INTERMEDIATE SPACE
Communication between Disconnected Boundaries
KWANKU KANG
contents
Introduction
Definition of Boundaries and Space
Character of Boundaries Severing Boundary Passing Boundary Intersecting Boundary
Boundary Elements Physical Boundaries Psychological Boundaries
Intermediate Space Definition of Intermediate Space Spatial Feature of Intermediate Space Intermediate Space between Disconnected Boundaries
The Elements of Communication between Disconnected Boundaries Landscape Repetition and Overlap Blurring Space Semi Interior and Exterior Spaces Reversal of Inside and Outside Space A Space in a Space Superficial Transparency Control
Case Studies of Intermediate Spaces Victoria and Albert Museum British Museum Louvre Museum Curtain wall House – Shigeru Ban 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art – Kazuyo Sejima A8ernA / Zaanstad – Nlarchitects ZKM (Centre for Art and Media Technology) – Rem Koolhaas Yokohama International Port Terminal – F.O.A
Conclusion
Abstract With growing industry, modern society is changing rapidly. Indiscriminate development plans and complex cultural spaces caused problems of severed spaces. The spaces spoil the harmony of urban design, and the necessity of intermediate space became important to solve the problems. The purpose of this writing portfolio is to show how intermediate spaces work between boundaries and what role it plays for communicating by studying the form and character of boundaries’ elements. This essay will show the meaning of boundary and architectural intermediate space. Intermediate spaces are easily found between boundaries, and it lead this writing portfolio that studying communication between boundaries through the intermediate space. At the first, this writing portfolio will show the definition and character of boundaries and it defines intermediate space between them. Moreover, it will help to inform that how intermediate space communicates between disconnected areas with the elements and spatial character of the space. Therefore, factors of the communication through intermediate spaces are identified as the landscape, repetition and reiteration, blurring of space, semi interior and exterior spaces, reversion of interior and exterior spaces, space in space and superficial transparency control. With selected sites as case studies, it will show how intermediate spaces communicate in each case. In conclusion, intermediate space can play role in connecting link between disconnected areas, and it will show several solution to make these intermediate spaces.
INTRODUCTION
Spatial boundaries have been always existed near human habitat as river in the past and as various shape of wall at present. In the past, river used to play a role in boundaries between two different areas. Today, boundaries exist between two different buildings or zones with various shapes such as walls between dwellings, the great wall in china, barbed-wire fence in military zone, and etc. However, in the past and current, it plays the same role in dividing into two spatial ranges. This kind of boundaries affect as spatial severance, so they interrupt the flow and approach of human movement. Moreover, they obstruct the communication between two spaces, and it breaks spatial continuity. Therefore, these elements of severance should be alleviated and create more connecting link between two different spaces, so it will induce the influx of people and more efficient human movement. This writing portfolio will concentrate on ‘Spatial severance’, and study on the characteristics of the space composition in between. Thus, I will analyze how the intermediate spaces communicate between disconnected areas.
Definition of Boundary and Space The dictionary definition of boundary is that a real or imagined line that marks the edge or limit of something. According to the book ‘Threshold Spaces’ written by Till Boettger, in the language of architecture, a boundary is a spatial delimiter. Boundary defines spaces by separating a smaller space out of a larger spatial structure (Till Boettger, Threshold space, 2014). Openings in boundaries make transitions in space possible. Thresholds interrupt boundaries for the transition from one zone to another. That is, they are both a part of the boundary and a gap in it. The threshold is a part of the boundary, and it is perceived as a possible crossing point, so that permission to cross is required. Kevin Lynch said Edge (boundary) defined linear element not considered as paths which boundaries between two kinds of areas (Kevin Lynch, Image of city, 1960). Edge (boundary) take consecutive form and shape, so when we try to cross it, we sense the change strongly. Thus, Edge makes objects or spaces get separated, and they have their own nature.
Character of Boundaries Boundaries are generally linear elements which divide specific space into two, but sometimes they have shapes between two areas. If I move from A to B, there are ‘A territory’, ‘B territory’, and the boundary, and the relation and direction between them occur. Also time and space exist between them. According to the relation between A and B, we can understand that there are three fundamental boundaries. One is simply the one which is the boundary with everything except A and B. Another one is the gap that connect A and B, and it is passing through boundary. The last one is the ambiguous space which overlapped with A and B. In other words, it belongs to A and at the same time it also belongs to B.
