq∏¿t\mh tImkvtam- f Pn t{]mPIvSv' F∂ Kth-jW ÿm]-\\hw-_¿ 2011

Øns‚ Xe-h-\mb tkmƒ t]ƒa-‰¿ 1988-emWv Cu Kth-jW - ß - f - m-cw-`n-®X - .v Cu cwKsØXs∂ as‰mcp Kth-jW kwL- a mWv ssl˛- C - k Uv kq∏¿ t\mh sk¿®v Sow. CXns‚ Xe-h\ - mb {_bm≥ jvanUv‰v Cu Kth-jW - ß - f - mcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1994-˛-epw. Cu kwLØnse Hcp kp{]-[m\ ]¶m-fn-bmWv BUw dokv. Ccp kwL-ßfpw a’-c-_p-≤ntbmsSXs∂-bmWv kq∏¿t\m-h-Isf ]n¥p-S-cm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. G‰hpw hnZqc-ÿa - mb kq∏¿t\m-hsb Is≠-Øm\mbncp∂p XnSp-°w. kq∏¿t\m-h-bnte-°p≈ Zqcw Xn´s∏SpØn Ah \Ωn¬ \n∂-I-ep∂ thKw KWn-®v, {]]-©Ø - ns‚ A¥n-ah - n-[n-sb-s¥∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hptam F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ch-cpsS Bi¶ Ie¿∂ At\z-j-Wßƒ. {]]-©-Øns‚ hnImkw ]Xps°-]-Xps° Ipd-™p-h∂v A·n-tKmf-Øn-\pw, XWp-Øp-d™ a™p-I´bv°pw CS-bv°p≈ Hcp \ne-]mSv {]]©w ssIs°m≈pw F∂p-X-s∂bm- b n- c p∂p Ah- c psS {]Xo- £ . Ct∂mfw hm\-im-kv{X-⁄¿ \sΩ t_m[ys∏- S p- Ø n- s °m- ≠ n- c p- ∂ Xpw AØ-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂-t√m. F∂m¬ Ch¿°v ImWm-\m-bXv C∏-d-™-Xn\v t\sc hn]-co-X-hpw-˛-{]-]© hnImkw Xzcn-XK - X - n-bn-te°v \oßp-Ib - mWv!

amdp∂ {]]©w {]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®v \ΩpsS [mcW-Iƒ amdp-∂Xv CXm-Zy-a√ - . Hcp \qdph¿jwapºv \ΩpsS {]]©w hfsc im¥hpw kuay-hp-amb H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. \ΩpsS kz¥w Kme- I vkn- b mb BImi KwK-sb-°mƒ H´pw hen-∏-an√m-ØX - v. Cu {]]©w Aßs\ kpμchpw ÿnchpw im¥-hp-sam-s°-bm-bn°- g n- b p- t ºm- g mWv Hcp hn⁄m- \ kvt^m-S\ - a - p-≠m-Ip-∂X - v. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`Ø - nemWv Ata-cn-°≥ hm\-im-kv{X-⁄bmb sl≥doØm kzm≥ eohn‰v hnZqc-ÿa - mb \£-{X-ßf - n-te-°p≈ Zqcw Af-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp am¿Kw Is≠-Ønb-Xv. A°m-eØv kv{XoIƒ°v sSekvtIm-∏n-eq-sS-bp≈ \nco-£Ww \njn≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]s£ hm\-\n-co-£-WØns‚ Hcp t¢i-Ic - a - mb tPmen-˛t- ^mt´m-{Km-^nIv tπ‰p-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ tPmen˛[mcm-fambn kv{XoIsf G¬∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Cu tPmen-bn¬ hfsc {i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp∂ sl≥doØm Bbn-c° - W - ° - n\v kv]μap≈ \£- { X- ß sf hni- I - e \w sNbvXp. Cepheids F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-´ncp∂ Cu \£-{X-ß-fn¬ (pulsating imkv{X-KXn

- bv°v Zo¿L-amb stars) {]Imiw Gdn-bh kv]μ-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-sa∂v Ah¿ I≠p. CXp-]t- bm-Kn®v Ah-bpsS {]Im-ik - m{μX Af-°m-\p≈ KWn-X-kq-{Xhpw Ah¿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn. Hcp \£-{X-Ønte-°p≈ Zqcw Af-°m-sa-¶n¬ a‰p \£-{X-ß-fpsS Zqchpw Af-°m-\m-hpsa∂pw Ah¿ Is≠-Øn. C∂pw D]tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv sl≥do-ØbpsS kq{X-hm-Iy-ßƒ. Ccp-]X - p-If - m-hp-tºm-sg°pw hm\-\nco-£-I¿°v A∂sØ G‰hpw i‡amb sSe-kvtIm∏v e`y-am-bn. Iment^m¿Wn-b-bnse au≠v hn¬k¨. BIm-i-KwK Ct∏mƒ {]]-©-Ønse \nc-h[n Kme-Ivkn-If - n-sem-∂p-am-{X-ambn. Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ \Ωn¬\n-∂-I-∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xpw a\- n-em-°m-\m-bn. Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ \Ωn¬ \n∂pam-{X-a√ Ah XΩnepw AI-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂p. AIew IqSp-t¥mdpw Ah-bpsS thKhpw IqSp-∂p. CXv l∫nƒ \nbaw. {]]©w hnI-kn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu Imgv N - I ƒ°p- a p- º p- X s∂ CXns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ø-d-cq]w sIm≠p- I - g n- ™ n- c p- ∂ p. 1915- ˛ ¬ B¬_¿´v sF≥ssÃ≥ Xs‚ s]mXp Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m¥w {]kn-≤o-Icn-®t- XmsS H∂v Xo¿®-bm-bn. {]]©w H∂p-In¬ Npcp-ßWw As√-¶n¬ hnIkn-°W - w.

{]]-©-Øns‚ hnImkw ]Xp-s°-]-Xps° Ipd™p-h∂v A·n-tKm-f-Øn\pw, XWp-Øp-d™ a™p-I-´bv°pw CSbv°p≈ Hcp \ne-]mSv {]]©w ssIs°m≈pw F∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS {]Xo-£. Ct∂mfw hm\-im-kv{X⁄¿ \sΩ t_m[ys∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂Xpw AØ-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂t√m. F∂m¬ Ch¿°v ImWm-\m-bXv C∏-d-™Xn\v t\sc hn]-co-X-hpw-˛{]-]© hnImkw Xzcn-XK-Xn-bn-te°v \oßp-IbmWv! tImkvtam-f-Pn-°¬ tIm¨Ã‚ v

{]]©w hnI-kn-°p-Itbm Npcpßp-Itbm sNøWw F∂p ]d-™-Xn\v, AXm-bXv AXv ÿnc-a√ F∂p ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ffp-∏-a√ F∂ Bi-¶b - n¬ sF≥ssÃ≥ Xs‚ kq{Xhm- I y- Ø n¬ Cosmological constant F∂ Hcp LSIw tN¿Øp. A\n-b-

{¥n-X-amb {]]-©-hn-Im-k-Øn\v Hcp XS-bn-S¬ Bbn-cp∂p e£yw. ]n∂oSv Cu tIm¨Ã‚ v Xs‚ G‰hpw henb ]ng-hmbpw sF≥ssÃ≥ I≠p. C∂v 1997-˛98-˛¬ Cu h¿jsØ t\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn\v Imc-W-amb Is≠- Ø - e p- I ƒ \S- ∂ - t ∏mƒ sF≥ssÃ≥ sX‰mb Imc-Wß - t- fmsS apt∂m- ´ p- h ® tImkv t am- f - P n- ° ¬ tIm¨Ã‚ ,v bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Gsd Xnf°-ap≈ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw Xncn®-dn-bp-∂p. kq∏¿t\m-hI - f - psS {]Im-ik - m-{μX KWn- ® - X n¬\n∂v c≠p Kth- j W kwL-ßfpw Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-em-sWØn-b-Xv. {]]-©-hn-Im-k-Øn\v thKX-tb-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p, adn-®-√. Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-Wi - ‡ - nsb \njv{]`-am-°n-s°m≠v Cßs\ AI-em≥ Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\. CXn-\mWv Ccp≠ Du¿Pw (dark energy) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. `uXn-I-im-kv{X⁄¿°v apºn¬ henb sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øp∂ H∂mWv dark energy; kzm`mhn- I - a mbpw Ht´sd kn≤m- ¥ - ß ƒ CXns\ Np‰n-∏‰n Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-≠v. Ccp≠ Du¿Pw, Fs¥m-s°-bm-bmepw, Hcp hkvXp-Xb - m-bn-Øo-cp-Ib - mWv. Ct∏m-gsØ Hcp [mc-W-b-\p-k-cn®v {]]-©-Øns‚ ap°m¬]¶pw Ccp≠ Du¿P-am-Wv. Ah-ti-jn-°p∂XmWv ]Zm¿∞w (matter). F∂m¬ bYm¿∞Øn-ep≈ ]Zm¿∞w, Kme-Ivkn-I-fpw, \£-{X-ß-fpw, a\p-jy-\pw, ]q°-fpsams° \n¿an- ® n- c n- ° p∂ B ]Zm¿∞w, {]]-©-Øns‚ A©p-i-Xam-\-tØm-fta hcq. _m°n-bp≈Xv Ccp≠ ]Zm¿∞-amWv (dark matter). CXv \ΩpsS ZrjvSn°v hnj-bo-`h - n-°p-∂n-√. Dark matter `uXnIimkv{X-Øn\v as‰mcp sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv. Dark energy bpw Dark matter Dw AZr- i y- a m- W v . At∏mƒ Ahsb \ap°v t\cn¬ ImWm-\m-hn-√. Ah-bpsS {]`-mh-Øn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°mt\ Ign-bq. At∏mƒ 2011-˛se t\m_¬ tPXm°ƒ 95 iX-am-\hpw \ap-°-⁄m-Xamb Hcp {]]-©-sØ-bmWv \ap°v ap∂n¬ FØn-®n-cn-°p-∂X - .v AXn-\m¬ AXns\ Adn-bm≥ C\n-sbm-cn-°epw HSp-ßmØ A[zm\w \ap°v XpS-ßmw.

ck-X{¥w 2011- ˛ se ck- X - { ¥- Ø n- \ p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-°m≥ Imc-Wamb Is≠-Ø¬ \S-Øp-tºmƒ Xs‚ t\m´v_p-°n¬ Um≥ sj´vam≥ AXn\p-t\sc aq∂p tNmZy Nn”-ßƒ C´p: 10 fold ??? Cß-s\. Xs‚ apºn-ep≈

{InÃ-ense AWp-°ƒ (atoms) ImWn®Xv imkv{X-\n-ba - ß - f - n¬ A\p-hZ- \ - ob-a-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ka-anXn (symmetry) Bbn-cp-∂p. Bdp-aq-eI - ƒ D≈ Hcp t]mfnK¨ (polygon) sIm≠v Hcp ^pSvt_m-fn\v cq]w sImSp°mw F∂p]-d-bpw-t]mse Akm-[yw. 1982 G{]n¬ F´mw-Xo-bXn {]`m-XØn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv. "CØ-c-samcp P¥p D≠m- I m- \ n- S - b n√' F∂mWv sj´vam≥ lo{_p `mj-bn¬ At∏mƒ kzbw ]d-™Xv F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Cu Ahniz-k-\o-b-Xbv°v B°w Iq´p∂ IqSpX¬ Is≠-Øe - p-If - p-≠m-bn. Aep- a n- \ n- b hpw amwK- \ okpw tN¿∂ Hcp ]Zm¿∞- a m- b n- c p∂p sj´vams‚ ]T-\-hn-j-bw. CXns‚ AWp-Xew ho£n-°m≥ At±lw CeIv t {Sm¨ ssat{Im- k v t Im- ∏ ns‚ klmbw tXSn. F∂m¬ ssat{ImkvtIm∏v \¬Inb ImgvN At±lw kam-l-cn-®n-cp∂ apgp-h≥ bp‡n°pw hncp-≤a - m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-°≠ - Xv GI tI{μ- I - a mb (concentric) hrØ- ß fmbncp∂p. Hmtcm∂pw ]Øv sXfn™ _nμp-°s - f-s°m≠v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - pt]mse Cu ]Øp-_n-μp-°f - mWv sj´vams‚ Dd°w sISp-Øn-b-Xv.

{InÃ¬ \nb-a-ßƒ°v hncp≤w {InÃ-tem-{K-^n-bn¬ I≠ \nco-£W-ßf - n¬\n∂v sj´vam≥ FØnb \nKa\w imkv{X-tem-IØv XnI®pw hyXncn- ‡ - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. \ne- h n- e p≈ bp‡n°pw \nb-aß - ƒ°pw \nc-°m-ØXpw. {InÃ-ep-Iƒ CØ-cØ - n¬ cq]-s∏Sp- I - b n√ F∂p Xs∂- b m- b n- c p∂p imkv{X-⁄a- X - w.

imkv{X-cw-KsØ a‰p Kth-j-Isc CX-dn-bn® sj´vam\v I\Ø FXn¿∏v t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. H∏w ]cn-lm-k-hpw. Hcp Kth-jW em_ns‚ A[y-£≥ At±-lØ - n\v {InÃ-tem-{K-^n-bpsS Hcp sSIv Ã v _p°v \¬In. \∂mbn hmbn®p "]Tn-°m≥'. AXns‚ Bhiy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. B ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂s - X-s¥∂v sj´vam-\d - nbmw. F∂m¬ ]mT-]p-kX v I - s - Ø-°mƒ Xs‚ \nco-£W - ß - ƒ°mWv At±lw hne-I¬∏n-®-Xv. Imcy- ß ƒ AhnsS Xo¿∂n- √ . CØcw _l-f-ßƒ°p Imc-W-°m-c\mb Hcp "hnh-ct- Zmjn' Xs‚ em_n¬ {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xn-s√∂v hIp-∏p-ta[mhn Bh-iy-s∏-´p. DSs\ Kth-j-WkwLw hnSm≥ \n¿t±-i-hp-am-bn. Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw Xt∂mSp kl-Ic - n-°m≥ Xbm-dp≈ Hcp Kth-jIs\ In´n. Cem≥ sªIv. Kth-jW {]_‘w Journal of Applied Physics-\v 1984-˛¬ Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. aS-°Ø - ] - men¬Xs∂ AXv Xncn-s®-Øn. a‰m-scbpw ImWn-°msXXs∂ AXnse "hnUvVnØw' FUn-‰¿°p a\- n-em-bn. HSp-hn¬ Xs∂ hf-sc-tbsd kzm[o\n-®n-´p-≈, hn{ipX `uXn-I-im-kv{X⁄-\mb tPm¨ Im\ns\ (John Cahn) At±lw kao-]n-®p. hf-sc-tbsd Xnc°p≈ At±lw HSp- h n¬ hg- ß n. sj´v a ms‚ \nco- £ - W - ß ƒ a‰p hnZKv≤ {InÃtem{Km^¿am-sc-°m-Wn®v ]co-£W - ß - f - psS hnizm-kyX ]cn-tim[n-®p. 1984 \hw-_-dn¬ Im≥, sªIv, {Km‰n-bmkv F∂n-h¿s°m∏w sj´vam≥ Xs‚ {]_‘w Physical Review Letters F∂ tPW-en¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. \hw-_¿ 2011

Cu {]_‘w {InÃ-tem-{K^n cwKØv Hcp h≥ kvt^mS-\w-Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. ImcWw AXv B cwKsØ auen-Iamb Hcp XXz-sØ-Xs - ∂-bmWv tNmZyw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. {InÃ-ep-Iƒ amXrI-I-fpsS Bh¿Ø-I -c q-]-am-sW∂ XXzw. (Crystals consist of repeating periodic patterns)

Npcp-f-gn-bp∂p sj´vams‚ Is≠-Ø¬ Ct∏mƒ imkv{X-cw-KØv hym]-I-ambn Adn-bs∏-´p. F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w hna¿i\- ß fpw cq£- a m- b n. F∂m¬ {InÃtem{Km^¿am¿ C°m-cy-Øn¬ hyXy-kvXc - m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw CXv t\csØ Adn-hp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS ap≥ ]co-£W - ß - f - n¬ CØc-Øn-ep≈h I≠n-cp-∂X - mbn Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw Hm¿sØ- S p- Ø p. ]s£ As∂ms° Ah-cXv a‰p Xc-Øn¬ hymJym-\n®v Hgn-hm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Xß-fpsS ]gb Nn{X-ßƒ Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw ]p\x]cn-tim-[n-®p. sj´vam≥ IqSp-X¬ AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sm≥ XpSßn. F∂m¬ CXn\v ssk≤m-¥nI \ymbo-I-c-W-sa-ßs\? AXv e`n-®Xv A{]-Xo-£n-X-amb Hcp taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p-˛K - W - n-Xi - m-kv{Xw. Adp- ] - X p- I - f n¬Xs∂ CØcw Bh¿Ø-I-ß-f-√mØ amXr-I-Iƒ°v KWn-X-im-kv{X-⁄¿ cq]w \¬In-bncp-∂p. G‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ 1970-˛¬ tdmP¿ s]≥tdmkv CXn\v at\m-l-c-amb Hcp hni- Z o- I - c Ww \¬In, XSn- ® Xpw t\cnbXpamb c≠p `mK-ßƒsIm≠v At±lw CXn-s\mcp amXrI krjvSn®p. CXv {InÃ-ep-I-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®psIm≠v 1984 Unkw-_-dn¬ Bh¿Øß- f - √ mØ {InÃ- e p- I - s f- ° p- d n®v sÃbn≥lm¿´v, sehn≥ F∂n-h¿ Hcp {]_‘w {]kn- ≤ o- I - c n- ® p. CXn¬ BZy-ambn Ah¿ CXn\v Izmkn{In-Ãep-Iƒ F∂ t]cv \¬In. (aperiodic

sj´vams‚ Imcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Icp-Ø-cmb FXn-cm-fn-I-fn-sem-cmƒ sse\kv t]mfnMv Bbncp-∂p. c≠p-X-hW t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb Bƒ. D∂-X-imkv{X-⁄¿t]mepw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IXzw ssIsh-Sn-bm-dn√ F∂mWt√m CXn-\¿∞w. \nehn-ep≈ hkvXp-X-Isf ]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZyw sNøm\pw AXn-\mbn Hcp Xpd∂ a\ v \ne\n¿Øm\pw Ign-bp-I-sb∂Xv Hcp imkv{X-⁄\v Ahiyw th≠ kz`mhw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

Bbn- c p- ∂ p. c≠p- X - h W t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb Bƒ. D∂-Xi - m-kv{X⁄¿t]mepw bmYm- ÿ n- X n- I Xzw ssIsh-Sn-bm-dn√ F∂m-Wt√m CXn\¿∞w. \ne-hn-ep≈ hkvXp-X-Isf ]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZyw sNøm\pw AXn\mbn Hcp Xpd∂ a\ v \ne\n¿Øm\pw Ign- b p- I - s b- ∂ Xv Hcp imkv{X- ⁄ \v Ahiyw th≠ kz`mhw Xs∂-bm-Wv.

sshZy-imkv{Xw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[h - y-hÿ - s - b-°p-dn®v AXy¥w hnπ-h-I-c-amb Is≠-Ø-epIƒ \S-Ønb aq∂p imkv{X⁄¿°mWv Cu h¿jsØ sshZy-im-kv{XØn-\p≈ t\m_¬ ]pc-kI v mcw \¬Is∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v. {_qkv _Sve¿ (A-ta-cn-°) Pqƒkv tlm^vam≥ ({^m≥kv) dmƒ^v sÃbn≥am≥ (A-ta-cn-°) F∂n-hc - mWv t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ. ico-c-Øns‚ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[t- i-jn-bpsS BZy-L´w tcmKm-Wp-°-sf-Xn-cn-®-dn™v {]Xn-tcm[-tijn DW¿ØpI F∂-Xm-Wv. CXv \n¿h-ln-°p∂ dnk-]v‰¿ t{]m´o-\pIsf Is≠-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p _Svedpw tlm^v a m- \ pw. kΩm- \ - Ø p- I - b psS ]IpXn Ch¿ ]¶p-h-bv°pw. "AUm]v‰ohv CΩyq-Wn‰n' F∂ c≠mw-L´sØ {]h¿Ø- \ - £ - a - a m- ° p∂ sU≥ss{U‰v tImi-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bXm-bn-cp∂p sÃbn≥am≥ sNbvX-Xv. kΩm-\Ø - p-Ib - psS ]IpXn Ct±-lØ - n\p-≈X - m-Wv.

sÃbn≥ams‚ acWw t\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn\v sÃbn≥ams\ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ At±lw aq∂p- Z n- h kw apºv acn® hnhcw

mosaics)

imkv{X-Øn\v Hcp kp{]-[m\ ]mTw Um≥ sj´vams‚ IY A{Xbv°v A]q¿h-X-bp-≈-X-√. imkv{X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Atßm-fa - n-tßmfw bmYmÿnXnIXz-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm-´ß-fpsS \o≠ IY-If - p-≠.v \ne-hn-ep≈ ""kXy''ßsf kss[cyw t\cn-Sp-Is - b∂Xv imkv { X- ⁄ sc kw_- ‘ n®v Gsd t¢i-Ic - a - m-Wv. Cu ""kXy''ßƒ ]eXpw ]n∂oSv t\m°p-tºmƒ Dulßƒ am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°pw. sj´vams‚ Imcy-Øn¬ G‰hpw Icp-Øc - mb FXncm-fn-I-fn-sem-cmƒ sse\kv t]mfnMv imkv{X-KXn

t\m_¬ IΩn‰n Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. acWm-\¥c _lp-a-Xn-bmbn t\m_¬ kΩm-\n-°m≥ kΩm-\-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ sÃbn≥ams‚ kΩm- \ - s Ø- ° p- d n®v BZyw Ahy-‡X D≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv kΩm\w At±-lØ - n\p Xs∂ \¬Im≥ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. t\m_¬ ût≠-js‚ \nb-a-ß-fnse Hcp D]h-Ip-∏\ - p-kc - n®v CØ-cØ - n¬ kΩm\w \¬Im-\m-hp-sa∂v t\m_¬ A[n-IrX¿ Adn-bn-®p. ""CXv AXy-]q¿h-amb Hcp kw`-ha - m-Wv. Rß-fpsS Adn-hn¬ t\m_¬ kΩm-\N - c - n-{X-Øn¬ CXn-\papºv Cßs\ D≠m-bn-ń√''ût≠j≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p.

tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ c≠pL-´-ßƒ A]- I Sw \nd™ Hcp temIØmWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. tcmKm-Wp°ƒ (_m-IvSo-cn-b, sshd-kv, ^wK-kpIƒ, ]cm-Z-ßƒ) \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ Hcn-Sw. Ch \nc-¥-c-ambn \sΩ `ojWn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]s£ \ap°v i‡-amb {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\a - p-≠v. B¥-cn-I-amb Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ BZy-L´w B{I-aW - I - m-cn-If - mb tcmKmWp-°sf XSp-Øp-\n¿Øn \in-∏n-°p∂p. Cu {]Xn-tcm-[sØ adn-I-S∂v tcmKm-Wp-°s - f-Øn-bm¬ AUm]v‰ohv CΩyq-Wn‰n F∂ c≠mw-L´w ap∂n-seØpw. T tImi-ßƒ, B-tImi-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ sIme-bmfn tImi-ßƒ tcmKm-Wp-°sf hI-h-cp-Øp-∂p. CXp hn-P-b-I-c-am-bm¬ Cu L´w C°m-cyØn¬ Hcp "Hm¿a' \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. CtX tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ho≠pw h∂m¬ s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ {]h¿Ø-\£ - a - a - m-Im≥

{]Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿ-bpsS Cu c≠pL-´ß - fpw tcmK-_m-[b - s v °-Xnsc i‡amb kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn¬ sNdn-sbmcp {]iv\-hp-ap-≠v. Cu c≠p-L-´-ßƒ {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-amIp-∂X - n\v Ime-Xm-akw h∂m¬ tcmK_m[ D≠m-Imw. tcmK-{]Xntcm[-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L´-ßƒ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw`w apX¬ imkv{X-⁄¿ NnI™p ]cntim-[n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Hcp Uk-t\mfw XhW Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ t\m_¬ kΩm-\ß - fpw \¬I-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. B‚nt_m-Un-Iƒ, T tImi-ßƒ F∂n-hsbms° CØ-c-Øn¬ \n¿Wm-bI Is≠-Øe - p-If - mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu h¿jsØ t\m_¬ tPXm-°ƒ Is≠Øpw-hsc B¥-cn-I {]Xn-tcm[w (innate immunity) DW-cp-∂Xpw AUm-]‰ v ohv CΩyqWn‰n F∂ c≠mw-L´- Ø - n-te°v AsX-ßs\ ktμ-i-sa-Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂Xpw A⁄m-Xa - m-bn-cp-∂p.

tlm^vam≥ 1996˛emWv tlm^vam≥ \n¿Wm-bI-amb Is≠-Ø¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. ]gbo-®-I-fpsS (fruit flies) {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚ KthjWw Ch-bnse "tSmƒ Po\p-Iƒ' (Toll genes) XI-cm-dn-em-bm¬ {]Xn-tcm-[tijn \in-°p∂psh∂p At±lw Is≠-Øn. tSmƒ Po\p-I-fmWv B¥cnI {]Xn-tcm-[sØ DW¿Øp-∂s - X∂ Bi- b - Ø n- t e°v Aß- s \- b mWv FØn-t®¿∂-X.v

_Sve¿ 1998˛¬ Fen-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb ]co£-W-ß-fn-emWv _Sve¿ dnk-]v‰¿

t{]m´o-\p-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. tSmƒ Po\p-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-amb Is≠-Øem-bn-cp∂p CXv. ]g-bo-®I - f - pw kkvX\n-Ifpw kam-\-amb X∑m-{X-I-fmWv B¥-cnI {]Xn-tcm[w DW¿Øm≥ D]tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂s - X∂ Is≠-Øe - m-bncp∂p \n¿Wm-b-Iw.

sÃbn≥am≥ 1973˛¬ dmƒ^v sÃbn≥am≥ sU≥{Un-‰n¬ tImi-ßƒ F∂ ]pXnb Xcw tImi-ßsf Is≠-Øn. Ch {]Xntcm-[h - y-hÿ - b - n¬ {][m-\a - m-bn-cn°mw F∂ Dul-Øn¬ At±lw IqSp-X¬ Kth-j-W-ß-fn-te°v IS-∂p. {]Xntcm[ hyh-ÿ-bnse {][m-\-I-Ym-]m{X-amb T tImi-ßsf Ch {]h¿Ø-\£-a-am-°ptam F∂v At±lw kwibn-®p. C°mcyw \o≠ ]co-£W - ß - f - neqsS ÿnco-I-cn-®p. XpS¿∂p≈ ]co- psS {]h¿Ø£-Wß - ƒ T- tImi-ßf \-ßs - f-°p-dn®pw AXn¬ sU≥{Un-‰n¬ tImi-ßƒ°p≈ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®pw IqSp-X¬ Dƒ°mgvN \¬In. Cu h¿jsØ kΩm-\m¿l-amb Is≠-Øe - p-Iƒ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[h - y-hÿ-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\s - Ø-°p-dn®v IqSpX¬ IrXy-amb Adnhv \¬In-bn-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. tcmK-Nn-In-’bv°v ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°m≥ CXv klm-bn°pw. sa®-s∏´ hmIvkn-\p-Iƒ \n¿an°m\pw Im≥k¿ {]Xntcm-[Ø - n-\mbn tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ hyh-ÿsb D±o-]n-∏n°m\pw CXv ]pXnb am¿K-ßƒ Xpd∂p-X-cpw. Nne L´-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-tcm[ hyhÿ \ΩpsS tImi-ßsfØs∂ B{I-an-°p-∂Xpw Aßs\ \o¿s°-´pt]m-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-Ip-∂Xpw Fß-s\-sb∂ ]pXnb Adn-hp-Ifpw CXn¬\n∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. \hw-_¿ 2011

Ih¿tÃmdn tUm.- B¿. APbIpam¿ h¿a

2006-˛se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Ønse {]Xn-io¿j Jc-am-en\y DXv]m-Z\w henb \K-c-ß-fn¬ 465 {Kmapw, CS-Øcw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 268 {Kmapw sNdp \K-c-ßfn¬ 187 {Kmap-am-sW∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ 49% hoSp-I-fnepw 31% ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw 9% s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bnepw 6% N¥-I-fnepw 6% \n¿amW taJ-e-bn-ep-am-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\w

-C-∂-se, \n

avt\m-∂-X-amb `q{]-tZ-iw, Xc-fnX-amb Imem-h-ÿ, tXP- m¿∂ Pehn-\ym-kw, kPo-ha - mb kky-Pm-eß - ƒ XpS-ßn-bh - b - m¬ kºp-jvSa - mb tIc-fØns‚ kzmwio-I-c-W-tijn hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- Pe-k-ar-≤-amb XmgvhcIƒ, hr£-ka - r-≤a - mb Ip∂n≥ Ncn-hp-Iƒ, kky-k-ar-≤-amb Ip∂pIƒ Ch tN¿∂p cq]-s∏´ kq£va \o¿Ø- S - ß - f m¬ th¿Xn- c n- ° - s ∏´ ssPh-ka - q-lÿ - nXn tIc-fsØ hyXykv X - a m- ° p- ∂ p. ka- N n- Ø - X - t bmsS ssIImcyw sNbvXm¬ hfsc Db¿∂ hnI-k\ hml-I-ti-jn-bp≈ tIc-fØn¬ D-Nn-X-a-√mØ ]e NqjW {]h¿Øn-It- fm-Sp-sam∏w amen-\y-{]-hmlhpw h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. CXp-aqew ]cnÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw h¿≤n-°p-∂imkv{X-KXn

C∂v, \msf

Xn\pw XXv^-e-ambn tcmKm-Xp-c-Xbpw tcmK-`m-chpw (disease burden) IqSp-∂Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Jc-amen\yw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ssIImcyw sNbvXv ]cn-ÿnXn A]-Nbw Hgn-hm°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp Zim-_vZ-°m-e-ambn tIcfw {ian-®p-hc - p-∂p. \mw kzoI-cn® kao-]\ - hpw I¿a ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw CØcp-W-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv `mhn {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v klm-bI - c - a - m-Ipw.

tIc-f-Ønse Jc-am-en-\yw-˛ -{]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ GsXmcp {]tZ-i-sØbpw Jc-amen\y ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ kao-]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv B {]tZisØ amen\y DXv]m-Z\ - w, t{kmX- v, cmk-˛-`u-Xn-I-L-S\ XpS-ßnb {]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. 2006˛se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Ønse {]Xn-io¿j Jc-am-en\y DXv]m-Z\w henb \K-c-ß-fn¬ 465 {Kmapw, CSØcw \K-c-ß-fn¬ 268 {Kmapw sNdp \K-c-ß-fn¬ 187 {Kmap-am-sW∂p IW°m-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ amen\y-Øns‚ 49% hoSp-If - nepw 31% ÿm]\-ßf - nepw 9% s]mXp-kc - W - n-bnepw 6% N¥-I-fnepw 6% \n¿amW taJ-e-bn-epam-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂X - .v C{]-Im-ca - p-≠m-Ip∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ 72-˛84 iX-am\w ssPham-en-\y-ßf - pw, 11-˛17 iX-am\w ]p\cp]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ AssPh amen-\yßfpw 4˛11 iX- a m\w Xnc- k v I rX AssPh amen-\y-ßfpw 0.4-˛1 iX-am\w A]-IS- I - c - a - mb amen-\y-ßf - p-amWv (_m-

‰-dn, _ƒ_v XpS-ßn-b-h) Hmtcm {]tZiØpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n°s∏Sp∂ amen-\yØns‚ 56- ˛ 70 iX- a m\w hsc Cu¿∏hpw Hmtcm Intem{Kmw amen-\yØn\pw 1639-˛1744 Intem-I-temdn hsc Xm]-ti-jn- (calorific value) bp-ap≠v F∂pw Im¿_¨-˛-ss\-{S-P≥ A\p]mXw 23-˛33 hsc-bm-sW∂pw IW-°m°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. tIc-fØ - nse ]pc-bnS coXn-bn-ep≈ hmk-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ (Homestead type of habitation) ssPh- a m- e n- \ y- ß - s f√mw Xs∂ hr£-XS- ß - f - n-en´pw t]∏¿ XpSßn-bh ]p\-Nw-{I-aWw \S-Øntbm Nmc-am°n Irjn-°p-]t- bm-Kn-°p-Itbm sNbvXp t]m∂p. \K-c-ß-fn¬ s]mXpk- c - W n- b n- s e- Ø p∂ amen- \ y- ß ƒ GXm≠v 1990- I - f psS a[yw- h sc Irjn°p hf-ambn I¿j-I¿ hne-°phm- ß p∂ coXn- b p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. A[nIw hcp∂ amen-\y-ßƒ P\hmkw Ipd™ {]tZ-iØv Ip∂p-Iq´p∂ coXnbpw Ah-ew-_n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ πmÃnIv hkvXp-°ƒ Ie¿∂ amen\yw I¿j-I¿°v kzoIm-cy-a√ - mØ ÿnXn-bp-≠m-bn. AtXm-sSm∏w P\-kwJym- h ¿≤- \ bpw Gdn- h ∂ amen\y Iqºm- c - ß - f n¬ \n∂p- b ¿∂ Zp¿K‘hpw aen-\-P-ehpw kao-]-hm-knIƒ°v Ak-ly-amw-hn[w ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-bn. Cu ÿnXn henb \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sNdp-\K - c - ß - f - n-te°pw hym]n-°p-Ibpw 2000˛m amt≠msS Hgn-hm-°m-\m-ImØ {]iv\-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

amen\y ]cn-]m-e-\w-˛-\n-b-aßfpw N´-ßfpw 1994-˛se tIcf ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n, ]©m-bØv \nb-aß - f - nepw N´-ßf - nepw amen-\y-]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]S- n-If - pw hyh-ÿIƒ ewLn-°p-∂h - ¿°p≈ in£m-hn[n-Ifpw \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v. 1986-˛se ]cnÿnXn kwc-£W \nb-aØ - ns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ 2000-˛mam≠n¬ tI{μk¿°m¿ ap\n-kn-∏¬ Jcamen\yw (]cn-]m-e\ - hpw ssIImcyw sNø-epw) N´ßƒ°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ib - p-≠m-bn. CX\p-kc - n®v Jc-am-en-\y-Øns‚ t{kmX- nep≈ kw`-cW - w, tiJ-cW - w, {Sm≥kvt]m¿t´-j≥, kwkvIc- W - w, \n¿am¿P\w F∂o {]h¿Øn-Iƒ F{]-Imcw sNøW-sa∂pw CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ DØ-chm-Zn-Øß - ƒ Bsc√mw \n¿h-ln-°W - sa∂pw hni-Za - mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. CX-\p-kc - n®v \K-cß - f - n¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n°-s∏-Sp∂ amen-\y-Øns‚ Ah-Imin \K-ck - `- b - mbpw Ah tiJ-cn®v kwkvIcn-t°≠ DØ-ch - m-ZnØw \K-ck - `- ° - msW∂pw hyhÿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu DØ-ch - m-ZnØw Gs‰-Sp°p-∂X - n-\p≈ kmt¶-Xn-It- i-jn-tbm, kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-tbm, kmaq-ly-XmXv]c - ytam ]e \K-ck - `- I - ƒ°p-an-s√-∂XmWv {]iv\Ø - n-\m°w Iq´p-∂X - .v

s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-X-bnse Ipd-hp-Im-cWw amen-\yß-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn®v kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-Xnse hnap-J-X, πm‚ns‚ kwkvI-cWtijn-bn-e[nIw amen\yw πm‚n¬ FØn-°p∂ coXn, Nn´bpw ÿnc-X-bp-an√mØ {]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e\w, πm‚ns‚ A\p-_‘ ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√mbva XpS-ßn-bh AS-ßn-bncnt° ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-Isf AS-®m-t£-]n°p-Ibpw Xm] -kw-kvIcW coXnbneqsS am{Xta tIc-f-Øn\p c£-bp≈q F∂p-ap≈ {]N-cWw hf¿∂p hcp∂Xv ImWmXn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm. amen\ykwkvI-cW

πm‚p-Ifpw {]iv\-ßfpw 1990-˛I-fpsS Ah-km\w Jc-am-en\y {]iv\w Gdn-h∂ kml-Nc - y-Øn-emWv Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cw, tImgn-t°mSv \K-ck - `-Iƒ kzImcy ]¶m-fn-Øt- ØmsS Jcam-en\y kwkvIc - W πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n®-Xv. tI{μ-k¿°m¿ \n¿t±-in®v am\-ZWvU-ßƒ {]Imcw ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-IhnZy D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv Cu πm‚p- I - f n¬ Ah- e w- _ n- ® - X v . F∂m¬ \K-c-k-`-Iƒ°v A∂v e`yamb imkv{Xob D]-tZ-iß - f - nse t]mcmbvatbm A]-cym-]X v X - tbm πm‚p-If - psS {]hrØn ]cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn _‘s∏´ Icm¿ hyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ Ahy-‡X°v Imc-W-am-bn. CXv πm‚p-I-fpsS kpK-a-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]et∏mgpw hnLm-X-am-bn. henb \K-cßƒs°m∏w CS-Øcw \K-c-ß-fnepw Jc-am-en-\y-{]iv\w cq£-ambn h∂p. A]q¿hw Nne \K-c-k-`-Iƒ sNdpπm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n®v {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn°p-∂-Xn\v {ian-®p-sh-¶nepw A]-Izamb kmt¶-Xn-I-coXn ImcWw πm‚pIƒ {]h¿Ø-\-c-ln-X-am-Ip∂ ÿnXnbm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. CXv kmt¶-Xn-I-X-eØnepw `c- W - X - e - Ø nepw hnhn[ N¿®-Iƒ°v hgn-hb - v°p-Ibpw \K-ck - \hw-_¿ 2011

`-Iƒ°v amen\y \n¿am¿P-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-Øn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-klmbw e`y-am-°W - s - a∂ \n¿t±iw cq]s∏-Sp-Ib - p-ap-≠m-bn. Cu kml-Nc - y-ØnemWv 2003-˛¬ "¢o≥ tIc-f'-an-j≥ cq]oIr-Xa - m-bXpw Jc-am-en-\y-hp-ambn _‘s∏´ ]T-\ß - fpsSbpw imkv{Xob hnhc-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ I¿a]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ cq]-s∏-SpØnbXpw. DXv ] m- Z n- ∏ n°s∏Sp∂ amen- \ yØns‚ Gdn-b- ]¶pw ssPh-am-en-\yam-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah kwkvI-cn-°p-∂-XneqsS {][m-\{- ]iv\w ]cn-lc - n-°p-∂X - n\p≈ {ia-Øn-emWv ¢o≥ tIcf anj≥ Du∂¬ \¬In-bX - .v AtXm-sSm∏w 1999˛se πmÃnIv \n¿am-Ww, hn]-W-\w, D]-tbmKw, N´-ß-fnse hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ssPh-am-en\y kwkvI-cW- Ø n\v hnLmXw krjv S n- ° p∂ πmÃnIv amen-\y-ß-sf, {]tXy-In-®v, Imcn- _ m- K p- I sf, \nb- { ¥n- ° p∂Xn\p≈ {ia-ßƒ°pw XpS-°-an-´p. cmk-˛`- u-XnI kz`m-hØ - ns‚ ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ tIc-fØ - nse amen\y kwkvIc-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ hnhn[ ssPh-kw-kvI-cW coXn-Ifpw Xm]-kw-kvIc - W coXn-Ifpw A]-{K-Yn°p-Ibpw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssPh-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-I-fmWv tIc-fØn\v A\p-tbmPyw F∂ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn≥Uvtdm ItºmÃnwKv, aÆnc Itºm-Ãnw-Kv, _tbmKymkv DXv]m-Z\w F∂o kmt¶-XnI coXn-Iƒ {]tbm-K-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-∂Xn\v anjs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {ia-am-cw`n-®p. CtXm-sSm∏w amen\yw t{kmX n¬\n∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn®p tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xn\pw kwkvIc - W - Ø - n-\mbn e`y-am-°p∂-Xn\pw IpSpw-_{io kzbw-kl - m-bk - wL- ß sf D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø p∂ coXn°pw XpS-°-an-´p. amen\y kwkv I - c - W - π m‚p- I ƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tkh-\-Zm-Xm°sf Is≠Øn hnhn[ \K-c-k-`-Ifnepw amen-\y-ßƒ Ip∂p-Iq-Sp∂ N¥I-fnepw ssPh-kw-kvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ¢o≥tI-cf anj≥ t\XrXzw \¬In. F∂m¬ πm‚p-If - psS {]hrØn ]cn- ] m- e \w th≠{X ipjvIm-¥n-tbmsS \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, amen-\y-ßƒ Xcw-Xn-cn®v πm‚p-If - n-seØn®v kwkvIc - Wtijn \ne-\n¿Øp∂-Xn\pw \K-ck - ` - -Iƒ°mbn-√. kzImcy-tk-h\ ZmXm-°sf D]-tbm-K-s∏SpØn πm‚p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w kpKa-am-°p-∂X - n\v Nne \K-ck - `- I - ƒ {iaw \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw IrXy-amb {]hrØn ]cn-]m-e\ {Ia-Øn-s‚bpw kmt¶-XnI am¿K-\n¿t±-i-ß-fp-sSbpw hnZ-Kv[-cpimkv{X-KXn

sSbpw A`m- h - Ø n¬ πm‚p- I - f psS {]h¿Ø\w ^e-{]-Za - mbn \nco-£n-°p∂-Xn\pw icn-bmbn aptºm-´p-sIm-≠pt]m-Ip-∂X - n-\p-am-bn-√.

ipNnXz anj≥-˛-t\-´-ßƒ, tIc-f-Ønse amen\y tIm´-ßƒ t{kmX- p-Iƒ ]cn-timJc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\apƒs∏sS [n-®m¬ 49% Km¿lnipNn-Xz-ta-J-e-bnse hnhn-[-L-S-IIhpw 31% ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬In Ah ÿm]\tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-am- kwtbm-Pn-X-ambn \S-∏n-em-t°-≠Xpw sW∂p ImWmw. ÿe-]- kwÿm- \ Øv A\n- b - { ¥n- X - a mbn cn-an-Xn-Iƒ am\-Z-WvU-am- Db¿∂p-h∂ tcmK-`mcw Ipd-bvt°≠Xpw s]mXp ] - c - n-kcipNnXzw Dd-∏m°n-s°m≠v \n›nX t°≠ X pa mb Hcp ASn-b-¥n-c -km-lhnkvXo¿W-Øn-e-[n-INcyw 2007-˛H - msS kwÿm-\Øv kwPmap≈ ]pc-bn-S-hmk X-am-bn. CXn-s‚-bS- n-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ hnhnÿe-ßƒ°pw ÿm]-\- [-X-e-Øn¬ N¿®-Iƒ hcn-Ibpw Jcßƒ°pw Ah-cp-Xv]m-Znam-en\y \n¿am¿P-\a - pƒs∏sS ipNn-Xzta-Je - b - n¬ kaq-ea - mb 10 t\´-ßƒ 2012∏n-°p∂Xpw s]s´∂v ˛-HmsS km[y-am-°p∂Xn\mbn amen-\yAgp-Ip-∂-Xp-amb amenap‡tIcfw I¿a-]-≤-Xn°v 2007-˛¬ \y-ßƒ kwkvI-cncq]w \¬In. Cu I¿a-]-cn-]mSn \S-∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ kwhnem-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn A∂v ipNnXz taJ[m\w \n¿_-‘-am-°pe-bn¬ {]h¿Øn®p h∂n-cp∂ c≠p ∂Xv s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bn-te- anj-\p-Isf kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v ipNn-Xz-anj≥ cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. s°-Øp∂ amen-\ysØ I¿a-]c - n-]m-Sn-bn¬ Jc-am-en-\y-ta\nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\p J-eb - n¬ Xmsg-∏d - b - p∂ t\´-ßf - mWv klm-bn-°pw. e£y-an-´X - .v 1. amen\yw t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂ Xcw-Xn-cn®p tiJ-cn-°p∂ coXn {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-°¬. 2. Km¿ln-I-˛-ÿm-]\ Jc-am-en\ykwkvI- c W kwhn- [ m\w ÿm]n-°¬.

