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The functions it embraces are four in number:
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URBAN GROWTH Since the writing of the Charter of Athens, the world's population has doubled, causing a grave crisis in three important areas: ecology, energy, and food supply . Since the growth rate of cities has exceeded by far the natural increase of world population, urban deterioration has been especially severe. The undeniable results have been a scarcity of housing, a degradation of public services and transportation, and a general worsening of the quality of life.
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The urban planning approaches offered in the Charter of Athens failed to reflect the relatively recent phenomenon of accelerated urban growth stemming from rural migration on a massive scale. Two basic patterns underlying the chaotic development of cities may be discerned: The first , characteristic of industrialized societies , has been an exodus , aided by the automobile of more affluent members of society to the suburb. Newcomers and those left in the central cities lack the means to support the urban structure and public services. The second pattern is characteristic of cities in developing regions, where the massive in-migration of rural families crowds marginal settlements without public services and urban infrastructure . ..
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NEW DIRECTIONS IN URBAN DESIGN EDUCATION
Prospects for the Future No gathering of thirty people could be expected to come up with unanimity of viewpoint after some two-and-a-half days of formal and informal talk. Yet all who participated left the meeting renewed by the beauty of the surroundings,stimulated by the dialogue and, one suspects, prepared to make changes in professional life and approach to education. Following are seven points that emerged from the retreat:
1. The time has come to formulate an urban design theory. 2. Urban design education should encourage diversity.
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THE CONGRESS FOR THE NEW URBANISM views disinvestment in centtal cities, the spread of placdess sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and the etosion of society's built heritage as one interrelated community-building chal-
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4. Positive Urban Space
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5.
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