Severing Boundary This is boundary as linear element which divide to A and B. The boundary is railed off from A and B, so passing action does not happen here. The boundary is emphasized by its visual shape.
Barb Wire Fence
The Great Wall of China
Passing Boundary The range of boundary is decided by the distance between A and B. The distance become the intermediate space that connect A and B.
Markus Wespi Jerome, Brione sopra Minusio, Switzerland, 2004-2005
Alvaro Fernandes, Rowing facility, 2014
Intersecting Boundary When two spaces intersect, the intersection has ambiguous character. It belongs to A and also B, so it has both character at the same time. It makes the boundary ambiguous.
Diazy Diaz Arquitectos, Spain
Herzog & de Meuron, VitraHaus, Germany, 2006
Therefore, boundaries do not play a role as a wall only, they become more than walls and have multiple character not only division and isolation. According to Kevin Lynch, the disruptive power of a boundary must be reckoned with merging. Many boundaries are not isolated obstacle; they are actually joining face which connects two spaces.
Boundary Elements
Physical Boundaries / Architectural Boundaries (1) Wall The most used physical boundaries are walls. In detail of walls, there are barrier wall, diaphragm wall, parapet wall, free-standing wall, low wall, transparent / translucent wall, void / solid wall, inclined wall, arch wall, and so on. These all elements build boundaries physically. (2) Fenestra There are ceiling window, vertical window, horizontal window, glass window, dome, door, and so on. The elements play a role in severance between inside and outside and also play another role in communicative space at the same time. (3) Floor It divides and also connects space through the elements which are stepped cone, difference of level, bridge, and so on. (4) Column / Beam Columns play a role in dividing zones through a colonnade, sequential column, piling and etc. Beams play a role in dividing boundaries between up and down through canopy, cantilever, and etc. (5) Unit Space It contains corridor / passage, stairs, ramp / slope, deck, entrance hall, arcade, and so on. They are spatial intermediate space which plays a role in boundary. (Jae Hoon Lee, A Study on the Space Organization Method focused on the Territoriality, 2003)
Psychological Boundaries (1) Noise The range of opening noise makes a psychological boundary. If a building locates on the side of the road or on the complex street in downtown, a psychological boundary is emphasized and becomes closed space. If there is white noise which makes the same level of sound such as nature or something fresh, the boundary is eased off and becomes an opened space. However, if there is high level of sound, it becomes noise and it makes an invisible boundary. (2) Light This element relates to fenestra, and depending on that the gap of fenestra controls the quantity & quality of light. Bright and Dark through natural light, light and shadow make formation of the territory and induce sense of place, and decide the character of the space. (3) Depth This does not relate directly to user’s action or physical movement of the body. This element has psychological interaction through recognition of the space visually and perceptually. Dome ceiling in Pantheon, and the spires in gothic cathedrals are examples of this element. Deeper depth of the space makes people feel more sacred, and gives mysterious feeling.
(4) Distance / Interval This is invisible boundaries that surrounding each people and the people control the distance. In public area which privacy is not secured, these individual boundaries tend to be strong. (Jae Hoon Lee, A Study on the Space Organization Method focused on the Territoriality, 2003)
Intermediate Space
Definition of Intermediate Space The creation of space repeats constantly, and the created space has continuative and multiple characteristics. In an architectural plan or sectional drawing, the poché blurs the distinction between interior and exterior. Poché pronounced with an exaggerated accent on the final “e”, “poche” is a French architectural term for the all the stuff that is inside the walls between spaces (Mgerwing, Poché-Architect’s Glossary, 2010).
John Soane’s House Museum in London
Inside space and outside space are gradually reserved from one to the other but overall they share the same wall or line thickness: the pochÊ. Their indistinguishableness prompts the existential question: where do the exterior end and the interior begin? Is it at the plan’s threshold from outside to inside, or is it in the thickness of walls where structure is embedded? Pockets in clothing and pockets in walls share an ambiguous conceptual space between clothing and body in the former, architecture and interior in the latter. Intermediate space is divided into two, one is the relation between buildings, and the other one is between inside and outside. It plays a role in connecting the spaces through the formation of relationship between two spaces. This intermediate space plays an intrinsic role which any of the two spaces does not have functionally.