3. hntI- { μo- I rX Jc- a m- e n\ykwkvI-cW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ hym]-Ia - m-°¬. 4. Xnc-kI v rX amen-\y-ßƒ s]mXphmbn kwkvIc - n-°¬. 5. N∏p-Nh - d- p-If - n-√mØ s]mXp-ÿe-ßƒ. Cu e£y-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn Jc-am-en\y taJ-eb - n¬ hnhn-[ß - f - mb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v anj≥ XpS-°-an-´p. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ Nne {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ Xmsg-∏d - b - p-∂h - b - m-Wv. 1. amen\yw Ipd-bv°p-I, ]p\-cp-]t- bmKn-°p-I, ]p\xN{I-aWw sNbvXp]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-XXz- Ø n\v Du∂¬ \¬In- b p≈ {]h¿Ø-\hpw {]N-cW - hpw hym]I-am°n. 2. ssPh amen\y kwkvIc - W - Ø - n\v ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I- co-Xn-Iƒ D]-tbmK-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\pw hnhn-[t- i-jnbp≈ πm‚p- I ƒ ÿm]n- ° p∂Xn\p≈ kmt¶-XnI ¢n]vX-X, sNe-hv, {]hrØn-]c - n-]m-e\ coXnIƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßf - n¬ hni-Zamb am¿K-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ cq]-s∏-SpØp- I bpw \S- ∏ n- e m- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp. 3. Btcm-Ky, kmº-Øn-I, ]cn-ÿnXn kpc£ Dd- ∏ m°n IpSpw- _ {io kzbw- k - l m- b - k w- L - ß - f psS tkh\w hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ am¿K-\n¿t±-iß - ƒ Xbm-dm°n \S∏n-em-°n. 4. Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tkh\-Zm-Xm-°-fpsS tkh\w sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-sam-cp-°n. 5. amen\ykwkvI-cW kwhn-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v tI{μ k¿°mcns‚ kmº-Øn-Ik - l - mbw e`y-am°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hni-Z- ]-≤XntcJ Xbm-dm°n \K-c-k-`-Isf klmbn®p. 6. Km¿ln-I˛- ÿ - m-]\ amen-\y-kw-kI v cW πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n\pw XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w kpK-am-°p∂Xn\p≈ klmbw \¬Ip-∂X - n\pw {]mtZ-inI kwhn-[m\w Hcp-°p-∂Xn\pw kzbw klm-b-kw-L-ßƒ cq]o-Ic - n®v {]h¿Ø-\£ - a - a - m-°p∂ amXr-Im-]-≤Xn \S-∏n-em-°n. 7. s]mXp kwkvI-c-W-πm‚p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w kpK-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kmt¶-XnI D]-tZ-ihpw ]≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-k-lm-bhpw e`y-am-°n. 8. Jc-am-en\y kwkvIc-W-Øns‚

{]m[m\yw P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-∂Xn\pw t{kmX- n¬ Xs∂ amen\yw kwkvIc - n-°p-∂X - n\v P\ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-XI - p∂ hnhn[ {]N-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kzImcy GP≥kn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sSbp≈hcpsS klmbw kzcq-]n®v \S-∏n-em-°n. 9. Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ßf - psS ]cn-]me-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ imkv{Xob kao]\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw πmÃnIv hkvXp-°-fpsS ]p\xN{I-a-W-Øn\p- X - I p∂ amXr- I m- π m‚p- I ƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n\v kmt¶-Xn-I˛- k - mº-ØnI klmbw e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-Iq-SmsX ipNn-Xz-ta-J-e-bn¬ anj≥ \S-∏n-em-°nb hnhn[ ]≤-XnI-fpsS ]tcm-£a- mb {]tbm-P\ - hpw Jcam-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ taJ-e-bn¬ e`n°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn-´p-≠.v CXns‚ ^e-ambn Jc-am-en\yw Xcw-Xn-cn®p tiJ-cn-t°≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX C∂v IqSp-Xe - mbn t_m[y-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Km¿ln-I-˛-amen\y kwkvI-cWw thK-Øn¬ hym]I-ambns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. am¿°-‰p-Iƒ Ad- h p- i m- e - I ƒ Bip- ] - { Xn- I ƒ, kv I qfp- I ƒ, tlm´- e p- I ƒ XpS- ß n amen\yw A[n-I-am-bp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂nS-ßf - n¬ hntI-{μo-IrX kwkvIc - W - k - whn-[m-\-ßƒ hym]-I-ambn hcp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw \K-c-ß-fnse tI{μoIrX amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW πm‚p-I-fpambn _‘- s ∏- ´ p≈ {]iv \ - ß fpw kwL¿j- ß fpw Cu taJebnse tIm´-ßsf FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-∂p.

Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e-\w-˛ -\n-e-hnse ÿnXn amen-\y-ap‡tIcfw I¿a-]-≤-XnbpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - fpw {]N-cW - ß - fpw Jc-am-en\y ]cn-]m-e\ t{kmX- n-te°v FØn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v hen- b - t Xm- X n¬ klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX Jc-am-en-\y{]iv\w Hcp cmjv{Sob AP-≠-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kwÿm-\Øv ]cn-lcn-t°≠ Hcp {][m\ {]iv\-ambn `cW- k w- h n- [ m\w Dƒs°m- ≈ p- I bpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. CXv Jc-am-en\y ]cn]m-e\ taJ-eb - n¬ {]tbm-P\ - {- ]-Za - mb {]Xn- ^ - e \w D≠m- ° pw. F∂m¬ s]mXp Jc-am-en\y kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpambn _‘- s ∏´ {]iv \ - ß - f psS ImcWw \mw Ah-ew-_n-®p-h-cp∂ kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-bpsS t]mcm-bvab - mWv F∂ Btcm-]W - hpw {i≤-tbmsS ]cnK-Wn-®n√ F¶n¬ sX‰mb kao-]\ - Ø - nte°v Imcy-ßƒ t]mtb-°pw. s]mXpkw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-Xbnse Ipd-hp-Im-cWw amen-\y-ß-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn®v kwkvIc - n-°p-∂X - nse hnapJ-X, πm‚ns‚ kwkvIc - Wtijn-bn-e[nIw amen\yw πm‚n¬ FØn-°p∂ coXn, Nn´bpw ÿnc- X - b p- a n- √ mØ {]hrØn-]-cn-]m-e-\w, πm‚ns‚ A\p_‘ ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn[m-\-ß-fn-√mbva XpS-ßn-bh AS-ßnbn-cnt° ssPh-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Isf AS-®m-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw Xm] k - w-kvIcW coXnbneqsS am{Xta tIc-fØ - n\p c£- b p≈q F∂p- a p≈ {]N- c Ww hf¿∂p hcp∂Xv ImWm-Xn-cp-∂p-Iq-Sm. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Jc-am-en-\y-Øns‚ LS-

\hw-_¿ 2011

\m-am‰w ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v \nb-{¥nX-ambpw hnth-I-tØm-sSbpw ]pXnb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy-Iƒ ]co-£n-°p-∂X - n¬ hnap-JX tXmt∂-≠-Xp-an-√. amen-\yØn¬\n∂pw Du¿Pw DXv ] m- Z n- ∏ n°p∂Xpambn _‘-s∏´v k¿°m-cns‚ ]cn-KW - \ - b - n-ep≈ Nne ]≤Xn \n¿t±i-ßƒ ]cn-KW - n® hnZ-K≤ v k - a - n-Xn-bpsS \nco-£-W-ßƒ {]tXy-In®v CØcw πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ \n¿t±i-ßf - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nco-£W - ß - ƒ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {]k-‡-am-Wv. Xm]kw-kvI-cW coXn-bmb ""ss]tdm-enknkv˛Kymkn-^n-t°-j≥'' kmt¶-Xn-IhnZy D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-SpØn tIc-fØ - nse amen-\y-Øn¬\n∂pw Du¿Pw DXv]m-Zn∏n-®p-sIm≠v amen-\y-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn°m-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-®p-ka - ¿∏n® \n¿t±i-ß-fn¬ kv]jvSo-I-c-W-ßƒ°p-tijhpw Ahy-‡X - I - ƒ Ds≠∂pw BbXn-\m¬ AØcw πm‚p-Iƒ ]co-£WmSn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{Xta ÿm]n-°m-hqsh∂pw AXpw \ne-hn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ πm‚p- I ƒ I≠v t_m[ys∏´tijamh-Ws - a∂pw kanXn \n¿t±in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. IqSmsX kmt¶-XnI-hn-Zy-°p≈ AwKo-Imcw hmß¬, ]cn- ÿ nXn kpc£ Dd- ∏ m- ° ¬, {]hrØn ]cn-]m-e-\-{Iaw Dd-∏m-°¬ Du¿P-hn-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ AwKoImcw XpS-ßn-bh Dd-∏m-°p∂ DØ-chm-ZnØw Cu tkh\ ZmXm-°-fpsS DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øa - m-°W - s - a∂pw AXp-]men-°s - ∏-Sm-Ø] - £w in£m\S-]S- n-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p∂ am\-ZW - vUß - ƒ Dƒs∏Sp-∂X - m-bn-cn-°Ww Icm¿ hyh-ÿI - ƒ F∂pw kanXn A`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-Ib - p-≠mbn.

A`n-e-j-Wob kao-]\w tIc-f-Ønse amen\y t{kmX- pIƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ 49% Km¿ln-Ihpw 31% ÿm]\tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-am-sW∂p ImWmw. ÿe-]c - n-an-Xn-Iƒ am\-ZW - U v am-°n-s°m≠v \n›nX hnkvXo¿W-Øne- [ n- I - a p≈ ]pc- b n- S - h mk ÿeßƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw Ah-cpXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xpw s]s´∂v Agp-Ip∂-Xp-amb amen-\y-ßƒ kwkvI-cn°p∂Xn\p≈ kwhn-[m\w \n¿_-‘am-°p-∂Xv s]mXp-k-c-Wn-bn-te-s°Øp∂ amen-\ysØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xn\p klm-bn-°pw. AtXm-sSm∏w N¥Iƒ Adhp ime-Iƒ XpSßn ssPh amen-\y-ßƒ A[n-Ia - m-bp-Xv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂n-S-ß-fn¬ hntI-{μo-IrX ssPh-amen\ykwkvI-cW πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n°p-∂Xpw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. bmsXm-cpIm-cW - h - i - mepw s]mXp-am-en-\y-kw-kI v cW πm‚ns‚ tijn-bn¬ IqSp-Xe - mbn imkv{X-KXn

amen-\y-sa-Øp-∂n√ F∂pw Dd-∏m-t°≠-Xm-Wv. GsXmcp amen-\y-kw-kvIcW πm‚ v ÿm]n-°p-tºmgpw Ah-aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb ]cn-ÿn-Xn-{]-iv\-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-ÿnXn ]cn]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw ÿm]n-t°≠-Xm-W.v Hmtcm πm‚n-s‚bpw {]hrØn ]cn-]m-e-\-{Iaw Nn´-tbm-sSbpw ÿncambpw \S-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏m-°p∂Xpw {]iv\-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn\v hfsc {]m[m-\amWv. hnhn[ amen-\y-t{km-X- p-I-fn-ep≠m-Ip∂ thK-Øn¬ ssPh-hn-LS- \w kw`-hn-°mØ hkvXp-°fpw (D-Zm. Nnc´, sXm≠v, ac-°-j-W-ßƒ, Hme XpSßn-b-h), 11˛17% hsc-bp≈ ]p\-cp-]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ AssP-hh - k - X v p-°fpw (t]-∏¿, πmÃn-Iv, XpS-ßn-b-h) 4˛11% hsc-bp≈ Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ßfpw (a-Æv, Nmcw), 0.4-˛1% hsc-bp≈ A]I-S-I-c-amb amen-\y-ßfpw (_m-‰-dn, _ƒ_v) Xcw-Xn-cn-®v tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xn\pw s]mXp-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ kw`cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Hmtcm hkvXp-hn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ]p\-cp-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - nt\m ]p\xN{I-aWw \SØp-∂X - nt\m D≈ kwhn-[m\w Hmtcm {]mtZ-inI k¿°mcpw ASn-b¥ - n-ca - mbn ÿm]n-t°-≠X - p-≠.v CØcw kw`-cW imebv°v A\p-_-‘-ambn Du¿tPmXv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ Kymkn-^-tb-gvkv, πmÃnIv dossk-¢nwKv bqWn‰v XpS-ßnb-hbpw Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. Xm]-tijntb-dnb AssPh amen-\y-ßƒ h¿≤n-

X-amb tXmXn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂ ]£w ss]tdm-en-kn-kv-˛-Kym-kn-^n-t°-j≥ kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zybpw ]T-\Ø - n\p hnt[b-ambn ]cn-KW - n-°m-hp-∂X - m-W.v {]mtbmKn-Ia - mbn Hcp-Xc - Ø - nepw D]-tbm-Kn-°m\m-hmØ Xnc-kvIrX amen-\y-ßƒ \n¿am¿P\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw A]-I-SI-c-amb amen-\y-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn ad-hp-sN-øp-∂-Xn\pw taJ-em-X-e-Ønep≈ km\n-´dn em‚ v^n¬ kwhn[m\w XmXvIm-en-I-amsb¶nepw ]cn-KWn-°pI F∂-XmWv {]mtbm-Kn-I-X. Ime{Ia-Øn¬ A]-I-S-I-c-amb amen\y-ßƒ DXv]m-Z-Is‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m≠v Xncn-s®-Sp-°p∂ coXnbn-te°pw t]mtI-≠X - m-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu \n¿t±-iß - ƒ hnP-b{]-Za- m-IW - s - a-¶n¬ πm‚p-If - psS {]hrØn]-cn-]m-e\w ÿnc-ambpw Nn´-bmbpw \SØp-∂-Xn\pw km[n-°-Ww. C°m-cyØn¬ \mfn-Xp-hsc kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ \S]-Sn-Iƒ°v hf-sc-b[ - nIw ]cn-an-Xn-If - p≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw {]mtbm-Kn-IX Ipdhm-bn-cp∂p F∂pw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ hnhn[ kmt¶-Xn-IcoXn Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xpw kwkvIc - W - ti-jn-bp-≈X - p-amb πm‚p-Iƒ ÿm]n°p-tºmƒ Ah-°\ - p-tbm-Py-amb ]cnÿnXn ]cn-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]hrØn-]-cn-]me\w Nn´-tbmsS \S-Øp-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ kwhn-[m-\hpw \S-∏n-em-°W - w. AXn\p≈ kmt¶-Xn-I\ - n-co-£W - t- i-jnbpw kmº-Øn-Ii - ‡ - nbpw \K-ck - `- I - ƒ°v e`y-am-t°-≠X - m-W.v

Ih¿tÃmdn tXm-akv- s]m-°m-a‰w

ho-´p-am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcWhpw-

πm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\hpwC≥-Uy-bn-se ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßfn¬- GItZiw- 70%˛80% _tbm- Un-s{Kbn-U_nƒBbXn-\m-epw Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- Xm-cXtay-\ sNehp-Ip-d™ kw-kv-IcW co-Xn-bm-Ibm-epw- \ap-°v- G‰hpw- A\p-tbm-Py-am-b am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-bm-bn- CXn-s\ Icp-tX≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C≥-Uy-≥- \Kcßfn¬10 % am-{Xta Iw-tºm-kv-‰n-ßv- \S°p-∂p-≈p.-

∂sØ D]t`m-IX v- r- kw-kI v- m-chpw\KchXv - I cWhpw- hy- h km- b hXv IcWhpw- HØp-tN¿∂v- ]hn-{Xam-bn-cp∂ `q-an-sb Hcp- am-en-\y-°ehdbm-bnam-‰n-°gn-™p.- aÆpw,- hn-Æpw-,- sh≈hpwhn-jabam-bn-Øo¿-∂ `q-an- Po-hPmeßƒ-°v- Bhm-ktbm-Ky-a√m-Xm-bns°m≠n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. A]q¿- Δ tcmKßfmepw P\nXI sshIey-ßfm-epwtIgp-∂ a\p-jy≥- A\m-tcm-Ky-Øn-epwAk¥p-jS-v n-bn-epw- Pohn-XsØ i]n-®-v \m-fp-Iƒ- FÆn-°gn-bp-∂ Im-gN -v AXoh Zb\o-bhpw- lr-Zbt`ZIhp-am-W.v - CuAhÿ°p-≈ ]cn-lm-cw- `q-an-sb ]hn{Xam-bn- kq-£n-°p-I F∂Xpw- Rm≥c£I\m-Im-sX F\n-°p- c£bn-√ F∂ Xn-cn-®dn-hp-am-Wv.-

hn-hn-[ am-en-\y-ßƒ16

hy-hkm-b im-eIƒ,- Ir-jn-^m-apIƒ,- I®hSÿm-]\ßƒ,- Xm-akÿeßƒ,-- hn-t\m-Z k©mc tI{μßƒ,-- Xo¿-∞m-S\ tI{μßƒ,--- F∂n-hnSßfn¬- \n-∂pw- hm-l\ß-fn¬- \n-∂pw\m\m-hn-[Øn-ep-≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ- ]pd¥≈s∏Sp-∂p.- Ch-bn¬- ]eXpw- amcIhpw- A]ISIm-cn-Ifp-am-Wv.- Io-S\min\nIƒ,- cm-khkvX - p-°ƒ,- kn.-F^v.F¬.,-- Syq-_-v sse‰v,- jq- t]m-fn-j,v - s]bn‚ ,v ]gIn-b acp-∂p-Iƒ- F∂nh tSm-Ik -v n-I-v thkv‰ - -v C\Øn¬- s]Sp-∂p.- Bip-]{XnIfn¬- \n-∂pw- D≠m-Ip-∂ am-en-\y-ßsf _tbm-saUn-°¬- thkv‰ - v- F∂v- ]dbp∂p.- _tbm- saUn-°¬- thkv‰ - n¬- 85% \n-cp-]{ZhIm-cn-Ifpw- 10% tcm-Kw- ]cØp∂hbpw- (Infective) 5% A]I-SIm-cn-Ifpam-Wv- (hazardous - ENVIRO NEWS 1SEB

1999).- sI´n-Sßfp-sS Ahin-jvS - ßƒ(construction & demolition),- sNfn,-

]mdIƒ,- hr-£ßfp-sS Ahin-jS-v ßƒF∂n-hsb Ct\¿-´v- thkv-‰v- F∂p]dbp-∂p.- ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßsf s]mXpsh ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thbvk - v‰ - v- F∂v]dbp-∂p.- ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßsf s]m-Xp-sh 3 Bbn- Xcw- Xncn-°mw.1.- ssPham-bnam-dp-∂h (Biodegradable/ Organic) DZm-: `£ym-hin-jv-Sßƒ,]®°dn,- ]gßƒ,- a’y- amw-kmZn-Ifp-sS Ahin-jSv- ßƒ2.- ]p\¿- \n¿-Ωm-WØn-\pXIp-∂h (Recyclable) DZm- : πm- k v - ‰ n- I v - Dev ]∂ßƒ- (Thermo Plastics),- t]∏¿Dev-]∂ßƒ,- •m-kv,- Aep-an-\n-bw,kv - ‰ o¬, tIm- ´ ¨,- sam- s s_¬t^m¨-,- _m-‰dn\hw-_¿ 2011

3.- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thkv-‰v- (E-Waste) DZm-: CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- D]IcWßƒ,- Iºyq-´dp-Ifpw- A\p-_‘ D]IcWßfpw- , - {^n- U v - P v , sSent^m¨,- ‰n.- hn.,- tdUntbm,- samss_¬- t^m¨,- _m-‰dn,- kn.-Un.-,Un.-hn.-Un.- CeIv-t{SmWn-Iv- thkv‰n¬- ]eXpw- tSm-Iv-kn-Iv- thkv-‰nepw- lm-k¿-Ukv- thkv‰ - n-epw- s]Sp∂hbm-W.v kº∂ cm-jv-{Sßfpw- \Kcßfp-am-WvIq-Sp-X¬- ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßƒ- Dev] - m-Zn-∏n°p-∂Xv.- temIØv- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬am-en-\y-ßƒ Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ cm-Pyßƒ- Atacn-°,- djy,- P∏m≥,- P¿-Ω\n,{_n-´¨,- saIvk - n-tIm,- {^m≥-kv,- C‰enF∂n-hbm-Wv.- {]Xn-h¿-jw- 46381 tUmf¿- {]Xnio¿j hcp-am-\ap-≈ Atacn° {]Xn-h¿-jw- 254 an-ey¨- S¨- amen-\y-am-Wv- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.- Sm-‰mdntk¿-®v- C≥-kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- U¬-ln-bn¬\SØn-b k¿tΔbn¬- {]Xn-am-kw- 2000 cq-] hcp-am-\ap-≈h¿- 200 {Kmw- am-{Xwam-en-\yw- Dev] - m-Zn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- {]Xn-amkw- 8000 cq-] hcp-am-\ap-≈h¿- 700 {Kmwam- e n- \ yw- Dev - ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xm- b nIs≠Øn.- C≥-Uy-bn¬- G‰hp-a[n-Iwam-en-\y-ßƒ- D≠m-°p-∂ \Kcßƒapw-ss_,- U¬-ln,- sIm¬-°Ø F∂nhbm-Wv.- sFIy-cm-jv{- Skw-LS\bp-sS (UN Economical & Social Commission)

IW°p-Iƒ- {]Im-cw- Db¿-∂ kmºØn-I hf¿-®bp-≈ cm-Pyßƒ- {]XnZn-\w- Btfm-lcn- 1.-5˛2.-5 Intem- am-en\yw- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- CSØcw(Medium) km-ºØnI hf¿-®bp-≈ cmPy-ßƒ- 0.-7˛0.-9 In-tem- am-en-\y-hpw- Xmgv-∂ hcp-am-\ap-≈ cmPy-ßƒ- 0.-4˛0.-6 In-tem- am-en-\y-hp-am-Wv- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv.-

kw-`cWw,- {Sm≥-ktv- ]m¿-t´j≥,- kw-kvIcWw,- \n¿-Ωm¿-÷\w F∂o- Im-cyßƒ-°v- DØchm-Zs∏´ kz-bw-`cW ÿm-]\ßƒ-°v- _m-[Iam-bn-´p-≈XmWv- H-∂m-asØ \n-baw.- Cu- \n-baØnse II ˛mw- sjUyq-fn¬- em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Mn\v- P\km-{μXbp-≈ {]tZißtfm\\hp-≈ {]tZißtfm- sXcs™Sp°cp-sX∂pw- Pet{km-X p-Isf aeoakam-°m-sX t\m-°Wsa∂pw- \n-jvI¿-jn-°p-∂p.- £p-{ZPo-hn-Iƒ,- FenIƒ- F∂n-h s]‰p-s]cp-Ip-∂ co-Xn-bnepw- BtKm-f Xm-]\w- Db¿-Øp-∂ hn[Øn-ep-ap-≈ em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Mv- Cu- \nbaw- hgn- \n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-≈Xm-Ip-∂p.em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Kn-\p- ap-ºv- ssk‰n\v- Np‰pw- 50 ao‰¿- AIeØn-\p-≈n--ep-≈ {Ku≠v- hm-´¿- Kp-Wta∑ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-cn°Wsa∂v- Cu- \nbaw- hy-hÿ sNøp∂p.- Pet{km-X p-Ifn-se B¿-k\nIv,- Im-Ua -v n-bw,- t{Im-an-bw,- sskss\Uv,sa¿-°pdn,- seUv- F∂n-hbp-sS A\phZ\o- b am- b Afhp- I fpw- Cu- \nbaØn-ep-≠v.- em‚ ^ v- n-√nwMn\v- s]m-eqj≥- I¨-t{Smƒ- t_m¿-Un-s‚ A\paXn- e`n-®n-cn-°Wsa∂pw em‚ v- ^n√nw-Mn¬- \n-∂p-ap≠m-Ip-∂ ao-ssY≥,-kƒ-^¿- ssU Hm-Iv-sskUv,- Im¨_¨- tam-tWm-Ivs - skUv,- - Atam-Wn-b F∂n-hbp-sS Afhp-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-Ir-X kp-c£m-]cn-[n-bn-em-bn-cn-°Wsa∂pwCu- \n-baØn¬- hy-hÿbp-≠v.Bip-]{Xn-Ifn-se _tbm-saUn°¬- thkv-‰v-,- 1998 se _tbm-saUn-

°¬- thbv - k v - ‰ v - \n- b a {]ImchpwA]ISIm- c n- I fm- b th- k v - ‰ p- I ƒ- , lkm¿-Ukv- sa‰o-cn-b¬- (am-t\Pvs - a‚ vB‚ v- lm≥-Uve - nwMv)- - \n-ba{]Im-chpwam-{Xta ssIIm-cyw- sNøm-hq- F∂pwhy-hÿ sNbvXn-´p-≠v.-

{][m-\ am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW co-Xn-Iƒ1.- Uw-_nw-ßvam-en-\y-ßƒ Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-sXbpw- aqSm-sXbpw- Nn-et∏mƒ- `m-Kn-Iam-bn- aÆn´p- a q- S n- b pw- kuIcy- s ∏Sp- ∂ ÿeßfn¬- Aim-kv-{Xo-bam-bn- \n-t£]n°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-W-v Uw-_nw-ß.-v - sk≥{S¬s]mfqj≥- I¨-t{Smƒ- t_m¿-Uv- 1999 ¬- 23 C≥Uy≥- \Kcßfn¬- \SØn-b k¿- s Δbn¬- 89.- 8 % am- e n- \ y- ß fpwC{]Im-cw- \nt£]n-°s∏Sp-∂Xm-bnIs≠Øn-.- CXv- Ffp-∏hpw- sNehp-Ipd™p-≈Xp-am-Ibm¬- Xt±ikz-bw`cW ÿm-]\ßƒ- Cu- co-Xn-bm-Wvkzo-Icn-®p- Im-Wp-∂Xv.- Uw-_nw-ßvam-en-\y- kw-kv-°cW co-Xn-bs√∂pwB]Xv - I cam- b kw- ` cW co- X n- b msW∂pw- \mw- Xn-cn-®dn-bWw £p{ZPohn-Iƒ,- Cu-®,- Fen,- sIm-Xp-Iv-,- hn-hn[ tcm-Km-Wp-°ƒ- F∂n-h s]‰p-s]cpIm≥- Uw-_nwßv- klm-bn-°p-∂p.- ]vtfKv- t]m-ep-≈ am-cI kmw-{Ian-I tcmKßfp-tSbpw,- atedn-b,- U¶n-∏\n,a™∏nØw,- Ae¿-Pn,- izm-ktIm-itcmKßƒ- F∂n- h bp- s Sbpw- D¤htI{μßfm-bpw- Ch amdp∂p.- Cu-®Iƒ°v- 10 In.-ao-‰¿- td©n¬- tcm-Kw- ]cØp-

Jcam-en-\y- kw-kv-IcW \n-baßƒC≥-Uym- Kh¨-sa‚n-s‚ ]cn-ÿnXn˛h\w-hIp-∏-v a{¥m-ebw- am-en-\y- kwkv-IcWhp-am-bn- _‘s∏´v- aq-∂v- \nbaßfm-Wv- ]p-ds∏Sp-hn-®n-´p-≈Xv.1.- ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv-‰v- (amt\Pvs - a‚ -v B‚ -v lm≥-Ue v nw-K)v - dqƒkv- 2000.2.- l-km¿-Ukv- sa‰o-cn-b¬-k-v (am-t\Pvsa‚ v- B‚ v- lm≥-Uv-en-Mv)- dqƒ-kv2003.3.- {Um-^v-‰v- l-km¿-Ukv- sa‰o-cn-b¬kv- (am-t\Pvs - a‚ ,-v - lm-≥U - e -v n-M-v {Sm≥kv- s_u-≠dn- aq-hv-sa‚ v)- dqƒ-kv2007.ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv-‰n-s\ kw-_‘n-® tiJcWw,- Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬,imkv{X-KXn

hm≥- km-[n-°p-sa∂v- sk‚¿t^m¿- Ft°m- f Pn- ° ¬kb≥-kn-se tUm-: ‰n.-hn.- cmaN{μ A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.sI‚°n- A{Kn-Iƒ-®d¬- bqWn- t hgv - k n- ‰ n- b p- s S ]T\ßfn¬- Nne-bn\w- Cu-®Iƒ°v- (home flies) 20 ssa¬ td©n¬- k©cn-°p-hm≥Ign-bp--sa∂v- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.Uw-_n-ßv- `m-hn-XeapdIƒ-°v- F{Xam-{Xw- hn-\miIcam- I p- s a∂v - Atacn°bn-se sh≈®m-´ \KcØn-se (City of Niagra Falls) ehv-I\m¬- Zp-c¥w- \sΩ Hm¿-Ωs∏Sp-Øp-∂p.- 1942˛53 Im-eL´Øn¬- lp-°¿- CeIv-t{Sm- sIan-°¬- Iº\n,-D]tbm-Kiq-\y-am-b ehvI - \men¬- cm- k am- e n- \ y- ß ƒ20˛25` BgØn¬- \n-t£]n®v- Ifn-aÆv- sIm-≠v- BhcWw- sNbvX - p.- ]n¬-°m-eØvAXn\p-ap-Ifn¬- kvIqfpw- hoSp-Ifpw- ]Wn-Xp.- 1976 ap-X¬]cn-kchm-kn-Ifn¬P\nXI sshIey-ßfpw,- A]kva - m-cw,BkvXva Xp-Sßn-b tcm-Kßfpw- {]Xy£s∏´p- Xp-Sßn.- Pe kmw-]n-fp-Ifn¬UtbmIvkn≥-t]m-ep-≈hnjcm-khkvXp-°ƒ- Is≠Øn.- Chn-sS \n-∂pwA¥co-£Øn-te°v- hn-jhm-XIßƒhan-°p-∂Xv Bfp-Ifn¬- ]cn-{`m-¥n]cØn.-- `cWIq-Sw- Bfp-Isf am-‰n-∏m¿∏n-°p-Ibpw- \KcØn¬- ASn-b¥n-cmhÿ {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.Uw-_n-ßv- ssk‰p-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw_ln¿- K an- ° p- ∂ hn- j hm- X Ißƒ(Organic Compounds) ]e amcI tcmKßƒ-°pw- CSbm-°p-hm≥- km-[y-Xbp≈Xm-bn- ]T\ßƒ hy-‡am-°p-∂p.Uw-_n-ßv- s]m-Xp-P\m-tcm-Ky-Øn-\pw]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- tZm-jIcam-Ibm¬- \nbahn-cp-≤am-°Wsa∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Kykw-LS\ (WHO) 1967 ¬- Aw-Kcm-jv{Sßtfm-Sv- \n¿-t±in-®n-´p-≈Xm-Wv.- C≥Uy≥- ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thbv-kv-‰v(am-t\Pv-sa‚ v- B≥-‰v- lm≥-Uv-enw-ßv)dqƒ-kv- 2000 {]Imcw- Uw-_nw-ßv- \ntcm[n-®n-´p-≈Xm-W.v - am-en-\y-ßfn-eq-sS Hen®n-dßq-∂ hn-jabam-b cmkhkvXp°ƒ- Pet{km-X p-Isf Hcn-°epw]cn-lcn-°m-\m-Im-Øhn-[w- aen-\am-°psa∂ hn-]Øv- \mw- ad°cpXv.- a\pjy\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- Hcp-t]m-se B]XvI - cam-Wv- Uw-_nw-ßv.2.- em‚ v- ^n-√nw-ßvXmgv∂ - {]tZißƒ,- D]tbm-Kiq-\y-

am-b Izm-dnIƒ-- F∂n-h ap≥-kn-∏¬- amen-\y-ßƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- \n-IØp-∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.- ]e cm-Py-ßfn-epw- em‚ v^n-√nßv- ssk‰p-Iƒ-,- am-en-\y-ßfp-sS _m-lp-ey-w- \n-an-Øw- _lp-\n-e sI´nSØn- s ‚ DbcØn- e m- b n- ° gn- ™ p.Atacn- ° ,- {_n´¨,- _¬- P n- b w- , ssN\,- P∏m≥- Xp-Sßn-b cm-Py-ßƒem‚ v- ^n-√n-ßn-\v- ÿew- Is≠Øm\m-Im-sX a‰p- am¿-§ßƒ- Bcm-™psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- hfsc sNehp-Ipd™Xpw- Aim-kv-{Xo-bhp-am-b CucoXn- Uw-_nw-ß-v t]m-seXs∂ ]cn-ÿnXn-°pw- a\p-jy-\pw- tZm-jIcam-Ibm¬\n-tcm-[n-®n-´p-≈XmWv.- Aim-k{-v Xo-bamb em‚ v- ^n-√n-ßn¬- \m-\m-XcØn-ep≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ- \n-t£]n-°p-I hgnhnss\¬- t¢m-ssdUv,- s_≥-ko≥,- tSmfp-hn≥,- t¢m-tdm-t^mw,- Im¿-_¨- sS{Smt¢m-ssdUv- Xp-Sßn-b hn-jhm-XIßƒ]p-ds∏Sp-∂p.- C°m-cWØm¬- kao-] hm- k n- I fn¬- Db¿- ∂ tXm- X n¬izmktImiw, In- U v- \ n,- Icƒ,s{_bn≥,- ªm-U¿- F∂n-hsb _m-[n°p-∂ A¿-_p-Zhpw- ep-t°an-bbpw- hym]Iam-bn- I≠p-hcp-∂Xm-bn- 1989 ¬Atacn-°bn-se F≥-hb¨-sa‚¬t{]m-´Iv-j≥- GP≥-kn- 593 ssk-‰pIfn¬- \SØn-b ]T\-ßfn¬- hy-‡amIp-∂p.- Atacn-°≥- kv-t‰‰v- Un-∏m¿-´vsa‚ v - Hm- ^ v - sl¬- Ø v - \SØn- b ]T\ßfn-epw- em‚ v-^n-√n-ßv- ssk‰p-

Ifn-se Db¿-∂ Im≥-k¿km-[y-X ÿn-co--Icn-°p-∂p.- ap-w-s_bn-se Un-tbm-\¿, sIm¬-°-Øbn-se [m-] Xp- S - ß n- b ÿeßfn¬h¿-jßfm-bn- Xp-Scp-∂ Uw_n- ß v- / em‚ v- ^ n- √ nßvhfsc ò-Xn-P\Iam-W.v - 1927 ¬- P\hm-kw- C√m-Xn-cp-∂ Un-tbm-\m¿ taJ-ebn¬{_n-ó-jp-Im¿- Xp-Sßn-h® em‚ v- ^n-√nßv- C∂v- 110 slIv-Sdn¬- hym-]n-®v- am-en\y-ßƒ- 8 \n-e sIń-SØns‚ DbcØn- e m- b n- ° gn™p.- Chn-sS \n-∂pw- han°p-∂ hn-jhm-XIßƒ-25 e£Øn- e [n- I w - B fpIfn¬- Btcm- K y- { ]iv\ßƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂p.- inip-acW \n-c°pw- £btcmKhpw- h¿-≤n-®p- hcp-∂-Xmbn- kv-tam-°v- AÎv-SUvdkn-U‚ vkv- t^m-dw- shfns∏Sp- Ø p- ∂ p,- Zp¿- K ‘wC√m-Xm-°m≥- 114,000- tUmf¿- ap- S °n- 42000 en‰¿s]¿^yqw- Chn-sS kv-t{] sNbv-Xp-Ign™p.- B]Xv-Icam-b am-en-\y-Iq-ºmcßƒ im-kv-{Xo--bam-bn- kw-kv-Icn-°phm≥- _m[y- ÿ cm- b hcp- s S \n- c pØchm-Zn-Xz-hpw- APvR - Xbp-am-W-v ChnsS shfn-hm-°s∏Sp-∂Xv.-im-kv-{Xo-bam-b em‚ v- ^n-√nw-ßv( Sanitary Land Filling) A\p- h Z\obamsW¶n-epw- sNethdn-bXm-Wv-.ssk‰n-\pw-,- Un-ssk\pw- s]m-eyq-j≥I¨-t{Smƒ- t_m¿-Un-s‚ Aw-Ko-Im-cwe`n-®n-cn-°Ww.- am-en-\y-ßfn¬- \n∂pwHen-®n-dßq-∂ {Zm-hIßƒ- (Leachate) am-cIßfm-bXn-\m¬- Ah Pet{kmX p-Isf aen\s∏Sp-Øm-sX kw-c£n°p-∂ hn-[Øn-em-hWw- im-kv{- Xo-bamb em‚ v- ^n-√nw-ßv.- em‚ v- ^n-√nwßn\vap-ºpw- AXn-\p-tijhpw- 50 ao-‰¿- ZqcØn-\p-≈n¬- seko-ao--‰¿- D]tbm-Kn-®vPew- tiJcn-®v- PeØn-s‚ Kp-Wta∑ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°Ww.- cm-kamen-\y-ßƒ,-- {Zm-hIcq-]Øn-ep-≈ am-en\y-ßƒ,- Xo-]nSn-°p-∂h,- s]m-ń-sØdn°p-∂h,- AWp-{]kcap-≈h-,- CeIvt{Sm-Wn-Iv- thkv‰v-,- Bip-]{Xn-Ifn-se thkv-‰v- F∂n-h em‚ v-^n-√nw-ßn-\vD]tbm-Kn-°cp-Xv.- hn-jmw-ißƒ- hens®Sp-°m≥- DXIp-∂ hr-£ßfpw- sNSnIfpw- Np-‰pw-- h®p- ]n-Sn-∏n-°Ww (Phyto remediation).- Po-hPm-eßƒ- Cu- kkyßƒ- Blcn-°m≥- CShcm-sXbpw- ]cnÿn-Xn-°v- tZm-jw- hcm-sXbpw- Ch kw\hw-_¿ 2011

kv-Icn-°Ww.- Hcp-- sa{Sn-Iv- S¨- ap≥kn- ∏ ¬- Jcam- e n- \ y- Ø n¬- \n- ∂ pw200˛400 Iyp.- ao.- ao-ssY≥- Kymkv D≠mIp-sa∂Xn\mepw ao-ssY≥- Kym-kv Im¿_¨- ssU Hm-Iv-sskUn-t\°mƒDt±iw- 21 aSßv- BtKm-f Xm]\sØ Db¿-Øm≥- Ign-bp-sa∂Xn\mepw (EPA-USA) em‚ v- ^n-√nw-ßn-se aossY≥- Kym-kn-s\ Du¿-÷am-°n- am-‰phm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- G¿-s∏SpØWw.- F√m- kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-IfpwAhew-_n-®Xn-\p- tijw- Ahkm\sØ (ultimate disposal) kw-kv-IcW am¿-§am-bnam-{Xta em‚ v- ^n-√nßvAhew-_n-°p-hm≥- ]m-Sp-≈p- F∂v- ap≥kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv‰v- (am-t\Pvsa‚ v- B‚ v- lm-≥-Uv-en-ßv)- dqƒ-kvc≠mw- sjUyqƒ- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.3.- C≥-kn-\n-tdj≥am-en-\y-ßƒ- Db¿-∂ Du-jva - m-hn¬(650o C-1300o C) {]tXy-I tNw-_dn¬IØn-®p-Ifbp∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-X-.v- CXphgn- am-en-\y-ßfp-sS hym-]v-Xw- Dt±iw90% Ip-dbv-°p-hm≥- km-[n-°p-∂p.- C≥kn-\n-td‰p-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- e`n-°p-∂ NqSv- AYhm- Du¿-÷w- sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m°p-hm-\pw- Kr-lm-hiy-ßƒ-°pw-,- D]tbmK{]Zam-b co-Xnbn-¬- am-en-\y-Øn¬- \n∂pw- Du¿÷w- D≠m-°p-I F∂ XXzw (Waste to Energy) C∂v- ]cs° Aw-KoIcn-°s∏´p- Ign-™p.- kzo-U\nepwsU∑m¿-°n-epw- Cu- co-Xn- At\I h¿jßfmbn- D]tbm-Kn-®p-hcp-∂p.- em‚ v^n-√nw-ßn-\v- ÿe ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≈ P∏m\m-Wv- tem-IØn¬- h®v- G‰hpw- Iq-SpX¬- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒ- D≈Xv.- P∏m≥{]Xn-h¿-jw- 400 an-ey¨- S¨- ap≥-kn∏¬- thkv‰ - v- hen-b C≥-kn-\td‰dp-IƒD]tbm-Kn-®v- kwkvIcn-°p-∂p.- UtbmIv-kn≥- C≥-sh‚dn- {]Im-cw- G‰hpwIq-Sp-X¬- Utbm-Ik -v n≥- A¥co-£Ønte°v- hnSp-∂Xv- P∏m-\m-Wv.- Iq-Sp-X¬Item-dn- aq-ey-ap-≈ am-en-\y-ßƒ- [mcm-fw- Ds≠¶n-te C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒem-`Icam-hp-Ibp-≈q F∂pw- ]T\ßƒkq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬\n-∂pw- Dbcp-∂ ]p-Ibn¬- Iym≥-kdn\p- Im-cWam-tb°m-hp-∂ Utbm-Ivkn≥,- ^yqdm≥,- hn-ss\¬- t¢m-ssdUv,s_≥-ko-≥- F∂o- hn-jhm-XIßƒD≠m-Ip-h\p-≈ km[yX hfsctbsdbm-Wv.- am-en-\y-ßƒ- IØn-®Xn\ptijw ASn-Ø´n¬- \n-∂pw- e`n-°p-∂ Nm-cØn-epw- Cu- cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒASßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xn-\m¬- Ah {]tXyIw- kw-kI -v cn-t°≠n- hcp-∂p.- F∂m¬AXym-[p-\n-I C≥-kn-\td‰dp-Ifn¬-Utbm-Iv-kn≥- 1000o C- ¬- C√m-Xm-hpsa∂v- im-k{-v X⁄∑m¿- A`n-{]m-bs∏Spimkv{X-KXn

