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URBAN GROWTH Since the writing of the Charter of Athens, the world's population has doubled, causing a grave crisis in three important areas: ecology, energy, and food supply . Since the growth rate of cities has exceeded by far the natural increase of world population, urban deterioration has been especially severe. The undeniable results have been a scarcity of housing, a degradation of public services and transportation, and a general worsening of the quality of life.

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The urban planning approaches offered in the Charter of Athens failed to reflect the relatively recent phenomenon of accelerated urban growth stemming from rural migration on a massive scale. Two basic patterns underlying the chaotic development of cities may be discerned: The first , characteristic of industrialized societies , has been an exodus , aided by the automobile of more affluent members of society to the suburb. Newcomers and those left in the central cities lack the means to support the urban structure and public services. The second pattern is characteristic of cities in developing regions, where the massive in-migration of rural families crowds marginal settlements without public services and urban infrastructure . ..

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NEW DIRECTIONS IN URBAN DESIGN EDUCATION

Prospects for the Future No gathering of thirty people could be expected to come up with unanimity of viewpoint after some two-and-a-half days of formal and informal talk. Yet all who participated left the meeting renewed by the beauty of the surroundings,stimulated by the dialogue and, one suspects, prepared to make changes in professional life and approach to education. Following are seven points that emerged from the retreat:

1. The time has come to formulate an urban design theory. 2. Urban design education should encourage diversity.

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3. The case study as well as studio should be introduced as a useful method of teaching urban design. 4. There are at least three models for urban design practice: developer, historic preservationist, community designer. 5. Landscape architecture, at least at the present moment, may be a more innovative force than architecture in providing fresh insights into city form and function. 6. Urban design is growing, albeit slowly, as a field. 7. There is a unique goal that urban design education should seek to achieve.

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CHAR'IER OF THE NEW URBANISM

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THE CONGRESS FOR THE NEW URBANISM views disinvestment in centtal cities, the spread of placdess sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and the etosion of society's built heritage as one interrelated community-building chal-

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RECOGNIZE that pl!Jsical solutions bj themselves will not solve social and ecr>nomic problems, but neither can economic vitality, community stability, and environmental health be sustained without a coherent and supportive pl!Jsicalframework.

the restructuring of public policy and tkvelopment practices to support the followingpnitciples: Neighborhoods should be diverse in use andpllj>ulation; Communities should be tksignedfor the petk.rtrian and transit as well as the car; Cities and towns should be shaped by pl!Jsically tkftned and univerralfy accessible public spaces and community institutions ; Urban places should be framed by architecture and landscape tksign that celebrate local history, climate, ecology, and buildingpractice.

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lenge. metrotrllj>olitan regions, the reconftgura!Wn of sprawling suburbs into communities of real ndghborboods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the preservation of our built legacy.

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a broad-based citizenry, composed of public and private sector leatkrr, community activists, and multidisciplinary professionals. We are committed to reestablishing the relationship between the art of building and the making of community, through citizen-basedparticipatory planning and tksign.

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