Spatial Feature of Intermediate Space Intermediate space is generally composed of function, access, or passage, and it has connecting space with these elements. There are two kinds of intermediate space by connection relation. One is that adjacent space permeates into confronting space and it makes common space which belongs to all neighboring spaces. The other one is that intermediate space is inserted among spaces which got some distance between them. (Unsung Park, Study on the Formation of Datascapes applying in between Space with Intermediary Scope Attribute, 2004)
Yoshinobu Ashihara, Exterior Design in Architecture
According to Yoshinobu Ashihara, there are two kind of space. One is positive space (P-space), and the other one is negative space (N-space). As I mentioned above, P-N-space which does not belongs to neither P-space nor N-space is emerged by interaction of P-space and N-space. P-N-space makes intermediate space by connecting two spaces or more. Thus, there are inside and outside spaces which different from one another. Intermediate space is inserted between them, and when it has its own character, then in between space is formed. Therefore, intermediate space which emerges between inside and outside space connect one space with another, and it became its own space. Intermediate space which is disconnected outside space stays as sharing space between inside and outside space.
Kazuyo Sejima , Toledo Museum of Art Glass Pavilion, USA, 2006
Kazuyo Sejima, M-House
For example, there is Toledo Museum of Art Glass Pavilion. In this case, outside space becomes N-space and the gallery space becomes P-space, so the corridor between outside and gallery becomes P-N space. In M-House, there is a corridor between two spaces, and the two spaces are P-space and the corridor become P-N space.
Intermediate Space between Disconnected Boundaries
(1)
Adjacent Intermediate Space
There is some distance between two spaces, and intermediate space connects them. In this regard, the shape of intermediate space is decided by the shape and direction of relating two spaces. Therefore, the shape or dimension of intermediate space can be the same as connecting two spaces for holding linear continuance, and the between space can connect some other surrounding spaces.
(2)
Overlapping Intermediate Space as Common Space
When two spaces overlaps, the two spaces share the between space which is overlapped. This space plays a role in connecting the two spaces and the two spaces keep their individual character. There is several cases that the intermediate space have both connecting spaces’ characters, it contain only one space’s character, or it has its own character. It connects two spaces and at the same time it also divides the spaces.
(3)
Intermediate Space between Inside and Outside Space
This intermediate space is literally between inside and outside space. For example, There are parks and some other opened spaces between the urban outside space and inside of the building space.
The Elements of Communication between Disconnected Boundaries
Landscape Architectural Landscape is an abstract concept that city can be various artificial nature by human. It is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, socialbehavioral or aesthetic outcomes. It is not only spatial outside with architectural equipment installation, but it is also the space that real action such as meeting happens in. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desire outcome. (Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, The Landscape of Man, 1995),( Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City, 1960)
Urban design in city squares. Water feature in London, by Tadao Ando who also works with landscapes and gardens.
Orangery at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris
Repetition and Overlap Repetition and overlap of spaces intensify depth of the space, and make strong direction. When boundaries’ aspects overlap in inside space, various architectural experiences happen in the space. And these continuous interactions have possibility that lead to share.
Blurring Space This makes ambiguous space between two disconnected boundaries, and it emphasis on the flow of inside and outside space.
Suppose Design Office, Kodaira-shi Residence, Japan, 2011
The architectural concept of home is that the main residential structure is covered with a canvas awning half hexagonal shape. This solution is designed to “blur” the boundary between inside and outside, maintaining the confidentiality of the lives of slum houses that want to enjoy the garden, located at a near by roadway.
This is located in the University of Seoul campus to communicate and coexist with the city by blurring boundary between them. The wall guides the flow of people to pass through the entrance instead of a heavily woven firm gate. The university’s emblem is expressed on the wall and its floor, and it makes drivers to slow down as they enter even without an entrance control UTAA, Blurring Boundary, Korea, 2012
Semi Interior and Exterior spaces A part of space is opened to outside, and it tightens up the relation of interaction between inside and outside space. Sejima’s architectures are typical example. Inujima Arthouse Project, Forest Villa, and S-house have half-outside space as corridor.