∂p.- (New Scientist 11 Nov. 82) C≥kn\ntd-‰d - p-If - psS Ãm¿´v A∏v ka-bß - f - n¬ km[m-cW Af-hns‚ Dt±iw- \qdn-c´n (96.9 ng/m3) ssUtbm-Ivkn≥ ]pd-¥≈-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw CXv kp-c£m-]cn-[nbn¬- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øm--dn-s√∂pw s_¬Pnbw, P∏m≥, C‰en F∂n-h-n-Sß-fnse C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬- \S-Ønb ]T-\ß-fn¬ Ae≥ hmSvk¨ (Global Alliance for Incinarator Alternatives, Europeon Union ), ]m‰v t Im- Ã - \ ¿

(Senior Scientist, Greenpeace) F∂nh¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ssN\bn-se hn-hn-[ XcØn-ep-≈ C≥- k n- \ n- t d‰dp- I fn- s e sa¿- ° p- d nt]mep≈ cm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ- Atacn°≥- XSm-Ißfn¬- hsc sNs∂Øp∂Xm-bn- Is≠Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- C≥kn\n-td‰dp-Iƒ- B[p-\n-I km-t¶Xn-I hnZy- D]tbm-Kn-®v- am-{Xta \n¿-Ωn-°m-hqF∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Ky- kwLS\ \n¿-t±in°p-∂p.- 1 S¨- am-en-\yw- kw-kv-Icn-

°m≥- B[p-\n-I C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬(Baoan Incinerator) km-[m-cW C≥-kn\n-td‰dn-t\°mƒ- ]Øn-c´n- sNehphcp-sa∂v- - IW°m-°p-∂p.4.- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kvho-´p-am-en-\y-ßfn-se ssPham-en-\yßƒ- Hgn- s Ibp- ≈ ISem- k v - Dev ]∂ßƒ,- ]v-fmkv‰n°v- Dev-]∂ßƒ,(Thermo Plastics) Aep-an-\n-bw-,- kv‰o¬,- •m- v,- _m-‰dn,- sSIv-kv-ss‰¬kv,sam- s s_¬- t^m¨ F∂n- h dossk°nƒ- sNøp-hm≥- km-[n-°pw.t]∏¿- Dev - ] ∂ßƒ- do- s sk°nƒsNøp-∂Xv- em-`Icam-sW¶n-epw- ]v-fmkv-‰n-°v- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv- k¶o¿-WhpwsNethdn-bXp-am-Wv.- tem-IØv- Dev] - mZn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂ ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- _m-KpIfpsS- tIhew-1% am-{Xta do-ssk°nƒsNøp-∂p-≈q.- am-{Xhp-a√,- πm-k‰-v n-I-v Dev]∂ßfn-se 20% hcp-∂ t_°vs - se‰v,ss\tem¨- XpSßn-b sX¿-tam-sk‰v- πmkv-‰n-°v- do-ssk°nƒ- sNøp-hm≥- km-

Hcp-- sa{Sn-Iv- S¨- ap≥-kn-∏¬- Jcam-en-\y-Øn¬\n-∂pw- 200˛400 Iyp.- ao.- ao-ssY≥- Kymkv D≠m-Ipsa∂Xn\mepw ao-ssY≥- Kym-kv Im¿-_¨- ssU Hm-Iv-sskUn-t\°mƒ- Dt±iw- 21 aSßv- BtKm-f Xm]\sØ Db¿-Øm≥- Ign-bp-sa∂Xn\mepw em‚ v^n-√nw-ßn-se ao-ssY≥- Kym-kn-s\ Du¿-÷am-°nam-‰p-hm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\ßƒ- G¿-s∏Sp-ØWw.F√m- kw-kv-IcWco-Xn-Ifpw- Ahew-_n-®Xn-\ptijw- Ahkm-\sØkw-kv-IcW am¿-§am-bnam-{Xta em‚ v- ^n-√nßv- Ahew-_n-°p-hm≥- ]m-Sp-≈pF∂v- ap-≥kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv‰v- dqƒ-kv- c≠mwsjUyqƒ- A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p.-

[n-°p-∂hb√.- \m-tem- At©m- {]mhiyw- am-{Xta ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- do-ssk°nƒ- sNøp-hm≥- km-[n-°p-Ibp-≈pF∂pw- do-ssk°nƒ- sNbvX - ]vf - m-kv‰ - n°n¬- \n-∂pw- cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ- Hen®n-dßm-\p-≈ km-≤y-X hfsc Iq-SpXem-sW∂pw- ]T\ßƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p∂p.do-ssk°nƒ-Uv- πm-kv-‰n-°pw- AXns‚ D]tbm-Khpw- kw-_‘n-® 1999se \n-bahpw-- 2003 se t`ZKXnbpw-- {]Imcw- _yq-tdm- Hm-^-v C≥-Uy≥- kv‰- m≥-tU¿Uv - k v - kv - s ]kn- ^ n- t °j\v - A\p -kr-Xam-bnam-{Xw- do-ssk°n-fnßvsNtø≠Xm-Wv.- C≥-Uy-bn¬- 2500 ¬]cw- do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv- bq-Wn‰v- Ds≠¶nepw- ]eXn-epw- _m-°b -v m¿-Uv do-ssk°n-fnw-Kv- am-{Xam-Wv- \S°p-∂sX∂ Bt£]ap≠v.- Aim-kv-{Xo-bam-b dossk°n-fnw-K-v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- a\p-jy¿°pw- Gsd tZm-jw- sNøp-∂Xm-Wv.5.- Ky-mk - n-^n-t°j≥am-en-\y-ßƒ- Db¿-∂ Du-ja -v m-hn-epw(10000C - 14000C) a¿-±Øn-epw- IØn°p-tºmƒ- kn-¥‰n-Iv- Kym-kv- (Syngas) e`n-°p-∂p.- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Ifn¬- \n∂pw- D≠m-Ip-∂{X hn-jhm-XIßƒKym-kn-^n-t°j\n¬- D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.Im¿-_¨- ssU Hm-Iv-sskUv- tiJcn°p-hm-≥-- (Capture and Storage) kw-hn[m-\ap-≈Xn-\m¬- A¥co-£ aen-\oIcWw- Ip-dhm-bn-cn-°pw.- kn≥Kym-kv C‘\Øn- \ pw- sshZyp- X n- Dev - ] m-

Z\Øn-\pwhy-hkm-bßƒ-°m-hiy-amb saYt\mƒ,- ssl{UP≥- F∂n-hbpsS e`y-X°pw- DXIp-∂p.- do-ssk°nƒsNøp-hm≥- km-[n-°m-Ø Jcam-en-\yßƒ,- D]tbm-Kn-® Sbdp-Iƒ,-- {Sm-jvF∂n-hsb√mw- kw-kv-Icn-°m-sa∂Xn\m¬- em‚ v- ^n-√nw-Mv- Hcp- ]cn-[n-hsc Hgn-hm-°m≥- km-[n-°p-∂p.- πm-kv-‰n-Ivam-en-\y-ßfp-w- CXp-hgn- kw-kv-Icn-°msa¶n-epw- Utbm-Ivkn≥, ^yq-dm≥ apXem-b hn-jhm-XIßsf C√m-Xm-°phm≥- ]cym-]vX - am-b s]m-ey-qj - ≥- I¨t{Smƒ- kwhn[m- \ Øn- \ v - πm‚ n- s ‚ A{XXs∂ \n¿-Ωm-Ws®ehv- hcp-sa∂vIW°m-°p-∂p-. 6.- ss]tdm-en-knkv ss]tdm F∂ hm°n\v Zln-∏n°pI/Pz- e n- ° pI F∂pw enknkv F∂m¬ th¿Xn- c n- ° ¬ F∂p- a mW¿∞w. Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ ]Zm-¿∞-ß-fpsS an{in-X-Ønt\m kwbp-‡Ønt\m (compound) D≠m-Ip∂ hnLS-\tam cq]m-¥-co-I-c-Wtam BWv ss]tdm-en-knkv. an-°t∏m-gpw- Hm-Ivk - nPs‚ km-∂n-[y-an-√m-sX (External Oxygen) 500 Un-{Kn- sk¬-jy-kn-¬- aq-e[mXp-°sf th¿-s]Sp-Øp-∂p.- ss]tdm-enknkv kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bn-eqsS (Advanced Thermal Technology) πmÃnIv, Sb-dp-Iƒ, ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃv t]∏¿ F∂- n hsb√mw kwkv I - c n- ° p- h m≥ km[n- ° p∂p. hpUv t hÃv , Sb¿, πmÃnIv F∂n- h - I ƒ°v {]tX- y Iw

πm‚p-Ifpw e`-y-am-Wv. 1000 In. Sb¿ kv{Im∏n¬ \n∂pw- D-t±iw 425 en. ss]tdm-en-knkv Hmbn¬ (Industrial Diesel), 90 In. sslt{Um Im¿_¨, 325 Im¿_¨ ªm°v F∂nh e`n-°p-∂p. 1000 In. πmÃn-°n¬ \n∂pw 750 en. ss]tdm-en-knkv Hmbn¬ (Industrial Diesl), 75 In.sslt{Um Im¿_¨, 60 In.Im¿_¨ ªm°v F∂nhbpw e`n°p-∂p. kvs]f-bn-\Ivkv (SPLAINEX) Iº-\n-bpsS ss]tdm-en-knkv πm‚n¬ 500 S¨ ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃn¬ \n∂pw 12Mwh sshZ-ypXn Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v Iº\n Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp∂p. Utbm-Ivkn≥ t]mep≈ hnj-hmX-Iß - f - psS Afhv km[m-cW C≥kn\n-td-‰p-I-tf-°mƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂Xpw Cu sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsS ta∑bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. 7. ]v f mkv a Kym- k n- ^ n- t °- j ≥ t{]mkkv (P.G.P) Ata- c n- ° - b n¬ \mkbnse imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ _ln-cm-Imi Kthj-W-ßƒ°p th≠n kqcys‚ D]-cnXe Dujvam-hmb (Photosphere) 6000 Un{Knsk¬j- y kv e`n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ pth≠n hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ kmt¶-XnI hnZ-yb - mWv ]vfmkva Kym-kn-^n-t°-j≥. hnI-knX cmP-y-ß-fn¬ {]Nmcw Gdnh-cp∂ ]vfmkva B¿°v/tSm¿®v kmt¶XnI hnZy°v `oa-amb apX¬ap-S°v Bh- i - y - a m- b n- h - c p- ∂ p. loen- b w, B¿K¨, \ntbm¨ t]mep≈ hmXI-ßf - n-eqsS (Inert gas) Db¿∂ thmƒt´Pnepw Id‚nepw D≈ sshZ-ypXn {]hln-°p-tºmƒ Atbm-ssWtkj≥- aqew- kwPm-Xa - m-Ip∂ πm-kva - D≠m-°p∂ Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ F√m-hn[ amen\-y-ßfpw hmX-I-ß-fmbn amdp∂p.ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃv, lkm¿Ukv thÃv , _tbm- s a- U n- ° ¬ thÃv , Bkv_tÃmkv, cmk-am-en-\-y-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw CXn-eqsS kwkvI-cn°mw. temI- Ø nse G‰hpw henb lkm¿Ukv thÃv πm‚ v (P.G.P) ]qs\bn-em-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. shÃnwKvlukv ]v f mkv a tIm¿∏- t d- j s‚ kmt¶- X nI hnZ- y bneqsS (Plasma Torch), lkm¿Ukv thÃv, _tbm-saUn- ° ¬ thÃv , Hmt´msamss_¬ thÃv F∂n-hbpw kao-] -{]-tZ-i-ßfnse 30¬- ]cw- hy-h-kmb bqWn-‰pIfnse thÃp-IfpaS°w- {]Xn-Zn\w 72 S¨ thkv‰ - p-Iƒ- Chn-sS kwkvIc - n-°p∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw e`n- ° p∂ kn≥Kymkv D]- t bm- K n®v 1.6 MW sshZypXnbpw Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. {]-XnZn\w 20˛25 S¨ ame-\-y-ßƒ kwkvI\hw-_¿ 2011

cn-°m-hp∂ sNdn-bXpw- hn-hn-[ Bhiyßƒ-°p-XIp∂Xp-am-b ]n.-Pn.]n πm‚pIfpw e`-y-am-Wv. e£ßƒ- ap-S°n- ÿm-]n-® am-en\y-kw-kv-IcW πm‚p-Iƒ- ]eXpw- amen-\y-Iq-ºm-cßƒ-°p- ap-ºn¬- t\m-°pIp-Øn-Ifm-bn- \n-ev-°p-∂ Im-gv-N \ΩpsS \n- lm-bX°pw- A⁄X°p-ap≈ DØtam-Zm-lcWam-Wv.- B[p-\n-I kwkvI - cW πm‚p-Iƒ- cw-K{]thiw- sNbvXn-´v- A[n-I\m-fp-Iƒ- Bbn-´n-√m-ØXn\m¬- AXn-s‚ Im-cy-£aX \n¿-Ωm-Xm°fp-sS AhIm-ihm-Zßfn¬- am-{XwHXp-ßn-\n¬-°p-∂p.- Bip-]{Xn- thkv‰p-Iƒ- kw-kI v- cn-°p-hm≥- th≠n- Gsd {]Xo-£tbm-sS hm-ßn-b Un-tam-≠vt^m¿-´v- C≥-kn-\n-td‰dp-Iƒ- H∂p-c≠ph¿-jØn-\p-≈n¬- {]h¿-Ø\cln-Xambn- F∂Xv- Hcp- DZm-lcWw- am-{Xw.Bip-]{Xn-Ifn¬- D]tbm-Kn-® kn-dn-©pIƒ- t]m-epw- kw-kI v- cn-°s∏Sm-sX ]pdØp-h∂p.- hn-jhm-XIßƒ πm‚n-s‚ ]m¿-iz-ßfn¬- \n-∂pw- _ln¿-Kan-®p.πm‚n-s‚ D]⁄m-Xm-hv- s{]m-: Un.- sP.]o-°≥- (De Montforte University, U.K.) ]dbp-∂Xv- {i≤n-°p-I.“The design has generally worked well, but regular use in the field has identified weakness that were not evident in the original design”. (De Montforte medical Incinerator’s website)

8.- Iw-tºm-kv-‰nw-MvC≥-Uy-bn-se ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßfn¬GItZiw- 70%˛80% _tbm- Un-s{KbnU_nƒ- BbXn-\m-epw Iw-tºm-kv-‰nwMv- Xm-cXtay-\ sNehp-Ip-d™ kwkv-IcW co-Xn-bm-Ibm-epw- \ap-°vG‰hpw- A\p-tbm-Py-am-b am-en-\y-kwkvI - cW- co-Xn-bm-bn- CXn-s\ Icp-tX≠nbn-cn-°p-∂p.- C≥-Uy-≥- \Kcßfn¬10.2% am-{Xta Iw-tºm-kv-‰n-ßv- \S°p∂p-≈p.- (solid waste generation, collection & disposal in metros CPCB 1999)

hn-hn-[ Iw-t_m-kv-‰nw-Mvco-Xn-Iƒ(i) Fbtdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv-‰nw-Mv ssPh am-en-\y-ßƒ- hm-bp-hn-s‚ (Hm-Ik -v n-Ps‚)- klm-btØm-sS kq-£-v am-Wp-°fp-sS {]h¿-Ø\^eam-bn- Iwtºm-kv-‰v- hfam-bnam-dp-∂ co-Xn-°vFbtdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv-‰nw-Mv- F∂p]dbp-∂p.- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ sNdn-b Iw-tºm-kv-‰- v- _n-∂p-Iƒ- apX¬- s]m-Xp-ÿeßfn¬- D]tbm-Kn-°mhp-∂ hen-b _n-∂p-Iƒ- hsc C∂pe`y-am-Wv.- hm-bp-k©m-cØn-\v- _n-∂pIfp-sS ]m¿-iz-ßfn-epw- ap-Ifn-epw- kpjn-cßƒ- D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- 4˛5 BgvN - Iƒimkv{X-KXn

sIm-≠-v am-en-\y-ßƒ- ssPhhfam-bn- amdp-∂p.- ho-´p-]dºn¬- Ip-gn- Ip-gn-®vssPhm-hin-jv-Sßƒ aq-Sn-bpw- Iw-tºmkv‰ - v- D≠m-°mw._w-•m-tZin-se Um-°m- \KcØn¬{]Xn-Zn-\w- 3500 S¨- ssPham-en-\y-ßƒkw-kI v- cn-°p∂ hfsc efn-Xam-b _mc¬- Iw- t ºm- k v - ‰ nw- M v - co- X n- tem- I {i≤bm-I¿-jn-®p- Ign-™p.- \Ωp-sS \mń¬- D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ sNdn-b Itºmkv-‰p- _n-∂p-Ifp-sS Hcp- hen-b ]Xn-∏vF∂v- CXn-s\ ]dbmw.- temlw- (steel) sIm-≠p-≠m-°n-b _m-cen¬- hm-bpk©m-cØn-\v- kp-jn-cßƒ D≠v.- 400 ]u--≠v- ho-´p-am-en-\y-ßƒ- Hm-tcm- _mcen-epw- kw-kI -v cn-°mw.- _w-•m-tZin-se 26 \Kcßfn¬- _m-c¬- Iwtºm-kv-‰nwMv- co-Xn- Ahew-_n-®phcp-∂p.- Um-°m\KcØn-se am-en-\y-ßfn¬- 70˛80% _tbmUnt{KU_nƒ- BbXn-\m¬- Cukw-hn-[m-\w- hfsc Im-cy-£aam-bn{]h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.- C≥-Uy-bn-se ho-´pam-en-\y-ßfn¬- 70%˛80% ssPham-bXn\m¬- C≥-Uy-bn-epw- Cu- co-Xn- {]m-tbmKn-Iam-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p- thWw- Icp-Xphm≥.(ii) As\tdm-_n-Iv- Itºm-kv‰ - nw-MvssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- hm-bp-hn-s‚ (HmIv-kn-Ps‚)- klm-ban-√m-sX kq-jv-amWp- ° fp- s S {]h¿- Ø \êam- b nItºm-k‰-v m-bnam-dp-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wn-X.v - amen-\y-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- Du¿-÷w- (waste to energy) F∂ XXz-w- C∂v- s]m-Xpsh Aw-Ko-Icn-°s∏ń-´p-≈Xpw- Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ- ip-]m¿-i sNøp-∂Xp-am-Wv._tbm-Kym-k-v πm‚p-Ifn¬- As\tdm-_nIv- kw-kvI - cWam-Wv- \S°p-∂Xv.- CXphgn- D≠m- I p- ∂ ao- s sY≥- K ym- k v (_tbm-Kym-kv)- ]m-NIØn-\v- D]tbmKn-°p-Itbm- Xm-]w- D]tbm-Kn-®-v sshZyp-

Xn- Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-Itbm,-- Xm-]w- Kr-lmhiy-Øn-\-v D]tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm- sNømw.C¥-y≥ \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pd-¥-≈s∏-Sp∂ D—n-jvS-ß-fn¬ 80% IwtºmÃnw-Kn\v DX-Ip-∂-hbpw \yq-{Sn-b≥kv (N.P.K), Cu¿∏w (50-˛55%), Im¿_¨: ss\{S-P≥ tdtjym (25˛40:1) F∂nh _tbm-Ky- mkv D¬∏m-Z\ - Ø - n\v G‰hpwA\p-tbm-Py- a- m-sW∂pw am-t\Pvs - a‚ -v Hm^v- ap≥-kn-∏¬- tkm-fn-Uv- thkv‰ - v- F∂ {KŸØn¬- tUm. ‰n.-hn. cma-N{μ A`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXn-s‚ t\´ßƒ- \nch[n-bm-Wv.1.- BtKm-f Xm-]\sØ Db¿-Øp-∂ ao- s sY≥- K ym- k v - ^e{]Zam- b nD]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw- a\p-jy¿-°pw- Im-cy-am-b tZmjw- D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.2.- ]m-cºcy- Du¿-÷ t{km-X p-IƒIp-d™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ C°meØv - C‘\Øn- \ m- b n- hn- d Iv , s]t{Smƒ,- F¬.-]n.-Pn.- F∂n-hbpsS D]tbm-Kw- C√m-sXbm-°p-hmt\mhfsc Ipdbv°phmt\m- CXv- klmbn-°p∂p-.3.- _tbm-Kym-kv- πm‚n¬- \n-∂pw- e`n°p-∂ …dn \√ hfam-Wv-.- sNSn°v- Ffp-∏Øn¬- hens®Sp-°m≥km-[n-°p-∂ ss\{SP≥-,- s]m-´mkyw, t^m-kv-^dkv- F∂o- kkyt]m-jIßƒ CXn¬- ASßn-bn-cn°p- ∂ p. {_n- ´ o- j v - Kh¨- s a‚ v As\tdm- _ n- I v - Itºm- k v - ‰ nw- M v hfsctbsd t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-hcp∂p.- ]e Kh¨-sa‚p-Ifpw- Cu- kwkv-IcW coXn°v- k_v-kn-Un- G¿s∏Sp-Øp-∂Xn-\pw- k∂≤cm-bn-´p≠v.- tem-IØn-se G‰hpw- hen-b _tbm- Kym-kv- πm‚ v- P¿Ω\n-bn-se sh¬-sSIv- (Weltech) Iº\n- \n¿-

ss]tdm F∂ hm°n\v Zln-∏n-°pI/Pz-en-°pI F∂pw enknkv F∂m¬ th¿Xn-cn-°¬ F∂p-amW¿∞w. Db¿∂ Dujvam-hn¬ ]Zm-¿-∞-ß-fpsS an{in-X-Ønt\m kwbp-‡-Ønt\m D≠m-Ip∂ hnL-S\tam cq]m-¥-co-I-c-Wtam BWv ss]tdm-en-knkv. an°t∏m-gpw- Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚ km-∂n-[y-an-√m-sX 500 Un-{Knsk¬-jy-kn-¬- aq-e[m-Xp-°sf th¿-s]Sp-Øp-∂p.ss]tdm-en-knkv kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bn-eqsS πmÃnIv, Sb-dp-Iƒ, ap≥kn-∏¬ thÃv t]∏¿ F∂-nhsb√mw kwkvI-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p∂p. Ωn-®Xm-sW∂v- - Icp-Xp-∂p.- {]Xn-h¿jw- Hcp- _ney¨Iyq: ASn- _tbmKym-kv- tZio-b Kym-kv- {Kn-Un-te°vs]m-Xp- D]tbm-KØn-\m-bn- CXn¬\n-∂v- \ev-Is∏Sp-∂p. bq-tdm-∏n¬_tbm-Kym-kv- CeIv{- Sn-kn-‰n- DXv] - mZ\w- {]Xn-h¿jw- 17272 Pn-Km- hm-´vAh¿- (GWh) Bbn- h¿-≤n-®p- Ign™p- F∂Xv- \Ωp-sS cm-Py-ØpwAXn- s ‚ A\¥ km- [ y- X Ifnte°m-Wv- hn-c¬- Nq-≠p-∂Xv.(iii) sh¿-an-Iw-tºm-kv‰ - nw-MvaÆn-cIsf D]tbm-Kn-®v- ssPhamen-\y-ßsf Iw-tºm-k‰ v- m-°n- am-‰p-∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXn-\p-]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ _n∂p-Ifn-epw- Sm-¶p-Ifn-epw- ]m¿-iz-`m-KØvASn-`m-KØp-\n-∂p-w- Hen-®n-dßp-∂ {ZmhIw- (Vermi Wash) tiJcn-°m-\p-≈ kw- h n- [ m- \ hp- a p- ≠ v . - Itºm- k v - ‰ pwsh¿ao- hm-jp-w- \√ ssPhhfam-bnsNSn-Iƒ-°pw- hr-£ßƒ-°pw- D]tbmKn-°mw.- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D]tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂ sNdn-b Pm-dp-Iƒ- e`y-am-Wv.- ho-´p]dºn¬- hen-b Sm-¶p-Iƒ- \n¿-Ωn-®p-wsh¿-an-Iw-tºm-kv‰ - v- D≠m-°mw.{]Xn-Zn-\w- 50 sa{Sn-Iv-S¨- hsc ssPh am- e n- \ y- ß ƒ e`y- a m- b ÿeßfn¬- sh¿-an- Iw-tºmkv‰nwMvA\p-tbm-Pyam-bn- Icp-Xp-∂p.-

experience in private sector involvement) am-en-\y-kw-kI v c-WØn\v- (Infrastructure development) henb apX¬ apS°v Bhi-ya - mb-Xn- \m¬ kz-Im-cy-]¶mfn-Øw- G‰hpw- A\p-tbm-Py-sa∂v]T\ßƒ hy- ‡ am- ° p- ∂ p.F∂m¬- kz-Im-cy-]¶m-fn-Øw- kzoIcn-°p-∂Xn¬- Xt±iÿm-]\ßƒ ssha\kyw- Im-´p-∂p.4.- ]cn- ÿ n- X n- ]T\Øn- e pw- kwc£WØn-ep-ap-≈ ho-gN -v (Lack of environmental awareness & weak enforcement) am- e n- \ y- kw- k v IcWw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sb Fßs\ _m-[n-°p-sa∂v- (Environmental Impact Assessment) C≥-Uy≥- amen-\y- kw-kv-IcW \n-ba {]Im-cwXt±iÿm- ] \ßƒ- Adn- ™ ncn-t°≠Xm-Wv.- \yp-X\ im-kv-{Xob am-en-\y- kw-kv-IcW co-Xn-Iƒa\ n-em-°p-hm-\p-≈ {iatam,- ]cnÿn- X n- ° v - tZm- j w- hcm- Ø hn[Øn¬- Ah {]m-h¿-Øn-Iam-°phm-\p-≈ A`n-\n-thitam-,- Xt±i ÿm- ] \ßfn¬-- Im- W p- ∂ n- √ F∂Xpw- \n-baßƒ- ]m-en-°s∏SmXn-cn°p-hm-\p-≈ Im-cWam-bn- Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.-

]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n-tcm-[\wam-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW \nb-a-ßƒ F¥n-\v?]m-en-°s∏Sm-ØsX¥p-sIm-≠v?]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n-s‚ Dev-]m-Z\w- XSbpC≥-Uy≥- \Kcßfn¬- am-en-\y-kwkv-IcW \n-baßƒ- ]m-en-°s∏SmØXn-s‚ Im-cWßsf°p-dn-®-v P¿-Ω≥]cn-ÿn-Xn-a{¥m-ebØn¬- 20 h¿-jwtkh\a\p-jv-Tn-® tUm-:sdPo-\ Uyqs_bp-sS (Senior Adviser, Indo German Environment Programme) t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬\S∂ ]T\ßfn¬- 4 Im-cWßƒ- Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.1. -Xt±i ÿm-]\ßfp-sS Ign-hn-√mbv-a- ( Institutional Weakness) amdn- h cp- ∂ km- a q- l y- ]iv - N m- Ø eßfn¬- Bhn¿-`hn-°p-∂ \q-X\ {]hWXIsf Dƒ-s°m-≈p-hm-\pwssIIm-cyw- sNøp-hm-\p-ap-≈ co-Xnbn-e√ C¥y≥- `cWkw-hn-[m-\wF∂Xpw- kv-‰m-^n-s‚ tbm-Ky-Xbn√m-bv-abpw- am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcW \nbaßƒ- ]m-en-°s∏Sm-ØXns‚ Imc-Wa - mbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. 2.- km-ºØn-I ]cm-[o-\X (Lack of Financial Sustainability) aXn-bm-b ^≠v- e`y-as√∂ hkvXpX am-en\y- kw- k v- I cWsØ hen- b Afhn¬- kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p.3. kz-Im-cy-]¶m-fn-Xzw- kzo-Icn-°p-hm\p-≈ ]cn-Nb°p-dhv (Lack of

hm-t\m- D]tbm-Kw- ]q¿-Æam-bn- \n-tcm[n-°p-hm-t\m- km-[n-°p-sa∂v- hn-Nm-cnt°≠Xn-√.- C≥-Uy-bn¬- 17% hf¿-®m\n-c°p-≈ ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- hy-hkm-bwk¨-ssdkv- C≥-Ukv-{So- F∂m-WvAdn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- skm-ssk‰n- Hm-^v- ]vfm-k‰ -v n-I-v F©n-\o-tbgvk - n-s‚ IW°p{]Im-cw- {]Xn-h¿-jw- 200 an-ey¨- SÆne[n-Iw- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- Dev-]∂ßƒ- temIØv - \n¿- Ω n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . - CXn¬GItZiw- 35% ]m-t°Pnw-ßn-\m-WvD]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.- ]vf - m-k‰ -v n-I-v Im-cn-b¿_m-Kp-Ifpw,- Ihdp-Ifpw,- ho-´p-am-en-\yßƒ- \n-d®v- s]m-Xp-\n-cØp-Ifn¬- \nt£]n-°p-tºmgm-W- v- AXv- Kp-cp-Xcamb Btcm-Ky-{]iv-\ßƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°p∂Xv.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- a\p-jy-s‚- BtcmKy-Øn-\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- F{Xam-{XwtZm- j Icam- s W∂v - \mw- a\ n- e mt°≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.1.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- aÆn¬- ebn-®p- tNcp∂n-√.- kq-cy-{]Im-iØm¬- hn-LSn®v- (Photo degradation) sNdn-b IWnIIfm-bn- th¿-]n-cn-™m-epw- cm-kamen-\y-ßƒ- ASßn-b IWn-IƒaÆn¬- ebn-°m-sX kl{km-_vZßƒ- hsc In- S °pw.- {]tbm\hw-_¿ 2011

P\Icam-b _m-Iv-So-cn-bIsf \in∏n-°p-Ibpw- aÆn-se hm-bp-k©mchpw- Pekw-`cW tijn-bpw- Ipd®v- `q-an-sb Ir-jn-°- v- D]bp-‡a√mXm-°n- Xo¿-°p-Ibpw- sNøp-∂p.2.- Hcn-°epw- ip-≤o-Icn-°m≥- Ign-bmØhn-[w- Pet{km-X p-Isf aen\am°p-Ibpw- Pee`y-X Ip-d°pIbpw- sNøp-∂p.- thƒ-U-v _m-¶n-s‚ dn-t∏m¿-´v- {]Im-cw- 1947¬- {]Xn-h¿jw- Btfmlcn- Pee`y-X 5000 Iyp.- ao.- Bbn-cp-s∂¶n¬- 1997¬AXv- 2000 Iyp.- ao.- Xm-sgbm-bn.1951¬- shkv‰-v _w-Km-fn-se 2574 Iyp.ao.- Btfm-lcn- ip-≤Pe e`y-X 2011¬- 720 Iyp.- ao‰dmbn Np-cp-ßnF∂ Im- c yw- hn- k v - a cn- ° cp- X v -

6.-

7.-

(Environmental awakening- Biswajith Mukherjee & Rahul Ray)

3.- πm-kv-‰n-Iv- \n¿-Ωm-W thfbn¬,D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂ Xm-sse‰p-Iƒ,seUv,- _n-kv-^n-t\mƒ- F- ap-Xemb cm- k hkv - X p- ° ƒ- πm- k v - ‰ n- I v ]Zm¿-∞ßfp-sS {]tXy-IXaq-ew(lower surface energy and lower cohesive strength) πm-kv‰ - n-Iv- X∑m{XIfp-am-bn- kw-tbm-Pn-°p-Ibns√∂v lm≥-Uv-_p-°v- Hm-^v- πmkv-‰n-Iv- t{]m-sk kv F∂-{KŸØn¬- Nm-’v- F.- lm¿-∏¿- A`n{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.-hm-bp,- kq-cy-{]Imiw,- Un-‰¿-P‚ v- F∂n-hbm¬- Cucm-khkv-Xp-°ƒ- thKØn¬- hnLSn-∏n-°s∏Sp-sa∂pw- πm-kv-‰n-IvIfn- ∏ m- ´ ßƒ,- hm- ´ ¿- t _mń¬,t__n- t_m- ´ n¬- F∂n- h bn¬ASßn-b ss_kv-^n-t\mƒ- (BPA),Xm-sse‰p-Iƒ,- seUv- F∂n-h a\pjy-\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw- Gsd tZmjIcam-sW∂pw-- ss_kv^ - n-t\mƒa\p-jy-cn¬- Iym≥-k¿- D≠m-°psa∂pw- seUv- Ip-ń-Ifn¬- im-co-cnIhpw- am-\ko-Ihp-am-b hf¿-®sb ap-cSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw- s\¿-hkv- kn-kv‰sØ tZm-jIcam-bn- _m-[n-°psa∂pw- -sk‚¿- t^m¿- Un-kokvI¨- t {Smƒ- B‚ v - {]nh≥- j ≥(Atlanta-USA) \SØn-b ]T\ßƒhy-‡am-°p-∂p.- Iym-\-U, bqtdm∏-y≥ bqWn-b≥ XpS-ßnb cmP-yßƒ t__n-t_m-ń¬ \n¿ΩmWØn\v ss_kv^n-t\mƒ D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-®p-I-gn-™p. 4.- πm-kv‰ - n-Iv- k©n-Iƒ- aqew- Hm-SIƒAS™v- aen-\Pew- sIń-In-S°m≥CSbm-Ip-∂p. _w-•m-tZin¬- 1988 epw- 1998epw- D≠m-b sh≈s∏m°Øn-\p- {][m-\ Im-cWw- ]v-fm-kv‰n-°v- Iym-cn-b_m-Kp-Ifp-sS _m-lpimkv{X-KXn

8.-

ey- Ø m¬- Hm- S Iƒ- AS™XmsW∂v- Icp-Xp-∂p.- (Green.Com) ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°nse cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ hen- s ®Sp- ° p- ∂ kk- y - ß sfBlcn- ° p- ∂ a\p- j y- \ pw PohPmeßƒ-°pw- AXv- tcm-KtlXphm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.tem-IØv- DXv-]m-Zn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂ s]t{Smƒ-/{]Ir-Xn-hm-XIØn-s‚ 8˛10% hsc ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- \n¿-ΩmWØn-\-v D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- 1 In-tem]v-fm-kv-‰n-°v- \n¿-Ωn-°p-hm-≥- 2 Intem- Hm-bn¬ th≠n-hcp∂p.]vf - m-k‰ -v n-°n-s‚ D]tbm-Kw,- BtKmfXm-]\n-e Db¿-Øp-∂p.- ]v-fm-kv-‰n°n¬- \n-∂pw- hn-LSn-∏n-°s∏Sp-∂ t¢m-dn≥- B‰w- Hm-tkm¨- ]m-fn-Ifnse Hm-Iv-kn-P≥- X∑m-{XIsf hnLSn-∏n-®- v- Hm-tkm-Wn-s\ \in-∏n°p-∂p.- t¢m-dn≥- B‰w- kv-{Sm-t‰mkv^ - n-bdn¬- 20˛100 h¿-jw- hsc \ne\n¬-°p-∂p.- Cu- Im-ebfhn¬Hcp- t¢m-dn≥- B‰Øn-\v- Hcp- e£wHm-tkm¨- X∑m-{XIsf hn-LSn-∏n°p- h m≥- Ign- b p- s a∂v - im- k v {X⁄¿- A`n-{]m-bs∏Sp-∂p.im-kv-{Xo-bam-b do-ssk°n-fn-ßvhfsc sNethdn- b Xm- W v . - dossk°nƒ- sNbv-X ]v-fm-kv-‰n°n¬\n-∂pw- cmk-hkv-Xp-°ƒ- Hen-®ndßm-\p-≈ km-≤y-X hfsc-tbsdbmWv.-

9.- ]vfm-k‰-v n-°-v IØn-°p-tºmƒ- UtbmIvk - n≥,- ^yq-dm≥,- hn-ss\¬- t¢mssdUv,- s_≥-ko≥ F∂o- hn-jhmXIßƒ- A¥co-£Øn-te°v- Dbcp∂p.- CXn¬- ]eXpw- Im≥-kdn-\-v km≤y-Xbp-≈Xm-sW∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Kykw-LS\ km-£y-s∏Sp-Øp-∂p.10.- ^vs - fIvk - -v t_m¿-Up-Iƒ- hn-jIcamb cm-khkvX - p-°ƒ-sIm-≠-v D≠m-°nbXpw a\p-jy-\pw- ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pwGsd tZm-jw- sNøp-∂Xp-am-Ibm¬]cky-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-hm≥- D]tbmKn°cpsX∂v- s]m-fq-j≥- I¨-t{Smƒt_m¿-Uv- CeIvj - ≥- IΩo-jt\m-SvBhiy-s∏Sp-Ibp-≠mbn.11.- 1970 se \m-jW¬- assd≥- am-Ω¬ et_m-d´dn-bn-se imkv-{X⁄∑mcp-sS ]T\Øn¬- Hm-tcm- h¿-jhpw\o¿-\m-b,- ISem-a Xp-Sßn- Hcpe£Øn-e[n-Iw- kap-{ZPo-hn-Ifpw200¬- ]cw- C\ßfn¬- s]´ PohP¥p-°fpw- πmkv-‰n-Iv- ap-tJ\ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p.- bp.- F.- bn.- bn¬acWs∏Sp-∂ H´Ißfn¬- ]Ip-Xnbn-e[n-Iw- πm-k‰ v- n-Iv- Xn-∂p-∂Xp- aqesa∂p- Is≠ØnbXn\m¬ AhnsS πmÃn°v _mKp-Iƒ-°v\ntcm-[\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-°g- n-™p. 12.- πm-kv-‰n-°n-se cm-kam-en-\y-ßƒ,-Io- S \m- i n- \ n- I ƒ,- cm- k hfßƒF∂n-h t]m-seXs∂ F≥tUm-

ss{I≥- {KŸn- I fp- s S {]h¿Ø\sØ _m-[n-°p-∂p-.- Atacn°bn-se s]m-s´m-am-I-v \Zn-bn-se Nne B¨- a’y-ßƒ- (bass fish) ap´bn-Sp-∂Xm-bn- \m-jW¬- Hm-jy-t\m{Km-^n-I-v am-kn-I dn-t∏m¿-´-v sNbvX - p.(Oct. 2010) Atacn-°bn-se Pn-tbmfPn-°¬ k¿-tΔ \SØn-b ]T\Ønepw- Cu- enw- K am‰sØ ÿn--c oIcn°p-∂p.- πm-k‰ v- n-°n-se am-cIamb ]n.-kn.-_n.- (Poly Chlorinated Bisphenol) a’y-ßfn¬- I≠p-hcp∂Xv- a\p-jy-s‚bpw kap-{ZPohn-IfpsSbpw- \n-e\n-ev] - n-\v- `o-jWn-bm-Ip∂p.- Hm¿-° Xn-aw-KeØn-se (orcha whale/killer whale) ]n-.-kn.-_n.,- Af°m≥- D]tbm-Kn-® D]IcW-Øn-se A¶\tØ°mƒ- (Calibration) hfsc Iq-Sp-Xem-bn- I≠v- sajo≥- do-sk‰vsNtø≠n-h∂Xm-bn- ss^‰nw-M-v t_mUn- s]m-fq-jy≥ F∂ ]pkvXIØn¬- t]m-ƒ- {Im-K-v F∂ teJI≥tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.13.- 1997 ¬- Iym-]v-‰≥- Nm-’v-aq¿- F∂ kap- { ZKthjI≥- im- ¥ kap{ZØn¬- lm- h m- b v - Zzo- ] n- \ pw tem- k v - G©¬- k n- \ pw- at≤yAt\I ssa¬- hn-kX -v r-Xn-bn¬- ]vfmkv - ‰ n- I v - Iq- S n- ° n- S °p- ∂ XmbnIs≠Øn.- CXv- Zn- t{K‰v- s]k^nIv- Km¿-t_Pv- ]m®v- - F∂ t]cn¬Adn-bs∏Sp-∂p.- Nn-e¿ CXn-s\ ]vfm-k‰ -v n-I-v kq-∏-v F∂pw- hn-fn-®p-hcp-

∂p.- Dt±iw- 10 ao-‰¿- BgØn-ep≈ Cu- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-Iv- Iq-´w- XcWwsNøm≥- Hcm- g v- N bn- e [n- I wbm{XsNtø≠nh∂p-sh∂v- Nm-’vaq¿- shfn- s ∏Sp- Ø p- ∂ p.- CXn- \ v GItZiw- 705000 S¨- `m-cw- D≠mIp-sa∂v- tem-Im-tcm-Ky-kw-LS\ IW°p-Iq-´p-∂p.- Chbn¬- 80% Icbn¬- \n-∂pw- \Zn-Iƒ- hgn-bpw20% I∏ep-Ifn¬- \n-∂pw- \n-t£]n°s∏´Xm-sW∂pw- kap-{ZPe{]hmlßƒ- (Ocean Currents) Chsb H∂n-®p-Iq-´n-bXm-sW∂pw- im-kv{X⁄¿- A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.- a\pjy¿-°pw- kap-{ZPo-hn-Iƒ-°pw- ]cnÿn-Xn-°pw- CsXm-cp- h≥- hn-]Ømbn- tem- I m- t cm- K y- kw- L S\ hn-ebn-cp-Øp-∂p.- DØc A‰ve - m‚nIv- kap-{ZØn-epw- At\I NXpc{issa¬- hn-kvX - r-Xnbn¬- πm-kv‰ - n°n-s‚ km-∂n-≤yw- Is≠Øn-bn-´p≠v.14.- \ap-°m-hiy-am-b Hm-Iv-kn-Ps‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e[n-Ihpw- e`n-°p-∂Xvkap- { ZØn- s e kq- £ v- a kkyßfm-b At\Iw- ]vf - mw-IS-v Wp-Ifn¬\n-∂m-Wv.- ISen¬- FØn-t®cp-∂ ]vf - m-k‰ -v n-°-v kq-cy-{]Im-iØm¬- hnLSn-®- v- sNdnb IWn-IIfm-bn-- Cukq- £ v - a kky- ß sf BhcWwsNbv-Xv- \in-∏n-°p-∂p.- Ign-™ 20 h¿-jØn-\p-≈n¬- ]vfmw-Iv-SWns‚ Afhn¬- 9% Ip-dhp≠m-bXmbn-