Sejima, Inujima Arthouse Project
Sejima, S-House
Sejima, Forest Villa
Reversal of Inside and Outside Space It shows the possibility of change of inside space and outside space. Inside space can contain the element of outside space, so inside space can invert outside space, and outside space can invert inside space. For example, Great coat in British Museum in UK is ambiguous to regulate which is inside and which is outside.
Great Coat in British Museum
A Space in a Space This put one more inside space in the inside space of the building. Therefore, the inside of the building gets the elements of outside space, so the exterior of small buildings is outside space and inside space of a large building.
Superficial Transparency Control It makes the space ambiguous by controlling the degree of clearness of boundaries. Inside space can be seen from outside space even there are boundaries between them.
Case Studies of Intermediate Spaces Victoria and Albert Museum
Daylit Gallery, V&A Museum, 2014
Glass Roof in Daylit Gallery, V&A Museum, 2014
Victoria and Albert Museum is one of the world’s most famous museums of design and arts. The floor area of the exhibition space totals 45,000 m2, divided among 145rooms, and the museum has about 4 million items in its collection. (www.vam.ac.uk) There is Daylit Gallery which is an informal top-lit space, contained between existing external facades. This space connects the perimeter galleries to the rest of the museum. This space is used as passage and also exhibition area. When I analyzed the flow of human traffic in this museum, I could find most people who visited Daylit Gallery stop in the space for few minutes and they did some particular behavior such as sitting, looking at architectural shapes, and taking pictures. It means Daylit Gallery attracts people to visit and stay. Transparent structural glass beams are arrayed across the space and daylight penetrate through the glass roof. It is the only space in V&A that sunlight can go through the roof. Therefore, the atmosphere of the space gets ambiguous feeling between inside spaces and outside but actually inside. In addition, high ceiling add the impression of ambiguity. This ambiguity arouses users’ expectation and curiosity of next space, and it connects different exhibition spaces naturally. There are dark and room to room kind of exhibition spaces next to Daylit gallery, so this gallery become a shelter that reduce audience’s stuffy feeling during their journey.
British Museum
Great Coat in British Museum
Great Court in British Museum is designed by Foster and Partners, the Queen Elizabeth ll Great Court transformed the Museum’s inner courtyard into the largest covered public square in Europe. It is a two acre space enclosed by a spectacular glass roof with world-famous Reading Room at its centre. In the original Robert Smirke design the courtyard was meant to be a garden. However, in 1852-7 the Reading Room and a number of bookstacks were built in the courtyard to house the library department of the Museum and the space was lost. The re-design of the Great Court meant that this hidden space could be seen again. (www.britishmuseum.org) Therefore, this space became the intermediate space which connects to other exhibition rooms. When I visited this space, I didn’t feel that I was inside, because of the scale of the space, the used material as outside, and daylight come through the glass ceiling. This space is surrounded by exhibition rooms and it is used as common space in which limited behavior such as eating, talking loudly, and etc. is allowed. This space which was lost before became the space which communicates to other exhibition rooms. Visitors are allowed having a new view on their surrounding in Great Court, and this space plays a role in break during their journey.
Louvre Museum
The Louvre is the world’s largest museum and houses one of the most impressive art collections in history. It was originally built as a fortress in 1190, but was reconstructed in the 16rh century to serve as a royal palace. It continued to be expanded over the years. In 1983, the Louvre underwent a renovation plan known as Grand Louvre. Part of the plan called for a new design for the main entrance. Underground lobby and modern glass pyramid structure in the courtyard were renovated in 1989. The pyramid would become a celebrated element of the landmark museum’s design. The reception space which is under the pyramid structure connects to Richelieu, Sully, Denon accesses. This space plays a similar role as Great Court in British Museum. The difference is this space is in lower ground floor as different level and inside space can be seen from outside, so the users can expect what will happen in this space. Transparent glass on the roof allows the daylight come through it and it make ambiguous atmosphere of inside and outside space.