\m-kbn-se _tbm-fPn-kv-‰v- hm-Svk¨- U_yq- t{KKv- im-¥kap{ZØn¬ (North Pacific Ocean) \SØn-b ]co-£Wßƒ- shfns∏Sp-Øp-∂p.-

ho-´p-am-en-\y-kw-kv-IcWw- ˛ Nn-e am-Xr-IIfpw- am¿-§\n¿t±ißfpw[cm-hn- ˛ kq-d‰v- am-Xr-IIƒtem-IØn-se G‰hpw- hen-b tNcn{]tZißfn¬- H∂m-Wv- ap-ss_bn-se [cm-hn.- 175 slIvSdn¬- 6 e£Øntesd P\ßƒ- Xn-ßn-]m¿-°p-∂ CutNcn-{]tZisØ am-en-\y-\n¿-Ωm¿-÷\ co-Xn-bpw- ip-Nn-Xz-hpw- Btcbpw- A¤pXs∏Sp-Øpw.- am-en-\y-ßƒ- kz-bw- th¿Xn-cn-®p- do-ssk°vf - nw-K-v bqWn‰n-te°pwkw-kv-IcW bq-Wn-‰n-te°pw- Ab°p∂p.- ]m-gvh - kvX - p-°ƒ- D]tbm-Kn-®v- IuXp-I hkvX - p-°ƒ- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D≠m-°nh®n-cn-°p-∂p.- tIm-a¨-sh¬-Ø-v sKbnwkv- Im-Wm≥- C≥-Uy-bn-seØnb Nm-ƒkv- cm-PIp-am-c≥- [cm-hn-bp-sS ip-Nn-Xzwt\cn¬- I≠dn-™p.- [cm-hn- {_n-ó-jv\Kcßƒ-°v- am-Xr-Ibm-IWsa∂pwXm≥- Fgp-Xm≥- Dt±in-°p-∂ lm¿-aWnF∂ ]p-kX -v IØn¬- [cm-hn- amXrI ÿm-\w- ]n-Sn-°p-sa∂pw- Adn-bn-®n-´m-W-v Nmƒ-kv- cm-PIp-am-c≥- C≥-Uy-bn¬- \n∂pw- aSßn-bXv-.- Kh¨-ta‚n-t‚tbm,Xt±iÿm-]\ßfp-tSbm- klm-ban-√msXbm-Wv- [cm-hn- \n-hm-kn-Iƒ- am-en\y\n¿-Ωm¿-÷\ {]hr--Øn-Iƒ- sNøp∂sX∂ hkv-Xp-X hfsc {it≤bamWv.- ]cn-kchm-kn-Iƒ- hnNm-cn-®m¬GXp- tNcn-bpw- at\m-lcam-°p-hm≥Ign-bp-sa∂v- [cm-hn-bn-se Zcn-{Zcm-b ZfnX¿- \sΩ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.- am-en-\y-ßƒIqń-bn-´v- aq-°p-s]m-Øn- \m-Ww- sI´p\S°p-∂ km-£cXbn¬- kº∂cm-b \ap-°v- [cm-hn- am-Xr-Ibm-tI≠Xm-Wv.1994 hsc C≥-Uy-bn-se G‰hpw- hrØn-lo-\am-b ]´Wßfn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p- kq-c‰v-.- hr-Øn-lo-\am-b Np-‰p-]m-SpIfn¬- Po-hn-® kq-d‰p-Im-cn¬- atednb,- U¶n-∏\n,- Fen-∏\n,-izm-ktImitcm-Kßƒ,-a™∏n-Øw,- Xz-°v- tcmKßƒ- F∂n-h k¿-Δkm-[m-cWam-bncp-s∂¶n-epw- Hcp- ]cn-lm-cØn-\m-bnP\w- Xm-ev-]cyw- Im-Wn-®n-√.- F∂m¬1994 sk]v-‰w-_dn-¬- ]v-tfKv- acW-Xmfiham-Sn-bt∏mƒ- P\w- \mSp-hn-t´m-Sn.hy- h km- b im- e Iƒ- - AS®p- ] q- ´ n.sjb¿- am¿-°‰v-v XI¿-∂p.- BtcmKy{]h¿-ØIcpw- kp-c£m- {]h¿-ØIcpwkq-d‰n¬- Im-ep-Ip-Øm≥- `bs∏´p-.- Cu{]Xn-k‘n-bn¬ -{io.- Fkv.-B¿.-dm-hpkq-d‰n-se ap≥-kn-∏¬- IΩo-jWdm-bn\n-ban-X\m-bn.- sIń-In-S∂ am-en-\yw- \o\hw-_¿ 2011

°w- sNbv-Xp.- Hm-SIƒ- hr-Øn-bm-°n.hn-Zym-ebßfn-epw- s]m-Xp-P\ßfn-epwt_m- [ hXv - ° cWw- \SØn.- c≠v _°‰p-Iƒ- am-en-\y-tiJcWØn-\m-bnho-Sp-Ifn¬-- h®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- c≠p- h¿jw- sIm-≠-v kqd‰v- C≥-Uy-bn-se Xs∂ ipNnXz \Kcßfn-sem-∂m-bn- FÆs∏´p.- tcm-Kßƒ- hfsc°p-d™p.- kqd‰v - ap≥- k n- ∏ ¬- tIm¿- ∏ tdjs‚ IW°pIƒ-- {]Im-cw- 1995 tabv- ap-X¬hn-hn-[ tcmKßfn¬- 65% Ip-dhp-≠mbXm-bn- tcJs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- {io.dm-hp- Xp-Sßn-b 2 _n≥- Iƒ-®¿- kqd‰p-Im¿- C∂pw- Xp-S¿-∂p-t]m-cp-∂p.2 _n≥- Iƒ-®¿ am-en-\y-_mlp-eyw- Hcp- BtKm-fhn]Øpw- sh√p-hn-fn-bp-am-bnam-dn-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu-ImeL´Øn¬- ssPham-en-\yßƒ- ho-Sp-Ifn¬- D¤hÿm-\ØpXs∂ kw-kvI - cn-°p-Ibpw- a‰p≈h dossk°n-fnw-Kn-\mbn- Gev-]n-°p-IbpwsNøp-I F∂Xm-Wv- {]m-tbm-Kn-Iam-b efn-Xam¿-§w.- amen\y-ßƒ- Ae£y-ambn- hen-s®dn-bm-sX ho-Sp-Ifn¬- c≠v- _n∂p-Iƒ- (A\p-tbm-Py-am-b _°‰p-Itfmk©n-Itfm)- h®v- AXn¬- H∂n¬ssPham-en-\y-ßfpw- c≠m-atØXn¬- dossk°n-fnw-Kn-\p-≈ am-en-\y-ßfpw- \nt£]n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-W-v 2 _n≥-Iƒ-®¿F∂dn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv.- tem-IØn-se an-° cm-jv-{Sßfn-epw- C≥-Uy-bn-se ]e \Kcßfn-epw- 2 _n≥-Iƒ-®¿- \n-ehnep-≠v.- do-ssk°n-fn-w-Kv- thkv-‰p-Iƒ{]tXy-Iw- im-k{v- Xo-bam-bn- th¿-Xn-cn-®pkw-kv-Icn-°p-hm≥- hn-Ikn-X cm-jv{Sßfn¬- kw-hn-[m-\ap-≠.v - B ku-Icyßƒ- C√m-Ø \Ωp-sS \m-´n¬- 4 _n∂p-Iƒ- Icp-Xp-Ibm-Wv- A\p-tbm-Pyw.H∂n¬- ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- \n-t£]n°p-I.- Iw-t_m-k‰-v /-v _tbm-Kym-k-v ]vf - m‚ -v F∂n-h D≈h¿-°v- AXn¬- t\cn-´p- \nt£]n-°p-Ibpam-Imw.- As√¶n¬- hr£ßƒ-°-v hfam-bn- C´p-sIm-Sp-°p-Itbm]dºn¬- Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sp-Itbm- BImw.c≠m-atØXn¬- ]vf - m-k‰-v n-°/-v t]∏¿Dev-]∂ßƒ- am-{Xw- \n-t£]n-®v- dossk°n-fnw-Kn\v- - Gev-]n-°p-I.aq-∂m-atØXn¬- CeIv-t{Sm-Wn-°vshbv-kv-‰v- \n-t£]n-°p-I.- kn.-F^v.F¬,- Syq-_v-sse‰v- F∂nh s]m-´m-sX kq-£n-°Ww.- ]p-Xn-b _ƒ-_v- hm-ßp∂ Ihdn¬- ]gb _ƒ-_v- kq-£n-®m¬Ch s]m´m-sX kq-£n-°mw.- CeIv{- tSmWn-I-v If£≥- sk‚dp-Ifn¬- Ch Gev]n-°Ww.\m-em-atØXn¬- s]m-´n-b Nn-√p-Iƒ/•m- -v F∂n-h \n-t£]n-°p-I.- Chbpwdo-ssk°n-fnwKn\v- \¬-Ip-I.Hcp- _ v- Sn-°t‰m,- an-Tm-bn- Ih¿imkv{X-KXn

t]m-ep-tam- hen-s®dn-bm-sX _n-∂p-Ifn¬\n- t £]n- ° p∂ Hcp- kw- k v - ° m- c whfcWw.- ISbn¬- km-[\ßƒ- hm-ßphm≥- t]m-Ip-tºmƒ- Hcp- k©n- (Xp-Wn/NWw-/t]∏¿-)- FSp-°p-hm≥- ad°m-Xncn-°p-I.- `£W km-[\ßfpw- a‰v- kma{Kn-Ifpw- AXym-hiy-Øn-\p- am-{Xw- hmßp-I.- tem-IØv- C∂v- - GItZiw- HcptIm-Sn- P\ßƒ- ]´n-Wn- aq-ew- acWaSbp∂p-s≠∂ hkvX - p-X Adn-™v- \Ωp-sS [q¿-Ø-v Ahkm-\n-∏n-®m¬-- `q-an-bp-sS amen-\y-`m-cw- hfsc°p-dbp-sa∂Xv- \n-kvX¿-°am-W.v P\{]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I {]h¿-ØIcp-w- am-en-\y- kw-kv-°cW co-Xn-Iƒ- ]Tn-°p-Ibpw- P\ßfn¬i‡am-b t_m-[hXv-IcWw- \SØpIbpw- thWw.- ssPham-en-\y-ßƒ- DXv`h ÿm-\Øp- Xs∂ kw-kv-Icn-°phm- \ p- ≈ kw- h n- [ m- \ w- Hcp- ° Ww- . Xt±iÿm-]\ßƒ- do-ssk°nfnw-Kn-\p≈hbpw-,- CeIvt- {Sm-Wn-I-v thkv‰ - p-Ifpw{]tXy-Iw- tiJcn-®v- IfIv-j≥- sk‰pIfn¬- FØn-°Ww.- am¿-°‰p-Ifn-epwAdhp-im-eIfn-epw- im-kv{- Xo-b \q-X\ kw-kvI - cW πm‚p-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-°Ww.-

kw-kv-IcW πm‚p-Iƒ°v- - k_v-kn-UnA\p-hZn-°Ww.- Ae£y-am-bnam-en\y-ßƒ- s]m-Xp-\n-cØp-Ifn¬- \n-t£]n°p-∂hcn¬- \n-∂pw- h≥- Xp-I ]n-gbmbn- Cu- S m- ° Ww.- BhiyØn\v thkv‰ - v_ - n-∂p-Iƒ-- ÿm-]n-°Ww.aÆpw- hn-Æpw- sh≈hpw- ]cn-lcn°m-\m-IØhn-[w- aen-\am-°p-∂ ]v-fmkv‰ - n-°v- Dev] - ∂ßƒ- Ign-hXpw- Hgn-hm°n-bpw- ]vf - m-kv‰ - n-°v- Ihdp-Ifpw- k©nIfpw- Xo¿-Øpw- Hgn-hm-°n-bpw- \ap-°vkaq-lsØ c£n-°mw.- At\I temI cm-j{-v Sßƒ- Cu- hn-]Øp-Iƒ- a\ nem-°n- ]v-fm-kv-‰n-°n-\v- \n-tcm-[\w- G¿s∏Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.- F≥-tUmkƒ-^m≥,- Un.-Un.-‰n- F∂o- am-cI IoS\m-in-\n-Iƒ- Hgn-hm-°m≥- AXn-\n-cbmb At\Iw- Aw-KsshIey-ap-≈ Ip-´nIsf {]Z¿-in-∏n-t°≠n- h∂ AXn-Zmcp-Wam-b ÿn-Xn-hn-tijw- ]vf - m-k‰ -v n-°ns‚ Im-cy-Øn-epw- D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°m≥\ap-°v- Pm-{KX ]m-en-°mw.- \ap-°pth≠n- , - \Ωp- s S Ip- ™ p- ß ƒ- ° pth≠n- GIa\t m-sS H‰s°´m-bn- \mSn- s ‚ am- e n- \ y- \ n¿- Ω m- ¿ - ÷ \bXv \Øn¬- \ap-°pw- `m-K`m-°m-Imw.-

Ih¿tÃmdn s{]m^. ]n.-sI. cho-{μ≥

tIc-fØ - nse

\K-ch - X - vIc - W - Ø - ns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ \Kc P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb h¿[\ tIc-f-Øn¬ AJn-te¥ym icm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. 2001-˛¬ samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 26 iX-am\w am{X-am-bncp∂ \mK-cnI P\-kwJy 2011 Bb-t∏m-tg°v 47.72 iX-am-\-ambn h¿[n-®p.

2011-˛se sk≥k-kns\ ASn-ÿm\-am-°n-bp≈ {]mY-anI hnh-c-ßƒ e`y-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Zi-h’ - c P\-kw-Jym-h¿[\ 4.86 iXam-\a - m-Wv. (1991-˛01 Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ CXv 9.43 iX-am-\a - m-bn-cp-∂p). h¿[-\hv IqSpX¬ (13.39 iX-am-\w) ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnem-Wv. ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√-bn¬ 3.12 iXam\w Ipd-hmWv P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mbXv. \Kc P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb h¿[\ tIc-fØ - n¬ AJn-te¥ym icm-ic - n-tb°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. 2001-˛¬ samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 26 iX-am\w

am{X-am-bn-cp∂ \mK-cnI P\-kwJy 2011 Bb-t∏m-tg°v 47.72 iX-am-\-ambn h¿[n-®p. P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 74 iX-am-\ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ {KmaoW P\-kwJy 52.28 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXm-bXv {KmaoW P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 25.95

iX-am-\-Øns‚ Ipdhpw \mK-cnI P\kw-Jy-bn¬ 92.72 iX-am-\Ø - ns‚ h¿[\hpw BWp-≠m-bX - .v {KmaoW P\-kwJy-bn¬ 6118494 Ipd-bp-Ibpw \mK-cnI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 7665171 s‚ h¿[-\-hp≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (]-´nI 1)

]´nI 1- -˛ {Kma, \Kc P\-kwJy 2001, 2011 2001 2011 h¿[-\hv h¿[\ iX-am\w BsI P\-kwJy 31841000 33387677 1546677 4.86 {Kmao-WP - \ - k - wJy 23574000 17455506 ˛6118494 ˛25.95 \mK-cnI P\-kwJy 8267000 15932171 7665171 92.72 \hw-_¿ 2011

CXmWv 10 h¿jwsIm≠v tIc-fØn-ep-≠mb \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ hen-∏w. CXv {]Y-a-ZrjvSym A¿Y-am°p-∂-sX-¥m-Wv? tIc-f-Ønse {Kmaß-fn¬\n∂v 61 e£-Øn-te-sd-t∏¿ \K-c-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-sb∂pw ({Kma- ß - f n¬ P\- k wJy h¿[n- ® ns√∂pw IW-°m-°n-s°m≠v) Ch-cS°w 76 e£-Øn-tesd P\-ßƒ \Kc-ß-fn¬ h¿[n-®p-sh-∂p-am-Wv. CXv Akm- [ y- a m- s W∂v H‰- t \m- ´ - Ø n¬ Xs∂ a\- n-em-Ipw. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ tIc- f - Ø nse \K- c - h - X v I - c WsØ amaq¬ ]cn-K-W-\-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kX v a - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠n-bn-cn°p-∂p. \ΩpsS \K-cß - f - n-te°v {Kmaß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn-tb‰w F{X-tØmf-am-Wp-≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv? \K-c-ß-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ F{X-am{Xw h¿[-\h - p≠m-bn-´p≠v F∂mWv CXn-\p-th≠n BZyw ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xv. {Kma-ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ IpSn- t b‰ km[yX G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xmbn ]cn-KW - n°m-hp∂ tIm¿]td-j\ - p-If - psS Imcysa-Sp-°mw. 2001-˛\pw 2011-˛-\pw CSbv°p≈ ]Øp-h¿j-ß-fn¬ Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cØpw sIm®n-bnepw \ma-am-{Xamb P\-kwJym h¿[-\h - p-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ sIm√w, Xriq¿, tImgn-t°mSv tIm¿]td-j-\p-I-fn¬ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ Ipd-hph- ∂ - X m- b mWv 2011- ˛ se {]mY- a nI sk≥kkv hnh-cß - ƒ ImWn-°p-∂X - .v A©p tIm¿]-td-j\ - p-If - p-sa-Sp-Øm¬ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 0.0022 iX-am-\Ø - ns‚ Ipd-hmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. (]-´nI 2) sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb a‰p \K-cß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw P\-kwJym h¿[-\-h-√, Ipd-hm-Wp-≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Fß-s\-bmWv sk≥kkv IW°p-Iƒ {]Imcw tIc-f-Ønse \mKcnI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ C{X-tbsd h¿[\-hp-≠m-bXv F∂-t\z-jn-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iyam-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mep-Xcw \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf-bmWv sk≥kkv IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-∂X - v.

]´nI 2˛tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-fnse P\-kwJy 2001, 2011 tIm¿]-td-j≥ P\-kwJy h¿[-\hv h¿[\ iX-am\w 2001 2011 Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 744983 752490 7507 1.008 sIm√w 361560 349033 ˛12527 ˛3.96 sIm®n 595575 601574 5999 1.007 Xriq¿ 317526 315596 ˛1930 ˛0.607 tImgn-t°mSv 436556 432097 ˛4459 ˛1.02 BsI 2456200 2450790 ˛5410 ˛0.0022

2. \K-c-ß-fpsS ]pdw hf¿® (Urban Outgrowth)

Hcp \K-c-Øns‚ kao-]-ÿ-amb {Kma-{]-tZ-i-Øv sshZyp-Xn, ss]∏p-sh≈w, hnZym-`ymk BtcmKy ÿm]-\ßƒ, \√ tdmUp-Iƒ, _m¶p-Iƒ, t]mÃv Hm^okv XpS-ßnb \mK-cnI kuI-cy-ßƒ e`y-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ahn-

SsØ P\-ßƒ \mK-cnI P\-ß-fpsS KW-Øn¬ hcp-∂p.

3. \Kc k©bw

(Urban

agglomeration)

Hcp henb \K-c-Øn\p Np‰p-ambp≈ sNdnb \K-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Ahbv°n-S-bn-ep≈ {Kma-ß-fp-sSbpw Iq´amWv \Kc k©-bw. CXnse P\-

sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ{]Im-c-ap≈ {Kma-ß-fpsS FÆw 2001-˛se 1364 ¬\n∂v 2011-˛¬ 1018 Bbn Ipd™p. CXmWv tIc-f-Ønse \K-c-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X. tdmUv, sshZyp-Xn, IpSn-sh-≈w, hnZym-ebw, Bip-]-{Xn, _m¶v, t]mÃv Hm^okv XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßƒ \mK-cn-I-sa∂p IW-°m°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ CØcw kuI-cy-ß-fp≈ {Kma-ßƒ \K-c-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

1. \nb-ta-\-bp≈ \K-c-ßƒ: tIm¿]-td-j-\p-Iƒ, ap\n-kn-∏m-en‰n-Iƒ, It‚m¨sa‚p-Iƒ, SuWp-Iƒ, F∂n-ßs\ \nb-am-\p-krXw cq]o-IrX-amb \K-c-ßƒ. sk≥kkv hnh-cßƒ tiJ-cn® 2009 Unkw-_¿ 31-˛\v tIc-f-Øn¬ CØcw 59 \K-c-{]-tZ-iß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. 5 tIm¿]-td-j-\p-Iƒ, 53 ap\nkn∏men- ‰ n- I ƒ, IÆq¿ It‚m¨sa‚ v. (2001-˛se sk≥kkv Ime-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ CSp°n Su¨jn∏v C√m-Xm-bn). ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠mb ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ sk≥kkv IW°n¬ h∂n-´n-√. imkv{X-KXn

ßfpw \K-cP - \ - X - b - m-bmWv IW-°m-°s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 2001 sk≥k-kn¬ sIm®n \K-c-Ønse P\-kwJy 595575 Bbncp-∂p. F∂m¬ sIm®n \Kc k©-bØn-t‚Xv 1355972 Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu \Kc-k-©bw Ct∏mƒ IqSp-X¬ hep-Xmbn-´p-≠m-Ipw.

IqSp-X¬. c. ]pcpj sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS 75 iX- a m- \ - Ø n- e - [ nIw Im¿jn- t IXchrØn-bn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-I. CØcw {]tZ-iß - f - psS Imcy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ KWy-amb h¿[-\-hm-Wp≠m-b-Xv. 2001-˛se sk≥kkv{]Imcw

]´nI 3 -˛sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ 2001 Dw 2011 Dw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-Xayw Pn√ sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ 2001-˛2011 h¿[-\hv 2001 2011 Imk¿tKmUv 5 25 20 IÆq¿ 38 60 22 hb-\mSv C√ C√ C√ tImgn-t°mSv 10 48 38 ae-∏pdw C√ 39 39 ]me-°mSv 1 17 16 Xriq¿ 21 128 107 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 16 47 31 CSp°n C√ C√ C√ tIm´bw 2 13 11 Be-∏pg 6 33 27 ]Ø-\w-Xn´ C√ 1 1 sIm√w C√ 24 24 Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw C√ 26 26 BsI 99 461 362

4. sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ: sk≥kkv IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kz`m-h-ß-fp≈ {]tZ-i-ßsfbpw \K-cß - f - mbn IW-°m-°pw. a. Npcp-ßnb P\-kwJy 5000. b. P\-km-{μX N.-In.-ao-‰d - n\v 400-˛¬

tIc-fØ - n¬ 99 sk≥kkv \K-cß - f - mWp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 2011 sk≥k-kn¬ CXv 461 Bbn h¿[n-®p. ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Xriq¿ Pn√-If - n¬ CØc-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿[\ hfsc hep-XmWv. C°mcyw ]´nI 3˛¬ \n∂p-Im-Wmw.

]´nI 4 ˛ \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bnse am‰w 2001-˛2011 Pn√m-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ \K-cP - \ - k - wJy (%) hyXymkw hf¿® (%) Pn√ 2001 2011 Imk¿tKmUv 19.41 38.78 19.37 99.79 IÆq¿ 50.35 65.05 14.70 29.20 hb-\mSv 3.79 3.87 0.08 2.11 tImgn-t°mSv 38.25 67.10 28.85 75.42 ae-∏pdw 9.82 44.19 34.37 350 ]me-°mSv 13.62 24.09 10.47 76.87 Xriq¿ 28.22 67.19 38.97 138.09 Fd-Wm-Ipfw 47.56 68.07 20.51 43.12 CSp°n 5.10 4.70 13.22 86.07 tIm´bw 15.36 28.58 (˛) 0.4 (˛) 7.84 Be-∏pg 29.46 54.06 24.6 83.50 ]Ø-\w-Xn´ 10.03 11.00 0.93 9.27 sIm√w 18.02 46.11 28.09 155.88 Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 33.76 53.80 20.04 59.36

CXn-\-\p-k-cn®v sk≥kkv IW°p-Iƒ{]Im-ca- p≈ {Kma-ßf - psS FÆw 2001-˛se 1364 ¬\n∂v 2011-˛¬ 1018 Bbn Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXmWv tIc-fØnse \K-ch - X - vIc - W - Ø - ns‚ {]tXyI-X. tdmUv, sshZyp-Xn, IpSn-sh-≈w, hnZym-e-bw, Bip-]-{Xn, _m¶v, t]mÃv Hm^okv XpS-ßnb ASn-ÿm\ kuIcy-ßƒ \mK-cn-Is - a∂p IW-°m-°s - ∏Sp-tºmƒ CØcw kuI-cy-ß-fp≈ {Kma-ßƒ \K-cß - f - mbn IW-°m-°s - ∏Sp-I-bm-Wv. {]iv\w \K-c-Øn\pw \K-cku-I-cy-ßƒ°pw \¬Ip∂ \n¿h-N\- Ø n- t ‚- X m- W v . Cu \n¿h- N \w XpS¿∂m¬ CSp-°n, hb-\m-Sv, ]Ø-\wXn´ Pn√-If - nse GXm\pw {Kma-ßs - fmgn-sI-bp≈ tIcfw A∏msS \K-c-ambm-bn-cn°pw 2021-˛se sk≥kkv IW°m-°p-I. \nb-ta-\-bp≈ \K-c-ßƒ, \K-c-ß-fpsS ]pdw hf¿® (outgrowth) sk≥kkv \K-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-bnse P\-ßsf \K-cP - \ - k - w-Jy-bm-°n-bt- ∏mgmWv tIc-fØ - nse \mK-cnI P\-kwJy 2001-˛se 26 iX-am-\Ø - n¬\n∂v 2011-˛¬ 47.72 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂-Xv. Cu hyXymkw tIc-f-Ønse hnhn[ Pn√I-fn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv F∂v ]´nI 4˛¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. 2001-˛se sk≥k-kv{]-Imcw \K-cP-\-kw-Jy-bpsS A\p-]mXw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ (50.35 iX-am-\w) IÆq¿ Pn√bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 2011-˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw Fd-Wm-Ipfw (68.07) Xriq¿ (67.19) tImgn-t°mSv (67.10) Pn√-Iƒ°v ]nd-In-emWv IÆq-cns‚ (65.05) ÿm\w. ae-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, Xriq¿, sIm√w Pn√-If - n¬ \K-cP - \ - k - w-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb IpXn-®p-Nm´w {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°-≠Xm-Wv. CSp-°n-bn¬ h∂ Ipdhv 2001˛¬ Su¨jn- ∏ mbn IW- ° m- ° nb CSp°n Su¨jn∏v C√m-Xm-b-Xp-sIm≠m-Wv. hb-\m-Sv, CSp-°n, ]Ø-\w-Xn´ Pn√- I - f n¬ sk≥kkv hne- b n- c pØ¬{]Imcw \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ henb hyXymkw D≠m-bn-√. CXv {][m\-ambpw Pn√-I-fnse {Kma-ßsf P\km-{μX Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ sk≥kkv \K-cß - f - mbn IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv; \mK-cnI kuI-cyßƒ Xosc C√msX h∂-Xp-sIm-≠√ - . \K- c - ß fnte°p≈ IpSn- t b‰w tIc-f-Øn-en√ F∂Xp icn-X-s∂. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS \K-cß - f - n¬ Xmh-fa - Sn-°p∂ A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fnIƒ Cu IW-°p-I-fn-sem-∂pw-s]-Sp∂n√ F∂Xp {]tXyIw Hm¿t°-≠Xp-≠.v AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \K-cß - f - n¬ Znh-tk\ h∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]Xn-\m-bn-cßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ ""P\-km-{μX''bpw ]cn-KW - n-t°-≠X - p-≠v. \hw-_¿ 2011

cmjv{SX{¥w tUm. Fw. ]n. ]c-ta-iz-c≥

Ata-cn-°b- n¬ Bcw-`n® Hcp sImSp¶m-‰v, Hcp Npg-en-°m‰v bqtdm-∏n-te°pw temI-Øns‚ a‰p kmº-ØnI tI{μß- f n- t e°pw hym]n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. CXns\ Hcp kmaqly ˛ kmº-ØnI Npg-en-°m-‰v F∂p hnfn°mw ˛ a socioeconomic twister. I{Xo-\-t]m-ep≈ Npg-en-Iƒ A¥-cn-£-Øn-emWv cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Cu Npgen cq]w-sIm≠Xv P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-Øn-em-Wv. NqXm´ apX-em-fn-ØØ - n¬ cq]w-sIm-≠ Hcp Npg-en. F≥tdmWpw selvam≥ {_tZgv k pw Ah- t ]mse \nc- h [n hepXpw sNdp-Xp-amb kmº-ØnI Ip‰hm-fn-Ifpw IqSn BtKmf \ntbm-en-_d¬ kºZv hyh-ÿsbXs∂ IS-]p-g°n- t b- ° m- h p∂ Hcp Npgen°p≈

kml-Ncyw krjvSn-®n-cn-°b - m-Wv. 1920 Ifn¬ D≠mb amμyw t]mse A{X Xo{h-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-´n√ C∂sØ Ahÿ. F∂m¬ \msf AXnepw IqSpX¬ `oI-c-amImw ÿnXn. A∂v AXv apX-em-fnØ temI-sØ-bmWv Imcyambn _m[n-®X - v. C∂v temIw apgp-h≥ Hscm‰ apX-em-fnØ kXz-am-Wv. BXy¥n-I-ambn BtKmf kºZv hyh-ÿbn¬, hninjy hnI-knX cmPy-ßf - psS kºZv hyh-ÿb - n¬, hcp∂ Akz-ÿX-Iƒ F√m cmPy-ß-fnsebpw F√m P\-ßsfbpw _m[n-°p-∂X - m-Wv. \h-en-_-d¬ kºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsSbpw Ata-cn-°≥ B¿Øn-bp-sSbpw Cc-I-fmb Ad_v cmPy-ß-fpsS KXntISv krjvSn® {]Xn-Ic - W - ® - p-ge - n-bm-bn-

cp∂p 2001 k]vXw-_¿-˛11. A∂v i{Xphns‚ {]Xo- I - a mbn Ah¿ I≠Xv temI-hym-]m-cØ - ns‚ kncm-tI-{μ-amb thƒUv t{SUv sk‚¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. HcpX-c-Øn-ep≈ Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-kvt\l-sa∂ {`m¥v Bfn-°Ø - n-°m≥ A∂v Ata-cn-°≥ `c-WI - q-SØ - n\p Ign-™p. A^vKm-\n-kY v m-s\bpw ]n∂oSv Cdm-°ns\bpw B{I-an-°m\pw e£-°-W°n\v \nc-]-cm-[n-Isf sIms∂m-Sp°m\pw Ata-cn-°≥ P\X Iq´p-\n-∂p. AsX, Ah¿ {`m¥p-]nSn® A{I-an-Ifmbn amdn. P\-ß-f-√, `c-W-Iq-S-amWv DØ-ch - mZn F∂p ]d™v Ahsc Ip‰hn-ap-‡-cm-°m≥ ]‰n-√. Ign™ 200 sIm√- a mbn temI- a msI A{Iaw hnX®p \S-°p∂ c≠p cmjv{So-b∏ - m¿´n-

9/11 ¬ \n∂v 9/17- te°v

hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬ kacw imkv{X-KXn

I-sfbpw ˛ dn∏-ªn-°∑ - m-scbpw sUtam{Im- ‰ p- I - s fbpw ˛ tXmev ] n- ° m\pw dm¬^v \mU-dpsS {Ko≥ ]m¿´nsb Pbn∏n-°m\pw Ah¿°v aq∂v Ah-kc - ß - ƒ e`n-®p. shdpw 6 iX-am\w t]cmWv {Ko≥ ]m¿´n°p thm´p sNbvXX - .v Atacn-°b - nse km[m-cW P\-ßfpw AhcpsS Kh-s◊‚p -sNbvX FÆ-a‰ Ip‰Ir-Xy-ßf - psS ]m]-`mcw t]dm≥ _m[yÿ-cm-W.v F∂m¬ ]Xp-s°∏Xps° Ata-cn°≥ `c-Wh - ¿K-sa∂ \c-t`mPn kz¥w P\-ß-fpsS amwkw-IqSn `£n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. temI-Øn¬ h®v G‰hpw A[nIw kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw D≈ cmPy-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ. \h-en-_-d-en-khpw DZm-ch - X - I v c - W - hpw hnI-kz-cc - m-Py-ßs - fsb-∂-t]mse kº-∂-cm-Py-amb Atacn-°b - nse km[m-cW - ° - m-cpsS Pohn-XsØbpw _m[n-®p. Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-KØ - ns‚ IjvvS- ∏ - m-Sp-Iƒ°v sXs√-¶nepw im¥n \¬In-bn-cp∂ kmaq-ly-kp-c£ - m-\S- ] - Sn-Iƒ Hmtcm-t∂m-tcm-∂mbn ]n≥h-en°p- I tbm Zp¿_- e - s ∏- S p- Ø p- I tbm sNbvXphcnIbmbn-cp-∂p. sIbv\ojy≥ t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\k - n-≤m-¥t- ØmSv Ah¿ Ft∂ hnS- ] - d - ™ n- c p- ∂ p. “hmjn-MSv ¨ ka-hmbw” F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂, kvanYn-b≥ en_-d-enk-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn∏v ˛ \h-en-_d-enkw ˛ kmaq-ly-kp-c£ - m-\S- ] - S- n-Iƒ am¿°- ‰ ns\ Ae- t ¶m- e - s ∏- S p- Ø psa∂pw AXn-\m¬ ]Sn-∏-Sn-bmbn C√mXm- ° - W - s a∂pw iTn- ® p. Aßs\ Btcm-Kyw, hnZym`ymkw, ]m¿-∏n-Sw, hm¿[-Iyw, sXmgn-en-√mbva apX-emb

Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn-®p≠m-Ip∂ kmº-Øn-I-amμy-ßfpw h≥tXm-Xnep≈ kvImap-Ifpw h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ ]W-s∏cp-∏hpw F√mw IqSn `qcn]£wt]cp-sSbpw bYm¿Y hcp-am\w KWyambn Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn. F≥tdm¨ s]mfn-™mepw selva≥ {_tZgvkv s]mfn-™mepw Bcp ]m∏-c-Sn-®m-epw, \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah¿°m¿-°p-a-√. Ahsc c£n-°m≥ Kh¨-sa‚p-≠v. Zcn-{Z-cpsSbpw CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsSbpw sIm®p-sIm®p \nt£-]-ßfmWv X´n-sbSp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

cwK-ßf - n¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂ B\p-Iq-eyßƒ KWy-ambn sh-ń-®p-cp-°n. AtX kabw Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn-®p-≠mIp∂ kmº-Øn-Ia - m-μy-ßfpw h≥tXmXn-ep≈ kvImap-Ifpw h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ ]W- s ∏- c p- ∏ hpw F√mw IqSn `qcn]£wt]cp-sSbpw bYm¿Y hcp-am\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-∂X - n\p Imc-Wa - m-bn. F≥tdm¨ s]mfn-™mepw selva≥ {_tZgvkv s]mfn-™mepw Bcp ]m∏c-Sn-®m-epw, \jvSs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah¿°m¿°p-a-√. Ahsc c£n-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚p-≠v. Zcn-{Z-cp-sSbpw CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsSbpw sIm®p-sIm®p \nt£-]ß - fmWv Xń- s b- S p- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . C√m- Ø - h \n¬\n∂v D≈-h-\n-te-°p≈ kºØns‚ {]hmlw A\p- k yqXw XpS¿∂p; Ak- a Xzw XpS¿®--b mbn h¿[n-®p-h-∂p. Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ Xo{hX XpS¿®-bmbn i‡n-s∏-´p; kl-\k - o-abpsS s\√n-∏Sn ImWm-dm-bn. Ah¿ s]mń-sØ-dn-®p. bphm-°fpw hr≤∑mcpw hnb‰v\mw tbm≤m-°fpw kaXz-hm-Zn-Ifpw F√mw s]mń-sØ-dn-®p. GXm\pw BgvN-I-fmbn Ah¿ ]pIbp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-km\w Ah¿ kº-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\w˛ \yqtbm¿°nse hmƒ kv{So‰v Itø-dn. k]vXw-_¿ 17 \v BWv Cu s]mńsØ-dn-bpsS Bcw`w Ipdn-®Xv . 9/11 s‚ kμ¿`-Øn-se-∂t- ]m-se, 9 /17 \pw {]Xn-tj-[-Øns‚ e£yw temI-ap-Xem-fn-Ø-Øns‚, aqe-[-\-Øns‚, Xeÿm-\-am-W.v CØ-hW hmƒkv{So‰v. Af apń-bm¬ tNcbpw ISn°pw F∂v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Hcp ]g-s©m-√p-≠v. Ata-cn-°≥ P\X kmam-t\y\ tNcIfm-bn-cp-∂n-√. hnj-ap≈ ]mºp-Iƒ Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. \ntbm-en-_d- ¬ apXem-fnØw Ah-cpsS hnj-k©n-Iƒ Icn-®p-I-f-™p. Ah¿ shdpw tNc-Ifmbn amdn. KXn-sI´ t{]X-ß-fm-bn. Ah- k m\w Xncn- ™ m- { I- a n- ° m≥ XpSßn. 9/17 AXns‚ XpS-°-am-Wv. ]Xn-\m--bn-c-°W°n\v Bfp-Iƒ hmƒ kv{So‰v Itødn. Ahsc ]ncn-®p-hn-Sm≥ ]´m-f-°m¿ Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-s]mSn Nmºn. F∂m¬ Ah¿ ]n∑m-dn-bn-√. \yqtbm¿°n¬ am{X-a√ \q‰p-°W - ° - n\p ]´-Wß-fnepw {]Xn-tj[w apt∂-dn-s°m-≠ncn-°-bm-Wv. bqtdm∏nepw {]Xn-tj-[Øns‚ Ae ASn-°m≥ XpS-ßnbncn°p∂p. Zn\w-{]Xn hf¿∂p-hc - n-Ib - m-W.v bphm-°ƒ°v hnZym-`ymk-Øn\v I-gn-bp∂n-√; sXmgn-en-√m-bva h¿[n-°p-∂p; hr≤¿°v Blm- c hpw tcmK- N n- I n’bpw h¿[n-®-tXm-Xn¬ A{]m-]y-ambn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p; hmWw-t]mse IpXn-®p-b-cp∂p NnIn-’m-®n-ehv; PohX--Imew apgp-h≥ ]m¿∏n-S-Øns‚ EW\hw-_¿ 2011

`m-cØ - n¬ sRcn-™a - c - p∂ Ahÿ ˛ Adn-bm-sX-Xs∂ Ah¿ B¿Øp-hnfn®p: Cu hyhÿ amdWw; [\n-Icmb Hcp iX-am-\-Øn-\p-th≠n \nesIm-≈p∂ hyh-ÿbpw k¿°mcpw amd-Ww. 2000-Øn¬ Bcw-`n® thƒUv tkmjy¬ t^md-Øns‚ ap{Zm-hm-Iyw, “as‰mcp temIw km[y-amWv” F∂ ap{Zm-hmIyw G‰p-hn-fn-°m≥ Ipd-®pt]tc D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈p. Ct∏mƒ e£°-W-°n-\m-fp-Iƒ Xßƒ Adn-bm-sXX-s∂ hnfn®p ]d™p: Cu hyhÿ amd-Ww, as‰m∂p thWw. F∂m¬ Cu “as‰m∂v” F¥mWv? IrXy-ambn \n¿h-Nn-°m≥ Ah¿°v C\nbpw Ign- ™ n- ´ n- √ . ]n≥h- e n® GXm\pw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ ]p\x-ÿm]n-®m¬ ˛ apX-em-fn-h¿K-Øn\v AXv Ign-bpw ˛ Ct∏m-gsØ ka-c-Øns‚ tk^vSn hm¬hv Xpd-°pw. ka-c-hocyw Bhn-bm-bn-t∏m-Ipw. Cu km[y-Xb - p-≠.v kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - n-Ih - y-hÿ amdnbme-√msX bYm¿Y tamN\w km[y-as√∂p Icp-Xp-∂h - c - psS FÆw Ipd-hmWv . ]s£ h¿[n- ® p- h - c p- ∂ p- ≠ v . \yqtbm¿°v amK-kn≥ \S-Ønb Hcp sNdnb A`n-{]mb k¿th-bn¬ 37 iXam\w t]¿ ]d™p: “apX-em-fnØw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn-Øs∂ A[m¿anI-am-Wv, AXns\ c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-In√.” icn-bm-W.v 46 iX-am\w t]¿, “apXem-fn-ØØ - n¬ ASn-ÿm-\] - c - a - mbn XIcm-sdm-∂p-an-s√∂pw ]s£ \nb-{¥Ww thWw” F∂pw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. apX-em-fnØw am\-hh - n-Im-kØ - ns‚ ]ctam-∂-X-cq-]w BsW-∂pw, ‘Ncn{Xw’ ChnsS Ah-km-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw C\n- b - t ßm´v h¿Ø- a m- \ - s a- b p≈p F∂pw ]d-™v, \h-en-_-d-en-k-Øns‚bpw DZm- c - h - X v I - c - W - Ø ns‚bpw sImSn-°q-d-Iƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®v Atacn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ BtKm-fh - X - vIc-WØ - n-s‚-Xmb ssP{X-bm{X Bcw-`n®Xv c≠p ]Xn-‰m≠p apºp am{X-amWv. Cu ssP{X-bm-{X-bnse ]S-\m-bI - ∑m¿, F≥tdmÏmcpw selv a m≥ {_tZgvkpw a‰p tIm¿]-td‰v òa-∑mcpw _m¶nMv òa- ∑ mcpw ]c- a m- h [n sIm≈apX¬ ssI°-em°n ssIae¿Øn: kzbw ]m-∏c - mbn {]Jym-]n-®p. Ata- c n° 1920- I ƒ°v tij- a p≈ G‰hpw ISpØ kmº-ØnI {]Xn-k‘n-bn-te°v hgp-Xn-ho-Wp. e£-°-W°n\v Ata-cn-°-°m¿°v Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Ime kºm-Zy-ßƒ apgp-h≥ \jvSs - ∏´p; Zi-e£ - ° - W - ° - n\v t]¿°v sXm-gn¬ \jvS-s∏´p; hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ ]Tn∏p apgp-an-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX ]pdØm-°-s∏´p; Xncn-®ShpIƒ apS-°n-bimkv{X-KXn

Xn-\m¬ e£-°-W-°n\v Bfp-Iƒ hoSp- I - f n¬\n∂v IpSn- b n- d - ° - s ∏- ´ p. F∂m¬ h≥]-W-°msc c£n-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ah¿°v hºn® \nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-Iƒ \¬-I-s∏´p. km[m- c - W - ° m¿°p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ kmaq- l y- k p- c - £ m- k w- h n- [ m- \ - ß ƒ XI¿°-s∏´p; hr≤-cpsS NnIn-’m-kuI- c y- ß ƒ sh´n- ° p- d - ® p, s]≥j≥ sh´n-°p-d-®p. Aßs\ kaq-l-Ønse `qcn-]£w t]sc (“hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S°¬” ka-c° - m¿ Chsc ‘99 iX-am\w’ F∂pw kº-∂sc ‘Hcp iX-am\w’ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p) ‘99 iX-am-\’-°msc Zcn-{Z-cm-°n-s°m≠v Hcp iX-am-\Ø - ns‚ kºØv h¿[n-°p-∂p. Ign™ H∂p c≠p ]Xn-‰m-≠n-\p-≈n¬ Zcn-{Zcpw [\nIcpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥-cw Fs¥-∂n√msX h¿[n-®p. Ata-cn°bv°I-Øpam-{X-a√ BtKm-f-X-e-Ønepw kº-∂cm-Py-ßfpw Zcn-{Z-cm-Py-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw h¿[n-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. apXem-fn-Ø-Øns‚ auen-I-kz-`m-h-amWv XpS¿®-bmb Ak-a-Xz-h¿[-\. aqe-[\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v Bt]-£n-Ih - pw, ]e-t∏mgpw tIh-ehpw Bb Cu Aka-Xz-h¿[\ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Xß-fpsS \mSv P\m-[n-]X - y-]c - a - s - √∂pw ]Wm-[n]-Xy-]-c-am-sW∂pw Ata-cn-°≥ ]uc∑m¿°v tXm∂m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.

Cu kacw Ata-cn-°bnse tIm¿]-td‰v B[n]-Xy-Øn\v sNdn-sbmcp BLmXw G¬]n-t®°mw. F∂m¬ AXns\ XI¿°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amIp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-≥ hø. Imc-Ww, AXns‚ ÿm\Øv cq]w-sImt≈≠ hyh-ÿ-sb-°pdn®v Imcy-amb hnNn-¥-\ß-sfm∂pw \S-∂n-´n√. em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS A\p-`-hØn¬\n-∂v ]Tn-°m≥ {ian-®-h¿ C°q-´-Øn¬ A[n-I-sam-∂p-an-√. KXy¥-c-an-√mØ Ahÿ h∂-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ {]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fmWn-h. Chbv°v k¿Km-ﬂ-I-amb Hcp Zni \¬I-W-sa-¶n¬ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb C≥]p´v \¬tI-≠n-bn-cn- kz¬]w Ncn{Xw Cu Xncn-®-dn-hn¬\n∂pw KXn-sI°p-∂p.

´, Af-ap-´nb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂mWv C∂v, Ata-cn-°-bn-emsI AXn-thKw hym]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ “hmƒkv{So-‰v

Iø-S° - pI” F∂ {]t£m`w cq]w-sIm≠-Xv. ‘AUv_Ã¿’ F∂ Iym\-Ubnse Hcp BIv‰nhnÃv {Kq∏v BWv CXn\p hnØp-]m-In-b-Xv. Ah-cm-Wv, apJy-ambpw C‚¿s\‰v hgn, BZy-Ime kwLm-S\w \n¿h-ln-®Xpw “hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°pI” F∂ ap{Zm-hmIyw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xpw. hmƒkv{So-‰ns‚ ˛ _m¶¿amcpw sjb¿t{_m-°¿amcpw tIm¿]-td‰v {]am-Wn-am-cp-amb Hcp iXam\w t]cpsS˛ A[n-Im-cI - p-ØI XI¿°pI F∂-XmWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. AXns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn hmƒ kv{So‰pw Np‰p-ap≈ {]-tZ-i-ßfpw A[n-\n-th-in°pI F∂ {]mtbm-Kn-I-{]-h¿Ø\amWv ˛ kam-[m-\] - c - a - mb {]Xn-tj-[w, \nb-a-\n-tj-[w, A[n-\n-th-iw, ]n°‰n-ßv, {]I-S-\-ßƒ, C‚¿s\‰v {]Nm-cWw apX-em-b-h-bmWv ˛ Ah¿ Bkq{XWw sNbvX-Xv. Ata-cn-°≥ `cWL-S-\-bpsS P∑-Zn-\-amb k]vXw-_¿ 17 CXn-\mbn Xncs™-Sp-ØXv F{Xbpw A¿Y-K¿`-am-Wv. AXyp-∂Xw F∂v {]Io¿Øn-°s - ∏-´Xpw G‰hpw A[nIw Zpcp-]t- bm-Kn-°s - ∏-´Xpw Bb H∂mWv Ata- c n- ° ≥ `c- W - L - S - \ . “Ad_v hk¥w” F∂ t]cn¬ hnJym-X-am-b, CuPn- ] vXv, SpWo- j y, en_n-b, F∂o cmPy-ßfnse P\-Io-b-ap-t∂-‰-ßfn¬\n-∂v, Ah-bpsS hnPb-ß-fn¬\n-∂v, Bthiw Dƒs°m- ≠ p- s Im- ≠ mWv “hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°pI” F∂ {]-t£m-`-]-cn-]mSn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂X - .v CXns‚ ImX-emb Unam‚ v hfsc eLp-hmWv “A-ta-cn-°≥ cmjv{So-b-sØbpw P\-{]Xn- \ n- [ n- I - s fbpw ]WØns‚ ]nSn- b n¬\n- ∂ v tamNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn {]kn-U‚ns‚ Hcp IΩoj≥ \n›-bn-°-Ww.” {]t£m`w apt∂-dn-b-t∏mƒ e£y-ßfpw hnI-kn-®p-h∂p. F∂m¬ a¿aw, Atacn- ° ≥ cmjv { So- b sØ i‡-cmb B Hcp iXam\w AXn- k - º - ∂ - ∑ mcn¬\n∂v tamNn-∏n-°pI F∂-Xp-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. ka-cØ - n¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂- h - c n¬ `qcn- ] - £ - h pw bphm- ° - f m- W v , 20 hb n\pw 30 hb- n-\pw CSbv°p≈-h¿. {]mbw Iq-Snb-h-cp-ap-≠v. ]ecpw AcmP-Ih - m-Zn-Iƒ BWv. hyXy-

kvX-cm-jv{So-b-ho-£-W-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv, hnhn-[-a-X-°m-cm-Wv. \yqtbm¿°nse kpt°mØn ]m¿°v BWv ka-c° - mcpsS tI{μw. AXv kzIm-cy-`q-an-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ ]cmXn In´n-bm¬ am{Xta s]meo-kp-Im¿°v Fs¥-¶nepw \S-]Sn FSp-°m≥ Ign-bq.

ka-c-KXn kacw Bcw-`n-®n´v Hcp amkw Ign™p. AXn-\n-Sbv°v kam-\-k-a-c-ßƒ Ata-cn-°b - n¬ Fºm-Spw, BtKm-fX - e - Øn¬ Xs∂ ]S¿∂n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. hnbXv\mw bp≤-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmb {]Xntj-[-k-a-c-Øn\p tijw Atacn° I≠ G‰hpw henb P\-Iob ka-cambn hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-W-Xv. C‚¿s\‰mWv apJy-kw-Lm-S-t\m-]-IcWw F∂p ]d-bmw. AXp-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂-h-scms°Øs∂ kwLm-S-I-cmWv, t\Xm-°-fm-Wv. Hcp tI{μo-Ir-X-t\-XrXztam kwL-S-\tbm C√. ]ecpw CXns\ Hcp ta∑-bm-bn-°m-Wp∂p. Nn´bmb ta¬Iogv k{º-Zm-bt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Snb kwL-Sn-X-{]-ÿm-\-ßsf ]ecpw `bs∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-cpsS `bw ASn-ÿm-\-cln-X-a-√. ]s£ Hcp Imcyw Ah¿

a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√. C{Xbpw i‡-amb Hcp `c-W-IqSw D≈ Hcp cmPyØv Iogvta¬ {Ia-ßsf \ntj-[n-®v, A®-S°sØ \ntj-[n®v Hcp ]cn-h¿Ø\w Fßs\ km[y-amIpw? AXn-\m-h-iyamb AShpw X{¥-hp-sam∂pw Acm-PI-hm-Zn-Iƒ°n√. AtX kabw P\-i{Xp-°ƒ°v, Hcp iX-am-\° - m¿°v IrXyamb X{¥-ßfpw AS-hp-Ifpw D≠v. Ahsc tXm¬]n-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb i‡n kw`-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ sshhn-[yam¿∂ {]Xn-tj-[-k-a-c-ßƒ°v Hcp s]mXp-Zni D≠m-bn-hc-Ww. F¶nte Ah-bpsS BI-Øp-I, Awi-ß-sf°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Iq. Cu s]mXp-Zni \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]m-[n-bmWv {]Xyb-im-kv{Xw. B ]Zw tIƒ°p-tºmƒXs∂ ]e¿°pw t]Sn-bm-Wv. tkmjyen-khpw Iayq-Wn-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏Sp-Øn-s°m≠p am{Xta Bfp-Iƒ°v B ]Zw a\- n-em-Iq. Ia-yq-Wn-ksØ, AsX-¥mWv F∂v Adn-bm-sX, Atacn-°-bnse apX-em-fn-Ø-K-h¨sa‚ v \nc- ¥ - c - a mbn \S- Ø n- s °m- ≠ n- c p∂ A{I-aW - m-ﬂI - a - mb Zpjv{]-Nc - W - ß - ƒ am{Xw tI´v hf¿∂n-´p≈ Hcp Xe-apdbv°v, B ]Zw `bw D≠m-°n-sb-¶n¬ AXn¬ A¤p-X-∏-Sm-\n-√. AtX- t ]mse Iogv t a¬ kwhn- [ m- \ - s Ø, A®- S °sØ, Atß-b‰w Zpcp]-tbmKw sNbvX 20-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tkmjy-enÃv ]co-£W - -ß-fpsS A\p-`hhpw C∂sØ D¬]-Xnjv-v Wp-°sf Bth-iw-sIm-≈n°p-∂h - b - √ - . IqS-pX - ¬ ka{K-amb Hcp ho£-W-Øns‚ Bhiyw ]ecpw Nq≠n- ° m- W n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . H‰bv°pw sX‰bv°pw “h¿K- c - l n- X - k - a qlw” F∂ Bibw tIƒ-°mw. F∂m¬ AØ-cØ - n-ep≈ Hcp hnπhw C∂v ka-c° - mcn¬ `qcn-]-£-Øn-s‚bpw AP-≠b - n-en-√. Hcp iX-am\-Øns‚, Ah-cpsS ]WØns‚ A[n- I m- c - i ‡n XI¿°-Ws - a-¶n¬, 99 iXam-\Ø - n\v Xß-fpsS PohnX-Øn-\p-ta¬ A[n-Imcw D≠mI-W-sa-¶n¬, apX-emfn-Øt- ØmSv Fs∂-t∂-°pambn hnS-]-dt™ H°q. AtX kabw 20-˛mw \q‰m≠nse tkmjy-enÃv ]co£-Wß - ƒ°v ]‰nb sX‰pIƒ hcp-ØmsX t\m°p\hw-_¿ 2011

Ibpw thWw. Aß-s\-bp≈ Hcp XeØn- t e°p Db- c m≥ th≠ A\p- ` hßƒ G‰hpw A[nIw D≈ \mSmWv Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ. Xt±-iob-am-bn, ]pXnb Xc-Øn-ep≈ kaq-lßƒ sIń-∏-Sp-°m-\mbn Ht´sd ]co£- W - ß ƒ AhnsS \S- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . XnI®pw P\m-[n-]X - y-]c - a - mb Xt±-iob ÿm]-\ß - ƒ°v kmaq-ly-ambpw kmºØn-I-am-bp-ap≈ ]cn-]¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pth≠n K- W y- a mb kΩ¿Zw sNepØm≥ Ign- b p- ∂ - X mWv . F∂m¬ “hmƒkv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬” ka-c-Øn¬ ]¶m- f n- I - f mb `qcn- ] £w sNdp- ∏ °m¿°pw Iayq-Wn-kw, tkmjy-en-kw, apX-emb Bi-b-ßƒ Atcm-N-I-amWv; Ah¿ Xt±-ik - º - Z- vhy-hÿ F∂ Bi-bh - p-ambn ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sm-Øh - c - m-W.v Cu kacw Ata-cn-°b - nse tIm¿]td‰v B[n- ] - X y- Ø n\v sNdn- s bmcp BLmXw G¬]n-t®-°mw. F∂m¬ AXns\ XI¿°m≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ipsa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-≥ hø. Imc-Ww, AXns‚ ÿm\Øv cq]w-sIm-t≈≠ hyh-ÿs - b-°p-dn®v Imcy-amb hnNn-¥\-ßs - fm∂pw \S-∂n-ń√. em‰n≥ Atacn-°≥ cmPy-ßf - psS A\p-`h - Ø - n¬\n∂v ]Tn-°m≥ {ian-®-h¿ C°q-´-Øn¬ A[n-I-sam-∂p-an-√. KXy-¥-c-an-√mØ Ahÿ h∂-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ {]XnI-c-W-ß-fmWn-h. Chbv°v k¿Km-flI-amb Hcp Zni \¬I-Ws - a-¶n¬ {]Xyb-im-kv{X-]c - a - mb C≥]p´v \¬tI-≠nbn- c n- ° p- ∂ p. ssat°¬ jpam- s \t∏mse Xt±-ih - X - ° v c - W - Ø - n\p th≠n i‡-ambn hmZn-°p-∂h - ¿t]mepw (tKmbnßv tem°¬) apX-em-fn-Øh - y-hÿ bpsS N´-°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠p-am{X-amWv ]cn-lm-cß - ƒ tXSp-∂X - v.

Ime-l-c-W-s∏´ hyhÿ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Imew Ign™n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. Gdn- ° - h n- ™ m¬ GXm\pw ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ IqSn. AXn\p- ≈ n¬ AXv amdn ]pXn- s bmcp hyhÿ sIm≠p-h-c-Ww. As√-¶n¬ AXv Xms\ as‰m- ∂ mbn amdpw ˛ _m¿_-dnkw AYhm ImS-Øw. 1972, 1992, 2002 B≠p-If - n¬ ¢_v Hm^v tdmw \S-Ønb ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv AXm-Wv. am\-hP - mXn AXns‚ Ncn-{X]-ca - mb bm{Xm-]Y - Ø - n¬\n∂v t_m[]q¿hw amdn--bn-s√-¶n¬ Hcp ]mcn-ÿnXn-I˛- k - m-ºØ - nI Zpc¥w \n›-ba - mWv F∂-s{X Ah-cpsS \nK-a\w. AXmIs´ AXn-hn-Zq-ca - √ - X - m-\pw. hn`-ht- imjWw, amen- \ y- h ¿[- \ , `£y- £ maw F∂n-h-bp-sS-sb√mw ^e-ambn temIP-\-kwJy IpØs\ Ipd-bp-sa-∂mWv ]T-\-ßƒ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. Aß-s\imkv{X-KXn

bp≈ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kv]ojokns‚ kzm`m-hn-IK - p-Wß - s - f√mw \jvSs∏-Sp∂p; arK-kl - P - h - m-k\ - I - ƒ aq¿—n°p-∂p, a’cw aq¿—n-°p-∂p, kwL¿j-ßfpw bp≤-ßfpw aq¿—n-°p-∂p. `qanbmsI ]e- X - h W Np´p- I - c n- ° m≥ th≠{X AWp-B-bp-[-ti-J-c-ßƒ D≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ CXv ]q¿W-\m-iØn-te-°mWv \bn-°p-I. a\p-jy-PmXn \mam-ht- i-ja - m-bn-s√-¶n¬t]mepw Ahti-jn-°p-∂h - ¿ arK-ka - m-\c - m-bn-am-dpw. ImS-∑m-cmbn amdpw.

Xf-cm≥ ]mSn√ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Hcp kmaq-ly-hnπhw \S-°p-I-sb-∂Xv temI-Øns‚ BsI Bh-iy-am-Wv. ImcWw hnπhw \S∂n-s√-¶n¬ Ata-cn-° temIsØ \in-∏n°pw ˛ hn`-h-tim-j-W-Øn-eqsSbpw amen- \ y- h ¿[- \ - h n- e q- s Sbpw bp≤-ßf - n-eq-sSbpw. AXn-\m¬ sk]vXw_¿ 17 \v Bcw-`n® “hmƒ kv{So‰v Iø-S-°¬” {]ÿm\w hf¿Øn-s°m≠p-h-tc≠Xv \ΩpsS IqSn Bh-iyamWv. AXv Xf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-cp-Xv. AXn\v ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-KnIhpw Bb F√m klm- b - ß fpw \¬IWw. • Ata-cn° AXns‚ ssk\n-I-s®ehv KWy- a mbn Ipd- b v ° - W w, Aßs\ an®w hcp∂ ]Ww 99

iX-am-\-Øns‚ D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn sNe-hm-°W - w. • A[zm-\k - a - bw BgvNb - n¬ 40 aWn°q- d n¬\n∂v 30 aWn- ° q- d mbn Ipd®v C∂v sXmgn-en-√m- Øh - ¿°p apgp-h≥ sXmgn¬ \¬Imw. • {]Xn-h¿jw Hcp e£w tUmf-dne-[nIw hcp-am-\-ap-≈-h-cpsSta¬ FIvkv{Sm \nIpXn G¿s∏Sp-Ømw. Aßs\ In´p∂ ]Ww sIm≠vv hr≤¿°v, tcmKn-Iƒ-°v, sXmgn-seSp-°m≥ ]‰m-Ø-h¿°v Hs° IqSpX¬ Db¿∂-tXm-Xn¬ klmbw \¬Imw. CsXms° \S-°W - s - a-¶n¬ AhnsS tkmjy-enÃv kz`m-h-ap≈ Hcp `c-WIqSw thWw. Npcp-ßn-b-]£w Zcn-{ZtcmSp Iqdp≈ Hcp Kh¨sa‚ v. P\ßƒ sUtam-{Im-‰p-Is - fbpw dn∏ªn-°∑m-scbpw ssIhn-Sm≥ Xøm-dm-I-Ww. CXn-t\m-sS√mw C¥y≥ P\X sFIyZm¿Vyw {]I-Sn-∏n-°W - w. \ΩpsS kz¥w Xt±-i-k-º-Zvhy-hÿ-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw Atacn-°≥ D¬]-∂-ßƒ _ln-jvI-cn-°p∂-Xpw Ata-cn-°-°m-cpsS hnI-k-\-k¶¬]-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-Øm≥ {ian-°p∂Xpw Hs° Cu ka-c-Øns‚ `mK-amWv. Ah-cpsS kacw \ΩpsS kacw IqSn-bm-W.v

ckX{¥w s{]m^. sI.-B¿. P\m¿±-\≥

No¶-Æn-bpsS ]co-£-W-Øn\v 100 hb v an°-hmdpw F√m imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿°pw Ah-cpsS G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ I≠p-]nSp-Ø-Øn-\mWv t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬Im-dv. F∂m¬ AXn-i-b-sa∂v ]d-b-s´, dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw al-Ømb I≠p]nSp-Øß-fmb B‰-Øns‚ \yq¢n-b¿ amXr-I-bvt°m, aqe-I-ß-fpsS Ir{Xna cq]m-¥-coI-c-W-Ønt\m A√ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®-Xv. Ah-sbms° t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬I-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

]co-£-W-Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuμcyhpw {]m[m- \ y- h p- a mWv imkv { XØns‚ khn-ti-jX - . F{X DPz-ea - mb kn≤m-¥a - m-bmepw Bi-ba - m-bm-epw, D]⁄m-Xmhv F{X {]kn-≤-\m-bmepw ]co-£W - ß - ƒ hgn sXfn-bn-°p-tºmƒ am{X-amWv AXv imkv{X-Øn¬ AwKoI-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - .v imkv{Xob kn≤m-¥ß-fpsS hnizm-ky-Xbpw B[n-Im-cn-IXbpw imkv{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw imkv{X-X-Xv]-c-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ°pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]co-£W - ß - f - n-eq-sSbm-Wv. tP¿W-ep-I-fnepw sSIvÃp-_p-

°p-I-fnepw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]co-£-W-ßƒ, temI-Øns‚ hnhn-[`m-K-ß-fn-ep≈ ]co-£-W-im-e-I-fn¬ ]p\-cm-hnjv°cn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw icn-t\m°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. imkv{X Ncn{X-Øn¬ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmbnØo¿∂ ]e kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°pw hgn sXfn-®Xv Nne eLp ]co-£W - ß - f - m-W.v imkv{XØn¬ kph¿W en]n-I-fn¬ Fgp-Xs∏´ Hcp ]co- £ - W - a mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-Ww (Gold leaf experiment). B‰(- A - W p)Øns‚ LS-\-sb-∏‰n BZy icn-bmb

Nn{Xw \ap°v e`n-®Xv Cu ]co-£-WØn- e q- s S- b m- W - t √m. \yq¢n- b m¿ kb≥kv (B-Wh imkv{Xw) F∂ imkv{X-im-Jbv°v lcn{io Ipdn® Cu ]co-£W - Ø - ns‚ 100-˛mw hm¿jnIw 2011˛¬ temI-sam-´msI sIm≠m-S-s∏-Sp-Ibm-Wv. A¥m-cmjv{S ck-X-{¥-h¿jw˛2011 s‚ BtLmj ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v am‰p-Iq-´m≥ DX-Ip-∂X - mWo 100-˛mw ]nd∂mƒ. kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]c - hpw ssk≤m-¥n-I] - c - h - p-amb {]m[m-\y-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv GWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uv F∂ \hw-_¿ 2011

alm-\mb imkv{X-⁄s\ \ap°v ]cnN-bs - ∏-Smw.

No¶-Æntbm hymfntbm kp{]-kn≤ djy≥ `uXn-I-⁄≥ t]yXv d v Im- ] n‰v k tIw{_n- P v Imh≥Unjv em_- d - ´ - d n- b n¬ Xs‚ Kpcphpw am¿K-Z¿inbpw Bbn-cp∂ dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ No¶-Æn-sb-∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v. imkv{X-Ønse hymfn (Dragon of Science) F∂ ]´hpw Im]n‰vk Xs‚ Kpcp-hn\v Nm¿ØnsImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. Ch-sbm∂pw dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ Bt£-]n-°p-hm-t\m, A]-am-\n-°p-hmt\m \¬Inb ]cnlmk \ma-ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂n-√. dpY¿t^m¿Uv F∂ Akm-[m-cW hy‡nXzsØ Adn-bm≥ {ian-®m¬ AXp t_m[y-s∏-Spw.

P\-\w, _meyw, hnZym-`ymkw 1871-˛¬ \yqkn-e≥Un¬ sX°≥ Zzo]n¬ s\¬k¨ F∂ ]´-W-ØnemWv GsWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ P\\w. amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ]{¥≠v a°fn¬ \mem-a-\m-bn-´mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv P\n-®X - v. 1842-˛¬ GsW-Ãns‚ ]nXmhv kvtIm´ve≥Un¬ \n∂pw sa®-s∏´ PohnXw tXSn \yqkn-e≥Unte°v IpSntb- d n. 1855- ˛ - e mWv At±- l - Ø ns‚ IpSpw_w \yqkn-e≥Un¬ FØn-b-Xv. ]n∂oSv Ah¿ AhnsS ÿnc Xma-k°m-cm-bn, \yqkn-e≥Uv ]uc-∑m-cm-bn. A∂v Cw•o-jp-Imsc kw_-‘n-®n-StØmfw \yqkn-e≥Uv ""temI-Øns‚ at‰ A‰w'' Bbn-cp-∂p. 2011 BKÃv 30-˛mw XobXn dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ 140-˛mw P∑- Z n- \ - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. _me- \ mb dpY¿t^m¿Uv ]Tn-°m≥ _lp-an-Sp-°\m-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_{- ]m-cm_v[w Gsdbp-≠m-bn´pw ka¿∞-\mb GW-Ãn\v \√ hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Abm-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ {]tXyIw {i≤n-®p. kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw hnP-bI-ca - mbn ]q¿Øo-Ic - n® dpY¿t^m¿Uv, s\¬k¨ ]´-W-Øn¬ Xs∂-bp≈s\¬k¨ tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v 1889-˛¬ Un{Kn Ic-ÿa - m-°n. ss{IÃv N¿®nse Im≥‰¿s_dn tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂mWv GWÃv _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cpZw t\Sn-bXv. `uXn-I-Øn¬ AXo-h-Xm-Xv]cyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B hnj-bØn¬ Xs∂ Kth-jWw Bcw-`n-®p. Hgnhp ka-bß - f - n¬ tImtf-Pn¬ ]m¿Sv ssSw A[ym- ] - I - \ mbn tPmen sNbvXmWv D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb kmºØnIw kam-l-cn-®-Xv. tdUntbm XcwK-ßƒ°v ams·-‰nIv Un‰-IvS¿ (Magnetic detector) hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ bphm-hmb dpY-¿t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p. imkv{X-KXn

slbn-\vdn®v sl¿Svkv tdUn-tbm-X-cwK-ßƒ I≠p]n-Sn-®n´v A[nI Ime-ambn-cp-∂n-√. tdUntbm Xcw-K-ß-fpsS KpW-[¿a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Kth-jW hnj-bw. CXp-kw-_‘n®v At±lw Xbm-dm-°nb c≠v {]_-‘-ßƒ D∂-X-\n-e-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bpsS ]n≥_e-Øn¬ FIvkn-_n-j≥ kvtImf¿-jn∏v e`n-®p. b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ kvtImf¿jn∏n\v At]-£n-®-h-cn¬ dpY¿t^m¿Un\v c≠mw ÿm\-am-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mwÿm-\-°m-c≥ \yqkn-e≥Uv hnSm≥ XmXv]-cy-an-√m-sb∂v Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ dpY¿t^m¿Uv H∂mw-ÿm-\Øv FØn. A-sXmcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. Cw•-≠nse {]i-kvXa - mb tIw{_nUvPv k¿h-Ie - mim-e-bnse Imsh≥Unjv em_-d-´-dnbn¬ D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-WØn\pw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. GsW-Ãns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ am{X- a - √ m, imkv { X- Ø ns‚ Ncn- { XØnepw AsXmcp kp{]-[m\ kw`-hambnØo¿∂p. \yqkn-e≥Un¬ \n∂pw GXm≠v hS°p ]Sn-™mdv `mKØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw Intem-ao-‰¿ AI-se-bp≈ Cw•-≠n¬ FØn-t®¿∂p dpY¿t^m¿Uv.

sP.-sP. tXmwks‚ Iogn¬ Kth-j-Ww Imsh≥Unjv em_- d - ´ - d n- b n¬. hn{ip- X - \ mb sP.- s P. tXmwks‚ (J.J.Thomson) ta¬ t\m´-Øn-emWv GWÃv dpY¿t^m¿Uv Kth-jWw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1895-˛¬ tIw{_n-UvPn¬ Ime-Sn-h-®-tXmsS Xs‚ tdUntbm XcwK Kth-jW - t- ØmSv dpY¿t^m¿Uv

hnS ]d- ™ p. sP.- s P. tXmwk¨ \n¿t±-in-®X - \ - p-kc - n®v FIvkv civan-Iƒ hmX-Iß - f - n-eqsS ]mbn-°p-tºmƒ kw`hn-°p∂ Ab-Wo-I-c-WsØ kw_‘n® ]T-\-ß-fn-te°v {i≤ Xncn-®p. tXmwk-Wp-ambn tN¿∂p \S-Ønb Cu t{]mPIvSv hgn hmX-Iob Ab-Wo-IcWw kw_-‘n® Hcp kn≤m¥w hnIkn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. ssk≤m¥nI ]T-\-ß-tf-°mƒ {]mtbm-KnI imkv { X- Ø n¬ XXv ] - c - \ m- b n- c p∂p dpY¿t^m¿Uv . F∂m¬ sP.- s P. tXmwkWpambp≈ _‘w AXnsemcp sNdnb am‰w D≠m- ° n. F¶nepw ]co- £ - W - ß - f m- b n- c p∂p dpY¿t^m¿Un\v IqSp-X¬ XmXv]-cyw. Imsh≥Unjv em_-d-´-dn-bnse PohnXw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ, FIvkvtd-Syq_p-Iƒ, ]mc-e¬ IÜ≥k-dp-Iƒ, hmbp-{]-hmlw krjvSn-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ b{¥-ßƒ XpS-ßnb D]-I-c-W-ß-fpambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m\p- a p≈ Ah- k - c - ß ƒ e`y- a m- b n. ùXnIw Xs∂-bmWv Xs‚ XÍw F∂v Xncn- ® - d n- b p- h m\pw CtXmsS dpY¿t^m¿Un\p Ign-™p. FIvkv civan-Is - f-∏‰ - nbpw Ab-Wo-Ic - W - s - Ø∏-‰nbpw dpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Ønb Kthj-Wß - ƒ, hnh-cW - m-flI (Descriptive) DZyaw F∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ imkv{Xob {]h¿Ø\w F∂ \ne- b n- t e°v Db¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-am-bn F∂v sP.sP.-tXmw-k¨ Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv dpY¿t^m¿Un\v IqSp-X¬ Bg-Ønep≈ Kth-jW ]T-\-ß-fn-te°v IS°p-hm≥ ss[cyw \¬In. auenI ]cnam- W - ß ƒ (Fundamental quantities)

IrXy-ambn Af∂p Xn´-s∏-SpØp-hm≥ ]‰p∂ D]m-b-ßƒ dpY¿t^m¿Uv Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. FIvkv civan Kth-j-WØn¬ Ah-ew-_n® sa{Sn-°¬ kao-]\w (Metrical approach) D]-tbm-Kn®v tdUntbm BIvSoh- X - s b- ∏ ‰n ]Tn- ° p- h m≥ dpY¿t^m¿Uv apt∂m-´n-d-ßn. 1896-˛¬ sl‚n-s_-Iz-d¬ hfsc A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn tdUntbm BIv S o- h X I≠p- ] n- S n- ® p. hmXI X∑m-{X-Isf Ab-WoI-cn°p∂Xn-\p≈ Hcp _Z¬ am¿K- s a∂ \ne- ° mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv bptd-\nbw hnInc-W-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xv. hmXIob Ab-Wo-I-cWw kw_‘n® kn≤m¥w hnI-kn-∏n-s®Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ Sqƒ (Tool) Bbn am{X-amWv 1897-˛¬ tdUntbm BIvSo-h-Xsb At±lw I≠Xv. F∂m¬ bptd-\nbw hnIn-cW-sØ-∏‰n Xs∂-bmWv ]Tnt°-≠Xv F∂v 1898-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv a\- n-em-°n. aqeI B‰-ßf - psS AWp-tI-{μ-Øn\v kzX-£bw kw`-hn-°p∂ {]Xn`m-ka - mWv tdUntbm BIvSo-hX-sb∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xv dpY¿t^m¿Un-s‚bpw Iyqdn Zº-Xn-am-cpsSbpw Kth-j-W-ß-sf XpS¿∂mWv. tdUntbm hnIn-c-W-ßsf Xo¿Øpw teme-amb teml-]m-{X-ß-fn-te°v ]mbn®v \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v c≠v hyXy-kvX-Xcw hnIn-c-Wßsf Xncn- ® - d n- b p- h m≥ Ign- ™ p. Chbv°v B¬^civanI-sf∂pw _o‰ civan-I-sf∂pw dpY¿t^m¿Uv t]cn´p. Hcp Im¥n-I-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ G‰hpw A[nIw hyXn-N-e\w kw`-hn-°p∂ civan-I-sf-bmWv _o‰ civan-Iƒ F∂v kqNn-∏n-®X - .v B¬^-IW - ß - ƒ°v _o‰ civan-If - p-sS-b{X hyXn-Ne - \w D≠m-hp∂n-√. Ah-bpsS hyXn-N-e\w _o‰ civan-If - psS FXn¿h-it- Ø°pw Bbncn-°pw. i‡-amb Ab-Wo-Ic - W kz`mh- a p- ≈ - X mWv B¬^civan- I ƒ. F∂m¬ _o‰civan-Iƒ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Zp¿_-ea - m-W.v B¬^civan-Iƒ°v [\Nm¿Ppw _o‰civan-Iƒ°v EWNm¿Ppam-sW∂pw Is≠-Øn. Im¥n-Ia - W - vUe-Øn¬ hyXn-N-e\w kw`-hn-°mØ aq∂m-a-sXmcp Xcw civan-Iƒ IqSn ]n∂oSv Xncn-®d- n-bs - ∏-´p. Ch-bmWv Kma civan-Iƒ. Kma-ci - van-Iƒ, FIvkv civanI-sf-t∏mse hkvXp-°-fn-eqsS Xpf®p Ib-dp-∂-Xm-sW∂v ]co-£-W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-®p. Kth-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬

¿Un\v \¬I-s∏-´p. Aßs\ tIhew 27 hb v am{X-ap≈ dpY¿t^m¿Uv Hcp bqWn-thgvkn‰n hIp∏p ta[m-hnbmbn Øo¿∂p. sP.-sP.-tXmw-ks‚ ip]m¿ibpw A\p- { K- l hpw dpY¿t^m¿Un\v Cu henb Npa- X e Gs‰- S p- ° p- h m≥ ss[cyw \¬In. Xs‚ kwL-S\m- ] m- S - h hpw {]Xn- ` bpw Bﬂm¿∞Xbpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°phm-\p≈ kph¿Wm-hk - c - a - mbn dpY¿t^m¿Uv Cu \nb- a \sØ I≠p. aIvKn¬ bqWnth- g vkn‰n em_- d - ´ - d nsb temtIm- Ø c \ne- h m- c - Ø nte°v Db¿Øm-\p≈ {ia-ßf - nemWv bphm-hmb dpY¿t^m¿Uv {i≤-tI-{μo-I-cn-®-Xv. s{^U- d nIv tkmUn (Federick Soddy), s_¿{Smw t_mƒSvhpUv (Bertram Boltwood), Hmt´m-lm≥ (OttoHahn) XpS-ßnb A°mesØ {]Xn- ` m- i m- e n- I - f mb imkv{X-⁄∑ - m-cp-ambn kl-Icn®v {]h¿Øn- ° p- h m\pw dpY¿t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p.

\o≠-Ime {]W-bhpw hnhm-lhpw D≠mb am‰amWv Xs‚ Pohn-XØ - nse \n¿Wm- b - I - a mb \nan- j - s a∂v dpY¿t^m¿Uv {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v.

aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ tam¨{Sn- t b¬ \Kc (Im- \ - U )Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ aIvKn¬ k¿hI- e m- i m- e - b nse ùXnI hn`mKw s{]m^-k¿ ÿm\w dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ tXSn-sb-Øn. aIvKn¬ k¿h-Ie - m-im-ebnse ùXnI hn`m-Kw A°m-esØ G‰hpw sa®-s∏´ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p. ÿeku-I-cy-ap≈ sIń-S-ßƒ, B[p-\nI D]-Ic - W - ß - ƒ, ITn-\m-[zm\w sNøm≥ Xøm-dp≈ A[ym-]-Icpw hnZym¿∞nIfpw CsXms° aXn-bt√m Hcp ÿm]\sØ {]i-kvX-am-°m≥. Xmc-X-tay\ BI¿j-Ia - mb iº-fa - mWv dpY¿t^m¿Un\v hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-´-Xv. A°meØv ]pI- b ne hym]m- c - Ø n- e qsS tImSo-iz-c-\mbn amdnb k¿ hneyw amIvtUm-\mƒUv, aIvKn¬ k¿h-I-emim-ebv°v ssIb-b®v kw`m-h\ \¬Inb-Xn-\m¬ AhnsS H∂n\pw Ipd-hp-≠mbn-cp-∂n-√. ùXn-I-hn-`mKw ko\n-b¿ s{]m^-kdpw ^nkn-°¬ em_-d´- d - n-IfpsS Ub-d-IvS-dp-am-bn-cp∂ tPm¨ tImIvkv (John Cox) `c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ°pw A[ym-]-\-Øn\pw ap≥K-W\ \¬In-bt- XmsS Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\ß-fpsS ]q¿W-Np-a-Xe dpY¿-t^m-

kmº- Ø nI kpc- £ n- X - X zhpw DtZym-Kÿ - n-cX - bpw t\Sn-bt- ∏mƒ hnhmln-X\ - m-Im≥ dpY¿t^m¿Uv Xocpam\n®p. 1900 th\¬°m-eØv Xs‚ ImapIn-bmb tacn \yq´s\ hnhmlw Ign°m≥ th≠n At±lw \yqkn-em≥Unte°v aS- ß n. ss{IÃv N¿®n¬ hnZym¿∞n Bbn- c p∂ ImeØv dpY¿t^m¿Uv Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ hoSns‚ DS-ab - psS ]p{Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p tacn. Cw•≠n- t e°v bm{X Xncn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v apºpXs∂ Ah-cpsS hnhm-l\ - n-›bw Ign-™n-cp-∂p. tIw{_n-Pn¬ FØn-btijw XpS¿®-bmbn Xs‚ Imap-In°v IsØ- g p- X p- ∂ - X n¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv bmsXmcp hogvNbpw hcp-Øn-bn-√. aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gk v n-‰n-bn¬ tPmen-Ønc-°n-\n-S-bnepw {]W-b-te-J-\-ß-fpsS cN-\-bn¬ Ipdhv h∂n-√. tIw{_nPn¬\n∂v tacn°v Fgp-Xnb BZysØ IØn¬ ""Fs‚ hnP-bw an°-hmdpw Rm≥ X\nsb Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ Kth-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf B{i-bn-®n-cn°pw'' F∂v kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp tImf-\n-bn¬ \n∂v FØnb dpY¿t^m¿Un-t\m-Sv, XpS- ° - Ø n¬ tIw{_n- P nse sUtam¨kvt{S-‰-¿am¿ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂n-√. as‰mcp bqWn-th-gk v n-‰n-bn¬ \ns∂Øn sP.sP tXmwks‚ {]oXn kºm-Zn-® t]mÃv \hw-_¿ 2011

{KmtPz‰v hnZym¿∞n-tbm-Sv a‰p bph-Kth-j-I¿°v Akq-b-tXm-∂n-b-Xn¬ A¤p-Xs - ∏-Sm-\n-√t- √m. aIvKn¬ k¿hI- e m- i m- e - b n¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ iºfw 500 ]u≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A°mesØ {]ikv X `uXnI⁄\mb ]ntbdnIyq-dn°v (Pierre Curie) e`n-®ncp∂ iº-f-Øns‚ c≠v aSßv. (]p-Ibn-e-I-®-h-S-°m-cs‚ HuZm-cyw!). 1895 apX¬ 1900 hsc dpY¿t^m¿Uv ImapIn-bmb tacn°v Ab® {]W-b-te-J\-ßƒ At±-lØ - ns‚ BI¿j-Ia - mb hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ as‰mcp hiw Xpd∂p Im´p-∂h Bbn-cp-∂p. Imsh≥Unjv em_-d´- d - n-bn¬ e`n-®X - n-t\-°mƒ IqSpX¬ ]Z- h nbpw A¥ pw aIv K n¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ e`y-am-b-t∏mƒ, hnhm-ln-X\ - m-Im≥ ]‰nb kabw AXmsW∂v dpY¿t^m¿Un\v tXm∂n. Aßs\ \o≠ {]W-b-Øn-\p-tijw tacnsb Xs‚ ]Xv\n-bmbn kzoI-cn-®p. GXm≠v Bdv amkw Kth-j-W-Ønt\mSv hnS ]d-tb≠ ÿnXn hntijw CXn-\m¬ kwPm-Xa - m-bn.

\yq¢n-bm¿ kb≥knse \yq´¨ ""dpY¿t^m¿Uv, ]c- t am- ∂ X imkv{X-⁄≥'' (Rutherford, Scientist Supreme) F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ- Ø n¬ tPm¨ Imw]vs_¬ (John Campbell) AWp `uXn-IØ - n¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ ÿm\w, ]cn-Wm-a-Øn¬ Um¿hn≥, _e-X{- ¥-Øn¬ \yq´¨, Bt]-£n-IX-bn¬ sF≥ssÃ≥ F∂o alm-∑mtcm-sSm∏w BsW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. \yqkn-e≥Un¬ \n∂p XpS-ßn-b, Cu {KmaoW I¿j-I-_m-es‚ A\-iz-c-Xbn- t e- ° p≈ {]bmWw AXy¥w hnkva-b-I-c-am-sW∂pw Imw]vs_¬ XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xp-∂p. aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n¬ c≠v A°m-Za - nI h¿jw tkh-\a - p-jvTn-®X - n\p-ti-j-amWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv hnhm-lØn-\mbn \yqkn-e≥Un-te°v t]mbXv. Cu Ime- L - ´ - Ø n¬, Xs‚ BZysØ eIvN¿ t\m´p-Iƒ Xbmdm°n; {]mtZ-inI {Smwth Iº-\n-bpsS ]h¿lu-kn¬ \n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ A]-IS- I - c - a mb Iº- \ - ß ƒ kw_- ‘ n® tI n¬ Hcp I¨kƒ´‚ v F∂ \nebn¬ tImS-Xn-bn¬ lmP-cmbn; Xs‚ CjvS hnj-ba - mb tdUntbm BIvSo-hX-bn¬ Kth-j-W-ßƒ XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bptd-\n-bw, tXmdnbw XpS-ßnb tdUntbm BIvSo-ha - q-eI - ß - s - f-∏‰ - nbpw Ah D’¿Pn-°p∂ hnIn-c-W-ß-sf-∏‰nbpw \S- Ø nb Kth- j - W - ß - f n¬ \n∂mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv "A¿[m-bp v' imkv{X-KXn

(Half life)

FIvkv civan-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ab-Wo-I-c-W-sØ-∏‰nbpw dpY¿t^m¿Uv \SØnb Kth-j-W-ßƒ, hnh-c-Wm-ﬂI DZyaw F∂ \ne-bn¬\n∂v Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øphm≥ Ign-bp∂ imkv{Xob {]h¿Ø\w F∂ \ne-bn-te°v Db¿Øm≥ klm-b-I-ambn F∂v sP.-sP.-tXmwk¨ Xs∂ AwKo-I-cn®Xv dpY¿t^m¿Un\v IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn-ep≈ Kth-jW ]T-\-ß-fnte°v IS-°p-hm≥ ss[cyw \¬In. auenI ]cn-am-W-ßƒ IrXy-ambn Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øphm≥ ]‰p∂ D]m-b-ßƒ dpY¿t^m¿Uv Bhn-jvIcn-®p.

F∂ k¶-ev]\w Ah-X-cn∏n-®-Xv. Hcp \n›nX Afhv tdUntbm BIvSohv ]Zm¿∞w timj-Ww-aqew ]Ip-Xn-bmbn Ipd-bm≥ FSp-°p∂ kab-am-Wv. A¿[m-bp v. Hcp aqe-IsØ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw AXns‚ A¿[mbpkv ÿnc-am-sW∂pw At±lw Is≠Øn. aIvKn¬ bqWn-th-gk v n-‰n-bn¬ c≠masØ A°m-Z-anI h¿j-Øns‚ Ahkm\ ]mZ-Øn¬ as‰mcp Kth-jW ]≤Xn IqSn dpY¿t^m¿Uv hnP-b-I-cambn ]q¿Øn- b m- ° n. tdUntbm BIvSoh {]{In-b-bpsS Afhv \n¿Wbn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-am-Wm-ﬂI em_- d - ´ dn {]h¿Ø\ k{º- Z mbw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv. Xs‚ injy-\mb amIv¢ßns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS, Hcp hmXIØn¬ Hcp tPmSn Atbm¨ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥ sNe-hg- n-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Du¿P-Øns‚ Afhv F{X-sb∂v \n›bn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. Cu Af-hn¬\n∂v, bptd-\n-bw, tXmdnbw XpS-ßnb tdUntbm BIv S oh teml- ß ƒ D’¿Pn-°p∂ Du¿Pw F{X-sb∂v dpY¿t^m¿Uv I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. tdUntbm BIvSoh Du¿Pw Hcp km[m-cW cmk{]-{Inb As√∂v At±lw {]kvXm-hn®p. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hgn-bmWv s{^UdnIv tkmUnbpw dpY¿t^m¿Upw tN¿∂v BWh Du¿Pw (Atomic energy) Fs∂m-∂ns‚ AkvXnXzw BZyambn kqNn-∏n-®-Xv.