Curtain Wall House – Shigeru Ban
Shigeru Ban, Curtain Wall House, Japan
Curtain wall House is designed by Shigeru Ban to house th`e studio and home of their client in Tokyo in Japan, demonstrating a surprisingly simple and beautiful amalgam of the old and new, combining contemporary materials in new interpretations of traditional Japanese styles. (AD Editorial Team, A Selection of Shigeru Ban’s Best Work, http://www.archdaily.com/?p=489222, 2014) East and south parts of this building faces to the streets. These two sides have double layers of boundaries which is different from other general houses. Outer boundary is opaque curtain which cover first and second floors, and inner boundary is transparent glass panel which can work as sliding door. These two boundaries are not only solid wall as ordinary boundaries, but also possible to be opened and closed unconstrainedly. These elements make this house unique. The boundary changes the surrounded circumstance by using curtain. The curtain which moves with following wind does not regulate the clear architectural boundaries. The boundaries with curtain make inside as outside and outside as inside. The curtain forms unclear territory, and it is perceived as communicative space, not disconnected space. In other words, Curtain blurs the boundary of the building, and it becomes possible to communicate from inside and outside.
21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art – Kazuyo Sejima
Kazuyo Sejima, 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Japan
The architecture of the 21st Century Museum is unique and distinguishes it from other museums and buildings around Kanazawa in Japan. The museum is comprised of a circular building with no façade or main entrance. It was designed without a front or back to discourage its patrons from approaching the museum, and consequently its art from only one direction (www.japan-guide.com). This art museum is round in shape as if it were the sight of a UFO that has touched down, all the walls are made of glass, and the building has five gates, which looks like a part opened in all street directions (www.kanazawa0tourism.com). The museum has circular shape, and it gathers visitors from surrounded forest, and it attracts the visitors passing through inside of the building. By deciding the boundaries of the building as circular shape, all sides of the building became possible that inside space interacts to outside space and outside space interacts inside space. In addition, transparent glass wall make physical boundaries ambiguous, so it has continuity from outside to inside.
A8ernA / Zaanstad – Nlarchitects
A8ernA, Nathurland
Koog aan de Zaan is a small village near Amsterdam. It is located at the river Zaan. In the early seventies a new Freeway was constructed in order to cross the river Highway A8 was built on columns. It produced a brutal cut in the urban tissue. Ironically, the progress of construction has resulted in a radical separation between the Church and the State (www.architonic.com/aisht/a8erna-nl-architects/5100103). In 2003, Zaanstadt City Council decided to carry out a town planning intervention to restore the connection between the two sides of the city(www.publicspace.org/en/works/d060a8erna). This project helped the abandoned space to be better space connecting two areas. Two intercrossing streets divide the large arcade into three differentiated zones. In the central one is a covered square where we find the supermarket, the flower and pet shops, some letter boxes and a luminous fountain. At the eastern end, crossing the High Street, there is a ‘sculptural’ bus stop and a small harbor with a panoramic platform. At the western end there is a children’s and teenagers’ playground consisting of a ‘graffiti gallery’, a skateboarding park, a break dance stage, some football and Ping-Pong tables, a seven-a-side football pitch, a basketball court and the ‘lovers’ benches’ (www.publicspace.org/en/works/d060a8erna). We can easily find areas under highway, but most of them are dead space. A8ernA was a kind of these spaces, and the space under the highway which severed two areas became possible to communicate with the areas by adding various programmes.
ZKM (Centre for Art and Media Technology) – Rem Koolhaas
Rem Koolhaas, ZKM_Centre for art and media technology, 1992
ZKM is a cultural institution located in a historical industrial building in Karlsruhe, Germany. The ZKM organizes special exhibitions and thematic events, carries out research projects, produces works in the field of new media and offers public as well as individualized communications and educational programs (www.zkm.de). Sandwiched between railway lines and autobahn loops at the southern entrance to the city lies this manifesto for a new kind of deep and large building. Organizing a large number of different programmes intertwines with the existing systems of the city, while a public circulation system unfolds the activities from its core (www.oma.eu/projects/1992/zentrum-fur-kunst-und-medientechnologie-zkm/). The users start getting visual experience by going up through the ramp. Rem Koolhaas uses two massive concrete walls and a set of vierendeel trusses that span between the walls. Because of this, there is a possibility for space in a high-rise building where the floor is devoid of any large structural elements. The result is an alternation of space completely free of structure to space nestled within the trusses which gives a new life to the Corbusian “freeplan”. (Heinrich Klotz(Ed), Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe, Stuttgart-München, 1990) The boundaries between inside and outside space are divided into four thin territories which is the facade surrounding the central core. It can show the internal behaviour directly through blue glass, red glass, transparent glass, and etching glass. In addition, digital skin with electronic panels provides real-time information such as railroad information, commercial messages, and etc. The users of this building see the core space which is in the middle of the building during their journey and people from outside can see how users use the building in silhouette. Therefore, these boundaries have a wider meaning as sharing space.