\qX\ B¬s°an ss\{S-P≥ B‰sØ thK-ta-dnb B¬^m-IW - ß - ƒ sIm≠v shSn-sh®v (bombard) AXns\ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-

ambn am‰n dpY¿t^m¿Uv Ncn{Xw krjvSn-®p. CXns\ aqe-Iß - f - psS cq]m¥-co-Ic - Ww (Transmutation of elements) F∂p ]d- b p- ∂ p. dpY¿t^m¿Upw tkmUnbpw tN¿∂v tdUntbm BIvSoh hnL-S\w F∂ {]Xn-`mkw ka-{K-ambn ]Tn- ° p- I bpw hymJym- \ n- ° p- I bpw sNbvXp. CXv as‰mcp al-Ømb KthjW {]h¿Ø-\a - m-bn-cp-∂p. ss\{S-P≥ B‰sØ thK-ta-dnb B¬^-I-Wßƒ sIm≠v shSn-sh®v HmIvkn-P≥ B‰w B°nb ]co- £ - W - Ø n¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ klm-bn-®Xv \yqkne≥Un¬ \n∂p Xs∂ h∂ GsWÃv am¿kvsU≥ (Ernest Marsden) F∂ bph kl- { ]- h ¿Ø- I - \ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Bh¿Ø\ ]´n- I - b nse enYnbw apX¬ Im¬knbw hsc-bp≈ 18 aqeI-ßf - psS AWp-tI-{μ-Øn-te°v D∂X Du¿P-\n-eb - n-ep≈ B¬^-mI-Wß - sf sXmSp-Øp-hn-´-t∏mƒ Hmtcm aqe-Ihpw Bh¿Ø-\-∏-´n-I-bn¬ Hcp I≈n apt∂-dp-Ibpw t{]mt´m¨ D’¿Pn-°pIbpw sNbv X p. Ce- I v t {Sm- W p- I ƒ t]mse t{]mt´m-Wp-Ifpw {Zhy-Øns‚ auenI IW-am-sW-∂p-≈-Xn\v {]Xy£-amb sXfn-hm-bn-cp∂p Cu ]co-£W- ß ƒ. t{]mt´m¨, \yqt{Sm¨, B¬^-mI-W-ßƒ apX-emb IWn-IIƒ Hcp aqe-I-Øns‚ AWp tI{μØn-te°v sXmSp-Øp-hn´v Hcp aqeIsØ thsdm- ∂ m°n am‰pI hgn dpY¿t^m¿Uv \qX\ B¬s°-an°v XpS-°-an-´p.

B‰-Øns‚ πw]p-Unßv amXrI alm-\mb sP.-sP. tXmwk¨ AhX-cn-∏n® B‰w LS-\sb kw_-‘n® amXr-I-bm-bn-cp∂p πw]p-Unßv amXrI. ]Zm¿∞ {]]-©-Øns‚ CjvSn-IbmWv Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ F∂v sP.-sP. tXmk¨ I≠p- ] n- S n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. CeIvt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ°v EWNm¿Pm-Wp-≈sX∂pw sXfn-bn-°s - ∏-´p. B‰w samØØn¬ \yq{S¬ (neutral) BI-Ws - a-¶n¬ AXn¬ [\-Nm¿Ppw D≠m-I-Ww. Cu [\-Nm¿Pv B‰-Øn-emsI ]pUnßv t]mse hym]n®p InS- ° p- s a- ∂ pw, CØcw ]pUn-ßn¬ ]Xn-®p-h-®n-cn°p∂ "πw' ]g-°j - W - ß - ƒ BWv CeIvt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ F∂pw At±lw k¶ev]n-®p. XpS°w apX¬ Xs∂ Xs‚ Kpcp Ah-X-cn-∏n® B‰-Øns‚ πw ]pUnMv amXrI dpY¿t^m¿Un\v A{X kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

kz¿W-]{X ]co-£Ww 1907-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv tam¨{Sntb¬ hn´v am©-Ã¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-

1911-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv ""\yq¢n-bm¿ B‰-Øns‚ amXrI'' F∂ Xs‚ Ncn{X {]kn-≤-amb {]_‘w ^ntem-tkm-^n°¬ amK-kn-\n¬ {]kn≤o-I-cn-®p. sk°‚n¬ 20000 Intem-ao-‰¿ thKØn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ B¬^-I-W-ßƒ kmam\yw `mcn-®Xpw Hmtcm∂pw c≠v bqWn‰v [\-Nm¿Pv hln-°p-∂-XpamWv. AØcw Hcp shSnbp≠ kz¿W-]-{X-Øn¬ X´n t\sc ]nt∂m°w ]m-™m¬ AXn-s‚b¿∞w, AXn-i-‡-amb Hcp XS w AXp t\cn-´psh-∂mWv. B XS w c≠v [\-Nm¿Pp-Iƒ XΩn¬ ASpØp h∂-XpsIm-≠p≈ hnI¿j-W-amImw.

bn¬ FØn. ka-Im-enI imkv{X-⁄∑m- c p- a mbn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ IqSp-X¬ Ah-k-c-ßƒ Cw•≠n¬ e`n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂n-b-Xp-sIm≠mWv At±lw tam¨{Sn-tb¬ hn´-Xv. am©-Ã¿ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ h®v dpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Ønb Hcp eLp-]co- £ Ww ]n∂oSv imkv { X- Ø ns‚ hf¿®-bnse Hcp \n¿Wm-bI hgn-Øncn-hmbn amdn. B‰-Øn-s\-∏‰n apºp≠m-bn-cp∂ k¶-ev]-ßsf \ncm-I-cn®v AXns‚ LS- \ sb kw_- ‘ n® auenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Adn-hp-If - mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ ]co-£W - Ø - n-eqsS shfn®w I≠-Xv. sP.-sP. tXmwk¨ Ah-X-cn-∏n® B‰-Øns‚ LS-\sb kw_-‘n® πw]p-UnMv amXr-I-bmWv CXn-\m¬ Xnc-kvIc - n-°s - ∏-´X - v. am©- Ã ¿ bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ n- b n¬ dntk¿®v Akn-Ã‚mbn ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øncp∂ lm≥kv ssKK¿, (Hans Geiger) dpY¿t^m¿Uv am©-Ã-dn¬ FØn-bt∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ kwL-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. B¬^m-I-W-ßƒ D]-tbmKn®v dpY¿t^m¿Uv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ]co£-W-ß-fn¬ ssKKdn\pw XmXv]cyw D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Ah¿ c≠p- t ]cpw tN¿∂v B¬^-mI-Wß - sf Xncn-®d- n-bp∂-Xn\pw FÆp-∂-Xn\pw ]‰nb efn-Xam-b, F∂m¬ Imcy-£-a-amb Hcp Iu≠¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. dpY¿t^m¿Upw ssKKdpw tN¿∂v as‰mcp ]co-£-W-Øn\v Xbm-dm-bn. B¬^m-IW - ß - f - psS {]Io¿W-\s - Ø°p-dn®v ]Tn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS Dt±- i yw. bphm- h mb GWÃv am¿kvsU≥ (Ernest Marsden) ]co-£W-Øns‚ \S-Øn∏v Gs‰-Sp-Øp. hfsc \hw-_¿ 2011

t\cnb, Hcp sk‚n-ao-‰-dns‚ 2000-˛¬ Hcwiw am{Xw I\-ap≈, kz¿W-]-{XØn-te°v B¬^-IW - ß - ƒ sXmSpØp hn´m¬ Ahbv°v F¥v kw`-hn-°psa∂v \nco-£n-°m≥ dpY¿t^m¿Uv, ssKK-dn-t\mSpw am¿kvsU-∂n-t\mSpw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. C{Xbpw t\¿Ø teml]m-fn°v 2000-Øn¬ ]cw B‰-ß-fpsS I\- a mWv D≠m- h p- I . Cu teme kz¿W-]-{X-Øn-eqsS F√m B¬^-IW-ßf - pw IS∂p t]mIp-sa-∂mWv {]Xo£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]t£ Hcp AXn-ibw Ahsc ImØn-cn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. an°-hmdpw F√m B¬^m-I-W-ßfpw XS- -sat\y teml-]{XØn-eqsS IS∂p-t]m-bn. F∂m¬ Nne B¬^-mIW-ßƒ ]e tImWp-If - n¬ hyXn-Ne - n®v IS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xmbn I≠p. Nne B¬^-mI-W-ß-fm-Is´ GXm≠v 900 bn¬ hyXn-N-en®v t\sc IpØs\ t]mIp-∂-Xmbpw hfsc Ipd®v IWßƒ-˛8000 IW-ßf - n¬ H∂v F∂ \nc°n¬˛1800 Xncn™v B¬^-mI-W-ßfpsS t{kmX- n\v ]n∂n¬ h®n-cp∂ kn¶v kƒssÛv kv{Io\n¬ ]Xn°pIbpw sNbvXp. kn¶v kƒssÛv kv{Io\n¬ I≠ aßnb an∂¬ BZyambn Z¿in-®Xv am¿kvsU≥ Bbn-cp∂p. Ccp´p apdn-bn¬ \·-t\-{X-ßƒ sIm≠v Z¿in- ° m- \ m- h mØ Cu Zp¿_e an∂¬ (Scientillation) ]nW-dpIsf Hcp ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v D]-tbm-Kn®mWv I≠-Xv. \nco-£Ww am¿kvsU∂ns\ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xm≥ \nco£n® Imcy-ßƒ am¿kvsU≥ ssKKdn-t\mSv dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp. ssKK¿ kzbw AXpImWp- I bpw sNbv X p. F∂p Xs∂-b√ - , kv{Io\n¬ sXfn™ Hmtcm an∂-en-s‚bpw FÆ-sa-Sp-Øp. ssKK¿ £a- t bm- s S, hf- s c- t bsd kabw kv{Io\n¬ sXfn-bp∂ an∂-epI-tfbpw t\m°n Ccp∂p Ah¿. ssKKdmWv dpY¿t^m¿Un-t\mSv hnhcw ]d™-Xv. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kw`-hn® G‰hpw Ahn-izm-k-\o-b-amb kw`hw F∂mWv dpY¿t^m¿Uv B \nco-£WsØ hnti-jn-∏n-®X - v. 15 C©v shSnbp≠ Hcp Snjyq t]∏-dn-te°v ]mbn®-t∏mƒ AXv t]∏-dn¬ Xń t\sc Xncn®p h∂m¬ Fß-s\-bn-cn°pw? AØ- c - s amcp A\p- ` - h - a m- b n- c p∂p kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-b-sX∂v dpY¿t^m¿Uv {]kvXmhn-®p. Cu AXn-ib kw`-h-Øn\v F¥mWv Imc-Ww, am¿kv sUt\m, ssKKdnt\m B ]co-£W ê-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm-\m-bn-√. Ah¿ B ]co-£Ww ]e XhW Bh¿Øn-®p. ]co-£Ww \S-Øn-b-Xn-tem \nco-£W-ßf - n-tem, bmsXmcp sX‰pw kw`-hnimkv{X-KXn

B‰-Øn-\p-≈n¬ [mcmfw iq\y-ÿ-e-ap-≈-Xpt]mse Xs∂ AXn¬ [\-ssh-ZypX Nm¿Pp≈Xpw AXoh ]nWvU-ap≈-Xp-amb Hcp tI{μ`mKw D≠m-bn-cn-°psa∂pw dpY¿t^m¿Uv A\p-am-\n-®p. AXn-\memWv 900bpw AXn¬ IqSp-X-embpw D≈ tImWp-I-fn¬ Nne B¬^-I-W-ßƒ hyXn-Nen-®Xpw hfsc hfsc Ipd-sh-¶nepw Nne IWßƒ 1800-bn¬ t\sc Xncn™v ]m™-Xpw, C°m-cy-ßƒ ssk≤m¥n-I-ambn Xs∂ hni-ZoI-cn-°p-hm≥ {]Xn-`m-imen-bmb dpY¿-t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p. CtXmsS B‰Øns‚ LS-\sb kw_‘n®v Hcp GI-tZi cq]am-bn.

®n-´n-√m-sb-∂-h¿ Dd∏p hcp-Øn. 1909˛¬, Xß-fpsS al-Ømb ]co-£Ww Ah¿ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu \nco-£W-ßƒ°v hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬tI≠ DØ- c - h m- Z nØw kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Npa-Xe - b - n¬ h∂p. 1911-˛¬ Hcp Znhkw dpY¿t^m¿Uv AXym-Àm-Z-tØmsS ssKK-dns‚ apdnbn¬ sN∂v B‰w Fß-s\-bn-cn°pw F∂v Xm≥ I≠p-]n-Sn-®X - mbn {]kvXmhn-®p. 1911-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv ""\yq¢nbm¿ B‰-Øns‚ amXrI'' F∂ Xs‚ Ncn{X {]kn-≤-amb {]_‘w ^ntemtkm-^n-°¬ amK-kn-\n¬ {]kn-≤o-Icn-®p. sk°‚n¬ 20000 Intem-ao-‰¿ thK-Øn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ B¬^-IW - ßƒ kmam\yw `mcn-®Xpw Hmtcm∂pw c≠v bqWn‰v [\-Nm¿Pv hln-°p-∂-XpamWv. AØcw Hcp shSn-bp≠ kz¿W]-{X-Øn¬ X´n t\sc ]nt∂m°w ]m™m¬ AXn-s‚-b¿∞w, AXn-i-‡amb Hcp XS w AXp t\cn-´p-sh∂mWv. B XS w c≠v [\-Nm¿PpIƒ XΩn¬ ASpØp h∂-Xp-sIm≠p≈ hnI¿j-Wa - m-Imw. B‰-Øn-\p-≈n¬ [mcmfw iq\y-ÿe-ap-≈-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ AXn¬ [\ssh- Z ypX Nm¿Pp- ≈ Xpw AXoh ]nWvU-ap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp tI{μ-`mKw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw dpY¿t^m¿Uv A\p-am-\n-®p. AXn-\m-emWv 900bpw AXn¬ IqSp-X-embpw D≈ tImWp-Ifn¬ Nne B¬^-I-W-ßƒ hyXn-Nen-®Xpw hfsc hfsc Ipd-sh-¶nepw Nne IW- ß ƒ 180 0 - b n¬ t\sc Xncn™v ]m™-Xpw, C°m-cy-ßƒ

ssk≤m-¥n-I-ambn Xs∂ hni-Zo-I-cn°p- h m≥ {]Xn- ` m- i m- e n- b mb dpY¿t^m¿Un\v Ign-™p. CtXmsS B‰Øns‚ LS-\sb kw_-‘n®v Hcp GItZi cq]-am-bn. Ncn{Xw krjvSn® kz¿W-]{X ]co-£W - Ø - nse \nco-£W-ßƒ°v imkv{Xo-bamb hni-Zo-Ic - W - ßƒ \¬In-sIm≠v B‰-Øns‚ LS\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ BZysØ kn≤m¥w dpY¿t^m¿Uv Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®p. AXn≥{]Imcw Hmtcm B‰-Øn-s‚bpw {Zhy-am-\Øns‚ knwl-`m-Khpw AXns‚ tI{μ_n-μp-hn¬ tI{μo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu tI{μ _nμp-hmWv B‰-Øns‚ \yq¢nb- k v . \yq¢n- b - k n\v [\- s sh- Z ypX Nm¿Pm-Wp-≈X - .v \yq¢n-bk - n\v Np‰p-ambn hrØm-Im-c-Øn¬ EW-Nm¿Pp-≈Xpw {Zhy-am\w \s∂ Ipd-™X - p-amb CeIvt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ F∂ IW-ßƒ hrØmIm-c] - Y - Ø - n¬ Np‰n-s°m-≠p-an-cn-°p-∂p. CXmWv \yq¢n-b¿ B‰w tamU¬ AYhm dpY¿t^m-¿Uv B‰w tamU-¬.

Ø-ßf - mb B‰-Øns‚ \yq¢n-b¿ amXrI-bvt°m, aqe-I-ß-fpsS Ir{Xna cq]m¥-co-I-c-WØ - nt\m (artificial transmutation of elements) A√ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n- ® - X v . Ah- s bms° t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬I-s∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. as‰mcp {]tXy-IX IqSn Cu ]pc-kvIm-cØ - n\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp \√ `uXn-I-⁄\mbn am{Xw Adn-bm≥ CjvSs - ∏-´n-cp∂ dpY¿t^m¿Uv ck- X - { ¥- Ø n- e mWv t\m_¬ kΩm-\Ø - n\v A¿l-\m-bX - v. ck-X{¥w tIhew Ãmºv tiJ-cW - a - msW∂v ]cn-l-kn® dpY¿t^m¿Un\v ck-X{- ¥-Øn¬ Xs∂ imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿ Ghcpw AXy-[nIw B{K-ln-°p∂ t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬I-s∏-´Xv A°meØv Hcp N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv At\Iw ]pc-kvIm-c-ßfpw _lp- a - X n- I fpw ÿm\- a m- \ - ß fpw dpY¿t^m¿Uns\ tXSn-sb-Øn.

t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImcw

1900 apX¬ 1930 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L´- Ø n¬ \yq¢n- b ¿ kb≥kn¬ {]mhoWyw t\Snb imkv{X-⁄¿˛Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw t\m_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb-h¿-˛-ssKK¿ (Geiger), am¿kvsU≥ (Marsden), tamkven (Mosely), NmUv hn°v (Chadwick), ªm°-‰v (Blackett), lm¨ (Hahn), tkmUn (Soddy), t_m¿ (Bohr), sP.-]n. tXmwk¨ (sP.-sP. tXmw-ks‚ ]p{X≥ sP.-]n. tXmwk¨) B∏nƒ´¨ (Appleton), ]Δ¬ (powell), BÃ¨ (Aston) , Hm∏≥ssl- a ¿ (Oppenheimer), XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ dpY¿t^m¿-Uns‚ injytcm kl-{]-h¿Ø-Itcm klm-bn-Itfm Bbn-cp-∂p.

Hcp ]q¿W-k-ab Kth-j-I-\mbn {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n®v A[n-I-Imew Ign- b p- ∂ - X n\v apºp- X s∂ 1908- ˛ ¬ dpY¿t^m¿Un\v ""aqe-Iß - f - psS hnLS-\hpw tdUntbm BIvSoh ]Zm¿∞ß-fpsS ck-X-{¥hpw kw_-‘n® kq£va ]cn-tim-[\ - ß - ƒ°v'' t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬I-s∏-´p. an°-hmdpw F√m imkv { X- ⁄ - ∑ m¿°pw Ah- c psS G‰hpw {][m-\s - ∏´ I≠p-]n-Sp-ØØ - n\mWv t\m_¬ kΩm\w \¬Im-dv. F∂m¬ AXn- i - b - s a∂v ]d- b - s ´, dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ At±-lØns‚ G‰hpw al-Ømb I≠p]nSp-

injy-k-ºØv

]mfn-t∏mb {]h-N\w \yq¢n-b¿ imkv{X-Øn\v ASn-Ød - bn´ dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ BWh Du¿Pw kw_-‘n® {]h-N\w CXm-bn-cp-∂p. ""AWp-t`-Z\w hgn e`y-am-Im≥ km[yX-bp≈ Du¿Pw Xo¿Øpw Ai-‡a - mb Xc-Øn¬s∏-´X - m-Wv. Cu B‰-ßf - psS cq]m-¥c - o-Ic - Ww Hcp Du¿P-t{km-X - mIp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-h¿ anYym-`mjWw \S-Øp-I-bm-Wv.'' AWp-t`-Z\ irwJem{]Xn-{]-h¿Ø\w I≠p-]n-Sn°p-∂-Xn\v c≠p-h¿jw apºv 1937-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Uv Nc- a - a - S - ™ - X n- \ m¬ BW-thm¿P-Øns‚ {]mtbm-KnI D]tbmKw ImWm≥ Ign-™n-√. Akm-[ysa∂v dpY¿t^m¿Uv hn[n Fgp-Xnb Imcyw km[n-®Xv C‰m-en-b≥ imkv{X⁄-\mb F≥dnt°m s^¿an BWv. \yqt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ irwJem {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø\w I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI hgnbmWv s^¿an CXp km[y-am-°n-b-Xv. {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS Zo¿L-ho-£Ww Nne-t∏mƒ sX‰n-t∏m-Imw. sF.-_n.Fw.s‚ ÿm]-I\ - mb tXmakv hm´vkÆn-s\-∏‰n Hcp {]kn-≤-amb IY-bp≠v. Hcn-°¬ At±lw ]d-™p. ""temI hn]-Wn-bn¬ A©v Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒt° km[y-X-bp-≈q.'' ]ns∂ kw`-hn-®sX√mw Ncn{Xw!

Ncaw 1914-˛¬ dpY¿t^m¿Un\p {]`p-]-Zw \¬Is∏´p. s\¬k- W n- s ebpw tIw{_n-Pn-sebpw H∂mw {]`p F∂mbn-cp∂p HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn. AXn¬ ]ns∂ At±lw dpY¿t^m¿Uv {]`p F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. 1919-˛¬ Imsh≥Unjv em_-d-´-dn-bpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn. Xs‚ Kpcp-hmb sP.-sP. tXmwk¨ hln-®ncp∂ ÿm\- Ø n\v "\yqkn- e - ≠ n¬ \n∂p h∂ No¶Æn' A¿l-\m-bn. AWp- i m- k v { X- Ø ns‚ ]nXm- h mb GWÃv dpY¿t^m-¿Uv {]`p 1937-˛-¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. F√mhn[ HutZym-KnI _lp- a - X n- I - t fmsS shÃv a n≥Ã¿ Bs_-bn¬ sFkIv \yq´s‚ ih-IpSo-cØ - n\v ]Sn-™mdv hiØv sI¬hn≥ {]`p- h ns‚ ih- I p- S o- c - Ø n- \ - S - p Øv dpY¿t^m¿Uns‚ `uXn-Ii - c - ocw adhv sNø-s∏-´p. imkv{X Ncn-{X-Ønse BI¿j-Iamb Hcp hy‡nXzw Bbn- c p∂p dpY¿t^m¿Uv. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kn≤-amb kz¿W-]{X ]co-£-W-Øns‚ 100-˛mw hm¿jnIw BtLm-jn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \ap°v At±-lØns‚ ]mh-\-kva-c-Wbv°v apºn¬ BZ-cm-⁄e - n-Iƒ A¿∏n-°mw. \hw-_¿ 2011

imkv{Xw s{]m^. sI ]m∏q´n

\yq{Snt\m F∂ {]tl-fnI ]co-£-W-e-£y-Øn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p Is≠-Ø¬. \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ {]Im-i-tØ-°mƒ IqSnb thK-Øn¬ k©-cn-®v, {]Xo-£n-®-Xnepw ap≥t] Ht]cm-bn¬ FØp-∂p. 16111 XhW Cßs\ FØn-t®-cp∂ \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf Xncn-®-dn™p. F√mw kqNn-∏n-®Xv Htc ^ew Xs∂. imkv{X-kwLw Ipg-ßn. H∂p-In¬, Xß-fpsS ]co-£W k÷oI-c-W-Ønepw Af-hp-I-fnepw Ft¥m sX‰p≠v; As√-¶n¬, C∂p-h-sc-bp≈ as‰√m ]co-£-W-ß-fnepw icn-sb∂p sXfn-™n-´p≈, Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bmb XØzw˛ {]Im-i-{]-th-KØns‚ Aew-L-\o-b-X˛ Dt]-£n-°-Ww.

\yq{Snt\m Hcp hnNn{X IW-am-Wv. imkv{X-cw-K-tØ-°p≈ AXns‚ hchp-Xs∂ kmam-\y-_p-≤nsb tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Ct∏m-fXv `uXn-Iim- k v { X- Ø nse kpÿm- ] n- X hpw k¿hm-Z-c-Wo-b-hp-amb Nne \nb-a-ßsf- Ø s∂ tNmZyw sNøp- I - b m- W v . imkv { X- Ø ns‚ hf¿® F√m- ° meØpw Cßs\ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠m-b-Xn-\m¬ imkv{X-⁄¿°nXn¬ H´pw thh-em-Xn-bn√; Ah¿ icn°pw henb Bth-iØ - n-em-Wv. (im-kv{X-hncp-≤cpw AsX) imkv{X-KXn

hpƒ^vKmMv ]ufn (1900˛58) F∂ kzn v ùXn- I - i m- k v{X- ⁄ ≥, 1930IfpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ "\yq{Snt\m Fs∂mcp IW-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww' F∂p ]d-™Xv tIhew \nhr-Øn-tI-Sp-sIm≠mWv; Hcp Iodm-apń Iodm≥ ]ufn sNbvX ISpw-ssI. kwKXn CXmWv: tdUntbm BIv ‰ ohv ]Zm¿Y- ß ƒ B¬^m, _o‰m, Kmam F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-Xcw hnIn-c-W-ßƒ DXn¿°p-∂p≠v. Ahbv°v AXn-ò-aa - m-b{X Du¿Pw˛ GXm\pw aney¨ Ce-Itv {Sm¨ thmƒ´v D≠v. F∂m¬, ChnsS Kpcp-X-c-amb

Hcp {]iv\w. Hcp C\w tdUntbm BIv‰ohv ]Zm¿Yw ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ B¬^m IW-ßƒ°pw Kmam-I-Wßƒ°pw Hcp \n›nX Du¿Pw BWp≠m-hp-I. F∂m¬ _o‰m IW-ßƒ°v Aß- s \- b √; ]qPyw apX¬ Hcp \n›nX amIvknaw hsc F¥v Du¿Phpam-Imw. CXv imkv{X-⁄¿°v AwKo-I-cn°m≥ {]bm-k-ap≈ Hcp Imcy-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, _o‰m-IWw F∂Xv CeIvt{Sm¨ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v Ah¿ sXfnbn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv Fß-

s\-bm-sW∂pw Ah¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn°p-∂ p. AWp-t I-{μ-Ø n-e p≈ Hcp \yqt{Sm¨ Hcp Ce- I v t {Sm- W ns\ D’¿Pn-®p-sIm≠v kzbw Hcp t{]mt´mWmbn amdp-Ib - m-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, n0 → P++ e- --------I ]s£, ChnsS Hcp Ipg∏w: \yqt{Sm-Wn-t‚bpw t{]mt´m-Wn-s‚bpw {Zhy-am\w (am-kv) \ap-°-dn-bmw. Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-kØ - n\p Xpey-am-bncn- ° Ww Ce- I v t {Sm- W ns‚ am pw AXns‚ KXn-tIm¿Phpw tN¿∂m¬. AXm-b-Xv, F√m _o‰m-I-W-ßƒ°pw Htc Du¿P-am-bn-cn-°W - w. ]t£, Aßs\-b√ ImWp-∂X - v. CXp-sIm≠pw Xocp-∂n√ {]iv\w. n, p, e Ch-sb√mw s^¿an-tbm-Wp-Iƒ F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ auenI IW-ß-fm-Wv. Ah-bvs°√mw kv]n≥ 1/2 BWv. kv]n≥ Hcp kZn-i-am-Wv. Htc Zni-bn-em-bm¬ 1/2 + 1/2 = 1, FXn¿Zn-ib - n-em-bm¬ ]qPyw. GsXmcp {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw kv]n≥ kwc£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thWw. AXm-b-Xv, {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\p apºpw ]nºpap≈ BsI kv]n≥ H∂p-X-s∂-bm-IWw. ka-hmIyw I¬ CXv Akm-[y-amWv. CS-Xp-h-iØv kv]n≥ 1/2 Dw heXp-h-iØv 1 As√-¶n¬ 0Dw BWv. Cu k∂n-K[ v m-hÿ - b - n-emWv ]ufnbn¬ {]Xn-`b - psS an∂-em´w D≠m-bX - v. At±lw ]d-™p, \yqt{Sm¨ hnL-Sn°p-tºmƒ t{]mt´m-Wn\pw Ce-Ivt{SmWn\pw ]pdta \yq{Snt\m Fs∂mcp IWw IqSn ]pd-Øp-hc - p-∂p-≠.v At∏mƒ ka-hmIyw: n0 → p+ + e- +ν0 ----II \yq{Sn-t\mbv°v Nm¿Pn√; am pw D≠m-I-W-sa-∂n√; kv]n≥ 1/2 BWv.

Hmtcm sk°‚nepw \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ \yq{Snt\m-I-fpsS FÆw e£-ßtfm tImSn-Itfm hcpw. kqcy≥ am{X-a-√, F√m \£-{X-ßfpw \yq{Snt\m t{kmX- p-Ifm-Wv. kq∏¿t\mh kvt^mS-\-Øn¬ ]pd-Øph-cp-∂Xv At\-I-tImSn kqcy-∑m¿ H∂n®p ]pdØp-hn-Sp-∂{X FÆ-am-Wv. {]]-©m-Zn-bn¬, almkvt^m-S-\-sØ-ØpS¿∂p \S∂ {]{In-b-I-fn-se√mw Ch A\-¥-am-b{X krjvSn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Hcn°¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´m¬∏ns∂, hkvXp-°sfm∂pw Chsb BKncWw sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v {]]-©-Ønse samØw IW-ß-fn¬ alm-`q-cn-]£hpw \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fm-bncn-°p-a-s{X.

X∑qew kv]n≥ kwc-£n-°s - ∏-Spw. Hcp \n›nX Afhv Du¿Pw aq∂p-IW - ß - ƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-tºmƒ AXp ]e Afhn¬ BImw. Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn\p In´p∂ Du¿Pw ]qPyw apX¬ Hcp \n›nX amIvknaw hsc F{X-bp-am-Imw. F√mw `{Zw. ]t£, Hcp tNmZyw _m°n-bm-bn. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \yq{Snt\m-If - psS km∂n[yw Af-hp-]I - c - W - ßƒ (kw- k q- N - I - ß ƒ ˛detectors) H∂pw CXp- h sc ImWn- ° m- Ø Xv ? \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ ]Zm¿Y-hp-ambn Imcyambn {]Xn-{]-h¿Øn-°m-ØX - p-sIm-≠msW∂ hni-Zo-Ic - W - a - mWv ]ufn \¬Inb-Xv. h¿j--ß - t fmfw ]n∂oSv \yq{Snt\mbv°p th≠n-bp≈ At\z-j-Wambncp∂p. HSp-hn¬, 1955¬, Ata-cn°≥ ùXn-Ii - m-kv{X-⁄c - mb ss¢UvtIm- h \pw s{Û- d nIv sdbv ≥ kpw tN¿∂v AXns\ Is≠-Øn, AXy]q¿h-ambn \S-°p∂ Hcp {]Xn-{]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬. \yqt{Sm-t\m-bpsS "\n w-KX' A¤pXm- h - l - a m- W v . kqcys‚ Imºn¬ ^yqj≥ \S- ° p- t ºmƒ, Hmtcm loenbw AWp-tI{μw krjvSn-°-s∏Sp-tºmgpw c≠p \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ hoXw D’¿Pn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Ah X¬£Ww, ]Zm¿Yw \nd™ kqcy-ic - o-cØ - neqsS 7 e£w Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqcw \n wK-\mbn k©-cn-®v, ]pd-Øp-hcpw (H∏w krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ t^mt´m-Wp-Iƒ ]Zm¿Y-hp-ambn Iqń-bn-Sn®pw NnX-dnsØ-dn®pw icm-icn Hcp e£w sIm√w sIm≠m-Ws{X ]pd-sØ-Øp-I). Hcp sk°‚n¬ 60 tImSn S¨ loenbw krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ GI-tZiw 1038 \hw-_¿ 2011

(1\p tijw 38 ]qPyw) \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p ]pd-Øp-h-cpw. Ah `qan-sbbpw a‰p {Kl-ß-sfbpw F√mw Xpf®p IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I pw. Hmtcm sk°‚nepw \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-eqsS IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I p∂ \yq{Sn- t \m- I - f psS FÆw e£--ßtfm tImSn-Itfm hcpw. kqcy≥ am{X-a√ - , F√m \£-{X-ßfpw \yq{Snt\m t{kmX- p- I - f m- W v. kq∏¿t\mh kvt^mS-\Ø - n¬ ]pd-Øph-cp-∂Xv At\-I-tImSn kqcy-∑m¿ H∂n®p ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂{X FÆ-am-Wv. {]]-©m-Zn-bn¬, alm-kvt^m-S-\-sØØpS¿∂p \S∂ {]{In-b-I-fn-se√mw Ch A\-¥-am-b{X krjvSn-°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. Hcn-°¬ krjvSn-°s - ∏-´m¬∏ns∂, hkvXp-°-sfm∂pw Chsb BKn-cWw sNøm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v {]]-©-Ønse samØw IW-ßf - n¬ alm-`q-cn-]£ - hpw \yq{Sn-t\m-If - m-bn-cn-°p-as - {X. aq∂p-Xcw \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ Ds≠∂v ssk≤m-¥nI ]T-\-ßfpw ]co-£-Wßfpw ImWn-°p-∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ \yq{Snt\m (νe), ayqHm¨ \yq{Snt\m - m-W(νμ), Su \yq{Snt\m (ντ) F∂n-hb h. IqSmsX Ch-bpsS {]Xn-IW - ß - fpw (antineutrinos) D≠v. Hcn\w \yq{Snt\m Nne-t∏mƒ, k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬, kzbw as‰m-cn-\-ambn amdp∂ ambm-Pmehpw Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v, DZm, νμ→νe. \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ°v \s∂ sNdnb Hcp am v (C-e-Ivt{Sm-Wns‚ e£-Øn-semcw-iØ - nepw Xmsg) D≠m-bn-cn-°m-sa-∂Xns‚ kqN-\-bmbn `uXnIimkv{X⁄¿ CXns\ IW- ° m- ° p- ∂ p. F¶n¬, sF≥ssÃ- s ‚ kn≤m¥w A\p-k-cn-®v, \yq{Sn-t\m-I-fpsS thKX {]Im-it- h-Ks - Ø-°mƒ A¬]w Ipd-hmbn-cn-°mt\ \n¿hm-l-ap-≈q. \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf "ImWm≥' ]‰nb Hcp kwhn-[m-\w˛ AXns\ \yq{Snt\m sSen-kvtIm∏v F∂p Nne¿ hnfn-°p∂p˛ \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-™m¬ ]ns∂ H∂pw a\p-jy-\n¬ \n∂p aqSn-sh-°m≥ {]Ir-Xn°p Ign-bmsX hcpw. DZm: Ct∏mƒ kqcys‚ Imºn¬ F¥mWp \S-°p-∂-sX∂v \ap°v Duln-°mt\ Ign-bp-∂p-≈q. \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ AhnsS \n∂p \n¿_m[w ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-XpsIm≠v Cu ]pXnb kwhn- [ m\w \ap°v Zriy-am-°n-Ø-cpw. F√m \£{X- ß ƒ°pw kq∏¿t\m- h - I ƒ°pw \£-{X-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-°p∂ s\_pe-Iƒ°pw D≈n-te°v Npgn-™p-t\m°m≥ AXp klm- b n- ° pw. AXpsIm≠v temIw apgp- h ≥ AØcw kwhn-[m-\ß - s - fm-cp-°m-\p≈ {ia-Ønem-Wv. C¥y-bn¬Ø-s∂, ]›n-a-L-´Øn-sem-cn-SØv ]md Xpc∂v AØ-cimkv{X-KXn

sam∂v Hcp-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Ws{X \ΩpsS imkv{X-⁄¿. 1955¬ tImh\pw kwLhpw BWh \ne-b-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ \yq{Snt\m-Is - f-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®X - .v BWh \ne-bß - fpw IWn-Im-Xz-cn-{X-ßfpw \√ \yq{Snt\m t{kmX- p-If - m-Wv. _ln-cmImi \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf Is≠-Øm-\p≈ F√m kwkq-NI-Ifpw ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv Bg-Øn¬ `qan-°p-≈n-em-Wv˛ J\n-Ifntem kap-{Zm-¥¿`m-Kß - f - n-tem. as‰mcp-Xcw IW-ßfpw ieyw sNøm-Xn-cn°m-\m-W-Xv. \yq{Sn-t\m-I-sfm-gnsI as‰m∂pw AhnsS FØn-√. 1968¬ Ata- c n- ° ≥ ck- X - { ¥- ⁄ - \ mb sdbva≠v tUhnkpw kwL-hp-amWv BZy-ambn _ln-cm-Imi \yq{Sn-t\m-Isf IpSp- ° n- b - X v. sUt°m- ´ - b nse tlmwtÃIv J\n-bn¬, 1.5 In. ao. BgØn¬ ÿm]n® Hcp Sm¶nse 600 S¨ sS{Sm t¢mtdm CtX-bv\n-eqsS (Tetra chloro ethene) IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ tImSm\p- t ImSn \yq{Sn- t \m- I - f n¬ NneXv t¢mdn≥ AWp-tI-{μ-hp-ambn (Cl1737) {]Xn-{]-h¿Øn®v AXns\ tdUntbm BIv‰ohv B¿K¨ (Ar1837) B°n am‰p-∂p. (C-hnsS AWp-tI-{μ-Ønse Hcp \yqt{Sm¨ t{]mt´m¨ Bhp-IbmWv: n 0 +ν0 → P++e-) Cu B¿Ks‚ timjWw \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ At\Iw kwkq-NI - ß - ƒ Sm¶n-\p-≈n¬ ÿm]n®n-cp-∂p. tIm° v ]¿h-X\ - n-cI - ƒ°p≈n¬ ÿm]n® SAGE, C‰-en-bn¬ ÿm]n® GALLEX F∂o kwkq-N-Ißfpw kam\ am¿K-ap-]t- bm-Kn®v \yq{Snt\m- I sf Xncn- ® - d n- ™ p. Kmenbw

(Ga3171) AWp-tI-{μsØ tdUntbm BIv‰ohv sP¿ta-\nbw (Ge3271) B°n am‰p-Ib - mWv ChnsS \yq{Snt\m sNbvXXv. as‰mcp Xcw {]{In-bbpw km[y-amWv. Hcp t{]mt´m¨ Hcp \yq{Sn-t\msb kzoI-cn®v kzbw Hcp \yqt{Sm¨ Bbn amdmw. At∏mƒ Hcp t]mkn-t{Sm¨ (t]m-kn-‰ohv Nm¿Pp-≈, Ce-Ivt{SmWns‚ {]Xn-I-Ww) ]pd-¥-≈-s∏Spw: p++ν0 → n0+e+. Nne kμ¿`-ßf - n¬ Hcp \yq{Snt\m Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-ambn Iq´n-bn-Sn®v AXns‚ KXn-tIm¿Pw Ce-Itv {Sm-Wn\p ssIam-dmw. Pe-Øn-eqsS \yq{Snt\mIƒ {]h-ln-°p-tºmƒ Cu c≠n-te-sX¶nepw {]{Inb \S-°m-\p≈ kw`m-hyX-bp-≠v. Cß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip∂ t]mknt{SmWpw Ce-Ivt{SmWpw Pe-Øn-eq-sS, B am[y-aØ - nse {]Im-iØ - ns‚ thKsØ-°mƒ IqSnb thK-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw k©-cn-°p-I. (P-e-Ønse {]Im-i-{]thKw iq\y-X-bn-te-Xns‚ 76 iX-am\ta hcq) At∏mƒ Ah sNd-t¶mhv hnIn-cWw (Cerenkov radiation) F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \oe {]Imiw D’¿Pn°p-∂p. At\-Im-bncw S¨ Pehpw AXnse√mbn-SØpw kwkq-NI - ß - fpw h®n-cp-∂m¬ CXp Is≠-Ømw. P∏m\nse "kq∏¿ Ian-tbm-Ims≠', I\U- b nse "kUv_dn \yq{Snt\m H_vk¿th-‰dn' (SNO) F∂nh Cu KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. DUMAND (Deep undersea Muon And Neutrino Detector) ]kn-^nIv kap-{Z-Ønepw NESTOR a[y[-cW - ym-gn-bnepw Bg-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-

øp∂ \yq{Snt\m \nco-£W - m-eb - ß - f - mWv. (k-ap-{Z-sØ-Øs∂ \nco-£W - t- I{μ- a m- ° n- b n- c n- ° p∂p F∂¿Yw). AMANDA (Antartic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array) ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A‚m¿ń-°-bnse lna-ti-J-c-Øn¬, hfsc Bg- Ø n- e m- W v. AhnsS GXm\pw Iyp_nIv Intem-ao-‰¿ lnaw \nco-£-W-im-e-bm-°n, AXn¬ kqNI-ßƒ \nc-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C\n, \ap°v kao-]-Im-eØv h∂, Ct∏mƒ sImSp-¶m-‰p-b¿Øn-s°m-≠n-cn°p∂ Hcp ]co-£W êsØ ]cntim- [ n- ° mw. ]co- £ - W - a n- X mWv : kzn‰v k ¿e- ≠ nse Pt\m- h - b n- e p≈ IWn- I m- X z- c n- { X- Ø n¬ (Particle accelarator) IW-ßƒ Iqńap´p-tºmƒ [mcmfw ayqt{hm-Wp-Iƒ (μ)-kr-jvSn-°s∏-Spw. Ch AXn-thKw hnL-Sn®v \yq{Sn-t\m-Iƒ (νμ) ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp-∂p. 730 In. ao. AI-se-bp≈ {Km≥kmtkm et_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ kwkq-NI - \ - n-cb - n¬ (OPGRA detectors)

Cu Is≠-Ø¬ Izm≠w {Kmhn‰n kn≤m-¥-ß-fpambn (DZm: (ÃnwKv Xnbdn) tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. {]]-©-Øn\v \men-tesd am\-ßƒ D≠m-Imw. th≠{X Du¿P-ap-s≠¶n¬ IW-ßƒ°v, \ap°v AZr-iy-amb Hcp am\-Øn¬ IqSn k©-cn°m≥ Ign-t™-°mw. A bn¬ \n∂v Bbnte°v Ah-bn-ßs\ Hcp Ipdp°p-hgn kzoI-cn-®v, {]Imi-th-KsØ AXn-ew-Ln°msX Xs∂ FØn-t®cp-tºmƒ, \mep -am-\ßƒ am{Xw (3 ÿeo-bam-\-ßfpw Hcp ka-b-am\-hpw) ImWm≥ Ignbp∂ \ap-°v, IWw t\ctØ FØn-bn-cn-°p∂p, {]Im-i-th-KsØ AXn-ew-Ln-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v tXm∂mw.

Ah FØn-t®-cp-∂p. (`q-an-°p-≈n-eq-sS, aÆpw ]mdbpw Iqkm-sX). bqtdm-]y≥ AWp-tI-{μ-]-T-\-ÿm-]-\-amb CERN se imkv{X-⁄c - mb Zmcntbm Hm´otdm (Dario Autiero)bpw kwLhpw Ign™ aq∂p-h¿j-ambn Cu \nco-£-W-^-eßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ {ia-Øn-em-bncp-∂p. ]co-£Ww Bhn-jvI-cn-°ptºmƒ Ah-cpsS Dt±iyw ayqHm¨ \yq{Sn-t\m-If - n¬ F{X iX-am\w bm{X°n-Sb - n¬ Ce-Itv {Sm¨ \yq{Sn-t\m-Ifpw Su \yq{Sn-t\m-Ifpw Bbn amdn F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°e - m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬,-]c - o£-W-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ Is≠-ØnbXv as‰mcp hnNn-{X-amb Imcy-am-Wv. \yq{Snt\m-Iƒ {]Im-it- Ø-°mƒ IqSnb thKØn¬ (0.0025 iX-am\w AYhm GItZiw 7.5 In. ao/sk. IqSp-X¬ thKØn¬) k©-cn-®v, {]Xo-£n-®-Xnepw ap≥t] Ht]-cm-bn¬ FØp-∂p. 16111 XhW Cßs\ FØn-t®-cp∂ \yq{Snt\m-Isf Xncn-®-dn-™p. F√mw kqNn∏n-®Xv Htc ^ew Xs∂. imkv{X-

kwLw Ipg-ßn. H∂p-In¬, Xß-fpsS ]co-£W k÷oI-c-W-Ønepw Afhp-I-fnepw Ft¥m sX‰p≠v; As√¶n¬, C∂p-h-sc-bp≈ as‰√m ]co-£W-ßf - nepw icn-sb∂p sXfn-™n-´p-≈, Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASnØ-d-bmb XØzw˛ {]Im-i-{]-th-KØns‚ Aew-L-\o-b-X˛ Dt]-£n-°Ww. c≠n¬ GXp hgn kzoI-cn-°Ww F∂-dn-bm-™,v imkv{X-cw-KØv F°meØpw \ne-\n-∂n-´p≈ kXy-k-‘-XbpsS am¿Kw kzoI- c n- ® p- s Im≠v , Zmcntbm Hmó-tdmbpw kwLhpw XßfpsS \nco-£-W-ßƒ imkv{X-tem-IØn\p ap∂n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p ]d-™n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv, "F¥msWmcp ]cn-lmcw F∂p Is≠-Øq.' c≠p km[y-X-I-fmWv imkv{XtemIw ImWp-∂Xv: 1. Hmó-tdmbv°pw kwL-Øn\pw sX‰p-]‰- n-bn-cn-°mw˛ Zqcw Af-°p-∂X - n¬, kabw Af-°p-∂X - n¬, As√-¶n¬ at‰-sX-¶nepw IW-°p-Iq-én¬. 2. sF≥ssÃs‚ Bt]-£n-IXm kn≤m¥w, IqSp-X¬ ]q¿W-X-bp≈ as‰mcp ùXnI kn≤m-¥Ø - ns‚ GItZi cq]w am{Xw B°mw. ]q¿W-Xbp≈ B kn≤m-¥sØ C\n Is≠Ø-Ww. _´m-hnb (C-√n-t\m-bn)-bnse s^¿an- \ m- j - W ¬ BIv k n- t e- ‰ ¿ et_m- d - ´ - d n- b nse ssk≤m- ¥ nI ùXnI hn`m- K - Ø ns‚ Xe- h ≥ Ão^≥ ]m¿Iv (Stephen Parke) ]d-bp∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: Cu Is≠-Ø¬ Izm≠w {Kmhn‰n kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-ambn (DZm: (ÃnwKv Xnb-dn) tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip∂p. {]]-©-Øn\v \men-tesd am\ßƒ (dimensions) D≠m-Imw. th≠{X Du¿P-ap-s≠-¶n¬ IW-ßƒ°v, \ap°v AZr-iy-amb Hcp am\-Øn¬ IqSn k©cn-°m≥ Ign-t™-°mw. A bn¬ \n∂v Bbnte°v Ah-bn-ßs\ Hcp Ipdp-°phgn kzoI-cn-®v, {]Im-it- h-KsØ AXnew-Ln-°msX Xs∂ FØn-t®-cp-tºmƒ, \mep -am-\-ßƒ am{Xw (3 ÿeo-b-am\-ßfpw Hcp ka-b-am-\-hpw) ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ \ap-°v, IWw t\ctØ FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p, {]Im-i-th-KsØ AXn-ew-Ln-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v tXm∂mw. F¥m-bm-epw, F√mw ImØn-cp∂v ImWmw F∂p Icp-Xp-Itb \nhr-Ønbp-≈q. P∏m-\nse Ian-tbm-Imt≠ \yq{Snt\m \nco- £ W \ne- b sØ kp\man Xmdp-am-dm-°n-bn-√m-bn-cp-s∂¶n¬, AhnsS \nco- £ - W - ß ƒ Bh¿Øn®pt\m°m- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AhnsS \S∂ ap≥\n-co-£W - ß - f - psS dn°m¿Up-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ h√ "¢q'hpw In´ptam F∂mWv Nne imkv{X⁄¿ Ct∏mƒ At\z-jn-°p-∂X - v. \hw-_¿ 2011

imkv{Xw tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

bqtdm]y≥ kwkvIrXnbpsS thcpIƒ tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\ms‚ "imkv{X-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw' F∂ ]pkvXIØnse Bdmw A[ym-bw 6.1 bh\]q¿h kwkvIrXn-Iƒ ant\mh∑m¿

∂v \mw {Io‰v F∂v- hnfn°p∂ Zzo]n¬ BWv- {InkvXphn\p 2700 h¿jw ap≥]v bqtdm∏nse BZysØ sh¶ebpKkwkvIrXn cq]w sIm≠XvF∂v- IcpXs∏Sp∂p. Ah¿ kzbw hntijn∏n®ncp∂Xv GXp t]cn¬ BWv- F∂v- \ap°dnbn√. AhnSsØ sFXnlmknI cmPmhmbncp∂ ant\mkns‚ _lpam\m¿Yw B cmPyØn\p ant\mh F∂pw P\ßƒ°v ant\mh∑m¿ F∂pw D≈ t]cpIƒ B[p\nI Ncn{XImc∑m¿ \¬IpIbmWv D≠mbXv. ant\mh≥am¿ kmt¶imkv{X-KXn

XnIambpw kmwkvImcnIambpw hfsc Db¿∂h¿ Bbncp∂p F∂v- IcptX≠nbncn°p∂p. bh\ ]pcmWßƒ A\pkcn®v ant\mkv BWv- Ncn{XØn¬ BZysØ \mhnI tk\ D≠m°n-bXt{X. IcIuie hnZybnepw I®hSØnepw Ah¿ D∂Xn {]m]n®p. teml∏Wnbnepw Ifna¨ Iebnepw D≈ AhcpsS t\´ßƒ CuPn]v‰pImcptSXnt\mSv InS ]nSn-°p∂hbt{X. AhcpsS ]e DXv]∂ßfpw {Kokn¬ \n∂pw CuPn]vXn¬ \n∂pw Is≠SpØn´p≈XpsIm≠v Ah¿°v hn]peamb I®hS_‘ßƒ D≠mbncp∂p F∂v - a\ nem°mw. AhnSsØ Ahin„ßfn¬

hfsc hepXpw at\mlchpw Bb sIm´mcßƒ [mcmfambn ImWs∏Sp∂XpsIm≠v i‡cmb cmPm°∑m¿ D≠mbncp∂Xmbn IW°m°mw. t\mt mknse (Knossos) sIm´mcw hfsc {]kn≤amWv. AhnSsØ Hcp khnti-jX sIm´mcØn\pw Np‰pap≈ 80000 tØmfw hcp∂ P\XXnbv°pw th≠ sh≈w FØn°p∂Xn\v {]mtZinIamb InWdpIƒ°v ]pdta Ah¿ AIzUŒpIsfbpw B{ibn®ncp∂p F∂p≈XmWv . t\mt mkn\p ]pdta Smbnent mkv (Tylissos), amenb (Malia) apXemb \Kcßfnepw AIzUŒpIƒ D≠mbncp∂p. tdmam°m¿°v Hcp kl{km–w ap≥]v

Xs∂ ant\mh∑m¿ AIzUŒpIƒ hnIkn∏n®ncp∂p F∂Xv ASpØ ImeØv - am{XamWv shfnhmbXv . ant\mh∑m¿°v tijw ssako\nb°m¿ Cu hnZy {Ko°v h≥Icbn¬ {]tbmKn°pIbpw {ItaW tdmam°m¿ AXv ]q¿WXbn¬ FØn°pIbpw BWv- D≠mbXv. {In. ap. 1700 t\mSSpØv Hcp henb `qIºtam kp\mantbm AKv\n]¿hXkv t ^mS\tam at‰m {Io‰n¬ h≥ tXmXn-ep≈ \miw hnX®Xns‚ kqN\-Iƒ D≠v. F¶nepw AXn\v tijhpw ]pXnb sIm´mcßƒ ]WnXXmbn ImWp∂XpsIm≠v Ah¿ AXn¬ \n∂pw Dbn¿sØgpt∂‰Xmbn A\pam\n°mw. {In. ap, 1450 -¬ as‰mcp {]IrXn Zpc¥hpw {Io‰nse ]e {]apJ \Kcßsfbpw \new]cnim°n. XpS¿∂v ssako\nb∑m¿ F∂ h¿Kw {Io‰v IogS°pIbpw ant\mh∑m¿ Ncn{XØns‚ GSpIfntebv°v adbpIbpw sNbvXp. GXm≠v C°meØmWv {Io‰n¬ \n∂v- \qdp Intemao‰¿ hS°mbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ kms‚mcn\n F∂ Zzo]nep≈ tXcm (Thera) F∂ AKv\n]¿hXw Ncn{XØnse G‰hpw henb hnkvt^mS\Øn\p hnt[bambXv. AXn¬ \n∂vsXdn® Nmcw Np‰pap≈ Zzo]pIfn¬ 30 ao‰dntesd I\Øn¬ BWv -

BhcWw kr„n®Xv. AKv\n]¿hXw ÿnXn sNbvXncp∂ Zzo]ns‚ ap°m¬ ]¶pw XI¿∂p. AXn‚ a[yØn¬ 40 In.ao. Np‰fhp≈ Hcp XSmIw cq]s∏´p. Np‰p]mSpw \SØnb DZvJ\\ßƒ ImWn°p∂Xv AhnSw Hcp h≥ \Kcw Bbncp∂p F∂mWv. Hcp]s£ ant\mh∑mcpsS G‰hpw henb \Kcw Bbncp∂ncn°mw AhnsS D≠mbncp∂Xv. bh\ ]pcmWßfn¬ ]dbp∂ A‰vem‚nkv (Atlantis) F∂ \„ kz¿Kw CXmbncp∂p F∂ Hcp hnizmkw ]m›mXytemIØv ]c∂n´p≠v. Hcp ]t£ sXcmbpsS kvt^mS\w BImw ant\mh∑mcpsS Xntcm[m\Øn\p ImcWamb A¥na kw`hw.

ssako\nb∑m¿ {In. ap. 1600 apX¬ 1100 hscbp≈ ImeL´w ssako\nb°mcpsSXmWv. {Ko°v h≥Icbn¬ FX≥kn¬ \n∂v90 Intemao‰¿ sX°v ] Sn™mdv BbmWv ssakot\ (Mycenae) \Kcw. C∂v AsXmcp ]pcmhkvXp J\\tI{μw BWv-; SqdnÃv BI¿jWhpw. {In. ap. 2000 ASpØv AhnsS Xmakw Dd∏n® Hcp C≥tUm- b qtdm]y≥ tKm{X-Øn¬ \n∂mWv ssako\nb≥ kwkv I mcw DcpØncn™p h∂Xv F∂mWv IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. sh¶ebpK-Ø ns‚ A¥yw Bbt∏mtg°pw

tIm´ sI´n _es∏SpØnb Ip∂pIfpw Np‰pw Irjnÿeßfpw Bbp≈ Hcp Bhmk hyhÿ Ah¿ hf¿Øn FSpØncp∂p. hfsc hn]p-ehpw AewIrXhpamb ihIpSocßƒ ssako\nb°mcpsS khntijXbmWv. AhbpsS \n¿anXnbn¬ 20 StÆmfw `mcap≈ henb I√pIƒ (Nneh 100 SÆpw hcpw) D]tbmKn®n´p≠v . Ahbn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ Ieminev]ßƒ ssako\nb°mcpsS kmt¶XnI anIhp hnfw_cw sNøp∂p. I√v-, IfnaÆv, temlw F∂nhbnse√map≈ inev ] ßƒ Ahbn¬ \n∂v- Is≠SpØn´p≠v. cm{„obambpw Ah¿ hfsc i‡n {]m]n®p. \√ ImeØv- Ah¿ ssk\nI tijn sIm≠v a[y[cWym-gnbpsS Ingt° `mKØp apgph≥ ta¬ss° t\Sn. ]t£ {In. ap. ]{¥≠mw \q‰m≠v- Bbt∏mtg°pw AhcpsS i‡n £bn°p∂Xmbpw hntZi B{IaWßƒ°v Iogvs∏Sp∂Xmbpw ImWmw. B{IaImcnIƒ hS°p\n∂p h∂ tUmdnb∑m¿ Bbncps∂∂pw AX√ CuPn]vjy≥ hnhcWßfn¬ kqNn∏n°p∂ IS¬sIm≈°m¿ Bbncps∂∂pw c≠p]£ap≠v . CsXm∂pa√ XpS¿®bmb `qIºßƒ BWv- Ahsc XI¿ØsX∂pw Hc`n{]m-bap≠v. GXmbmepw sh¶ebpK kwkvImcßsf AtbmbpK kwkvImcßƒ XpS®p am‰p∂Xns‚ as‰mcp DZmlcWw Bbn CXns\bpw IW°m°mw. ant\mh∑m¿°pw ssako\nb∑m¿°pw FgpØv hiambncp∂p. BZytØXn\v eo\nb¿ F F∂pw c≠matØXn\v eo\nb¿ _n F∂pw ]d™phcp∂p. 1951 ¬ - BWv- eo\nb¿ _nbv°v Xpºp≠m°m≥ Ign™Xv. AXv B[p\nI Pm∏\okv `mj t]mse Htc kzcap≈ hyRvP\°q´ßƒ°v HcSbmfw F∂ IW°nep≈ (syllabic) en]n k{ºZmbw Bbncp∂p. ssako\nb∑mcpsS ]X\ tijw Cu `mj apcSn°pIbpw {ItaW ad°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.

lnss‰‰pIƒ C∂sØ S¿°nbpsS ]Sn™mtd `mKØn\v ]≠v B\s‰mfnb F∂pw Gjym ssa\¿ F∂pw BWv- ]d™ncp∂Xv. AhnsS lm´pk F∂ \Kcw tI{μam°n {In. ap. ]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ lnss‰‰pIƒ F∂ h¿K°m¿ Hcp km{amPyw sI´n∏SpØp. ]Xn∂memw \q‰mt≠mSpIqSn Ah¿ B\tSmfnb GXm≠v apgph\pw, C∂sØ kndnbbpw se_\Wpw IogS°n. \hw-_¿ 2011

]t£ Ccp∂qdp sIm√ßƒ°Iw km{amPyw On∂`n∂ambn, At\Iw \Kc cm{„ßfmbn ]ncn™p. Nneh {In.]n. F´mw \q‰m≠v hsc \ne-\n∂p. AhcpsS `mj C≥tUm-bqtdm]y≥ IpSpw_Øn¬s]´Xmbncp∂p; FgpØv satkmt∏msánbsct∏mse Iyq\nt^mw coXnbnepw. Ahsc∏‰nbp≈ ]cma¿ißƒ ss__nfn¬ am{Xa√, A ocnbbn¬ \n∂v- Inńbn´p≈ ]pcmX\ Ifna¨ êIßfnepw D≠v . AhcpsS IcIuie inev]-ßfpw D]IcWßfpw CuPn]vSp-ImcptSXp t]mse Xs∂ tIaw Bbncp∂p. sh¶e bpKØns‚ Ahkm\w BWv - Ah¿ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv F¶nepw AtbmbpKØns‚ A{KKmanIƒ Bbn´mWv kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS Ncn{XØn¬ AhcpsS ÿm\w. {In. ap. ]Xn\©mw \q‰mt≠msS Ah¿ Ccpºv D≠m°nXpSßpIbpw A ocnb∑m¿°pw a‰pw AXv ssIamdpIbpw sNbvXXmbn tcJIƒ D≠v. A\tSmfnbbpsS kma¥ cmPyambncp∂ InkphmSv\ (Kizzuvatna) BWvCcpºv D≠m°epambn _‘s∏´v BZyw Adnbs∏Sp∂ tI{μw.

^o\ojy∑m¿ satkms∏mt´manb≥ N{μ°ebpsS ]Sn™mdv amdn, ss__nfn¬ Im\m≥ F∂v- hnfn°s∏Sp∂ {]tZiw Bbncp∂p ^n\ojy. Hcp km{amPyw F∂Xnt\°mƒ ]e \Kc cm{„ßfpw tN¿∂ Hcp kwLmXw Bbncp∂p CXv. Ssb¿ (Tyre) Bbncp∂p {][m\ \Kcw. {In. ap. 1550 apX¬ 300 hsc saUn‰td\nbs‚ Ings° Xocßfn¬ apgph≥ B[n]Xyw ]pe¿-Ønb Hcp \mhnI i‡n Bbncp∂p Ah¿. I∏¬ \n¿amWØn¬ Ah¿ hnπhIcamb ]e ]cnjvImcßfpw hcpØn. Cu {]tZisØ IS¬-am¿Kap≈ I®hSw Cu Imea{Xbpw GXm≠v AhcpsS IpØI Bbncp∂p. i–ßƒ°v- en]nIƒ Ipdn°p∂ B¬^s_‰nIv FgpØv BWv- AhcpsS as‰mcp ImXemb kw`mh\. an° ]Sn™md≥ `mjIfpw ]n∂oSv Cu coXn ]n¥pS¿∂p. FgpØns\ P\Iobh- X v I cn°p∂Xn¬ Cu ]cnjvImcw hln® ]¶v sNdpX√. ^n\ojy°mcpsS Iebpw inev]ßfpw Db¿∂ \nehmcw ]pe¿Øn, F¶nepw ]e cmPyßfpambp≈ kº¿°w ImcWw kz¥amb Hcp ssien hf¿Øn FSp°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign™n√. CuPn]vjy≥, A odnb≥, imkv{X-KXn

{Ko°v coXnIfpsS k¶cw Bbncp∂p AhcptSXv.

Im¿sØPv a[y[cWymgnbpsS a[y `mKØvknknen°p sX°mbn B{^n° h≥Icbn¬ C∂sØ Syq\nkn\p kao]w ^n\ojy∑m¿ ÿm]n® Im¿sØPv ]pcmX\ImesØ G‰hpw henb \mhnI i‡nbmbn hf¿∂p. BZyImeØv Ah¿ ô\ojy≥ F∂Xns‚ XZv`hw Bb "]yq\nNv' F∂ t]cnemWv Adnbs∏ńcp∂Xv. saUn‰td\nb≥ i‡n F∂ \nebn¬ knknenbpsS \nb{¥WØn\mbn Ah¿ IqsS°qsS {Ko°pImcpambn kwL¿jØn¬ G¿s∏ńcp∂p. saUn-‰td\nbs‚ ]Sn™mdv `mKw AhcpsS ]q¿Wamb \nb{¥WØn¬ Bbncp∂p. {In. ap. aq∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ a≤yw Bbt∏mtg°pw Db¿∂p h∂ ]pXp i‡nbmb tdmw Ah¿°v i‡amb sh√phnfn Db¿Øn. Hcp \q‰m≠ntesd \o≠p\n∂ ]yq\nIv bp≤ßfpsS Ahkm\w tdmw Im¿sXPns\ XI¿Øv saUn‰td\nb≥ temIØv apgph≥ B[n]Xyw Dd∏n®p. {In. ap. 264˛146 ImeL´Øn¬ aq∂v ]yq\nIv bp≤ßƒ D≠mbn. 264 apX¬ 241 hsc \o≠p\n∂ H∂mw ]yq\nIv

bp≤Øns‚ Ahkm\w Im¿sXPn\p knknen \„ambn. 218 apX¬ 201 hsc \S∂ c≠mw ]yq\nIv bp≤w Hm¿an°s∏Sp∂Xv Im¿sXPns‚ hoc\mbI≥ Bb lm\n_mƒ B\Iƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ hº≥ ssk\yhpambn kvs]bn≥ hgn B¬]vkv IS∂p C‰en B{Ian® kw`hØns‚ t]cn¬ BWv - . ]t£ Ahkm\w tdmam°m¿ Xs∂ hnPb{ioemfnXcmbn; Im¿sXPn\p A]am\hpw [\\„hpw êw. 146 ¬ - Ahkm\n® aq∂mw ]yq\nIv bp≤tØmsS Im¿sXPp ]q¿Wambpw XI¿∂p. tdmam°m¿ B \Kcw CSn®v \ncØn Xobn´p. {In. ap Ggmw \q‰m≠n¬ aq∂v e£-tØmfw P\kwJybp≈, A∂sØ temIØnse G‰hpw henbXpw kº∂hpw Bb \Kcw Bbncp∂p Im¿sØPv . \Kcmkq{XWØnepw sIńS \n¿amWØnepw Ah¿ A\ymZri t\´ßƒ ssIhcn®p. NpÆmºv ]md Bbncp∂p {][m\ \n¿amW hkvXp. A©pw Bdpw \neIfp≈ henb sIńSßfn¬ BWv- BfpIƒ Xmakn®ncp∂Xv. Ah¿°v ss]∏-neqsSbp≈ IpSnsh≈ hnXcWhpw aen\ Pe \n¿am¿P\ kwhn[m\hpw

D≠mbncp∂p. \qdp I∏epIƒ°v Htc kabw \¶qcw CSmhp∂ Hcp henb XpdapJw Bbncp∂p Im¿sXPn\v D≠mbncp∂Xv. anen´dn F≥Pn\obdnßnepw Ah¿ {]mK¤yw t\Sn. A°mesØ G‰hpw anI® tIm´ sImØfßfm¬ kwc£nXamb \Kcw Bbncp∂p Im¿sØPv; AhcpsS \mhnI tk\ temtImØchpw. lm\n_mƒ \m¬]Xn\mbncw hcp∂ Imemƒ ]Ssbbpw ]¥ocmbncw IpXnc∏´mfsØbpw 37 B\Isfbpw sIm≠v i{Xpssk\yØns‚ B{IaWw {]Xntcm[n®p sIm≠v tdm¨ \Zn IS∂Xpw B¬]v k v ]¿hXw XcWw sNbv X Xpw AXpeyamb F≥Pn\obdnwKv sshZKv[yØns‚ klmbtØmsS am{Xta km[yw BIpambncp∂p≈q. knhn¬ F≥Pn\o-bdnßnepw anen´dn F≥Pn\obdnßnepw am{Xa√ bp≤ X{¥ßfnepw tdman\v Im¿sXPn¬ \n∂v- ]eXpw ]Tn°m≥ D≠mbncp∂p.

F{SkvI∑m¿ ]pcmX\ C‰enbn¬ hf¿∂v ]¥en® Hcp kwkvImcw Bbncp∂p F{SkvI∑mcptSXv. C∂v SkvI\n F∂vhnfn°s∏Sp∂ {]tZiw Bbncp∂p

AhcpsS Bÿm\w. (SkvI\n F∂ t]cpXs∂ Ahcn¬\n∂v - In´nbXt{X.) {In. ap. F´mw \q‰mt≠msS hnIkn® Cu kwkvImcw {In. ap. H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ tdmam kwkvImcØn¬ hnebw {]m]n®v A\yw \n∂pt]mbn. Ch¿°v kz¥amb `mj D≠mbncp∂p; AXns‚ enJnXßƒ {In.ap. Ggmw \q‰m≠v- apX¬ ImWs∏Sp∂p. sNºpw Ccpºpw J\\w sNbvXp kwkvIcn°m≥ ]Tn® Ah¿ C‰menb≥ D]Zzo]v apgph≥ hym]n°pIbpw Aßs\ {Ko°pImcpambn kwL¿jØn¬ FØpIbpw sNbvXp. {Ko°pImcpambn G‰papt´≠n h∂ as‰mcp Iq´¿ Im¿sXPpIm¿ Bbncp∂t√m. Aßs\ Ah¿ Im¿sXPpImcpsS ]£°m¿ Bbn. ]t£ {In. ap. 474˛¬ kndmIyqkns‚ t\XrXzØn¬ {Ko°pIm¿ F{Skv I ∑msc tXm¬∏n®tXmsS AhcpsS £bw Bcw`n®p. {ItaW AhcpsS \Kcßƒ tdmam°m¿ ssIbS°n. F{SkvI≥ B¿°ns´IvN¿ {Ko°pImcptSXns‚ henb kzm[o\w Dƒs°m≈p∂p. ]t£ AXns\ Ahcp-sSXmb coXnbn¬ Ah¿ cq]s∏SpØn. ({Ko°v kzm[o\w tdmante°v

h∂Xv F{SkvI∑mcneqsS BWv- F∂vIcpXs∏Sp∂p.) {Ko°pImcn¬ \n∂vhyXykv X ambn Ah¿ ihIpSocßfpsS \n¿anXn°v henb {]m[m\yw sImSpØp. sSdmt°m´bnepw sh¶eØnepw D≈ hm¿∏v ]WnIfn¬ Ah¿ hnZKv≤∑m¿ Bbncp∂p. AhcpsS Ieminev]ßƒ an°Xpw aX]cambh Bbncp∂p. kz¿WØnepw B\s°mºnepw D≈ at\mlc inev]ßƒ ]eXpw Ahtijn®n´p≠v. AhcpsS F≥Pn\obdnwKv ]≤XnIfn¬ ]eXpw Irjnbpambpw PetkN\hpambpw NXp∏pIƒ Xq¿°p-∂Xpambpw _‘s∏´h Bbncp∂p. AXneqsS Ah¿ Pehn`h ]cn]me\Ønepw AXpambn _‘s∏´ `q{]IrXn ]T\Ønepw sshZKv≤yw t\Sn. πn\nbpw kv{´mt_mbpw ]cma¿in®n´p≈ kv]n\ F∂ ]pcmX\ F{SkvI≥ \KcØns‚ Ahin„ßƒ sh\okn\SpØp≈ NXp∏pIfn¬ \n∂v- Is≠Ønbn´p≠v. hfsc hnIknXhpw kº∂hpw Bb Hcp kwkvImcw BWv- AXneqsS A\mhrXw BIp∂Xv-. (Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-√)

\hw-_¿ 2011

]cn-kcw tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

ao\-®n¬ \Zo-X-S-]-≤Xn

H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬\n∂p≈ A[nI Pew ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bn-tebv°v Xncn-®p-hn´v AhnsS \oscm-gp°v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw. ao\-®n-em-dns‚ DZv`-h-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ASp-°Øv Hcp AW-s°´n sh≈w XS-™p-\n¿Øn Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Im-eØv \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ ]cn-]m-Sn. kmº-Øn-I-ambpw kmt¶-Xn-I-ambpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambpw \ne-\n¬]n-√mØ Hcp \n¿t±-i-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v I≠-Xns\-Øp-S¿∂v AXv Dt]-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw ]e-hn[ \n¿t±-ißƒ°pw N¿®-Iƒ°pw-ti-j-amWv C∂sØ \n¿t±iw cq]-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv.

tIm´bw Pn√-bpsS Poh-\m-Un-bmWv ao\-®n-em¿ F∂p-]d - b - mw. ]q™mdpw If-Øp-IS- hv Bdpw kwtbm-Pn®v ao\®n- e m¿ P\n- ° p- ∂ p. ]›n- a - L - ´ Øn¬\n∂p- Z v ` hn- ° p∂ hnhn[ t]mjI Acp-hn-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿∂mWv ao\-®n¬ \Zn ]q¿W-ambn cq]w-sIm-≈p∂-X.v 78 Intem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Cu ]pg ]Sn-™mdv thº-\m-´p-Im-b-en¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. CSp-°n, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tIm´bw Pn√-If - n-eq-sS-bmWv aqhm-‰p-]pg-bm¿ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂X - v. sXmSp-]p-g, imkv{X-KXn

aqhm-‰p-]pg F∂o \K-cß - ƒ CXns‚ Xoc-Øm-Wv. tIm´-b-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ sh≈q¿ \yqkv{]n‚ v ^mIvSdn aqhm-‰p]p-gb - m-dns‚ Xoc-Øm-W.v c≠p-\Z- n-Ifpw Kpcp-X-c-amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]Xn-k‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂h - b - m-Wv. c≠pw Ah IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]tZ-isØ P\-ßƒ°v Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw IpSn-sh≈ hnX-cW - Ø - n-eq-sSbpw henb tkh\w sNbvXp-sIm-≠pancn-°p-∂p. e`y-amb hnZKv≤ IW-°p-Iƒ{]Imcw tabv amkØn¬ 173.74 Zi-e£w Iyp_n°v ao‰¿

sh≈-am-Wv aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-dn-eqsS HgpIp-∂Xv. sk]vXw-_d - n¬ CXv 141.49 Zie£w Iyp_n°v ao‰-dmbn Npcp-ßpw. CXn-\n-Sb - n-emWv B≠n¬ a‰v ka-bß - fnse Chn-SsØ Pe-e` - y-X. ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bpsS Imcy-Øn-emsW¶n¬ Cu IW°v bYm-{Iaw PqWnse 29.92 Zie£w Iyp_nIv ao‰dpw P\p-hc - n-bnse 0.73 Zi-e£w Iyp_n°v ao‰-dp-am-Wv. aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-‰nse Pe-e` - yX ao\-®nem-dns\ At]-£n®v hfsc Db¿∂-XmWv. ImcWw aqe-a‰ - Øv \n∂p≈ AW-

s°-ńse sh≈w sshZypXn DXv]m-Z\ - Øn-\p-tijw Xpd∂phn-Sp-∂Xv Cu \Znbn-te-b° v m-W.v aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-‰n¬\n∂p≈ A[nI Pew ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bn-tebv°v Xncn-®phn´v AhnsS \oscm-gp°v h¿≤n-∏n-°pI-bmWv ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw. CsXmcp ]pXnb ]≤-Xn-sbm∂p-a√ - : 1960-If - psS BZy-]I - pXn apX¬ N¿®-sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂X - mWv. ao\-®n-em-dns‚ DZv`h - s - a∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ASp°Øv Hcp AW-s°ń sh≈w XS-™p\n¿Øn Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyw sa®-s∏Sp-ØpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Im-eØv \n¿t±-in-°s - ∏´ ]cn-]m-Sn. kmº-Øn-Iambpw kmt¶-Xn-Ia - mbpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Iambpw \ne-\n¬]n-√mØ Hcp \n¿t±-iam-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v I≠-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v AXv Dt]-£n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\ptijw ]e-hn[ \n¿t±-iß - ƒ°pw N¿®Iƒ°pw-ti-ja- mWv C∂sØ \n¿t±iw cq]-s∏-ń-´p-≈X - v. CX-\p-kc - n®v Ad-°f-Øn-\S- pØv aq∂w-Kh - b - e - n¬\n∂v aqhm‰p-]p-gb - nse sh≈w ao\-®n-em-‰n-tebv°v Xncn-®h - n-Spw. CXn-\mbn aq∂w-Kh - b - e - n¬ Hcp AW-s°-´p-≠mhpw. AW-bn¬\n∂v 450 ao‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp Nm\eneq-sS-bmWv BZy-L´- Ø - n¬ sh≈w HgpIp-∂-Xv. Chn-sS-\n∂v sh≈w Hcp `qK¿` SW-en-tebv°v {]th-in-°pw. 6500 ao‰¿ Zqcw `qK¿` SW-en-eqsS k©-cn°p∂ sh≈w XpS¿∂v Hcp FIvkn‰v Nm\- e n- t ebv ° v {]th- i n- ° p- ∂ p. FIvkn‰v Nm\-en\v 150 ao‰¿ ssZ¿Lyap-≠v. Cu Nm\¬ ao\-®n-em-dns‚ c≠v

H∂m-asØ {]iv\w aqhm‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ A[n-IPew F{X-am{Xw D≠v F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hyXykvX A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \ne\n¬°p∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv. ae-¶c AW-s°´n¬\n∂v Xpd∂phn-Sp∂ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbmK km[y-X-Iƒ IW-°n-seSp-ØmWv aqhm-‰p-]pg Xoc-P-e-tk-N\ ]≤Xn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Ct∏mƒ Ccp-]-Øn-sb´v ip≤-Pe hnX-cW ]≤-XnIƒ sh≈-Øn-\mbn B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv aqhm-‰p]pg \Zo-X-S-sØ-bm-Wv. CXn¬ sXmSp-]p-g, aqhm‰p-]pg F∂o \Kc IpSnsh≈ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw tN¿Ø-e-bn-te-bv°p≈ P∏m≥ IpSn-sh≈ ]≤Xnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

{][m\ ssIh-gn-Iƒ kwtbm-Pn-°p∂ \Zn-h° - Øv FØp-∂p. ChnsS \n∂v \Zn Ipd®p Xmsg-bp≈ c≠m-Sp-ap-∂ntebv°v Hgp-In-sb-Øp-∂p. C{X-bp-amWv ]≤-Xn-bpsS H∂mw-L´ {]h¿Ø-\w. c≠mwL´-Øn¬ c≠m-Sp-ap-∂n-bn¬ as‰mcp AW-sIń sh≈-Øns‚ Hgp°v \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p. Chn-sS-\n∂v I\m-epI-fn-eqsS sh≈w Xncn®phn´v Pe-tkN-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. 13 sN°v Umap-Ifpw th≠n-hc - pw. CXv \S-∏n-em°p-∂-Xn-eqsS BsI 9489 slIvS¿ {]tZ-iØv ]pXp-Xmbn Pe-tk-N\w \SØm-sa∂pw \ne-hn¬ Pe-tk-N\w km[y-am-°p∂ 552 slIvS¿ ÿeØv Pe-tk-N\w IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£a - a - m-°pIbpw sNøm-sa∂pw Icp-Xp-∂p. ]≤-Xn-bpsS \n¿amW {]h¿Ø\w ]d- ™ p- h - ∂ - X n¬ hn´p- t ]m- b Xpw F∂m¬ FSpØv ]d-tb-≠X - p-amb Hcp kwK-Xn-bp-≠v. FIvkn‰v Nm\¬ \cn-aIØv FØp-tºmƒ AXv ao\-®n-em-‰nte-bv°p≈ \oscm-gp-°ns‚ ASn-Øń¬\n∂v hfsc Xmgv∂mWv hcn-I. AXp-sIm≠v Cu sh≈sØ kzoI-cn°m≥ \Zn-bpsS ASn-Ø´v 6.81 ao‰¿ XmgvtØ-≠n-hc - pw. Bgw Iqt´-≠n-hcpw F∂¿∞w. 380 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hymk-ap≈ SW-en\v Hmtcm sk°‚nepw 18m3 sh≈w Hgp°n hnSm≥ tijn-bp-≠m-bncn-°pw. t\ctØ ]d-™X - p-t]mse ]≤-Xnbm-Ym¿∞y-am-bm¬ AXv ao\-®n-em-dns‚ BtcmKyw hos≠-Sp-°m≥ klm-bI - a - mIp-sa-∂X - n¬ kwi-bs - am-∂p-an-√. `c-WØm-\w, sIm√-∏≈ - n, ]me, cma-]p-cw, ac-Øm-´p-]n-≈n, ]mdp-h, sNºn-fm-h,v InSßq¿, Ab¿°p-∂w, ]pXp-∏≈ - n, hmIØm\w XpSßn hnhn[ {]tZ-iß - f - ntebv°v Pe-tk-N\ - Ø - n\v sh≈-sa-Øn°m≥ ]≤Xn klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v HutZym-KnI kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ Ah-Im-is∏-Sp-∂p. tIm´-bØ - ns‚ ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJe A\p-`h - n-°p∂ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv \ - ß ƒ°pw ]cn- l m- c - a m- b mWv ]≤Xn Ah- X - c n- ∏ n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . th\¬°m-ea - m-bm¬ Cu taJ-eb - nse \Zn hc≠v DW-ßp-Ibpw Pe-£maw A\p-`h - s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. thº-\m´p-Im-be - n¬ XÆo¿ap-°Øv _≠v sIń D∏p-sh≈w AS-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu taJ-eb - nse Pew IqSp-Xe - mbn aen\-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p-≠.v ao\-®n-em‰n-eqsS IqSp-X¬ ip≤-Pew Hgp-In-hc - p∂Xv Chn-sS-bp≈ Pem-i-b-ß-fpsS BtcmKyw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂X - n\pw Cu taJ-eb - n¬ th\¬°m-eØv hym]-Ia - mIp∂ ]I¿®hym[n-Iƒ XS-bm≥ klmbn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. \hw-_¿ 2011

C∏-d-™-sXms° Ah-Im-i-hm-Zßƒ am{X-am-Wv. Ah-sb-{X-am{Xw bmYm¿∞y-am-Ip-sa∂v I≠-dn-tb-≠X - mWv. H∂m-asØ {]iv\w aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m‰n¬ A[n-IP - ew F{X-am{Xw D≠v F∂Xn-s\-∏‰n hyXykvX A`n-{]m-bß - ƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂p F∂p-≈X - m-W.v ae-¶c AW-s°-´n¬\n∂v Xpd∂phn-Sp∂ PeØns‚ D]-tbmK km[y-XI - ƒ IW-°nse-Sp-ØmWv aqhm-‰p-]pg Xoc-Pe - t- k-N\ ]≤Xn (MVIP)]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bn-´p-≈X - .v Ct∏mƒ Ccp-]Ø - n-sb´v ip≤-Pe hnXcW ]≤-Xn-Iƒ sh≈-Øn-\mbn B{ibn-°p-∂Xv aqhm-‰p-]pg \Zo-XS- s - Ø-bmWv. CXn¬ sXmSp-]p-g, aqhm-‰p-]pg F∂o \Kc IpSnsh≈ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw tN¿Ø-eb - n-te-bv°p≈ P∏m≥ IpSnsh≈ ]≤-Xnbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. tIm´bw Pn√-bnse ssh°w taJ-eb - n-tebv°v c≠v IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ aqhm-‰p-]pg- b m- ‰ n¬ \n∂p- ≠ v . Ph- l ¿em¬ s\lvdp \K-ch - n-Ik - \ ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mKambn hcp∂ sIm®n \K-cØ - n-tebv°pw {]m¥ {]tZ-iØ - n-te-bv°p-ap≈ IpSnsh≈ ]≤-Xn-bv°m-hi - y-amb sh≈w I≠p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm‰n¬\n∂p Xs∂-bm-W.v hnime sIm®n hnI-k\ AtXm-dn-‰n-bpsS IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-dn-s\-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂X - .v Ch-bs v °-√m-ambn 19.87 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ sh≈-amWv Hmtcm amkhpw th≠-Xv. AXm-bXv {]Xn- Z n\w 662.23 Zi- e £w en‰¿ sh≈w. CXp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-

imkv{X-KXn

ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XSw ˛ Nne hnh-cß - ƒ BsI \ofw ˛ 78 In.-ao. BsI \o¿ØS hnkvXrXn ˛ 1208.11 N.-In.-ao. BsI Pe e`yX (hm¿jn-Iw) ˛ 2349 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ hm¿jnI Pe D]-tbmKw ˛ 1110 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ ao\-®n¬ ]≤Xn ˛ c≠v L´-ßƒ H∂mw L´w: aq∂w-Kh - b - e - nse AW, C≥se‰v Nm\¬ `qK¿` SW¬ Hu´vse‰v Nm\¬. c≠v h¿jw) c≠mw L´w: c≠m-´p-ap-\n-bnse AW, sN°v Umap-Iƒ, Pe-tk-N\ I\m-epIƒ (A©v h¿jw) BsI {]Xo-£nXv sNehv : 198.74 tImSn cq]. (2005˛se IW-°v) aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - nse A[nI Pe-e` - yXbpw ao\-®n-em-‰nse Pem-hi - yhpw amkw

aqhm‰p]pgao\-®n¬ XS-Øn-te bm-dnse an®w/IΩn bv°v th≠Xv

P\p-hcn s^{_p-hcn am¿®v G{]n¬ sabv Pq¨ Pqsse BKÃv sk]vXw-_¿ HIvtSm-_¿ \hw-_¿ Unkw-_¿

˛47.36 ˛51.55 ˛44.26 ˛4.35 21.96 27.124 23.71 17.23 ˛4.6 21.73 2.4 ˛24.3

18.81 19.66 21.78 6.86 1.77 0.25 ˛ 0.43 1.50 2.16 3.93 15.43

s\K-‰ohv kwJy-Iƒ IΩn ImWn-°p-∂p.