Yokohama International Port Terminal – F.O.A
The Yokohama International Ferry Terminal is a new type of transportation space integrated with urban facilities. According to AZPA architect, rather than conceiving of the building as an object on the pier, detached from its context, it is designed as an extension of the pier ground, simultaneously hosting the terminal functions and creating a very large urban park on the roof of the terminal. The building is designed as an extension of the urban ground; constructed as a systematic transformation of the lines of the circulation diagram into a folded and bifurcated surface which hosts the alternative programme. (http://www.archello.com/en/project/yoko hama-international-port-terminal#). The interlocked loop system of circulation makes various flow, and the connecting point of each loop become junction on the flow of human traffic. This shows how to alleviate the boundary space between inside and outside by connecting inside of the terminal and outside with the flow of floor surface. Therefore, the space on the roof of the terminal can be used as resting area. If there was physical boundary between the resting area and terminal, users might consider one more time to use the area. ZH
Yokohama International Port Terminal – F.O.A
Conclusion
This writing portfolio shows the definition and role of boundaries and it defines intermediate spaces, and how it communicates between disconnected boundaries. The mentioned territories are the intermediate space from outside, mediate space between boundaries, and intermediate space. First, I could find the intermediate space which adjacent intermediate space, the space between inside and outside space, and overlapped space. And this writing portfolio shows some case studies with the intermediate that each space has different element and characteristic. Second, with the analysis of architectural communicative space in this essay, the communicative elements which are Landscape, Repetition, Overlap, Blurring space, Semi Interior and Exterior spaces, Reversal of Inside and Outside Space, A Space in a Space, and Superficial Transparency Control are used in intermediate spaces. The generation type of overlapped space uses repetition, reiteration, and landscape fundamentally for communication. In addition, the generation type of intermediate space between inside and outside spaces communicates with superficial transparency control. Third, the intermediate space which generates between contiguous spaces has connective character, and flowing character is shown in the overlapped space. Moreover, the intermediate space between inside and outside spaces shows ambiguity character intensively. We can easily find the space which is not being used and alienated around us. Why do we disregard this kind of space, and what lead us to do that? Boundaries guard the privacy of the individual and safety, but they make the space isolated and alienated. In the other words, if there is no more boundary, people on the street will be in a state of confusion and people who are inside would get the risk of privacy invasion. Thus, boundaries are necessary part in our society. However, alienated space problems can be solved with intermediate space, and it will guard the privacy of the individual and safety at the same time. In my opinion, intermediate space should be created more, and it will reduce alienated space. The intermediate space will attract user’s interest, and users would not feel the stuffy atmosphere in the interior space.
Bibliography Books Kevin Lynch, The image of the City, 1960 Till Boettger, Threshold Space : transitions in architecture analysis and design tools, 2014 Lois Weinthal, Toward a New Interior : An anthology of interior design theory, p.576, 2011 Gaston Bachelard, Intimus : interior design theory reader, p.22–25, 2006 Yoshinobu Ashihara, Exterior Design in Architecture, 1970 Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language, p.463-931, 1977
Researches Eunjae Lee, Study on Building a Art Centre between the Activation of Urban Space, 2013 Wonseoung Park, Study on the Formation of Datascapes applying in between Space with Intermediary Scope Attribute_Focused on vista of Terminal, 2004 Jaehoon Lee, Study on the Space Organization Method focused on the Territoriality, 2003
Websites www.vam.ac.uk www.britishmuseum.org http://www.archdaily.com/?p=489222 www.japan-guide.com www.kanazawa0tourism.com www.architonic.com/aisht/a8erna-nl-architects/5100103 www.publicspace.org/en/works/d060a8erna www.zkm.de www.oma.eu/projects/1992/zentrum-fur-kunst-und-medientechnologie-zkm www.archello.com/en/project/yokohama-international-port-terminal#
INTERMEDIATE SPACE KWANKU KANG