tºmƒ ao\- ® n- e m- d ns\ B{i- b n®v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ IpSn-sh≈ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xptemw sNdp-Xm-Wv. 19 IpSn-sh≈ t{]mP-IvSp-If - mWv Ct∏mƒ ao\-®n-em‰n¬\n∂v sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-∂X - v. 231.5 Zie£w en‰¿ sh≈-amWv {]Xn-Zn\w th≠-Xv. 18.5 Zi-e£w en‰¿ sh≈w `mhn-bn¬ ta¬∏-d™ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]q¿ØnbmIp-tºmƒ th≠n-hc - p-sa∂v IW-°m-°p-∂p. Aßs\ h∂m¬ {]XnZn\w 250 aney≥ en‰¿ sh≈w th≠nh-cpw. AXm-bXv {]Xn-amkw 7.5 aney≥ Iyp_nIv ao‰¿. 29 en^v‰v Cdn-tK-j≥ t{]mP-IvSpI-fp-≠.v aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-dns\ B{i-bn-®.v Chbpw CSp-°n, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, tIm´bw Pn√-If - n-embn hym]n®v InS-°p-∂p. 2.605 Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ sh≈-amWv Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂v Hmtcm sk°‚nepw D]-tbm-Kn°p-∂X - v. {]Xn-amk icm-icn IW-°nse-Sp-Øm¬ 6.76 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv

ao‰¿ sh≈w CXn-\mbn thWw. Cu IW-°p-Is - f√mw ao\-®n¬ dnh¿ hmen t{]mPIvSv kw_-‘n®v ]Tn-°p-∂X - n\v 18.04.07-˛se DØ-c-hp-{]-Imcw tIcf k¿°m¿ \ntbm-Kn® hnZKv≤ kanXn t{ImUo- I - c n- ® n- ´ p≈XmWv . Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ A\p-_‘ - a - mbn sImSpØn-´p≈ aqhm-‰p-]p-g, ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS- ß-fnse hm´¿ _me≥kv ÃUn A\pk-cn®v tabv, Pq¨, Pqsse, BKÃv, HIvtSm-_¿, \hw-_¿ F∂o Bdv amkß-fn¬ am{X-amWv aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-‰n¬ an® Pe-ap-≈X - .v CXn¬ G‰hpw IqSnb Afhv Pqsse-bnse 23.71 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰dpw G‰hpw Ipd™ Afhv \hw- _ - d nse 2.4 Zi- e £w Iyp_nIv ao‰-dp-am-W.v _m°n-bp≈ Bdv amkhpw aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bm-‰n¬ sh≈w IΩn-bm-Wv. IΩn G‰hpw A[n-Ia - m-Ip∂Xv s^{_p-hc - n-bn-emWv 51.55 Zi-e£w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿. IΩn G‰hpw Ipd-bp∂Xv G{]n- e n- e pw. 4.35 Zi- e £w Iyp_nIv ao‰¿. AXm-bXv Ct∏mƒ e`yamb IW-°p-Iƒ{]-Imcw aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m‰n¬\n∂v ao\-®n-em-‰n-tebv°v Xncn-®phn-Sm≥ A[n-IP - ew h¿j-Øn¬ Bdv amkhpw D≠m-hn-√. ao\-®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤-Xn-sb-s®m√n tIm´bw Pn√-bnse Nne cmjv{Sob t\Xm-°fpw Fd-WmIpfw Pn√-bnse t\Xm-°fpw XΩn¬ Ct∏mƒ Bcw-`n-®n-´p≈ hmIvt]m-cm-´Øns‚ ]n∂n-ep-≈Xv Cu IW-°p-Ifm-W.v Hcp ]t£ kao-]`- m-hn-bn¬ Cu c≠v Pn√-If - n-tebpw Xt±-i`- c - W ÿm]\-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Hcp G‰p-ap-´e - mbn CXv hf¿t∂-°mw. CXp-Iq-SmsX apJy-ambpw D≠m-Im-\nS-bp-≈Xv ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\ß - f - m-W.v AXn¬ H∂m-at- ØXv ao\-®n¬ \Zn-bpsS ASn-Ø´v 6.81 ao‰¿ XmgvØp∂-Xp-aqew D≠m-Im-hp∂ {]iv\ß - f - m-W.v 23.08.2007˛¬ kn.- U - _ v f n- b p.- B ¿.- U n.- F w.Dw 10.07.2007-˛¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ F¿Øv kb≥kv ÃUokpw CXp-kw-_‘ - n® Xß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw hnZKv≤ kanXnsb Adn-bn-®X - mbn ImWp-∂p. c≠v A`n-{]m-bØ - nepw Cßs\ ASn-Ø´v XmgvØp-∂Xv Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ `qK¿` Pe\n-c∏v Xmgm-\n-Sb - m-°p-sa∂pw X∑qew Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ InW-dp-If - nse Pe-\n-c∏p-IqSn Xmgp-sa∂pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cn°p-∂p. Hcp-]t£ ao\-®n¬ taJ-esb c-£n-°m≥ \S-Øp∂ Cu ]≤XnXs∂ CtX taJ-eb - n¬ Km¿lnI IpSn-sh≈ £maØntebv°v \bn-t®-°mw. \Zo-Xoc-Øns‚ Ncn-hn-t\bpw `qhn-\n-tbm-Kt- Øbpw-IqSn CXv _m[n-t®-°mw. `qK¿` Xpc-¶Ø - ns‚ \n¿amWw Cu taJ- e - b n¬ D≠m- ° n- t b- ° m- h p∂

BLm-Xß - f - mWv c≠m-aX - mbn IW-°mt°-≠X - .v Db¿∂ Ip∂n≥ {]tZ-ia - mWv Xpc¶w D≠m-°m≥ Ct∏mƒ \n¿t±-in°-s∏-´n-´p-≈X - v. t{]mPIvSv \n¿t±-ia - \ - pk-cn®v 2005-˛06-˛¬ CXns‚ \n¿amWw XpS- t ß- ≠ - X m- b n- c p- ∂ p. 2011- ˛ 12- ˛ ¬ ]q¿Øn- b m- t °- ≠ - X p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. A∂sØ IW-°\ - p-kc - n®v 27247 S¨ kna‚pw 3907 S¨ Ccpºpw SW-ens‚ \n¿am-WØ - n\v thWw. 73680 Iyp_nIv ao‰-dmWv samØw SWens‚ hym]vXw. CXn¬ IqSp-X¬ aÆv Chn-sS-\n∂v \o°w sNtø-≠X - m-bn-hc - pw. C{Xbpw \n¿an-Xn-bv°p≈ a‰v {]IrXn hn`-hßfpw thWw. CØ-cs - amcp \n¿anXn Ncn-hp≈ Ip∂n≥ {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ GsX¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ BLm-Xß - ƒ hcpØptam F∂v ]Tn-®X - mbn ImWp-∂n-√. AØcw ]T-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ am{Xta CXp-kw-_‘ - n®v Xocpam-\ß - ƒ FSp-°m-\m-hq. ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-ebv°v F¥p In´p-sa∂ tNmZy-ßfpw {][m-\a - m-Wv. ao\-®n-em-‰n-eqsS ip≤-Pew IqSp-Xe - mbn HgpIn h∂m¬ thº-\m´v Imb-ens‚ ]cn-ÿn-Xn°v AXv KpW-Ic - a - m-Ip-sa∂v

Icp-Xp-∂h - ¿ [mcm-fa - p≠v: F√m {]Xnk-‘n-Ifpw ]cn-lc - n®v ]≤Xn \S-∏nem-bm¬ Xs∂ ao\-®n-em-‰n-eqsS ]Sn™m-d≥ taJ-eb - n-tebv°v Imcy-amb sh≈w HgpIn hcm-\n-Sb - n-√. ImcWw aqhm-‰p-]p-gb - m-‰n¬\n∂v Xncn-®p-hn-Sp∂ sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn®v ]pXp-Xmbn HºXn-\m-bn-cØ - n-e[ - nIw slIvS¿ {]tZ-itØ-bv°p≈ ]pXnb Pe-tk-N\ ]≤Xn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. B \nebv°v A[nI -Pew ]Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-eb - n-tebv°v Hgp-In-sbØn Hmcp Ib-‰sØ XS-bp-Ibpw, I\m-ep-If - n¬ IqSp-X¬ ip≤-Pew kw`-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v Icp-Xm-\m-hn-√. F∂p-am-{Xa√ thº-\m-´ns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ ]mcnÿn-XnI {]iv\ß - ƒ°v ImcWw Imben-tebv°v D∏p-sh≈w {]th-in-°p-∂Xm-W.v IqSp-X¬ ip≤-Pew Hgp°n CXv ]cn-lc - n-°m-\m-hn-√t√m? BsI-°qSn t\m°n-bm¬ A{]m-tbmKn-Ia - mb Hcp ]≤Xn \n¿t±-ia - mWv ao\®n¬ \Zo-XS ]≤Xn F∂ t]cn¬ Ct∏mƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ apt∂m´p h®n-´p≈-sX∂v ImWmw. AXv t\´ßtf°mtfsd tIm´-ßƒ°v hgn-hb - ° v m-\m-Wn-S. \hw-_¿ 2011

A\p-kva-cWw AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn

{]IrXn amXmbv˛

hm¶mcn ]´n-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-Lm-Xw, kv{Xo]-Zhn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]c-kv]-c_‘w Xncn-®-dn™ hm¶mcn F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-lmcw kaq-lØn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Db¿∂p-h-cp-sa∂ hnizm-k-°m-cn-bm-Wv. hr£-ßƒ \in-°p∂Xv Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb XI¿°p-sa∂v Ip´n-°mew apXte Ah¿ a\-kn-em°p-Ibpw AXn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1977-˛¬ sI\n-b-bnse \mjW¬ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ hna≥ F∂ kwL-S-\-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS "{Ko≥ s_¬‰v aqhvsa‚n'\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.

2004

- ˛ se kam- [ m- \ - Ø n- \ p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm-\-tP-Xmhpw {]ikvX ]cn-ÿnXn {]h¿Ø-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂ hm¶mcn apØm amXmbv sk]vXw-_¿ 27- ˛ \v A¥- c n- ® p. temI- Ø nse kv{XoIƒ°pw s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°p-ambn X\n°p e`n® ]pc-kvImcw ka¿∏n® hm¶mcn Im≥k¿ tcmK-_m-[-sb-ØpS¿∂mWv Xs‚ 71-˛mw hb-kn¬ ac-Ws∏-´X - v. ]cn-ÿnXn {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n\pw P\m- [ n- ] Xy ]p\- ÿ m- ] - \ - Ø n\pw k¿thm-]cn a\p-jym-hI - mi {]h¿Ø\-Øn\pw IqSn-bmWv Ah¿°v e`n® AwKo- I m- c w. t\m_¬ kΩm\w hmßp∂ BZy B{^n-°-°m-cnbpw hm¶mcn Xs∂-bm-Wv. 1940 G{]n¬ 1˛\v B{^n-°≥ cmPyimkv{X-KXn

amb sI\n-bb - nse "ClntX' {Kma-ØnemWv hm¶mcn P\n-®-Xv. "In°pbp' F∂ tKm{X hn`m-KØ - n¬s∏´ I¿jI Zº-Xn-I-fpsS Bdp-a-°-fn¬ G‰hpw aqØ-bm-fm-bn-cp∂p hm¶m-cn. Bcpw kv I qfn¬ t]mIm- X n- c p∂ kaq- l Øn¬\n∂v BZy-ambn kvIqfnseØn. XpS¿∂v kvtImf¿jn-t∏msS 1964-˛¬ Poh-im-kv{X-Øn¬ _ncp-Zhpw 1965-˛¬ ]n‰vkv_¿Kv k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - n¬\n∂v _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn. ]T-\tijw s\bvtdm_n bqWn-th-gvkn-‰nbn¬ sh‰n-\dn saUn-kn≥ hn`m-KØn¬ Kth-j-I-bmbn \nb-a\w e`n®p. kl-{]-h¿Ø-Ic - mb ]pcp-j∑ - m-sc°mƒ Ipd™ thX-\-Øn\v tPmenbn¬ {]th-in® hm¶mcn ]n.-F-®v.-Un.

_ncpZw e`n® BZy B{^n-°-°mcn IqSn-bm-W.v `¿Ømhv ]m¿e-sa‚n-te°v a’cn® 1970-˛¬ sXc-s™-Sp∏v {]h¿Ø\-th-f-bn-emWv hm¶mcn s]mXp-{]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ BIr-jSv b - m-bX - .v sI\nb- b nse tNcn- { ]- t Z- i - ß ƒ t\cn´p ImWm\pw Zpc¥w t]dp∂ a\p-jy-kaq-lØ - ns‚ thZ-\m-P\ - I - a - mb Ahÿ a\- k n- e m- ° m\pw sXc- s ™- S p∏p {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Imc-W-am-bn. hfsc ]mh-s∏-´h - ¿°v D∂-Xc - m-bh - c - psS hoSpI-fn¬ tPmen Xc-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm-Sp-°p∂ tPm_v GP≥kn- b m- b mWv Ah¿ {]h¿Ø-\a - m-cw-`n-®X - .v ASn-®a - ¿Øepw ASn- a - Ø hpw h¿W- h n- t h- N - \ hpw ssIap-Xe - m-bp≈ B{^n-°b - nse ]mh-

s∏´ P\-Xsb Hcp-X-c-Ønepw D∂X t{iWn-bn-ep-≈h - ¿ ASp-∏n-°m≥ Xbmdm-Im-Xn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ a[yh¿Øn-bmbn hnZym-k-º-∂-bmb bphXn-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w sXmgn-e-t\z-jI¿°v klm-bI - a - m-bn. ]´n-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-ImLm-Xw, kv{Xo]-Zhn XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]c-kv]c - _ - ‘w Xncn-®d - n™ hm¶mcn F√m {]iv\-ßƒ°p-ap≈ ]cn-lmcw kaq-lØ - n¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ Db¿∂p-hc - psa∂ hnizm-k° - m-cn-bm-W.v hr£-ßƒ \in- ° p- ∂ Xv Bhm- k - h y- h - ÿ sb XI¿°p-sa∂v Ip´n-°mew apXte Ah¿ a\-kn-em-°p-Ibpw AXn-s\Xnsc t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1977-˛¬ sI\n-b-bnse \mj-W¬ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ hna≥ F∂ kwL-S-\-bpsS klm- b - t ØmsS "{Ko≥ s_¬‰v aqhvsa‚n'\v (GBM) XpS°w Ipdn-®p. B h¿jsØ ]cn-ÿnXn Zn\-Øn\v s\bvtdm- _ n- b nse Hcp sNdnb ]m¿°n¬ 7 hr£-ssØ-Iƒ h®p-]nSn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v XpS°w Ipdn® kwcw`w C∂p temI- { ]- i kv X ]cn- ÿ nXn kwL- S - \ - b m- b n. BZyw kuP\y hnØp-hn-Xc - Ww sNbvXp-sIm≠v aq∂p amk-Øn-tesd {]mbw hcp∂ sNSnIsf ]cn-]m-en-°p∂ kv{XoIƒ°mbn sNdnb thX-\-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øn. sNSn-IfpsS FÆw IqSp-t¥mdpw thX-\Ø - ns‚ tXmXpw IqSp-sa-∂X - n-\m¬ kv{XoIƒ a’- c n®v hr£- s sØ- I ƒ \´p- h f¿Øm≥ XpS-ßn. IqSp-X¬ hr£w hf¿Øp-∂X - ns‚ `mK-ambn hnd-In-\pw, A[nIw hcp-∂h hn¬°m\pw AXphgn A[nI hcp-am\w Is≠-Øm-\pambn. kºq¿W h\-hX - I v c - W - Ø - n-te°v am{X-a√ kmº-ØnI kzm{i-bX - z-Ønte°pw sI\n-b≥ kv{XoIsf sIms≠Øn-°m≥ "{Ko≥ s_¬‰v aqhvsa‚n'\p Ign-™p. bp.-F≥. klm-b-tØmsS Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v \gvk-dn-Iƒ cmPysØºmSp-ap-≠m-°n. 1990- I-tfmsS klm-

d-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Hcp Uk-t\mfw B{^n-°≥ cmPy-ßf - n-te°v h\-hXvIcWw hym]n-∏n-°m-\m-bn. Hcp t\csØ Blm-cØ - n\p hIbn-√m-sX, IpSn-°m≥ ip≤-Pe - a - n-√m-sX, tIdn-°n-S° - m≥ Iqcbn-√msX _p≤n-ap´n- b n- c p∂ \nc- £ - c - c mb sI\n- b ≥ kv{XoIfn¬ Xß-fpsS {]iv\ß - f - psS Dd-hnSw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bm-sW∂ t_m[w krjvSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ hm¶mcn \nXm¥ ]cn-{iaw \S-Øn. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Bhiy-IX a\-kn-em-°n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p hm¶m-cn-bpsS BZy e£yw. XpS¿∂v kzbw ]cym-]vXX - b - n-te°pw km£-cX-bpsS hgn-bn-te-bv°pw FØn-°m≥ Ign-™p. kam-[m-\a- n-√msX Fhn-sSbpw hnI-k-\tam hnP-btam D≠m-Ip-∂ns√∂pw P\m-[n-]X - y-t_m-[hpw hnI-k\-hp-ap-≈n-SØv ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-®ns√-¶n¬ Ah-sbm∂pw \ne-\n¬°ns√∂pw hm¶mcn hniz-kn-®p. F√m bp≤-ßfpw kº-Øn\pw {]IrXn hn`h-ßƒ°pw th≠n-bm-sW∂pw {]IrXn hn`-h-ßfpsS icn-bmb ]cn-]m-e\w AXn-t∑-ep≈ B{I-aWhpw NqjWhpw Hgn-hm-°p-∂X - n\pw temI-ka - m[m\w Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø p- ∂ - X n\pw Ignbpsa∂pw kam-[m-\w, hnI-k\ - w, P\m[n-]X - yw, ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww XpSßnbh ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-am-sW∂pw H∂n-√msX as‰m-∂n\v \ne-\n¬]ns√∂pw hm¶mcn t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. sI\n-b-bn¬ P\m-[n-]Xy ]p\xÿm-]-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm-´Øn¬ hm¶m-cn°v sImSnb a¿±-\hpw A[n-t£-]hpw kln-t°≠n h∂n´p≠v. sI\n-b-bnse tkOm-[n-]-Xnbpw ]n∂oSv {]kn-U‚p-amb Um\n-tb¬ Adm^v tambn- s °- X nsc \S- Ø nb t]mcm-´-Øn\v "shdn ]nSn® kv{Xo' (crazy woman) F∂-hsc ]cn-l-kn-®p. hnZym-k-º-∂bpw Dd® \ne-]m-Sp-ap-≈Xn-\m¬ `¿Øm-hn\v \nb-{¥n-°m-\mhmØ kv{Xosb-∂mWv hnhm-l- tam-

N\t°kn¬ tImSXn hm¶m- c nsb hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. Cu tImSXn ]cma¿isØ hna¿in-®-Xn\v tImS-Xn-be£y Ip‰w NpaØn 6 amkw in£bpw \¬In. kz¥w ssIsIm≠v Bbn-c-°-W°n\v ac-ßƒ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n® hm¶mcn ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd ]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn-®p. FbvUvkn-s\Xnsc t_m[-hX - I v c - Ww \S-Øn. sI\nb≥ sdUvt{Imkv ta[m-hn-bmbpw 2003apX¬ 2005 hsc sI\n-b-bn¬ ]cnÿnXn kl-a{- ¥n-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. t\m_¬ kΩm-\-Øn-\p-]p-dta ssd‰v ssehven-lpUv Ahm¿Uv, tKmƒUvam≥ F≥h-b¨sa‚¬ ss{]kv, FUn≥_tdm ]pc-kI v m-cw, thƒUv kn‰n-k¨jn∏v Ahm¿Uv, Cμn-cm-Km‘n ]pckvImcw XpSßn Ht´sd ]pc-kvIm-cßfpw hm¶m-cnsb tXSn-sb-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v temI-sa-ºmSpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-ht_m[w hf¿Øm≥ {ian-s®-¶nepw P\ß-fn∂pw {]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬ Ah¿ hymIp-eb - m-bn-cp-∂p. B Nn¥ t\m_¬ kΩm\w ssI∏-‰n-s°m≠v \S-Ønb {]kw-KØ - n¬ Ah¿ temIP- \ - X - t bmSv ]¶p- h - ® p. ""\ΩfpsS {]h¿Ø-\Ø - nepw ImgvN∏ - m-Snepw Hcp ]p\¿ Nn¥ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp∂p'' F∂v hm¶mcn {]Jym-]n-®p. Xs‚ Ipń-°mew kv a cn- ® p- s Im≠v A∂p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ AgIpw A¤p-Xhpw \nd™ `qan Ct∏mƒ \jv S - s ∏- ´ - X n- s \- ° p- d n®pw hm¶mcn A\p-kvac - n-®p. ""Ipń-°m-eØv Acp-hn-bn¬ sh≈-sa-Sp-°m≥ t]mIpam-bn-cp-∂p. ]®bpw ]S¿∏p-ap≈ Xocßfpw sXfn-\ocpw F\n°v aXn-hc - mØ ImgvNb - m-bn-cp-∂p. Acp-hn-bnse sh≈w Rm≥ Gsd IpSn-°pw, ac-ßf - psS thcpIƒ Bgv∂n-dß - nb Acp-hn-bn-eqsS HmSn°-fn-°pw. Acp-hn-bn¬ \ndsb apØpIƒ t]mse hgp-hg - p-∏p≈ Xh-fa - p-Í - fp-≠m-hpw, Ah tImcn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]eXpw s]mń-t∏m-Ipw. sXfn-sh-≈Øn¬ Hcp-]mSp hm¬am-{In-Iƒ XØn°-fn-°pw. Cßs\ AgIpw A¤pXhpw \nd™ Acp-hn-Iƒ Ign™ 50 h¿jw-sIm≠v C√m-Xm-bn h‰n-hc - ≠ - p. Hcp-Xp≈n sh≈-Øn-\mbn kv{XoIƒ Intem-ao-‰d - p-Iƒ Xm≠p-∂p. Xh-fI - fpw hm¬am-{In-Ifpw A{]-Xy-£c - m-bn''. hcpw Xe-ap-db - ° v mbn ]®-∏m¿∂ ]mSßfpw sXfn \ocp-dh - I - f - pw, Acp-hn-Iƒ°v Xh-f° - p-™p-ßs - fbpw XncnsI sImSp°-Ww. AXmWv C∂ns‚ sh√p-hn-fnsb∂pw hm¶mcn {]Jym-]n-®p. P\m-[n-]Xy-Øn\pw ]cn-ÿn-Xn°pw BXy-¥n-Iambn a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xn-°pw-th≠n hm¶mcn Gs‰-SpØ sh√p-hnfn P\m-[n]Xyhnizm-kn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°W - w. \hw-_¿ 2011

hnZym-`ymkw Ubm≥ dmhn®v

^n≥em‚ nse kvIqfp-Iƒ \yqtbm¿°v k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-jW s{]m^-kdpw Ata-cn-°-bnse B[p-\nI kvIqƒ ]cn-jvI-cW ]≤-Xnsb A[n-I-cn®v Fgp-X-s∏´ “The Death and Life of the Great American School System” F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ cN-bn-Xmhpw Bb Ubm≥ dmhn®v as‰mcp hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-W-bmb Unt_mdm tab-dn\v Fgp-Xnb IØm-Wn-Xv.) {]nb Unt_m-dm, bqtdm- ] y≥ ]cy- S \w Ign™v Cubn-sS-bmWv Rm≥ aS-ßn-sb-Øn-bX - .v _¿en-\n¬ Hcp A¥m-cmjv{S hnZym`ymk Kth- j W ktΩ- f - \ - Ø n¬ kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂p. bqtdm-∏v, Gjy, em‰n≥ Ata- c n° F∂n- h n- S - ß fn¬\n∂pw h∂ Kth-jI - ¿ bp.-F - n¬ \S-°p∂ C∂sØ ]cn-jI v c - W \o°ß-sf-°p-dn®v hf-sc-b[ - nIw Bi¶ {]ISn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AwKo-IrX ]co£bv°p \¬Ip∂ AanX {]m[m-\yw, kzImcyhXvIc - W - Ø - n\pw hmWn-Py-hXvIc - W - Ø - n\pw D≈ t{]c-W, A[ym]I sXmgn-en¬ {]th-in-°p-∂X - n\v \nehmcw XmgvØp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ kΩ¿±w F∂o Imcy-ßf - n¬ ImWn°p∂ AtX {]h-WX Ah-cpsS cmPyß- f n- t ebv ° pw IS∂p sN√ptam F∂p≈ `b-amWv Ahsc Ae-´p-∂X - .v Fs‚ bm{X-bnse G‰hpw khnti-ja- mb Imcyw ^n≥em‚nse kvIqfpI-fn¬ \S-Ønb kμ¿i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. A¥m-cmjv{S hnZym¿∞n hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ]cn-]m-Sn- (Programme for International Student Assessment - PISA) bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]co-£-I-fnse hnP-b-ØneqsS ^n≥em‚ v Cub-SpØ Ime-ßfn¬ F√mw hm¿Ø-bn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-Ib - m-Ws - √m.

imkv{X-KXn

Ign™ Hcp Zim-_vZ° - m-ea - mbn 15 hb- p-Im-cmb ^n≥em‚ v hnZym¿∞nIƒ hmb-\, IW-°v, imkv{Xw F∂nh- b n¬ \S- Ø p∂ ]co- £ - I - f n¬ G‰hpw D∂Xÿm\-ßƒs°m-∏tam hfsc ASptØm hsc FØn\n¬°p∂ ImgvN-bmWv XpS¿®-bmbn ImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ^n≥em‚nse kvIqfq-Iƒ XΩn¬ KpW-]c - X-bn-ep≈ hyXymkw G‰hpw Ipd-hp≈- X mbpw ImWp- ∂ p. AXm- b Xv ^n≥em‚nse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v cmPyØp≈ GXp-kvIq-fn¬\n∂pw {]mtbmKn-I-amb \√ hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂¿∞w. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ e`y-X-bn¬ D≈ Ah-kc Xpey-X-bm-Wn-Xv. F√m {]tZi-ßf - nepw \√ s]mXp hnZym-eb - ß - ƒ e`y-am-Wv. ^n≥em‚nse kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-bØ - n¬ G‰hpw AXn-ib - I - c - ambn tXm∂p∂ Hcp Imcyw CXm-Wv-˛A-hn-SsØ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Ønse Ah-km\ h¿jØn¬ am{Xta Hcp AwKo-IrX ]co£bv°p hnt[-b-cm-Ip-∂p-≈q. At∏mgmWv Ah¿ tImtfPv hnZym-`ymk {]thi-\-Øn-\p≈ sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ ]co£sb A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v. Ah-cpsS ]co-£I - sf cq]-Ie - v]\

sNøp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS A[ym-]I - ¿X-s∂bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah-cpsS A[ym-]-I¿°v Ip´n-Iƒ F¥p-sNøp∂p F∂pw Ah¿s°-¥mWv Bhiy-ap-≈s - X∂pw Adn-bmw. Hcp tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn D≠v. F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw ]q¿W-amb hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°p∂p F∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p≈ hnim-e-amb \n¿t±-iß - f - mWv AXn-ep-≈X - v. ]t£ Ah I¿°- i - a mbn ASn- t ®¬∏n°p∂hb-√. Hmtcm kvIqfn\pw A\ptbm-Py-amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw t_m[\ imkv { Xhpw cq]- I - e v ] \ sNøm≥ AXmXp kvIqfnse A[ym-]-I¿°v XnI™ DØ-ch - m-Zn-Øa - p-≠v. C°m-cyØn¬ hen-sbm-c-f-hp-hsc Ah¿°v kzmX-{¥y-hp-ap-≠v. Ah-sc√mw sXmgnen¬ sshZ-Kv≤y-ap≈hcm-Wv. sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-kØ - n-s\m-Sphn¬ A[ym-]I hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v {]th-i\w t\Sp-hm≥ ISpØ a’-ca - p≠v. A[ym-]I Xbm-sd-Sp∏p ]cn-]m-Snbn-tebv°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿ ]Øn¬ Ht∂m Nne-t∏mƒ AXnepw Ipdthm Bbn-cn-°pw. F√m A[ym-]Icpw ]T-\w, Kth-j-Ww, {]tbmKw F∂n-hb - n-se√mw A©p-h¿jw ITn\ {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-b-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw. A©p-h¿j-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬ Ah¿°v amÃ¿ _ncpZw e`n-°p-∂p. GXp Xc-

Øn-ep≈ hnZym¿∞n-I-sfbpw bp‡amb Xc-Øn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ignbp∂hcm-bn-cn°pw A[ym-]I - s - c-√mw-Xs∂. AwK-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h-cm-bm-epw `mj-bn¬ sshj-ay-ap-≈h - c - m-bmepw a‰p hnZym-`ymk {]iv\ß - t- f-sX-¶nepw D≈h-cm-bmepw Ah-sc-sb√mw th≠-co-Xnbn¬ A[ym-]-I¿ ssIImcyw sNøp∂p. Rm≥ kμ¿in® F√m kvIqfp-Ifpw \ΩpsS \mńse G‰hpw sa®-s∏-´Xpw ]ptcm- K - a - \ m- fl - I - h p- a mb kzImcy kvIqfp-Iƒs°m-∏-am-Wv. Ie-I-fn-epw Ifn-I-fnepw a‰p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw hfsc [\y-ambhbmWv Ah-sb-√mw-Xs∂. at\m-lc - hpw {]Im-i] - q-cn-Xh - p-amb Nne cay-l¿Ωy-ßƒ \n¬°p∂ Iymº p-Iƒ Z¿in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AhnsS sNdnb sNdnb ¢mkp- I ƒ Rm≥ I≠p. Fen- s a‚dn kv I qfn¬ Hcp ¢mknse Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw \nP-s∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv 24 BsW-¶nepw 19 Ipń-I-fn¬ IqSp-X-ep≈ ¢mkp-Iƒ Rm≥ ImWp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. {]tXyI Bh-iy-ßƒ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ ¢mkp-If - n¬ Ah-cpsS klmb-Øn-\mbn c≠v kl A[ym-]-I¿ IqSn D≠v. ^n≥em‚nse hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hnP-b-c-lkyw ""]c-kv]c hnizmkw'' (Trust) BsW∂v A[ym- ] - I cpw {]n≥kn-∏¬amcpw Ft∂mSv Bh¿Øn®p ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A[ym-]-I¿ \√ sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≈-h-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠v c£n-Xm-°ƒ°v A[ym-]-I-cn¬ \√ hnizmkw D≠v. Ah¿ hnZ-Kv[-cm-b-XpsIm-≠p-Xs∂ A[ym-]-I¿ ]c-kv]cw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw {]iv\-ßƒ Fs¥¶nepw D≠m-bm¬ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ]ckv]cw kl-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw klm-bn-°pIbpw sNøp- ∂ p. A[ym- ] - I cpw {]n≥kn-∏¬amcpw ]c-kv]cw hniz-kn°p- ∂ p. ImcWw F√m {]n≥kn∏¬amcpw Hcn-°¬ A[ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿ hfsc AKm-[-amb A\p-`h kº-Øp-≈h - c - p-am-Wv. A[ym]-\Ø - n¬\n∂pw sImgn™p t]mIp-∂h-cpsS FÆ-sØ-°p-dn®v Rm\m-cm-™ncp-∂p. hfsc A]q¿h-ambn am{Xta A[ym-]\ - Ø - n¬\n∂pw Bfp-Iƒ hn´pt]mIq F∂m-Wh - ¿ ]d-™X - .v ImcWw AXv hfsc al-Xz-]q¿W-amb tPmenbm-Wv. A[ym-]-Isc kaqlw hfsc _lp-am-\n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. ^n≥em‚n¬ Rm≥ I≠ A[ym-]I¿˛{]-tXy-In®pw [mcm-fambn ]pc-kI v mc-ßƒ t\Sn-bn-´p≈ {]K¤cm-b-h¿ Dƒs∏sS˛bp.-F- nse kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ A[ym-]I - c - n¬\n∂pw hyXykvXc - mbn tXm∂p-Itbm hyXy-kX v a- mb

Fs¥-¶nepw {]hrØn sNøp-∂tXm Bbn Rm≥ I≠n-√. bp.-F- ns\ At]-£n®v ^n≥em‚n\v Hcp \n¿Wm-b-I-amb ta∑ D≠v. ^n≥em‚n¬ inip-˛Z- m-cn-{Zy-\n-c°v 4 iXam-\-Øn¬ Xmsg-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ bp.F- n¬ 22 iX-am-\a - m-W.v AXv Db¿∂psIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IpSpw-_h-cp-am\w A°m-Za- ob {]h¿Ø\ {]mK¤y-Øns‚ B{i-bn-°m-\m-hp∂ Hcp Nq≠p-]e - I - b - m-sW∂ Imcyw kphn-Zn-Xam-Ws - √m. ^n≥em‚n¬ Hcp i‡-amb kmaq-ly-t£a ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-≠v. \ap-°nhnsS Aßs\sbm∂n-√-s√m. ^n≥em‚ v Hcp tkmjy-enÃp cmjv{S-a-√. AXv Hcp apX-em-fnØ cmjv{S-am-Wv. bp.-F - nse h¿Ø-am\Ime hnZym`ymk {]h-WX - I - s - f-°p-dn®v Ft∂mSp tNmZn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn. Ip´n-Iƒ°p e`n°p∂ ]co-£-bnse kvtImdns‚bSnÿm-\-Øn¬ A[ym-]-Isc hne-bn-cpØm≥ \ΩpsS k¿°m¿ Dt±-in-°p∂ Imcyw Ahn- S sØ A[ym- ] - I sc A¤p-X-s∏-SpØn; AXn¬ Ah¿ Hcp bp‡nbpw ImWp-∂n-√. Ipd-®m-gvNIƒam{Xw ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® amÃ¿ _ncp-Za - n-√mØ A[ym-]I - c - psS ASp-°tebv°v \ΩpsS Ip´n-Isf ]d-™-bbv°p∂p F∂Xpw Ahsc hnkva-b-`cn- X - c m- ° n. ""sacn‰v t]'' F∂ Bibwt]mepw Ah¿°p a\- n-em-Ip∂n-√. AhnsS Ah¿ kaq-l-Øn-\pth≠n IqSp- X ¬ A[zm- \ n- ® m¬ Ah¿°p IqSp-X¬ thX\w e`n-°pw. ]co-£-bnse kvtIm¿ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ a’-cØ - n¬ A[ym]-I¿°p t_mW p \¬IpI F∂Xv Ah¿°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n√. Ah-cpsS hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v CØ-c-Øn¬ sSÃv kv t Imdp- I ƒ \¬Im- Ø - X p- s Im≠v \ΩpsS k{º- Z m- b - Ø ns‚ bp‡n Ah¿°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√. AXp-am{X- h p- a √ ]c- k v ] cw kl- I - c n®p {]h¿Øn-t°≠ A[ym-]-I-cpsSbnSbn¬ a’-c-Øn\v B\p-Iqeyw {]Jym]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imcyhpw Ah¿°p hniz-kn-°m-\m-Ip-∂n-√. ^n≥em‚p amXr- I - b psS ]cma¿iwt]mepw Ct∏m-gp≈ GXp tIm¿∏td‰v ]cn-jvI-cWhmZn-sbbpw AkvX{]-⁄c - m-°pw. D∂-X\ - n-eh - m-cØ - n-ep≈ ]co-£I - sf B{i-bn-°msX Hcp cmPyØn\v al-Ømb kvIqfp-Iƒ \S-Øm≥ Ignbpw F∂ Imcyw Ah¿ hniz-kn°p-hm≥ hnk-ΩX - n-°p-∂p. ^n≥em‚n\v Hcn-°epw Hcp amXr-I-bm-Im≥ Ign-bns√∂v Ah¿ Dd- ∏ n®p ]d- b p- ∂ p. ImcWw AhnsS h¿K-ssh-hn-[y-an√s{X! F∂m¬ kzoU≥, kzn‰vk¿e‚ v, sU∑m¿°v, t\m¿sh XpS-ßnb

cmPy-ßf - nset∏mse-Xs∂ P\-kw-JymL-S-\-bp≈ ^n≥em‚n¬ IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂ ê-kn≤n D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠s√m F∂p Nq≠n-°m-´p-tºmƒ C°q-´¿ \o≠ au\-Øn¬ apgp-Ip-∂p. Cu ""h¿K-sshhn-[y-an-√mbva'' F∂ hmZ-ap-J-Øn¬ F\nbv°v Atem-kcw tXm∂p-∂p. Fs¥- ∂ m¬ AX¿∞- a m- ° p- ∂ Xv B{^n-°-bn-se-bpw, Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw, lnkv]m-\-bn-sebpw Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-`h kº-Øp≈ A[ym-]-I¿, sNdnb ¢mkp-Iƒ, Ie-bnepw {]h¿Ø\- ß - f nepw [\y- a mb ]mTy- ] - ≤ Xn F∂n-hs - bm∂pw Hcn-°epw KpW-Ic - a - mIn√ F∂m-Ws - √m. hfsc ck-Ic - a - mb Hcp sshcp≤yw BWn-hn-sS-bp-≈X - .v BtKm-fa - ’ - c - Ø - n\p-th-≠n-bmWv \mw \ΩpsS Ipń-Isf Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX∂pw AXn-\p-th≠n Ah-cpsS ASn-ÿm\]c-amb ss\]pWn-Isf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW∂pw BWs√m \mw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F¥mWv AXn-\p-th≠n \sΩ \bn°p∂ XXz-ßƒ- ˛ -a-’-cw, IW-°p-]d- b ¬, _m[y- X , sXc- s ™- S p- ∏ v . F∂m¬ ^n≥em‚n-em-Is´ Htc Hcp e£yw- ˛ -Hmtcm Ipń-bn-ep-ap≈ am\ho-bX hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬. AsXmcp sR´-ep-fh - m-°p∂ e£yas√! Ahsc AXn-tebv°p \bn-°p∂ XXz-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-Wv ˛ Xpey-X, {Inbm-flI-X, kar-≤n. Ipń-Isf cmPy-Øns‚ Aaqey hn`h t{kmX- mbn ]cn- K - W n®v ssIImcyw sNøp-I-bpw, hnZym-`ymksØ Hcp hnIm-ca - mbpw PohnXam¿Kambpw I≠p-sIm≠p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ apXn¿∂hsc BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp cmjv{S-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ^n≥em‚ v {]tXyIw {i≤ A¿ln-°p-∂p. `mhn-bn¬ Hcp-Zn\w C∂p \ΩpsS \mń¬ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ tNjvSmhm-Z] - c - a- mb kao-]\w ]cm-Pb - a- m-sW∂v AwKo-I-cn-°p-sa∂p Rm≥ {]Xo-£n°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ \mw \S-Øn-s°m-≠ncn-°p∂ ""]cn-jvI-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ'' Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse {]mcw-`-Ønse hymh-km-bnI Ime-L´- Ø - n\v A\p-tbmPy-am-sW∂pw Ccp-]-sØm∂mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ°v klm-b-I-as√∂pw Hcp Znhkw \mw a\- n-em°pw. B Zn\w hs∂-Øp-tºmƒ, IpńI-tfmSp kvt\lw ]pe¿Øp-∂, A[ym]I t{ijv T sc _lp- a m- \ n- ° p∂ ^n≥em‚ns‚ Bg-Øn-ep≈ hnthIw \mw a\- n-em-°pw. \ΩpsS ]cm-P-bs∏´ amXr-Ibv°v hnP-b-I-c-amb Cu _Z-en-t\mSv \mw \μn-bp-≈h - c - m-bn-Øocp-Ibpw sNøpw. hnh¿Ø\w: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

\hw-_¿ 2011

lc-W-^ew

imkv{X-KXn

sI. kXojv

imkv{Xhm¿Ø-

Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

{Kô\p kam-\-amb ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞w {Kôs‚ I≠p-]n-Sn-ØØ - n-\mWv imkv{X-⁄¿°v 2010-˛se ùXn-IØ - n-\p≈ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n-®-Xv. Z£nW sImdn-b-bnse Jun Sung Kim Dw Dresden se Dr. Frederick Wolff-Fabris Dw hnI-kn-∏n® ]Zm¿∞-Øn\p {Kô\p kam-\-amb kz`mh hnti-j-ßfp-≠v. AXn Nme-IX {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ Cu ]Zm¿∞-Øn\v tim`-\a - mb `mhn-bp-s≠∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. ‘Sr Mn Biz’ F∂ ]Zm¿∞-amWv imkv{X-⁄¿ ]T\ hnt[b-am-°n-b-Xv. kvt{Sm≥jn-bw, am≥K-\o-kv, _nkvaØv F∂o aqe-I-ßƒ tN¿∂p-≠mIp∂ ]Zm¿∞w {Kô\p kam-\-am-Wv. a‰v B‰-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]Zm¿∞sØ tUm∏p sNøm-\m-hpw. Cu kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bp-]t- bm-Kn®v ]pXnb AXn-Nm-eI ]Zm¿∞ßfpw Im¥-ß-fp-ap-≠m-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Physical Review Letters emWv Kth-j-I-cnXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. (www.escience.com)

{]tal tcmK NnIn-’bv°v {]Ir-Xn-ZØ kwbp‡w

VESTA

bnse Db¿∂ sImSp-apSn

vesta

F∂ kwbp-‡a - mWv Fen-Iƒ°v \¬In-bX - v. CXp \¬Inb-t∏mƒ kv{Xo Fen-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ ]©-km-c-bpsS Afhv km[m-cW \ne-bn-embn. ]pcpj Fen-If - psS ImcyØn¬ \ne sa®-s∏-´p. Cell Metabolism F∂ tP¿Wens‚ HIvtSm-_¿ \memw Xob-Xn-bnse e°-Øn-emWv imkv{X⁄-cnXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv.

kuc-bq-YØ - nse Hcp £p{Z-{K-la - m-Wv. ]t£ kucbq-YØ - nse G‰hpw Db-ca - p≈ sImSp-ap-Sn-If - n-sem-∂n-hn-sSbm-Wv. Cu £p{Z-{K-l-Øns‚ Z£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬\n∂pw 20.-In.-ao. Db-c-ap-≠v. Hawaii Zzo]nse Mauna kea tb°mƒ Dbcw IqSp-X-emWn-Xv. Cu A·n-]¿hXw IqSp-Xepw kap-{Z-Øn-\S- n-bnem- W v . Mauna kea bpsS kap- { Z- \ n- c - ∏ n¬\n∂p≈ Dbcw 4205 ao‰-dm-Wv. kap{Z-Øns‚ ASn-Ø´- n¬\n∂v IW- ° m- ° p- b m- s W- ¶ n¬ Dbcw 10,000 ao‰-dn-e-[nIw hcpw. Fh-dÃv sImSp-ap-SnbpsS Dbcw 8848 ao‰-dm-Wv. sNmΔ-bnse Olympian Mons \v 22 In.-ao. Db-c-ap-≠v. kucbq-YØ - nse G‰hpw Db-cw-Iq-Snb sImSp-apSn CXm-Wv. vesta bn¬ Is≠-Ønb inJn-c-Øn\v t]cp \¬In-bn-s√-¶nepw AKv\n ]¿hX-ap-J-Øn\v Rhea sylvia F∂mWv imkv{X⁄¿ t]cp \¬In-b-Xv. NASA bpsS Dawn Mission Is≠Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ HIvtSm-_¿ 3˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse European Planetary Congress emWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

(www.sciencenews.org)

(www.sciencenews.com)

icocw {]IrXym DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp kwbp-‡-ap-]-tbmKn®v {]tal tcmK _m[n-X-bmb Fen-bpsS c‡-Ønse ]©-km-cb - psS Afhv km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-sb∂v St. Louis bnep≈ Washington University bnse School of Medicine se imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn. Nicotinamide mononycleotide

aq°n¬\n∂v sshZypXn DXv]m-Zn-∏n°mw _´-W-a¿Øp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Kymkv Ãu IØm≥ \sΩ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv ]otkm Ce-Iv{SnIv C^-IvSm-Wv. CtX ]otkm Ce-Iv{SnIv C^IvSv D]-tbm-Kn®v aq°n¬\n-∂p≈ izk\ hmbp D]-tbm-Kn®v sk≥k-dp-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\m-Ipw.- Energy and Environment Science s‚ sk]vXw_¿ e°-Øn-emWv Prof. Xudong Wang Dw kwLhpw CXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. sNdnb CeIvt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb sshZypX Nm¿Pv Ah¿°v krjvSn-°p-hm-\m-bn. \mt\m kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bp-]-tbm-Kn®v hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂ sNdp D]I-c-W-ßsf {]h¿Øn-∏n-°m-\m-h-iy-amb sshZyp-tXm¿Pw izk\ hmbp-hn¬\n∂v krjvSn°m-\m-hp-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. (www.sciencedaily.com)

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-ﬂm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥ Printed & Published by T.P. Sreesankar on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1 and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon. Approved by CSIR for financial support Volume 47 No.5, Sasthragathy 2011 November, 60 Pages